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THS NATURE AND QUANTITY OF CONTAMINANTS IN THE CINCINNATI AREA -Novem ber 1 9)4.6 t o No ve m be r 1914-7 In tro ductio n , Much h a s b e e n s a i d an d w r i t t e n a b o u t th e p o s s i b l e e f f e c t s o f th e co n tam in an ts o f th e atm osphere o f g r e a t in d u s tr ia l c i t i e s upon th e h e a l t h o f th e p e o p le who l i v e i n an d aro un d th e s e c i t i e s . S in u s itis ,( c h r o n ic catarrh^ b ro n c h itis , and asth m atic b ro n ch itis have o fte n been s a id to have been caused or e xagge rate d by d ir ty 'AS*! a tm o s p h e r e s * Th e re a p p e a r --t o --b e t h o s e who "f e e l t h a t c a rc in o m a o f th e bro n ch u s may be on th e i n c r e a s e b e c a u s e i r r i t a n t d u s ts an d fum es in th e atm o sphere in some way e x c i t e th e le s i o n in to b e in g . 7 uC Au to ps -ie d lu n gs and p.hes.t,X-na.ys o f th e l i f e - l o n g in h a b ita n ts o f <UA,' f'Ze? i n d u s t r i a l c i t i e s do show a d i f f e r e n t appearance^ la..z ' _.y Crv-s-*s a a -fe e ria l^ frb S i''ru ra l :h fh abirtan t-s . i Y e t -we-'f 'e e l i t i s f a i r to s a y t h a t no o ne r e a l l y knows what th e n atu re o f th e co n tam in an ts o f th e atm osphere o f in d u s tr ia l u rban a r e a s a r e , how much o f th e s e co n tam in an ts can and do g e t i n to th e u ppe r r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t , how much g e ts i n to th e lu n g , and f i n a l l y , we do n o t know w h at e f f e c t s th e s e c o n ta m in a n ts , s i n g l y and i n g r o u p s , have upon th e anatom y and p h ys io lo g y o f th e r e s p ir a to r y a p p a ra tu s . Befo re one can un dertake any s a tis fa c to r y experim en tal s tu d y o f the e ffe c ts o f atm ospheric co n tam in atio n on the in h abitan ts o f a p o llu te d area, i t is o bvio u sly n ecessary f i r s t to o btain bas ic data co n cern in g the q u a lita tiv e and q u a n tita tiv e n ature o f a ir p o llu ti o n I t w i l l be w e l l to know i t s s o u r c e s , c a u s e s an d s e a s o n a l m agn itu de an d to r e l a t e them to th e v a r io u s m e te o r o lo g ic a l phenomena w h ich c o n s t i t u t e w e a th e r. H avin g o b ta in e d th e s e b a s i c d a ta , i t may ^i I \. then be possible to -ge-into--the--lab-era-tcry and. design a series of "V ' experiments which will shed light on this problem. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to obtainjbasic %- qualitative and quantitative data^about atmospheric pollution in 1 Cincinnati with respect to dustiness, lae-bajl, carbor^HSSS silica ossfessst* acid gases ^\fluorine, As a starting point, a number V~ <*lr t y> - li (? ' r* C1 <-> < ~4tj o% IP ^ 5. 1. "'4 'K J^ M 4. i . 4Ji ^'J * 1 i| i^ - ^P* ,i ' of contaminants have been measured^at monthly~ intervalsyude-r a Co f variety of editions with respect to proximity of Tplants^4neavy f.C ClijL* evi< automotive/traffic, business , in the belief that these_ initial data will indicate tfee trend0 / [iC,- / iSfi<pv *-f/ ^ 7~' /VrO .,^X;* / f\*'7kk w-nfk whi cbL-aeu-eatimate--i-- 1-**** t ~l C<s-< pyQg3Mm -wid~ 'im w~ ^br-iexpand~ -al:on --Heer-tain..liruas~ an d ^ j^ r&'Ct~ l-o n g"~ """' o li e r s -> --b u t"i t ^ S ""h o p e d t h a t `iafte r~ a -five -ye ap ~ .p e riad .,,w e ..,,m ay....o b t a i n a _ fa ir..p ictu r&v.n fL,th e ,..n a tu re ,n f..a tm o s p h e ric..co n ta m in a tio n i n -C i n c i n n a t i . Th i s p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t c o v e r s th e p e r i o d fro m No ve m be r I9I4-6 to t&L&iXtuiitt, ' No vem ber IQii-T No' -f i n a l / -Co n c l u s i o n c a n be drawn fro m th e d a t a A. p r e s e n te d b u t we b e l i e v e t h e y a r e o f s u f f i c i e n t g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t to m e rit p re s e n ta tio n a t th is tim e. Pro ce d u re . Tw e lve a re a s in Cin c in n a ti were c a r e f u l l y s e le c t e d fo r s t u d y fe i n -o r d e r "t o '-ratte ffipt'"'td"lSe as ttre '~ 'th e '''''va r a 'b 'le e ~ -w h ic h ^ f -e e t'~~*` a t m o s o h e r ic c o n ta rrd n atio n ,u in de r^ a-^ varie .ty--K> f--cir croffittSKcels. Th e s e aaneas in clu d e ! r e s id e n tia l and bu s in e s s a re a s , are as w ith li g h t and h eavy autom otive t r a f f i c , areas clo s e to ra ilro a d s and heavy U . . f t in d u s try, are as varyin g in a ltitu d e but o th erw ise s im ila r, and areas in clo s e pro xim ity to s e le c te d chem ical and m e ta llu rgic a l ------ -------- ^ SwWiio * in d u s tr ie s '^ > ? h