Document 9Kka52K4nBjXKBD81zXjzBr3

FILE NAME: Shipbuilders Council of America (SHIP) DATE: 1971 Feb 18 DOC#: SHIP069 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Memo to Accident Prevention Committee with Draft Manual on Handling of Insulation Materials SH IP B U IL D E R S COUNCIL OF A M E R IC A 1730 K STREET IM. W. * WASHINGTON. O.C. 20D0S 2Q2|330-7722 February'18, 1971 TO: ACCIDENT PREVENTION COMMITTEE SUBJECT: D raft M anual on Handling of Insulation M aterials E nclosed is self-exp lan atory correspondence from Duncan A. H oliday, R esea rch A sso cia te P r o fe sso r at Mt. Sinai School of M edicine on the above subject. W ould a p p re c ia te your forw ard in g c o m m e n ts d ir e c tly to: H arry Howard A ssista n t to the V ice P resid en t B ethlehem Steel C orporation 25 B roadw ay New York, New York 10004 M r. Howard is a m em b er of the Shipyard M anual C om m ittee rep resen tin g the Sh ipbuilders C ouncil of A m erica . I would a lso app reciate your m aking a copy availab le to Sh ipbuilders C ouncil. cc: Edwin H artzm an J. M. C onley, Jr. Thom as J. Defoe John A. Byington W. B. P o w e ll P LA IN T IFF'S EXH IBIT SBCA 5030 MOUNT SINAI S C H O O L OF M E D IC IN E oj The City University oj New York F I F T H A V E N U B A N D IOOTH S T R E B T - N E W Y O R K , N.Y. 10029 Dtpartmtnt of Community SMtdicint Februa ry .9, pTf To: From: Subject: Members of Shi pyard Manual Committee Duncan A. Holaday ^ Rough D r a f t of Manual f o r Shi p yar ds Mr. R e i t z e and 1 have composed a rough d r a f t of a manual of recommended p r a c t i c e s for handling i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s in s h i p b ui l d i n g, ship r e p a i r and shipbreaking. Thi s is enclosed f or your e d i f i c a t i o n , comments and s u g g e s t i o n s . T h i s d r a f t was prepared wi th the e x p e c t a t i o n t hat the committee members * * -i* , Wwu I u c o l ii i c c I a Lumpu o i u n UJ r _ ir ,_ l. t _ j _ _ ai Io , a u u lu , u c o uu , i iw w r i t e the m a t e r i a l . T h e r e f o r e , t h i s document i s not intended to be complete -- but simpl y a t a r g e t . We plan on using p i c t u r e s and design s k e t c h e s of cont rol procedures o r equipment where a p p r o p r i a t e . Some o f these items we have obt ai ned from Mr. Man gold and Mr. Ay, but would a p p r e c i a t e any m a t e r i a l which you may have and suggest i ons pn what would be d e s i r a b l e to incl ude, P a r t i c u l a r l y needed ( in our opinion) ar e d i s c u s s i o n s of general d i l u t i o n v e n t i l a t i o n and s u b s t i t u t e m a t e r i a l s . Each of you should have s ugg e s t i o ns on these or o t h e r t o p i c s , and' you are urged to c o n t r i b u t e . We would a p p r e c i a t e your comments by March 1, 1971. A f t e r these a r e r e c e i v e d , we w i l l r e wr i t e the' manual, snd you a copy and ar r ange a meeting a t which we hope to a r r i v e a t a f i n a l form. S i ncerely, Duncan A. Holaday Research Associate Professor Recommended P r a c t i c e s for Handling i n s u l a t i o n M a t e r i a l s in S,h i p b*u i 1d i n g , Ship Re pai r and Shipbreaking Introduction A. B i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s of a s b e s t o s ( s u c c i n c t summary) B. Tradesmen who a r e exposed to i n s u l a t i o n dusts (1) I n s u l a t i o n workmen (2) Pipe f i l l e r s , steamfitters (3) 'Other t r ades working in a r e a s where i n s u l a t i o n i s being a p p l i e d or removed ' C. 1 i^ns which gener at e l a r g e arnuuui.s of dust (1) Removal of i n s u l a t i o n ( r i p - o u t ) . (2) Mixing mortar ' (3) Cutting in sula tio n m ate rials (a) On s i t e ........... (b) Fab shop .. ' ; (*t) Clean-up and waste handling ' ' (5) Blocking or hammering on block or pipe coveri ng * - to seat material ' (6) Warehousing or s t or age 2 * ; ' / Control of A s b e s t o s - c o n t a i n i n g dust s by use of s u b s t i t u t e materials * ! A. F i b e r g . l a s s f o r bl a nk et and pad f i l l i n g B. Pipe cove r i ng and bl ock with reduced as b e s t o s content C. Use of m a t e r i a l s t r e a t e d wi th dust s uppr e s s ant H I. Reduction o f dust by changes in work methods , A. Minimizi ng hand c u t t i n g a t the j o b s i t e s and use of down-draft, exhaust-ventila ted tables B. Premixing a s b e s t o s m o r t a r ` docksi de ' C Pr^rr^vj eg as bes t o s mortar ir. p l a s t i c uoy:. , D. Wetting a s b e s t o s cloth, and f i l l e r s before pad and blanket fabrication ' I E. The use of drop c l o t h s at job s i t e s % F. C o l l e c t i o n and containment o f wastes as they a r e produced 6. Clean-up a t end of j ob o r end of s h i f t , using vacuum ' cleaners ' . H. Conducting a l l p o s s i b l e i n s u l a t i o n work in the shop ' r a t h e r than on shipboard ' I. Packaging of fabricated parts to ship V '3 IV. Reduction o f dusts by use of l o c al exhaust v e n t i l a t i o n A. V e n t i l a t i o n of l ar ge power t o o l s (1) Band saws (2) Gang saws B. V e n t i l a t i o n of hand power t o o l s ' ' C. Use of hoods and down-draft t a b l e s f or pad and bl anket fabrication V. Reduction of dust s by general d i l u t i o n v e n t i l a t i o n Vi . Vi I. C o n t r o l o f numbers p.xnosp.d ' A. Schedul i ng i n s u l a t i o n work to mi ni mi ze numbers of o t h er tradesmen in the area B. I s o l a t i n g a r e a s in which i n s u l a t i o n i s being removed C. Use of u n t r a i n e d men i nc l udi ng s h i p ' s company, f or r i p - o u t should be hel d to a minimum. Personal P r o t e c t i v e Equipment ' . A. R e s p i r a t o r s - - g i ve c i r c u ms t a n c e s in which each type should be used . (1) Pa r t i cu 1a te ,f i 1t e r i ng (a) Reusahle (b) Disposable , . VI 1 A ( conti nued) * , (2) A i r-supplied I (a) Ai r - 1ine ' (b) Self-powered ' ' B. P r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g Viii. Education of workers Constant t r a i n i n g and updating of information IX, . * Medical supervision ' ' * X. Summary A , . Measures involving l i t t l e c o s t which can immediately ' be adopted B, Those measures i nvol vi ng more c o s t l y engineering and cap i ta 1 funds. \ ROUGH DRAFT 2/8/71 i ntroduct ion ' ..........." ' i Inhalation of asbestos f i b e r s has caused serious inju ry to workmen. Many s t u d i e s have found t h a t c a s e s of a s b e s t o s i s , lung cancer and p le ur al and peri to ne al mesothelioma occur fol l owi ng exposure to a i r b o r n e a s b e s t o s . To prevent these serious e f f e c t s , i t is necessary to reduce exposure to asbestos dust to the lowest f e a s i b l e l e v e l . Exposures to high concentra t i o n s , even those of o n l y a few mi nutes' d u r a t i o n , should be avoided. ' Handling insulating materials during ship construction, ship r e p a i r and s hi pbr eaki ng o p e r a t i o n s can expose many people Ke s : d e s these de s c r i b e d ec i n s u l a t i o n w o i k e i s . P i p e f i t t e r s ' - and s t e a m f i t t e r s may have to remove i n s u l a t i o n during t h e i r work and r i p - o u t of o l d i n s u l a t i o n may be done by any group. F r e q u e n t l y , members o f o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n t r ades ar e working in the same a r e a s where i n s u l a t i o n i s being a p p l i e d or removed and are thus a l s o p o t e n t i a l l y exposed to a i r bor ne asbestos dus't. Although areas . a >f r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w i l l - ................... d i f f e r from,yard to yard, one responsible person, perhaps the in du st ri al hy g i e n i s t o r the s a f e t y o f f i c e r , should meet with the job s uper i nt e nde nt and the j ob foreman to survey the job before any work i s s t a r t e d . The o b j e c t of t h i s survey would be to. / 2 determine what and where the p o t e n t i a l dust problems w i l l be. T h i s committee would then recommend procedures to reduce the asbestos dust exposures during the completion of the job. The committee report would be a v a i l a b l e to the c o s t e s t i ma t o r s as well as those concerned f o r the day-to-day work s c h e d u l e . . Ope r at i ons which generate l a r g e amounts of dust i nc l ude: 1. R i p - ou t o f o l d i n s u l a t i o n * 2. Mixing asbestos mortar 3. Cut t i ng i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l e i t h e r on s i t e or in . f a b r i c a t i o n shops If. Blocking or hammering on bl ock or pipe coveri ng to \ s e a t mat er i a 1. 