Document 9JpvyGNKeyvLgxVqdOK7g1b56

l nti ft>'droget<>*.his u &arae* ,, jst of the elements in the cen* v sodie table. such as ihe transl* 4. Finally, when the ionic ,gh {> lOi the positive ios ap* ;e of morr oxygen ion. freeing a and forming an oxyanion, eraily soluble this is eharaee nonmetais in the upper right : penedic table. :an jo the primitive terrestrial icnu hos abundances in the .w are high should have a high jn'm living material. In Fig. 1. ent faetor for a number of ek* : it the ratio of (he concernradmem in an organism to its as in the earth's crust <7y--is ntt ionic potential. A similar n for all major groups of orgae proceed up the cvolctionary bacteria to fangi to plants to 4% and for the ocean (Fig- 2). al pattern U observed for all nitmc (i> For eiemems of Jew :ai veto* {iP < 3) the log of gear factor (EF) is itt the range h tadkatiag imaii enrichment or eud&relative to rite crust, (ii) ^ediat^/F vatfSTg < IP < t0> -3 Yo -4 indicating large de* living organisms, (iiii For large -IP > Jty Jog Ef mcreates as the ntial increase* and varies from It should be noted that the elenuoued by Crick and Orgej as nomaious distribution patterns-- ;tid Cr--also follow (bis general >pcdficaily. Mo dees not show :caot enrichment Is living orgao-umpired t* the earth's crust. . taking each element and each organisms separately. we may ex* y exceptions i the rules; still, al pattern is strikingly similar for >ups oforganisms invesu^ated. Uni to Oparin (S), some com* of biochemical reactions are ***** of coatemporary erga* ,cse are combinations of patterns by the emerging living matter in 5ysages otdevelopment, before pedaliaation and differentiation e. Thus the barie similarity of the 1 composition pattern of ail 'f living organisms (Fig. 1) m*?{ the pattern was determined `riaJ eps of the development of rid be noted that m the range of trials higher than 10. where the Chemical elements sulfur, car* nitrogen are found, organisms ry significant enrichment of 10 to 0,COO relative t the.ocean. This * ms (CHiC POTENTUt. voked special chemical condition* JOem* ecfrancugeous to the rapirf development of life, is sot justified. AMO JtftM department o/Soil end Watet So Htbtt'm UniversityO/JerutQfem. PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT muiz Rehovot. Israel Fig. i Ffemenul nriehmest factors in seawa* ter, related to the ioak potcaual oftheetemeei*. may be taken as a clue to a more exact 1> cauon f the origin oflife. It caa be specu lated that Bfe began at the interface ofthe primitive atmosphere and the ocean, in die ihia rrucroliycnat thtsurfaceoftheocean where large enrichments of the atmo spheric constituents (mainly aUrogen and orbon si that stage) may occur. Various other elements may *Uo be concentratedin (hoe microtayere bexausc of the effects of sorface*aetive materials, surface tension, and the transfer processes between the ltq* d end (he gaseous gtiase in any event. H ts evident that a chemical environment similar to the ennh'a ocean is sufficient m explain the elemental abundance relation ships is living materials. A aontermtrial explanation, especially one that has tn* lAmraufNan l. S. Arrheuu. Wm*4i m t*r *4*| IHarpcr 4 a*. n<- vt twai. If RC CncS aid L E. 0iM kww it. Hi 1. W B. CfeBsck * A. Mettau 0. P. RhimUv 4 T.H.jao..**<_* sit 5. i.t**rfc*4.*34 it. i KrMtUeX M Cmehrmiii'y Nr* Von, tftSSV , Dtu0*tmaiom tt*sw* gto^wul >atfrfiun wefegwtyMrfto* W*. mvsbx ruMI S. A T*jWr. Cw <WCW<wl* A** . J210 U*^.***^ im i f. >* nets <5. 5in*v. bU. Ckem** OtttxotmAr (Acrtew* fmx Nv* Vwc tMSL *. t. M- 104-14$. (tMM> ** *' %. ren. tMu** Cktmwry mi fEW4iU7r.