Document 9ZgBpgOX7gj2OzVZR5BG0bDe

APTD-70 NATIONAL INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND EMISSIONS: ASBESTOS - 1968 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air and Water Programs Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 2771 1 APTD-70 NATIONAL INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND EMISSIONS: ASBESTOS - 1968 by W. E. Davis Associates 9726 Sagamore Road Leawood, Kansas Contract No. CPA-22-69-131 ERA Project Officer: C. V. Spangler Prepared for ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air and Water Programs Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711 February 1970 The AFID (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports is issued by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Water Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of APTD reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and non-profit organizations as supplies permit from the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 or may be obtained, for a nominal cost, from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151. This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency in fulfillment of Contract No. CPA-22-69-131. The contents of this report are reproduced herein as received from the contractor. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency. The report contains some information such as estimates of emission factors and emission inventories which by no means are representative of a high degree of accuracy. References to this report should acknowledge the fact that these values are estimates only. Publication No. APTD-70 PREFACE This report was prepared by W. E. Davis & Associates pursuant to Contract No. CPA 22-69-131 with the U. S. Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and W elfare, National Air Pollution Control Administration. The inventory of atmospheric emissions has been prepared to pro vide reliable information regarding the nature, magnitude, and extent of the emissions of asbestos in the United States for the year 1968. Background information concerning the basic characteristics of the asbestos industry has been assembled and included. Process descriptions are given, but they are brief, and are limited to the areas that are closely related to existing or potential atmospheric losses of the pollutant. Due to the limitation of time and funds allotted for the study, the plan was to personally contact about twenty percent of the companies in each major emissions source group to obtain the required infor mation. It was known that published data concerning emissions of the pollutant was virtually non-existent. xix The asbestos emissions and emissions factors that are presented are based on information obtained from production companies that represent about fifty percent of the domestic production, and from reprocessing companies that handled about five percent of the asbestos consumed in 1968. Two of the largest reprocessing companies refused to furnish the information requested concerning their facilities. At the beginning of this study, Johns-Manville indicated that they were willing to co operate, but after several months and two special trips to their home office, no useful information was given. The GAF Corporation also indicated they would provide certain data but have delayed and have refused to grant permission to visit their mining facility in Vermont. This response was typical of several in the asbestos industry, and accounts for the lack of data from reprocessing companies. Many stated that they knew of no way to test for asbestos emissions and therefore could provide no information. The magnitude of the asbestos emissions from production facilities is subject to many variables, including atmospheric conditions, and is very difficult to estimate accurately. The emissions during mining, blasting, loading, hauling, and unloading are virtually uncontrolled, and visual inspection indicates that emissions are substantial. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This was an industry oriented study and the authors express their appreciation to the many companies and individuals in the asbestos industry for their contributions. We wish to express our gratitude for the assistance of the various societies and associations, and to many branches of the Federal and State Governments. Our express thanks to Mr. C. V. Spangler, Project Officer, National Air Pollution Control Administration, for his helpful guidance. v CONTENTS SUMMARY.............................................................................................. SOURCES OF ASBESTOS.................................................................... MATERIAL FLOW ARMMseiabnpteiernsrogtioacAAFTFlasMenlrsFsseoIidsibbmlcxoosieetPrncwpitssoioegTrttlnooorleC.t.sslic.ssMah.l.e.P.Can.e.&.s.raa..ee.ts..p.t.m.Eo..i.e.e..n...ux.er.r......ig.n..s.p..a....t.......o.l............s.P......r..............t...r........s........o.........................d.........................u...........................c.....................t...............s............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ EMISSIONS AAPMRMCaosseairbbnnppteeisirncssuooglttmfooecAAFEssTSIaRMBMpCeSnnrttmoserssEEoieosiidaasxbbivzcuektinmsdimeeeetotsOllenicissssarloiStiFgetUotestitLonrooVhissfusl.iunn.sseiilrss.eronEMag.ecri.hef.nPR.Cinpto.m.ai.nBsi.sCac.re.eaonec...giol.atm..o.epesFgin..es.sso..n.sm..ue.r.iie..a..f..i..Uc.o.gin....os.i.rce....a..n....tns.....nP....nt..l.......eg.....oss....Ps..t...r..................o....r..........r..............s........c......o..............................e..........d......................s....................u.........s..............................i......c................n.......................t................g......s....