5. Warehousing and s t or age of m a t e r i a l ' 6. Clean-up and waste handl ing. P a r t i c u l a r e f f o r t s should be made to control dust dispersion during these operations to reduce peak exposures and prevent general contamination of the atmosphere of the t J work a r e a . v '3 . The f o l l o wi n g s e c t i o n s o f t h i s manual d i s c u s s in d e t a i l procedures which have been used ;to reduce atmospheri c ' . contami nati on by as b e s t o s dust. These procedures have been assembled from s e v e r a l sources with major c o n t r i b u t i o n s made by the programs developed a t the Puget Sound and Long Beach Naval S h i p y a r d s . ' ' I 1. Control of A s b e s t o s - C o n t a i n i n q Dusts by Use of S u b s t i t u t e Ma t e r i a 1s . Substitution of materials containina. less asbestos f i b e r or no f i b e r a t a l l , i s becoming more common in ship construction. Before a material is substituted for asbestos, c e r t a i n p o i n t s must be c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d . From a he a l t h ' .point of view, one must guard a g a i n s t that which has happened in o t h e r environmental s i t u a t i o n s - - where in the ha s t e to r i d s o c i e t y of a known p o l l u t a n t , a substance whose p o t e n t i a l hazards a r e unknown has been s u b s t i t u t e d . A second c o n s i d e r a t i o n must be: w i l l the new mat e r i a l meet engi neeri ng s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and w i l l i t perform adequately under conditions of use. " b M a t e r i a l s c o nt a i ni ng reduced amounts of as bes t os have been used in the fol l owi ng a p p l i c a t i o n s : / A . F i b e r g l a s s f o r bl a nk e t and pad f i l l i n g Amosite blanket covered with asbestos cloth is a . s t a nd a r d m a t e r i a l f or making v a l v e and f l ange pads. Sub s t i t u t i o n of the proper grade of f i b e r g l a s s as a pad f i l l e r not only reduces asbestos dust during fabrication and i n s t a l l a t i o n but a l s o tends to l e s s e n the problems during subsequent " r i p - o u t 11,- Asbestos c l o t h which has *w-w-->--i4- . .w. .i. . J- ,, wJ wu. . T -hl -iL . i_i \ w- J . . r- ------------,------------------ - ?i -^ u- , v. o- , I 1i u- 1o1i -o u- n u 1 13 use should a l s o be encouraged. B. Pipe covering, and bl ock wi t h reduced a s b e s t o s content Over the years the manufacturers of calcium s i l i c a t e m a t e r i a l s have been s t e a d i 1y reducing the percentage of asbestos fib e r in th eir material. Serious conside.rarion should be given to those products c o n t a i n i n g lower amounts of asbestos fiber, Several B r i t i s h firms have introduced ! , j a s b e s t o s - f r e e c al c i um s i l i c a t e bl o c k and pipe c ove r i ng. To date, however, t h i s m a t e r i a l has not been adequately e v a l u ated in the United S t a t e s to determine how i t w i l l perform in use. 5 111. Reduction of Dust by Changes in Work Methods , - ' In many o p e r a t i o n s , changes in work p r a c t i c e s w i l l j ' reduce dust disp.ersion very s i g n i f i c a n t l y . All of the pro cedures d i s c u s s e d in t h i s s e c t i o n have been u t i l i z e d and found to be e f f e c t i v e . " A. Mixing Asbestos Mortar T h i s o p e r a t i on h a s ' u s u a l l y been done a t the j ob s i t e . While the time spent in mixing is q u i t e s ho rt , cons i de r a bl e dust i s produced. A t e s t e d method of co nt r o l i s to mix the mortar d oc ks i de , package the mixed mortar in several con t a i n e r s for t r a n s po r t a t i o n to the job s i t e . Mortar is a v a i l abl e packaged in s ev e r a l s i z e s of p l a s t i c bags which have a spout added ' through which water is introduced. * \ S u f f i c i e n t water is to moisten the morta r; a f t e r premi xi ng, the bag i s opened and the remaining water added. The ca r t o n in which bag is packaged serves as a mixing box and waste cont ainer. E i t h e r of these methods e l i m i n a t e s dust d i s p e r s i o n a t the j ob s i t e . B. P r e - c u t t i n g pipe coveri