*^V4oAI.fIMSk t- w>^ tS4f*dov tt-kft; ? fenu Prm 8ert*4c*. imi 1M. urn mtt K. J. M. Tmet Smis M w- almnr (AawMmit Piak Uoo4. iWl# I )-m A. bJMO U4 J. Nrf9C Cwi*. *t Aict x m ev^uw*. (oUtoudfsotrt mn*wce* oreewrikcAwowtwiiwuemsmw(e* atroop rRUiiBS. Wb h * mw oaoeoBtauoa u tniiaWb Me cimSuDau (ksm *(*< ( li*a, TV MOW BOBAua WU esinlawd WH errml ri4ki ria p*a ft* t_ K. Aftmt sOro- CM**ckim. Mem t IJS (tftSDl. Fv' nau tppanat m nrioex ud*ue ium* B a. I. Ojom. io C BaaimptfvfflA Ed (Nonft*HoUiMl. AmUrCim. IVT2L p. II. 1 Foe e**unsu+t emieuai of <*d> tunotentt * ikrOv ttuU W1. KraftU ub L Cote. UM.rt $9?$ . xpo$ure to Asbestos to the Use of Consumer Spadding. Patching, and Taping Compounds Abstract Andysis ofrtprtstnlauvt samples ofspeei/ing. peichutg. andjointing com pounds. purchased ct\ rciaii stores In the Ntw York City area, has shown'tharssvnft'con- tdn asbestos mineralsas weU as otherbiologically active substances. Measurement*sug gest tdathome repeat wont ate ttse ofsecA txettnclsmay result inexposure so that v concentrations sufficient to produce disease. Spackling **& drywail taping com* pounds consist of extremely fine-grained while powders or premised pastes. Piaster of Paris is supposedly the major consutu* eat. but other light<olord materials in cluding clays, mieu, ^uana. tate. and ground Hmcxtone. sappkmeni or replace the plaster is many formuiauoas. Chryso* Gte is added to some products, apparently because these minute fibers act as rein forcing sgentx The presence of amphibok isbestos tn some products results from its natural occurrence in talc, carbonates, and other rocks used as raw materials (fk Fifteen samples of consumer spxckiing god patching compounds were purchased at hardware stores in the New York CHy area, four in 1972 or earlier aad the re* mainder in January 1974. analysed th samples for mineral phases by poJariwd light microscopy, x-rey powder diffraction, and transmission electros microscopy, with particular attention to quantitative determination of asbestos minerals. The spackling and taping compounds consist mainly of particles smaller than 3 in average diameter Or lersgih (Fig. 1). Pat rick* of this sirs are generally too *m*J! to SSI r WV-12256 Jftj 0'icM( cofowuAd* rffld mdtfi*l dfB pl cowpegftdt Frequency t eemrrcnct cfminorjl phases *|fu bam O^gfuHUc tcfiecuon* (or each of the asbestos nunerab were select ed. These reflections were step-scanned by *r*y diffraction at incremstt* of0.02*24, where t is the dispersion angle, over a Mineral pbase Owjstnrte Trefitohte AntftopfijUne Talc Ouanz Feldspar Pyrtfphyfiite Mio KaoJiawe Calcfte Dolomite Plxv.tt of ?m in 5$ consumer ia 10 spaCklinj iadustrul and paichiag 6rywtilupui| campovndi compounds 3 (J-tO*) t <4* m 1 (10-12%) 2 Q (S-5Q%| 1 2 i If 3 1 1(5-7%) 2 9 i 4 6 goniometrie interval sufficient to define a pcak-to-backgrouad ratio for (he diagnos tic reflections. * digital printout el elapsed lime a fixed-couat determination was used <a prepare preen* powtioov and pro files ofrite diagnostic reflections. The area above btekgrotEad. <ktcBnt*ed with a compensating polar pUfiimeter. was taken to be proportional to the concentration. Detail* of the method have been presented elsewhere (2l Samples of spaefciing and taping compounds were prepared, ana lyzed, and measured under the tame condi tio** at the dilution standard*. Com parison of the results of known dilution Pig. I Electro* photomicrograph ofa coniwfe spicUteg ptodoCL targe humbon of ehrysey, fibers aad fiber bwedies are preaont Crafty panieulsies tn day. mica, and catbooate emit standards with the samples perraiued rite be iadividoally studied by polarized Hght microscopy, awi Identification funhcr confounded because these compound* commonly are mixture* of ( or rw*t different materials. The analytical use of ihe optica! microsope with iu Smiled res. o5oilon allows large numbers of fibers to go undetected. The asbestos minerals, in pantctfoz, are usually too fioe-graiwd to identify. in >udi circumstance*. x-ray pow. der