e s e a re a s r e c o n t r o lle d b y s am ple s ta ke n i n a r u r a l a re a p r o te c te d from th e Cin c in n a ti atm osphere by p r e v a ilin g winds an d b y a num ber o f h i l l s . ThB--^ r&ffrp tTig~ ^ ^ 3 a re g e o g F a p E l c a i l y 4 $T ? s S'-s'5ifd r- fco. t-a ic Q^.te tn ~ 1c tm 'S id e m t io n ^ ^ -e # # e tr tr ^ o'T"^ ^ S l a "'io n "',*ra''" d&nfjjtyf,_he-- pravadiing^w inda^^an.d~^ijb.eK.,^iieteoroli5idp&a3r^aaad ~gegd.o1ogi- cal_phenomena. At each of the twelve areas, records were kept of ' the temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind velocity, the amount of the last rainfall, degree of overcast, and the amount of automotive traffic passing the area during the sampling , itrz--i tim e . Each a re a ^ s a m p le d m o n th ly an d a t a p p r o x im a te ly th e same Lo*Lc&*Itt!tS tim e o f day each m onth. Mo n thly c o lle c tio n s c o n s is t o f e le c t r o - ' idtotx. , if itturJ'Si i-rteuXt f s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t e s --s a m p le s , gas - a b s o r b e r -aaispl-e-B, a n d / s t r e e u 5h`7~"" '/ y* / s w e e riin g.^- The f ^ r s t tw o samp-U^ -ag o .t a ken. a t b r e a t h i n g l e v e l __ if jcailkt) *-1* /*V '* **- ( i . e . f i v e f e e t a b o ve s i d e w a l k ) . I n a d d i t i o n , 1 s 4 o i-.-f a l rl --'ea-mp-le <. c o l l e c t e d b y th e c i t y smoke d e p artm e n t fro m c e r t a i n a r e a s i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o th e s a m p lin g p o i n t s m e n tio n e d a b o ve -as e s u bm4 t -te d forTM* a n a ly s is e ach m onth. Th e a tm o s p h e r i c d u s t s a m p le s a r e c o l l e c t e d b y m eans o f a ,4 DC e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r ^ Po w e r i s o b t a i n e d 'f r o m a 1 2 - v o l t t r u c k b a t t e r y th r o u g h an e l e c t r d n i e ' c o n v e r t e r . The d u s t i s w as h e d ^ ) CfZ, //*>*>*> o u t o f th e aluminum c y lin d e r s w ith r e d i s t i l l e d e t h y l a lc o h o l and * ' ^ ^ L m: th e p a r tic le s , in an a liq u o t p o rtio n , are counted on the screen o f H --"f a. MSA m i c r o p r o je c t o r a p p a r a t u s . Co u n ts a r e made a t J^OO t o 1000 ly r 4 magirir?c&t-irtm?^.p n d e r l i g h t f i e l d I l l u m i n a t i o n . The re m a in d e r o f t h e suspen sio n Is taken to dryn e ss in a s u ita b le co n tain e r and w eighed on a m icro balan ce to determ ine the t o t a l w e igh t o f the sam ple. The d r i e d r e s i d u e i s th e n ta k e n u p i n a c i d an d a n a l y z e d s p e c t r o - gra p h ica lly fo r Its m e tai-co n te n t^ -{ , 0 ` J* Absorber sam ples are c o lle c te d by pu H iaig a ir thro ugh a s o lu tio n o f 0 .1 N sodium h yd ro x id e . S u ctio n i s p ro vid e d b y a W ills o n pump a t t a c h e d t o a 1 2 ~ v o l t DC motor w h ic h i s o p e r a t e d d i r e c t l y fro m th e b a t t e r y . An aliquot of th e s o l u t i o n is_ . t i t r a t e d w i t h 0 , 1 N h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d to determine th e a c i d g a s e s a b s o r b e d , u s i n g p h e n o l p h t h a l e i n a s an i n d i c a t o r . Th e i n c r e a s e i n a c i d i t y abo ve t h a t o b t a i n e d for th e c o n t r o l p o i n t i s r e c o r d e d . F l u o r i n e i s d e te r m in e d b y t h e e-t an d a r d m e th o d aa u s e d . a t 11h e--Ke 1 1e r -rn g - 1. / ^ijSSo rabo ry. The s o o t s a m p le s a r e c o l l e c t e d i n s ta n d a r d s o o t ja r s , 12 .5 cm. in d ia m e te r and 2 7 cm. h ig h , c o n ta in in g a g ly c e r in e -w a te r s o l u t i o n w h ic h i s p r o v i d e d w i t h a m o ld i n h i b i t o r . The s am p le s a r e f i l t e r e d and w e igh e d in Gooch typ e c r u c i b le s p ro vid e d w ith a f r i t t e d d i s c . Th e s am p le i s th e n a s h e d a t 5QQC, t o g i v e . th e pe rce n tage o f co m bu stible m a te ria l and a s h . A p o rtio n o f th e as h i s an alyze d fo r a c id s o lu b le m a te ria l, com bined and fre e s i l i c a , w h ile th e rem ain der o f the as h i s a n a lyze d fo r tr a c e m e ta ls b y means o f th e s p e ctro gra p h . The s t r e e t s w e e p in g s a r e d r i e d a t 1 1 5 F . an d s c r e e n e d thro ugh a 60 mesh s cre e n to e lim in a te ro cks , le a v e s , e t c . y / y-/1 gra m ''gn s b io ix o f th e d r i e d s am p le i s th e n d i g e s t e d w i t h n i t r i c a c i d . ' (/UnUT-m~ fr1>_ - . and th e m ixtu re i s a n a lyz e d fo r le a d . An o th e r/ rh e gram p o r tio n i s f u s e d w i t h 10 p e r c e n t s o diu m h y d r o x i d e an d a n a l y