Document 9kkbRo28pb9dE6JVbywrXm25

Dr. E. S. Tucker The research-I will review today wi.li. foot:; one aspect .of Mo;i- santo's efforts to understand trie oiivircniiovLal impact and bchavior of our polychlorinated biphenyl or PCU producer;. \ This research was initiated early in I960 after development of the necessary PC3 analytical methodology ar.d subsequent confirmation of Dr. Soren Jensen's identification of PCS residues in fish and birds in Sweden. At this point in time, PCB residue data from Monsanto and external environmental monitoring programs indicated that at the previous rate of use and release of these products that some PCB homologs were beginning to reach detectable levels in fish, birds and mammals. Conversely, these data indicated to us that with the exception of localized, controllable contamination, PCB Uonologs with loss than five chlorine atoms per molecule had not accumulated to detectable levels; even though it was known that siqnificantly greater amounts of the PCB homologs with less than 5 chlorine atoms per molecule had been manufactured and used over the years. Now, before discussing our biological studies, I would like to review for you the gross homo leg cor.vposit.ion of our Aroclor products ' and then in a very brief fashion, try and illustrate to you the complexity of these materials and hence the complexity of the problem. In the first slide (=1), is shown the most recent data on the weight % composition of four of our Aroclor products as a function of each detectable PCB homolog. The first column on the left lists the homo log in question ar.d the subsequent columns under each product show the weight % distribution of each PCB homolog in each product. As most of you probably know, with the exception of /vroclor 1016, the last two digits of each product number refer to the degree of chlor ination. For example, Aroclor 1221 contains 21% chlorine by weight, and so on. Aroclor 1016 is a special case in that whiJe it contains about 415 chlorine by vieight, its penta, hex*,-and h*.ptr.chloro biphenyl content has been significantly reduced with respect to Aroclor 12-12, a product produced by direct chlorination, containing 42% by weight chlorine. Please note that the penta, hexa, and heptachloro biphenyl homologs in Aroclor 1016 have been reduced by factors of about 3, 10, and 10, respectively, with reference to Axoclor 12*32. As you can also see, the chief constituents of Aroclor 1221 arc the mono- and dichloro biphenyls, while Aroclor 1016 and Aroctor 174?. contain predominantly" di-, tri-, and tctrachloro bit/.enyls, and Aroclor 1251, tetra, penta, and hexaerhloro biphenyls. VaiYi^i 000226 adw \_y; i and our understanding of the can teenntts of these products increaseu a** the. methodology is improved. At this point in'time, we regard* these numbers as thp most accurate ones currently available. In the next slide (C2) are shown examples of low resolution - packed column electron capture chromatograms'of Aroclor 1221, Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260. This is what these products look like to a residue analyst Using the most commonly employed detection system. From these chromatograms, it can be readily seen that we are dealing with multi-component products, which of course, increases the com plexity of assessing every aspect of this problem - relative to a well defined single component system such as DDT. I should mention at this point, that the PCS residues generally found in wildlife are most similar to Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260 chromatograms The next slide (3) demonstrates that in reality, these materials are even more complex than is generally realized. `In the upper right' portion of this slide is again shown a low resolution electron capture gas chromatogram of Arcelor 1242 under the optimum conditions normally employed by residua analysts. Under these conditionsr Aroclor 1242 would appear to be a 15 component system. In the lower portion of this slide is a flame ionization gas chromato gram of the same material using a high resolution S.C.O.T. column. If one carefully inspects this chromatogram, our simple 15 component product has now been resolved into 55 different components. These facts simply indicate that all PCB products cannot be lumped together in terms of either their environmental impact or persist ence. The. type of biological studies which we have carried out to date are shown in the* next slide (#5). For discussion purposes, they can be conveniently divided into two categories: "Primary Bacterial Degradation Studies", an area in which research on PCBs is just beginning, and "Residue Accumulation Studies". Most of our bacterial degradation work has been centered around the fairly well known semicontinuous activated sludge degradation test. Our