Document 99ga7jeq4nmG1rzdg8pV3r7Zp

ATI-81 ' f'*' MINUTES of the General Meeting of the Asbestos Textile Institute held March 12, 1953 at the Essex House, New York, N. Y. IN ATTENDANCE: F. J. Nakem, Vice President JOHNS-MANVILLE COUP. AMERICAN ASBESTOS TEXTILE. CORP. A. J. Scanlan J. W. Weber AGTEN-HILL MEG. CO. D. R. Holmes JOHNS-MANVILLE CORP. L. R. Hoff S. V. Dillon J. L. Tucker E. A. Schuman R. Jackson H. II. Jackson KEACBEY Ct JETTISON CO. C. R. Frederick A. E. Whitfield T. G. Schmidt RAYBESTOS-L1ANHATTAN, G. 17. Marshall J. A. Bettes J. II. Weaver H. 17. Oliver INC. SOUTHERN ASBESTOS CO. G. J. Harris J. T,, Griffis 0. C. Ferens UNION ASBESTOS & RUBEER CO. R. E. Cryor A. W. Summers A. R. Byrnes A. F. Jerome E. C. Johnson CADUALADER, WICKERSHAII C: TAFT M. I. Ruddock RUTGERS UNIVERSITY M. C. Shaw 1 The meeting was called to order by Vice President, F. J. Vakem. In opening the meeting, appropriate remarks were addressed by the presiding officer, in memory of an official of one of the member companies, Ur. George R. Weber, fiaybestos-I.Ianhattan, Inc., who passed away recently. The following resolution was unanimously adopted upon a motion by L. R. Hoff and a second by R. E. Cryor, to be spread upon the Minutes of this meeting and to be trans mitted to the members of the family of the deceased. MS 003557 MT-002962 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 "Resolved that the Asbestos Textile Institute hereby expresses its deep sense of loss in the n passing of George R. Y/eber, Vice President. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., a pioneer in the asbestos textile industry who, by his friendly guidance and counsel throughout the years, immeasurably aided in the development of this industry." In closing this memorial, all in attendance arose and stood in silence for one minute. 2. The first order of business placed before the meeting called for the reading of the Minutes of the last meeting. However, since all members had received copies of these minutes and were, there fore, familiar with the contents thereof, it was moved by R. E. Cryor, seconded by A. J. Scanlan and unanimously agreed that such reading be omitted. 3. The Treasurer's report was presented by A. J. Scanlan. (Copy attached). Following a brief discussion it was moved by A. E. Uhitfield, seconded by J. A. 3ettes and unanimously agreed that the report be approved. 4. The Secretary's report was presented by M. C. Shaw. (Copy attached 5. The Legal Counsel addressed the meeting relative to the changes which are occurring in the business world as a result of the ` changing administration and an apparent change in the attitude of the general public in regard to "big business". __ MS 003558 6. The Air Hygiene Committee report was presented by Mr. 11. II. Jackson, Chairman. (Copy attached). Following a discussion of the subject presented, two specific actions were taken. r^ a) It was moved by D. R. Holmes, seconded by R. E. Cryor MT-002963 PRODUCED JNI-83 ATI-81 and unanimously agreed that medical doctors 1 cpicounting ...ember firms should be invited to attend the next meeting of the Air Hygiene Committee to be held in Philadelphia on June 11. b) It was moved by G. YJ. Marshall, seconded by D. R. Holmes and unanimously agreed that T. G. Schmidt be authorized to confer with the Industrial Hygiene Foundation and other authorities rela tive to the determination and establishment of satisfactory air sampling techniques. The Sales promotion Committee report was presented by G. J. Harris Chairman. (Copy attached). The first subject discussed concern ed the Asbestos Textile Handbook which is being composed by this committee. The first draft of this book was circulated and each member was requested to review the work and submit criticisms and suggestions at an early date. The method of distribution was also discussed and it was agreed that the sale price for each copy of the handbook should be 01.00 and distribution of the 10.000 copies to be printed should be as follows: Each Associate member is to receive 100 copies without charge; the Gecretary is to re ceive 2000 copies; and the remaining 7500 copies are to bo dis tributed to the member companies on the basis of each members proportion of the total paid assessment. The second subject presented for considervuion by the Sales Promotion Committee concerned the distribution of Visual Aid Displays. It was pointed out that several of the displays are in need of reconditioning since in some cases the samples have become loosened and some of the cloth samples soiled and dis colored. In view of this, it was unanimously agreed that one of the cabinets should be send to Gardner Displays Co., the MS 003559 MT-002964 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 manufacturers, so that an estimate on refurbishing costs might n be ascertained. 8. The Technical Committee report v/as presented by J. L. Tucker, Chairman. (Copy attached). This report covers the activities of this committee and the two subcommittees during the quarter just passed and sets forth certain actions resulting from the committee meeting held on March 11th. 9. The Fellowship report was presented by LI. C, Shaw and Report 24 v/as distributed among the members present. 10. At the General meeting of the Institute held in Philadelphia on Dec. 11, 1952, President YJidmayer appointed G. J. Harris, J. L. Tucker and M. C. Shaw to serve on a Fellowship review task group. It was the purpose of this group to investigate the advisability of renewing the Fellowship program at Rutgers University and to further explore the possibilities of procuring a greater service through other channels of endeavor. This group met on Jan. 12, 1953 and the reports covering the findings and recommendations are herewith attached. As a result of these deliberations, it was moved by R. E. Cryor, seconded by G. YJ. Marshall and unani mously approved that the Fellowship program be renewed at Rutgers University for the term from October 1, 1953 to October 1, 1954 at a cost of 311,475.00. 11. The next subject presented for consideration concerned the patent application work on the Abradoflex conducted by YJard, Crosby & Real. It was reported by the Secretary that final approval to proceed in this work was granted by President D. Y/. Widmayer in MS 003560 MT-002965 PRODUCED JM-83 AT-l-81 accordance with directions received at tne last General meeting i o n v/ork was complete d on Februa J- O S /ork a final bill in the amou 522,45 was receive and is here presented. for author payments It was moved by J. L, Tucker, seconded 'ey II. E. Cryoi and unanimously agreed tint such payment be made. 12, The presentation of applications for membership in the Institute Y/as the next matter.considered. During recent months one appli cation for Associate membership has been received, that from Dociete Ancny e Francaise Du Forode, Paris, France. FoIIov/ing a full discussion concerning this application and a review of this company's qualifications, it was moved by Ho E. Cryor, seconded by Go V/. liars luili and ueuuiimously agreed that Societe Anonyms rrancCaJi.sOeC ihoUi f In umbersnip anting iron np xt as an Associate member, such i i J`JO -,;i in dues of 5375 to cover -- i -- die balance of 1553c 13, In closing the meeting Hr* L. H. Koff addressed the Institute volt reflections upon the grcv;th of the activities of the Institute ar its committees through the nine years since its founding. It was pointed out that through the cooperative efforts of the individue companies in carrying out the interests of the Institute, the benefits to the industry as a whole have been of incalculable value and that through a continuation of this interest still greater values mag' be expected. _ Fir. Hoff's remarks were appreciatively received and the Chairman expressed the hope that the Institute v/ill have the privilege of his counsel for many years to ccma. MS 003561 MT-002966 ATI-81 4> There being no further business to cone before this nesting, v/as urianiiaously agreed that the meeting be adjourned. Llyril C. Ghav;, Secretary . MS 003562 MT-002967  March U, ISS^T!-81 Report of Technical Committee for March 12, 1955 General Meeting, Hev; York. N. 1'. by J. L. Tucker The Technical Committee has held only one meeting since the General Meeting of December 11, 1952. This one meeting was held March 10, 1953. The sub-committees appointed at the December Technical Committee meet ing, namely, Committee for Cloth Gtandardization and Committee for Braid Standardization have been very active and the results of their work will be mentioned in detail later in this report. Ao Asbestos Textile Institute Handbook The Sales Promotion Committee requested that the Technical Com mittee review and discuss the material now ready for printing, It -was only possible to discuss the titles and headings mentioned in the pages. It is necessary that each of our members have a couple of weeks to go over this material and make their recom mendations as soon as possible. We extend cur congratulations to the Sales Promotion Committee for the good job done in asscmblying this material for the handbook. B. Cloth Standardization Committee Report Chairman: J. D. McCluer Members: Messrs. Oliver, Lanz, Cutler, Beyard Recommendations made by all members of this committee have been presented by Mr. McCluer. The recommendations this time pertained to time and temperatures for the obtaining of asbestos cloth ten sile strengths after heat treatment. Previous to the origination of this committee, one temperature (200?) and one time period (5 minutes) were considered as standard by the Government Agencies who purchase asbestos cloth. The re sults were never accepted by our industry as being practical and there were complaints from both customer and fabricator. Recently Y/es tinghouse changed their heat-treating period from 5 to 30 minutes but specify 300C as the temperature for thoir test speci fications for two or three asbestos cloths. This committee now knows that it is the concensus of the industry that the time period should be the same for all cloths, but dif ferent temperature should be either standardized for each grade of cloth or the cloth grades should be grouped and each group have its own standard temperature for testing. MS 003563 MT-002968 ATI-81 Technical Committee report r Dr. LI. C. Shaw has agreed to cooperate with this committ oo and will investigate the possibilities of finding those temp cratures which will result in tensile strengths for each grade of ClOth, after heat treatment, that will bew80 per cent of their original strength. * This committee has dene an outstanding job and I personally thank them at this time for the services rendered and for the coopera tion that has also been outstanding. * C. Braid Standardization Committee Report Chairman: C. R. Fredericks ' Members:- Messrs. McCluer, Summers, Oliver, Tucker This committee also has been active accumulating valuable data in ' order to eventually present our industry more practical Braid Specifications and standardization procedures than are presently used in our industry and by our customers. This committee, at our meeting March 10, evaluated standards now in effect in our industry relating to: 1. Inside diameter of braids. 