z e d f o r b ro m in e . te-- ^ A third , ___ - 'k W "f f H one gramfportion^ is used to determine the .combustible material, -the-- o-P ar.iri sninhifl ^A and the total silica. eo^iLcxrt^> '1 ' Resu lts ' ' A -f _ The d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t t h e y e a r .'may b e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e s e a s o n s a c c o r d i n g t o *^3 c l i m a t e , i n - J i t a e i n n a b i . .vh :r''ir if fiLlitced No ve m be r, De ce m be r, J a n u a ry, an d Fe b ru a ry w e r e ' combined-sws th e c o l d m o n t h s , -The -ssessdbfes=^# March, A p r i l s May, a n a Oc to b e r w e r e ^ ^ u i / bii4*a^p^t t h e c o o l m o n th s , wfe iAa.'.i n 1,1 June, Ju ly, A u g u s t , a n a S e p te m be r w e re d e s i g n a t e d a s 'Hg warm m o n th s . In. Ta b le 1 an d Ch a r t 1 a r e g i v e n d a t a d e a l i n g w i t h th e ge n e ra l du stin e ss, o f the a i r . Ta b le s 2 and 3 l i s t th e le a d , aluminum, m anganese, and copper th e a i r a t t h e . v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s s tu d i e d . Ch art hJ) 2a th e 1`aegd d a t a - i n g r a p h i c ^ , fo rm w h i l e Ch a r t 2b s h o w s th e le a d co n te n t o f the a i r o f an in d u s t r ia l a re a compared w ith th e le a d c o n te n t o f th e a i r o f a number o f r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . Ch a rts 3 a, 3b, and $ c show th e aluminum, m anganese, and co pper co n ce n tra tio n s .. Other m e tals such as tin and s i lv e r are n o t l i s t e d or _T& / ch arte d because o f th e in s ig n ific a n t q u a n titie s foun d, ir e valu e s j* ' -i- t C, l *.,* / S t y ^ ^a<~ due^op;aaa-ibaa.,,c.on.taminat'i.-o-n--axid t h e r e f o r e f o r the Ta b le Ip shows t h e d a ta o b t a i n e d fro m t h e 'hymrep^orp^ s t r e e t d u s t s . Ch a r t ip shows g r a p h i c a l l y th e t o t a l l e a d c o n te n t o f th e s t r e e t d u s t a t a number o f l o c a l i t i e s . Table 5 g ive s the data o btain e d fo r the so o t sam ples. Ch art 5 shows th e le a d c o n te n t o f th e s o o t and th e t o t a l w e igh t o f soot c o lle cte d a t each p o in t. rf. CruSXl f Table 6 g ive s the a cid "tut aU.*.tXS /< <* and flu o rin e " o o te t--crfk~ ad r s a m p le s ta k e n a t a num ber o f l o c a t i o n s . Ta b le 7 l i s t s o th e r p e r tin e n t d a ta s u ch as mean tem pera tu re , r a i n fa ll, e t c . , fo r the p e rio d o f s tu d y. D iscussio n I t Is apparen t th a t th e d u s tin e s s o f the a ir in Cin c in n a ti i s , i n p a r t , a t l e a s t , a f u n c t i o n o f c o ld w e a th e r ( Ta b le 1 , Ch art 1 ) . -V <K ,.**c * A'-* re* Of th e t w e l v e l o c a t i o n s s t u d i e d . eleven show d e c i d e d i n c r e a s e s f o r t h e c o l d m o n ths a s co m pare d t o th e cool an d warm m o n th s . E x c e p t fo r one lo c a tio n (Western H ills Viad u ct) th e re appears to be l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e c o o l an d warm m o n th s . On ly o n e l o c a t i o n . ( U n i v e r s i t y o f C i n c i n n a t i Law S c h o o l) s ho w e d no s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n . Ge n e ra lly, are as w ith h igh autom otive t r a f f i c showed h i g h e r d u s t c o u n ts f o r a l l s e a s o n s . The p r e l i m i n a r y d a t a seem to show th a t au to m o tive t r a f f i c co n trib u te s m a te r ia lly to th e d u s tin e s s o f t h e a tm o s p h e re i n t h e im m e d ia te v i c i n i t y o f th e t r a f f i c . The Ce d ar-H am ilto n and Ce d a r-La th ro p a re a s d i f f e r from e a ch o th e r o n ly in t h e i r au to m o tive r a t i o , 5 12 :5 2 p e r h o u r, and are o n ly a b lo c k a p a r t. I t i s n o t y e t ap pare n t why th e s e two r e s i d e n t i a l a re a s in w h a t i s c o n s i d e r e d a 11c l e a n " p a r t o f to w n ( C o l l e g e H i l l ) s h o u ld be so d i r t y . While th e re is le s s so o t f a l l in th is are a than in many o th e r s , th e amount o f fin e p a r t i c u la t e m atte r appe ars to e xce e d th a t in many o f th e b u s in e s s and i n d u s t r i a l a r e a s . The h i g h e s t d u s t c o u n t ( 1 . 