residue accumulation studies have been fairly extensive and have involved the exposure of better than 2100 fish, chickens, rats and dogs to the various Aroclor products; resulting in the collection of over 1200 samples of which approximately 500 pooled samples were eventually analyzed for PCB residues. Th prime objective of these studies is given on slide #6. innii75 ADM 000227 I -.1 v / f (.19G5) & 4G, *432 (1969) J. Primary niodcgradaticfn - Minimum altcrna 1-.ion of the chemical structure o\the material in question to an extent that characteristic properties of the original material are no longer*evident. This procedure employs sludge from a sewage treatment plant as the source of microorganisms'to which a specific amount of the material being evaluated and a synthetic sewage mixture are fed on a periodic basis in a specially designed aeration chamber. The next slide (#8) graphically illustrates what the aeration chamber looks like. It is simply a large glass cylinder with provisions for aeration, auxiliary stirring, a siphon for periodic removal of the supernatant and a septum for introduction of the test material. The mixed liquor (sludge + water) obtained from the sewage treatment plant is initially adjusted with tap water to a suspended solids concentration of about 2500 ng/1, and 1500 ml of this mixture is then charged to the aeration chamber. The mechanical cycle employed is shown in the next slide (#9). Each cycle is initiated by the addition of the synthetic sewage and 1 mg of the-PCD product being tested. Since the PC3s are quite water insoluble, they are fed to the unit via injection of 200 pis of a concentrated ethanol solution. In this manner, homogenous dispersion of the PCSs on the bacterial sludge is obtained. After about one hour of aeration an aliquot of the mixed liquor is withdrawn* from the chamber and analyzed for PC3s via UV spectro photometry and/or electron capture gas chromatography. Aeration is continued for about 43 hours and a second sample is withdrawn for analysis. At this point, the aeration is stopped and the sludge allowed to settle, the sludge volume and pH are then, checked to insure that the unit is operating satisfactorily. Two-thirds of the supernatant is withdrawn and replaced with tap water? aeration is then resumed. The cycle is re-initiated by the addition of the synthetic sewage and Aroclor in question. This cycle is continuously repeated until a steady state and consistent degradation rates are obtained. The per cent degradation rate is calculated as shown in the equation on the slide from the amounts found in the samples analyzed during each cycle. Degradation testing of ,the Aroclor products shown in the next slide (10) have been carried out, over an eight month period in our laboratories. In this slide, we have shown graphically the results observed to date. Here we have plotted the mean per cent degradation F n n ii76 ACM C0C22I L - ration fcr TaTT^i'n^l^ .roclor p. MCS 1043, n ros^ar c]i iiV*^.pri-Tt cent*;!irir.y 3fiv by viigbt' chlorine, M u d o r 10]^ (4V: chiovrnc), Aro';J or 124!1, nd Avnel`or 1254 vovc.ur. the wiijht. per c.:nt: c!i.orine present, in e"^b. Vlic: uetui-l mcitiii per cent dci:j:ada 'ion rule;; a:id \\,Z conf.ulcnci; liiaitr. for oi'eh ir.aVr.rial art: :d.ov*n in tho lower Jeft p>oo;rtio n of the filida - Th ere dath v/era all ofctnir.ed by U\T ;;pc;ctro- p>hohto;t<omotry which in essence*follows the decrease in the aromatic ring content and i: indicative of bacterial ring cleavage. The important point to note herci, is that as the degree of chlorination decreases the degradation rate increases. In order to give you a feeling for the degradation rates observed with other materials, Aroclor 1221 degrades at about the same rate as a non-linear ABS surfactant. We have also used this technique to study p,p'-DDT and have at this point in time noted no significant primary degradation. The next slide (#11) shows the changes in honolog distribution observed for Aroclor 1242 via electron capture gas chromatographic analyses. The upper chromatogram shows the character of the residue one hour after addition. The numbers above each peak indicate the dominant homolog or homologs present in each. The lower chromatogram -is of the residue after 72 hours of exposure to the bacterial sludge. It can be readily seen by comparing the two chromatograms- that all the dichloro biphenyls, most of the trichloro biphenyls, and a significant portion of the tetrachloro biphenyls are degraded in 48 hours under these test conditions. The conclusions which we draw from this preliminary data are shown in the next slide (12). Next, I will discuss our "Aroclor Residue Studies" (Slide 13). Our white leghorn chicken studies (Slide 14) have consisted of a 90 day oral exposure of Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260 at 1, 10, and 100 ppm feed levels and a repeat 90 day study of Aroclor 1242 at the 2, 4, and 8 ppm feed levels. 