ng and bl ock in the f a b r i c a t i o n shoo Hand-cutting of pipe coveri ng and bl ock should be kept to an a b s o l u t e minimum. Bend s e c t i o n s , pipe cover lengths and bl ocks should be cut in the f a b r i c a t i o n shop on e x h a u s t - v e n t i 1at 6 J e qu i pme n t . ' / / The cut s e c t i o n s are di pped'I n water, packed in p l a s t i c bags which are then l abeled. Thi s procedure` i nsures - ' I 4 t h a t the cut s e c t i o n s a r e s t i l l damp and r e l a t i v e l y d u s t - f r e e when they a r e a p p l i e d . ' . \ ' C. P r e - s c o r i n g b l o c k s. I n s u l a t i o n bl ocks should not be scored a t the j ob s i t e . Blocks which have been p r e - s c o r e d by the manu f a c t u r e r can be purchased, or standard b l o c k s can be scored in v the f a b r i c a t i o n shop using an e x h a u s t - v e n t i l a t e d gang saw. u ii n o m1 a- .ti uvj .i p u. . Q5. 3. cnluI iI *i c. q. M* .i UiC j . I . j u v p . Some pipe a s s e mb l i e s a r e q u i t e i n t r i c a t e and a r e t r o u b l e some to lag w h i l e in p l a c e . A s a t i s f a c t o r y method of doing these j o b s , p a r t i c u l a r l y during shi p r e p a i r , i s to remove the assembly in c o n v e n i e n t l y s i z e d s e c t i o n s , t r a n s p o r t them to the shop. Here the ol d i n s u l a t i o n is removed, any ne c e s s a r y r e p a i r performed and the completed s e c t i o n r e - l agge d. Not onl y i s dust d i s p e r s i o n reduced, but i t i s much more convenient to r e- l a g the s e c t i o n in the shop than when i t i s in p l a c e shipboard. 7 / E. Hand-cutting a t lob s i t e s . J ` Some ha nd- c ut t i ng a t j ob s i t e s i s unavoi dabl e. Dust d i s p e r s i o n can be reduced to a minimum by doing a l l sawing on a downdraft t a b l e . T h e d e s i g n of such a t a b l e i s shown in F i g . ____ . A small i n d u s t r i a l vacuum c l e a n e r s er ves as an a i r - mo v e r . A p l a s t i c bag under the t a b l e c o n t a i n s the l a r g e r dusts and wastes. ' . p F a b r i c a t i o n of "pads and b l a n k e t s . Where p o s s i b l e , pad f i l l i n g and a s b e s t o s c l o t h should - be done In l a t e r a l l y v e n t i l a t e d hoods. In a l l cas es both the f i l l e r and the a s b e s t o s c l o t h should be dampened before use. See F i g s . ______ ______ ' 6. - Housekeeping and Clean-up . . Area and atmospheric contamination with asbestos dust can be reduced g r e a t l y by me t i c u l o us a t t e n t i o n to the control of dust and l a r g e r wastes. Drop c l o t h s should be placed on the deck'under each working area to prevent spread of wastes. Scrap should be dropped into p l a s t i c bags as i t i s produced 8 r a t h e r than on the deck to be picked u p - l a t e r . Work areas should be vacuumed a t the lunch break and end of the- s h i f t . tf In a l l . p o s s i b l e ' i ns t anc e s , the workmen should be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c l e a n i n g t h e i r own a r e a s . Where work r u l e s p r o h i b i t t h i s , the cl e an - up men should be under the s u p e r v i s i o n and cont rol of the i n s u l a t i o n foreman to i n s u r e proper a t t e n t i o n to t h i s very Important' mat t er . . , IV. Reduction of Dusts by Use of Local Exhaust V e n t i l a t i o n _ A. V e n t i l a t i o n of l a r g e power t o o l s . . Band Saws ' The e x t e n s i v e use of band saws both in dockside f a b r i c a t i o n shops and on l a r g e r s h i p s ( a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s ) ' * * * in the v e s s e l i t s e l f , make e mi s s i o ns from band saws a major source of a s b e s t o s dust. Control d e v i c e s for such saws have been known for years and a r e r e l a t i v e l y simple d e v i c e s . Conventional low v e l o c i t y , high volume systems using a ne gat i ve p r e s s u r e bag house a r e u s u a l l y more p r a c t i c a l in a fixed i n s t a l l a t i o n 'fabrication shop. IV A (continued) Because some degree of p o r t a b i l i t y i s d e s i r a b l e in a temporary shipboard f a b r i c a t i o n ar ea, a high v e l o c i t y , low volume u n i t i s d e s i r a b l e . ( F