6 PP c u . . f t . ) i s fo u n d a t t h e 'W e s te rn H i l l s V i a d u c t , w h ic h c r o s s e s ra ilro a d bed in th e M i l l Cre e k V a lle y and i s e s s e n t i a l l y surro un de d by h i l l s . "ifh e a u to m o ti v e t r a f f i c i s e x t r e m e l y h e a v y ( 12 70 c a r s p e r h o u r ) ,a ^ -and=ist i s e l e v a t e d a b o ve th e b a s i n o f t h e c i t y o n l y 10 0 f e e t . Th e s e f a c t o r s seem to be r e s p o n s i b le f o r th e e x tr e m e ly h ig h co u n ts a t t h i s p o in t . Th e y a re h ig h e r th an ah th e a c t u a l/ r a i lr o a d ya rd A p ro p e r ( Ge s t and McLe an ). A d d it i o n a l d a ta 'a a d more s am plin g p o in ts w i l l p ro b a b ly h e lp to c l a r i f y many o f th e s e pro ble m s . Th e am o unt o f l e a d fo u n d i n th e a tm o s p h e re d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i ly fo llo w th e s e a s o n a l tre n d ( Ta b le 2 , Ch arts 2 a , 2b ) , but m g e n e r a l i s h i g h e r i n t h e c o l d e r m o n th s th a n i n th e warm -o n e *. I t -r i-e e s w i t h t h e d e g r e e o f a u to m o ti v e t r a f f i c an d th e n a tu r e o f - 7- :the area., I.e. Industrial vs* Residential. - ' Th e l e a d o o n t e n t o f th e s a m p le s c o l l e c t e d b y th e e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r a r e o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t . Th e a r e a o f th e ' ^ I. c i t y w ith th e h ig h e s t le a d co n te n t i s In th e im m ediate n eigh bo rh o o d o f tw o l e a d f o u n d r i e s ( a v e r a g e o f 0 * 0 8 8 m g. l e a d p e r 10 c u b i c m e t e r s ) . The s e c o n d h i g h e s t a r e a i s j-t h e W e s te rn H i l l s Via d u c t, th e h e a v i e s t t r a f f i c an d p r o b a b l y th e g r e a t e a t r ^ r a i l r o a d 3 an d -'m ixe d - ^ 'i n d u s t r i a l cent-g inatiro ( 0 . 0 5 m g. l e a d p e r 10 c u b i c m e te r s ) awaar-- '"'*^ihe t h i r d h i g h e s t i s i n t h e n e ig h b o r h o o d o f a r e c e n t l y c l o s e d w h i t e and re d le a d p la n t ( a ls o an are a o f h e avy auto m o tive tr a ffic ) . Th e re a r e m e a s u r a b le d i f f e r e n c e s a l s o In t h e 3,e ad c o n t e n t o f s am p le s ta k e n In tv/ o a r e a s d i f f e r i n g o n l y -b in t h e i r a u to m o ti v e 1 t r a f f i c . a n d th e re i s a marked ge n e ra l in c re a s e in th e s e a re a s in cold weather. However, d i-f f e e i n g --fre ar^ the general dust content^^ th e le a d c o n te n t i s h ig h e r In th e c o o l months in many a re a s th an -, / i t i s i n th e warm m o n th s . The o n l y s i g n i f i c a n t r e v e r s a l o f the e * . . ... iVl.;: . phenom enon a p p e a r s t o bja i n a r e a s w h e re h e a v y a u to m o ti v e t r a f f i c r\ is. .. ' d s ig n ific a n t r o le . S e ve ra l are as show e s s e n t i a lly no s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n . A f u l l e x p la n a tio n o f th e whole^atm ospherfi ' 3isard--prrd5 Xtn m u s t a w a i t a d d i t i o n a l s iiu d i^ &* The f a c t o r s w h ic h c o n t r o l th e c o n t e n t o f alum inum i n t h e atm o s ph e ric d u s t appe ar to d i f f e r m a t e r i a lly from th o s e a f f e c t i n g le a d in some s itu a tio n s and to be s im ila r bu t o f le s s e r m agnitude in o th e rs ( Ta b le 5 , Ch a rt 3a ) , Manganese (Table 5, Ch art Jb) on th e o th e r hand a p p e a rs to h ave no r e la t i o n s h i p to th e o th e r two and th e r e fo r e may tu rn o u t to be a u s e fu l t o o l In d e te rm in in g o a e -u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . Co p p e r ( Ta b l e 5 , Ch a r t J c ) l i k e w i s e s e e m s to h ave a p a tte r n q u ite d i ffe r e n t from th a t o f le a d , m anganese, . or aluminum ( Ta b le 5, Ch a rts 3a > 5 ) 8 R e fe r e n c e I s made t o th e c o n t r o l p o i n t (.Winton and Science B a l l Road). In Ch a r t 2 and fable^ 2 one sees that there is no con a*----- izCTZ+ir1, s p lcu o u s r i s e i n th e le a d c o n te n t/ in c o ld w e ath e r eoien -thdiigh i t i s m arkedly e le v a te d by co ld e r w eather in m ost o f th e o th e r a re a s . (Th e y e a r l y a v e r a g e f o r l e a d i s 0 . 0 0 6 m g. p e r 10 c u b i c m e te rs o f a i r . ) Th e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f alum inum ( Ch a r t 3 a ) i n th e atm o s ph e re a t t h i s p o in t i s c o n s ta n t th ro u gh o u t th e ye a r , a phenomenon n o t seen a t a n y o th e r p o i n t . Th e p a t t e r n o f th e s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n manganese (Ch art Jb) a t th e c o n tr o l p o in t d i f f e r s from th a t o f s e v e r a l a r e a s i n th e c i t y o n l y In m a g n itu d e . The d a t a on c o p p e r ( Ch a rt p c) s u g g e s t th a t th e c o n tr o l p o in t may be u n iq u e . A l l o f ff iZe t h e s e d a t a w o u ld seem t o I n d i c a t e t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e d d u s t i n e s s 