336 Chickens v;ere employed from which a total of' 521 tissue, chick, and egg'samples were collected. Of these 112 pooled samples were analyzed for PCB residues. In the next slide (15) are shown the results of the 90 day oral exposure of white leghorn chickens to Aroclor 1242. On the left side , we have shown the oral exposure levels which were 1, 10, and 100 ppm, the theoretical residue in ppm, which would have been found in the lipid if the chickens had retained all of the Aroclor 1242 which they orally injested. As you can see, these levels are ^125, 1250, and 12,500 ppm. Next is shown the actual average level in ppm found in the lipid of the muscle, fat, and liver samples and then the levels found after 30 days on a PCB free diet. The important points to note arc that VD03 of all the Aroclor 1242 consumed ir. directly excreted and/or metabolized and that after 30 days on a PCB free diet 35Z, 443, and 573 of the PClhi retained after 90 days of continuous exposure at the 1, 10, and 100 ppm levels was excreted and/or metabolized. ADM C 0G 22< slide is shown the homclocjdj. W t i o n of ithr' product f e ^ n n d that of the residuos ino1;ii-cd 'jcronr' the tissues r.ftor-Sa days of exposure and 30 days on a PCB Ircc u_ diet. The number* across the top simply refer to the number of chlorine atoms poir biphenyl molecule. As you can sec, Arcelor 1242 contains dominant amounts of the di- through pcntachlorobi.phenyls aiuf a minor amount of hexachlorobiphenyi. After 90 days of exposure the dicHlorobiphenyl was no longer observable and the dominant components v/ere the tri- through pentachloro biphenyl homologs. After 30 days 6n a PC3 free recovery diet, the hexachloro biphenyl is now a 'dominant component because of continued excretion and/or metabolism of 'the lower chlorinated horr.ologs. In the next slide (16) are shown the results for the 90 day oral exposure of Aroclor 1254 in white leghorn chickens at the 1, 10, and 100 ppm exposure levels. The theoretical residues are the same as before and we have again shown the-actual levels found in the tissues after 90 days of continuous exposure and 30 days on a PCS free diet. In this instance, M O -72% of the Aroclor 1254 ingested was directly excreted and/or metabolized and after 30 days on a PCS free diet, 'MSS of the residues retained were ] excreted and/or metabolized. The homolog distribution of the product and residues is shown on I the right of the slide, tne product Aroclor 1254 contains minor . amounts of the tri- and heptachloro horr.ologs and dominant amounts of the tetra-, penta-, and hexachioro biphenyls. The residue after 90 days of exposure did not contain detectable amounts of the tri-* 1 chloro biphenyls and the tetrachloio biphenyls were no longer a dominant component. The dominant homologs v/ere penta- and hexa- chloro biphenyls. After 30 days on a PC3 free diet, the tetra- ] chloro biphenyls were now not detectable, the pentachloro biphenyls v/ere a minor component, and the hexachloro biphenyls the dominant component. 3 In the next slide (17) are the results for Aroclor 1260. Again, the oral exposure level and theoretical residue levels are the same and the PCB residues found in the tissues after 90 days of continuous exposure and 30 days on a PCB free recovery diet are 3 shown. After'90 days of exposure, 57-525 of all Aroclor 1260 consumed was directly excreted and/or metabolized and after 30 days on a PCB free diet M 0 3 of the residues retained were excreted 1 and/or metabolized. _ As shown on the right, Aroclor 1260 contains dominant amounts_6f penta-, hexa-, and heptachloro biphenyls and a minor amount of octachloro biphenyl. The residues after 90 days of exposure and 30 days on a PCB free recovery diet contain minor amounts of the penta- a and octachloro honologs. In both cases, the dominant homologs were i the hexa- and heptachloro biphenyls. i a Our albino rat work (Slide 13) has consisted of 30 day oral, 2 year chronic oral and a 3 generation rat reproduction exposure study with i Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260 and a 90 day subacute i I0 M 178 ADM 000230 f*cot\twftfefiraiioulR 400* nia __ iiiu>'f.it*f:niq>Io< iJ^iJ^'OTlIfectaicti: Two* hundred* otT there- ciunpv* .uuvlyxod for PCB residues.. - In the next slide (5ID) are shown the results of our two year chrcn.Lc oral exposure study of Aro clor 1212 in albino rats. The oral exposure levels were 1, 10, and 10Q ppm and the theoretical residues were *^SQ0, flOOO, 0-0,000 ppm, respectively. The actual residues found in th tissue lipid are shown after 3, 12, and 24 months of exposure. Comparison of the residues found after 24 months to the theoretical residue