diffraction may be uwd iidentify and Quantify the individual erysuIliac phases present in the mixtures. In this investigation the amount* of as bestos present in spuckling compounds U dciernufted by comparison with dilution siundsrds (2). Binary systems ofchrysotile, tremble. and antbophyllite asbestos in plaster of Pans (CoSO, *ro pro- pared at varying dilutions on a wagbi-to- amounts of asbestos to be estimated with Slilufflt i* two samples and pyropbyliiwi, approximately 20 percent reproducibility. two, The crystal structure and phytic*} The presence ofcertain mtoerals mayin .properties of pryrophfHite am elmcq terfere with the detection or quantitation identical to those of talc pyrojJhylliie may of tbrywsrie a sptt&Ytag and taping com- be considered the aluminum analog ofttfc pounds, Foe- example, duysettle' and- !u biological activity is presently up. kaolrtutc bavewmUit ery&aA Kyoctutts Wwn. Quarts was a major eemstituest ia and ronseoueariv similar x*ray diffraction seven of the samples, and it was prese&t q pattems^fJk-.Howevtt, ekdroa huctoi* wo^tacn ia leuat eonce\mTtma. Ob the copy carube used to corroborate the re basis ofibe x-ray intensities of several ms- sults of x-ray diffraction and to directly jor Quaru reflections, including those ** estimate the asbestos content of materials, 4.26, 3J4. and 1.817 A. the amount of since each mineral type hasa characteristic Quartz present is estimated to be greater morphology and electron diffraction pat than 10 percent in the seven samples. Opti tern. ca! and transmission electron microscopy The eesuKx of the analyses of iS con have shown essentially all the Quartz to be sumer speckling and patching compounds of mplrablc size {< 5 *m>. Both quarts are given in Table I. Three of ihe camples sad talc can product pulmonary fibrotis were found to contain efcrysottle asbestos, {silicosis, uicosis) {/>. One sample con and two others contained tremolite and m- sisted largely ofqusru with lessor amounts thophyllite asbestos- Talc was a major con* of feldspar and ctuhophylirie. This may s- dkate that the source material for tius ^eoacenuTitione duriev* use of U{riit| compounds cMtaiaiag asbestos miner mtier o?iS of ^ h, 10* the bero(te*tp eu* .JiJJ icSS *21 hef` may ec iftfcaM daring 1 hour. An unstudiedjuepeAi<e.ef4hetar ^SveapfmwT*} regulvieas of the OSHAproWferi eerwemrt *r WJ'J,W "** than J am. nmi* %iU * ,rk$Mi **"* n*a for .kn Current nf*taiLs set a ceil H conqmtranPB of >06ben. longerfta*5 pm. per maiSliurofair. product was an anthophyllitc schist. The combination of talc with some tremolite and quartz in another aamplcjftptnesuo commofl mineral association typical of eoAovaeeUl uleorobocties- Both optical and electron microscope analyses showed that the asbestos fibers Ocrar^n roic-ttAdiftgoto J.g m} B4ckgrovs<2.5 room Backgr8ft<|<?<s mk atfcaewn room HandHMUfmgd loJ.Smj JutkgroMd {2.5 mi. same room &agroand<4J ml, adjaceat room Jackgrouad{} to6 mk iame room B.rt|,Og*d (5 ,o ,0 aqaetat( BwwttK?ig fioer (5 eo ts mj *5 Mwsuimafter sweeping 25 Mmom after sweeping su Number I umpiei 10 3 2 u 2 2 1 3 2 \ \ Peak fibercoaesniration (fibers per millititcrj .......... ....... --... Mean Rasge JO.O Uto 19.1 8.6 3Ste> 19.8 0.7 to A8 ID to 16.9 2J LI a LS o lit u 47^ 15.4 to 59.0 JJ ODto fl.l to 2A\o IA 4|.4 lb.4 present to the samples ranged in length from 0.25 to 8.0 -m. Most were shone than 5 tan in kngth, which is respirable size; yet they were not generally detected by eptital microscopy. The possibility of asbestos exposure dur ing home construction *ed repair U in dicated by the faei that drywaSi eonstruc* tios workers are exposed to significant concentrations of asbestos air con tamination. Mineralogical analyses of u* industrial drywafl taping compounds sho that nine contain chrysolite, in concoiue* tions ranging