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? I ESTI.WTE OF HISTORIC BEh'ZEhT EXPOSLWS AT TWO PEPROLEUn REfIhZRIES CF6401902B SHILL OIL COHPAhY FEBRUARY, 1984 / I ESTIMTE OF HISTORIC BEh'ZEhT E X P 0 S L . S AT TWO PETROLELM REfZhTRIES I. I n t r o h c t i o n and Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 11. I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of R e s u l t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . 3 ----111. S truc .t u r e of Study .O b j e c t i v e s . . . .scope .O b s e r v a t i o n s .. .Overview 'Task 1 Study ..... ........... ..... .... . ..... Development ..... . ..... . ...... ..... . . .... . .... . . .... .. ..... . ................... ...... ..... . Task 2 Reconstructing Benzene Related Information ... .... Task 3 Estimating Benzene Exposure a t Each Location . . . . . . . . .Task 4 Exposure S i m u l a t i o n S t u d i e s ......... .. .. .... .. .. .... 9 9 9 10 10 10 12 13 13 IV. . . . . . .. . .R e s u l t s . . . ..Hethodology . .Wood R i v e r R e f i n e r y Deer Park R e f i n e r y . ... ... Research Laboratories a t ...... ... .. . ... ... ... ... Both Sites ..... . .... ..... ..... ..... .. ... .. .. ..... -.... ..... . .. .. ..... 14 14 15 18 20 V. . .D i s c u s s i o n Results Process . .. ... ... ... ... . .. .. . .. . ... . .. ... ... .. . .. . ... ... ... ... .. . . .. ... ... . .. . . . . .. . .. 23 23 25 Attachments -(1) Job Exposure P o t e n t i a l E s t i m a t e s Kood River R e f i n e r y - -( 2 ) Job Exposure P o t e n t i a l E s t i m a t e s Rank Ordered Wood R i v e r R e f i n e r y -( 3 ) Case H i s t o r y Summaries Wood River R e f i n e r y -( 4 ) J o b Exposure P o t e n t i a l E s t i m a t e s Deer Park R e f i n e r y - -( 5 ) J o b Exposure P o t e n t i a l E s t i m a t e s Rank Ordered Deer P a r k R e f i n e r y -(6) Case H i s t o r y Srumnaries Deer P a r k R e f i n e r y -( 7 ) Case H i s t o r y Sunrnaries Vood R i v e r Research Appendices (A) Steering Consnittee f o r H i s t o r i c Exposure Study (B) Task D e s c r i p t i o n s for H i s t o r i c Exposure Study -( C ) Task 3 P a r t i c i p a n t s f o r H i s t o r i c Exposure Study (D) O u t l i n e for Task 3 H i s t o r i c Exposure Study (E) Example 2B Worksheet and C a l c u l a t i o n (F) S e n s o r y P e r c e p t i o n Hethod and V a l i d a t i o n (G) S i m i l a r i t i e s and D i f f e r e n c e s in Task 3 a t t h e Too L o c a t i o n s CF8401902B 1 1. IhiRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND On J u l y 29, 1983, S h e l l O i l Company ( S h e l l ) 8nnounced t h e r e s u l t s of a r e c e n t l y completed S t a n d a r d i z e d H o r t a l i t y R a t i o (S!iR) study. The s t u d y was performed using m o r t a l i t y d a t a f o r manufacturing l o c a t i o n a c t i v e employees and r e t i r e e s whose d a t e o f d e a t h was between J a n u a r y 1, 1973, and December 31, 1982. The s t u d y i n d i c a t e d a g r e a t e r nwnbtr of d e a t h s due t o leukemia t h a n e x p e c t e d for two S h e l l l o c a t i o n s , t h e Wood R i v e r Manufact u r i n g Complex (M3.X) and t h e Deer Park Manufacturing Complex (DPHC). The observed excesses a r e more pronounced for t h e a c u t e myelogenous type of leukemia. The e x c e s s e s were s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t only f o r t h e Wood River location. To a s s i s t i n e v a l u a t i o n , S h e l l had c o n t r a c t e d w i t h Dr. P h i l l i p Cole, Professor and Chairman, Dept. of Epidemiology a t the University of Alabama. Dr. Cole reviewed t h e d a t a , e v a l u a t e d t h e i n v o l v e d method- o l o g i e s , and confirmed t h e findings. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n was s u b m i t t e d t o NIOSH v i a a l e t t e r t o t h e D i r e c t o r d a t e d J u l y 28, 1983. Copies were a l s o provided t o OSHA, b o t h d i r e c t l y and as a n a t t a c h m e n t t o t h e August 22, 1983, S h e l l O i l Company s u b m i t t a l t o OSHA's Request f o r Information on Occupational Exposure t o Benzene (Docket H-059B). Employees from t h e two l o c a t i o n s were a l s o a d v i s e d v i a w r i t t e n communications. The e x c e s s i n t h e s e leukemia d e a t h s was n o t p r o v e n t o be linked t o benzene exposure, but a presumptive a s s o c i a t i o n was suggested by t h e lack of knovledge of any o t h e r p o t e n t i a l l y causal a s s o c i a t i o n s . As p a r t of t h e s u b m i t t a l s t o OSHA and HIOSH, S h e l l announced i t s i n t e n t t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e benzene e x p o s u r e of t h e leukemia c a s e s , and in v a r i o u s r e f i n i n g jobs encountered i n the p a s t . This e f f o r t has been i d e n t i f i e d as the Benzene H i s t o r i c Exposure Study. An o u t l i n e of t h e proposed s t u d y o b j e c t i v e s and methodology was s u b m i t t e d t o NIOSH/OSHA f o r r e v i e u . The s t u d y v a s implemented f o r t h e two l o c a t i o n s i n t h e p e r i o d August- October 3963. The o b j e c t i v e s of t h e s t u d y were (1) t o a s s e s s t h e h i s t o r i c o c c u p a t i o n a l benzene exposure f o r t h e diagnosed cases of leukemia, and (2) t o estimate benzene exposure p o t e n t i a l s f o r v a r i o u s jobs where benzene may have been encountered. The s t u d y has been c o m p l e t e d , and i s r e p o r t e d on h e r e i n . E s t i m a t e s for 23 diagnosed leukemia cases are presented. Because these cases a r e diverse in terms of work h i s t o r i e s , c a r e f u l s t u d y of t h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d in t h e Case History Summaries is necessary. The s t u d y a l s o produced estiDates o f benzene e x p o s u r e p o t e n t i a l for 150 j o b s a t t h e Wood R i v e r R e f i n e r y , and 96 j o b s a t t h e Deer P a r k R e f i n e r y , spanning more t h a n f o u r decades from about 1940 t o present. These jobs are the ones most l i k e l y t o have encountered benzene exposure. Cf8LO1902B 2 The study represents a massive undertaking to ascertain probable inhalation exposures of individuals based upon study of the types of equipment, processes, and procedures used in the two petroleum refineries. The study process alto included recollection of work practices, subjective estimates of benzene odors, and some validation of the accuracy of such estimates. An iterative technique was used to review the estimates and to refine them. Details of the procedure arc given in the body of the report. The study was assisted by Knovlton Caplan, P. E., CIH, President of Industrial Health Engineering Associates, IDC., of Hinneapolis, Hinnesota. nost of the benzene exposures are associated with specific tasks or conditions, and hence are intermittent in nature. Consequently, the estimated benzene exposures are presented in the Case History S k - a r i c s a s W A ' s , or short-term exposures, or both, as appropriate for each job worked. Careful study of this information is urged, with appropriate consideration of intensity and intermittency of exposure. In performing this study, a system has been created f o r estimating historic benzene exposures for diagnosed leukemia cases. This system, specific for benzene and the two locations, required substantial develop- mental effort. It can be used in the future with modest effort for the same two locations, but extension to other locations or other substances would require effort similar to that already invested. CF8401902B 3 11. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS Becruse of t h e study method used, t h e r e i s no q u e s t i o n t h a t t h e f i g u r e s given as i n h a l a t i o n exposures a r e estimates. Therefore, t h e numbers d i s c u s s e d i n t h e r e p o r t and in t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s e c t i o n a r e n o t claimed t o b e , n o r should t h e y be t a k e n a s , t r u e or a b s o l u t e exposures. We can reasonably be certain, however, t h a t the assignment of exposure categ o r i e s , b o t h by j o b and by i n d i v i d u a l , a r e in c o r r e c t r e l a t i o n t o each other. Thus, i f a p a r t i c u l a r job is estimated a s being an order of magnitude g r e a t e r i n p o t e n t i a l benzene exposure t h a n a second j o b , we a r e reasonably certain that t h a t relation does exist. Further, while the numbers a r e not exact t h e r e is a category of exposures t o benzene which i s l a b e l e d Vil." The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h i s category is t h a t no benzene exposure is k n o w t o have e x i s t e d o r would be demonstrated f o r t h e circumstances depicted. The data i n the report lend themselves t o attempts t o correlate levels of benzene exposure and t h e medical condition, acute myolegenous leukemia (ACIL) a s recorded on d e a t h c e r t i f i c a t e s . All leukemias which f i t ICDA c l a s s i f i c a t i o n 20s ( 8 t h R e v i s i o n ) a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o be of t h e A ! v a r i e t y . It is important t o note, however, t h a t there is an absence of medical and pathology records which v e r i f y the identification of a p a r t i c u l a r case as a t r u e AYL o r ICDA 20s. T h e r e f o r e , a t t h i s v r i t i n g a d e f i n i t i v e d i a g n o s i s cannot be confirmed. The h i s t o r i c exposure s t u d y by i t s e l f cannot answer t h e question a s t o t h e c a u s a t i v e a g e n t of t h e l e u k e m i a s , AYL and o t h e r s . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l b a s i c questions which can be examined i n the l i g h t of t h i s study. These are: (1) If t h e r e i s a n a s s o c i a t i o n between A% a n d / o r o t h e r leukemias and benzene, is it evident i n the cases studied? (2) If t h e r e is a n a s s o c i a t i o n between AX a n d / o r o t h e r leukercias and benzene, is a dose response relation evident? (3) Does it appear t h a t a negative o r inverse association between benzene and A% a n d / o r o t h e r leukemias e x i s t s ? (4) Do t h e v o r k h i s t o r i e s g i v e any c l u e o r c r e d e n c e f o r a n h y p o t h e s i s , t h a t o t h e r c a u s a l mechanisms may be o p e r a t i v e ? The exposure d a t a , as determined by t h e study teams and given i n t h e r e p o r t , can be viewed i n e i t h e r of tvo vays: as i n t e g r a t e d or peak exposures. Integrated exposures comprise exposures from a l l sources (background, s h o r t - t e r m , p e a k ) and may be e x p r e s s e d as pprc-days p e r y e a r (ppm-dayslyr) o r t o t a l ( c a r e e r ) ppm-days. T a b l e s 5 and 7 i n S e c t i o n IV of t h e r e p o r t p r e s e n t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of leukemia cases (A% p l u s o t h e r s ) based on t o t a l ( c a r e e r ) e s t i m a t e d benzene exposure. These t a b l e s show t h a t n i n e of t h e t o t a l 23 c a s e s had nil exposure a t t r i b u t e d t o them. CFBL01902B - 4 In an a t t e m p t t o i n t e r p r e t t h e s e f i n d i n g s , Table 1 i n t h i s s e c t i o n p r e s e n t s t h e same d a t a somewhat d i f f e r e n t l y . The d i s t r i b u t i o n of leukemia c a s e s is p r e s e n t e d f o r v a r i o u s i n t e g r a t e d exposure c a t e g o r i e s i n ppm-drys. These integrated exposures actually represent t h e summation of a11 estimated benzene exposures, from a v a r i e t y of jobs over each c a s e ' s carer%. Because t h e number of y e a r s of exposure of each i n d i v i d u a l varied widely, 8s did the time period over which such exposure occurred, i t becomes n e c e s s a r y t o handle the d a t a LO t h a t the d i f f e r e n t exposures might r e a d i l y b e compared. One way i s t o view t h e c a r e e r e x p o s u r e s as i f t h e y had o c c u r r e d i n a s i n g l e y e a r . This method is a c o n s e r v a t i v e means o f h a n d l i n g t h e d a t a . When this i s done, t h e T a b l e 1 c a t e g o r i e s can be -- viewed a s follows: - - .- Cat e g o r y 1. K i l : No exposure could be demonstrated nor is knovn t o have o c c u r r e d . 2 . ~ 2 5 0 0ppm-days: 2500 ppm-days i s e q u i v a l e n t t o a 10 ppm d a i l y time- weighted a v e r a g e (WA) f o r 250 working days p e r y e a r f o r one year. 3. 2500-6250 ppm-days: The upper f i g u r e is e q u i v a l e n t t o a 25 ppm d a i l y Th'A each working day f o r a year. 4. 6250-25000 ppm-days: The upper f i g u r e is e q u i v a l e n t t o a 100 ppm d a i l y TWA each working day f o r a year. I n T a b l e 1 t h e ppm-days a r e g i v e n s e p a r a t e l y f o r the A ! and n0n-Ac a s e s . I t i s e v i d e n t from t h e t a b l e t h a t a l m o s t h a l f t h e A!! c a s e s (5/11) and o n e - t h i r d ( 4 / 1 2 ) t h e non-AYL cases shoved N i l e x p o s u r e . There i s no p a t t e r n i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of leukemia c a s e s ( e i t h e r AW. o r non-AYL) implying a dose-response r e l a t i o n between leukemia and integrated benzene exposures. CF8401902B . U. z 0 c ri -v. 5 v) Lt 9h hl c U" mh N LI c7 N N- . . ._ - -C I - -N 0 N 0C C h E C CI Nc -r) N 0 -0 0 0 nc 0 0 00 Ln 0 N L1 9N 0 CI IC C 0C 0 Ln 0 Ln Ln N Ln N N V N rD A N c? U rr) c N C CI 6 m e n one looks A t p e r k e x p o s u r e s , similar results can be Been. To examine possible r e l a t i o n s h i p s between peak exposures and leukemia, exposures f o r each c a s e were c a l c u l a t e d from t h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n Attachments 3, 6 , and 7 by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e e s t i m a t e d s h o r t - t e r m exposure l e v e l ( h i g h e s t value) times t h e estimated duration (minutes p e r day) and frequency (days/year), for any year i n which short- term exposures occurred. The resultant, peak ppm-minutes p e r year, was t a b u l a t e d f o r e a c h of t h e y e a r s t h a t s h o r t - t e r m e x p o s u r e s were deemed t o have o c c u r r e d . The h i g h e s t peak ppm-minutes/year f i g u r e f o r each c a s e is used i n Table 2. The c a t e g o r i e s i n Table 2 a r e : C a t ego ry .- 1. N i l : Ho exposure could be demonstrated nor isknown t o have occurred. 2. <IS750 ppm-min/pr: 18,750 ppm-min/pr is equivalent t o a 25 ppm peak o c c u r r i n g o v e r a 15 minute p e r i o d one day p e r week each week i n t h e year. 3. 18750-125000 ppm-min/yr: The upper f i g u r e is e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e c u r r e n t OSHA a l l o w a b l e peak of 50 ppm f o r no more t h a a 10 m i n u t e s in any one d a y , 5 days p e r week, each week. 4. 125000-1.25x106 ppm-minlyr: This represents a one order of magnitude range over t h e next lower category. For t h e AYL c a s e s i n Table 2, 6/11 o r 55% a r e i n t h e Nil c a t e g o r y . For t h e non-AYL's 5/12 o r 42% had no knob- o r c a l c u l a b l e e x p o s u r e . Even i f one eliminates the N i l category i n Table 2 and looks only a t the data vhere exposure is deemed t o have o c c u r r e d , t h e r e is no s u g g e s t i o n of dose response v i t h i n e i t h e r t h e AYL c a s e s o r non-AYL c a s e s . The range o f peak ppm-rnin/yr e x p o s u r e s i n t h e AciL c a t e g o r i e s a r e from 9 , 0 0 0 t o 1.4 x lo6. Cf8401902B L QI U 0, N LN 0 52 n N m 0m c 0c 0 0 c) 0 0 c N c - N C a0 U e C0 9 CI t. c -- c 0 00 C C c -- n L cc U 0 c % Ln c N0 L. L IX 00 - -u, C u, b 0N em N v cA N Um OD II e f0 t-- c N C CI c L U 8 Of p o t e n t i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e i s t h a t t h e h i g h e s t benzene exposure j o b s a r e n o t r e f l e c t e d i n t h e work records of t h e diagnosed leukemia cases. For example, o n l y one of t h e Wood R i v e r leukemia c a s e s worked i n t h e h i g h e s t exposure j o b s r e l a t i n g t o t h e Cumene P l a n t (1943-45), or t h e Dodecyl Benzene U n i t (1950-54). C o n v e r s e l y , i n d i v i d u a l s who d i d work t h e s e j o b s are not among t h e l e u k e k i a c a s e s r e v e a l e d by t h e 1972-1983 s t u d y . An a d d i t i o n a l o b s e r v a t i o n from t h i s s t u d y r e l a t e s t o l a t e n c y p e r i o d . khen latency i s defined as the time betveen f i r s t exposure t o benzene and date of d e a t h , t h e a v e r a g e l a t e n c y p e r i o d f o r k7L c a s e s i s 37 y e a r s ( r a n g e 33- 46). T h i s i s noteworthy s i n c e t h i s l a t e n c y i s f a r l o n g e r t h a n commonly -reported i n l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t i n g benzene t o ALiL. From a l l of t h e above, t h e f o l l o v i n g i n f e r e n c e s can b e made: 1. The exposure e s t i m a t e s , as p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s 1 and 2 do n o t e s t a b l i s h a causal r e l a t i o n s h i p betveen benzene exposure and development of Acute Hyelogenous Leukemia (A!!) a t e i t h e r t h e Wood R i v e r or Deer Park refineries. 