2. hall thickness o.. Feet per pound 4. Methods of measuring braid 5. Conversion factor for use when the flat length is known and the applied length is to be estimated a. .85 is now being considered as the conversion factor Mr. Fredericks will present at our next meeting the minimum feet per pound for each braid.now on the list for standardization. This coremittee has done an outstanding job and I personally thank all its members for services rendered and cooperation given. D. Fellowship V/ork -- Dr. M, C. Shaw Report Ho. 24 MS 003564 a. This report has in it much valuable information and the com ments that I am to make are more detailed in Dr. Shaw's report and it should be read by every one active in this Institute. You should note the results of'the steam, water, acid, and heat treatment of cotton ducks, asbestos, and asbestos-glass cloths. The^ cotton duck, when wet and when in a steam atmosphere for 43 hr, increased in strength whereas the asbestos cloths deteriorate. The asbestos cloths having continuous glass strands in them showed exceptional decrease in strength, under MT-002969 Technical Committee Report ATI-81 Page 3 those same conditions, choreas asbestos cloths having low percentages of staple glass fibers in them gave more encour aging results. Vie have re commended that Dr. Shan carry on his steam tests v;ith cotton duck for a longer period of time, possibly tv.*o to . four necks as Ion temperatures deteriorate cotton over period of time. b. Dr0 Shan is keeping in contact with VIestinghouse regarding the use of testing procedures for asbestos cloth that arc more acceptable to our industry as a nhole. I nish to thank Dr. Shan for his many kindnesses and cooperation* B. Harris-Tucker Report on Fellonship Program at Rutgers A report on this subject will be read during this meeting but it is the recommendation that the Fellonship be continued at Rutgers for 1S53-54 period and that a committee be set up to review the value of the Fellowship at Rutgers each year. The following was added after Mr. Harris read the report. It is being brought to the attention of the Institute at this time the fact that the amount of work necessitating the use of expen sive University equipment was practically nil during 1052. Our programs for 1S53 do not appear at this moment to be much differ ent than those for 1952. The following equipment has been used to a great extent in our work in the past. Tensile Strength Tester Hot Plate Oven Bunsen Burner and Stands Brabender Apparatus Electric Ovon - A.TI property - University property - ATI property - University property - University property - University property Our Fellowship programs at Rutgers do not include fundamental re search although at intervals the following types of studios have been suggested. In fact, a few members of our Institute and re presentatives of other industries seem to think it strange that we do not include the following in our programs: X-Ray Studies Spcctograph - Chemical Analysis Thermo - Analysis Petrographic Work - Microscopic Analysis High Temperature Investigations Burn-Cut Investigations Infra-red - Chemical Bonds in Asbestos MS 003565 MT-002970 re- Technical Committee Report ATI-81 Faso XIq have never considered programs relating to the improvement cl our products other than through standardizing of specifications, nor the development of nev; products. Therefore, in addition to recommending that the Follov/ship be continued at Rutgers for the 1953-54 period, ue also recommend: .1. That each year a nev; committee bo originated specifically to study the'opportunities at (a) Rutgers, (b) at other institutions, and (c) rental of space in a public or private building. * 2, That a committee bo originated made up cf one member from each of our present committees plus a member of the - Board of Governors. This committee to meet as often as necessary to discuss: a. Various approaches to nev; markets. b,, Origination of nev; products. Co Collecting of information from each member company regarding the shortcomings of our products d. Presentation of facts, movies, speakers, etc. on our products or competitive products. Ot Improvement of our present glades of products 1. modern equipment 2, Addition of other fibers or agents . 3, Round-robin experiments f< Reviev; the work of the other committees and recom mend programs to these other committees. MS 003566 MT-002971 7j) ATI-81 SECRETARY'S REPORT During the past quarter your Secretary has been concerned with the following activities in pursuance of the duties of the office.. (1) The printing of the Handbook was completed during the latter part of October and each member company received his quota immedi ately thereafter. A total of 15,320 copies were printed in the final run and, with the 60 copies furnished at the last General meeting, the total printing amounted to 15,380 copies. The Secre tary received 4000 copies for general distribution and 11,320 copies were distributed among the Institute members. Publicity releases covering the publication were sent to forty-seven trade journals and technical magazines. The response, to date, has been largely the result of the release carried in the magazine "Asbestos" however,, most of the journals which were furnished these releases distribute their publications at the end or beginning of each month and therefore our releases as carried in these journals have not, as yet, brought any great response. Indications are, however, that such response will be forthcoming and that the 4000 copies on hand may be insufficient to meet the demand. (2) There were no meetings of the regular standing committees held during the present quarter other than those in connection with this meeting, however, a conference was held with Mr. J. L. Tucker for the purpose of reviewing proposed specification revisions for presentation to the Technical and Sales Promotion Committees. In addition,, the Budget Committee met on December 1st in the office of Mr. J. G. Schoepf for consideration of the budget for 1954. The results of these deliberations will be presented at the ap propriate time in this meeting. (3) It is customary at each year-end meeting to tentatively set the meeting schedule for the ensuing year.. If the present schedule is to be adopted for 1954, the following meeting dates would be in order: March 11-------------------- New York June 10---------------------- Philadelphia September 9---------------New York December 9 ----------------- Philadelphia However, it has been suggested that it might be advisable to alter the schedule for the next year in order to avoid conflicts with other allied association interests. The meeting today, for example, is in conflict with the automotive industries meeting in Chicago and accounts for the absence of some of our members. Some members who are here in attendance would have attended that meet ing were it not in conflict with this meeting. In view of this, we offer here an alternate schedule and would appreciate your con sideration as to which schedule would be most desirable. The alternate schedule moves each of the meetings up one month from the time normally held and is as follows: MS 003567 MT-002972 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 Secretary's Report Page 2 n February 11---------------- New York May 13-------------------------- Philadelphia August 12-------------------- New York November 4 ------------------ Philadelphia VJe would like, in closing this report, to express our appre ciation to all of those who have assisted us in properly executing the several duties of this office and trust that our efforts have been acceptable to the membership and that through them, the in terests of the Institute have been advanced.. Vie are, however, ever-mindful of the responsibilities of the office and hope that any member will feel free to offer criticisms or suggestions which may afford the Institute an opportunity for greater service to the industry of which it is part* Respectively submitted Myril C Shaw n 1 MS 003568 n MT-002973 n PRODUCED JM -83 FELLOWSHIP REPORT ATI-81 MYRIL C. SHAW RESEARCH FELLOW ASBESTOS TEXTILE INSTITUTE NEW JERSEY CERALIC RESEARCH STATION RUTGERS UNIVERSITY NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. REPORT #24 March 12, 1953 MS 003569 MT-002974 CEO ATI-81 INTRODUCTION History tells us that the emperor Charlemagne delighted to mystify his dinner guests by throwing an asbestos tablecloth into a roaring fire and then removing it, unharmed, from the flames. Thus was demonstrated, more than eleven hundred years ago, the com plete incombustibility which is one of the characteristics of tex tiles made from the fibers of that remarkable mineral, asbestos. Today, the products which come from the cards, spinning frames and looms of asbestos textile manufacturers constitute a virtually indispensable part of our modern industrial economy. In the electrical industry, for example, asbestos textiles meet the special requirements of an efficient insulation for wires and cables They insulate toasters, broilers, roasters, coffee-makers, sweepers, fans, refrigerators, washing machines and other electrical appli ances. They are a basic component of mechanical packings and gaskets. They assure the stamina and heat resistance so essential in automotive and industrial brake linings, clutch facings, gears, bushings, bearings and other vital mechanical parts. They serve such widely diversified uses as safety clothing, fire-smothering blankets, ironing board covers, conveyor belts, industrial furnace hoods, insulation for red-hot exhaust pipes, filter cloths and fire proof curtains and draperies. And as binding agents for plastics and other materials they provide advantages that are attainable in no other way. ,, In fact, there is scarcely a major industry or activity that does MS 003570 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 -2not benefit in some way from the use of asbestos textiles. They have raised safety standards, improved product performance, lowered costs and contributed other important advantages in numerous fields -- and their range of usefulness is ever-increasing. o MS 003571 MT-002976 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 - 3- TIE HIRERAL ASBESTOS Asbestos is the name given to a group of fibrous minerals r/hich oc cur in different forms in many countries throughout the world. The word is derived from the ancient Greek language and its first re corded use was by the Roman naturalist, Pliny the Elder, in the first century A. D., although asbestos itself was knov.n to the Greek and used by them at an even earlier date. Early in the first century, the Greek geographer Strabo referred to a stone from southern Greece that was carded and woven into hand kerchiefs. "Karystos lithos," the Greeks called it, naming it after the city where it was found. The Romans had also developed uses for this amazing stone for it is known that they wove it into lamp wicks and cremation cloth for wrapping their dead. And that famous Vene tian traveler Ilarc.o Polo, home from wandering in Siberia in the thirteenth century, brought news of a "fossil substance" which, "when woven into cloth and thrown into the fire, remains incombusti ble." He, too, had become acquainted with asbestos. These early uses were of minor importance, however, and it \:as not until modern times that asbestos really came into its own as an essential industrial mineral. The nineteenth century saw the dis covery of large deposits in Canada and South Africa and since then its development and exploitation have been rapid. Today asbestos is an important or a major component in the manufacture of a wide variety of products, many of which are vital to our everyday living. MT-002977 MS 003572 PRODUCED Jin-83 ATI-81 -4 - Major Properties The commercial value of