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 10497597886 333222222221111111119870981513929534 vii CONTENTS EMISSIONS Incineration and Other D is p o s a l.................................... APPENDIX A AORRReeestFFhCbpppelrerrreoirooosmcotcccAtoreieeeosnsssTsbntsssMiiiiePlnnnMsegggirtn.oo.a.ePsPPd.t.se.lllu.Raaar.c.iinnn.nea.t.tttsp.lsss.t...rh.....o.PPU..e...c...rr...se.oo..U.i...sddn.....s.n..uug...i.i..ccn...t...Aiie.g...nn..d....sgg.....Pb...S....AAe...l...ts..a...ss.at...bb..on...t...ees.e...t..ss....ss..tti...n.oo..........ss................................................................................................................................. 33 34 35 37 4402 V ili -1- SUMMARY The flow of asbestos in the United States has been traced and charted for the year 1968. The apparent consumption for the year was 817,363 tons and the domestic production was only 120,690 tons. Imports, mostly from Canada, totaled 737,909 short tons. There was no recovery from scrap. Emissions to the atmosphere during the year were 6,579 tons. About 85 percent of the em issions were due to mining and mill ing operations. Estimates of emissions are based for the great est part on observations made during field trips,.and on the limited information provided by mining, milling, and reprocess ing companies. Information was not available regarding the magnitude of the emissions or the particulate size. There were no emission records at any of the locations visited. -2- SOURCES OF ASBESTOS Asbestos is the name applied to a group of naturally fibrous minerals that are found in irregular veins scattered throughout rock masses in various parts of the world. Only a few of the deposits are of commercial importance. There are several varieties of asbestos, differing considerably in composition and physical properties. The most important commer cially is chrysotile, and its wide use is due to the fact that its fibers are strong and flexible. Other species of asbestos fall in the amphibole group, and the only ones used to any extent are anthopytllite, tremolite, amosite, and crocidolite. In the United States asbestos has been found in the States of Alaska, Arizona, California, Georgia, Idaho, Maryland, Montana, North Carolina, Oregon, Vermont, Virginia, W ashington, and Wyoming, but production has been negligible except in California, Vermont, Arizona, and North Carolina. Most of the asbestos mined in the world is produced by companies that also fabricate finished asbestos products. They are strong, well organized concerns that maintain a tight control throughout all phases of the business, including mining, processing, manufacturing, and -3- marketing of asbestos and asbestos products. As an example, the largest producer in the world, operates asbestos mines in Canada and the United States, and manufactures asbestos products in more than forty five domestic and eight overseas plants. The products include all the important large volume items that contain asbestos. MATERIAL FLOW ASBESTOS MATERIAL FLOW CHART - 19 6 8 (Short Tons) Figure V -5- MINING AND PROCESSING There are eight asbestos mining companies in the United States that produce chrysotile fiber. Four of these mines are located in California, three in Arizona, and one in Vermont. In Arizona the mining operations are all in the Salt River Valley north of Globe, and the mills are either at the mines or in Globe. The California asbestos mines and mills are in the counties of San Benito, Fresno, and Calaveras. The largest mine and mill in the United States is in Vermont near the Canadian border. One company operating in Yancey county, North Carolina, pro duces a small amount of amphibole asbestos fiber. Asbestos production in the United States during 1968 is reported as 120,690 short tons^V Mining companies are listed in Appendix A. Asbestos Production in the United States 19 6 8 STATE SHORT TONS Arizona 1,390 California 75,592 North Carolina and Vermont 43,708 1- Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook - 19 68 -6- ASBESTOS IMPORTS During 1968, asbestos imports were 737,909 short tons. Approx imately 94 percent of the import total was from Canada and 5 percent was from the Republic of South A frica.^/ ASBESTOS EXPORTS Asbestos exports, during 1968, were 41,236 short to n s._2 / 1-2- Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook - 1968 -7- REPROCESSING The apparent consumption of asbestos in the United States, during 1968, has been reported at 817,363 short to n s .^ / FRICTION MATERIALS Asbestos is regarded as indispensable in most types of friction materials. It is used as the primary constituent in brake linings and clutch facings for motor vehicles, and other commercial and industrial equipment. Brake linings are of two principal types. In the early days of the automobile, virtually all brakebands were of woven asbestos fabrics but now the molded type is used extensively. Molded linings con sist of asbestos fibers bonded with an organic matrix. Metallic reinforcing is commonly added, and the shaped products are thoroughly cured. Chrysotile asbestos is required, ranging in fiber length from the very short grades to those just under spinning grades. In the United States the use of asbestos in friction materials during 1968 was about 104,000 short tons._2_/ Reprocessing plants producing friction materials are listed in Appendix A. 21-- fEBrosutmriematuahteeof1bM9a6si7endeCsoennMsriuenspeoroarftlssMfYraoenmaurfbraoecoptkuror-ecre1ss.9s6i8ng companies and data -8- ASBESTOS CEMENT PRODUCTS Asbestos building materials, such as roofing shingles, siding, flat sheets, corrugated sheets, and wallboard consist of Portland cement and approximately 15 percent shingle grade asb esto s. The mix for asbestos cement pipe may contain as much as 20 percent. In the United States the use of asbestos in asbestos cement products, during 1968, is estimated at 410,000 short tonsJ_/ Reprocessing com panies producing asbestos cement products are listed in Appendix A. FLOOR TILE Asbestos is used extensively in asphalt floor tile, and in vinyl asbestos floor tile as a filler and binder. The total amount of asbestos used for this purpose has not changed much during the past few years, but less is used now in asphalt products and more in the vinyl asbestos flooring. The use of asbestos in floor tile during 1968, is estimated at 200,000 short to n s.2_ / Reprocessing companies using asbestos in floor tile are listed in Appendix A. 12- EaBnsudtriemBauautreoefabuMaosiefndeMsoinMnedisnaetMaraiflnrsoemrYaels1ar9Yb6o7eoakCrbeo-nos1ku9s-68o1.f96M8.anufacturers -9- TEXTILES Long fiber or spinning grade asbestos is required for textiles and the process involved in manufacturing asbestos fabrics is much the same as that employed in spinning or weaving cotton and wool. In fact, a small amount of cotton or some other organic fiber is normally used along with the asbestos. The asbestos content usually ranges from 75 to 99 percent. Yarns