2. There i s no s t a t i s t i c a l l y significant dose-response relationship observed betveen l e v e l of exposure and development o f A% a t the Wood R i v e r r e f i n e r y . Even when t h e N i l e x p o s u r e c a t e g o r y i s eliminated, t h i s observation remains evident. 3. A t the Deer Park refinery, an inverse relationship between l e v e l of e x p o s u r e and development o f AYL is observed. 4. A t t h e Wood R i v e r R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y , t h e two c a s e s o f aon-AYL leukemia a r e noted t o have occurred i n t h e h i g h e r c a t e g o r i e s of e x p o s u r e s , w h i l e none o c c u r r e d a t t h e K i l l e v e l . The s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e s e t v o c a s e s i s n o t known. Given t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s , it becomes u s e f u l t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e h'il c a s e s t o see i f t f i e r e i s a n y t h i n g t h a t s u g g e s t s some common a s s o c i a t i o n . Of t h e A!!L c a s e s t h e r e i s no a p p a r e n t common employnent p a t t e r n t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l s . Of t h e non-A7L c a s e s , two have a h i s t o r y of working i n the Wood R i v e r compounding h o u s e , where l u b r i c a n t s were made. One o f t h e AYL c a s e s a l s o worked i n t h a t same a r e a , where no benzene vas encountered. F u r t h e r study w i l l be needed t o s e e what r e l a t i o n t h e r e is, i f any, between t h e s e cases. .We a r e now c o n d u c t i n g a c a s e c o n t r o l s t u d y t o t h i s end. From t h e d a t a a v a i l a b l e , however, we c a n not d e t e r m i n e e i t h e r w i t h i n the A!! and non-AYL groups (or even combining both groups) with N i l exposure, what elements ' t h e r e a r e i n common t h a t may b e p o s t u l a t e d a s a c o r r e l a t e o r c a u s a l r e l a t i o n t o leukemia. A t t h i s time the excess leukemias are unexplained. Cf6401902B 9 111. STRUCTURE OF STUDY Objectives Th; o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s s t u d y were t o assess t h e h i s t o r i c o c c u p a t i o n a l benzene e x p o s u r e f o r ( 1 ) t h e diagnosed c a s e s o f leukemia a t t h e k'ood R i v e r and Deer Park r e f i n e r i e s ; and (2) t h e j o b s where benzene may have been encountered a t t h e s e two r e f i n e r i e s . O scope The s t r u c t u r e of t h e study vas congruent with the scope of the Standardized Hortality Ratio study f o r the two refinery locations where e x c e s s i n c i d e n c e of leukemia was r e v e a l e d . W i t h r e g a r d t o diagnosed leukemia c a s e s ( o b j e c t i v e No. l), t h e s t u d y includes : O Employees or p e n s i o n e r s of b o t h l o c a t i o n s who d i e d v i t h leukemia (regardless of type) between t h e January 1, 1973, and December 31, 1982, p e r i o d of t h e SHR s t u d y . fiot included a r e t h o s e uho may have d i e d from leukemia o u t s i d e t h e ten-year study period, o r tenninees. O Employees or p e n s i o n e r s v i t h d i a g n o s e d leukemia who were s t i l l l i v i n g a t the time of study, i f they became knocn e a r l y enough t o be included (two such cases e x i s t ) . The study included both t h e r e f i n e r y and t h e contiguous r e s e r r c h l a b o r a t o r i e s a t b o t h l o c a t i o n s . The r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s were c l o s e d a t b o t h s i t e s a b o u t 1975. With r e g a r d t o j o b s ( o b j e c t i v e No. 2 ) , t h e s t u d y v a s s t r u c t u r e d t o include : O Jobs or a c t i v i t i e s vhere benzene exposure vas most likely, i n b o t h r e f i n i n g and r e s e a r c h . C r i t e r i a were benzene concentrat i o n i n the process stream, and the nature of the particular jobs or tasks. Operations, maintenance, and the quality control l a b o r a t o r y were i n c l u d e d . O For the identified benzene jobs o r a c t i v i t i e s , the study spanned t h e time from the inception of t h a t p a r t i c u l a r job u n t i l c u r r e n t , or u n t i l t h e j o b v a s d i s c o n t i n u e d if t h a t came f i r s t . When changes o c c u r r e d i n a j o b t h a t i n f l u e n c e d benzene e x p o s u r e s , s u c h changes were taken i n t o account. The e a r l i e s t j o b a d d r e s s e d began i n 1936 a t Deer P a r k . CfBG01902B 10 A t t h e o u t s e t , t h e f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e s t u d y were made : P (1) The study, by i t s very nature, would be subjective, because i t would be based on employee r e c o l l e c t i o n s of workplace s i t u a t i o n s and a c t i v i t i e s and sensory perception of the presence of benzene, without any supporting monitoring data. Because of t h i s s u b j e c t i v i t y , t h e s t u d y was s t r u c t u r e d t o b u i l d i n maximum o b j e c t i v i t y . (2) During t h e study, and a f t e r i t s completion, t h e methodology would be c l o s e l y s c r u t i n i z e d by o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s . T h i s argued n o t o n l y f o r maximum o b j e c t i v i t y , b u t a l s o f o r a methodology t h a t i s both u e l l - u n d e r s t o o d l o c a l l y , and communicated t o a l l interested parties. (3) While t h e s t u d i e s a t t h e two r e f i n e r i e s must be performed s e p a r a t e l y , t h e y must a l s o be " harmonized" t o e n s u r e compatibility. (4) The studies must be performed expeditiously, consistent with t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r maximum o b j e c t i v i t y , a well- understood methodology, and compatibility. ( 5 ) I t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o reach o b j e c t i v e KO. 1 v i t h o u t f i r s t accomplishing objective So. 2. 0 Ove rv i e v The s t u d y was s t r u c t u r e d i n t o s e p a r a t e t a s k s , or elements, t o be performed by s e p a r a t e groups a t each l o c a t i o n , under t h e d i r e c t i o n of a Steering Comrcittee comprising representatives from a l l interested departments. Hembets a r e listed i n Appendix A. Structuring separate t a s k s v i t h w r i t t e n d e s c r i p t i o n s helped p r o v i d e maximum o b j e c t i v i t y and a well-understood methodology, vhile also expediting the process a t each l o c a t i o n . The s t u d y consisted of t h r e e s e p a r a t e a r e a s of endeavor. These arc designated: -Task 1 S t u d y Development -T a s k 2 R e c o n s t r u c t i n g Benzene- Related I n f o r m a t i o n -T a s k 3 E s t i m a t i n g Benzene Exposure a t Each L o c a t i o n Discussion follows. -O Task 1 S t u d y Development A sub- group of t h e S t e e r i n g Cormnittee developed c r i t e r i a , common terminology, and s p e c i f i c descriptions f o r t h e various tasks. This included: CF8401902B - 11 Developing c r i t e r i a f o r assessing h i s t o r i c benzene exposure by i n h a l a t i o n and d i r e c t contact. C r i t e r i a developed were t o key on s e n s o r y d e t e c t i o n o f benzene, and vere to c o n s i d e r level, duration, and frequency of exposure. A l i t e r a t u r e s e a r c h (Table 1, Appendix F) showed no d e f i n i - t i v e sensory data f o r benzene SO an empirical table vas developed and checked a g a i n s t known e x p o s u r e l e v e l s f o r s p e c i f i c o p e r a t i o n s . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n ( T a b l e s 2a and 2b, Appendix F) vas used by t h e t a s k groups i n f i l l i n g o u t t h e worksheets. Direct contact v i t h benzene vas considered i n estimating i n h a l a t i o n e x p o s u r e s . Dose e s t i m a t e s were n o t made f o r benzene absorbed t h r o u g h t h e s k i n when d i r e c t c o n t a c t may have occurred. This is based i n p a r t on t h e f a c t t h a t protective clothing reduced such exposures, coupled u i t h the absence of a v a l i d method for making such estimates. A p r e l i m i n a r y v a l i d a t i o n of t h e o v e r a l l approach was done by comparing t h e f i r s t worksheets f o r c u r r e n t jobs a g a i n s t a c t u a l monitoring d a t a , A f i n a l v a l i d a t i o n vas done with t h e data from t h e f i n a l worksheets. This validation (Table 3, Appendix f) shows a r e a s o n a b l y good c o r r e l a t i o n between estimates based on t h e sensory d a t a and a c t u a l exposure levels. Appendix G a l s o contains a reviev of t h e vay i n which t h e sensory p e r c e p t i o n a p p r o a c h c a s a p p l i e d a t Uood R i v e r and Deer Park. Developing task descriptions for t h e remaining tasks. These t a s k d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e provided i n Appendix 0. Developing guidelines f o r what c o n s t i t u t e s a benzene u n i t o r a benzene job. For purposes of t h i s s t u d y , J benzene u n i t was defined as any manufacturing or storage operation t h a t involved (contained) benzene i n e x c e s s of 57, c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e raw m a t e r i a l s , intermediate streams, or products. A l s o included were any s u c h o p e r a t i o n s v i t h benzene i n excess o f 1%c o n c e n t r a t i o n , i f t h a t o p e r a t i o n involved "open" handling of t h e benzenec o n t a i n i n g s u b s t a n c e s , s u c h a s in l o a d i n g of common c a r r i e r s or marine vessels. Cf6L01902B . 12 -* Task 2 R e c o n s t r u c t i n g Benzene R e l a t e d I n f o r m a t i o n T h i s t a s k was d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r p a r t s , performed c o n c u r r e n t l y a t Vood R i v e r and Deer P a r k , by e i g h t s e p a r a t e work 8rouPS. The f o u r were : -2 A Identify benzene areas and units. 2B - I d e n t i f y a r e a s and u n i t s v h e r e benzene was handled, the concentrations encountered, the appropriate time frames, and any r e l e v a n t information on emission sources or process changes t h a t could have affected worker exposure. Identify benzene jobs and tasks. -2c Based on t h e 2A work p r o d u c t , i d e n t i f y t h e o p e r a t i n g , maintenance, and laboratory jobs i n those areas and u n i t s t h a t could have encountered benzene, and qualify the frequency, duration, and degree of exposure, using the previously developed criteria for assessing historic benzene exposure. I d e n t i f y benzene work p r a c t i c e s or procedures. -2D Review p a s t work p r a c t i c e s t o determine p o t e n t i a l benzene exposures t h a t would not necessarily be d i s c o v e r e d by Task 2B. Develop work h i s t o r i e s and p o t e n t i a l exposures f o r diagnosed cases of leukemia. I d e n t i f y t h e type and l o c a t i o n of work f o r each diagnosed leukemia case, with supporting informacion. Task 2A was performed f i r s t a t each l o c a t i o n , and a s a pre- r e q u i s i t e for Task 2B. Tasks 2C and 2D commenced a t e a r l i e s t opportunity and progressed independently. In addition t o using all a v a i l a b l e r e c o r d s , t h e work groups r e l i e d h e a v i l y on employee i n t e m i e w s , seeking out those experienced employees and r e t i r e e s w i t h h i s t o r i c experience. To a s s i s t e f f i c i e n c y and harmony, r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from t h e S t e e r i n g Committee met w i t h each work group t o explain t h e i r task, and hear t h e i r report. Consultation was provided a s necessary. The w r i t t e n r e p o r t s of each of t h e s e work groups ( i . e . , Task 2 Work P r o d u c t s ) comprise t h e documented i n f o m a t i o n on which t h i s study vas based. As previously s t a t e d , the research l a b o r a t o r i e s contiguous t o the two r e f i n e r i e s a r e i n c l u d e d in t h e scope of this s t u d y . S i n c e t h e s e l a b o r a t o r i e s were s h u t down and r e s t r u c t u r e d i n t o t h e S h e l l Development a c t i v i t y centered a t the Westhollow Research Center CTBG01902B :3 near Houston, it became necessary t o conduct the research study there. This effort, designated Task 2E, performed the equivalent tasks ZA, E, C, and D, using separate work groups addressing the Wood River and Deer Park Research activities. The approach was the same a t that used at the two refineries, except that J single work group performed all four tasks, for each research location. Participants were a11 alumni o f the respective locations, and retiree interview were again used extensively tO supplement available records. -0 Task 3 Estimating Benzene Exposure a t Each Location Folloving completion of the Task 2 information gathering, separate panels were convened a t Wood River and Deer Park to integrate all the information and assess historic benzene exposures. These panels included active and retired employees with a mix of staff/ hourly, operations/maintenance* and technical/non-technical. The Steering Committee was represented on each panel, and the consulting industrial hygienist participated on both. A professional facilitator vas used to assist the deliberations and ensure appropriate group dynamics. The makeup of each panel is provided in Appendix C. The task description vas prepared by the Steering Committee sub-group. The suggested structure for the wetk-long exercise is provided in Appendix D. Task 3 vas successfully performed at each location in five working days. Additional industrial hygiene support was provided at both locations to facilitate the calculation of estimated exposure information, in accord with the panel's deliberations. For the research activities, the Task 3 function was carried out separately. The resulting Task 3 reports for Wood River, Deer Park, and the Research Activities provide the basis f o r t h i s report. -0 Task Lc Exposure Simulation Studies from the outset, it was recognized that exposure simulation experiments could be conducted, using monitoring devices to quantify benzene exposures to simulated workplace tasks. It vas decided to defer such experiments because (1) the desire for an expeditious study was not consistent with an experimental program that may take months to complete, and (2) identification of the most prevalent and important exposure sources could be a product of this study, leading to better design of any such exposure simulation experiments. CFEL01902B I V . RESULTS A. Methodology 1. Benzene exposure p o t e n t i a l i n v a r i o u s j o b s Y The 2B t a s k f o r c e a t e a c h l o c a t i o n i d e n t i f i e d and c h a r a c t e r i z e d each job studied, recording the potential benzene exposure i n terms o f f r e q u e n c y , d u r a t i o n , and i n t e n s i t y on 1 T a s k 2B: Exposure D e s c r i p t i o n Vorksheet. These "2B worksheets" c o n s t i t u t e t h e b a s i c *'data" for the e n t i r e s t u d y . A sample 2B worksheet i s shown i n Appendix E. The f i r s t e s t i m a t e o f benzene e x p o s u r e p o t e n t i a l f o r each job studied vas calculated based on the i n f o r mation r e p o r t e d on t h e 2B worksheet, and t h e c r i t e r i a d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y ( s e e S e c t i o n 111 and Appendix F). T h i s c a l c u l a t i o n produced an e s t i m a t e expressed in ppm-days per y e a r f o r t h e s p e c i f i c j o b . The estimate is presented as a " range," v i t h t h e lowest number r e f l e c t i n g t h e smallest e s t i m a t e s of time, frequency, and i n t e n s i t y , and t h e highest number t h e l a r g e s t . T y p i c a l l y t h e "high" e s t i m a t e t u r n s o u t t o be t v o t o t h r e e times larger than t h e "log*' e s t i m a t e . A c a l c u l a t i o n s h e e t is p r o v i d e d w i t h t h e sample 2B worksheet. The t a s k 3 work group reviewed each of t h e s e 2B w o r k s h e e t s , i s s u i n g a d d i t i o n a l i n s t r u c t i o n s a s deemed necessary t o a d j u s t t h e exposure information f o r benzene work p r a c t i c e s , mixtures, background l e v e l s , and peak exposures. This resulted i n recalculating t h e e s t i m a t e s t o r e f l e c t t h e work group's d e l i b e r a t i o n s . The r e s u l t i n g f i n a l (rounded) estimate is presented as a range, i n FTrn-days p e r y e a r . The completed 2B w o r k s h e e t s f o r t h e v a r i o u s jobs v i t h t h e estimated ranges c o n s t i t u t e one portion of t h e final product from t h i s study. They a r e summarized i n Attachment 1 (Wood R i v e r ) and Attachment 4 (Deer P a r k ) . The e n t i r e s e t o f completed 2B worksheets and s u p p o r t i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e c o n t a i n e d i n the t a s k 3 Gork product f o r each l o c a t i o n . 