asbestos depends largely on two physical characteristics -- its incombustibility and its unique fibrous struc ture* The latter permits it to be separated into filaments or fibers, many of which possess high tensile strength and unusual flexibility and are adaptable to numerous uses. Some of them can be spun into yarn and woven into cloth and are thus the basic raw materials from which asbestos textiles are made* Other valuable properties of asbestos are its resistance to heat, moisture and corrosion* However, these properties, like some of those already mentioned, are found to vary considerably with the different species of asbestos and, to a lesser extent, between difn ferent specimens of the same mineral. Tables A and B provide an interesting comparison of the variations in physical, chemical and mineralogical properties between several species of asbestos. Origin Although there is no doubt that asbestos is definitely of mineral origin, authorities differ about how it was formed. One v/idoly held theory is that during former geologic periods, when the rock in which asbestos deposits are found was thousands of feet below the earth's surface, it was subjected to the action of hot ground waters contain ing dissolved salts and carbon dioxide. In the course of time, as the basic composition of the rock was altered, innumerable cracks were opened up. The hot waters entered those cracks and the various mineralizers present acted as solvents, dissolving part of the rock and depositing the closely packed fibers which we know as asbestos. MS 003573 MT-002978 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 -5- r' (For a "time-table" of the geologic events leading up to the forma tion of one type of asbestos--Canadian chrysotile---see lego _ ,) Varieties of Asbestos Some thirty or more minerals of fibrous crystalline structure com prise the asbestiform group but only six have economic significance,. These are, in order of importance, chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite. Chrysotile is a fibrous form of serpentine; the other five are amphiboles. Because it is superior to other types of asbestos for textile pro cessing, as well as for industrial purposes generally, chrysotile accounts for about 95 per cent of the total world production of natural mineral fibers Chrysotile Chrysotile is a hydrated silicate of magnesium corresponding to the // formula (OH) gMg6Si4O3jL.HoO.fr" It occurs as veins in the serpentine rock* Nature, however, has exercised some variety in the formation of chrysotile, as is apparent by the fact that "impurities" in the crystal structure are the rule, not the exception. An example is the presence of atoms of iron replacing magnesium in the crystal lattice* Such replacement is quite variable. Other elements may also be present. These include traces of calcium, aluminum and other ingredients in amounts so small that they are disclosed only Uj o oo r' o * '''1950 Materials Survey, Asbestos, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, February, 1952. #Thc chemical formula of chrysotile is also variously expresses as 2Si02.3Mg0.2H20, Mg3Si205(0H) and H4Mg3Si209. MS 003574 MT-002979 ATI-81 -6 - n by spectrographic analyses. Magnetite and, to a lesser extent, chromite are found frequently lying between the serpentine and the vein of chrysotilo and consequently small pieces may be found in fiberized chrysotile. But despite these variations, chrysotilo is generally more uniform in quality than other types of asbestos. Properties 1 The properties of chrysotile fibers which particularly adapt them to the manufacture of asbestos textiles are length* strength, toughness, flexibility or pliability and a minimum of magnetic or conductive particles. Chrysotile fibers are the most flexible of any asbestos fibers. Their tensile strength is high, ranging from 18,000 to 469,000 psi." In isolated cases, chrysotile asbestos fibers as long as six inches have been found but most fi r> bers range from less than one inch in length down to small fractions of an inch. In general, only the longest available fibers are used, in the processing of textiles. Chrysotile also rates high among the asbestos minerals in heat re sistance. Thermal analysis investigations conducted in the research laboratory of the Asbestos Textile Institute reveal that at a tem perature up to approximately 1490 F, the chrysotile structure is stable; above this temperature it is permanently altered and invert ed to another non-fibrous crystalline structure, olivine. However* at somewhat lover temperatures the physical structure of chrysotile is affected through the process of dehydration. At 750 F there is a notable deterioration in fiber quality through the permanent '"See Table E for a comparison of the tensile strengths of various fibers with chrysotile asbestos. MS 003575 WIT-002980 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 -7- depletion of a part of the structural water of crystallization and at 1300 F the structure is nearly completely void of the hydrous elements with attendant further fiber quality deterioration,,'" Table H shows the effect of heat on the tensile strength of chrysotile. The better grades of chrysotile are characterized by their extreme fineness or silliness which, together with their exceptional flexi bility and high tensile strength* results in superior spinnability. Chrysotile asbestos may be subdivided into fibers so fine that they are revealed only by the electron microscope. As shown in Table P, the diameter of chrysotile fibers is many times smaller than that of other commercially used fibers. The crude chrysotile from different localities is* however, variable in yielding to the fiberizing process, the types which are easily fiberizod being in general the finest, strongest and silkiest fibers Fibers from different sources have distinctive, characteristic "working11 properties. Chrysotile may be soft and unctious to the touch, or it may be somewhat harsh. Harshness, which generally is accompanied by a lack of optimum pliability, resists fiberizing and requires more time in processing. When harshness is accompanied by brittleness the fiber may be unsuitable for textile processing. Those objectionable properties may be found in chrysotile derived from both, igneous and sedimentary formations -- in massive '"Chaw, Myril C., The Asbestos Content of Asbestos Textiles, New Jersey Ceramic Research Ctation, Rutgers University, Hew Brunswick, N. J., March 27, 1950. MS 003576 MT-002981 PRODUCED ATI-81 --8~ serpentine or in the thin serpentine of altered limestone. They are not peculiar to either. But in the chrysotile of Arizona there are degrees of harshness, including "semi-harsh,11 Semi-harsh chrysotile requires a special technique to make it suitable for tex tile use. The knowledge of these things that may impair the quality of chryso tile is a part of the know-how gained through experience and pos sessed by the personnel of the producing organizations in the asbes tos textile industry. Sources: Chrysotile, the most important natural mineral fiber, is fortunately also the most abundant. It occurs in many countries but Canadian and African deposits are the principal sources of the fiber that supports the American asbestos textile industry. In Canada, Quebec has long been the principal source of chrysotilo and Canadian deposits supply about two-thirds of the world's pro duction of asbestos fiber (794,107 metric tons in 1950)." In its crude rock form, Canadian Chrysotile usually has a dark green luster, but the fibers appear white when fully opened. For this reason, it is known in the trade as "white asbestos." Chrysotile fiber from Southern Rhodesia is second in tonnage (64,838 metric tons in 1950)" and is noted for its low magnetic iron contento The United States ranks next in importance writh a production of 38,495 metric tons of fiber in 1950'"' and is followed by Swaziland, which produced 29.635 metric tons in the same year.'" "Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook. 003577 MT-002982 PRODUCED JM 83 ; ATI-81 9 Recently chrysotilc has been found in other areas, including Turkey and British Columbia, These deposits arc expected to be producing and shipping fiber in 1955* Large deposits of chrysotilc are also located in Russia but no data are available regarding current Russian production. Other Types Crocidolitc: An amphibole of the hornblende group, crocidolitc is the blue asbestos of commerce* It is a complex silicate of iron and sodium corresponding approximately to the chemical formula SNagO.OFeO.SFegOgolOSiOo^HgOo" Its composition, like that of chrysotile, is found to vary* Crocidolitc is more difficult to process into a spinnable fiber than chrysotilc, although some yarns and other textile products are made of this fiber. Its resistance to heat is loner than that of chrysotile but its tensile strength is generally very high, averaging between 100,000 and 300,000 psi. The most important advantage of crocidolite is its superior resistance to chemical attack. The major source of crocidolite is the Cape Province of South Africa, which produced more than 27,000 metric tons in 1950.^' Deposits also exist in the Transvaal and in Australia and Bolivia. Because of its low strength, the soft silky Bolivian crocidolite falls just short of being a textile fiber* It has good dielectric properties and is suitable for felting. ____ MS 003578 "The chemical formula of crocidolitc is also expressed as NaFo(Si0-)g.FeSiOg. .// * ir1950 Materials' Survey, Asbestos, U* S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, February, 1952. MT-002983 PRODUCED JH-83 ; - 10 - ATI-81 Arno si to: A silicate of iron, amosito is generally regarded as 'be longing to the group of orthorhombic amphiboles, although some doubt apparently exists that it is a distinct mineral species. Its formula is usually expressed as (FcoMg)SiO- or as (FeO,MgO)GiOoo Amosito possesses good tensile strength and is more resistant to heat than crocidolito. Its fibers are flexible and unusually long but because of their relative harshness they are not v/ell adapted to spinning. . Deposits located in Transvaal province, Union of South Africa, pro vide the only commercial source of amosito fiber. Approximately 38,000 metric tons were produced there in 1950."' Anthophyllite: Anthophyllite is essentially a silicate of magnesium and iron, usually with a small amount of aluminum. It belongs to the group of orthorhombic amphiboles. Its chemical formula is w'ritten various ways, sometimes as (Fc.LIg^S^OggC 0H)o, sometimes as MgyCSi^-jj^gCOI-Ooe The fibers of anthophyllite are usually brittle and lacking in tensile strength and in the past have not been considered suitable for textiles. Tremolite and Actinolito: These monoclinic amphiboles are least important of the commercially used varieties of asbestos. MS 003579 Tremolite (CaoI^SigO^gC 0H)2) is a calcium-magnesium silicate whose fibers are often long and silky but generally too brittle and of r.