levels indicates that,99% of the Aroclor 1242 fed was directly excreted and/or metabolized at all, exposure levels. As is shown on the right, Aroclor 1242 contains dominant amounts of the di- through pentachloro biphenyl homologs and a minor amount of the hexa-. The residues after two years did not contain a signifi cant amount of the dichloro biphenyls and the dominant components were the tri-, tetra-, and pentachloro biphenyl homologs. In the next slide (#20) are shown the results of the two year chronic oral exposure of albino rats to Aroclor 1254. The exposure and theoretical residue levels are the same as with Aroclor 1242. The residues found, after 3, 12, and 24 months f exposure are also shown. Comparison of the residues after tv/o years to the amount ingested demonstrates that 95-93% of the Aroclor 1254 consumed is directly excreted and/or metabolized. The homolcg distribution of Aroclor 1254 and the residues are shown on the right. Aroclor 1254 contains minor amounts of the tri- and hcptachloro biphehyl homologs and dominant amounts of the tetra-, penta-, and hexachloro biphenyl homologs. The residues did not contain detectable levels of the trichloro homologs and the tetrachloro biphenyls were no longer a dominant component* The dominant homologs were the penta- and hexachloro biphenyls. The next slide (#21) shows the,the results for the two year exposure of Aroclor 1260 in albino rats. Again, the exposure and theoretical residue levels are the same and the residues found in the tissues after 3, 12, and 24 months of 'exposure are shown. In this case 93-955 of all Aroclor 1260 ingested was directly excreted and/or metabolized. The dominant homologs in Aroclor 1260 and the residues isolated , from the tissues were similar in all cases. j In order to demonstrate the relationship between residue storage levels and the degree of chlorination of the product fed (slide#22), I have plotted the average ppm PCD found in the lipid vs the weight per cent chlorine in the product-fed These data were taken from our 90 day subacute albino rat studies with Aroclor 1221, Aroclor 3 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260 at an exposure level oflOO ppm, As you can see, the residue storage levels decrease exponentially as the weight per cent chlorine decreases, simply demonstrating the relationship between the higher homolog content of an Aroclor ] product and the tissue storage level. 1 Foni179 ACH 000231 ... j ~*ll.JSgy?/g Or boogie dog studiasi (Slidi 523} bava- consisted of a two-year chronic exposure of Aroclor 1242, firoclor 1254, and Aroclor12G0 and & 90 day. subacute study of Arcior 1221. In these stadie';, J03 beagle dogs were--useel, resulting in the collection of 263 sample; and the analyses of 146 for PC3 residues. * '*/ The next slide (24) shows the results of one two year study of Aroclor 1242 at exposure levels of 1, 10, and 100 ppn. In this study, the theoretical residue levels arc ^500, 5000, and 50,000 ppm respectively. W'e have also sftown on this slide the residue levels* found after two years of exposure and after 30 and 60 day periods on PC3 free recovery diets. The beagle dogs directly excreted and/or metabolized 99.62 of the Aroclor 1242 consumed and after.60 days on PC3 free diets, 50-60% of PCS residue retained after two years of exposure was excreted and/or metabolized. Aroclor 1242 contains dominant amounts of the di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentachloro homologs and a minor amount of the' hexa- homolog. The residue found after two years of exposure contained no detectable levels of the dichloro hcmolcgs and dominant levels of the tri-, tetra-,, hepta-, and octachlcro biphenyls. The pentachloro hcmolog, although dominant in the product fed, was not a dominant component of the residue. After 30 days on a PC3 free recovery diet, the di-, tri-, and tetrachloro biphenyls were not detectable components of the' residue. At this point, the dominant components were the hexa*-, hepta-, end octachloro biphenyls. The trend toward excretion and/ ^ / or metabolism of the lower chlorinated homologs continued to the extent that after 60 days on the recovery diet the hexachloro biphenyl was no longer a dominant component, and the hepta- and octachloro bi phenyls became the dominant constituents in the residue. In the next slide (25) are the results for the two year exposure of beagle dogs to Aroclor 1254. The oral exposure and theoretical . residue levels are the same and the PC3 residue levels found in the tissues after two years of exposure and after 30 and 60 day periods on PCli free recovery diets are again shown. In this instance, the dogs excreted and/or metabolized 93-99% of all Aroclor 1254 consumed over a two year period. After 60 days on a PC3 free recovery diet, 30-40% of the residues