2. Benzene exposure for diagnosed cases Work h i s t o r i e s f o r each of t h e diagnosed leukemia c a s e s were p r e p a r e d by t h e 2D t a s k f o r c e a t e a c h l o c a t i o n , and p r e s e n t e d t o t h e t a s k 3 work group on a Repart 2 Case Exposure SunnarvL form. ' The t a s k 3 p a n e l was then a b l e t o d i r e c t t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of a t o t a l dose f o r t h e diagnosed case, by u s i n g t h e j o b e s t i m a t e s previously prepared. Men assignments were encountered f o r which no e s t i m a t e d e x p o s u r e p o t e n t i a l had been p r e p a r e d ( i . e . , no 2B w o r k s h e e t ) , t h e t a s k 3 v o r k group made e s t i m a t e s based upon t h e i r i n h e r e n t knovledge of t h e u o r k p l a c c , and t h e i r acquired f a m i l i a r i t y with t h e range of p o t e n t i a l exposures. The c a r e e r dose e x p o s u r e f o r e a c h c a s e was sumned i n ppm-days. These COTE- p l e t e d R e p o r t -2 -Case Exposure Sumar?.. forms are c o n t a i n e d in t h e CF8401902B t a s k 3 vork product f o r each location, and are t h e b a s i s f o r the Case H i s t o r y Summaries presented i n t h i s r e p o r t . T y p i c a l l y , many of t h e cases had p e r i o d s (sometimes extended p e r i o d s ) when e s t i m a t e d benzene exposure was nil. F u r t h e r , s i n c e none o f t h e jobs were t y p i c a l "assembly l i n e " j o b s , benzene e x p o s u r e was normally i n t e r m i t t e n t , and o f t e n a s s o c i a t e d with s p e c i f i c t a s k s o r c o n d i t i o n s . For t h e s e r e a s o n s , i t was decided t h a t c a r e e r dose i n ppm-days may n o t be t h e most r e l e v a n t measure of exposure. I n t h i s r e g a r d , it would be i n a p p r o p r i a t e f o r o t h e r s t o c a l c u l a t e average d a i l y exposures by dividing t h e estimated c a r e e r dose i n ppm-days by t h e t o t a l days worked. Consequently, it vas decided t o present the estimated exposures i n another f o r m a t , d e s i g n a t e d Case H i s t o r y Summary. These Case H i s t o r y Summaries characterize benzene exposures for diagnosed leukemia cases a s T U ' S , or short- term exposures, o r both, as appropriate f o r each job worked. They were prepared using information from t h e 2B worksheets t o e s t i m a t e W A ' s and s h o r t - t e r m e x p o s u r e s . The Case History Summaries were compiled a s p a r t of t h e r e p o r t prepara- t i o n , and constitute the second portion of the study product. B. Good R i v e r R e f i n e r y 1. Benzene exposure p o t e n t i a l i n various jobs The s t u d y i d e n t i f i e d n i n e u n i t s o r a r e a s i n t h e Wood R i v e r Refinery where benzene vas encountered, spanning four decades from 1941 t o current. These are as follows: Cumene P l a n t 19L3-45 Dodecyl Benzene '1950-54 DU/Re f ormers 1966-current Deisohexanizer 1960-current Toluene Plants 1 & 2 1942-1960 (Later c a l l e d Aromatics Recovery Unit) 0 Aromatics Recovery Unit 1960-66 (Later c a l l e d Benzene Extraction Unit) Benzene Extraction Unit 1966-79 Benzene Extraction Unit 1980-current Dispatching 1943-current Lab0r at ory 1941-cur r e n t Background i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s e i s c o n t a i n e d in t h e Wood R i v e r Task 2A and 2B R e p o r t s , and t h e Task 3 work p r o d u c t . Prior t o 1941, benzene vas n o t e n c o u n t e r e d above t h e S'; l e v e l s e l e c t e d as c r i t e r i o n for t h i s s t u d y . While i t was n o t produced a t Wood River, commercial benzene was purchased by tank c a r f o r t h e Cumene Plant ( 1 9 4 3 4 5 ) and t h e Dodecyl Benzene Unit (1950-54). This p r o d u c t was probably d i s t i l l e d from coke oven benzene. In addi- t i o n , coke oven benzene was d e l i v e r e d by t a n k t r u c k during t h e period 1966-1963 (ceased e a r l y 1983). This product contained CF8401902B 65-88% benzene, w i t & o t h e r substances, including toluene, xylene, and gum. Estimates of benzene exposure potentials vert prepared for a total r o f 150 o p e r a t i n g and maintenance j o b s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e n i n e u n i t s , during t h e spanned time periods. These estimates a r e p r e s e n t e d as ppm-days p e r y e a r i n two formats. As noted, it i s i n a p p r o p r i a t e t o d i v i d e t h e s e f i g u r e s by t h e t o t a l number of workdays per year t o derive a daily estimated dose. I n Attachment 1, t h e estimated exposure p o t e n t i a l s a r e presented f o r jobs a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p a r t i c u l a r u n i t or a r e a , f o r t h e time p e r i o d s p e c i f i e d . T h i s format may be t h e most u s e f u l , a s it permits appraisal of benzene exposure on a unit-by-unit b a s i s , for both operations and maintenance personnel. For operations, the e s t i m a t e s r e p r e s e n t t h e exposure of an o p e r a t o r working an e n t i r e y e a r (250 days). f o r maintenance, two e s t i m a t e s a r e sometimes presented. The higher numbers represent t h e exposure p o t e n t i a l range f o r a c r a f t s m a n working & the benzene exposure f o r an e n t i r e y e a r (250 days). An example i s a zone p i p e f i t t e r , p o s t u l a t e d a s being assigned every work-day t o t h e benzene exposure area i n t h e zone. The more u s u a l c a s e i s a zone c r a f t s m a n who uorks i n benzene a r e a s on some d a y s , b u t n o t on o t h e r s . Recognizing t h i s where appropriate, the exposure potential range for the maintenance j o b has been divided by t h e estimated number of craftsmen t h a t could have been assigned t o t h a t job, g i v i n g a l o v e r u n i t e s t i m a t e . I n g e n e r a l , t h i s l o v e r e s t i m a t e vould more l i k e l y represent t h e exposure potential of such a zone craftsman. The e s t i m a t e d exposure p o t e n t i a l f o r t h e 150 o p e r a t i n g and maintenance jobs presented i n Attachment 1 a r e also presented i n a rank-ordered format i n Attachment 2. f o r each job, a range of e s t i m a t e s i s given. Attachment 2 is based on t h e higher end of t h e range. The folloving t a b l e s m a r i t e s t h e Attachment 2 information by both t h e l o v e s t and highest estimated range values. 17 Estimated Job Exposure Potential Based on Lou and High Ends of E s t i mates f o r Each Job (pprn-da>?S/yr) c 500 500-2500 2500-5000 > 5000 fable 6 Wood River Refinery Loves t -No. 2! Hi phest - -KO. c k 9 9 66 77 51 38 25 36 24 13 9 23 - 15 -0 -0 -Ir, -10 150 100 150 100 The h i g h e s t e s t i m a t e i s 6900- 10,200 ppm-days/yr. I n g e n e r a l , highest exposures were associated v i t h e a r l i e s t jobs. Estimated benzene exposure p o t e n t i a l s for q u a l i t y control labora t o r y jobs a r e also presented i n Attachment 1, and rank-ordered separately i n Attachment 2. These estimates a r e quite similar t o those for operations and maintenance, although one job has the h i g h e s t estimated exposure of 6,100-12,500 ppm-days p e r year. 2. Case History Berzene Exposures The s t u d y produced e s t i u i a t e s o f benzene exposure f o r 14 diagnosed l e u k e e i a c a s e s , of which 12 a r e deceased. These e s t i n a t e d benzene exposures, and o t h e r information of epidemiologic relevance f o r each case, a r e presented i n Attachment 3, t h e Case History Summaries. The development of t h i s p a r t i c u l a r format i s discussed i n t h i s p a r t ( S e c t i o n IV. ( A ) ( 2 ) ] . Because t h e cases a r e diverse i n terms of the reconstructed exposure history, careful study of the Case History S m a r i e s is necessary. Nevertheless, from t h e limited perspective of estimated t o t a l ( c a r e e r ) benzene e x p o s u r e , t h e r e s u l t s for t h e Wood River R e f i n e r y diagnosed cases a r e a s follows: I 3 8L0 1902B -. . Table 5 r T o t a l ( C a r e e r ) Exposure Number ppm- days of Cases Nil 25-1,OOO 1,000-5,000 5,000- 10,000 2l,Q00-&3,000 TOTAL -1 14 C. Deer Park Refinery 1. Benzene exposure p o t e n t i a l i n v a r i o u s j o b s The s t u d y i d e n t i f i e d n i n e u n i t s or a r e a s i n t h e Deer P a r k R e f i n e r y where benzene vas encountered (above t h e 5% l e v e l s e l e c t e d a s t h e c r i t e r i o n for t h i s study), spanning t h e period 1936 t o current. These are a s follob's: R e f i n e r y Lab Thermal Cracking Dispatching and Shipping Environmental Lube B and C Aroma t i c s C a t a l y t i c Reforming (CR3) Hydroprocessing Phenol Acetone 1936-current 1942-1977 1946- current 19L6- c u rr e n t 19A8-19SO 1952-current 1970- current 1971-current 1977-current P r i o r t o 1936, benzene was n o t e n c o u n t e r e d above t h e 5% l e v e l . Background i n f o r m a t i o n is c o n t a i n e d in t h e Deer Park Task ZA and 2B R e p o r t s , and t h e Task 3 work p r o d u c t . E s t i m a t e s of exposure p o t e n t i a l vere prepared for a t o t a l of 96 operating, maintenance, and laboratory jobs associated with these n i n e units, during t h e spanned time periods. These estimates are p r e s e n t e d as ppm-days p e r y e a r i n t v o formats. As noted, it i s i n a p p r o p r i a t e t o d i v i d e t h e s e figures by t h e t o t a l number of * workdays per year t o derive a daily estimated dose. I n Attachment 4, t h e e s t i m a t e d exposure p o t e n t i a l s a r e presented for iobs associated with a p a r t i c u l a r u n i t o r area, and f o r s e l e c t e d maintenance c r a f t s . The approach t o e s t i m a t i n g maint e n a n c e e x p o s u r e s f o r Deer Park vas somewhat d i f f e r e n t from t h r t u s e d f o r Wood R i v e r . A t Deer Park, e x p o s u r e s were e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e overage maintenance worker, while a t Wood River estimates were 19 made f o r t h e job, and only i n some i n s t a n c e s f o r t h e average worker, a s d i s c u s s e d i n Appendix G. The estimates f o r t h e 96 o p e r a t i n g , maintenance, and laboratory jobs presented i n Attachment 4 a r e also p r e s e n t e d i n a rankP o r d e r e d format i n Attachment 5 . For each j o b , a range is given. Attachment 5 is based on t h e h i g h e r end of t h e range. The f o l l o v ing t a b l e swnmarizes t h e Attachment 5 i n f o r m a t i o n by both t h e lowest and highest estimated range values. E s t i m a t d - .ab Exposure Potential Based on Low and Xigh Ends of E s t i mates f o r Each Job (ppm-days/gr) < 500 500-2500 2500-5000 > 5000 Table 6 ._ Deer P a r k R e f i n e r v Lowest - 3K O . Hiphest - -KO. L (b 72 75 23 24 -1 1 -0 0 9 6 100 50 52 37 39 - -5 5 4 L, 96 100 The h i g h e s t e s t i m a t e i s 1,400- 9,800 ppm-days p e r y e a r . I n general, highest exposures were associated with e a r l i e s t jobs. 2. Case H i s t o r y Benzene Exposures 'The s t u d y produced e s t i m a t e s o f benzene e x p o s u r e f o r seven diagnosed leukemia c a s e s , a l l deceased. These estircates, and other information of epidemiologic relevance for each case, are presented i n Attachment 6 , t h e Case H i s t o r y Summaries. The development of t h i s p a r t i c u l a r format is discussed i n t h i s p a r t [ S e c t i o n 11'. ( A ) ( Z ) ] . Because t h e cases a r e d i v e r s e i n terms of r e c o n s t r u c t e d exposure h i s t o r y , c a r e f u l s t u d y of t h e Case H i s t o r y Summaries is necessary. Keverthcless, from t h e l i i z i t e d p e r s p e c t i v e of estimated t o t a l ( c a r e e r ) benzene e x p o s u r e , t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e Deer Park Refinery diagnosed cases a r e as follovs: CfB401902B 20 Table 7 Total (Career) Exposure ppm-days Number of Cases c Nil 25-1,000 1,000-5,000 5,000-10,000 7,000-22,000 TOTAL - D. Research L a b o r a t o r i e s a t Both S i t e s -1 7 E s t i m a t e s of benzene exposures f o r r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s a t b o t h Wood River and Deer P a r k were perfonned by two groups of r e s e a r c h alumni, following e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same procedures used f o r t h e r e f i n e r y p a r t of the study. Appropriate modification for this procedure included (1) i d e n t i f y i n g h i s t o r i c benzene exposure p o t e n t i a l by " a c t i v i t i e s " , i n s t e a d of by u n i t s and jobs, and (2) using a s i n g l e group t o perform t h e s e v e r a l tasks involved f o r each s i t e . A benzene concentration of 1% v a s used a s a s t u d y c r i t e r i o n , based on t h e assumption of "open" handling. 