are made in various sizes and used for many purposes. Yam used for brake linings is usually reinforced with fine copper, brass or lead wire and woven into strip s. Yarn for electrical insulating tape should contain not more than 7 percent carbon, and not more than 14 percent cotton. Yarn for cloth varies depending on the end use of the material. Asbestos cloth is used for safety clothes, gloves, gaskets, insulating blankets, and numerous other purposes. In the United States, asbestos used in textiles during 1968 totaled about 18,000 short tons. ASBESTOS PAPER Asbestos paper is used for many purposes such as; roofing felt, a paper or tape for covering hot ductwork, in the manufacture of aircell pipe covering. Millboard is used in the manufacture of mill- -10- board gaskets. It is estimated that the quantity of asbestos used in paper in the United States during 1968 totaled 30,000 short tons. MISCELLANEOUS In addition to the above mentioned u se s, asbestos is used in filters, insulating m aterials, auto undercoating, roofing compound, boiler cement, plastics, rubber, wall joint tape, wall joint cement, gas mask filters, welding rod coating, fireproofing m aterials, com pounded packings, fire walls, oil well drilling mud, etc. About 15,000 to 17,000 tons of asbestos is used each year in in sulation materials that are for insulating pipes, ducts, boilers, and other hot equipment. The asbestos content of the insulation is about 15 percent. About 3,000 tons of asbestos is used each year in material that is sprayed-on steel columns and other structures for fire protection. The miscellaneous uses of asbestos, during 1968, are estimated at 55,363 short tons. EMISSIONS MAP OF EMISSION REGIONS Figure VI -12- ASBESTOS EMISSIONS 19 6 8 SOURCE CATEGORY_________________SOURCE GROUP________________SHORT TONS OMTIHNEINRGBAASNIDC PROCESSING Mining and Milling 5,610 REPROCESSING CONSUMPTIVE USES INCINDEISRPAOTSIAOLN OR OTHER AFFTPMlraesoiipxbcsoetetcriirseloTetlnolsiaslenMCeaoetumesreinaltsProducts SICBntroesanuekslleatFrtLuiinircnegtipinorCgnoseomfinengt 321100211250858 192615015 678 291 NA NA - Data not available. TOTAL 6,579 Region No. 1 Region No. 2 EMISSIONS BY REGION PLANTS 7 - SHORT TONS 3570 - Region No. 3 1 20 Region No. 4 1 RMeiglliionngal(rdeipsrtreisbeunttiionng i8n5clpuedrecsentht eofsotoutracle egmroisuspison-s)Mining and 2020 Undistributed 15 percent 969 -13- ASBESTOS EMISSIONS FACTORS MINING AND OTHER PROCESSING C 93 lb/ton of asbestos produced REPROCESSING Friction Materials C 6 lb/ton of asbestos processed Asbestos Cement Products C 1 lb/ton of asbestos processed Textiles C 2 lb/ton of asbestos processed Paper C 1 lb/ton of asbestos processed Floor Tile C 1 lb/ton of asbestos processed CONSUMPTIVE USES Brake Linings NC 10 lb/ton of asbestos processed Steel Fireproofing NC 10 lb/ton of asbestos applied Insulating Cement C 25 lb/ton of asbestos applied Afosllboewstso:s em issions factors are based on particulate control indicated as Mining and Other Processing - Eighty percent. Friction Materials - Ninety five percent. Asbestos Cement Products - Seventy five percent. Textiles - Ninety five percent. Paper - Seventy five percent. Floor Tile - Seventy five percent. Insulating Cement - Eighty nine percent. NCC -- NCootntCroolnletrdolled -14- PARTICLE SIZE OF EMISSIONS Field sampling and lab testing were not a part of this study, and throughout this report there are numerous statements to the effect that information concerning the particle size of asbestos emissions is not available from mining processing, and reprocessing companies. All these companies stated they were not aware of any accurate method for testing asbestos em issions. Even though there is a lack of data concerning the particle size of asbestos emissions, there is considerable information available re garding the dimensions of asbestos fibers. The diameter of chrysotile fiber ranges from about 0.018 to 0.03 microns, and the length varies from a fraction of a micron to 30,000 microns and longer. It is reasonable to assume the size of some asbestos emission particles would be about the same as that of a single fiber, (0.018 to 0.03 micron) and others may consist of a cluster of fibers several microns in diameter and more than a thousand microns in length. The dust observed in some of the mine offices appeared to consist of very fine particles, possibly ranging in size from 1 to 40 microns. The particle size of most emissions from bag filters at reprocessing facilities is probably in the range of 1 to 10 microns. -15- MINING and OTHER BASIC PROCESSING In the United States most of the asbestos mining operations are of the open-pit type and the milling facilities are located reasonably close to the mines. At some locations the rock is easily removed without blasting, but at others, it is necessary to blast in order to loosen the m aterial. From the standpoint of atmospheric em issions, it is unfortunate that blasting is necessary. At many locations the rock containing the asbestos is moved from the mine to a storage pile near the mill where it remains until it is again moved into the mill for processing. During the loading, un loading, and moving operations, there are em issions, and the mag nitude of those emissions depends on the atmospheric conditions. Chrysotile asbestos is a fibrous form of serpentine, and is usually associated with massive fractured serpentine. The concentration process is unusual in that it involves the separation of a fibrous mineral from a massive form of the same mineral. Neither chemical composition, nor specific gravity can be used as a basis for sepa ration; however, mechanical separation is possible. Due to its fibrous structure, it can be divided into filaments that are amenable -16- to separation by air suction and screening. Since the long fibers of chrysotile asbestos are worth several times as much as the short ones, it is important to accomplish separation of fiber from rock with a minimum of fiber breakage. Asbestos mill ing consists essentially of course crushing, drying, and recrushing in stages, each step being followed by screening, and air separation of the fiber from rock. In Arizona the mining is underground and the fiber is found in veins that occur in bands from a few inches to a few feet in thickness. The fiber is mined in drifts and stopes, using modified room-and-pillar methods, and mining costs are relatively high. Since mining is under ground, the atmospheric emissions are considered as negligible. In Vermont, the fiber-bearing rock is removed from an open pit, which is worked on three benches, each 125 feet high. About 50,000 tons of rock is broken with each multiple b la s t.