retained were excreted and/or metabolized. The product fed, A.roclor 1254, contains minor amounts of the tri- and heptachloro biphenyls and dominant amounts of the tetra-, penta-, and hexachloro homologs. After two years of exposure, the residue retained from the product did not. contain detectable levels of the tri- or tetrachloro biphenyls, the penta-, and hexachloro biphenyls remained dominant components, and the heptachloro biphenyls became dominant constituents. After 30 days on the PCE free recovery diet, the pentachloro homologs became a minor component of the residue, the hexa- and heptachloro biphenyls remained dominant components and the octachloro homologs became a minor component. After 60 cays on the PC3 free recovery diet, the pentachloro biphenyls ware excreted and/or metabolized to the extent that the octachloro homologs became a dominant constituent of the residue. i n m 1 80 ADM Q Q C 23, The hcij:t sli<Xc (r2G> r.hovs the results for the two year oral exposure residue study of Aroclor 1260 in beagle dogs. The exposurer and theoretical ec&idue levels are the same us tho*;c for the Arocloir 120. and Aroclor 1254 studies. Next is shown the residues-which accumulated after" two years af continuous exposure and the residues retained after 30 and GO day recovery periods on PCD free diets. With this Aroclor 93-99% of tl^e amount consumed over two years was directly excreted and/or metabolized. After 60 days on the recovery diet ^13% of the retained residues were excreted and/or metabolized. The homolog distribution of Aroclor 1260 is as shown, dominant amounts of the penta-, hexa-, and heptachloro biphenyls with a minor amount of the octachloro homologs. After two years, the PCB residue contains no detectable level of the pentachloro homologs, a .minor amount of the heptachloro biphenyls, and dominant amounts of the hexachloro and octachloro homologs. After 30 days on the recovery diet, the dominant homologs are new the hexa-, hepta-, and octa chloro biphenyls becoming a dominant component of the residue via loss of some of the hexachloro biphenyls. After 60 days on the recovery diet, the hexachloro biphenyls are no longer dominant components of the residua and it is now mainly the hepta- and octachloro biphenyls. 1 'J , The next slide (27) illustrates the residue fall off as a function- of Aroclor and recovery period. These data are from the two year beagle dog studies and the exposure level is 1 ppm. In this graph, I have plotted the average pem PCB found in the lipid for Aroclor 1260, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1242 after two years of continuous oral- exposure and then after 1 month and 2 month recovery periods on PCD free diets. This plot simply demonstrates that the PCB residues retained frem Aroclor 1242 fall off more quickly than those retained from Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260. the table in the next slide (23) shows the relative ability of fowl, ^rnall mammals, and large mammals to retain orally ingested PC3s. These data are for Aroclor 1242 at the exposure levels and periods ;hov;n. The concentration factor is calculated by dividing the '.aximum PCB level found in the lipid by the exposure level. As you :an see from the factors, chickens retain PC3s to a greater extent -han do rats or dogs. ur fish residue work is not very extensive at this point rimariiy because we have had problems in finding consulting aboratories capable of carrying out dynamic low level fish exposure tudies, and secondly, because government laboratories such as those n Duluth> Minnesota, Columbia, Missouri, and Gulf Breeze, Florida are, and are, still in better positions to carry out and evaluate hese types of studies * 2 have done some very preliminary 21 day dynamic exposures of cat- i.sh and bluegill fingcrlings to some of our Aroclor products and - generally supports the conclusions which can be drawn from '.teratuxo data. general conclusions which we draw from these residue studies are own in the next throe'slides. FAftllSL ADH  In summary, wc feel that tha results of our preliminary research support# what has and is beipg observed via residue analysis of environmental samples; that %s to say, from a residue viewpoint, that tha bull: of the PC3 hom^logs released to the environment (PC3s with less than 5 chlorines) are subject to environmental degradation of one sort or another at measurable rates and as such have not accumulated. E. S. Tucker \ /"~'\ iJ F0ft1182 . AOM 00023** I OPERATING i n s t r u c t i o n s \ DEPARTMENT 246 s' STILL OPERATOR October. 