--" `' ' "1950 Materials Survey, Asbestos, U. S. Department of the Interior., Bureau of Mines, February, 1952. MT-002984 produced JM - 83 : ATI-81 - 11 inadequate tensile strength for use in the fabrication of textiles* It is of value principally for filtration purposes because of its freedom from iron and its resistance to attack by acids. Host of the tremolite fiber produced comes from deposits located in north ern Italy* Actinolito (Ca(Mg<Feo)^oCGiOo,,)*/i*) is similar in com" position to tremolite except for the presence of iron r/hich replaces some of the magnesium* Like tremolite, the fibers are too weak and brittle for spinning but have good resistance to acids. Its practical value is limited and production is small* n \ MS 003580 n MT-002985 PRODUCED JM * 83 ATI-81 - 12 - THE IJIIJIUG, IHLLIKG AIJD GRADING OF AGBEGTOS FIBERS Because asbestos is found both on or near the earth's surface as well as at considerable depths below it, various methods are used for extracting the ore. Either open pit or underground raining may be employed, depending on the character of the deposit and also on the extent to which it has been exploited. In the past, most of the Canadian chrysotile, vrhich is the principal source of the fiber used for processing asbestos textiles in the United States, has been removed from open pits. The fiber-bearing roch is loosened by blasting after holes have been drilled into the face of the deposit vrith compressed air drills0 Following a rough separation of ore and barren rock in the pit, the ore is transported to the mill, either by means of a cableway ststem or by cars or trucks into which it is loaded, usually be cranes or power shovels. In recent years, as some of the open pits have become worked to the economic limit, it has been necessary to use other methods. Con sequently, underground mining, similar to that used in the removal of coal and other minerals, has been introduced. In one method, known as block caving, large blocks of ore are extracted with a minimum of drilling and blasting by undercutting the ore body at a predetermined depth below the surface and allowing the ore to break down from its own weight, ____ MS 003581 Whatever the mining methods employed, the percentage of fiber re covered from the ore is small, the average yield from Canadian mines MT-002986 produced ATI-81 - 13 - "being about five per cent," This moans that approximately twenty tons of asbestos-bearing rock must be mined in order to produce a single ton of usable fiber. Of the total tonnage of fiber recovered in recent years, only about four per cent consists of grades that are suitable for processing into textiles."' Cobbing and Milling From a production standpoint, Canadian asbestos fibers may be divided into two main groups: crude and milled. Crude fibers -- those grades measuring from 3/8" to 5/4" and longer -- arc recovered in a different manner than the milled fibers of shorter length. The ore containing veins of these longer fibers is segregated when it is broken in mining or subsequently on picking belts. It is first dried and screened, then each piece that lias any adhering rock or other impurities is pounded with a special cobbing hammer to free the un desirable portion. The operation, known as hand cobbing, is better adapted to preserving the long fibers intact than a mechanical pro cess would be. After cobbing, the fibers are further cleaned, sorted into lengths and then bagged in 100 lb. bags for shipment. The long fibers recovered in this way are used for processing asbes tos textiles of the finest quality. Milled fibers, which include all grades up to 3/8" in length, arc recovered by mechanical milling, the process being based upon "C. V. Smith "Asbestos Mining Methods," Asbestos, Philadelphia, Pa. _/ ""1950 Materials Survey, Asbestos, U. 8. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, February, 1952. MS 003582 MT-002987 PRODUCED ATI-81 - 14 - physical differences he tween tile asbestos fibers and the serpentine rock in which they occur. The flexible fibers, when subjected to crushing pressure, simply split into smaller groups, while the rock, will eh is brittle, is shattered into fragments. In consequence, the milling process consists essentailly of several successive stages of crushing to open up the fibers and free them from the rock. Each step is followed by screening to remove the fines produced by crushing and by air separation to remove the semiopened fibers. Although the fibers are tough and strong, specially designed crushing machines and techniques are used to minimize fiber damage. Separation is usually accomplished by large suction hoods that operate on the vacuum cleaner principle. Following separation, the milled fibers are further opened, cleaned, graded according to length and bagged for shipment. The crude grades when shipped are in lump form and must therefore be fiberized at the textile plant. Hilled fibers that are to be used for spinning, although opened up to a considerable extent by the milling operation, also require additional processing before they are suitable for use in textiles. ,,Grad,.ing MS 003583 Since the end uses of asbestos fiber's are governed primarily by thoi: length, it is important that they be carefully and accurately graded at the mill. A standard method of grading Canadian chrysotilc fibers according to their length has been adopted and generally ac cepted by the American asbestos industry. It is known as the ' NIT-002988 PRODUCED JNI - 83 1 - 15 - ATI-81 Quebec Screen Test. The machine used consists of three rectangular screens held in frames measuring 24V' by 3/4", one above the other. The top screen is the coarsest, the middle screen is of intermediate size and the bottom screen is the finest. Under the bottom screen is a box for collecting the fibers that pass through all three of the screcnso The screens are made to the following specifications: Box IJo. Screen Opening Diameter of hire 1 0.500" 2 0.187" 3 0.053" 0.105" 0.063" (4-mesh) 0.047" (10-mesh) To conduct a test, 16 ounces of fiber are placed on the top screen. The lid is closed and the entire machine is shaken horizontally at 328 rpm for two minutes by means of a standard mechanical device which is driven by an eccentric with 25/32" throw and 1 9/16" travel. The fiber grade is then determined on the basis of the number of ounces remaining on each of the screens and in the collecting box. Thus, if two ounces remain on the top screen, eight ounces on the intermediate screen, four ounces on the bottom screen and two ounces in the box, the fiber is known as 2-S-4-2, one of the spinning grades. Other methods of grading are in use in other countries. MS 003584 Textile Grades MT-002989 Canadian Chrysotilc: Only the longest, costliest grades of Canadian chrysotile fibers are used in the processing of asbestos textiles^ PRODUCED - 16 n The standard classifications arc as follov; ATI-81 Group Group No. 1 Group No. 2 Group No. 3 Grade Designation Crude No, 1 Crude No. 2 Spinning Fibers (milled) 3D 3F 3K 3M 3R 5T 3Z Fiber icngbh 3/4" and longer 3/0" to 3/4" Guaranteed Minimum Shipping Tost 2-9-4-1" 2-8-4-3'" 1-9-4-2;' 0-8-6-2" Note: Canadian chrysotile is also produced as shorter milled fibers, designated as Groups 4 to 9, inclusive. These fibers are adapted to numberous commercial uses but are not of sufficient length for processing into textiles. African Chrysotile: The Southern Rhodesian grades of milled fiber arc as f ollov/s : C&GP/l - a high grade textile fiber equivalent to Canadian Crude C&GP/2 - a high grade textile fiber equivalent to Canadian 3F Milled fibers from the Havelock mine in Swaziland are graded as follous: HVL/1 - long spinning fiber HVL/2 - short spinning fiber MS 003585 See "Grading" O MT-002990 produced JM -83 - 17 - ATI-81 ^ Crocidolito: Following arc the grades of Cape "blue (Union of South Africa) as recognized by the Capo Asbestos Co., Ltd. Grade Length of .fiber X No. 3 or S or MS No. 2 or A No. 1 or B Long or C, D and E Minus f" t" to 3/0" 3/8" to 3/4" 3/4" to 1& Plus l-jV" The following grades of Transvaal blue are as given by the Depart- nont of Mines, Union of South Africa. Crude Fibcrizcd Length of Fiber TX TDX T1 TD1 T2 TD2 T3 TD3 T4 TD4 Plus 1&" 7/8" to In" n" to 7/8" " to fr" Minus Amosite: (Grade designations to come) MS 003586 MT-002991 PRODUCED JM-83 ; ATI-81 - 18 PROCESSING ASBESTOS TEXTILES The asbestos fibers as received at the textile plant nay bo of two types: (a) crude or umailled fibers, which are in the form of small lumps and must be fiberized or opened up before using, and (b) milled fibers, which are in a semi-opened condition but require further treatment to effect the degree of fiberization so essential to the production of quality textiles. The processing consists of several operations, each of which brings about additional subdivisions of the fibers until they are eventually transformed into a soft, silky fluffiness. Fiberization After each bag of fiber lias been inspected for quality, the crude fibers undergo preliminary opening. This is usually done in a pan crusher or chaser mill, the fibers passing under conical rolls run ning in a circular trough or being subjected to the crushing action of a large steel wheel with a 14 to 18 inch face. Separated impuri ties are then removed by screening. Milled fibers may or may not require this preliminary chaser mill treatment depending on the extent to which they have been opened at the asbestos mill. Those that do not require it are passed through a vortical opener or a rotating toothed cylinder known as a willow that effects finer fiberization. The fibers next go to a grader which consists of an enclosed shaft revolving horizontally and furnished with steel paddles which MT-002992 PRODUCED - 19 - ATI-81 literally beat the fibers, removing magnetic iron particles as veil as traces of serpentine and other extraneous non-fibrous impurities. Unopened fibers arc also separated here and returned to the openers for further processing. After additional treatment by means of specially designed opening equipment and further screening to remove fibers too short for tex tile purposes, the fibers arc ready for the blending and mixing processes. Blending and Uixing To obtain desired characteristics in the finished produce, different types or grades of asbestos fibers arc sometimes blended at this point, after which small percentages of organic fibers such as cot ton or nylon are added as carriers or supporting agents to improve spinning properties or to meet certain requirements in the specific end product. The latter operation is known as mixing. Carding This operation, similar to that employed in the processing of wool, completes the opening and cleaning of the fibers. Under the teasing action of thousands of needle-pointed wires which form the working face of the "clothing" that covers the cylinders of the carding machine, the fibers are combed or arranged parallel to each other, forming a tenuous web. ___ MS 003587 When it is separated into ribbons, rubbed mechanically and condensed into untwisted strands, this web becomes roving, the asbestos tex tile product from which yarns are produced. MT-002993 PRODUCED ATI-81 - 20 Lapping The parallel fibers as they cone from the carding machines are in a form known as slivers. In the lapping operation, a number of sliv ers arc placed alongside each other and wound into roll forms. These laps, as they arc called, are supplied to fabricators who re-process them for insulating electrical wires and cables. Spinning The previously carded strands of roving are spun into yarn in much the same manner as cotton and woolen yarns arc produced. The spin ning process is essentially one of imparting a twist to the roving in order to facilitate further processing and provide tensile strength. The resultant product is known as a single yarn. When single yarns arc twisted together to form larger, stronger yarns, the process is known as twisting or plying. The asbestos yarns produced by spinning or plying are manufactured in various sizes and plies and serve