^ / Operations in California are well organized and efforts are made to control emissions, but the very nature of the operation makes emission control difficult. During one field trip, it was observed that trucks transporting rock were covered with tarpaulins; however, the tarpaulins were loose and the dust was blowing. A fine dry dust was noticed at 1- IBnofowrlmesa,tioOnlivCeirr;cuAlasbr e7s8to80s -- A19M59a.terials Survey; Bureau of Mines -17- all locations - inside and outside. A fine dust haze was observed at a distance of several miles from some of the mining and milling operations. In general, emission control equipment is used to some extent at all milling facilities. At one location visited, mechanical type collectors were used, and the operator estimated a two percent fiber loss to the atmosphere, based on the total asbestos fiber processed. At the second location, there were four mechanical dust collectors, and one was equipped with a bag filter. At the third location all of the cyclone collectors were equipped with bag filters, but there was a light fog of asbestos inside the mill building. At the fourth mill, there were bag filters, but there was no collector on the dryer. There was a light haze over the plant due to rock unloading. At the fifth mill, bag filters were used except for the cyclone collector on the dryer. At the sixth mill, which was not in operation at the time the field trip was made, there was a baghouse, but dust was everywhere - in the office, and in the conference room. At the seventh mill, no visitors were allowed beyond the office without permission from the home office in New York. Without exception, there was no data regarding emissions. There were no records or tests showing the asbestos content or the asbestos particle size of the emissions -18- Even though emissions data was not available, an emissions factor of 93 pounds per ton of asbestos produced has been estim ated for mining and milling operations. This factor is based on the type of emissions control equipment used and its collection efficiency. ASBESTOS EMI(SpSoIuOnNdsS pFeArCtToOnRoSf FaOsbReMstIoNsINpGrodAuNcDed)MILLING* Uncontrolled Cyclone Baqhouse EFmaicstsoior n THLMMUCoaraniiuiaunlllldosiilinnihiannnggidggngisgng& Drying XXXX X XX X 916134003222 * @Ba8s0ed%.on baghouse efficiency @ 99.5% and cyclone efficiency For the year 1968, the asbestos em issions to the atmosphere from sources of mining and milling are estimated at 5,610 short tons, based on an average em issions factor of 93 pounds per ton of asbestos produced -19- REPROCESSING An outstanding characteristic of the asbestos industry is that a very large proportion of the fiber is mined, imported, processed, and re processed by a relatively few companies. Very little of the finished product is sold to the consumer trade. The original use of asbestos was based on its heat resistance properties, but the current use is more often as a binder; such as in asbestos cement products. The asbestos fibers are usually sold in 100 pound bags which are paper bags or jute bags which sometimes have a plastic liner. The disposal of these bags seems to present a problem to the industry. A few are able to use the paper bags in the product being produced, but many more are still seeking a satisfactory solution. FRICTION MATERIALS One of the largest uses of the friction material is in brake linings of the molded type. The molded linings, consisting of asbestos fibers bonded with an organic matrix, contain approximately fifty percent asbestos. As a part of the manufacturing process, the linings must be shaped and finished by grinding after they are formed. This -20- creates a substantial loss of asbestos, as much as thirty percent. With such a grinding procedure an adequate exhaust and collection system is essential. A large manufacturer of brake linings reported 4000 tons of asbestos collected in bag filters at one plant during 1968 and described his collection system. He estimated overall atmospheric emissions of asbestos to be 0.25 to 0.50 percent, based on the efficiency of his collection equipment. Other manufacturers provided some information regarding the type of collection equipment in operation, but not data or estimates of asbestos emissions. On the basis of information obtained an emissions factor of 6 pounds per ton of asbestos processed is estimated, and asbestos emissions to the atmosphere during 1968 are 312 short tons. -21- ASBESTOS CEMENT PRODUCTS Asbestos cement products contain 15 to 20 percent asbestos, cement, and minor amounts of other ingredients. In one method of pipe manufacture, a slurry of asbestos, cement, and water is collected on a felt-covered belt and the water is removed by suction. The sheet is then wound on a rotating metal cylinder to form the pipe. After the pipe wall is built to the desired thickness, the pipe is steam cured. Asbestos shingles and siding products, manufactured by the dry process, have a dry mix which is spread evenly on a conveyor belt before water is added. When produced by the wet method, the water is added before the forming is initiated. From the standpoint of air pollution during manufacture of asbestos cement products, the principal emissions occur when unloading the asbestos and while handling it in a dry condition. Data regarding the magnitude and nature of asbestos emissions to the atmosphere was not available at any asbestos cement plant that was visited during this study; therefore, an emissions factor based on visual inspection is estimated as 1 pound per ton of asbestos processed. -22- Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere due to the manufacture of asbestos cement products, during 1968, are estim ated at 205 short tons, based on an average emissions factor of one pound per ton of asbestos processed. -23- TEXTILES During the manufacture of most asbestos textiles, a small amount of cotton or some other suitable organic fiber is mixed with the asbestos to help bind the asbestos fibers together during the spin ning process. After all the fibers are thoroughly mixed, they are