1974 SECTION V HATERIAL HANDLING & TOXICITY DATA SECTION VI A. BATCH BLOW. TANKS B. VACUUM JETS ' C. #3 AND.4 STILLS D. POROCEL TREATMENT E. THERMINOL FURNACE f1 Written by: T N. Carrico Reviewed by: G L. Johnson /cd . Font 183 100107 UErAKTM-fcNT 2Ub i OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS ' SECTION V - MATERIAL HANDLING AND TOXICITY DATA AROCLORS Aroclors as manufactured in Department 246 are non-flammable liquids which may vary greatly in viscosity at room temperature. Contact with the skin should be avoided. In case of spills on the body, vash the affected areas with soap and water. Xnhala-* tion of Aroclor and Monta^ fumes should be avoided as they are highly toxic* Protect the skin, lungs, and eyes by wearing protective clothing, respirator, and goggles. If spilled'on clothing, change to d e a n 'clothes. BIPHENYL "' ` Biphenyl is a flammable liquid received in tank cars from our Anniston, Alabama, plant. It is heated to 95*C and unloaded to the East Bi0 storage tank. It Is transferred dally to the continuous, chldrlnators, the catalyst mix tank, and when necessary to the head, tank for the batch chlorinators. The system is essentially closed. Biphenyl is a solid at ambient temperature, the flash point is 113*C, the X-point is 68*C. The fumes are not dangerously deadly, hut* they are poisonous over a prolonged time. Breathing large amounts of vapor or dust can cause damage to respiratory passages. Vear goggles when transferring or sampling B10 from tank cars or storage tanks. .If molten Biphenyl is spilled on the skin it should be 'absorbed with a clean cloth and then washed with alcohol followed by large quantities of water, or if allowed to solidify It should he scraped off and then washed with water. If spilled on clothing, "change to clean clothes. CHLORINE Chlorine Is delivered by pipeline from the chlorine department, and is used to chlorinate`biphenyl to produce various Aroclors. It is a gas under normal conditions and is very toxic.. A con centration o f *1,000 ppm would be fatal. At times, leaks do occur which will liberate chlorine gas into the aira. Gas masks are provided in the .department and are sufficient for small leaks.. A Scot-Alr-Pak is provided for large gas releases. 10011*4 100108 DEPT. 246 - opt,, .imo INSTRUCTIONS 'SECTION V - MATERIAL HANDLING AND TOXICITY DATA NATURAL CAS ' Natural Gas is supplied by Illinois Power and is a mixture of Methane, Ethane, and fc snail amount of Propane. Natural gas is essentially odorless, however, a snail amount of Mercaptan is added to gi'Ae, it a characteristic, pungent odor. It is lighter than air and colorless,' and very flammable. BC1 OFF-GAS - . Hydrogen chloride is a by-product of the chlorination of biphenyl. The gas is carried by pipeline to Sept. 217.. It is a gas under!normal conditions and is very toxic. A concentration of 1500-2000 ppm would be fatal in a few minutes. Do not remain in an area where enough HC1 gas is present to cause discomfort in breathing. Gas masks are .provided in the department and are sufficient for small leaks. A Scbt-Air-Pak is provided for large gas releases. If skin irritations persist, wash the rea with large amounts of water, then report to the dispensary. FERRIC CHLORIDE Ferric chloride is purchased in two pound plastic bottles for use as a catalyst in the chlorlnators It is a solid' under normal conditions and is not considered toxic. Some people may be allergic and develop a. skin rash. Gloves should be worn to protect the. hands and the eyes must be protected to keep Ferric Chloride dust*from bloving in.them. Large amounts of water should be used to wash any irritated areas. LIME-- Lime is handled in hags and is not dangerously toxic, and is regarded as bore of a nuisance. It is very hazardous to the eyes, therefore, goggles should he worn when handling it. Large quantities of water should be used -to flush lime from the eyes and further treatment should be given at the dispensary. Gloves should be worn for general sanitation to keep lime off the skin and clothing. * ATTAPULGPS-EARTH * ' . Attapulgus earth is handled in bags and is not toxic. As'a matter of general cLeanliness, it should be kept 9ff the skin and clothing. F/M11N5 100109 i.uitu.i n/ii -al handling; and toxicity fA POROCEL Porocel it bundled in bags and is not considered tonic or v dangerous. It is used as the naterlal to upgrade electrical properties of Aroclor passed thru the absorbers. Handling would present a hazard to the eyes, therefore, goggles should be worn when handling this material. F001186 J lOOiiO BULLIERTrImNtqNOM.iritCf,Fr1937af5l) TRANSFORMER Inspection & M aintenance Guide Monsanto ' ADM C 0 1 9 8 C HaM o f (Omtento S E C T IO N A . tT R A N S F O R M ^ K A R E L S ............................................... I. I n t r a d w t h N i................................................................1 II. H i e i y o l Trade Name T y p e s .................................1 TaW e I -- Till Composition of Transformer Askarets ......................... 