as the basic components in the fabrication of many other asbestos textile products of both woven and braided types. MS 003588 Weaving Asbestos yarn is woven into cloth on looms similar in principle to those used for weaving other typos of fabrics. The designated num ber of strands of warp yarn arc threaded into the reeds of the loom and sufficient yarn is wound on bobbins and placed in the shuttle for the filling or woof. The warp yarns run longitudinally or parallel to the selvage edges of the fabric, while the filler MT-002994 PRODUCED JM-83 - 21 - ATI-81 strands bind these together transversely. The construction of the cloth is controlled by regulating the number of ends and picks. Techniques of processing have been developed to such an extent that a largo variety of woven products nov; come from the looms of asbes tos textile manufacturers. .Fabrics can bo.woven in either flat or tubular forms and are available in many styles, textures, weights and thicknesses. Braiding The braiding process is done from a series of yarn-carrying spin dles, half of which travel in one direction and half in the opposite direction. The action is similar to that in a maypole dance, the yarns being plaited together to form a braided product. Many strands of braids may be produced by varying the number of ends of yarn wound parallel on the braider tube, by changing the tension applied and by adding mechanical attachments to the braider. Inspection and Quality Control During their manufacture, asbestos textiles are inspected, weighed and tested for strength, heat resistance and other qualities that arc important in the service in which they are to be used. Before packaging, the finished products are given a final inspection for possible flaws and to insure that the quality standards established by the manufacturer have been met. WIS 003589 MT-002995 PRODUCED - 22 - ATI-81 ASBESTOS TEXTILE PRODUCTS On the following pages is presented information about the various products made from asbestos fibers by the American asbestos textile industry. This includes a brief description of each product and how it is made, together with pertinent data relating to stylos, sizes, weights, etc., and a list of uses. It should bo understood that the latter is by no means complete in most cases. The uses given are merely intended to convey some idea of the general typo of service for which each product is best adapted. Further information, as well as helpful assistance in selecting asbestos textiles for speci fic applications may be obtained from any of the member companies of the Asbestos Textile Institute. Grades The word "grade" as used in the asbestos textile industry indicates a system of classification based on the percentage of asbestos by weight in the finished product. In Table K are listed the standard grades established by the American Society for Testing Materials with the percentage of asbestos content for each grade." This method of grading applies to all products described on the following pages except carded asbestos fibers, although not every product is manufactured in every grade. The available grades will be found listed under each product. The grade most satisfactory for a given purpose is largely dependent on service temperatures, MT-002996 MS 003590 PRODUCED ATI-81 - 83- Temperature Limits In general) the approximate temperature limits for each grade are as follows i Commercial Grade ................. up to 400 F Underwriters ' Grade ...... up to 450 F Grade A ............ .............................. up to 550 F Grade AA........................... up to 600 F Grade AAA ...................... up to 750 F Grade AAAA ................................ up to 000 F For higher temperatures than those shown above, a textile made with metallic (wire-inserted) asbestos yarn is sometimes employed. *`Sce A.O.T.Li. Specification D 299, reproduced on pages __ to _, for the test methods used to determine grades. ~ MS 003591 MT-002997 n PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 24 Carded Asbestos Fiber Carded asbestos fiber is 100^ pure asbestos which has been fiborized by passing the crude through the several operations of the fiburizing process and by screening and carding. It is furnished in vari ous qualities which arc determined by the fiber length and typo of crude asbestos used and by the operations necessary to produce the carded fiber. USES One of the major uses of carded asbestos fibers is for the clarification of such liquids as beer, wine, oils and chemicals. The mass of tiny fibers forms a filter medium of extremely close texture which captures the undesirable suspended impurities when the liquid is allowed to pass through it. Because of the fibrous nature of asbestos, it may be opened up in processing to any extent desired. Consequent^, carded asbestos fibers can be furnished in many degrees of fineness to provide exactly the right screening for the liquid to be filtered. This product is also widely used to increase the efficiency and enhance the appearance of gas heater logs and grates, for wire wiping pads, stuffing box packing and as a fireproof decorative "snow'." CTAFDABD PACIC1GC3 Carded asbestos fiber is packaged in 10, 25 and 50 pound cartons and in boxes containing one pound and smaller amounts* n MT-002998 MS 003592 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 25 Asbestos Lap Asbestos lap is a felted form of processed chrysotile asbestos fi bers which have been blended with organic fibers. It is furnished in two styles: Style I, a single ribbon-like formation of fibers, and Style II, a paralleled assemblage of Style I lap3 USES A specialized product made for the electric wire and cable industry, asbestos lap is designed for re-carding into an insulation for heater cords, fixture wires and other electrical conductors. The re-carded slivers arc spiraled around the conductor to form a homogeneous wall of asbestos fibers which serve as a carrier for the electrical insulating compounds. n GRADES, HEIGHTS Asbestos lap is made in the following standard A.S.T.1I. grades: Underwriters', A, AA and AAA. (Sec Table K for percentage of asbestos content in each grade.) It is supplied in unit rolls ranging from 350 to 4200 grains'" per linear yard.'"' IRON CONTENT Asbestos lap as made for the electrical industry is of two types with respect to iron content -- ferrous and non-ferrous* Each of these conforms to A.S.T.LI. requirements for maximum per centage of total iron and magnetic iron, as follows: Type Total Iron Content Max. per cent Haguetic Rating Maximum * Ferrous Non-Ferrous Underwriters' Grade Grades A, AA and AAA 6 1.75 2 3 0.75 1 MT-002999 MS 003593 PRODUCED JM - 83 - 26 - ATI-81 STANDARD PACKAGE Asbestos lap is packaged in rolls wound on paper tubes which vary in size in accordance with the number of slivers in the assemblage* (A sliver is approximately l" wide*) "Grain: a unit of weight* 8000 grains = 1 pound* '"'For permissible weight variations, methods of test and other de tailed information about asbestos lap not given above, see A.G.T.Lk Spocification D 1061, reproduced on pages __ and _ of this Handbook* MS 003594 n MT-003000 PRODUCED JM-83 - 27 - ATI-81 Asbestos Roving: Asbestos roving is an assemblage of carded chrysotilc asbestos fibers blended r/ith cotton or other organic fibers and condensed into a single strand without twist. It is produced in various degrees of density from a soft, fluffy roving to a firmly compacted one, to meet specific requirements of the user. Reinforced Roving (also Imovn as core or inserted roving) is similar to the plain roving described above but has a core of cotton or other organic fiber to give it added tensile strength, USES Asbestos rovings were developed for the electric wire industry to serve as insulation for heater cords, cables and electrical heat ing elements and are extensively used for this purpose. The strands arc wrapped or "served" by wire covering machines to form a relative ly soft, complete sleeve over the wire. GRADES Asbestos roving is supplied in four standard A.S.T.K. grades: Underwriters', A, AA and AAA. (See Table K for percentage of asbes tos content in each grade,) SIZE OR CUT The size of asbestos roving is denoted by the "cut" number which, v/hen multiplied by 100 indicates the approximate num ber of yards per pound. Standard cut numbers, with nominal yards per pound and permissible variations are shown in Table 1, A.S.TEI- Specification D 375, reproduced on pages _ to MT-003001 IROIJ COI'TEIIT Asbestos roving is of two types r/ith respect to iron MS 003595 PRODUCED - 28 - ATI-81 ncontent -- ferrous and non-ferrous. Each of those conforms to A.3.T.U. standards for maximum percentage of total iron and magnetic iron, as follows: Type Total Iron Content (ilax. per cent) Magnetic Rating (Maximum") Ferrous IJon-Fcrrous Underwriters 1 Grade Grades A, AA and AAA 6 1.75 2 0.75 1 The non-ferrous type is generally specified where the principal insulation is dependent on asbestos. Uhorc another insulation predominates, the ferrous type is used. STAIIDAKD PACKAGES Asbestos roving is furnished on cones and tubes which vary somewhat in size in accordance with customer n requirements. MS 003596 r, MT-003002 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 - 29 n Asbostos Yarn Made from roving which has been mechanically twisted to give it tensile strength, asbestos yarns are the principal components of al asbestos textiles produced by the weaving and braiding processes. As such, they impart to the finished product advantages of thermal stability, electrical insulating value, fire protection, durability and other characteristics of the asbestos fibers from which they are spun. To moot the many and varied requirements of their intended use, asbestos yarns are produced by the asbestos textile industry in a wide range of constructions. The basic stylos arc as follows: ^ Plain Asbestos Yarn is defined as yarn which consists of (1) asbes tos fiber or (2) asbestos and other fibers. The "other fibers," which are usually cotton or nylon, arc introduced in small percent ages during processing either to improve the spinning properties of the asbestos fibers or to meet certain specifications in the end product. Metallic Asbestos Yarn, also known as ware-inserted yarn, is plain asbestos yarn with an insert of fine wire. The standard insert is one or more strands of .008" brass wire but for special purposes wire of smaller or larger diameter may be used and such metals or ' alloys as copper, zinc, nickel, nichrome, inconel and monel may also be substituted for brass. Metallic asbestos yarns are extenn sively used in processing asbestos textiles where the end product MS 003597 MT-003003 PRODUCED JM-83 - 30 - ATI-81 requires unusually high tensile strength, exceptional resistance to heat or abrasion, or a combination of these properties. Reinforced Asbestos Yarn is plain asbestos yarn with an insert of yarn made of other fibers, usually cotton or nylon, or a combinetic: of both. Glass filament may also be usedo Reinforced yarns, also referred to as inserted yarns, arc particularly adapted to the bra.v ing and weaving processes because of their higher than average ten sile strength* 0*00 The plain, metallic and reinforced asbestos yarns described above are produced as both single and plied yarns, the latter consisting of a number of strands of single yarns twisted together to form a heavier yarn of greater strength. Asbestos yarns are made in a great variety of cuts (sizes) and in the grades given below* The cut