1 / w in te r m onths a t th e c o n tr o l po in ty as shown in Ch art lyn a y n o t be due to co n tam in atio n from th e c i t y , bu t one can n o t be s u re . Ad d i t i o n a l 'C&s&a&t c o n t r o l p o i n t s w i l l h a ve to b e s t u d i e d . The l e a d fo u n d i n th e e tre 'e t s w e e p in g s ( Tjib le 1^., Ch a r t Ij.), five i n t e r s e c t i o n s ^ s h o w d istin ct d iffe r e n c e s d e p ^ n d rin gTMo ir^ rraif tr^ aad ." A l s o s w e e p in g s i n th e c i t y p r o p e r show more s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n th an do th o s e ta ke n a t th e r u r a l c o n tr o l d *. p o in t,w te ie h -4 s re m a rk a b ly c o n s t a n t ^ Th e 7a v e r a g e m o n th ly l e a d co n t e n t a t W e s te rn H i l l s V i a d u c t was O.Yij. p e r c e n t a s co m pare d t o 0 . 0 5 p e r c e n t a t W in to n an d S c ie n c e H a l l Ro ad, 0 . 2 0 p e r c e n t a t Ce d ar an d H am ilto n Ave n u e s , 0 . 1 2 p e r c e n t a t Ce d ar an d La th ro p Ave n u e s , and 0 .1 5 p e r ce n t a t F i f t h and Vin e S tr e e t s . A fa c to r o th e r th an t r a f f i c m u s t a c c o u n t f o r th e e x t r e m e l y h i g h v a l u e '3'"o b ta in e d ~ Western H ills Via d u ct. Because o f th e s m all amount o f ash o b ta in e d from th e *-t so o t-eean pl^S, fr e e s i l i c a d e te rm in a tio n s were nun o n ly on sam ples fro m B r i g h t o n an d th e downtown a r e a . T h e r f r e e s i li c a ^ e e ft-t n fc...n v e g -- . -/ , , . rt .a ' - 9- fcgSjeu3jds4 i--a ri^ ^ ; 7 p e r c e n t &y ..-efaeB3re&; ^ ^ b i ^ X i n d i x i g m ay be i n e r r o r s i n c e tlie c h e m ic a l m e th o d i s known to be a tte n d e d by numerous d i f f i c u l t i e s w hich a f f e c t th e a n a l y t i c a l & y^~y .-"-S ->L+X^A.^m>-* + *?*W '/ a c c u r a c y . i4 L_s _Jio p s d ..-d iu d .n g -d &e ^ e ^ in g ~ y e rr^ o ~ e m p ln y ~ X^ TrSL3r .JX,V / ^l**-*- ^ . -1-4*VvV * 0-4!a . \ v a '...- , ' ; il --`.-A *,,.-Oo,* -O-'rA,-'-A:. , t driTi^l^5xr''rn^rroas in'lirder^t^rriiap-ro^--'the-accuracy. /hi, fy-m-tM-LUtA/ t f pfan4*M Th e d a ta o b t a i n e d * ' fee ab-s~GrfeisT"'saTrrple :r'h a ve . not give n r e s u lts which can be used w ith co n fid e n ce . I t appears th a t la r g e r sam ples w i ll have to be take n in o rder to determ ine the / f l u o r i n e c o n te n t o f th e a i r . H o w e ve r, the^afe-eerteer d a ta show j W rf <&t a p p r e c ia b le d i ff e r e n c e / i n th e a c id co n te n t o f th e 'c i t y d ir as .,,is** / co m pare d t o t h e 4-a*y o f th e r u r a l c o n t r o l p o i n t . Th e re i s l i t t l e d iffe r e n c e betw een in d u s tr ia l and o th e r a re a s . Co n clu s io n s Th e d u s t i n e s s o f th e a tm o s p h e re a s m e a s u re d b y th e ft ># - e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i ta to r show^ m arked s e a s o n a l v a r i a ti o n s , b e in g h i g h e s t i n t h e c o l d m o n th s . The d u s t i n e s s a s m e a s u re d b y t.hI1i1sS , t / / method not necessarily '<</* -0fy i ^ A*- .'yi <* r * ' -<r/ A-A A-a : -A-v... re4-a4^felry~s4milag--fee-^ootr-faijr-da Trtra in hr*'-i'jfs / ^ C , sim ilar areas. The a n a l y s i s o f th e d a t a s h m s -' t h a t t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n c e s ^ - ^ o ^-a . v . ' -- i*__ in th e le a d c o n te n t o f th e atm o sphere in two a r e a s i/ w h ic h / d iffe r o n ly in the m agnitude o f th e ir auto m o tive t r a f f i c , and a ls o th a t th e le a d co n te n t v a r le ^ w i t h th e n atu re o f the in d u s tr ia l a re a . '- * 1- . ' A a - . ' ili The a i r i n th e a r e a o f a l e a d fo u n d r y c o n t a i n ^ l a r g e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f le a d than found In th e a i r o f o th e r a r e a s . ^ , 'ii) iriSttZu*-*, 4^ ' The mean l e a d c o n t e n t o f ' th e AC i n c i n n a t i *e~t* a p p ro xi- /v m a t e l y 0 .QJ 2 m g. p e r 10 c u b i c m e te rs ^ c o m p a re d t o 0 .0 0 6 m g. p e r 10 c u b i c m e te r s f o r th e r u r a l c o n t r o l p o i n t , w h i l e th e h i g h e s t mean v a l u e s 0 .0 9 -,.m g . p e r 10 c u b i c m e te r s i n t h e a r e a n e a r a l e a d fo u n d r y . Th e am o u n ts o f o t h e r - m e t a l s , m a n gan e s e , t i n , c o p p e r , an d s i l v e r , 1a3 4 e x t r e m e l y s m a l l . The mean alum in um c o n t e n t o f th e a i r jS r *s l i g h t l y h i g h e r th a n t h a t o f le a d , ^ O.Oij. m g. p e r 10 c u b i c m eters. '7& ~ .' ' ` Se e ^ tys am p le s ;s h o # | ,tlie f o l l o w i n g yaiwriey a v e r a g e m e ta l a*/{ oL * * ~~ .