1. Uood R i v e r Research L a b o r a t o r y The Kood R i v e r Research L a b o r a t o r y o p e r a t e d a s a n e n t i t y from 1933 t o 1975, when i t was s h u t dovn and a l l a c t i v i t i e s t r a o s f e r r t d t o a n o t h e r ( n o n - r e f i n e r y ) l o c a t i o n . Some l a b o r a t o r y s u p p o r t a c t i v i t i e s began a s e a r l y as the 1920's. Throughout i t s history, t h e R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y was a d m i n i s t r a t i v e l y a p a r t of t h e Wood River Refinery; hence t h e standardized mortality r a t i o study r e v e a l e d two diagnosed c a s e s among r e s e a r c h e r s . Consequently, t h e h i s t o r i c benzene exposure s t u d y was s t r u c t u r e d t o i n c l u d e t h e research activity. The s t u d y i d e n t i f i e d four major research a c t i v i t i e s w i t h p o t e n t i a l f o r exposure t o benzene i n l i q u i d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s exceeding one percent. These span t h e period 1933 t o 1975. They are broadly defintd as: O c e r t a i n engine studies O a n a l y t i c a l l r b and instrument product tvaluation vork O asphalt studies O organic synthesis of a d d i t i v e s and base stocks Each of t h e s e broad a r e a s of a c t i v i t y has subparts. Background i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s e i s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e Wood R i v e r Research t a s k 2A and 2B r e p o r t s . P o t e n t i a l benzene exposure f o r e a c h of t h e a c t i v i t i e s i s r e p o r t e d on 2B worksheets, p r o v i d i n g a d a t a b a s e CfB401902B 21 from which benzene exposures can be estimated. Supplemental i n f o n n a t i o n was compiled on personnel count and r o s t e r s , work practices involving benzene, and f a c i l i t y description. All t h i s information assisted the preparation of the estimates for the p a r t i c u l a r jobs worked by the two diagnosed leukemir cases. This i n f o r m a t i o n is a11 c o n t a i n e d in t h e A e s t a r c h A c t i v i t i e s Task 3 Work Product. As a r e s u l t o f t h i s work, i t became a p p a r e n t t h a t h i s t o r i c benzene exposure f o r researchers is a function of the particular activit i e s engaged i n over the years, (and background levels), rather than a function of job t i t l e . Consequently (and unlike the r e f i n e r y p o r t i o n o f t h e s t u d y ) , no a t t e m p t v i s made t o e s t i m a t e h i s t o r i c benzene exposure by job. R a t h e r , r e c o n s t r u c t e d work h i s t o r i e s were prepared t o i d e n t i f y t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e two diagnosed c a s e s . Supplemental 2B worksheets were t h e n prepared f o r each s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y , and exposure ranges estimated. These estimates were then consolidated onto a Report 2 Case Exposure History form, presenting estimated t o t a l benzene exposures for each of the two diagnosed cases. These Report 2 forms a r e contained i n t h e Research Activity Task 3 Work Product. I n keeping with t h e approach for t h e r e f i n e r y portion of the study, the estimated benzene exposures for the diagnosed cases are presented i n Attachment 7, the Case History Summaries, along with o t h e r i n f o m a t i o n of epidemiologic relevance. From t h e l i m i t e d p e r s p e c t i v e of estimated c a r e e r benzene exposure, t h e two cases have exposure ranges of ca. 1,300-10,400, and 10,000-26,000 ppm-days. A s noted, it i s inappropriate t o d i v i d e these figures by t h e t o t a l number of workdays t o d e r i v e a d a i l y estimated dose. 2. Deer Park Research Laboratory The Deer P a r k Research Laboratory o p e r a t e d from 1933-1975, vhen i t v a s s h u t down and a l l a c t i v i t i e s t r a n s f e r r e d t o a n o t h e r ( n o c - r e f i n e r y ) l o c a t i o n . A t t h e time of t h i s s t u d y , no diagnosed cases of leukemia were knom t o e x i s t among Deer P a r k r e s e a r c h alumni. The s t u d y i d e n t i f i e d 13 major r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s w i t h p o t e n t i a l for exposure t o benzene i n l i q u i d concentrations exceeding one percent, spanning the period 1933-1975 (the shutdown date). These are: O Wax t e c h n o l o g y Large-scale chromttographic separations O Catalytic reforming for aromatics production O Catalytic reforming for motor gasoline production O Analytical distillation O Hiscellaneous analytical operations O Lube o i l p i l o t p l a n t CfBG01902B 22 O O O * O r O Aromatic synthesis by iodine dehydrogenation (IDAL) T h e m a l cracking and reforming Catalytic repassing of aviation base-stock Catalytic cracking for motor gasoline production Large-scale hydrogenation of aviation base-stock Heavy oil flashing Background infomation on these is contained in the Deer Park Research task 2A and 2B worksheets. Potential benzene exposure for each is reported on 2B Worksheets, providing a data base from vhich benzene exposures could be estimated. Supplemental infor- __ -mation c a s compiled on vork practices involving benzene, short-term projects with benzene exposure, a d f a c i l i t y description. Altogether, this provides an information base on which benzene exposures for specific persons (i.e., diagnosed cases) could be estimated. This information is all contained in the Research Activities Task 3 Work Product. Because no diagnosed cases of leukemia vere knovn among Deer Park research alumni, no further work in this group was performed as a part of this study. CF8401902B V. DISCUSSION A. Results An h i s t o r i c exposure s t u d y such as t h i s had n o t p r e v i o u s l y been a t t e m p t e d w i t h i n S h e l l O i l Company. I t was r e c o g n i z e d a t t h e o u t s e t t h a t t h e s t u d y would be somewhat s u b j e c t i v e , and t h a t both t h e methodology and t h e results would be c a r e f u l l y s c r u t i n i z e d . Consequently, an a t t e m p t has been made i n t h i s r e p o r t t o p r o v i d e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of how t h e estimates vere generated. The attachments t o t h i s r e p o r t a r e intended t o assist t h i s understanding. Benzene exposure p o t e n t i a l i n various jobs This study presents estimates of benzene exposure p o t e n t i a l f o r 150 j o b s a t Lood R i v e r R e f i n e r y and 96 j o b s a t Deer Park R e f i n e r y , spanning more t h a n f o u r decades from c i r c a 19bO t o p r e s e n t . The jobs selected a r e the most l i k e l y t o have encountered benzene e x p o s u r e , and r e p r e s e n t a f r a c t i o n ( p e r h a p s 5-20y8) of t h e " f i e l d " jobs a t the tvo sites. I t is important t o note t h a t "job" as used i n t h i s r e p o r t represents a p a r t i c u l a r assignment for a p a r t i c u l a r -t i m e p e r i o d . T h e r e f o r e , a given a s s i g n m e n t f o r which benzene exposure changed over time might constitute several "jobs" f o r purposes of t h i s r e p o r t . The estimated benzene exposures a r e presented i n Attachments 1-2 and 4-5 i n two formats, grouped by u n i t or a r e a , and rank ordered. For each job, an exposure range is presented, consisting of the " l o v e s t " e s t i m a t e and t h e " highest" e s t i m a t e . In Attachments 2 and 5 t h e rank o r d e r i n g i s based on t h e h i g h end of the exposure e s t i m a t e for each j o b . Equal credence must be given t o t h e lov end estimates. The previously presented Tables 4 and 6 summarize t h e r e s u l t s by both h i g h end and low end e s t i m a t e d v a l u e s . * I n s p e c t i o n of T a b l e 4 i n d i c a t e s t h a t 13-37 of t h e 150 j o b s con- s i d e r e d a t Wood R i v e r exceed a n e s t i m a t e d e x p o s u r e p o t e n t i a l o f 2500 ppm-days p e r y e a r . Table 6 i n d i c a t e s t h a t 1-9 of t h e 96 jobs a t Deer Park a r e i n t h i s category. The rank o r d e r l i s t s r e v e a l t h a t i n general the greatest benzene exposure potentials are associated v i t h e a r l i e s t jobs (e.%., during t h e 1940's and 50's). Case history benzene exposures The s t u d y p r e s e n t s e s t i m a t e s of benzene e x p o s u r e for 23 diagnosed leukemia c a s e s , 14 from Vood R i v e r R e f i n e r y , s e v e n from Deer Park R e f i n e r y , and t v o from Vood River Research. T h i s information is presented i n Attachments 3, 6, and 7. Because the cases a r e diverse i n terms of reconstructed exposure history, careful study of t h e Case H i s t o r y Summaries is n e c e s s a r y . Hany of t h e c a s e s had periods (sometimes extensive) vhen estimated benzene exposure vas n i l . F u r t h e r , benzene exposure was normally i n t e r m i t t e n t , and CF8401902B associated with s p e c i f i c tasks or conditions. Such exposures a r e more c o r r e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d AS s h o r t - t e r m o r peak. For t h e s e r e a s o n s , career dose i n ppm-drys may n o t be t h e most a p p r o p r i a t e measure of e x p o s u r e . As a l r e a d y n o t e d , c o n s i d e r i n g a ppm-day report as being representative of d a i l y time-weighted average c. (%A) e x p o s u r e i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y c o r r e c t . Consequently, t h e c a s e -h i s t o r y e s t i m a t e d exposures a r e p r e s e n t e d i n a n o t h e r format, d e s i g n a t e d Case H i s t o r y Summary. T h e s e c a s e h i s t o r y summaries characterize benzene exposures f o r diagnosed leukemia cases as Th'ti's, or s h o r t - t e r m e x p o s u r e s , or b o t h , as a p p r o p r i a t e f o r each job worked. The predominant feature of the aggregate information is that l i k e l y benzene exposure vas n i l t o v e r y low f o r a s u b s t a n t i a l portion of t h e cases, even if the highest exposure estimates a r e used. This is i l l u s t r a t e d i n the preceding Tables 5 and 7. As p r e v i o u s l y c a u t i o n e d , c a r e f u l s t u d y of t h e exposure e s t i m a t e s i n t h e Case History Summaries i s necessary, giving appropriate c o n s i d e r a t i o n to i n t e n s i t y and i n t e r m i t t e n c y of exposure, as well as latency periods. This is examined i n more d e t a i l i n Section 11, I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Results. Highest benzene exposure jobs not r e f l e c t e d i n leukemia c a s e s Of p o t e n t i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e is t h a t the h i g h e s t benzene exposure jobs a r e n o t r e f l e c t e d i n t h e work r e c o r d s of t h e diagnosed leukemia cases. For example, i n s p e c t i o n of t h e rank o r d e r l i s t i n g f o r Wood R i v e r R e f i n e r y (Attachment 2) r e v e a l s t h a t c e r t a i n j o b s r e l a t i n g t o t h e Cumenc P l a n t and Dodecyl Benzene U n i t p r o v i d e d t h e g r e a t e s t benzene exposures ( i . e . , in t h e r a n g e of 2000-10,000 ppm-days p e r y e a r ) . Yet o n l y one of t h e Wood R i v e r leukemia c a s e s worked in t h e s e a r e a s . Conversely, i n d i v i d u a l s who d i d work t h e s e j o b s a r c n o t among t h e l e u k e m i a c a s e s r e v e a l e d by t h e 1973-1962 s t u d y . This i s tomevhat s u r p r i s i n g given t h e previous reports of p o s i t i v e associations between benzene exposure and the induction of leukemia i n humans. Other f a c t o r s This study vas structured t o estimate benzene exposure. h'evert h e l e s s , it i s recognized t h a t o t h e r u o r k p l a c e e x p o s u r e s may be of etiologic interest. In this regard, several observations are noteworthy. (1) T h r e e of t h e deceased leukemia cases from Wood River (one A!!) bad e x t e n s i v e work h i s t o r i e s i n an a r e a knom as t h e compounding house. I n a d d i t i o n , tvo o t h e r cases had s h o r t - t e r m ( e . g . , 3-6 months) assignments i n cornpounding, one in 1931 ( d e c e a s e d ) and t h e o t h e r i n 1946-49 ( l i v i n g ) . Although no benzene vas encountered CF8L01902B 25 i n the compounding operations, opportunity f o r multiplesubstance exposurt existed. This cluster Suggests additional study be directed towards compounding. KO s i m i l a r compounding o p e r a t i o n e x i s t s a t Deer P a r k . Y (2) Commercial benzene (probably derived from toke oven benzene) was purchased by t a n k c a r a t Wood R i v e r during 1943- 45, and again during 1950-54. Additionally, coke oven benzene v a s d e l i v e r e d by t a n k t r u c k s t o Wood River during t h e period 1966-1963. The s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h i s is not knovn. B. Process - .~. A t t h e completion o f t a s k 3 a t both Wood R i v e r and Deer P a r k , t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s were asked t o c r i t i q u e t h e s t u d y . This y i e l d e d s u b j e c t i v e comments, some p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n t o convey t h e " sense" of t h e p a r t i c i - pants. a general l e v e l o f comfort with the estimated exposures, and t h e entire process. some concern t h a t p e a k exposures may have been "over-remembered", possibly resulting i n over-statement of "highest" exposure estimate. Consequently, t h e r e =as g e n e r a l l y more comfort with t h e "lowest" exposure estimate. some u n e a s i n e s s r e g a r d i n g t h e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h e s t i m a t e d e x p o s u r e s f o r i n s u l a t o r s (k'ood R i v e r ) and o p e r a t o r h e l p e r s , l a b o r e r s , and p i p e f i t t e r s (Deer Park). Once t h e e s t i m a t e s o f exposure for v a r i o u s j o b s had been cocpleted, the exposure estimates for the diagnosed cases uas a relatively easy operation. ATTACEEh7S TABLE OF COh"TTh7S -(1) Job cxposure P o t e n t i a l E s t i m a t e s Wood River R e f i n e r y - -( 2 ) Job Exposure P o t e n t i a l Estimates Rank Ordered Wood River Refinery ( 3 ) Case History Summaries - Wood River R e f i n e r y -( L ) Job Exposure P o t e n t i a l Estimates Deer Park R e f i n e r y - -( 5 ) J o b Exposure P o t e n t i a l Estimates Rank Ordered Deer Park Refinery (6) Case H i s t o r y Summaries ( 7 ) Case History Summaries - Deer Park Refinery - Wood River Research CFBG01902B -JOB EXPOSURE POTEKTIAL ESTIMATES WOOD RIIZR REfIhTRY t. JOB - -PER1OD FRO3 TO ESTI.LlkTED RANGE PPY-DAPS/\TAR JOB TYPICAL IhDIYIDL`kL OPERATOR HILPER SHIFT FOFL.",L\; P I PEFITTER ( ZO!E ) IKSTRLXKT K;LF; LABORER (ZOhT,) I E J U Y ' O R (ZOST) WCHIh'IST (20hT1 LABORER TORE%! PIPEFITTER FORf."M\; PIPEFITTER (S.D.) LABORER ( S . D . ) P f FOREX!! (S .D. 1 U B O E R F.% (S . D . 1 CARPESTER DODECTL BEXZEST : OFEUTOR OPERATOR HELPER SXIFT FORE?!Y PIPEXTTER Ih'STRLXST XL! UBOFER IKSUUTOR .FMCXIh'ISi LABORER FOREXA!! PIPEFITTER FOEiE.%.S CARPEXTER COKE OkTh' BEKZEhT RACK: LABORER (AROY. E . ZOhT) OPERATOR (AROY. E . ) PIPEFITTER (AROY. E . ZOh)' tYrCH1KIST ( A R O X . E . ZOhT) 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 19L3 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 19L5 1945 3600-8500 1800-4200 1800-3800 2800-3900 -2600-5kOO 3000 6L00 3000-6400 3500-7600 800-1600 900-1600 300-600 350-650 250-550 250-550 100-250 , 350-750 650-1300 200-450 750-3300 300-650 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1954 1954 195L 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 4900-10,200 1700-3900 2400-4800 2900-5800 1800-3800 1600-3600 34OG-7600 3300-6900 1300-2700 1300-2700 100-200 45 0-9 00 250-600 850-2000 550-1100 1966 1966 1966 1966 1983 1983 1978 1978 50 50-100 e50 60 CF8401902B KOTE: Shutdovn jobs are designated S.D. - JOB LT. REFORUTE no!'! CR-1 & CR-3 TO BEL!: OPERATOR (LT. REFOR.) Aro E or W OPERATOR (STAB. BTYS Aro E or W PIPLfITiERS Aro E or G NACHIKISTS Aro E or D E I S O ~ S A VZER : OPEJUTOR PIPEFITTER HACHINIST TOLLThT 1 & 2: OPERATOR OPERATOR HELPER SHIFT FORTY3-V INSUL4TOR PIPETI T E R BO1 LEPb'WR WCHIX IST LABORER IKSTRLXXT ?A% CRLT FO?EYAK tLSCHISIST f O E r ? X CARPEXTER 2 1960 1960 1960 1960 1963 1983 1963 1963 (50 (50 (50 1960 1960 1960 1983 1983 1963 50- 100 <so c50 1942 1942 1912 1942 19L2 1942 19L2 1942 19h2 19L2 1942 1942 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 850-1900 600-1300 400-950 400-950 700-1500 C50 1150-2500 300-800 200-550 250-5 5 0 250-550 -c50 100-250 100-250 200-500 50-150 5 0 - 150 CF8L01902B 3 AlTACmhT 1 Tcont'd) -JOB EXPOSURE PO'Eh'fIAL ESTIiYAfES WOOD RIVER REFIhTRY - JOB r ARU Uh'IT: OPERATOR OPERATOR HfLPER SHIFT FOREW! PIPEFITTER B0ILEFi`L;)ZR --- __ IHSTRLXST PW LABOFER HACHIh'I ST ISSULATOR C M FORf.LLV; HACHIXIST F'OREXAK PIPEFITTER ( S . D . ) INSTRLXST fu! (20hZ S . D . ) LABORER ( S . D . ) fLACHIh'IST (5.D. ) IKSULATOR (AREA S . D . ) ' BOILERYAKZR (S.D.) PF FORT%.. ( S . D . ) BOILER"+R M;v (S.D.) YACHlh'lST FA% (S.D. ) WBORTR f.% (S.D.) IXSC'STOR F!V (S.D.) - -PERIOD FRO3 TO -ESTI.