numbers of plain single asbestos yarns with nominal yards per pound and permissible variations are shown in Table 1, A.S-T.IJ. Specification D 299, reproduced on pages __ to For special purposes, asbestos yarns are also coated or impregnated with various compounds to increase tensile strength, lay the fibers or impart certain qualities of the compoundc These are known as treated yarns* GRADES Asbestos yarns are made in all standard A.S.T.Ii, grades as follows: Commercial, Underwriters', A, AA, AAA and AAAA, (Sec Table K for percentage of asbestos content in each grade.) MS 003598 MT-003004 PRODUCED JM-83 - 31 - ATI-81 n DIRECTION OF TUIGT Asbestos yarns are produced in "S" and "Z" twists. (See Glossary for definitions.) YARN NUUBLRG In the asbestos textile industry, the yarn numbering system used designates the cut, number of plies, and whether the yarn is plain or metallic. In a four digit figure, the first two digits indicate the cut, the next digit indicates the number of plies and the final digit indicates the number of metallic strands,, If the final digit is a zero, it indicates a plain (non-metallic) yarn. For example, No* 1022 is a 10-cut, 2-ply metallic yarn con taining two wires, and Uo. 2430 is a 24-cut, 3-ply plain yarn. In a three digit figure, the first digit only indicates the cut. Thus, No. 010 is an 8-cut single ply plain yarn* n STANDARD PACKAGES Paper tubes are the standard method of packaging asbestos yarns. Tubes may bo of various lengths and wound to purchaser * s requirements. MS 003599 o MT-003005 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 Asbestos Cord Twisted Asbestos Cord is made of several strands of asbestos yarn tightly twisted together to form a cord of uniform diameter and high tensile strengtha The yarn used may be single or plieds ferrous or non-ferrous, sized or unsized, or plain or metallic, depending on the end use of the product,. When the cord is made by braiding one or more jackets ov^r a yarn core, it is known as braided asbestos corde USSS Because of their uniformity,., strength and ability to withstand high temperatures with negligible structural change, asbestos cords have many specialized uses. They provide an ideal core for electric resistance wires and are widely employed as an insulation for glass handling tools, as a seal on high temperature corrugated metal gaskets, as a valve stem packing and as a braided wall in the con struction of steam hose* The metallic cords have inserts of fine wire and arc designed for use under exceptionally severe conditions* They are especially suitable for flare signal cords and for such uses as suspending retorts, crucibles and other objects that arc in contact with flam.; or heat* GRADBS Asbestos cord is made in all standard AoC.T.LI. grades as follows: Commercial, Underwriters*, A: AA, AAA and AAAA. (See n Table K for percentage of asbestos content in each grade.) |\AT-003006 MS 003600 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 - 33 SIZES Standard diameters of asbestos cord range from 1/16" up to 3/8". IRON CONTENT Asbestos cord is produced in two types with respect to iron content -- ferrous and non-ferrous.. Each of those conforms to A.G.T.LI. standards for maximum percentage of total iron and magnetic iron5 as follows: Typo Total Iron Content (llax. per "cent) Magnetic Rating (Maximum) Ferrous Mon-Ferrous Underwriters1 Grade Grades A, AAS AAA and AAAA 6 le75 2 3 0,,75 1 The non-ferrous cord is generally specified where exceptional electrical resistance is required* STAIIDAED PACKAGES The form of package varies with the practice of the individual textile manufacturer. Fractions of a pound arc usually packaged as balls; quantities of 1, 5 and 10 pounds arc generally wound on tubes or spools; larger quantities up to 50 pounds are on spools or reels. MS 003601 MT-003007 PRODUCED - 34 - ATI-81 Asbestos Thread Asbestos thread is made by treating asbestos yarns with special com pounds to lay the fibers and to produce an exceptionally smooth, uniform finish. It is produced in both plain and wire-inserted styles, the latter being noted for its great tensile strength and high thermal stability-. Asbestos thread is adapted to either hand or machine scuing USES Because it possesses the advantages that arc inherent in the inorganic mineral fibers from which it is made, asbestos tier cad can be used under conditions that would bo destructive to thread made from organic fibers,, For example, one of its well-established uses is for tying incandescent gas mantlese Other typical uses include sewing the asbestos fabrics used in the manufacture of theater curtains, belting and safety clothing; sewing insulation jackets on piping and turbines; wrapping electric resist ance wires; and fastening the asbestos roving insulations at each end of heater cords. GRADES ? STAIIDARD PACKAGES Asbestos thread is supplied wound on tubes as specified by the user. MS 003602 MT-003008 PRODUCED - 35 - ATI-81 Asbestos Uick Asbestos wick is a soft pliable strand of asbestos formed by loosely twisting together several strands of roving, slubbing or felted asbestos. It is supplied either with or without cotton yarn in the center. USES Furnished in convenient ready-to-use form, asbestos Trick is a general utility product of many and varied applications. The power plant engineer keeps it handy as an emergency packing. The plumber finds it useful for packing steam and hot water valves. The roofer depends on it as a weather seal when applying corrugated roofings And maintenance workers generally use it for caulking retorts, for sealing ovens and furnace doors and similar jobs. GRADES The standard grade of asbestos wick is Commercial but other grades arc supplied on order by most manufacturersc (See Table K for percentage of asbestos content in each grade.) SIZES The A" diameter is standard for most purposes but other diameters (usually from 1/0" or 5/16" up to 7/32" or -") are also furnished. STAIIDARS PAC.tD\G_SS Asbestos wick is sold in handy / and 1 pound balls and in larger quantities (usually 10, 25 and 50 pounds) wound on spools or reels. MS 003603 MT-003009 PRODUCED - 36 Asbestos Rope ATI-81 This product is produced in two styles: twisted and braided. Twisted Asbestos Hope is made by twisting tightly together two or more strands of asbestos rack. In the heavier repos, a binder is generally used to hold the twist. Braided Asbestos Rope is made in three constructions: (1) by braid-ing one or more jackets of asbestos yarn over a core of asbestos rope or wick: (2) by braiding asbestos yarn jacket over jacket to form a finished product of either square or round cross--section; and (3) by plaiting asbestos yarn into square cross-section. The braid over braid ropo is firmer and stronger; the plaited rope is softer and conforms more readily when compressed. USES Asbestos rope- a companion product to asbestos wick, is used where a thicker material than wick is desired. The tv/isted stylo is widely used as a seal between furnace doors and brickwork, as an expansion joint in plastic walls of boiler settings, for covering diesel engine exhaust lines* for packing boiler expansion and gas generator doors and as a gasketing material for manhole covers. The braided style is used as a groove packing for inspection doorsas filling for expansion joints in furnace brickwork- as a gasket for sealing doors of water gas generators and similar services - GRADES Asbestos rope is furnished in Commercial grade for most general uses and in grades A} AA, AAA and AAAA to meet particular service requirements. The grades with higher asbestos content are MS 003604 MT-003010 PRODUCED - 37 - ATI-81 used for high temperature applicationso (Gee Table K for percentage ' of asbestos content in each grade.) * SIZ5S Asbestos rope is made in a rri.de range of diameter?, 'usually from 1/8" or up to 3.tj" or 2". STAIIDAIiD PACKAGES Asbestos rope is generally sold in 10, 25 and 50 pound units r:ound in coils or on reels and pa deed in individual cartons. MS 003605 n MT-003011 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 33 Asbestos Cloth Asbestos cloth, woven from asbestos yarns, is produced in many tex tures, grades, weights and thicknesses to meet the r^moious diversi fied uses of this versatile asbestos textile product. Textures range from open mesh to lightproof and the choice of weaves include'5 plain, twill and herringbone. Various styles of cloth are also available, including plain, metallic and reinforced, as described under "Asbestos Yarn," Representative fabrics are illustrated on the following pages. In addition to the standard asbestos cloths, specially treated cloths are made by most asbestos textile manufacturers to meet unusual con ditions or where special characteristics such as resistance to ex treme abrasion are required. USBS Because of its inherent incombustibility and thermal stability., asbestos cloth is extensively used wherever these properties are es sential in a fabric,. Typical examples are the familiar asbestos curtains of theaters and auditoriums, fire-smothering blankets and flameproof draperies, all of which are made of asbestos cloth. The fire-fighting suits worn by personnel in the oil fields and the military services is another familiar application. Coats, trousers, aprons, shoes, gloves, mittems, leggings and helmets made of asbes tos cloth arc also extensively used to protect workers in industrial plants MS 003606 Asbestos cloths arc widely used as facings for the traveling con veyor belts that carry heated objects into ovens and dryers, as WIT-003012 PR00UCED JM-83 - 39 - ATI-81 aovers for ironing boards and laundry machine rolls, as industrial furnace hoods, shields for welding booths, belts for blueprint and mat-drying machines and insulation for diesel exhause pipes* * The dust bags for removing dust, fumes and vapors in mechanical dust collecting systems are among the more specialized uses? Here, con ditions of temperature, humidity and corrosion are such that often only bags made of asbestos cloth will satisfactorily meet the re quirements of this exacting service. Other specialized applications arc in the glass industry, where treated asbestos cloths serve as paddle covers, tray linings and lehr curtains under extremely severe conditions. Asbestos cloth also serves in clarification processes by providing a highly efficient, durable filter cloth. n. In combination with other materials, asbestos cloth provides special advantages resulting from the inorganic mineral fibers of which it is woven. A typical example is in the fabrication of moulded and laminated plastics where asbestos fabrics, used as binding agents, provide increased strength and ductility in the finished product. The metallic asbestos cloths are noted for their superior tensile strength and high resistance to heat and abrasion. These qualities make them virtually indispensable as ingredients in automotive and industrial friction materials, mechanical packings and gaskets and as an insulation over high temperature boiler covering.. MS 003607 GRADES Asbestos cloth is made in the complete range of standard ^ A.S.T.Ia* grades as follows: Commercial, Underwriters*, A, AA, AAA and AAAA* In general, the grades containing the higher percentages MT-003013 PRODUCED JM - 83 - 40 - ATI-81 n of asbestos provide greater thermal stability. (Gee Table K for , percentage of asbestos content in each grade.) . V/ISTHS The standard widths of asbestos cloth are 36" and 40" but other widths can be woven for special applications. YGIGHTG The weight of