tiom 5 to 12 perccsv. {by -eaghtMTabk 1). gc*-. w J(Jn< um f|0f* jnd pm to#*' r* S^l taken aed pjvdi. sp*A tomp tit " eretH pit l dust. U\ 0tt **. With contai n*% capsii ub {> tabor hbw t tinuou tfal ti fir teestance. eieSBU jpsajm benpt Tb* mss total i optical tfoptc Bostic berviti aificau iCttSti stuerosi The! 2 sugp raring mernbe cocupai bestosl iflg. san tf*<Ak inco 2 ( stirred wined. ing wet create? **6n *trc ( nin{. the royt I <i *tr,, Vr<* *WaU foment* ol fCjk a> btitoi air vuncemranonj *n ihe breathes lone of drywall coftsirucium workers. * liong the standard technique of the Na tional inuiiuia for Occupations Safety mg had Personal air samples -crc taken after sanding was completed. The flown of the rooms and halls were swept with a hand broom, which raised a cloud of dw*L Fiber counts couHl not be made on lorc recmmunkj<'j ihai pyienually loxic of hazardous materials be efiaunaied from consumer spackimg, (aping end wa!Ipatching compounds as sooa as feasible. As aa interim measure, labels should be re and Health fN(OSH) for asbestos gam* floor sweeping samples bcuusc the filters quired oa such products stating ificcr con pliftg and analysis {phase-contrast optical were too heavily fjden to afottl Samples tent and providing instructions for the use microscopy at x 4}G) (5), These atr *am- were takes after 15 minutes had elapsed, of appropriate respirator protection and pin were also analyzed by iraatmtsuon and. in one case. 15 m away in another for safe cleanup procedures, including the 1 electron microscopy. Air samples were room. Measurements showed thus signifi disposal ofwaste materials. ga * taken at various building jobs and job sites ami included such operations as band* unding, pole-sanding, mixing of dry cant concentrations of asbestos remained suspended and could pervade living quur- . ten for a considerable duratioa oftime af A. K Kohl A.M. LANGfft U. SUIKOBP spackte with water, and sweeping after ter sweeping had ceased, W. J, fJtcaouoN w&pietioFr of sscb operaricat Person In summary, our analysis of IS repre EitvtronmfttieiScifttcfJ Laboratory, lit samples were also taken in adjacent sentative samples of consumer spackling. MountSinaiSchool0/Mtfiein*. Cii\' areas; such air samples, taken in the patching, and taping compounds has Urtvenity of>\e York. <V<w York 10029 breathing tones of the operator*, constt shown (fiat live contained appreciable tut* measurements of their exposure to amounts of chrysotile or other asbestos B*r(nunm4 N<m dusk minerals. Many contained substantial Table 2 shows Oust wcbwM owveewm* amounts of quartz, sate, and other miner t. M. BotL W L W. Am M**r*i. S3. TJI (IBMk W. A. Oar. R_ A. J. Z.u- ASA format MmmUiWAtj, -To* Ye;b, <a al itons of $ fibers per milliliter of air or als with disease potential Optical micro*f. longer than 5 *ra. are common dur scopic analysis of personal air samples ob mil. H 1 22?-2t2: H. S. Am./. Stu 8evn *Mwnc(I9J2J.ft SOB tCH A. M. twfs. xvwMNi Ww0* w ing the use of drywail taping qompwwvls tained during the use of a*beR-c$qta'w- **<<.'AUOee.ttHi y <3, w, in*4tvr,iii A"*--fMiMjCrwiMWConte/ conaining asbeatos. This exceeds the tnl- tag compounds showed conoatrations StnriuotCUv W, Sna^kV. EC. c im legal standard excursion set by the Oc- .frequently in excess of the current oc- (Mitnlerwai Soskj. teaSee. IBS!* 99,32-3S. 4. **aontfc, ms M. Ktetel J.Manic A M, V optional Safety and Health Mraisiura- oetpduenal andatd of i 4tben permA* Um. $****. Art. k. \y'.i\vrn'*.x'x*u*. a 4*on (OSHa) of the U.S. Department of s-litticr. longer than S 0m. Use of these ma- i. MmuC O, KeevAxc M.ZaVii. AnA. a***. JTtei lAMJnwn W. <J. t floMffl 4*4 E. A B Labor. The OSHA standard colls for an $--rriiffiaU m Home repair work (for example. hour time-weighted average. The discoa- z .muAg. sandmf. and elofretf may expose: i. V n**. 