%TED RAK`GE PPY-DAPS/YUR JOB T Y P I C A L IhDIVlDCAL 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 3700-8100 1700-3600 2000-3900 3200-6LOO 150-350 950- 1900 1400-2800 3000-6 100 1900-3900 1250-2500 1250-25 00 100-300 50-100 100-300 50- 150 (50 100-300 50-150 - 5@-150 50-150 50- 150 (50 500-1000 50- 100 300-550 500-1000 -. CFBL01902B NOTE: Shutdown j o b s are designated S.D. - ATTACmEh'T l-(cont'd) 4 JOB -BEU 1966/74: OPERATOR OPERATOR HELPER SHIFT TOFEW' PIPEFITTER BOILER'XER INSTRLXXT HA!! HACHIKI ST- LABORER 1SSL'LATOR CRAFT FORPrX'; tiACH1h'IST FOE?!!Y PIPEFITTER ( S . D . ) .!SACHIKIST (S. D . ) BOILERWR (S D . 1 INSTRLEEST wch' (ZOhi S .D. ) LABORER ( S . D . ) IKSL`WTOR (ZChT h A R I A S . D . ) PF FOREM (S.D.) BOILERWKER FXK (S.D.) RACH1)iIST FHS (S.D.) LABORER f.% (S.D.) IKSL'LATOR RXX (S.D.) 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1966 1974 1974 197L 1974 1974 1974 1974 1974 1974 1974 197L 1974 1974 1974 1974 1974 197k 1974 1974 1974 1974 1974 2100-5300 500-1150 000-1050 1400-3500 150-350 550- 1LSO 1250-3200 1400-2800 1850-&400 200-550 200-550 100-300 50- 150 100-300 C50 100-500 ---<(<55s0o0 -(5 0 -( 5 0 c5 0 300-700 -150-400 200 550 350-700 950-2200 CF8G01902B XOTE: Shutdown jobs are designated S.D. - A f T A C W h ' T 1 (cont'd) -JOB EXPOSLTRE POTENTIAL ESTI!IAES WOOD RIVER RLFIhTRY .5 __ -BEU 1975/79: OPERATOR OPERATOR HELPER ST3AlCHT DAY OPER. SHIFT FOREALW: PIPEFITTER BO: LERY4E.R Ih'STRL!h'T HA!! KACH ISIST LABORLR XNSULATOR CRAFT FORE'Mh' YACHIXIST fORE%Y PIPEFITTER ( S . D . ) KACHIXIST (S.D.) BOILEP,WSCER (S.D.) .1h'STRL'tiE);T .W! ZOhT (S D. ) LABORER ( S . D . ) IXSCUTOR (ZOh'E AXD AREA S .D. ) PF F0RE.W ( S . D . ) BOXLERR' F S (S.D.) ?lACHIKIST F.5 (S.D.) LABORER F.% (S.D.) IKSL'ikTOR P I X (S.D. ) - -PERIOD n o 3 TO -ESTItiATED W C E PP3-DAYS/\TAR JOB TPP 1CAL XhDIVIDLiAL 1975 1975 1977 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 19?9 1979 1100-2700 350-750 350-750 200-050 800-1 6 0 0 150-350 200-550 750- 1450 900-2000 1600-3200 100- 25 0 100- 250 ,100-300 50- 150 100-300 so 100-300 -<s0 -( 5 0 -(50 -( 5 0 -<50 (50 250-550 50-200 150-350 250-500 800-1600 CF8401902B NOTE: Shutdovn jobs are designated S.D. JOB -BEU 1980/83: OPEMTOR DAY OPERATOR SHIFT f G R T . W Plr"EF?TTTR BO1 L E R W R KACHIh'3S T 1NSULATOR LABORER IKSTRLXXT WW HACHIKIST FOREt.U! CRXTT F0RTPl.W PIPEFITTER (S.D.) BOILERWKER (S.D. 1. LABORER (S.D.) Pf F0RE.W iS.D.1 BOILERnXKER FXK ( S . D . ) tlACHIXIS7 FA%* (S.D.) LABORER ?% ( S . D . ) INSCLATOR PlS ( S . D . ) DISPATCHIXG XAIhT. : fUCHIliIS i HACHIN IST PIPEFITTER PIPEFITTER -C-22 GASOLJhT OPLMTOR (X.P. COB) GASOLIhZ OPERATOR E-31 COB DISPATCHIXG (NORTH PROPERTY): BUTAhZ OFUSTOR BUTkhT OPUUTOR - -PERIOD FR OY TO 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 -1 960 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1983 1983 1963 1963 1963 1983 1983 1963 1983 1963 1983 19e3 1983 1983 1983 1983 1963 1983 1963 200-700 (50-100 100-350 100-350 50 550-1 100 350-1200 200-600 200-650 150-300 . 150-300 (50 (50 (50 (50 (50 c50 (50 c50 1976 1966 1976 1966 1963 1578 19E3 1978 (50 2050-2800 ~50 1100-2800 200-700 (50- 100 100-350 <50- 100 50 150-300 200-600 100-300 100-300 150-300 150-300 (50 (50 c50 c50 (50 c50 (50 (50 1000-1100 350-950 1966 1972 250-800 1972 1982 50- 100 1979 1983 1961 1979 c5 0 150-300 CFBG01902B N O E : Shutdobn jobs are designated S.D. - 7 JOB r -DISTILLATE OPERATOR NORTH PROPERTY : DISTILLATE OPERATOR F-60 DISTILLATE OPERATOR F-60 DISTILLATE OPEUTOR A-138 DISTILLATE OPfUTOR A-138 BESZEST TA\T CAR LYLOADJKG: PLYPER 2hD PLYJER 2hD OLD KAT0 RACK: LOADING TRUCKS BARGE LOADIXG OPEUTOR BARGE LOX"I!X OPERATOR BARGE LOADIKG PIPEFITTER -PER IOD FRO1 TO -ESTIHATED RA!!GE PPY-DAYS/YEAR JOB TYPICAL ISDIVIDLAL 1979 1966 1979 1960 1983 1978 1963 1978 (50 100-300 c50 c50 1943 1945 900-19so 1960 1965 3600-9600 1960 1966 1966 1960 1963 1979 1965 1966 <50-100 150-450 50- 150 100-300 1966 1979 1400-3300 CfB401902B 8 A T f A C E h T 1 (cont'd) -JOB EXPOSURE ESTIHATES WOOD RIVER REfIhZRY JOB -CHIYIST LUBE: PER I O D -FRO3 TO 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1949 19so 1951 1952 1954 1955 1973 -ESTIKATED RA??CE PPtl-DAYS/\Tm JOB TYPICAL Ihl3IVlDLAL 50- 100 100- 150 250-500 300-600 100-250 650-1550 600- 1500 600- 1500 (50-100 (50 SO-io0 100-200 100-200 50- 100 350-850 350-800 350-850 cso -C E 5 I Sf AYALCTI CAL : 1950 1951 1954 1955 1956 1958 1959 1960 1961 1964 1965 1966 1970 1971 1973 so- 150 50- 100 350- 85 0 350-850 50-100 200-400 150-300 150-300 150-300 50- 100 50 50- 150 50-100 <50 -( 5 0 50 50- 100 100- 150 Cf8401902B ATTACWhT 1 (cont'd) -JOB EXPOSURE ESTIHATES WOOD RIITR REFINERY c JOB - -PER I OD F'ROY TO -ESTIMTED RANGE PPf-DATS/lTAR JOB TYPICAL IhljIYlDLXL 1ST CLASS TESTERS: LUBE k!ALST I CAL MOTOR LAB ISSPECTIOX LAB 19L3 1955 19L3 1955 19L3 19L9 1955 1943 1955 1954 1962 1954 1962 19tB 1954 1962 1954 1962 1700-3500 800-1600 50-100 (50 LL00-~750 550-1050 350-750 LOO-950 150-400 1100-2200 150-300 1450-2900 200-~00 50-100 250-600 50-100 -. SPECIAL TESTERS: LCEZ ISSPECTIOY HOTOR LAB 1943 1955 1943 1955 1960 19L9 1955 1968 --19&3 1955 1960 1966 1954 1957 1954 1957 1983 1954 1968 1963 1954 1957 1965 19E3 900-1800 800-1600 75 0-1 4 5 0 250-500 550- 1100 550- 1050 350-750 100-200 200-2300 100-150 -c50 50 250-500 150-250 500- 1000 50 50- 150 250-450 50- 100 (5 0 LrLL IKSPECTIO?i ISTRY LEIEL (STH CLASS) INSPfCTIOh: 1941 1943 1955 1943 1955 1955 195A 1960 1954 1960 1900-3750 1300-2600 300-600 1100-2200 100-800 19A1 1963 19&6 1955 1961 1964 1971 1942 1945 1954 1960 1903 1970 1983 3&00-6700 3000-9000 6100-12,500 2350-5100 900- 2LOO 750-1950 ' 400-1250 1050-2100 50-100 800-1600 100-200 1400-3000 4 300-67 00 600-1250 300-800 350-1000 Cf8401902B ATTACPENT 2 - -JOB EWOSLRE POTEhTJAL ESTIMATES RAh?; ORDERED OPERATIONS WOOD RILTR REfIhTRY P Ranked By High End of Job Exposure Estimate UISTENANCE JOB TITLE DODECTL BEKZEST OPERATOR DISP. (KXTO) 21x3 C . PLYPER CLrn3-E OP. ARU OP. DODECTL BEKZESI IKSLUTOR C L X S i .LWCHISIST ZOhZ DODECPL BESZEh'f .CUCHIh'IST CLXh'E LABORER ZOh'f MU PIPEFITTER C L X h Z INSVIATOR ZOAT ARC HACHIKIST CLXhT PIPEFITTER tO?X DODECYL BEXZEhX PIPEFITTER CL3rrhZ IKSTRLZST %,Y BEU OPERATOR DODECTL BESZEhZ SHIFT FORE.% BEL' INSCWTOR CL'tlE!E OPERATOR HELPER DCDECYL BLKZEST OPEMTOR E i E R ARC SHIFT F O E ? M ARU INSULATOR DODECYL BESZEE INSTRLShT W! CLEh'E SHIFT FOPLXL! ARI! OPERATOR ELFER DODECYL BfSZEh? LABORER BEU PIPEFITTER DISP. (TRUCKS) LOAD. OPER. BEU INSULATOR BEU !jACHI"IST TOLLEhZ 1 h 2 HACHIKIST DISP HACHIKIST ARU LABORER DISP. PIPEXTTER BEY LABORER DODEC'iL BEh'ZENE PIPEFITTER FOEfiAh' DODECYL BEKtEh? LABORER T 0 E . W BEU OPER4TOR ARU HACHIKIST f0RT.M' ARU C W T F O R E M \TARS PPY-DAYS PER \TAR J O E TCP 1CA L I hD I V I !ItA L 50-54 60-65 43-45 60-66 50-54 43-45 50-54 43-45 60-66 43-45 60-66 43-45 50-54 43-45 66-74 SO-54 66-74 43-45 50-54 60-66 60-66 50-54 43-45 60-66 5G-54 66-74 66-79 75-79 66-7k L2-60 66-78 60-66 66-78 66-74 SO-S4 50-54 75-79 60-66 60-66 L900-10,200 3600-9600 3600-8500 3700-81 00 3400-7800 3500-7600 3300-6900 3000-6400 3200-6400 3000-6400 3000-6100 2800-5 900 2900-5800 2600-5400 2100-5300 2400-4800 -185O-LLOO -1 800 42 00 1700-3900 2000-3900 1900-3900 1800-3800 1600-3800 1700-3600 1600-3 6 0 0 1400-3500 1400-3300 1600-3200 1250-3200 1150-2900 2050-2800 1000-2800 1100-2800 1400-2800 1 3 0 0 - 2 700 1300-2700 1100-2700 1250-2500 1250-25 00 850-2000 300-650 550-1100 200-450 500- 1000 750-3300 500-1000 350-750 450-900 650- 1300 950-2200 .- 1750-3600 250-603 300-700 800-1600 200-550 200-500 1000-1400 . 300-550 350-950 350-700 CF6401902B ATTACKYIh'T 2 ( c o n t ' d ) 2 Ranked By High End of Job Exposure E s t i m a t e JOB TITLE YEARS PPH-DAYS PER YEAR J O B TYPICAL IhDIVIDLXi BEU LABORER DISP. (KATO) PLYPER 2hT ARU IKST. Iw; TOLLEhZ 1 & 2 OPERATOR CLMThT PIPEfITTER F0RE.W CLWhT LABORER F'OlX.Lwi BEU P I PEFI TTER TOLLXhZ 1 & 2 PIPETITTER BEU IXSTRLYEST HA.!! BEU KACHIXIST TOLLThZ 1 & 2 OPEJUTOR HELPER BEU INSULATOR BEU OPERATOR E L P E R BEL' HACHIKIST BEU SHIFT fOE.!WY TOLUENE 1 h 2 IKSVLATOR TOLUEhZ 1 S 2 SEITT FOREXAN DISP. Y / C LOAD RACK OP. TOLLT?X 1 b 2 LABOriER DISP. MAIN OIL 1 C 2 OPERATOREfl! SI. DAY OPER4TOR BLXI'TI?RXTOR-E~PER~--~BEU OPEFUTOR BEU Ih'STRLXEh'i .%? CL?IEhZ LABOER ( S .D.) CLXSZ PIPEFITTER (S.D.) BEU LABORS C W h Z PF FOE.Lw' (S.D.) C E h Z L A B O R 3 F0RT.W (S.D.) TOLuThZ 1 & 2 C m FORLW TOLUEhZ 1 h 2 HACHIXIST Mh'. BEU I N S T R W h T HAX TOLUEhZ 1 & 2 INSTRLXhT PERSOX BEU HACHIKIST F0RL.W BEU C R M T FORMAX BEU SHIFI' FOE,LW: DOCK DISP. BARGE LOAD. OP. BEU BOILERWR BEU BOILERLWCER ARU B0ILER"NZR DISP. (N. PROP.) BLTAhT OPER. - 75- 79 43-45 60-66 42-60 43-45 43-45 75-79 42- 60 66- 74 75- 79 h2-60 80-63 66- 74 80-63 66- 74 42- 60 42- 60 63- 78/79 42- 60 66- 72 77- 79 75- 76 80-83 80- 63 43-45 43-45 8G-63 43-45 43-45 42 -60 42- 60 75- 79 42- 60 66- 74 66- 74 75- 79 66- 79 66- 74 75- 79 60- 66 61- 79 900-2000 900- 1950 950-1900 850-1900 900- 1600 800- 1600 800-1600 700- 1500 550-1450 750- 1450 600-1300 350-1200 500-1150 550- 1100 600-1050 h00-950 400-950 500-900 300-800 250-800 350-750 350-750 200-700 200-650 350-650 300-600 200-600 250-550 250-55 0 250-550 250-55 0 200-550 200-550 200-550 200-550 200-450 150-450 150-350 150-350 150-350 150-300 25 0- 500 950- 1900 25 0-5 50 100-250 150-LOO 150-350 200-600 150-300 100-25 0 50-150 200-700 100-300 100-300 50-200 SO- 1 5 0 200-550 200-550 ' 150-350 150-350 50-100 CFB401902B NOTE: Shutdown jobs a r e d e s i g n a t e d S.D. - 3 Ranked By High End of Job Exposure E s t i m a t e P JOB TITLE BEU SHIFT F0E.M' BEU PIPUITTER BEY p4ICxi);lSI FORE*XAx BEU CRAFT F0RE.W MU BOILER'L4ER (S.D.) BEU B O I L T R W R (S.D.) BEU PIPEFITTER ( S . D . ) BEU LABORER ( S . D . ) ARU PIPEFITIZR (S.D.) BEU LABORER ( S . D . ) ARU LABORER ( S . D . ) BEU B O I L E M R ( S . D . ) BEU PIPEFITTER ( S . D . ) DOCK DISP. BARGE LOAD. PIPEFITTER DISP. (X. PROP.) DISTIL. OPER. F-60 BEU CRAFT F O E r n ' BEU HACHINIST FORE!! cmhx CARPEXTER DODECYI BEXtEbT CARPEhTER ARU HACHIHIST (S.D.) BEU KACHISIST ( S . D . ) BEU HAC)iIh'IST ( S . D . ) DOCK DISP. BARGE LOAD. OP. ARU B0ILERL;AKER Ffih' ( S .D. ) ARU PIPEFITTER F 0 E . M ARU LABORER Ftlh' ( S . D . ) ARU HACHINIST FHK ( S . D . ) DEISOHIX O?EMTOR DISP. GASO. OPER. COKE OVEN BEh'ZEhT RACK O?EIUTOR AROH. E. ZONE BEU DAY OPEUTOR DOCK DISP. BARGE LOAD. OP. COKE O\EK BEh'ZEbZ RACK LABORER AROH. E. ZOhZ TOLLEhZ 1 b 2 CARPEhTER BEU B O I L E R W R BEU INSTRU).IEhTHAN ZOhZ ( S . D . ) BEU LABORER F" ( S . D . ) -YEARS 80-83 80-83 80-83 80-83 60-66 66-74 66-74 66-74 60-66 75-79 60-66 75-79 75-79 60-66 66-78 75-79 75-79 43-45 50-54 60-66 75-79 66-74 60-65 60-66 60-66 60-66 60-66 60-83 72-82 66-83 80-85 80-83 66-63 42-60 80-83 75-79 66-74 PPH-DAYS PER YEAR JOB TYPICAL Iha1VIDUAL 100-3so 100-350 150-300 150-300 100-300 100-300 100-300 100-300 100-300 100-300 100-300 100-300 100-300 100-300 100-300 100-250 100-250 100-250 100-200 50- 150 50-150 50-150 50-150 50- 150 so-150 50-150 50- 150 50-100 50-100 50-100 100-350 ( 5 0 - 100 150-300 150-300 100-250 100-250 <50-100 <50-100 so -c50 50 so -,<50 <SO-100 50 CF8401902B NOTE: Shutdovn jobs are designated S.D. - Ranked By High End of Job Exposure Estimate P JOB TITLE BEU LABORER Ftih' (S.D.1 BEU PIPEFITTER Mh' (S.D.) BEU HACHIKIST m' (S.D.) BEU PIPEFITTER MN (S.D.) BEU KACHINIST FKN (S.D.) BEU BOILERWZR FKh' (S.D.) BEU B O I L E R W R ttih' ( S . D . ) LY. REF. CR-l/CR-3 PIPEFITTERS TOLLEh'E 1 & 2 BOILERWR DISP. (W. PROP.) DISTIL. OPER. F-60 BEU BfU BO Pf ILERWR F0RE.W (S(S..DD..)) BfU INSULATOR (2OhZ AND AREA S.D.) BEU B O I L E R W R FHN ( S . D . ) BEU HACHIKIST FlG (S.D.) BEU LABORER F1Ih' (S.D.) COKE On):BEfiZEhZ RACK HACHINIST ARon. E. 20m DEISOXEX HACHIh'lST COKE OVTLREh'rthI. RACK PIPEFITTER AROX. E. ZOhZ DISP. (N. PROP.) DISTIL. OPER. A-138 BEU INSULATOR F'tS (S.D.) ARU INSULATOR R% (S.D.) BEU INSULATOR Mh' (S .D.) DEISOEX PIPEFITTER LT. REF. CR-l/CR-3 BEU HACHIKIST DISP. HACHIKIST BEU LABORER (S.D.) BEU INSULATOR MN ( S . D . ) BEU PIPEFITTER (S.D.) LT. REF. CR-l/CR-3 BLU OPER. (LT. REF.) DISP.. PIPEFITTER LT. REF. CR-l/CR-3 BEU OPER. STAB. BTZIS. DISP. (N. PROP.) DISTIL. OPER. A-138 DISP. (N. PROP.) BLTAXZ OPER. YEARS 75-79 66-74 66-74 75-79 75-79 66-74 75-79 60-83 42-60 79-83 80-83 80-83 75-79 80-83 80-83 80-83 66-78 60-83 66-78 60-78 66-74 60-66 75-79 60-63 60-63 76-83 80-83 80-83 80-83 60-83 76-83 60-63 79-63 79-83 PPn-DAYS PER YEAR JOB TYPICAL 1hT)IVIDCAL -(50 cso C50 (50 (50 (50 <s0 <so C 50 <50 C 50 c50 c50 <so c5 0 (50 (50 <so <50 CF8401902B NOTE: Shutdovn jobs are designated S.D. - c Ranked By Highest Job Exposure E s t i m a t e JOB TITLE -EXTRY LEVIL IKSPECTION -EXTRY LEL`LL IXSPECTIOK -1ST CLASS TESTER MOTOR LAB -EhTRY LEVEL INSPECTION -EXTRY LEIEL INSPECTION -Zh?) CLASS TESTER LUBE -1ST CLASS TESTER LUBE -2hQ CLASS TESTER LUBE -EXTRY LEVEL INSPECTIOX -SPECIAL TESTERS AKALZlfICAL -Zh?) CLASS TESTER INSPECTION -Eh'TR'i LEVEL INSPECTION -SPECIAL TESTERS LUBE -SPECIAL TESTER LUBE -1ST CLASS TESTER LUBE -CEXIST LUBE -CZXIST LCgE -CEYIST LUBE -SPECIAL "ESTERS INSPECTION -Eh'iEi' L E l t L Ih'SPECTIOh' -SPECIAL TESTER INSPECTION -1ST CLASS TESTER MOTOR LAB -SPECIAL TESTER HOTOR LAB -1ST CLASS TESTER Ih'SPECTIOh' LAB -CHT?IIST ANAL\TICAL -CEXIST ANALYTICAL -2h?) CLASS TESTER INSPECTION -1ST CLASS TESTER HOTOR LAB -SPECIAL TESTER HOTOR LAB -CHEHIST LUBE -2h?) C U S S TESTER LUBE . -. CEKIST LUBE -SPECIAL TESTER INSPECTION -1ST C U S S TESTER INSPECTIOK LAB -CIEHIST MAL'iTICAL -C E X l S T ANALYTICAL -CHElIST M'ALYTICAL -CHEYIST AXALYTICAL -CEZXXST LUBE YEARS 46-54 43-45 43-48 41-42 55-60 41-55 43-54 43-54 61-63 43-54 43-54 64-70 43-54 55-57 55-62 1950 52-54 1951 ,43-54 71-83 60-63 49-54 49-54 43-54 56-58 1955 55-60 55-62 55-68 1945 55-60 43-44 55-57 55-62 61-64 66-70 1965 71-73 46-49 PPH-DAYS PER YEAR J O B TYPICAL CRkfsS!lh!! 6100-12,500 3000-9000 4400-8750 3400-6700 2350-5100 1900-3750 1700-3500 1300-2600 900-2400 200-2300 1100-2200 750-1950 900-1800 800-1600 800- 1600 650- 1550 600- 1500 600-1500 750-1450 400-1250 550-1100 550- 1050 550- 1050 400-950 350-850 350-650 000-800 350-750 350-750 300-600 300-600 250-500 250-500 150-000 200-400 150-300 150-300 150-300 100-250 4300-8700 1400-3000 1450-2900 600-1250 -1 1 00-2200 1050 2 100 300-800 800-1600 35 0-1000 250-500 150-25 0 150-300 350-850 350-850 350-800 500- 1000 50-150 200-400 25 0-450 250-600 50-100 50-150 100-200 50-100 50-100 100-200 50-100 100-200 so 50-100 t50 so-ioo so 100-150 50-100 CF6401902B -ATfACH?Eh? 2 ( S U p p ~ ~ N T()cont'd ) JOB EXPOSURE POTEh7IAL E S T I M E S m x ORDERED 0 LABORATORY WOOD RIVER XFIhTRY Ranked By Highest Job Exposure Estimate 2 c JOB TITLE -SPECIAL TESER HOTOR LAB -SPECIAL TESTER AXALITICAL -CHEMIST LUBE -CSMIST AHALYTXCAL -CHEMIST LUBE -CHESXST M'ALYTICAL -CHEMIST ANALl7ICAL -1ST CLASS TESTER ANALITICW. -CHEMIST LUBE -SPECIAL lESTER AKALITICAL -YEARS 68-83 55-57 1942 1950 60-4 1 5 1-54 59- 60 43-56 55-73 60-65 PPY-DAYS PER YEAR JOB TYPXCAL CFKFTSM 100-200 100-150 100-150 50-150 50-100 50-100 so- 100 so-100 <so- 100 -<s0 . <5 0 50-100 -50- 100 (50 50 (50 CF8401902B CASE HISTORY SUntLARIES WOOD RIVER Case h i s t o r y benzene e x p o s u r e rrurrmaries a r e a t t a c h e d f o r t h e 14 diagnosed c a s e s of leukemia a t Wood R i v e r R e f i n e r y . The i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d i s d e r i v e d from t h e Report 2 Case Exposure forms prepared by t h e l o c a t i o n t a s k f o r c e s , and from d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e t a s k 2B worksheets f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r benzene exposure j o b s . The following e x p l a n a t i o n s a r e keyed t o t h e s u p e r s c r i p t references i n t h e suPrcarics. Comcnt codes f o r t h e s p e c i f i c cases a r e a t t h e end of t h e t a b l e s . (1) Jobs u i t h no benzene exposure a r e n o t listed i n t h e attached summaries. The complete j o b h i s t o r y f o r each case i s a v a i l a b l e on t h e Report 2 Case Exposure forms, backed up by d e t a i l i n t h e t a s k 2D r e p o r t s . Hovever, only those jobs with potential benzene exposure a r e l i s t e d i n t h e Summaries. Consequently, some cases have no e n t r y in t h e j o b column. (2) Years in A p a r t i c