-o o n c e h t^ 'p e r c e n t o f ash-d: l e a d 0 . 2 6 , m an gan e s e 0 . 15 , alum inum r ! I4..0, c o p p e r O . 5 3 , z i n c 0 . 0 6 # o r rvog.1 1gJ-h l-c. S tr e e t sw eepings sh e w ^ variatio n s in le a d co n te n t which 0. 4 ". . c o r r e l a t e "w i t h t h e . a u t o m o t i v e t r a f f i c , 2xra33*. A p o i n t w i t h much / j .; a u to m o ti v e t r a f f i c (m ore th a n 12 0 0 c a r s p e r h o u r) g a v e a y e a r l y a v e r a g e o f 0 .7!}- p e r c e n t? l e a d a s co m p are d t o O.O5 p e r c e n t f o r th e co n tro l p o in t (90 cars per h o u r). . <-Vv U'iLc^ if a-c^fcXi. ^ The y e a r l y a v e r a g e v a l u e / f o r 10 c u b i c m e te r s <Xj ai /wtvh- vjy.v.f a i r --s h o w n ^ t h a t -t h e -c i t y -^ a l r - Sapuonds^uo I 5I m l. o f ~Z of 1 *t**-. . . 0 . 1 . H h y d r o c h lo r ic a c i d ( e q u iv a le n t to 0 .5 5 grm o f h y d r o c h lo r ic a c i d p e r 10 c u b i c m e te r s ) # in ^ axco ^ s u jfL> jdae ii.co ,n to o h -^ln t--in -~ a-'" ----- e ru aX--arrg g 7~l Future Program . I t i s p la n n e d to c o n tin u e th e s tu d y a lo n g th e same l i n e fo r th e com ing ye ar w ith th e fo llo w in g m o d ific a tio n s : (UHx^X . 1 . me-citrdre s t r e e t s w e e p in g s a t S e v e n th an d Fre e m an Ave n u e A^iLur--S 2 . Ch an ge pije S't an d McLean t o L i n c o l n Pa rkw ay an d B e t t s S t r e e t an d A Ipe s t r e e t s w e e p in gs . Th is p o in t i s a more r e p r e s e n ta ti v e are a to show co n tam in atio n ^ due to r a ilr o a d ya rd s , s in ce th e -Tlx . p o in t i s more in l i n e w ith p r e v a i l i n g w in d th an i s Ge s t and McLe an . 5 Take t r a f f i c c o u n t a t a l l s t a t i o n s s a m p le d . 1 , r - *- A W-3 W ) 4^ 1}.. I n c l u d e B r i g h t o n Co r n e r a s a^wsFb s a m p lin g p o i n t ^ s i n c e i ^ vs c i f s a m p le s a r e s u b m i t t e d f o r t h i s p o i n t . v -ii- r. In clude 5* Aj.lh t.s a t Murray Road 6* Take 2 -h o u r (1 2 0 0 l i t e r s ) 1 sam ple s / a t two p a la c e -far / a.drilfA on to fc-hA ^ ^^aAn^^^-suaJaala.aj?..l.1Ka.mel^aT. 7 Stu d y a more d i s t a n t c o n tr o l p o i n t . 8 . Atte m p t to in c r e a s e th e number and v a r i e t y o f a re a s s am ple d. ^ : / . f c *J $/ ''ii-i-lt ^ -!> C F -i--* c^ u / cZ/ '/ e^ t J ^ U -*-* < * * * M M ** W-' I*' Prom th e K e t t e r i n g La b o r a to r y o f A p p li e d P h y s i o l o g y , Co lle g e o f M e d ic in e , U n i v e r s i t y o f C i n c i n n a t i , C i n c i n n a t i , Ohio R e p o r t b y : Vl , P . As h e , M.D. J . Ch o lak, Ch .E. L. J . S ch afe r, B .S .E. (Ch .E.) F e b r u a r y 6, l^IfS Kr 0015944 N o te On March 5 , 19k-7 t Or d in a n c e 9^ was p a s s e d b y t h e C i t y o f C i n c i n n a t i t o go i n t o e f f e c t A p r i l if, 1 9 if7 * The la w , i n e f f e c t , is th a t co a l d e a le rs cannot s e l l low v o la t i le co a l to consum ers h a vin g h a n d -fir e d u n i t s . However, i f th e consum ers had low v o l a t i l e c o a l on hand, th e y were a llo w e d t o u s e i t u n t i l Jun e 1 , 1 9^4-7 tfF 0015915 i Table 1 Aver age Dust Co n cen tr a t ion (PPPtT) ! C in c in n a t i, Ohio N ovem b er 1946 ~ N ovem b er 191+7 Str e e t Location s Cedar and H a m ilton Cedar and La t h r o p Afln t on a n d S c i e n c e H a l l Sycam ore an d D o r ch e s t e r !J. C Law S c h o o l Western H ills Viad u ct Yin e an d E . McMioken Read in g Rd. an d Broadway Freeman n ea r Seven th S' f i f t h and Vin e lin ca id and H arvest #' , ' l e s t a n d McLean $on o r n e a r R .R . t r a c k s ) Ye a r ly Avg. O.39O O.2 6 3 O.I96 0 .20 3 0 .0 9 4 O.7IO 0 .1 2 0 .118 O.358 O.29O 0 .10 4 0 .l6 0 4-Month Avg. Novem ber Decem ber J an uary February 1.0 5 0 O.733 0 .50 1 0 .4 5 0 0 .12 4 1.6 0 0 O .3 15 0 .220 O.8 33 0 .5 9 5 0 .19 5 O.352 . (.-Month Av g . March Ap ril Ma y October 0 .0 51 0 .0 25 0 .0 20 0 .0 88 O.O99 0 .4 7 5 0 .0 91 O.0 63 0 .1 4 3 0 .12 0 0 .0 14 O.O53 4-Month Avg, June J u ly Au gu st Septem ber 0 .0 68 O.O38 0 .0 42 O.O73 0 .0 70 O.O8 9 0 .0 8 1 O.O73 0 .0 91 0 .15 6 O.O53 0 .0 7 5 Ca r Coun t per hr. 5 12 52 90 -- 664 1273 -- __ -- -- 51 -- t' Cit y Aver age i. 0 .2 5 4 ; O.58 O 0 .10 4 O.O76 j -Ohio R i v e r a t C i n c i n n a t i - - Z e r o o f Ga ge 4 2 9 *2 4 O h io R i v e r P o o l S t a g e 1+1+0 .58 Aver age Tem perature F. Du rin g Sam pling Cold Months Cool Months Warm Mon t h s 38 .5 38 .8 34-7 55-2 50 .0 40 .0 5 4 .2 52.0 55.3 4 9 .2 53- 50 .0 4 6 .7 4 6 .7 5 2 .3 52.0 53-0 4 4 .5 57-0 55-5 4 7 .5 4 9 .0 5 3 .5 5 1.8 68 .5 6 2 .3 78 .2 88 .0 8 5.O 80 .5 9 2 .0 90.5 8 3.O 8 2 .0 8 5 .5 8 7.O 47-6 50.9 8 1.9 Table 2 Ave rage Le ad D ata ( mg .