i g . __________ ) \ T h i s type of u n i t can a l s o be designed to cont rol dust emi s s i ons from t a b l e saws and gang saws. Because of i t s p o r t a b i l i t y , high v e l o c i t y u n i t s can a l s o be used to perform v a r i o u s housekeeping t a s k s on j ob s i t e s . ". >v<ciil i il a u m i w- ir II.K..U_M, i _yw_.v<. v..i. . _>_.w_wl .. -i ' . High v e l o c i t y , low volume c o l l e c t i o n systems adequatel y handle most small power t o o l s . Saber saws f or c u t t i n g pipe ~ I . coverir.g and, r ot a r y saws for c u t t i n g as bes t os cement board are well controlled with these systems. (Fig. ) 10 Vl# , * . ' ' Control of Number of Workmen Exposed ' - a . Schedul i ng of i n s u l a t i o n work . * - - " ' --- i, . , Standard ind ustrial hygiene practices call for isolating operations which contaminate the atmosphere with toxic m a te r ia ls Area's where i n s u l a t i o n work i s being done should be i s o l a t e d by p l a s t i c c u r t a i n s or o t h e r means. Whenever p o s s i b l e , work should . be scheduled to minimize the numbers of o t h e r tradesmen in the a r e a . Ship c o n s t r u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s a r e more r e a d i l y scheduled ^than e r e shi p r e a p i r or s h i p - b r e a k i n g j o b s . However, every ) ... v v n \ e f f o r t should be made to keep the number o f men exposed a t a minimum. In p a r t i c u l a r , r i p - o u t of o l d i n s u l a t i o n should $ a-lways be i s o l a t e d and i f n e c e s s a r y performed on an o f f - s h i f t . Tr ai ned workmen s u p p l i e d with proper p r o t e c t i v e equipment should always be used f or r i p - o u t work. VII. Personal P r o t e c t i v e Equipment In a d di t io n to- dus t- suppr ess ion and dust control pro cedures, personal p r o t e c t i v e equipment i s often necessary to reduce exposure and l i m i t the spread of contamination. The equipment des c r i be d below i s used in c o n t r o l programs. A. Protective clothing . Pr o te ct i v e clothing is required to prevent carrying as bes t os oust into l o c k e r rooms thus exposing other workmen and e v e n t u a l l y i rfco i n s u l a t i o n workers' homes. A s a t i s f a c t o r y type of p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g c o n s i s t s of r e s i n impreg nated paper c o v e r a l l s . These are inexpensive, readily d i s posable, and e l i m i n a t e laundering . and p i l f e r a g e problems. They a r e worn .for one s h i f t , then removed and ^pl aced in p l a s t i c bags for disposal with o t her a s bes t o s - c o n taining wastes. These coveralls provide s u f f ic ie n t protection f or a l l but extreme c o n d i t i o n s . \ 12 B. R e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i v e equipment Even i f dust suppressi on and dust cont rol procedures a r e used, some o p e r a t i o n s gener at e so much dust t h a t i t i s impractical to maintain atmospheric concentrations of asbestos f i b e r s below the Thr es hol d L i m i t Value ( 7LV) , and r e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i o n must be provided to the workers. A v a r i e t y of r e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i v e equipment i s a v a i l a b l e from which devices s u i t a b l e f o r v a r i o u s s i t u a t i o n s can be s e l e c t e d . American Nation- Standard Z88.3-1971, Safety Guide for Respiratory Protection A g a i n s t A s b e s t o s - C o n t a i n i n g Dusts' should be r e f e r r e d ' t o f or de- WM < ---- : -- IU U I }| t , 1 Air-supplied respirators -Extremely dusty jo b s, such as rip-out of old in s u la ti on where dust c o n c e n t r a t i o n s exceed 10 times the TLV, r eq ui r e use of a i r - s u p p l i e d r e s p ir a t o r s which w i l l d e l i v e r clean, d u s t - f r e e a i r to a f a c e p i e c e or hood. Two general types are a v a i l a b l e ; a i r - l i n e and s el f - power ed. (a) A i r l i n e r e s p ir a t o r s in which a i r is supplied / to a hood give the greatest degree of protection. A i r i s fed to the hood from a compressed a i r l i n e . The a i r source must be locat ed in an uncontaminated area and the a i r must be f i l t e