u l a r benzene j o b a r e presented by month/year j o b began, month/year j o b ended, and ( d u r a t i o n in years). For example, 6/08-9/52 (4.3). (3) S i n c e t h e r e Gas a n a t t e m p t t o i d e n t i f y a l l benzene exposures for a p a r t i c u l a r j o b , t h e 8-hour WA c a l c u l a t i o n assumes no exposure f o r t h e balance of a s h i f t when t o t a l time of exposurc__rep.utehis less than a f u l l shift. Short term exposures reported separately i n the Case H i s t o r y Summaries a r e not i n c l u d e d i n t h e 8- hour TUA c a l c u l a t i o n s . (0) " C a l c u l a t i o n Kot A p p l i c a b l e " i s e n t e r e d i n TWA o r s h o r t - t e r m e x p o s u r e columns when a TWA o r s h o r t - t e r m exposure is n o t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the exposure pattern. ( 5 ) "Could Not Be E s t i m a t e d " i s e n t e r e d i n t h e "UA or s h o r t - t e r m exposure columns when t h e a v a i l a b l e i n f o m a t i o n v a s n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o p e r m i t calculrtion. (6) "h'one Detcmiinable" is e n t e r e d i n t h e t o t a l e x p o s u r e slllrnrary s l o t , when t h e r e i s no b a s i s t o b e l i e v e any c a r e e r e x p o s u r e e x i s t e d . T h e r e w i l l be a corresponding absence of numerical e s t i m a t e s i n t h e Estimated Exposure (ppm-days) c o l m . (7) "Very s l i g h t " r e p l a c e s "Xonc Determinable" when e x p o s u r e was p o s s i b l e , but too small t o be calculated. (8) T h i s column r e p r e s e n t s t o t a l e s t i m a t e d exposure. When rounded and summed, i t e q u a l s c a r e e r t o t a l exposure. C16401902B cases 11 and I X from Wood R i v e r a r e R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y cases. They a r e presented i n Attachment 7. The e x p o s u r e e s t i m a t e s r e p o r t e d as 8- hour WA or s h o r t - t e r m l e v e l s a r e based 00 d e t a i l e d e v C l u a t i o n of the Task 2(B) u o r k r h e e t s on the p a r t i c u l a r j o b . If the exposure from a p a r t i c u l a r task i n c l u d e d > 3 h o u r s , an 8-hour T U A was c a l c u l a t e d . I f t h e t a s k o c c u r r e d in a s h o r t time it- was recorded as a s h o r t - t e r m l e v e l . The 8-hour T S A e s t i m a t e s a r t not based on t h e peak d a t a . They 8re two entirely s e p a r a t e estimates. A l s o , it i s p o s s i b l e i n some c a s t s t h a t t h e exposure could n o t be c h a r a c t e r i z e d as e i t h e r 8-hour or short-term levels, and does n o t show up i n t h e s e t a b l e s . I n those cases one cannot calculate t h e ppm-days based on t h e i n d i v i d u a l task exposure estimates. CF8G01902B , bi?, "1 1 llllll llllll llllll l/1/// c. 1,l l l l l l l l l l l l XI IitII In1 I I A m ew .I 0 m 0 fi Y d c0 8 i I' I * c E0 -5; W / I/ I l l 14 / I I l l / IIIII llllll X Y t;' W N mtw :: m IIIll . ._..... - I,- bIYI a #. 4 C L V c4 cnn m CI nrn m r) N fi L *0 c Ir U 3 E c< L a E %IcIN L e(. k -L. 0 0 NN V L. PI 3I L. rr h C 1 0 YI T/ iIx ll 0 J, h -. 1 h A* -i a J . ! L I ID aN f0 I I I / ! I1.;1-. .I ,Iq I I I I I I Ill IIIII -c I /11/ J 41 I4 I I P II Ill II Ill Ei FI "I 1- /I /I e Y p. Y & c0 JOB r GLC Tester CLC Tester Cas Oil Tester Gas Oil Tester R . I. Tester R. I . Tester R. I . Tester Vapor Pressure Tester Vapor Pressure Tester Sample Carrier Sample Carrier Sample Carrier Sample Carrier Sample Carrier Sample Carrier Tester $5 Tester #5 Tester #5 Recovery Operator Refrigeration Mer. Operator Helper (Lube) F i l t e r Operator (Lube ) Rackman and Loader - -PERIOD FRO! TO 1960 1970 1970 1983 ESTIHA'IZD RANGE PPH-DAYS/nm 300-800 <s0 1952 1970 100-200 1970 1983 (50 1952 1970 50-200 1971 1973 (50 1973 1983 cs0 1963 1970 150-350 1970 1983 <5 0 1936 1947 950- 1650 1952 1956 250-45 0 1956 1970 50-400 1970 1973 150-500 1973 1979 <50 1979 1963 (5 0 1947 1952 600- 1400 1952 1960 100-200 1960 1963 100-200 1948 1950 450-1400 1948 1950 400-1650 1946 I950 900-9600 1948 1950 1400-9800 1948 1950 (50 CF8LO 1902B JOB t r u g l r (Lube C) Pipefitter Pipefitter Pipefitter Boilenna ker B o i l e ma ker Laborer Laborer Welder Carpenter Instrument Hen fainter Safety Inspector Cargo Inspector Cargo Inspector Separator Treater Dper. Separator Treater Oper. Separator Treater Oper. Separator Treater Oper. ck? P q c r / O i l Rcc. O i l Recovery Operator O i l Recovery Operator Treater Oper./Env. - -PERIOD FROY TO 1948 1950 ESTIHA'ED RANGE PPH-DAYS/YEAR '100-200 1948 1950 150-300 19so 1969 1900-3850 1970 1975 2800-6300 19a 19so 600-7S0 1952 1970 800- 12SO 1906 1952 800-3800 1952 1963 1600-7600 1946 1963+ 200 1948 1963 200 1946 1983 700 1948 1963 550 1946 1975 250-750 1952 1963 150-250 1963 1980 200-350 1946 1948 300-800 1948 1950 350-850 1952 1963 50-800 1963 1976 750-950 1963 1977 150-350 1963 1977 550 1977 1963 850 1976 1983 150 CF8401902B - JOB R o v e r Operator Pumphouse Pumper Pwnphouse/Tank Farm Punper Gauger Dubbs 9 Operator - -PERIOD FROM TO ESTItUl'ED RANGE PPFl-DAYS/YEAR 1976 1983 150-350 1969 19L2 1975 1976 200 300-1000 1944 1977 400 C r 8 4 0 1902B ATTACHWEh? 5 -JOB LXPOSURE POTEh7'SAL ESTIKA'ES RAhX ORDERED DEER PAM REFlhZRS Ranked By High End of Job Exposure Estimate JOB TITLE FILTER OPR (LUBE) OPR HLPR (LUBE) LABORERS PIPEFI T E R TREATER/GAUGER TREATER OPR (ACU) PIPffXTTER ACU EAST-OPR LABORERS SAYPLE CARRIER REFRI GERATION TA4X CAR LOADER TESTER P5 RECOkTRY OPR ACU VEST OPR ACU WEST OPR BOI L E R W R CL'tlEhZ OPER ACU kTST OPR PLYP HOL!SE/TA?Z FAR!! PLWER GAUGER SIP. TPLAT OPR GAUGER/ IF ACU EAST OPR ACU E S T OPR OIL RECOV. OPR SEP. TREATER OPR GLC TESTER C L X h T OP (SHUTDOWN YEAR) SEP. TREATER OPR SEP. TREATER OPR BO I LXRLWCER ACU LAST OPR SAFETY INSPECTOR OFTSITE OPR P U T 112 GAUGER INSTRWNT KEN REGEErZRATOR OPR ACU GAUGER ACU GAUGER YEARS 48-50 48-50 52-63 70-75 56-65 52-56 50-69 52-65 46-52 36-47 48-50 60-78 47-52 48-50 55-65 52-55 52-70 77-78 65-76 42-76 63-76 Si- 63 65-68 76-63 77-63 46-50 60-70 79-63 L6-48 52-63 48-50 68-76 46-75 71-77 56-71 48-63 70-63 65-75 .52-56 PPH-DAYS PER YEAR 1400-9800 900-9600 1600-7600 2800-6300 1500-4600 1150-4200 1900-3850 1300-3800 800-3800 950-1650 400- 1650 800-1550 600-1400 450-1400 1050-1300 1050-1300 800-1250 450- 1200 7SO-1100 300-1000 750-950 600-950 550-950 550-950 850 350-650 300-800 300-800 300-800 50-800 600-750 500-750 250-750 100-750 100-700 700 200-650 400-600 400-600 CF8401902B ATTACHYEKT 5 (cont'd) - -JOB EXPOSURE POIEhTIAL ESTIIiATES RAhX ORDEED DEER PARK REFINERY Ranked By High End of Job Exposure Estimate P JOB TITLE C W h T OPR. PAIh7ER OIL RECOVERY OPR BOTTLEGASZR SkYPLE CARRIER OFFSITE OPR SAYPLE CARRIERS FEED PREP OPR T/T LOADING T/T LOADING FEED PREP. OPERATOR GAUGER/TF BEU OPERATOR DOCKU!! (BZ + PY. GAS) BOTTLEWASHER CIPEfiE. OPR SAYPLE CARRIER DUBBS 9 OPR PUnPER/GAUGER M I X OIL CARGO INSPECTOR VAP. PRESS. TESTER ROIZR OPR C W PIMPER/OIL REC. T/C LOADER PIPEFIT I E R ACU GAUGER BOTTLEYASER CARGO INSPECTOR GAUGER/T PIPEFITTER D n B S 9(S/D) GAS OIL TESTER ACU EAST OPR GAUGER (LUBE C) TESTER #5 R.I. TESTER WELDER CARPEhlER PWHOUSE P W E R PIPEFITTER PLAT l(S/D) REACTOR OPERATOR DOCKHAN T/T LOADING PLATFORLIER #1 OPR TREATER OPR/W'. PIPEfIm-ACU(S/D) CF8401902B E-A R S 77-78 48-83 63-77 52-70 70-73 77-83 52-56 70-81 72-78 60-72 70-81 52-57 76-81 77-83 70-77 79-83 56-70 44-77 52-77 63-80 63-70 76-83 63-77 52-60 48-50 75-83 47-52 52-63 63-72 52-70 78-80 48-50 52-63 52-70 46-63 46-83 69-75 52-62 70-83 55-78 52-60 52-70 76-83 52-60 . - PPH-DAYS PER YEAR 150-600 550 550 200-500 150-500 -100-500 250 450 250-450 -200-450 200 450 250-450 350-400 200-LO0 150-400 100-GO0 100-400 50-400 400 400 200-350 150-350 150-350 150-350 200-300 150-300 50-300 150-250 150-250 100-250 50-250 -100-200 100 200 100-200 100-200 50-200 200 200 200 100-150 50-150 50-150 150 150 150 50- 100 2 AlTACHXEhT 5 (cont'd) - -JOB EXPOSURE P O m I A L ESTIHATES U N K ORDERED DEER PARK REFIhTRY Ranked By High End of Job Exposure Estimrt c r JOB TITLE UVA TESTER BOTTLEWASHER R.I. TESTER SAYPLE CARRIER GAUGER/IF R A C N - X K /LOADER R . I . TESTER GAS OIL TESTER SAYPLE CARRIER CLC TESTER WA TESTER VAPOR PRESS. TESTER -YEARS 65-70 77-83 7 1-73 73-79 72-83 48-50 73-03 70-83 79-83 70-83 70-83 70-83 PPH-DAYS PER YEAR 100 (50-100 C50 (50 c5 0 (50 <so <50 <50 (50 <so C50 3 a 8 4 0 1902B CASE HISTORY SUtMARIES DEER PARK Case h i s t o r y benzene exposure summaries a r e a t t a c h e d f o r t h e seven diagnosed CASCS o f leukemia a t Deer Park R e f i n e r y . The i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d i s d e r i v e d from the Report 2 Case Exposure forms prepared by t h e l o c a t i o n t a s k f o r c e s , and from d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n of t h e t a s k 2B worksheets f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r benzene exposure jobs. The following explanations a r e keyed t o t h e s u p e r s c r i p t r e f e r e n c e s i n t h e summaries. (1) Jobs w i t h no benzene exposure a r e n o t l i s t e d i n t h e a t t a c h e d summaries. The complete j o b h i s t o r y f o r e a c h c a s e is w a i l a b l e on t h e Report 2 Case Exposure forms, backed up by d e t a i l i n t h e t a s k 2D r e p o r t s . Houever, o n l y t h o s e j o b s w i t h p o t e n t i a l benzene exposure a r e l i s t e d i n t h e Summaries. Consequently, some c a s e s have no e n t r y i n t h e j o b column. (2) Sears i n a p a r t i c u l a r benzene job a r e presented by month/year job began, month/year j o b ended, and ( d u r a t i o n in y e a r s ) . for example, 6/08-9/52 (4.3). (3) S i n c e t h e r e was an a t t e m p t t o i d e n t i f y a l l benzene exposures f o r a p a r t i c u l a r j o b , t h e 8- hour TUA c a l c u l a t i o n assumes no exposure for t h e b a l a n c e of a s h i f t when t o t a l time of e x p o s u r e r e p o r t e d i s less -t h a n a f u l l s h i f t . S h o r t term exposures r e p o r t e d s e p a r a t e l y i n t h e Case History Summaries a r e not included i n t h e 8-hour TWA calculations. ( A ) " C a l c u l a t i o n Not A p p l i c a b l e " i s e n t e r e d in WA or short-term exposure columns when a WA o r s h o r t - t e r m exposure is n o t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the exposure pattern. ( 5 ) "Could Not Be E s t i m a t e d " i s e n t e r e d in t h e TWA or s h o r t - t e r m exposure columns when t h e a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n was not s u f f i c i e n t t o p e r m i t calculation. ( 6 ) "None Detenninablc" is e n t e r e d in t h e t o t a l e x p o s u r e summary s l o t , when t h e r e is no b a s i s t o b e l i e v e any c a r e e r e x p o s u r e e x i s t e d . There w i l l be a corresponding absence of numerical estimates i n the Estimated Exposure (ppm-days) column. (7) "Very s l i g h t " r e p l a c e s '*Kone Determinable" when e x p o s u r e was p o s s i b l e , b u t too small t o be calculated. (8) T h i s column r e p r e s e n t s t o t a l e s t i m a t e d e x p o s u r e . When rounded and summed, it equals c a r e e r t o t a l exposure. Cf8401902B The e x p o s u r e e s t i m a t e s r e p o r t e d 86 8-hour TWA o r s h o r t - t e r m l e v e l s a r e based on d e t a i l e d c v a l u r t i o n o f t h e Task Z(B) v o r k s h e e t s on the p a r t i c u l a r job. I f t h e exposure from J p a r t i c u l a r t a s k included > 3 hours, an 8- hour n ' A was c a l c u l a t e d . -If t h e task o c c u r r e d in a s h o r t t i m e i t - w a s r e c o r d e d as a s h o r t - t e r m l e v e l . The 8- hour I k ' A e s t i m a t e s a r e not based on t h e peak d a t a . They a r e two e n t i r e l y separate estimates. A l s o , it i s p o s s i b l e i n tome c a s e s t h a t t h e e x p o s u r e c o u l d n o t be c h a r a c t e r i z e d as e i t h e r 8-hour WAS o r s h o r t - t e r m l e v e l s , and does n o t show up i n t b e s e t a b l e s . I n t h o s e cases one cannot c a l c u l a t e t h e ppm-days based on the i n d i v i dual task exposure estimates, Cf8L01902B 1b /- I 1 -0 0 0 .nl*l.n -IT IIIIII llllll IIIII IIIIII lllll Om Y I l l / I n I L n c .I & 41-1 1 I I =i =/ LL. L I / "/ I I I / 0 I I Ill I NO1 I m* m L: P 8 Ill L -c n I I I/ i: I 6 I 4I1 I I /*I I I I I I I l l l l l l 4 I1"i l l l l l l I I I 1-li J 0 L llllll llllll LI c CASE HISTORY StRf'lARIES WOOD RIVER RESEARCH Case h i s t o r y benzene exposure summaries a r e a t t a c h e d f o r t h e two diagnosed c a s e s o f l e u k e m i a a t t h e Wood R i v e r Research L a b o r a t o r y . The information presented i s d e r i v e d from t h e Report 2 Case Exposure forms prepared by t h e l o c a t i o n t a s k f o r c e s , and from d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n of t h e t a s k 28 worksheets f o r the p a r t i c u l a r benzene exposure jobs. The following explanations a r e keyed t o the superscript references i n the s m a r i e s . Jobs w i t h no benzene exposure a r e n o t l i s t e d i n t h e attached surmnaries. The complete j o b h i s t o r y f o r each case i s a v a i l a b l e on the R e p o r t 2 Case Exposure forms, backed up by d e t a i l i n t h e t a s k 2D r e p o r t s . However, only those j o b s with p o t e n t i a l benzene exposure are l i s t e d i n t h e Summaries. Consequently, some cases have no e n t r y i n t h e j o b column. Years i n a p a r t i c u l a r benzene job are presented by month/year j o b began, month/year job ended, and (duration in years). For example, 6/48-9/52 (4.3). S i n c e t h e r e was an a t t e m p t t o i d e n t i f y a l l benzene exposures for a p a r t i c u l a r j o b , t h e 8- hour WA c a l c u l a t i o n assumes no exposure f o r t h e b a l a n c e of a s h i f t when t o t a l timc of e x p o s u r e r e p o r t e d i s less -. -t h a n a full s h i f t . S h o r t term e x p o s u r e s r e p o r t e d s e p a r a t e l y i n t h e Case H i s t o r y S u u n a r i e s a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e 8- hour T%'A c a l c u l a t i o n s . " C a l c u l a t i o n Not A p p l i c a b l e " is e n t e r e d i n WA or s h o r t - t e r m exposure columns when a TWA or s h o r t - t e r m e x p o s u r e i s n o t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the exposure pattern. "Could Not Be Estimated" i s e n t e r e d in the "VA o r s h o r t - t e r m exposure columns when t h e a v a i l a b l e information was n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o permit calculation. *%one Determinable" is entered i n t h e t o t a l exposure s m a r y s l o t , vhen t h e r e is no b a s i s t o b e l i e v e any career e x p o s u r e existed. There w i l l be a corresponding absence of numerical e s t i m a t e s i n the Estimated Exposure (ppm-days) c o l u n . "Very s l i g h t " r e p l a c e s "h'one Determinable" when exposure was p o s s i b l e , b u t too small t o be calculated. This column r e p r e s e n t s t o t a l e s t i m a t e d exposure. Uhen rounded and suamed, it equals career t o t a l exposure. Cf8401902B The e x p o s u r e e s t i m a t e t r e p o r t e d as 8-hour WA O r s h o r t - t e r m l e v e l s a r e based on d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n of t h e Task 2(B) worksheets on t h e p a r t i c u l a r job. If t h e exposure from p a r t i c u l a r task included > 3 hours, an 8-hour was Calculated. If the t a s k o c c u r r e d in a s h o r t t i m e it- was recorded as a short-term l e v e l . The 8- hour "b'A e s t i m a t e s a r e based on t h e peak data. They are two e n t i r e l y separate estimates. A l s o , it is possible i n tome c a s e s t h a t t h e exposure could n o t be C h a r a c t e r i z e d as either 8- hour AS o r s h o r t - t e r m l e v e l s , and does n o t show up i n t h e s e t a b l e s . I n t h o s e c a s e s one cannot c a l c u l a t e t h e ppm-days based on the individual task exposure estimates. CT6401902B Y v ai LS upi llllll llllll kill