2 I I I . Interchangeability ................................................... 2 IV . Tabla II - Official Transformar Adiara! Shipping S p ec ifica tio n s........................................... 3 V . Ordering Instructions ..............................................2 V I. S t a b ilit y .......................................................................2 V I I. Precautions Whan Handling Drums. Tank Cars and Whan Optnmg T ra n s fo rm a n .......................... 2 A. Keeo Dry Ouring Handling . . . . . . . . . . .2 Tabla III - Handling and Pumping Tem peratures..................................... 4 0. Use Ordinary Personal Precautions ............... 4 C. Precautions on Opening an Askaral T ran sfo rm er...........................................5 V I I I . Avoid Environmental P o llu tio n .............................5 1. Labeling Askaral T ransform ers....................... 6 2. Disposal of Liquid and Solid Wastes ............ 6 3. Conditioning of New or Recycled Ask arel .6 4. Teardown of Transformers for Repair or Scrap ...........................................7 5. Transformer D is p o s a l........................................ 7 IX . Expect! Service Life . . . . 1 ................................7 X . General Characteristics of Transformer Adiare! F lu id .............................................................. 7 X I. Sampling Transformer A di arel Fluid ................ .8 X II. Evaluation of Adiaral Recavsd in New E q u ip m e n t...................................... . . . . .B X III. Dielectric Breakdown Voftaga - Moisture R e la tio n d iip ............................................. 9 Table IV - Relation of Dielectric Breakdown Voltage to Am ount of Dissolved Water in Askarel and Mineral O i l ................................. .9 Table'V - Approximate Solubility of Water in Transformer Askarel and Minara! Oil . . . . 10 X IV . Turbidity ................................................. 10 X V . Chads Points for Maintaining Adiaref Insulation ............................................ 10 A . General Considarations................................... 10 8 . Modern Sealing Procedures ...........................11 C. The Older Sealing Arrangem ents.................. 12 X V I. Periodic Fluid Inspection and What Chadspointa'Maan ......................................12 A. Visual Inspection.............................................. 13 B. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage .....................13 X V II. InsM M fen C h e e fc id i.............................................. 13 X V III. C^^topMton in Transform ers...........................14 Effect of Common Insuletion Power Factor and .................................................. 14 . T M V f f l t ' * Effect of Common Insulation M a i i l l on Voluma Resistivity of A d ia rd ..................................................................14 X IX . ASTM Method for Investigating the Compatibility o f Transformer Insuletion and Construction M ateria* in A d i a r a * .............15 X X . Refining A d u rd for R e ^ J n ................................ 15 A . Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper to Remove Moisture and Extraneous P anicles........................................ 15 X X I. X X IL Table V III - Water Removal by Filtering Askarel Through a Paoer Press B. Disposal of Solid Wastes C. Solid Insulation Requiring Drying D. Earth Treatment for Maximum Improvement of Power Factor and Volume Resistivity Table IX - ffect of Power Factor and Volume Resistivity Cleaning Arced Tran sfo rm ers.................... Sampling A d i a r d .................... 17 17 t; SECTION a ASKAREL FILLE D SWITCHES AN D T E R M IN A L CH AM BER S ...................................... tg I. Introduction . . . ...................................... .1 9 II. Sources of C o n ta m in a tio n .................................. t9 I II . Sealing Switches and Terminal Chambers . . . 2 0 IV . Adcarei Used Under Mild Arcing Conditions , 20 V . Maintenance for Askarel Filled Switches . . . . 20 V I. Askarel Under Excessive Temperature or Fault Conditions ........................... 21 SECTION C T O X IC IT Y A N D SAFE H A N O L IN G .............................. 21 I. In h a la tio n ............................................................... 21 II. Skin C o n ta c t.................................................. 21 SECTION D A N A LYTIC A L SERVICES ON TRANSFORMER ASKAREL A V A IL A B L E FRO M M O N S A N T O .................................22 Types of Analyses Available: ................................. .. . 22 1) Routine Maintenance C h e c k ................................ . .22 2) Complete A n a ly s is ............................................... 3) Analysis After Earth Refinement ........................... 