`/ i 0 M3 ) C i n c i n n a t i , Ohio Novem ber I9J4.6 - No ve m be r 1 9 i)-7 S tre e t Lo catio n s Ce d ar an d H a m ilto n Ce d ar and La th ro p Winton and Scie n ce H a ll Sycam ore and D o rch e s te r U . C. Law S c h o o l Western H ills Viadu ct Vin e an d E. McMicken Heading Rd. and Broadway Freem an n e ar Se ve n th F i f t h and Vine Kin caid and H arve st G e s t an d McLean (on or near R.R. tracks ) Ye arly Avg. 0 .0 25 0 .0 16 0 .0 0 6 0 .0 28 0 .0 20 0 .oij.9 0 .0 1[| . 0 .0 58 0.088 0 .0 ^7 0 .0 17 0 .0 16 Ii,-Month A v g . j.-Mcnth A v g . i| ,~Month -Avg. No ve m be r De ce m be r January February March A p ril ' May Octo be r June J u ly Au gu s t Septem ber 0 .0 29 0 .0 10 . O.O5O 0 .0 22 0 .0 15 0 .0 17 0 .0 0 9 0 .0 0 9 N il 0 .0 16 O. O5 5 0 .0 14 0 .0 0 9 0 .0 50 0.025 0.079 0 .0 29 O.OijO 0 .0 18 0 .0 12 0 .0 12 0 .0 60 O.O56 0 .0 17 0 .10 2 0 .0 9 1 0 .0 65 0 .0 51 0 .0 8 2 0 .0 50 0 .0 11}. 0 .0 0 9 0 .0 51 0 .0 15 0 .0 19 0 .0 15 C ity Average 0 .0 52 O.O56 : 0 .0 55 0.027 1 ) oc P; o 3 3 CHART 2b T a b le Average M etal Con ten t o f Dust (mg./ IoiJ) C i n c i n n a t i , Ohio N ove m b e r l$i6 - N ovem b er 1947 ( S t r e e t L o c a tio n s Cedar and H am ilton Sedar and Lath rop S/ lnton an d S c ie n c e H a ll Sycam ore an d D o r ch e s t e r J . C. La w Sch ool Western H ills Viad u ct Vin e an d E . MoMicken le a d in g and Broadway ?reeman n ea r Seven th ? i ft h an d Vin e iln ca ld a n d H a r v e s t le s t a n d M cLean [on o r n e a r R . H . t r a c k s ) ll t y Average Ye a r ly Av g . , o . 0)4.1 O.OIJ O.OI3 0 ,0 5 7 0 .0 33 O .o ljB O . OJ4O 0 ,0 27 0 ,0 50 0 .0 83 0 ,0 15 0 .0 32 A lu m in u m (.-Month Avg N o v. D ec. Jan, Peb , M ar. Ap r. May O ct. June J u ly Au g, Sep t. O.O27 O.O33 O.O76 0 .0 31 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 1 O.OI3 0 .0 12 0 .0 1 1 0 . 0 61). ' 0 .0 9 7 0 . 0 10 O.O49 0 . 0 17 0 . 0 3 4 0 .0 77 0 .0 6 2 0 .0 17 0 .0 68 0.029 0 .0 38 0 .0 55 0 .0 0 3 0 .0 27 0.0l)j0 0 . 0 12 0 .0 9 5 0 .0 36 O . IO I4 0 .10 8 0 .0 18 O.OO6 0 .0 19 0 .0 0 8 O . O I1I4 0 .0 46 Ye a r ly Avg. 0 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 5 O.OO5 0 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 6 0 .0 0 8 0 .0 0 6 0 .0 0 5 0 .0 12 0 .0 0 6 0 .0 11 O.OO7 Ma n ga n ese 4-Month A v g Nov. D ec. J an . P eb . Mar. Ap r. May Oct. June J u ly Au g, Sept. 0 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 5 0 .0 08 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 8 0 .0 0 6 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 15 N il 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 8 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 8 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 3 0 . 0 11 0 .0 10 0 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 7 N il 0 .0 0 4 0 .0 11 0 .0 15 0 .0 0 4 0 .0 17 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 3 0 .0 13 N il 0 .0 11 0 .0 23 N il 0 .0 0 6 0.015 Ye a r ly Avg. 0 .0 10 0 .0 0 7 0 .0 21 0 .0 0 6 0 .0 0 8 0 .0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 19 0 .0 11 0 .0 15 0 .0 15 0 .0 13 O .O k O 0 .0 143 O .O 3 5 0 . 0 4 4 0 . 0 0 7 0 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 8 0 .0 10 0 .0 11 Copp er 4-Mon t Nov. D ec. J an , P eb . Ma Ap Ma Oc 0 .0 17 O.O 0 .0 0 7 0 .0 0 .0 41 0.0 0 .0 0 5 0 ,0 0 .0 10 0 .0 0 .0 0 9 0 .0 0 .0 15 .0 ,0 0 .0 0 9 0.0 0 .0 13 0 .0 0 .0 19 0 .0 0 .0 26 0 .0 O.OO7 0 .0 0 .0 12 0 .0 inir1 Table So o fc D a t a C in c in n a t i, Ohio Novem ber 1946 - Novem ber 19 4 7 C o lle c t e d (Gram s) Collected, (toris/ m ile^ )- h tftib le . 1Solu b le i.ned S i 1S i tee ` As h ( Av g . 0 . 259?*) . As h ( Av g . 0 . 1 45?*') As h ( Av g . 1| *olj,w) .As h (Avg. 0 ,555;?) . Ash Ash (Avg, 0.055?^ ) Ash Down t own Ye a r ly Cold Cool Avg, , Months Months Avg.. Avg. 0 .4.8 95 ll4 O.560 6 15 0 0.5198 12 0 4 2 .0 7 5 7.9 3 19 .4 58 .0 6 2 .0 10 .2 3 6 .7 6 3 .3 2 3 .2 2 9 .3 8 2 .9 5.85 0 .16 4 0 ,21 35-2 ' 2 .2 6 . 14.5 0 .19 0 0 .0 68 32.5 3 .0 4 3 .1 4 0 .1 4 4 O.456 3.31 0 .21 3*75 0 .1 8 5 4 .2 9 0 .116 N il iiil Mil 0 .0 4 0 ,0 52 O.025 M il Mil Mil . Warm Months Avg. O.38 8 O 90 5 1 .5 4 8 .5 2 2 .4 19 .4 2 .9 8 4 .2 8 0 ,15 8 0 .0 78 1.8 2 0 .4.0 8 N il 0 .0 4 4 M il Ye a r ly Avg. O.6 3 6 2 14.7 4 5 .2 3 54-77 14.56 30.4' 5 .2 8 4 .7 6 0 .10 0 0 .110 5.32 0 .228 N il 0 .0 4.3 N il Brigh ton Cold Mon th s Avg. Cool Months Avg. O .6 8 17 O.6 2 6 2 Warm Mon th s Avg O.6OO7 15 8 145 139 4 7 .1 4 6 .1 4 2 .5 52.9 53.9 575 7-6 16 .1 20 .0 3 1.8 32.3 30-5 6 .9 4 8 .31 5.6 3 2.0 7 4 .9 2 3.56 0 .0 9 2 0 .0 90 0 ,119 0 .0 4.8 5*97 0 .1 7 3 0 .236 5.50 0 .ii| 8 o .o 44 4.50 0 .365 N il N il 1 N il 0 .0 8 8 0 .0 49 0 .0 32 N il N il N il Ye a r ly i Avg. 0.0756 1 7 .5 i 4 l 6 1 5M | College H ill Cold Mon th s Av a . Cool Mon th s Avg. 0 .0 38 8 0.0775 9 .0 18 .0 3 9 .7 60 .3 4-1 .1 5 8 .9 l1! I 0,570 ,! 