l \ \ l l l N 0 s I, -j_ Ill IIIII u-1- - * na n c 1 0 1 I Il!d IU .D V dIIIII n 0w af: n Y m -N 0 OI 0 Ua bu APPEhaIICES TABLE OF COhTZh'TS t. (A) Steering Committee For Historic Exposure Study (B) Task Descriptions for Historic Exposure Study (C) Task 3 Participants for Historic Exposure Study -(D) - O u t l i n e f o r Task 3 Historic Exposure Study (E) Example 2B Worksheet and Calculation (F) Sensory Perception Hethod and Validation (G) Similarities and Differences in Task 3 at the Two Locations r.' CFB401902B APPENDIX A STEERING COfMXlTEE FOR c HISTORIC EXPOSURE STUDY \ The H i s t o r i c Expos ire S t Ldy was performed under t h e direction of a S t e e r i n g Committee comprising: Head Office -D. S . HcCrau C o r p o r a t e Medical -C . F. P h i l l i p s S a f e t y and I n d u s t r i a l Hygiene, P.E., -J . D . R a n s d c l l O p e r a t i o n s S a f e t y and H e a l t h , CIH -J . L. R i v a r d S a f e t y and I n d u s t r i a l Hygiene CIH Wood River -V. ti. Cunningham P.E., C I H -R. H. G e r t h Management R e p r e s e n t a t i v e Deer Park -R. R. E r i c k s o n Management R e p r e s e n t a t i v e -P. J. Snyder C I H Consultant - -K. J. Caplan P.E., C I H I n d u s t r i a l H e a l t h E n g i n e e r i n g A s s o c i a t e s The S t e e r i n g Committee r e p o r t e d t o J. S. Szymanowski, Manager, H e a l t h and S a f e t y , Manufacturing. The l o c a t i o n work groups r e p o r t e d t o t h e S t e e r i n g -Committee. A sub- group of t h e S t e e r i n g Cormittee performed Task I Study Development. This sub- group vas comprised of D. S. HcGrav, C. E'. P h i l l i p s , J. D. R a n s d e l l , J. L. R i v a r d , U. tl. Cunningham and f. 3. Snyder. CTBLO 1902B APPEhQIX B TASK DESCRIPTIONS FOR HISTORIC EXPOSURE STUDY c Attached are task descriptions f o r the benzene historic exposure study at b o d River and Deer Park, a s originally prepared by the Steering Cornittee sub-group. Task So. TASK TITLE 2A Conduct process reviews f o r units containing benzene 2B Identify benzene related j o b s 2c Identify benzene related work practices 2D Develop occupational personal histories of diagnosed leukemia cases 3 Perform historic exposure study CF8401902B APPENDIX B GUIDELINE Task 24A) Purpose: Identify Benzene-containing units/areas and their respective histories f o r use by Task 2(B) tn the evaluation of j o b exposures. (1) Identify process streams and associated units (or portions o f unit) o r process areas (including shipping) with benzene content of: (1) LlY,; (2) 1-5;; (3) 5-50;; and (4) 50-1003. This should be atterngted from the earliest possible year and continued forward to the start of the Health Surveillance/JEP System, (date for Wood River o r Deer Park). Conplete steps 2-7 for uni ts/arees containing 75'6 benzene (5-50: and 50-100: groups), and for any unit or area in the 1-5'6 range that involved benzene lozding operztions (f/C, T/T, drums, marine) or similzr "open" _- . .- process. For validation, complete steps 2-7 for a selected unit/area in the 1-55 group. (2) Record the period o f operations (stzrt-up to shutdown) f o r each benzene-containing unit or portion of unit identified. For units using o r shipping benzene, establish the period o f use or shipping by recording the beginning and ending (if applicable) dates. ( 3 ) Identify; major ertlission sources in benzene-containing units, such as (specify dates): ( a ) unflared vents and relief systems (b) open top vessel s/tanks/pi ts 8/1 I /83 (c) equipment subject to leaks, drips (d) tank car/tank truck/drum and marine loading operations (6) by-product/waste disposal (f) process sample points (quality control testing) 2 ( 4 ) Identify major process changes in benzene-containing units, such as (specify dates) : ( 2 ) changes in capacitylthroughput (expansions) (b) changes in feedstocklproducts as related to benzene content (c) changes i n operating parameters 1 ike temperature and pressure .,(d) changes in equipment--e. g packing gl ands to mechanical seal s for pumps, tie-in o f vents and relief systems to flare systems, addition of closed-pipe maintenance-drop-out and decontzminetion sys-tems, o r any other changes to the emission sources identified in (3). (e) chanses in control rooms (open, closed, air conditioned, pressurized). ( 5 ) Identify process flow diagrams, etc., which could facilitate steps (3) and (4). (Specify dates.) (6) Estimate the mejor maintenance turnaround schedule for the benzene-containing units/processes. 8/11/E3 (7) Use t h e a t t a c h e d w o r k s h e e t as a s u g g e s t e d format f o r d a t a r e p o r t i n g - Complete this step and provide data t o o t h e r task poups. 3 ( 8 ) I d e n t i f y a d j a c e n t o r n e a r b y i n d u s t r i e s t h a t may have c o n t r i b u t e d t o ambient exposure, with estimeted dates (years), and principal exposure a g e n t s , i n c l u d i n g benzene, if known. ( 9 ) E s t i m a t e nurrber of e m i s s i o n sources i n s e l e c t e d benzene u n i t s , p e r separate i n s t r u c t i o n s t o be supplied later (for f u g i t i v e emissions .c a l c u l a t i o n s ) 8/11 /E3 ,A'TASK 2(A WORKSHEET (1) Unft: 5 t a r t -up: Shutdown : ( 2 ) K a j o r Modifications: (List with relevant date of change.) -( 3 ) Benzene Sources : ( L i s t w i t h relevant dates of any (Eouipnent or Section) % Bz significant changes in benzene concentrations or process changes.) ( 4 ) hcjor Emissions: -:Ez Re1 evEnt Detes ( 5 ) Equipment Change: Date o f Chanoe --(6) Haintenznce Turnarounds Estimated Frequency: 4 (1) U s i n g the i n f o m a t i o n d e v e l o p e d by T a s k 2 ( A ) , i d e n t i f y t h e j o b s (operating, maintenance, and laboratory) over t h e years associated w i t h t h e u n i t s l a r e a s i d e n t i f i e d a s c o n t a i n i n g benzene (5-50: and 50-100Z g r o u p s p l u s t h o s e 1-5: u n i t s i n v o l v i n g " open" p r o c e s s ) . Using the "Exposure Description Worksheet", compile job/job ttsk informEtion describing the sensory levels, frequency, and duration of t a s k s w i t h exposures. ( I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t o n e j o b c o u l d h a v e more t h a n o n e w o r k s h e e t , i f there i s e i t h e r a major c h a n g e i n the u n i t with time, or a mcjor change i n job d u t i e s w i t h time). (Kote: B e s i n this task by completing a worksheet on a modern- day, high- concentration benzene u n i t for which monitoring data rea -a v a i l a b l e b u t do n o t review t h e m o n i t o r i n g d z t a . P r o v i d e t h i s f i r s t completed worksheet to t h e S t e e r i n g ComAttee. ) 8/11 /E3 ii L V> 0 V H L m *W I1 IIII I I I1 I1II I I II IIII I 1 1I I III I I 1I 1II1 I I 11 1III I I 1I 11II I I .. I I I 1 I I I I a 0, -<L 2 e I II I I I I=I 1 LL u c n01 L W P L nV nvL L W 0 LL nW cLt II III1 I I - L) Yc -E -Ke H a W d -a 3 U c0 UY Y m EY L Lc - -li -0 mc o 0 L L 01 YI Y c Y C3 mcU L 0 c CY 0 -V r E Vn 01 .D 0 C a 3 ~ .. --f s - ..D 50 Y E V Y H L L L U01 c U. I . -u c u > & .CY c Y -Y Y L U -> cc cD LW - v 0 *oL r CI N O Ln W OI C L- .. .... L.. w s .... ...... amvow II i I I .. L .;; ro - ** E 0 c r) - ..L eVc L C L V> e cV Y Y 3i H L 4 Y 0, *U =0 -z 0 c 4 a I1 II II II II I1 II II I 1 I I I I I I W IIIll I Lcc 'nLw Lcv Lcw wLn Lnv uLa wLn c IIIII II L 0 II I II I II I II 1 II I II I II 1 II I II I L cW Lw Lw u Lw nI;cn I IIII 111 -.L m V c L 0 -m Lc 0- L n Ym C L ...... ., -Nm*ww hW 0, E L- DO .L H -YQ E U 0, H 3 U 0 c L W L -P d W 5 L L0 n m h .D W .L 0 m La -0 L. H uU --E E I. h vu E`, Y o Fv mL "h. 0 -c 0 5 P 1. Identify work practices which involved o r related t o benzene exposure a n d w h i c h would not necessarily be i d e n t i f i e d i n Task 2(6). To z s s i s t i n the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , a l i s t i n g of "Areas of Investigation" a n d exaGple questions i s attached. This l i s t i n g i s probably n o t complete, and the t E s k force should not restrict i t s thinking t o only the listing. 2. U s i n g t h e "Work Practices Worksheet" record exposure information by j c b , c r a f t , o r u n i t s . A separate worksheet f o r each work practice i s requested. A one-paragraph description of t h e work practice should be i n c l u d e d on t h e worksheet. The description shDuld identify such t h i n g s as the amount o f benzene used, how I t WPS hrndled, where i t was used, e t c . 8/11 /63 6 TASK Z(C) AREAS OF Iw'ESTIGATIOtI FOR IDENTIFYING WORK PRACTICES INVOLVING BEt:ZENE OR BENZENE-RICH SlJESTA:iCES .. w Use of benzene as a cleaning agent. -- Degreasing. -- Asphalt ci ean-out. -- Wash in g hands / c l othes /s hoes/ boot s/g1 OY es/coveral1S0 -- .C l erni ng too7 s Oues t icn Did we ever use benzene E S a degreesing solvent? (When? Where? How?) D i d we ever use benzene t o clean tools or clothing? - Eqloyee take-home samples. Ouestion Did we ever take home s m p l e s o f benzene or other substances f o r home use, e i t h e r authorized o r unauthorized? ( I f S O , describe. Who used?) - Use o f benzene i n T/T, T/C, drum l o r d i n g . Guestion D i d we ever clezn T i ' s , T C ' s , or drums which contzined benzene? D i d we ever use benzene t o clean TT's, TC'r, or drums? 81 I1 /83 7 - Maintenance Shop usage. Questi on Did Maintenance Shops use benzene 8s a cleaning/degreiising P sol v e n t ? * Did any maintenance shops have degreasing tanks or vats containing benzene? - Use o f benzene as a t h i n n e r . Ouest i on Was b e n z e n e e v e r u s e d as a p a i n t t h i n n e r ? Was benzene used as a p a i n t stripper/remover? - Laboratory usage. -- Sample b o t t l e w e s h i n g . Ouest ion h k s b e n z e n e e v e r u s e d i n t h e bottle-wzshins pro:e:s? KZS benzene e v e r used i n t h e l c b o r a t o r y f o r cleaning + gl cssware? - Oil and a s p h a l t clean-up. Ouest i on Was b e n z e n e ever u s e d i n t h e c l e a n u p o f z s p h a l t or o i l spills? 8/11 /83 8 - Purchase/druming f o r own use. -- Who used drums o f benzene? .. Questi on c Did we ever purchEse benzene? ( I f so, when, how much, who used?) * Did we ever drum benzene f o r our own use? - Use i n a decontamination system o r process. Ouestion Did we ever use benzene t o decontaminzte equipment, e.g., process equipment? - Procedure for vessel entry. Ouesticn What were the procedures f o r p e r m i t t i n g entry i n t o vessels/ttnks i n benzene service? * How d i d we determine when conditions were szfe f o r entry? 8/11 /63 I I IIIII II II I I11IIIII II III II III III -.. c 0 -Y a IIII 1III III I IIIIII I III L U m 0, IIII1I 1 II I 1 0 I I1I I II1I1I I1II11I IIII I III1I I II 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I IL Yc L Y 0 L aY Lu L V PQ L rW L OI 0 L 0, Q L 0, 0 L 0, Q L c0, 1 IIII1II II I I -1 1 I 1 1 I I 1 I I -L 0 I -.. V U d U n L Q L r" .. .. .... .. -c e m U C Y n 9 (1) Develop s p e c i f i c infomation about each c a s e ' s job history a t She11. ( a ) Deternine f o r each case: - Job t i t l e s and dates of each. - frrezs where worked a n d t h e associsted d z t e s . - The type of work, d u t i e s , etc. In each j o b / a r e a . - Strike duty If applicable (staff). - Any periods of l a y o f f s , or absences due t o m i l i t a r y leave, strikes, etc. (specify dctes). ( b ) Summarize t h e information from ( a ) i n t o a p r o f i l e of the case's Shell job history. Identify those portions of the job history asscciated w i t h benzene exposure. ( 2 ) Detenzine other workplace expcsures. ( a ) Identify any exposure t o materials from the "Suspect Leukemogen List" (attzched) ( b ) Identify t h e three most prevzlent exposures (by 10-year periods). ( c ) Identify any other exposures w h i c h seem s i g n i f i c a n t . t 8/11 /83 10 (3) Detennine case's work practices. ( a ) Any use of benzene as a cleaning solvent, and if SO, when and how used? ( b ) Were product samples of benzene taken home f o r use? ( c ) In general, how careful wcs the case i n the handling of chemical s? ( 4 ) Determine the following activities. ( a ) Military duty i f a p p l i c a b l e (branch of service, where s t a t i o n e d , Type of duty). (b) Employment prior t o Shell. ( c ) Employment during strike(s) and layoffs. ( d ) Post-Shell employment. ( 5 ) The inforrration i n (1) through ( 4 ) should be sousht from employees and pensioners on1 v. (6) If i n t h e course of completing (1) t h r o u g h ( 4 ) infomztion a b o u t hobbies , part- time work, smoking history, etc., i s volunteered, t h e n such information s h o u l d be notcd. However, there should be no d i r e c t effort t o discover infomation i n those types of subject .a t e r s 8/11 /E3 e. - GUIDEL I NE TASK 3 PERFORM HISTOkiCAi EXPOSURE STUDY c (1) Full panel reviews the r e s u l t s (worksheets) of Tasks 2(B) and 2(C), m e r g i n g 2(C) r e s u l t s w i t h 2(E) r e s u l t s on a j o b b a s i s f o r a n overall job description o f exposure. ( 2 ) Selected panel menebers ( a t leEst I.H. consultant and location 1.A.) c a l c u l a t e f o r eerh j o b the possible range of cumulative expcsure (dose) p e r year (e.g., ppm-days per year, ppm-hours per year, e t c . , whichever basis is most useful). These calcuations w i l l be based on the sensory detection l e v e l s provided by T&sk 1. These dose estimztes will be inprecise and w i l l probably cover a w i d e range f o r n ~ s tjobs. However, the dose estimates will provide a comon bzsis f o r initially differentiating and rating job exposures i n the step (3). (3) The f u l l panel reviews a l l estimated doses from (2) f o r rezsonableness by comparing and g r o u p i n g j o b s i n t o l o g i c a l categories of r e l a t i v e exposure. The number o f categories will be determined by t h e panel. The panel must i n i t i a l l y categorize on t h e b a s i s o f t h e dose estimates. After t h a t s t e p , t h e panel may a d j u s t the cstegorizztion of any j o b which they feel can j u s t i f i a b l y be moved f r o m one category t o another. 8/11 / E ? 12 ( 4 ) The f u l l panel assigns a dose-estimate (per year bal'fs) t o each category i n (3). The dose-estimate f o r each category can be vnsidered the most representative range for the jobs i t includes. I t should r e f l e c t the objective calculated doses from step (2) with modification by the penel's interpretations o f the d a t a and i t s underlying assumptions. ( 5 ) The f u l l panel should mEke basic judgements and rate ($.e., f i l l out a worksheet) other operating, meintenance, and laboratory jobs n o t already included i n steps (1) through (4). These ratings s h o u l d be based on the categories from step (3). An overview of information from Tasks 2 ( A ) , 2(B), and 2(C) w i l l be necessary. The inclusion of these remcining jobs i n t h e r a t i n g process i s necessary i n order t o complete the evaluation o f each case's work -__ - ----I - -- history from Tssk 2(D). -- ( 6 ) The f u l l panel s h o u l d develop t h e exposure h i s t o r y f o r each ccse using the infornation from steps (3) through ( 5 ) and the results from 72sk 2(D). 