r e d to remove o i l and w a t e r ' 13 m i s t s before d e l i v e r y . P l a s t i c , d i s p o s a b l e hoods ar e a v a i l a b l e commercia 11y . P r e f e r a b l y the a i r l i n e should be fas tened to the hood with a ^ u i c k - d i s c o n n e c t f i t t i n g , (b) Self-powered a i r - l i n e r e s p i r a t o r s A i r - l i n e r e s p i r a t o r s connected to a compressed a i r suppl y impose l i m i t a t i o n s on movement, and t h i s l i m i t a t i o n can be troublesome. Sel f-powered r e s p i r a t o r s do not impose such l i m i t a t i o n s , but do add to the equi p ment which maintenance. the workman must c a r r y a n d . r e q u i r e c a r e f u l - . M LL B a t t e r i e s must be recharged a^t-e-t5r-ea-e-b--u-s-e, f i l t e r s repl aced and o t h e r maintenance done r o u t i n e l y . Workers u s u a l l y a tors . prefer these devices / to a i r - l i n e respir' 2. Pa r t i cu 1a t e - f i 1 t e r i ng r e s p i r a t o r s ' There ar e s ev e r a l types of p a r t i c u l a t e - f i 1ter i ng r e s p ir a t o r s . Those equipped with a half-mask facepiece are cons i der ed most s u i t a b l e f or use by i n s u l a t o r s . Only those approved f or p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t a s b e s t o s u s t by the government -agency r e s p o n s i b l e for t e s t i n g r e s p i r a t o r s should be used. These de v i c e s a r e recommended for p r o t e c t i o n in those s i t u a t i o n s where the at mos pheri c conce'n t ra t i on o f a s b e s t o s f i b e r s does not exceed 10 times the TLV. AH the recommendations f or r e s p i r a t o r ' , f i t t i n g , t r a i n i n g of workmen and mai ntenance, d e t a i l e d in Z88.3-1971 snould be followed, (a) Reusable particulate f i lt e r in g respirators A variety of reusable particulate filterin g respira t o r s a r e a v a i l a b l e . Tc ( i n s u r e proper f i t t i n g , s ev e r a l ' d i f f e r e n t makes should be a v a i l a b l e from which the worker can s e l e c t one. No one model r e s p i r a t o r f a c e p i e c e w i l l f i t a l l f a c e s . Routine maintenance is absolutely necessa to r epl a ce clogged f i l t e r s and leaki ng i n h a l a t i o n or ex . I h a l a t i o n v a l v e s . Un-maintained r e s p i r a t o r s can be booby t ra ps . > (b) Disposable p a r t i c u l a t e f i l t e r i n g r e s p i r a t o r s ^ Operation o f an adequate r e s p i r a t o r maintenance program can be troublesome and, i f o nl y a few men a r e involved, impractical. Disposable respirators are ; a v a i l a b l e which ar e designed to be worn for no longer than one s h i f t and then d i s c a r d e d. .\ ' Inherently, these d e v i c e s a r e not as r ugged as a r es uabl e r e s p i r a t o r and " no a t t e m p t shoul d be made to use them l onaer than one 15 Education and Training * No dust cont r ol program can be ' e f f e c t i v e u n l e s s work men and s u p e r v i s o r s understand the hazards a s s o c i a t e d with the / * jo b s, the sources of the hazards and the reasons for following recommended procedures c a r e f u l l y . -Understanding i s onl y ob t a i ne d by educati on of personnel and t r a i n i n g in c o r r e c t oper at i ng pr ocedures . For an educati on and t r a i n i n g program to be s u c c e s s f u l , both management and l a b o r must be concerned and p a r t i c i p a t e . As with a l l s a f e t y programs, i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t f i r s t - l i n e s u p e r v i s o r s be i n t e r e s t e d in. and cooper ate in the work. . The harmful e f f e c t s * tro llin g asbestos dust are of neglect of procedures for not appar ent f o r many y e a r s . I con There f o r e , i t i s more d i f f i c u l t to c o nv i n c e workmen of the n e c e s s i t y of f ollowing r u l e s for working with i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s .than i f p h y s i c a l hazards were i nvol ved. However, those s hi p y a r ds which conduct educati on and t r a i n i n g programs r eport good success. i ' Education in hazards associated with use of insulating . * . m a t e r i a l s and i n s t r u c t i o n in c o r r e c t work p r a c t i c e s should be v