0 . 13 8 1.! ;! 2 . 9 2 : 0.64.0 1 0 .0 4 :: 0 . 0 7 1 ; N il 0 .428 0 .0 90 2.50 0 .60 7 0 .19 0 0 ,0 8 7 N il 0 .70 2 0 .248 5.72 0;223 0 ,0 0 5 0 .0 56 N il `W Mon Av 0 .0 13 43 56 0 .4. 0 .0 1.3 o .9 0 .0 0 ,0 N il t wa s c o l l e c t e d i n J a r s w i t h a l l u | am o p e n i n g w i t h a n a r e a o f O . I 3 2 s q u a r e f e e t T h e r e f o r e t h e ms f o u n d i n t h e j a r s t i m e s 2 J 2 e q u a l t o n s p e r s q u a r e m i l e . Th e j a r s c o n t a i n e d g l y c e r i n e - w a t e r F S ' S T Table 6 Abso rbe r Sam ples C i n c i n n a t i , Ohio No ve m be r 1 9 l)-6 " No ve m be r l^ l\7 i Lo catio n S p rin g Gro ve Aven ue ( Fo rm ic a Com pany) Ye a rly ...Avg. __ A c i d Ga s e s i n 1 0 M? a s m l. o f 0 . 1N H Cl# Co ld Co o l Months ' Months Warm Mo n th s .. 1 1 9 . . 129 ..1 5 9 ...... .....7k _.... J. C. Law S c h o o l J e s t an d McLean (on or near R.R. tracks ) _ . 1 7 7 _ .... _ 123...... 217 115 2 it.6 91 59 62 i u r r a y Ro ad , B i g it. R a i l r o a d Lan gdo n Farm Ro ad ( H i l t o n D a v i s Com pany) Cln caid an d H arve s t (Ple asan t Ridge) ' 190 lil-2 lit2 - 373...... 583 250 . .ili-5 10 8 16 0 . ...... 99 . 5k - .. --70. F ifth and Vine 1 5 2 18 .16 3 . 12 8 Ye arly Avg... . F m Co ld Mo n th O.OI7 O. O3 3 0 .0 28 O.Oitit 0.017 O.Olnli 0 .0 2 1 ' 0 .0 11 0.017 0 .0 22 o .Q ia 0 .10 0 0 .0 10 N il J ity Average 191 2 10 __ 152_ _ _ - _ _ _ 13-- . 0 .0 2 2 O. O3 6 'Winton an d S c i e n c e H a l l Ro ad was u s e d a s a c o n t r o l p o i n t an d a l l v a l u e s w e re c a l c u l a t Table 1 Ci n c i n n a t i, Ohio No ve m be r 1 9I4.6 - No vem ber I9I47 Ave rage C i t y Tem perature, F , Ave rage Re co rde d Te m pe ratu re , F . * To ta l C ity R a in fa ll, Inches Average Monthly C ity R a in fa ll, In ches Barom etric Pre ssu re , City Barom etric Pressu re, Ke tte rin g Labo rato ry* Pe r Ce n t H u m id ity, C i t y P e r Ce n t H u m id ity, R e c o rd e d * Ye arly Avg. Co ld Months Co o l Mo n th s 56.5 6 0 .1 it2 .6 0 39.7 I4.7.6 12.97 5-5 . 5 50.9 17.09 3.22 3 . 2lt 4.27 2 9 .2 8 29.55 29 .2 29. 8 3.0 0 2 9 -it2 8 0 .50 29.53 8 3.OO 5k 6 - 5 9 . 0 .. .... 55.a2 ..... 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E p Z I ! ; I T r i r r - : :[ r \ \ f " 1 AilS " ~H --. r i P -- --- r 11^ r ID 0 . o c III IZ ~I p i-r i I'j I'T" -rrT2- 44# ip ` V ' f n n i aovH ESSE 4, -eS S I ji I i' j w iSniE_mt-Jg** bHppHH ! Ir # -- ,,:T 3 ..............O . p c? jC CK*tfi T S: |J| f i x is Is SIt t - T-'Q X r i--tIT O "!i"i r s m Tsii a sx i ~~rl-- p et jSESt p e if a# IS loh : s i 43 ; i j j-Zj ; tSar i ap a t p5^apt#icaatt +3tta t 1: l u ~ _ x r e t t $eL ::o, a P y->i> Pb ( P e r Ce n t) .L B r3 ( P e r Ce n t') le M a tte r o luble :'S1 . e T Stree t Cin cin November 1946 Ce d ar an d H a m ilto n A v e . Ye arly Avg. Co ld ; Co o l Warm Months Months Months Avg. Avg,. .. Avg. 0 .20 0 0 ,2 16 o .o o ij. 0 .0 0 5 0 .14 8 0 .0 0 3 0.233 0 .0 0 4 18 .8 25.3 30 .0 8 2 8 .4 3 37.60 30.47 18 .6 28 .28 40.09 12 ,3 3 3 .5 4 4 2 .2 6 13 .6 7 15 .9 2 13 .2 2 11.8 7 Ce d ar an d La th r o p A v e . Ye a rly Avg. Co ld Mo n th s -- a .y &_._.. Co o l Mo n th s _ .Avg.. . Wa Mo n Av 0 .117 O.IO7 O.IO3 0.1 0 . 0 14 O.O2 5 O.OI4 0 .0 li], ^ 18 . 9 12 .7 13. 28.34 29.25 37.96 31.73 33.99 37.72 29. 42. 15 .8 1 1 9 .9 1 15.79 12 . isto ri and Scie n ce H a ll Co ld Mo n th s Avg. Co o l Vi/arm Months Months Avg. ... Av g , 0 .0 i;5 O.O58 O.O5O -- 0 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 8 13 .2 12 .7 6 .1 55.5 4 2 .9 7 3^.55 36 .78 16 .9 5 11.0 6 6 5.21 21.39 5 -3^ Ye a rly Avg. F i f t h and Vine Co ld Co o l Months Months A v g . __ Av g . Warm Mo n th s _ Avg. Ye arly Avg. e s te rn i'i l Co ld Mo n th s Avg, 0 .15 0 0 . 117 0 .15 2 O.16 5 0 .7^0 O.36 3 0 .0 0 8 0 .0 12 0 .0 0 8 O.OOlj. 0 . 0 19 O.0 4.5 1J4..7 17.0 32.IJ4. 2 1-.71 17.1 3947 10 .6 28 .8 7 214 23.6 20 .8 2 0 *18 38 .92 3 4 1 9 1 6 . 5U 24-.03 3345 12 4 .8 47-95 ' 14 .9 8 3 8 4 5 35.79 16 .6 8 2 3 .3 0 CHART If. C c c c c stre e ts * o rn K E U I T E I . . E S S E R C O . , N . V . NO . 3 5 A t ID ,N ID t.i t lic I,*, l i i r h , r .lli l l m s H 'iT n ti'il. Km;; u v im ;, 7 X l u m . MAPI IN U . .A . rs ClYii.ft*I c c c c a r s / h r . 5 12 52 6 6 i S tre e ts CHART 5c c r Z. < ZX e5 E C c S tre e ts