8/11 /E3 APPEh'DIX C TASK 3 PARTICIPMTS FOR HISTORICAL EXPOSURE STUDY Wood River (Refinery) K. J. Caplan W. H. Cunningham J. S. Fisher !I.D. Hubbard K. E. Kieffer H. J. Ltamy P. J. Ltininger J. R. Hch'ally J. D . Ransdell J. N. Leshinskey L. A. Winterrowd Deer Park (Refinery) I. 0. Baumgart U. F. Bergerman W. P. Bourland R. L. Bryan K. J. Caplan C. R. Callrghan C. W. Dorflinger C. F. Phillips H. W. Smitb P. J. Snyder B. Starker Discussion f a c i l i t a t o r f o r both panels was P. Parker. CF6401902B Outline For Task 3 Historic Exposure Study Complete the benzene h i s t o r i c exposure study a t Wood River and Deer Park by providing a panel a t each 'location t o evaluate and integrate t h e information gathered pertaining t o benzene jobs (Task 28), work practices (Task Z C ) , and case work h i s t o r i e s (Task 2D). These panels will require f i v e working days each, with Deer Park scheduled October 17-21, and Wood River October 24-28. The following a c t i v i t i e s have been identified t o s t r u c t u r e the panels' deliberations. Suggested timing i s approximate. A c t ivi t v -Hondav (1) Geliver "chargel' t o the panel (- 2 -) Overview of Task 2 work products- f o r f ami 1i a r i z a t i on (3) Introduce 28 worksheets and product review an example worksheet i n detai1 review dose calculation method and discuss limitations/problems Present and explain approximate rank order l i s t i n g o f the jobs evaluated. (4) Introduce 2C worksheets and product review an example worksheet i n -d e t a i l review t i t l e s o f a l l worksheets post lead overview discussion of work practices ( 5 ) "Process" the 2B worksheets review each worksheet (use view-graph), discuss, and approve o r adjust, per Report 1 form (adjustment cal cul at! ons by IH' s) i d e n t i f y and consider applicable work practices for each job. Adjust per Report 1 fonn (adjust- ment c a l c u l a t i o n s by IH's). , Continue, sheet by sheet, .completing Report 1 form as you progress By Time JLR LOC. Rep. Loc. Rep. 1.0 hours 0.3 hours 0.7 hours Loc. Rep. 1 . 0 hours Faci 1it a t o r 5.0 hours T m n t i n u e activity (5) until complete. i 6 j Prepare revised list per adjusted dose gstimates (offsite, by others) 1W-ee~dnesd a v revised list (8) Final review of benzene exposure jobs (a) Can you rank the benzene jobs from highest to lowest exposure? If yes, do so. (b) If no to (1). can you classify the benzene jobs into ranges o f exposure? If yes, do so. (c) Can you provide comments for certain jobs, flagging such things as: jobs that appear to be improperly placed jobs where unusual peak exposures may have been encountered O other? -(d) Prepare comments about list, in general ($.e. how "good" is it? What are i t ' s weaknesses? What could be done better?) (9) Study 2D work product (2D work product handed out at this time) (10) Prepare case exposure history for each diagnosed case -review procedure that will be used 0 consider each case prepare Report 2 form Thursdai (10) Continue activity (10) until complete -Fridav (.11)- Prepare comments about case exposure -history effort (i.c. how "good" is it? What are it's weaknesses? Uhat could we have done better, or differently?) (12) Review entire effort and prepare comments to assist interpretation, and identify weaknesses or areas for additional work Facilitator 8 hours Facilitator 1 hour Faci 1 itator 3 hours (Private) 2 hours Facilitator 2 hours Faci 1itator 8 hours Faci 1 i tator 2 hours Faci 1 itator 2-4 hours APPENGIX E SAMPLE 28 WORKSHEET AND CALCULATION The a t t a c h e d Task 2 ( B ) worksheet and calculation I s 8 sample of the information processed f o r each j o b In the study. In general a t o t a l dose estimate per year was arrived a t f o r each j o b . Dose calculations were based on the following equation: CC ITIF + C2T2F.. 3' tsl C A I C250 dayslyearl [TI + T2..... 3 Where : C = Reported benzene level i n PPt! f o r each task (0- ZOO+ ppm) T = Time estimated f o r each task (1-480 t.finutes) F = Frequency o f tzsk per shift 5 = Fector used t o a d j u s t f o r frequency per s h i f t Tasks occurring each shift S=l Tasks occurring IXlday S (3 shifts/day) .33 Tasks occurring lX/mnth 5 = .01 A = An adjustment m d e t o the estimates t o e i t h e r i n t r e s s e o r decrezse the dose value based on underestimated peak exposures. olfactory f a t f gue, workpracti ces , etc. 250 dayslyear WPS used as a standard index o f days worked per year. I on tm a.E-l t WP: -.- Cl -- 1 =l E Wm . I -. -. 0 0 7 L 0 L I II 1- Y m I a w1 1 III 111I II 1I I II I 11I I I 1 I4 I I I4 I1I1 I 1 I I 1 1 I I 11I IiI I1 1 11I 11I I4 I i SI 1 11I I I II 1' *L Y c L a L Y L Lu Q 1 -I 1 N-I =l 1 LL aY Yc LL YL, CL L V L I 4 I -I 1 4 I c L- m E w I c c -L ---w f c f I Lw CI -2 - * .- urn- - .. I \. APPENDIX F BEKZENE HISTORIC EXPOSURE STUDY r SENSORY PERCEPTION HETHOD AND VALIDATION Since no benzene monitoring data vere a v a i l a b l e f o r e i t h e r location p r i o r t o the rnid-7O1s, estimates of a c t u a l exposures were r e q u i r e d . A s e a r c h was conducted on i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o human sensory e f f e c t s of benzene b u t t h e l i m i t e d data found d e a l t mostly v i t h exposures of 1-8 hours and very high e x p o s u r e s . The d a t a gleaned from t h e s e a r c h , Table 1, a t t a c h e d , were not v e r y d e f i n i t i v e , and of limited value. With the exception of t h e eye/nose i r r i t a t i o n r e f e r e n c e , no e f f e c t s from s h o r t - t e r m exposures were found. In order t o provide a consistent basis for the exposure estimates, empirical d a t a , T a b l e s 2a and 2b, were developed by t h e i n d u s t r i a l h y g i e n i s t s and used a s t h e basis for e s t i m a t i n g benzene exposures. The t a b l e was developed by review o f known e x p o s u r e c o n d i t i o n s and d a t a , and a l s o confirmed by checks w i t h a H i r a n a n a l y z e r . The T a b l e 2 d a t a were a d a p t e d d u r i n g use a t b o t h l o c a t i o n s . These a d a p t a t i o n s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n Appendix G. A v a l i d a t i o n study of t h i s approach is presented i n T a b l e 3 a t t a c h e d . In general, industrial hygiene monitoring data f i t a log normal distribution where t h e geometric mean is t h e b e s t e s t i m a t e of a v e r a g e exposure and t h e geometric standard d e v i a t i o n i s a measure of i n t r a d a y v a r i a b i l i t y . The 9s: UCL ( u p p e r c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l ) w i l l c o n t a i n t h e t r u e a v e r a g e exposure. The comparisons of t h e a c t u a l data vs. the estimates indicate a reasonable correlation and shows t h a t t h e y a r e i n t h e same o r d e r of magnitude. In most c a s e s t h e Th'A r a n g e s b a s e d on t h e e s t i m a t e s a r e h i g h e r t h a n a c t u a l d a t a . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e v a l i d i t y checks on t h e e s t i m a t e s , a d a t a a u d i t using an h y g i e n i s t n o t involved i n t h e s t u d y was a l s o conducted t o e n s u r e c o n s i s t e n c y of d a t a c a l c u l a t i o n and to spot check f o r mathematical e r r o r s . Cf8401902B BEXZEhZ cowc. * PPH (1) 1.5 ( 3 1 5 0 - 150 (41 100 (5 1 500 ( 6 1 1500 ( 7 1 3000 BEKZENE SENSORY DATA DURATION Of EXPOSURE I m e d i at e 8 Hours 6 Hours Several Hours 1 Hour 1 Hour Few H i n u t e s E m CT Odor Threshold None Headache, Lassitude, Weariness Headache, Fatigue Headache Dep ressi o n Eye/)iose I r r i t a t i o n ( T o l e r a t e d f o r 30-60 H i n u t e s ) Handbook of Enviromental Data on Orpanic Chemicals, I(. L. V e t s c h o e r e n Toxicolopy and Biochemist- of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, H. W. G e r a r d e Toxicology and Biochecistry of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, H. U. G e r a r d c E f f e c t s of Vapor Phase P o l l u t a n t s on Nemous System and Sensory F u n c t i o n , R. I. Henkin, H.D. Toxicology and Biochemistry of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, H. W. G c r a r d e E f f e c t s of Vapor Phase P o l l u t a n t s on Nervous System and Sensorv F u n c t i o n , R. I. Henkin, H.D. Toxicology and Bioche!xirtry of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, H. U. G e r a r d e E f f e c t s o f Vapor P h a s e P o l l u t a n t s on h'ervous System and S e n s o y F u n c t i o n , R. 1. Henkin, H . D . - CFU01902B BAS I S 'FOR S E I m . P r i C E P TI Gt1 EENZEElE EXP0SUP.E ESTIKATES DEER PARK DFSCRIPTION OF ODOR EVENT A , ti0 LIQUID VISIELE BUT 030R OF EEI;LEN E IS DETECTABLE EXAMPLES DOWNWIND ODORS FUGITIVE EYtI SSIONS B o NO LIQUID VISIBLE BUT AN OBVIOUS SOURCE OF BENZENE VAPOR IS NEARBY EXAKPLES VESSELS, TANKS VENTS -f . ft0 LIQUID VISIBLE, POSSIBLY STRDtlf OGOR AT TIMES D o LIQUID VISIELE AND ODOR OF BENZENE IS FRESEKT, POSSIBLY STRONG AT TIMES EXAMPLES T o1. LOAD1 N G CAUG I NC SAI?PLE COLLECT ION E. LIQUID VISIBLE, STRONG ODOR PRESENT, COKTACT WITH LIQUID F. ODOR AND/OR LIQ UID CONTACT so SIGNIFICANT SO AS TO REQUIRE '''BACKING OUT OF IT" OR GETTING FRESH AIR 6. NO DETECTABLE ODOR -1.5 5 . 0 PPM (3.0) -50 100 PPM (75.0) 100 PPM + (200) 1.5 PPM B!.S IS FClR SENSORY PERCEPTI Ctl BETIZENE EXF@SWE ESTIKATES TABLE 2 ( b ) -. IC NO LIDUID VISIBLE BUT ODOR OF .BENZENE I S DETECTABLE EXWiPLES : DOWNMI ND ODORS ' FUGITIVE EYISSIONS 2. NO LIQUID VISIBLE BUT AN OBVIOUS SOURCE OF BENZENE VAPOR IS NEARBY. EXAP'IPLES : VESSELS , TANKS J VEKTS 3. NO LIQUID VISIBLE, POSSIBLY STRONC ODOR AT TIMES. 4. LIQUID VISIBLE AND ODOR OF BENZENE IS PRESENT, POSSIBLY S T R ~ N GAT TIMES 5. LIQUID VISIBLE, STRONG ODOR PRESENT, CONTACT WITH LIQUID. 6. ODOR AND/OR LIQUID CONTACT SO SICNIFICANT SO AS TO REQUIRE "BACKIRG OUT OF IT" OR CETTIHG FRESH A I R . 7, NO DETECTABLE ODOR. PPM ESTIMATE TO BE USED -1.5 5.0 PPM (3,O) 5.0 - 10,O PPM (7 .'51 -1@ 25 PPM (17.5) -4 A a 25 50 PPM (373 -4sa 25 75 PPM .(50 0) -5 A 50 100 PPM (75.0) 5E * 50 - 100 PPM (100.0) -&A. 150 200 PPM (175.0) -150 400 PPM (275 a 0) . (1.5 PPM o. m. m. h.lN . . . .C D r n N Y ) Oh-.. m CI *m mm0 0; 0 N .I II m cN 000 -d d mm 00 mmd u) N 0 0 00 0 N N a0 m m * Y) N 4m d II d CI .I 000 r. N c 000 n hd W Nd 000 * *0 N m 0 CwD w m m N 0 0h 0 d N I .I III 4 d h r( mW .III 000 00 InD mn d 0 0d bn * N nN 10 c *m N m N Nn d0 *N 0 CI d0 * Q) m h a (D m m wl h mI I hhh nnn Q) (D (D I4 1 E0 h Q) h E0 0 (D I OD I u) h hh mn hm II 2h h I .. a QL !3: L Y Y D LL 00 dd ma BL Y CL 0 I! E 33 uV wd u) Q pl * d 00 eh 0 W ILhA Q, WDN E n Q n L uII :ti L i:L L Y e .. 0 0 dd m aa mY 5 0"L L L Y W Yn V c L c) a 0 L d m0 W 1, m n. C 0 c L Y &* Y ?- U Y 0 r, f APPENDIX G REVIEW OF SIHILARTTIES/DlfEZRENCES IN TASK 3 AT THE TVO LOCATIONS v Groups 2 ( b ) and 3 used somewhat d i f f e r e n t appro8ches a t t h e two l o c a t i o n s t o achieve s i m i l a r end r e s u l t s . The f o l l o v i n g d i s c u s s i o n covers t h e v a r i o u s aspects involved i n applying t h e *'sensory'' f a c t o r s . 1. O l f a c t o r y f a t i g u e : Both Task 3 groups discussed t h e problem o f clearly defining sensory perception because of potential influence of o l f a c t o r y fatigue on the lower l i m i t of detection. A s p e c i f i c l i t e r a t u r e search during t h e p r o j e c t development phase had not turned up any applicable information. Deer Park took olfactory f a t i g u e i n t o account i n t h e Aromatics U n i t where t h e r e were mixed exposures by upgrading t h e Z(B) sensory d a t a l e v e l by one ( i . t . , t h e r e p o r t e d ' A ' exposure was upgraded t o a *B' l e v e l ) . Wood River d i d n o t use any f a c t o r . 2. Benzenelhydrocarbon mixtures: Both l o c a t i o n s r e a l i z e d t h a t in s i t u a t i o n s where benzene was o n l y a s m a l l p e r c e n t of 8 mixed hydrocarbon stream t h e sensory r e p o r t s could be s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t t h a n a pure or high percent benzene stream due t o impact of t h e o t h e r components. Deer Park decided t h a t i f t h e streams had >SX benzene t h e y would t r e a t it as a benzene odor r e a c t i o n but with CSX they would reduce t h e sensory c a t e g o r y by one ( o r two in a few s p e c i a l c a s e s ) . Wood R i v e r took t h e same approach b u t used A 1% benzene cut- off ( t h e y had a l m o s t no streams between 15 and 5 0 3 . 3 . Peak or short- term exposures: Both Task 3 groups determined t h a t t h e peak exposure sensory data on t h e 2(B) worksheets were not sufficiently indicative of the potential for higher peaks that probably occurred during a portion of the task reported. ' Both developed a f a c t o r t o i n d i c a t e a h i g h e r t o t a l dose from mny of t h e t a s k s reported. These f a c t o r s were a p p l i e d on a case-by-case basis. -Deer Park used what became known as the "ZS and 4" Rule 25% o f r e p o r t e d exposure d u r a t i o n was c a l c u l a t e d t o be 4X t h e r e p o r t e d exposure l e v e l . T h i s adjustment is e q u i v a l e n t t o using A o u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r of 1.75 on t h e o r i g i n a l exposure e s t i m a t e . Wood R i v e r t o o k a d i f f e r e n t approach t h a t y i e l d e d very sircilar r e s u l t s . C a t e g o r i e s 4, 5 and 6 were expanded on t h e high end and d e s i g n a t e d bb, Sb and 6b (see Wood River t a b l e i n Appendix F). 4. Background l e v e l s : Both l o c a t i o n s considered t h e p o t e n t i a l impact of l o v l e v e l background l e v e l s of benzene, p a r t i c u l a r l y where it would be belov the odor detection level. CF6401902B Laboratory situations: Both considered laboratory operations which r e l e a s e benzene i n t o the atmosphere. D i s s i p a t i o n is dependent on t h e a i r changes f o r t h e room. A general decay formula UJS used: T = V- l n S 0 Co T = time C = Conc. Q = cfm V = room volume, cf Wood River used t h r e e a i r changes/hour f o r t h e p e r i o d up t o 1955, vhen s i g n i f i c a n t v e n t i l a t i o n changes were made i n t h e l a b . Deer P a r k used s i x a i r changes/hour up t o 1970 vhen s i g n i f i c a n t l a b v e n t i l a t i o n improvements were i n s t a l l e d . Deer P a r k a l s o added i n a c o n s t a n t background l e v e l of 100 ppm-days/yr f o r c e r t a i n r i t u a t i o n s ; t h i s f a c t o r was a l s o used for some j o b s known t o be downwind of high benzene use u n i t s . In a d d i t i o n , i n t h e Aromatics Unit a background l e v e l of 375 ppm-days/year (1.5 ppm 8-hour TWA f o r 250 days) was added in p r i o r t o i n s t a l l a t i o n of a p r e s s u r i z e d c o n t r o l house and a l e v e l of 0.f ppm (8-hr. WA) on days when t h e r e were t a s k s i n v o l v i n g gasoline handling operations. Wood River a l s o considered t h e impact of f u g i t i v e emissions from pumps and r e l a t e d equipment l o c a t e d i n e n c l o s e d pump houses. These background levels were e s t i m a t e d . 5. Respirator use: Deer Park did not take r e s p i r a t o r use i n t o account and SO a l l data reported are p o t e n t i a l exposure without regard t o --r e s p i r a t o r use. Wood R i v e r d i d t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t r e s p i r a t o r use in t h e more c u r r e n t time frame. 6. Haintenance jobs: While t h e r e vas t d i f f e r e n c e " ) in t h e way Z(B) forms were f i l l e d out by t h e t a s k groups, the f i n a l r e s u l t s a r e e q u i v a l e n t . For' maintenance j o b s , Deer Park c a l c u l a t e d t h e exposure . range f o r t h e average employee in t h a t j o b c a t e g o r y assuming random assignment t o u n i t s . Wood River w a s more s t r u c t u r e d i n terms of tont assignments and recognized t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r an employee i n a job category t o spend s i g n i f i c a n t time i n a p o t e n t i a l high benzene area. T h i s r e s u l t e d in two r e p o r t e d r a n g e s ; one f o r the j o b and one f o r t h e a v e r a g e employee (assuming more r o t a t i o n ) . The j o b exposure would be t h e v o r t t case s i t u a t i o n f o r any given employee. Wood R i v e r a l s o r e p o r t s s p e c i f i c s h u t d o m e x p o s u r e l e v e l s as s e p a r a t e j o b s because Wood River craftsmen were assigned t o s p e c i a l rhutdova teams. I n Attachments I and 11, shutdo- j o b s are designated SD. I n Deer Park, shutdown s i t u a t i o n s were i n c l u d e d i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e average exposure. '. Deer Park r e p o r t e d t o t a l time for t h e task ( i . e . , task X f r e q / d r y ) . Wood . R i v e r r e p o r t e d time p e r t a s k . The f i n a l c a l c u l a t i o n s uould be t h e same in each situation. - CTBb01902B