asbestos cloth varies from a few ounces to several pounds per square yard, depending on type of weave, grade of yarn used, its cut, ply, whether plain, reinforced or metallic and other factors. A selected list of asbestos cloths designed for general requirements and weighing from one to nearly five pounds per square yard, with construction details, thicknesses and grades available is shown in Table L. o THICK!GUGGFG The thickness of single ply cloths ranges from approxi mately ,015" to .100". Fabrics up to p" in thickness can be woven in multi-ply construction. TOLSRAIICES The tolerances for width, i/eight, thickness, yarn number (cut) and construction of asbestos cloth are in accordance with A.G.T.Id. Specification D 677."" STAUDARD PACKAGES Asbestos cloth is supplied in rolls of 50 and 100 yards. "Gee pages __ and For A.G.T.Li. Specification D577 (standard methods of testing woven asbestos cloth) sec pages _ and MS 003608 MT-003014 PRODUCED JM-83 - 41 - ATI-81 Asbestos Tape Asbestos tape is a narrow woven fabric with, selvage edges. It is nado in two styles: plain or non-mctallic, and metallic or wireinserted* USLS Asbestos tapes are widely used in the electrical industry as an insulation and have numerous other applications where an incom bustible woven tape of high tensile strength and thermal stability is required* Plain (non-mctallic) tapes of thin dimension are designed primarily for electrical insulating purposes such as motor windings, where there is need for a heat conductive, thermally stable insulation capable of absorbing a high percentage of insulating varnishes and treatments. The impregnated tape forms a moisture barrier essential to efficient motor operation* Heavier plain tapes are widely used as a durable flameproof, oil- and water-resistant wrapping for lead sheathed cables, as safety protec tion for covering hot piping such as used on steam locomotives, and as a component of packings and gaskets. The metallic or wire-inserted tapes arc designed for use where the service requires higher tensile strength or a high coefficient of friction or where abrasive conditions arc present. Large quantities are used as the major component in woven brake linings and clutch facings. Asbestos tapes are woven with special alloy wires for ap plications where excessively high temperatures are encountered, as MS 003609 MT-003015 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 - 42 - in the glass industry. Special metallic tapes are made to servo as oil burner racking. These are produced in many different designs to meet the require ments of the various types of burners in use and to provide for the proper vaporization of fuel, quick lighting and maximum efficiency in the operation of the burner. The thermal stability of asbestos tape also adapts it particularly for use as a conveyor bolting for carrying hot materials. Tapes for this purpose are made in if thickness and in widths up to 2" in both the plain and metallic styles. Some are woven with the top and bottom plies of plain yarn and are treated i/ith special compounds to increase their resistance to abrasion. Another of the many specialized uses of asbestos tape is in the field of horticulture, where it serves for binding up the wounds of trees after grafting. Because asbestos tapes are inorganic and thus immune to bacterial attack, their use helps prevent infection and hastens healing. GRADES Asbestos tapes for electrical purposes are made in Under writers' grade. Tapes for other uses are available in all standard A.S.T.E. grades from Commercial through AAAA. In general, the tapes with higher asbestos content arc used where high temperature condi tions arc encountered. (Sec Table K for percentage of asbestos in each grade.) MT-003016 THICIO'ESSES, VJIDTHS The thinner plain tapes -- those designed for ISAS 003610 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 - 43 - n electrical insulation --1 are woven in thicknesses from .010" to 030". Heavier plain tapes are made in thicknesses up to 1/8'l Metallic tapes can be woven in thicknesses from.-" up to 1". Stand ard widths of asbestos tape range from -J" to 6". Tolerances conform to A.S.T.II. specifications." IHOil COIITBIIT Asbestos tape for electrical use is made in two typos with respect to iron content -- ferrous and non-ferrous. The non- ferrous tape is generally used for electrical applications where the tape acts as an insulator or where voltages and temperatures arc extremely high. Both types conform to A.S.T.II. standards for maxi mum percentage of total iron and magnetic iron, as follows: Type Total iron Content Magnetic Rating ..(Max. per cent) (Maximum) n Ferrous 63 II on-Ferrous Underwriters* Grade 1.75 0.75 Grades A, AA, AAA and AAAA 2 1 STAIIDARD PACKAGES Asbestos tapes for electrical insulation are furnished in rolls wound on bushings. Rolls arc of varying footage, depending on width and thickness. Packaging of,, tapes for other uses varies with the specific tape. `For-permissible variations in thickness, width, weight and construe tion, as well as other detailed information about asbestos tape not given above, sec A.S.T.II. Specification D 315, reproduced on pages __ to of this Handbook. MS 003611 n MT-003017 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 - 44 Asbestos Tubing Asbestos tubing, sometimes called tubular sleeving, is made from asbestos yarns braided or woven to form a flexible sleeving or tub: ago The braided style is supplied in many diameters and textures and in several r:all thicknesses to meet a variety of service conditions. It is furnished unsized or with a finish coat of sizing to facili tate application if required. The woven, stylo can be manufactured in various constructions and is usually made to specifications for each requirement. USES Braided asbestos tubings provide a fireproof, heat- and chomically-rcsistant sleeving for insulating electrical wires and cables. This effectively shields the cable from possible damage resulting from the failure of adjoining cables. They arc also extensively used for covering the lead wires of thermocouples and in the glass industry they protect the hot glassware from injury by serving as a covering for pincers and tongs. An important practical advantage of braided tubing is the ease with which it can be fitted over the surface to be covered. A braided tubing will slide readily over a rod, wire or cable of the same outside diameter as the inside diameter of the tubing, and if neces sary its flexibility will allow it to bo expanded or contracted to fit slightly larger or smaller diameters. MS 003612 The woven style of asbestos tubing is particularly adapted for the insulation of bus bars, automobile heaters, as a flexible connection in hot air ducts and for other uses where a flexible woven type of MT-003018 PRODUCED - 45 - ATI-81 sleeving is required. 17oven tubing of large diameters is sometimes formed into the dust bags used in pneumatic systems for filtering hot waste gases which constitute a fire and dust hazard*" GRAPHS Asbestos tubing is made in all standard A.3.T.1I. grades -- Commercial, Under-writers', A, AA, AAA and AAAA. (Sec Table K for percentage of asbestos content in each grade.) SIZBS Braided tubings are produced with inside diameters of 1/64" up to several inches. Via11 thicknesses range from less than 1/32" to approximately 1/8". TIovcn tubings arc made in diameters from less than 1" up to 22n". STANDARD PACKAGES Braided tubing is packaged on spools, or wound on reels in quantities of 25 and 50 pounds. Y/ovcn tubing is sold in rolls, or cut to specified lengths. For A.S.T.1I. standard methods of testing asbestos tubing, sec page '"See also "Asbestos Cloth." MS 003613 MT-003019 PRODUCED - 46 - ATI-81 CALENDAR OF GEOLOGIC EVEIJTG RELATING TO FORiiATIOH OF CANADIAN SERPENTINE DEPOGITS" The asbestos bearing rock of the Canadian serpentine belt is chiefly peridotitc, v/hose main constituent is olivine (I.lg,Fe)GiO/|. There were two periods of sorpentinization in the Canadian serpent:;..; belt. The first one immediately followed the injection of the ult:-ri bas ic rocks and was carried out by hydrothermal solutions genetically related to the ultrabasic magma. The second sorpentinization period is much younger and closely followed the Acadian uplift. Asbestos veins were formed only during or immediately after the second sorpentinization period. Order Geological Event Temp. C Geological Ago 0 Taconie uplift Post-ordovician raid pro-Devonian 1 Injection and consolidation 1200 to At end of or immed of ultrabasic rocks and of 900 iately after the dis s cuinated chromitc Taconie uplift 2 First sorpentinization of the ultrabasic rocks 3 Acadian uplift Post-lov.Tor Devonian 4 In j e c tion of massive chromite 500 5 Injection of aplito and granite middle (7) Devonian 6 Second sorpentinization; 500 alteration of aplito dikes 7 Formation of asbestos veins 350 or Lliddle or upper (?) followed by talcification higher Devonian 8 Injection of magnetite 300 or higher 9 Precipitation of lincmagnesia silicates 250 10 Precipitation of zeolites, 200 or Upper Devonian carbonates and similar lower minerals MS 003614 "Canadian Lining Journal, Vol. 68 $ II0 o j 1047, pp. 157-167 WIT-003020 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 47 LA r TABLE A - PHYSICAL- - Chrysotile Crocidolite Amosite " ' Color Green gray, Blue amber to white Gray, Yol" cv; to dk. brews, r-.i Texture Soft to harsh, Soft to harsh Coarse but fA also silky sonewhat 't pliable , ^ Flexibility High Good Good Spinnability Very good Fair Fair Resistance to Heat Good, Brittle Poor, fuses Good.Brittie at high temp. at high temp; Tensile Strength, psi 18,000" ,, to 469,0007r 100,000 , 16,000 .. to 300,000" to 90,000" Fusion Point, F 2770'" Specific Heat, Btu/lb/F 0.266" 2180'"' 0.201'" 2550" 0.193'" too Electric Charge Pos. Nog. Filtration Properties Slow Fast Fast ; MS 003615 i MT-003021 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 ZIYSICJii ; PROPERTILS OF ASBESTOS FIBERS -itc . , Yoi" c~7 A. broma,* so but4) '..'licit `s' bio . Anthophyllito Yollot/ish brov:n, gray ish ivhite Harsh Treuolite Actinolite Gr ay-i/hi to, Greenish greenish, yel lowish, bluish Generally harsh, Harsh sometimes soft .Brittle igh temp. 00 . 0,000" o-- A Poor Poor Very good 4,000 ,, and loss'* 2675* 0.210'"' Hog. Medium Poor Poor Fair to good Poor Poor -- 1,000 ... to 8,000" 2400* 0 0.212* Nog. Medium 1,000 ,, and less" 2540'" 0.217* Hog. Medium "The Canadian. Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, April, 1S51 t;; - * '"'Harris Rosea,rch Laboratories, V/ashington V" ' ' D. C. MS 003616 MT-003022 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 - 48 - TABLE B~CIIEI.IICAL AIID MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS FIBERS'"' w Chrysotilo Crocidolito Essential Composition Hydrous silicate of mag Silicate of Na arrtf`3 nesia Fo with some v/atcr?.;,: Theoretical Formula Crystal Structure 3MgO .2Si0o. 2II0 0 Fibrous and asbestiform IJaFo ( Si 0, ) c.. FeSiC.#' X h2o 15 ~ Fibrous (V 'j. Crystal System Minoralogical Structure Ilonoclinic (pseudoorthorhombic ?) In veins of serpentine, etc. Monoclinic Fibrous in iron stones ] 1 ( 1 1 L Mineral Association Origin Voining Luster Hardness Specific Gravity Cleavage Optical Properties Refractive Index In altered peridotite ad Iron rich silicious jacent to serpentine and argillite in quartlimestone near contact zose schists with basic igneous rocks Alteration and uetamorph- Regional ism of basic igneous metamorphism rocks rich in magnesian silicates Cross and slip fibers Cross fiber Silky 2.5 - 4.0 2.4 - 2.6 010 perfect Biaxial positive, extinction parallel 1.50 - 1.55 Silky to dull 4 rr&T l-j! la: 3 o 2 ~ 3*o ' 110 perfect Biaxial T '? extinction inclined . 