22,M0<imi S.G, ftafvr.y.A.biwMhS.O. EewveMefDoa^ imi TB4l,UJ, brnniwi et Htild 4*e*- l r Snuous nature of these operations suggests thst the 8-hour sampling inappropriate " 4hat peak exposures in the present ifl- the user (and other members ofthe household) 10 significant concentrations of as bestos. tte.iri Wfbre. ?bWk HaitaSerna. Httotai -'-tauiUMe tor OccuawouJ SsTay aad HaiU. Cl- etesu. Ooc mil 4. SuppNicrf hr Nxioiil InuiRM efanroafcKii Hate StMiewINIHS) Cetutr gnat S tt3 r nanee. under a range of application and Even more imporuiM. none of the 25 in clcafluP operations, greatly exceed the dustrial and consumer spackling and tap M By New Vsrt City HaU Bacardi CovnaJ iri U-2331. One ar u (AMXJ wiika w ae (MteOM untA oMter a Cones Soemu M***Mum allowable excursions of 10 fi- ing compounds examine! had wxnttng la per milliliter for a 15-minute interval. bels or indication that they might contain Aware (to* ifi NIEHS Ctrwt ES xtttll We UbaX X_ ManJc JL Klimenudir. ud P. Taaibr far oaw=M uuuoacc These concentrations, determined by the toxic or hazardous materials. It a. there- 7 Mint JOTS ^lOSH method, are only suggestive of the asbestos exposure. Comparison of optical microscopic and electron micro- analyses of asbestos fiber counts of Wafer Wells as Possible Indicators of Tectonic Strain samples showed that, for every fi* '^nsibie by Sight microscopy {*400 mag- Abstract. Coseumic water Itvelchango as/ociaitd with the Izu-Hatuo-okiearthquake there were from 200 to almost of9 May 19?4 were retarded in S9 among 9S observation wells locatedin thedistricts of V could be scon only at electron Tokai and Kanto^Japan. The spatial distribution ofwells in which theyroundwater lead Microscopic m^flifiauiftasef^j^oes. -rost OrfeUis rasher systematic. 'The anas in which these wells art located dosely coin . The background measurements ie Table cide with the areas ofcontraction and dilatation expected by ikefaulting. 77iu strongly *t6est that in home repair work tfi- suggests a possible correlation between she observed changes in groundwater level and ^S sanding of spackling compounds. thetectonicstrain. The results mayIndicate shat the waterlevel ofwells is ableto monitor "*m*,c?s f the entire household or otlw at least acutecoseismicstrainchanges. of t buMws may inhale a** ftos fibers. This could occur during mt*8* nding. orcleaning up ofdebris. Dur* t mixing of drywatt txpiag compounds. A destructive earthquake occurred on the southern up of the Izu Peninsula. Ja pan. ux 0S:3> hours on T May W*. The Coseismic changes in groundwater level caused by the earthquake were examined in 95 observation wells fix located SO to Jackie * gradually poured from a bag seismologies! dau {/) arc epicenter. M* 210 km from the epicenta. These wells * a bucket of water and the mixture is 'N. 138*43'. depth of focus. ED km: were drilled originally for the prelection of /red until the desired coosUrency i* avmed, Fiber counts measured during mis* were found l0 be ff0m 7 l0 }2 ijnws and magt&vde. 6,9. The focal mechanism of tbe earthquake was a quadrant type with the maximum pressure axis in a near groundwater resources and measurement ofland subsidence. Most ofthe wells range in depth from 100 to JOG m. the shallowest 4,***cr .chafl 4hc Cr^n! occupational ly oorefi-south and fiOTOoavsl detection. and ihe deepest being 55 and 2150 m deep, Detectable fiber concentrations Disonct earthquake faults appeared along respectively. Groundwater level chsngn * fund in adjacent rooms during the preexisting, dcxt/al stnkc-stip faults were continuously monitored, in most Jn* fibers *re still suspended in trending!ft a nocthwett-wuiheatkdirection eaaes. stcotfiera masvofwwred by Ac **W,oom rat least 15 minute* after mix- (2). Nakuara Sukki Co. The practical sensit!*- *5 August tvrs iii