combed into a parallel position as they pass a succession of carding rolls. The loose blanket that has emerged from carding is separated into rovings and spun into yarn. The spinning of the yarns and the subsequent weaving of the fabrics accumulates a considerable amount of lint and dust. To control this accumulation and cleanse the air inside the factory, it is the usual practice to exhaust the air from the building through a bag filter, and sometimes return the air from the filter to the factory. In asbestos textile m ills, the amount of asbestos collected in bag filters is about 8 to 10 percent of the asbestos processed. The following seems to be typical of asbestos textile manufacturing plants: At one plant where asbestos cloth, rope, tape, etc. is manufactured the air in the building is filtered through bag filters and returned to the factory. During 1968, 8 1/2 percent of the asbestos used was collected in the bag filters. Based on this in -24- formation, an emissions factor is estimated at 2 pounds per ton of asbestos processed. Asbestos em issions to the atmosphere from textile mills during 1968 are estim ated at 18 short tons. -25- ASBESTOS PAPER The methods used to make asbestos paper are similar to those employed in the manufacture of paper from wood pulp. Asbestos of paper-stock grade, sodium silicate, size, and starch are mixed with water to make a thin slurry. The material is conveyed to a paper machine, and as the sheet is formed, it passes between rollers and through driers to remove the water and dry the paper. If a two-ply paper is desired, one side of a sheet is coated with sodium silicate, and the two sheets are run together over several hot rolls. Crimped paper is made by passing the sheets over cor rugated rolls. During the manufacture of asbestos paper and asbestos paper products, emissions to the atmosphere occur at the beginning of the process when the asbestos fiber is dry, and also again after the paper is formed. The magnitude of the emissions due to dusting depends, to a large extent, on the number of times the paper is handled as the products are manufactured. Since manufacturer's data was not available regarding asbestos emissions during the manufacture of paper, the emissions factor -26- was estimated at one pound per ton of asbestos processed. Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere due to the manufacture of asbestos paper during 1968 are estim ated at 15 short tons, based on an emissions factor of one pound per ton of asbestos processed. -27- MISCELLANEOUS A light fluffy form of magnesium carbonate combined with asbestos fiber makes an effective heat insulation for steam pipes. Such products are commonly referred to as "85 percent m agnesia", and they are manufactured by mixing magnesium carbonate and asbestos in water, collecting the solids on a filter press and cast ing the mix in the form of pipe insulation. The manufacture of molded articles for electrical fittings and household appliances is similar to many other manufacturing procedures regarding the manner in which asbestos fiber is handled. Asbestos is mixed with other ingredients, ground, compressed in molds, baked and polished. The asbestos be comes "locked-in" during the process and thereafter presents a minimum hazard with respect to air pollution. Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere, during 1968, due to the manufacture of miscellaneous products that contain asbestos are estimated at 28 short tons, based on an em issions factor of 1 pound per ton of asbestos processed. -28- CONSUMPTIVE USES When asbestos material is used, most is applied by the building trades oi some specialty group. In these cases most of the emissions to the atmosphere occur during the cutting, handling, or spraying of the asbestos products. There are exceptions, one of the outstanding being the replace ment of motor vehicle brake linings. The abrasion of brake and clutch facings during use may be another source of atmospheric emissions of asbestos. Rock from asbestos m ines, used as a road surfacing agent, would also result in an emission to the atmosphere from use. Road Surfacing There have been several reports that tailings from asbestos milling operations are used for surfacing roads. Sometimes the rock is mixed with oil or asphalt, and at other tim es, it is used as it comes from the mill. At one location visited during a field trip, it was reported that 150,000 tons of mill tailings, containing about 2 tons of asbestos -29- fiber, were sold to a contractor during 1968 for use on roads. It is reported that an appreciable amount is used in Vermont for roads. _ / This could not be confirmed, since permission to visit the mine and mill was denied. Construction Workmen in all trades in the construction industry come in con tact with asbestos. Heating ducts are often insulated with asbestos, and steam piping is nearly always covered with a material contain ing asbestos. Electricians strip asbestos insulation from wires, and the carpenter saws asbestos siding, wallboard, and shingles. As a result, there is asbestos released to the air around the con struction sites. Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere at construction sites are estim ated at 61 short tons for 1968. Brake Linings Motor vehicle travel during 1968 totaled one trillion m iles, and replacement brake linings were required for about 25 to 30 million vehicles. It is the usual practice, when installing new brake linings, 1- MBuarye-aTuimofotMhyineCs.;BAusllbeetisnto6s3; 0M-in1e9r6a5l Facts and Problems; -30- to fit the linings to the drums by grinding, and the amount of grinding required varies depending on the condition of the brake drum. Data concerning motor vehicle brake linings: AVPMBosreiasuhlkuneiemcaadlngselediednomiffllniioiftagltesesisnsbsogeedtfotsus-btroariopantsmnkegrepocne1seelr9piwnn6hst8ieenvrtgeesohfdicublrerianskgeglriinnidnignsg 1 ,0 1 0 ,0 0 1 0 0 ,,70120870,,,050000 0003 0.5 Based on the above, the em issions factor is 10 pounds per ton of asbestos processed, and the asbestos emissions to the atmos phere during 1968 were 190 tons. Steel Fireproofing Several spray-on materials that contain asbestos are used ex tensively on steel columns and other structures as a fire pro tection measure. The application of such materials is often required by code. Even though the building frame may be covered by a temporary enclosure when the material is sprayed, the work men are exposed to an atmosphere that is virtually saturated with asbestos fiber. Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere, due to the use of sprayon fireproofing during 1968, are estim ated at 15 short tons -31- based on an em issions factor of 10 pounds per ton of asbestos applied. Motor Vehicle Use It is obvious that there are substantial particulate emissions from the wear of motor vehicle brake linings and clutch facings. This has been reported as a primary source of asbestos emissions to the atmosphere; however, there are conflicting reports indicating that the asbestos fiber has been destroyed by the heat of friction. In this report the estimate of emissions does not include an amount for the wear of motor vehicle brake linings and clutch facings. Insulating Cement Insulating cement that contains asbestos is used extensively in all types of boilers. It is used for pointing up joints and cracks in stack and breeching linings, and for surfacing block insulation that is installed inside breechings, ducts and economizers. During the boiler operation, as the flue gas passes through the boiler some of the insulating cement is worn away and carried along through the dust collector, up the stack, and into the atmosphere. Based on the following assum ptions, an em issions factor of 33 -32- pounds per ton of asbestos applied is calculated for the use of insulating cement. 1 - Fuisfete,en percent of the insulating cement worn away during - Dust collector efficiency - 89 percent (average) Asbestos em issions to the atmosphere during 1968 due to the use of insulating cement are estim ated at 25 short tons. -33- INCINERATION OR OTHER DISPOSAL The recovery of scrap is an important factor in some industries, but asbestos, once used, is rarely recovered for reuse. In most products, asbestos is combined with other materials in such a manner that it is difficult to separate into a usable form. Most of the discarded products that contain asbestos become part of the solid waste. The greatest percentage of the asbestos is used in building materials; therefore, the debris from the demolition of buildings, and from new construction, contains most of the asbestos scrap. In the process of destroying a building, some of the asbestos fibers would be released; and if the asbestos fiber is not destroyed by burning, there would be some asbestos released by incineration. - 34APPENDIX A ASBESTOS MINES IN THE UNITED STATES ARIZONA AJMasqebuteaastyetosAsMsMbineaisnntugofsaCcCoturoprriponorgartaiCtoionomn pany CALIFORNIA APUCatonlciaaoislfniincMgCAaianrsAebbriseadbsleestosCstCooosCrrpopCorooprramoattripiaooatnninoyn (1(2)) NORTH CAROLINA Powhatan Mining Company VERMONT GAF Corporation LOCATION GGGiiilllaaa CCCooouuunnntttyyy FFSCraraeenlssannBvooeenrCCaitsooouuCnnCtotoyyuunnttyy Yancey County Orleans County (1) - Owned by Johns-M anville Corporation (2) - Acquired by H. K. Porter Company, Inc during 1968. -35- REPROCESSING PLANTS PRODUCING ASBESTOS FRICTION MATERIALS CALIFORNIA HSLia.lsvKceorraLsBnirnaeekMeBParanrkouedfauLccittnusirniCngogCrpCooorrpmaotpiroaanntiy,onLtd. LOCATION LLOooassklAAannndggeelleess CONNECTICUT HRa. yKb.esPtoorst-eMr Canohmapttaanny,, IInncc.. SMtriadtdfloertdown ILLINOIS GTGJohraheitznkLzesl-.yMCSBoa.rrnpaMvkoierillaleeDtyioiCvnCoisorimpoonpraaontfyioMn ar Pro Inc. WCCChhhaiiiuccckaaaeggggoooan INDIANA WHRa.o(yrsKlbud.ebsPB.tooeorssftt-eoMFrsirCaCenosohmtmoapntptaeaannnyTy,,irIeInnc&c.. Rubber Co.) HNCeruawnwtifCnogartdsotsnlveille KENTUCKY H. K. Porter Company, Inc. Richmond MASSACHUSETTS Auto Friction Lawrence MICHIGAN AAmmeerriiccaann BBrraakkeebSlohcoke -CoDmivpaisniyon Ambes Corp. TBriormy ingham -36- NEW TERSEY HJRRoea.hdynKdbsa.e-wsMPtaooyarsnt-MevMrialCalnenouhmfCaapcottatraunpnryoi,,nragIItninoCccn.o. mpany, Inc. TNPMraeeaswnnsatvaoriiknlcle NEW YORK Bendix Corporation Troy NORTH CAROLINA Southern Friction Materials Company Charlotte OHIO AGMmeanreeermircaoal nnMt BCortaookrrepsoSCrhaootireopno ra tio n DPCaalueyvltdoeinlnagnd PENNSYLVANIA HRa. yKb.esPtoorst-eMr Canohmapttaanny,, IInncc.. MPiattnshbeuirmgh TEXAS Standco Brake Lining Company Houston TENNESSEE Bendix Corporation Cleveland VIRGINIA American Brake Shoe W inchester DD(TeihrpeoacmrttoamsryeRnotefgotifhsteCeor1,m0D0m0eecLrc.a,er.1g)9e6s8t UE .dS.., FInodrtuusntrei-a1l9C66orPploarnattio&nPs;roUdu.Sct. -37- REPROCESSING PLANTS PRODUCING ASBESTOS CEMENT PRODUCTS ALABAMA GUCAe. FmSeC.noCtrApasostrbaeItrsiootnonsPPipreodCuocmtspCanoympany LOCATION AWMnoonobidislwteoanrd CALIFORNIA SJJJCCooooeehhhurrnnnttthaasssiie---nnMMMrn--TTaaaPeennnieevvvpddiiiellllllPPeee&rrooCCCCddoooauurrrsccpppittnooossgrrraaaCCtttCiiioooooorrnnnppmooprraaanttiiyoonn ALPSRSoaitzitovnnutcsgetzakbrastBuoiCrdenglaeahcrha CONNECTICUT Tile Roofing Company Stratford GEORGIA GUAnFiroCyoarlp, oIrnatci.on HPoorgt aWnsevnitlwleorth ILLINOIS AAWFFJolecsihemlbn-snetePtksser-AotroMonts,esbaSIen&CnlsavoctMtiom.elslpaeCgaCnoCnoymeovsrpeipaaroinnryMagtai&otenFrilaolosriCngomCpoamnypany WESCCCklhhhmaoiiiuccckhkaaaiueegggrgooosat n INDIANA U. S. Gypsum Company East Chicago -38- LOUISIANA NJoahtniosn-Mal aGnyvpilsluemCCoropmorpaatnioyn MASSACHUSETTS Johns-Manville Corporation MICHIGAN American Asbestos Products Company MINNESOTA Mac Arthur Company MISSOURI GNCAaeFtritoaCninoa-rlTpGoereyadptisoPunmrodCuocmtspaCnoyrporation NEW HAMPSHIRE Johns-Manville Corporation NEW TERSEY NJPGUohAa.hiFtlniSiopsC.n-oMPaCrllapyaGrowneryvyoapitolsMildoue-nmaCnChuCoafroampmcoptpruiaoartinninoygPnaCpoemr sp, aInnyc . NEW YORK AFNlsaibntietokknoaatFel aGCbyorpimcsauptmaonrysCoCmoprpanoyra,tiIonnc. NMeawrraOrorleans No. Billerica Detroit St. Paul SSSttt... LLLooouuuiiisss Nashua MPSSMoeoiaru.ltnlthihBvniAogRlulmteinovbdneoryBrook WBBurhofifotakelloyPnlains -39- NORTH CAROLINA HJo.hnKs.