2 SECTION E A P P E N D IC E S ..................................................... Appendix A - Askarel Stability and Composition of Arc Formed G a s .....................................23 Appendix B - Solubility of Gas in T rantformer Atkarels ........................................................23 Appendix C - Effect of Temperature on Oielectric Breakdown Voltage of Askaral .................... 23 Appendix D - Comparison of the Approximate Viscosity in Saybolt Universal Seconds of Transformer Ask art Is an d M ineral O i l ............................ 24 Appendix E - The Oensity of I naneen 54201 KA 7336-9 and Transformer Pyranol A 1 3 8 3 B - 3 ........................................ Appendix F -- Thermal Conductivity Values of Transformer Pyranol A 1 3B 3B -3..................................24 Appendix G - Heat C a p a c ity .................................. 24 Appendix H -- Coefficient of Expansion.........................2 4 Appendix I - Fir Resistance.............................................24 Appendix J - Seals, Properties and Procurement ................................................................ 25 Appendix K --Caution L a b e l .............................................25 NO TICE: "Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a racommendation to use any product in conflict with any patent. M O NSAN TO MAKES NO W A R R A N TIES AS TO THE FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY OF ANY PRODUCT REFERREr TO, no guarantee of satisfectory results from rtiiance uc on contained information or recommendations, and du claims all liability for any resulting loss or damage." 1,001188 ADM C C I *58 1 2 2 *** * Vi ?, \ j ?.**-- ~- -- o "rV*~T-*~. f*rar.'`-.*.*-^at-' yT^*>ja<|jhx?ris'o^w~rrSqa-Si* r..r.t*^'TvrSirs*'' ^ K : ' . ~ .-I.. * * * and cradling o f the expo u d edpx tn ,c m of sawre deten o rttion , liquid seepageis u uatty ptm ant.' - * * -- P * * * ,o r 51***1* * * packing and of switching iheft. If Waking, repack w ith a SHastic ring type gmfcoe. Askml Undar Exeats* T e m p a r ttu r t o r F a u lt Conditions " IEEE Guida alio points out that, :vr "Chlorobenzenes usad In transformer u kartis bagin to boil at temperatures o f about 205*C, undar atmospharic condition*. If tha material it haatad to sudi high tem pastu re in a tailed lystarn, pressure dtvalop*. P re su rt w ill alto davalop in tha system if the* adcarat it arcsd tu ffic itm ly to ganarata copious hydrogen chlorida u. `T h e refo re , it it racommandad that whtraver possible, saatad askarel-fillad aquipmant ba provided w ith prassura relief devices. T h at* davioas must ba large enough to provide immediate relief at a definite prassura, and to prevent further build up of prassura if decomposition continues. It must ba remembered that tha presence o f davioas of this sort does not neemarify preclude tha rupturing of containing vaaals, since pressure build up can ba extremely rapid under violent arcing conditions." @@tom (C Toxicity& Safe H andling I. Inhalation A t ordinary tamparaturcs tha chlorinated biphenyls in Ashore! have not presented industrial toxicological problems. The hazard of potential toxic txposure varies with thsir volatility: the lower-chlorinated, morevolatile ones present more of a potantia! problem from the standpoint of both inhalation and skin contact. When Askard fluids are used i t elevated temperatures, tnginsering controls must be applied, aithcr by the uaa o f dosed system or by effective local-exhaust vantilation togathar with general workroom exhaust. Vapors o f Askars! at room temperatura diould n o t ba tr u th e d in a confined space, and no vapor o f any fluid evolved at alavated temperatures should be allowed to ba dispersed into tha general worfcroortk Inhalation to m on animali indicata that tha maximum safe concentra tion o f vapor is in die range of from 0J5 to 1.0 milligram par cubic m o o r o f air. The threshold lim it value (maximum sitows bis concen tration o f an h o u r working day) sat by tha American Conference o f Government Hygienists era 1.0 milligram of tha lower-chlorinated biphenyl compounds par cubic matar of air and 0 .5 milligram of tha mofe-ftighly-chlorinatad compounds, par cubic matar of air. It. Skin Contact Prolonged or repeated dein contact w ith tha Askarei fluids must ba avoided by d ie m b of doves and protective garments, because of the possible occurrence o f a condition a ile d chloracne. AJthouti rtp o ro o f this condition caused by Askarei era rare, it can ba produced by excessive ikin contact. If tha fluid is lie d on tha dein tha skin should ba washed in die usual manner w ith a soap solution. A bum ousad by contact with a h ot Askarei diould ba treated like any ordinary bum. s F a < *o o a d Inet,ructions o f* Askarei fluids, w * Section A V I II , pegs 6 . ADH 002002 /\\ iw m S 9