-MPoarntevrilCleomCpoarpnoy,raItinocn. MChaarrslhovttielle OHIO FSPlehiainlgtipkraovCteearCeyomMpaannyufacturing Company RCCaoinvlucemninnbnauasti PENNSYLVANIA NSCueicprotraalidentu-(rTIsnuMedbeau.dnsoutPrffriaoeScdset,uuacgrIitrnnsagcv.CeC)oorpmopraantiyon AAWmminbbdlleegrrap TEXAS JPCohehirlntiapsi-nMC-TaareneevydilMlPeraoCnduoufracpctostruaCrtiionorgnpoCroamtiopnany DHHeiolnulsnsbtiosoonron WISCONSIN W isconsin Gasket & Manufacturing Company Milwaukee DD(TeihrpeoacmrttoamsryeRnotefgotifhsteCero1,m0D0m0eeLrcca.e,r.'g)1e9s6t8UE. dS.;. FInodrtuusnteri-a1l96C6orPploarnatti&onPsr;oUdu.cSt. -40- REPROCESSING PLANTS USING ASBESTOS IN FLOOR TILE CALIFORNIA AFGlArimnFtskCtroootnrepgoCCroaomtriokpnaCnyompany ILLINOIS AGFJoAlrihmnFntsksCtr-oooMtnrepgaonCCrvoaoimtlrilokpenaCnCyoomrppoarnaytion LOUISIANA FJolihnntks-oMteanCvoimllpeanCyorporation MASACHUSETTS Flintkote Company MISSISSIPPI Armstrong Cork Company NEW TERSEY AJComohnengrsio-cMlaenuamnBvu-NiillltaeriortCne,oRrIpnuocbr.baetiroCn ompany, Inc NEW YORK GAF Corporation LOCATION LSVooenurngthonBGeaatceh WJKCoahalniiueckkataegkgoeaen NMeawrraOrorleans Watertown Jackson TKMreeaannrtnvoyinlle Vails Gate -41- OHIO Johns-Manville Corporation PENNSYLVANIA Armstrong Cork Company TEXAS GAF Corporation Chillicothe Lancaster Houston DD(TeihrpeoacmrttoamsryeRnotefgotifhsteCero1,m0D0m0eecrLc.ae,r.g)1e9s6t8UE. dS.;. FInordtuusnter-ia1l96C6orPploarnatti&onPsr;oUdu.cSt. -42- OTHER ASBESTOS REPROCESSING PLANTS ALABAMA GAF Corporation LOCATION Mobile CODE B CALIFORNIA FFGHSSJoiaiceibbhcolorrlontreetmgsBbb-eLooorMoaaaSMtrrbahhddsneoa,rvPPrnstiIuaalnlppCCfecaeeohc.rrmCetuPPmoprrrariioonpcnddagoyuulraccCCtttisosoommnCCppooaarrnnppyyoorraattiioonn EPRRSSCaaimeiitcnntdtyheswmFFrbyoourrovfoaarndinngIldlncceCidissiucctsyootry ABBCCC C BC COLORADO The Verticel Company Englewood CONNECTICUT ASBturaobnusdirtanersdMIWanndauusfhsatecrtriue&rsi,nMgInaCcteo. rmiapla,nIync. GMMriaednednclhweteoiscwthenr CC DELAWARE Haveg Industries, Inc. Wilmington GEORGIA Terri-Cord Mills Roberta ILLINOIS AAUccnmcaurecraoAtesIbnFedesutlotsts&riCeGso,avseIkrniecnt.gM&anFulofaocrtinugrinCgoC. o. BCClhhoiioccmaagginoogton CBC -43- AAAFGGGFEJLKSSLNJIICUBCnnooiiA.a..xulohssreoninhlddhaiacbbppFcsrailnEDDlgcuunnaotoeeeeemakee.ssgstMlCl.-nsaslcHdhretts-bStthiWioFHrroMooaiFgteaeoSttiioGwrirsyesaalgraauIIlapimrsavrlltennarlknKfonTGen&sneLraesddtGGHraorovaeinGnktaaeuum&synMillxeaisPestaoncolssaiMr,sotklttanhottPvimCsaekhCnrrlepCinkICegaeriieeotteone&eeoeseonCnrtmCotrm&csstdmCuie&orWcCoC,.,CpuCfpspoMCrpmaaioMoopoacmIIMoaaancommnmnntoarpmnstysrpaaynccuarhMyapppp,natpan..uretiaoaanutaioeIyfarnninnrynnfaornatyyyagMiycecntactir.outlCifusagnro,ril.nisrnIpgCngCoocCroC.a.motoimpomapnpnaaynnyy CLCDUCJCCWCCRCCRMCCCCCCoyoohhhhhhhhhhinahhhhelacocciiiiiiiiiiiniliiiueioccccccccccekknrccccvraaaaaaakanaatffosaaaaoiooggggggggggeslggggrrloooooogooooeooododeaPnark LOUISIANA Johns-Manville Corporation New Orleans MARYLAND Congoleum-Nairn, Inc. Cedarhurst MASSACHUSETTS AAPBerasmprbwpestosertorooednslglMTBCaeronxaruitkdifliaenCcgtoCumCorimponamgpnapyCnayno,yrpIonrca.tion EENBvaroase.itrneBPttrtreeopeopkefrieelldl MICHIGAN WDGreaetlrakoteiLrt aGMkaeassnkuFeftialct&eturMriMnagneduCifaaocmCtuporaminnpyganCyompany DJDaecetktrrosooiitnt ACA B CAAACBABCACCCCCCCBBC C BC B B CAAC CB -44- MISSOURI TGGS tAaealFnnlmedCraaaornl(drs-pGMuAobarsc.sabCkteioelosuftntsoHCkse.oyMrKpFof. garPa.btori&iroctnesIrn CsCuoolma.,tpiInanngcy.)C o . KSSKtta..annLLssaoaossuuiiCssCiittyy BABC C NEW HAMPSHIRE AJomhenrsi-cManaAnvsiblelestoCsorTpeoxrtaitlieonCorporation MTiletroendith AB C NEW TERSEY AFAAKGLHISJEJSLJJMCBCBmoa.ommlaAaalsoosseraanheihdvbabpbFFTwlllnyhiocnulndodtseeeeta.ueehsatmnshsesCwsrssvrrrlr-bi-ntttBioatAdoa&boMoMFiooRcyelnlairrAssassi-suaICipk-KlaCaKpbPlttnbEtsoeoenPon&FeerarobdbeIrrhamsvovrsrnnireaenuRoyrtIlCidpizrtsspPonteMlnlsduiuolelutlhaotestre&Csueobecr-rrnloeandruaHbcsaitoymCndyPseCltCCtetCriasiuuisroCapoliooooFtCofcc,lcmoniMmMor,arntariokopprIscrlpplapIinmntpfoaotSnaonetgauCnCc.rrinpgarrncC.aaor.uayooalioy.ttnFetofnnimimCCfiaoosamgoyocoppNnnbntpmCraarCuepanniowprco.nyy.imasrnynpJ,gpyeoaIrrnCnsayetociy..on BNRCMJHEPHGNHTIMBPNNLPrehaarialeroveeoooealnaraoeattoirswwwcwbirbspttnldnoknntthueeeloohlaaetmtvfligeerryochRkekBporrnisstlwkykfenoeelBrsoulrooilCdensnrbueoentennHnthlunioredPetegserdyrargweifrgnCoikhcrikdttsy CCCAABB C CBCACCCCB B CC C CC NEW YORK AAAESmucbtlmrlaieetenhk-VtaiCCcaPalhAnaeCcvmskaabiisnencvsag&talosCsR&o&oCmCpReooprolaCpopnoroeyrmCaMtpoifaomgnn.pyaCnyo. BBBBBrrrrrooooonooooxkkkkllllyyyynnnn AAAB C -45- <jp q O < < cq < cQOO 'O AAAWGNSGUPacrsta.aammhlibdtraeiSilesdntonoNt.tsitrnatcstioiaoIkcakfnrnEslie,rgAcdornFLI,wesgFCnistblidCciottnFeler..rtlesuakreaetbcrrorCktCrisi&inoboc&gCrmlsMpeoDCpoCraGaropacoanmaonhtryispriiopakenoantleerinsaorty,ytniCoIConnmocm.papnayny NORTH CAROLINA TCaarroHlieneal AMsibceastCoosmCpoamnypany OHIO AAFGTNTJRZRCBoohhisousu.iimheencbsbdssnePoemcsewsBCcskeil.esenee-olltalerMeloHtlnmllGmF-sIlaGIaLunaatanakllnPniecalbsedom.vsrkGrrPuCokiieCmClcsadaoetltacosuemootrkktmCcnimoCpeietCopnrsapstoCmsoagn,amnoPCrynpCpmyICapyoanocoanmopckrnrymaa.ippynntaopigyonar,anynt&yioMn fg. Co. PENNSYLVANIA AAGAGKNDNRAmltareeiijleccPabyaaeeoosycsbrnbClloieeecAeMeosttayPtrsTnaoIIrpb&nnwnosoAeud-ddresMMsfuauuetabotcdssicaaestottstnstrr&nutitCihireoesaioCsssontm,,otgnTampIInennCCap,xnccooaty..mnIminlyeppcaa.Cnnyyorporation FNNOMNNPBPuaoreeeectollrwwww.emttooakWVynYYYYnlryesooooaarnirrrrnsdkkkkhoeniCCCCniiiigttttyyyyton PDlauvmidtrseoen AAWHSCCCCCCCCakvallililiiieeennrennnemlovvvlvrdcccconyieeeeiiiiulunnnnlllltsaaaaognnnnknnnnnhaaaayddddbttttiiiiy AAENNPHNMNhrmmooeooiaierrrrrnbblmttrrahlhlhiieedssierrntWWteioomilewwpaahllnneeiass O < m a <C -46- Q O O >> AWAAGDPRQPMCBMCCihrneuueuehaotaemeficotlrsaralnsrlsranhlltrksarcatbieiuwgsotlindesecnreuwnferlrorasteasregoinrlHPcgASRcpherPAgtahkyCa.iuhuoacl.AfbriulCcoAakRCeaeWbksrsniotMdoopsenyebidArnbwrraogkeanRgEPegsrsIlCniaesbunntrCCnluoyttooCebeesgiooofsmdcobsuroasmm&ttunelmCcoprC&arpcptiCasCoptuctoaaPinsoRrarnnmoopCyrimnCyyumnno&o,pyobopgdraprbICraauMnpanpentCcoynoirocyftoor,yrs.grCpnam,a.ItootCinpiIromConocaannnm.tocpiy..aopnnayny PPPQPPPPPPPPPRPPoiihhihhhhhhhhiutttdriiiiiiiiiitttatgllllllllllsssakaaaaaaaaabbwbKddddddddddeuuuareeeeeeeeeeerrrysnllllllllllgggtppppppppppnohhhhhhhhhhhhhewiiiiiidiiiiaaaaaaaaaany C C SOUTH CAROLINA HRa. yKb.esPtoorst-eMr Canohmapttaanny,, IInncc.. NB eonrtnheCtths vairlllees to n >>row >> TEXAS GJPSoAthahiFnlnidpsCc-oMoCrpaAaronesrvbyaietliMsloetnoasnCuoTfraepcxottruialretiinogCnoCmopmanpyany FDHHoooarluutlssaWttsooonnrth VIRGINIA FCoarpcietoelMAasnbuefsatocsturFianbgriCcaotroprosraCtioornporation TAalepxpaanhdarninaock WISCONSIN Ametek/Plymouth Plastics Division Sheboygan o(CTfohtmohmemae1sr0cR0eC0.eO)gLDiasEtregre-,stDABCUe.cS---.., I1TPMn9ade6ipxu8setscirEtelredlilsa.a;lnCFeooorurtpsuonrea-ti1o9n6s6; PUl.aSn.t D&ePpraordtmucetnDt oirfectory f t U . S . GOVERNM ENT PRIN TIN G O F F IC E : 1 9 7 3 ---- 7,4 S 7 7 l/4 1 B 4 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 4S. HTEitEleT and Subtitle 1. Report No. APTD-70 National Inventory of Sources and Emissions: z Asbestos 7. Author(s) W. E. Davis 9. Performing Organization Name and Address W. E. Davis Associates 9726 Sagamore Road Leawood, Kansas 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711 15. Supplementary Notes 1968 3. R ecipient's Accession No. 5. PRBep1or9t 2D-a2te52 February 1970* 6. 8* NPeor.forming Organization Rept. 10. Project/Task/W ork Unit No. 11. Contract /Grant No. CPA-22-69-131 13. CTyopveereodf Report & Period 14F. inal 1968 16. Abstracts The inventory of atmospheric emissions has been prepared to provide reliable informtioi regarding the nature, magnitude, and extent of the emissions of asbestos in the United States for the year 1968. Background information concerning the basic characteristics of the asbestos industry has been assembled and included. Process descriptions are given, but they are brief, and are limited to the areas that are closely related to existing or potential atmospheric losses of the pollutant. The asbestos emissions and emissions factors that are presented are based on information obtained from production companies that represent about fifty percent of the domestic production, and from reprocessing companies that handled about five percent of the asbestos consumed in 1968. The magnitude of the asbestos emissions from production facilities is subject to many variables, including atmospheric conditions, and is very difficult to estimate accurately. The emissions during mining, blasting, loading, hauling, and unloading are 1v7i. rKteuy aWlolrdys aunndcDoonctumreonlt lAenda,lysiasn. d17vai. sDueasclripitonrsspection indicates that e m is s io n s ars s u b s t a n t i a l __ Inventory Atmospheric emissions Asbestos Asbestos industry Pollutant Asbestos emissions Asbestos emission factors 17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms 17c. COSATI Field/Group 18. A vailability Statement Unlimited FORM NTIS-3S R E V . 3-72) 13B 19.. 20. SSRPeeaeccgpUUuueoNNrrriitttCC)yyLLCCAAllSSaaSSssIIssFFI(I(EETTDDhhiiss 5221. No. of Pages 22. P$ri3ce.00 USCOMDe' U M I - M J INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING FORM NTIS-35 (10-70) (Bibliographic Data Sheet based on COSATI Guidelines to Format Standards for Scientific and Technical Reports Prepared by or for die Federal Government, PB-180 600). 1. Report Number. Each individually bound report shall carry a unique alphanumeric designation selected by the performing organization or provided by the sponsoring organization. Use uppercase letters and Arabic numerals only. Examples FASEB-NS-87 and FAA-RD-68-09. 2. Leave blank. 3. Recipient's Accession Number. R eserved for use by each report recip ient. 4. Tn ei tnltel ya.ndSSetubstuitbltei.t T le, i tle if u should sed, in indicate smaller clearly and briefly the subject type or otherwise subordinate it coverage of the report, and be to main title. When a report is displayed promi prepared inmore than one volume, repeat the primary title, add volume number and include subtitle for the specific volume. 5- Report Date. Each report shall carry a date indicating at least month and year. Indicate the basis on which it was selected (e.g., date of issue, date of approval, date of preparation. 6. Performing Organization Code. Leave blank. 7. Author(s). Give name(s) in conventional order' (e.g., John R. Doe, or J.Robert Doe). L ist author's affiliation if it differs from the performing organization. 8- Performing Organization Report Number. Insert if performing organization w ishes to assign this number. 9. aPnerofor grma nini zga tOi orngaalnihziaetriaornc h y . D isNplaamyethaendnaAmdedroefssth. e Give name, street, city, organization exactly as state, and zip code. List no more thantwo levelsof it should appear in Government indexes such as USGRDR-I. 10. Project/Task/Work Unit Number. Use the project, task and work unit numbers under which the report was prepared. 11. Contract/Grant Number. Insert contract or grant number under which report was prepared. 12- Sponsoring Agency Name and Address. Include zip code. 13. Type of Report and Period Covered. Indicate interim, final, e tc ., and, if applicable, dates covered. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code. Leave blank. 15. TSur pa nplselma tei onntaroyf N. o. t.esP. r Enter esente information d at conferen not ce inc of . lud .. ed T o else be where publish but ed u in sefu ... l, such as: Prepared Supersedes . . . in cooperation Supplements with ... . . . 16. AIfbtshterarcetp. o Include rt contai a ns brief a si g (200 nific w an ords t bib or lio less grap ) h f y actual or lite summ rature ary sur of th vey, e m most ention sig it nifica here. n t information contained in the report. 17. KpraoypeWr oarudtshoanridzeDdocteurmmesntthAatnaidlyesnitsi,fy (tah)e. mDaejoscrrcipotnocresp. t Select of the from the research Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific and are sufficiently specific and precise Terms the to be used as index entries for cataloging. (obp)en.-enIddeednttiefrimerss wanrdittOenpeinn-dEnesdcerdipTtoerrmfosr.m Use identifiers for for those subjects project names, code names, equipment for which no descriptor ex ists. designators, etc. Use (c) Sin ce. thCeOmSAajToIritFyieoldf /dGorcouumpe.n F ts ield are and Group m ultidiscip assig linary nm in ents natu r a e re to , the be taken from the 1965 COSATI Subject Category List. primary Field/Group assignment(s) will be the specific discipline, area of human endeavor, or type of physical object. The application(s) will be cross-referenced with secondary Field/Group assignments that will follow the primary posting(s). 18. Distribution Statement. Denote releasability to the public or lim itation for reasons other than security for example "R e lease unlimited" . Cite any availability to the public, with address and price. 19 & 20. Security Classification. Do not submit c la ssified reports to the N ational T echnical 21. Nliusmt, biefraonfyP. ages. Insert the total number of pages, including this one and unnumbered pages, but excluding distribution 22. P rice . Insert the price set by the National T echn ical Information Service or the Government Printing O ffice, if known. FORKtriTIS-aS IR E V . 8-721 USCOMM-OC 140SZ-P72