1.7 pleochroic l' '"'Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, April, 1951 PRODUCED JM-83 MS 003617 MT-003023 ATI-81 : -j '. . j A" "m'' o' s1 ito `, | Silicate of Fo and Mg i - '(higher iron than \\ | anthophyllitc - I (Fo.Mg)SiO.O. l-5j HLo* ) v -; 1i ` 1 ! Prismatic, lamellar ;; .1 to fibrous -I ;; * 'i> Orthorhombic - V ( : *( ' 1 ' Lamellar, coarse to fine fibrous and asbostii orm In crystalline schists, etc. Metamorphic Anthophyllitc Treaolite ivf. -l! 'i?.-. ''; Mg silicate with iron Ca and Mg silicats with some water, A Ca Mg F water u (I,lE.Fe)7Sia032(0H)2 Ca(Mg.F CagMggSigOgo C OH)2 ' Prismatic, Lamellar to fibrous Orthorhombic Long and thin cc- , lumnar to fibrous Lionoclinic Long anc , to fibr* Monoclij Lamellar, fibrous asbestiform Long, prismatic and fibrous aggregates Rcticul; matic cj fibers In crystalline schists In Mg Limestones m and gneisses alteration prod,.. magnesian rocks, metamorphic & igneous rocks Metamorphic, usually Metamorphic from olivine In lime: crystal: Results metamor- Cross fiber Vitreous, somewhat pearly -5.5 - 6.o ^''o.l - 3.25 ;;i 110 perfect Biaxial positive, . : extinction parallel : '-'1.54 * Slip, mass fiber unor- Slip or mass fiber iented and interlacing Vitreous to pearly Silky Slip or Silky 5.5 - 6.- S.Q5 - o.l 110 perfect Biaxial positive, extinction parallel 1.61 * 5.5 2.9 - 3.2 :J 'y- 110 perfect 1 ` i< ' Biaxial negative. extinction inclined 1.61 * .. 6 f 3.0 - 3. ;110 peri ,Biaxial `oxtincti 1.63 $ V; PRODUCED JM-83 MS 003618 MT-003024 ATI-81 Anthophyllite Tremolite , **fii 'a / ' -id LIg; Mg silicate with iron Sa and Mg silicate with some water H(oJ ) lar aiS.Fe)7Sia022(0II)2 Prismatic, Lamellar to fibrous Orthorhombic Ca3LI5Si822 (0I1' i Long and thin cclumnar to fibrous ' Monoclinic to Lamellar, fibrous asbestiform Long, prismatic and. fibrous aggregates In crystalline schists In Mg Limestones as and gneisses alteration prod,. magnesian rocks, metamorphic Co igneous rocks Metamorphic, usually Metamorphic from olivine Actinolite Ca Mg Fe silicate; water up to 5f0 Ca(Mg.Feo)r-(SioOr.)X H,c->* Long and thin columnar to fibrous Monoclinic Reticulated long prismatic crystals end fibers In limestone and in crystalline schists Results of contact metamorphism Slip, mass fiber unor Slip or mass fiber Slip or mass fiber iented and interlacing at Vitreous to pearly Silky Silky 5.5 - 6.- 5.5 ..T ' .6 f 2.85 - 3.1 2.9 - 3.2 \ 3.0 - 3.2 .j 110 perfect 110 perfect 110 perfect .h* Biaxial negative, 1 Biaxial positive, Biaxial negative,, extinction inclined lei extinction parallel extinction inclined 1.61 * 1.61 * 1.63 $ "weakly plcochroic . MS 003619 MT-003025 PRODUCED JM-83 - 49 - ATI-81 TABLE C - CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ASBESTOS"' Chrysotile Crocidolite Amosite Anthophyllite Tremoli te Si O p 37-44;o 49-555J 49-535.' 56-58>J 51-625' UgO 5S-445J O-05J 1-7`J 23-345J O-3O5J FeO O.O-6.O5' 13-2O5J 34-445J 3-125J 1.5-5.01 FoS3 0.1-5.O5J 17-205J -- -- -- AlUOj 0rO. h2o 0.2-1.5 -- 12.0-15o0% 2.5-4.55J 2-95J 2-55J Oo5-1.55J 1.0-6.05J 1.0--4: 0-5.05J CaO Tr.-5.O5J -- -- -- O-I85J IJap0 ----- -- 4.0-8.55J --- -- 0-9f0 Ca0tnao 0 -------- -- 0.5-2 o 55J -- -- "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol* 2 - Anthrone to Corto; I TABLE D - EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE OR LOSS IN HEIGHT OF ASBESTOS.' FIBERS' --------------------------- Loss in Weight (per cent)----------------------Temp* F Tine Amosito Anthophyllite Chrysotile Crocidolite Trcmolito 400 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1400 2 hrs " " " " " " 0.23 0.57 0.80 0.98 1.07 1.16 1.36 1.39 1.43 0.05 0.24 0.30 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.52 0.54 0.54 0.30 0.85 1.78 2.17 2.85 3.99 10.38 12.75 lo 4:0 0.08 0.25 0.49 0.73 0o83 0.86 1.00 1.04 1.03 0.04 0.08 0,13 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.37 0.37 0.47 '"'Canadian Mining and Mctallurgic al Bulletin, April, 1951 r' MT-003026 MS 003620 PRODUCED JM-83 - 50 - ATI-81 n TABLE E - COMPARISON OF TENSILE STRENGTHS OF VARIOUS FIBERS WITH ASBESTOS'"' Typo of Fiber Tensile Strength (psi) Acetate Rayon Nylon Glass Orion Cotton Silk Wool Asbestos (Clirysotile) 18i000 to 23 i000; 22;000 to 30,000a 65,000 to 80-000; 88,000 to 117,000a 250,000 to 315;000 60;000 to 80.000 42.000 to 125.000 45;000 to 83;000 17.000 to 28.000 , 18.000 to 469,000 "Tests conducted by Harris Research Laboratories, Washington, D. C. ^Depending on typo The average tensile strength of 56 asbestos fibers tested uas 72,000 psi n TABLE F - COMPARISON OF APPROXIMATE FIBER DIAMETERG" Type of Fiber Fiber Diameter in Inches Fibrils in One Linear Inch Human Hair Ramie Wool Cotton Rayon Nylon Glass Rock Wool Asbestos (Chrysotile 0o00153 630 0*000985 1,015 0.0008 to 0.0011 910 to 1,250 0.0004 2; 500 0.0003 3,300 0.0003 3; 300 0.00026 3,840 0.000142 to 0.000284 5,520 to 7,040 0. 000000706 to .0,00000118 850,000 to 1,400,000 "The Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, April 1S51 MS 003621 r* MT-003027 PRODUCED JM-83 - 51 - ATI-81 TABLE G - COMPARISON OF SURFACE AREA OF VARIOUS FIBERS WITH ASBESTOS'; Type of Fiber Surface Area by Ng Adsorption (Sq.Cm./Grain) Nylon Acetate Rayon Cotton Silk Y/ool Viscose Rayon Asbestos (Chrysotile) 3; 100 3; 800 7; 200 7 j 600 9 j GOO ' 9,800 ' 150,000 to 220,000 '"The Canadian Lining and Metallurgical Bulletin, April 1951 TABLE H - EFFECT OF HEAT ON TENGILE STRENGTH OF CANADIAN C' CHRYGOTILE CRUDE" , Tensile Strength Per Cent of Original (psi) Tensile Strength Origin?.1 crude - No heat Heated 5 minutes at 600 F Heated 5 minute s at 800 F Heated 3 minutes at 1000 F Heated 3 minutes at 1200 F 131j000 120`,000 96,000 78,000 42,000 -- 91.6 ri r~7 fr f GO 59.5 32,0 *The Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, April 1951 MS 003622 MT-003028 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 - 52 TABLE J - COMBUSTION ANALYSIS OF CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS'1'" Source of Total Pop Cent COg Calci; Temp* F Por Cent Per Cent Per Cent Ignition In Tori?:- ^ HpO C0P HpO COp Loss of Porccntnfy * * . c Filer I.igCC- CaCT- o o Cf<o J Arizona 1000 1800 O o o7 12*89 0.54 1.91 3.91 14.80 3,87 1,03 14,80 1.03 O i/ .1 _ . Australian 1000 1800 1.50 12.48 0.66 0.96 2.16 13.44 2.06 1.26 15.33 1,26 Canadian (A) 1000 1800 5.47 14.28 0.85 0.97 6.32 15.25 6.23 1,62 15,17 1.62 0,2\ Rhodesian 1000 1300 1.82 12.00 2.54 2.89 4.36 14.89 4.28 4.85 14.84 4,85 0,79 Canadian (B) 1000 1800 3.75 13.31 0.45 0.48 4.20 13.79 4.14 0,86 13.75 0.86 0,07 Russian 1000 1300 Canadian (c) 1000 1800 1.98 11.74 2.25 11.93 0.77 1.06 0.47 0.51 2.75 12*80 o >70 12*44 2.64 1.47 12.72 1.47 0.66 2.66 0.90 12.40 0.90 0,09 "Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, April, 1951 TABLE K - PERCENTAGE OF ASBESTOS CONTENT BY WEIGHT IN ASBESTOS TEXTILE PRODUCTS As Established by the American Society for Testing Materials Grade Asbestos Content by Weight Connercial Underr/riters * Grade A . Grade AA Grade AAA Grade AAAA 75 up to but not including 80^ Q0% up to but not including 85;, 85;' up to but not including 90fo 90^ up to but not including 95$ 95^ up to but not including 99% 99% up to and including 100^ MS 003623 IVIT-003029 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 53 TABLE L - GLADES AND CDESTRUCTION OF STANDARD ASBESTOS CLOTHS (Thickncsses-after calendering) 7/cight ATI Thickness Ends/" Picks/" 7'fc.rp' .Fillin'g 2 2'Grades . lbs/sq yd Stylo inchc s (Y/arp) (Fill) Yarn Yarn 1.00 1.05 1.25 1.30 l.oO 1.33 1.35 1.37 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.50 1.65 1.75 1.75 1.80 1.80 2.10 2.15 2,25 2.40 2.45 2.45 2.50 2.50 2.50 3.00 3.00 3o33 3.50 3.65 3.70 3.90 4.75 16P18 17P24 20P28 21P10G 21P14 21P10 21P16 22BT38 22P16 23P10G 22P18 23P18 24P10 24P18 26P14 28P16 28P18 29P10 2SP14 34P10 34P12 3GP10 33P12 39P12 39T12 40P10 40BT14 40II14 48P10 48T12 53T12 56 T8 53T12 59T12 62T12 7610DC .035 .035 .036 .035 .050 .055 .045 .034 .051 .052 .045 .050 .055 .050 .053 .063 .060 .060 .056 .062 .062 .070 .065 .075 *075 .075 .070 .070 .080 .075 .080 .085 .080 .030 .085 .135 16 16 27 16 16 8 12 30 19 18 24 17 9 20 14 34 26 16 20 16 20 18 20 27 27 20 27 27 18 30 36 24 36 40 24 37 13 1820 1810 U 15 2420 2420 U 13 2820 2320 u 9 1010 1010 u 10 1420 1210 u 8 1020 1020 c-u 15 1620 1620 AA 28 3320 3820 U-AAA 10 1620 1620 U-AAA 9 1010 1010 C-U 15 1820 1810 u 14 1320 1820 u 9 1020 1020 u 14 1820 1320 u 14 1420 1420 U-AA 10 1620 1620 C-U-A 13 1820 1320 U 10 1020 1010 U 10 1420 1420 C-U-A-AA 9 1020 1020 C-U-A-AA 10 1220 1220 C-U 9 1020 1020 C-U-AA-AAA 12 1220 1220 AAA 9 1220 1220 AAA 9 1220 1220 U-AA-AAA 10 1020 1020 C-U-AA-AAA 14 1420 1420 C-U-A-AA 14 1420 1420 C-U 9 1030 1020 C-U-AA-AAA-AAAA 10 1220 1220 C-U-AAA-AAAA 12 1220 1220 AAA-AAAA 7 820 820 AAA-AAAA 14 1220 1220 AAA-AAAA 14 1220 1220 AAA-AAAA 9 1230 1230 AAA 16 1020 1020 C-U G-Glass Reinforced H-Horringbono TJeave P--Plain ''.leave T-Twill 1Heave DC-Double Cloth BT-Broken Twill MS 003624 r' MT-003030 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 C' FELLOWSHIP REPORT 1IYRIL C. SHAW RESEARCH FELLOW ASBESTOS TEXTILE INSTITUTE NEW JERSEY CERAI.IIC RESEARCH STATION RUTGERS UNIVERSITY NEW BRUNSWICK, II. J. REPORT 25 # June 11, 1953 MS 003625 rN MT-003031 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 r* Fellowship Report During the quarter just passed the Fellow has been chieflyconcerned with three problems, namely, 1) Determination of Asbestos Content of Asbestos-glass Combination Textiles, 2) Determination of Serviceability Temperatures for all Grades of Asbestos Textiles and 3) The Significance of the Combined Iron Content of Chrysotile. The second and third subjects 'have received the greater amount of attention and will be discussed in some detail in later sections of this report; however, while the determination of the asbestos content of asbestos-glass combination textiles has been under con sideration, not a great deal of progress can be reported. "Je have endeavored to direct our attentions to those problems of greatest interest to the membership and the views expressed at the last General meeting indicated that subjects 2 and 3 should receive priority. The greater part of this report iff, therefore, concerned with these subjects. n MS 003626 n WIT-003032 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 n Asbestos-Glass Textiles The work on asbestos-glass combination cloths has been in the direction of further studies to ascertain the possibility of deter mining the asbestos content of such textiles by means of specific gravity methods rather than by chemical methods which has been pro posed. In earlier work reported by us, specific gravity determina tions by means of the pycnometer method mere advanced. However, the techniques involved in such determinations require a precision which is far too'critical for normal laboratory work and this type of procedure has, therefore, been abondoned for the present. During recent weeks we discussed the problem with Hr. A. R. Fisher, Bell Telephone Laboratories, who has been carrying on similar determinations in connection with the establishment of a control test for porcelain ceramic parts. In this work, the specific gravity of a porcelain is determined and from this evaluation the extent and degree of maturity can be established. In conducting these tests, heavy liquids having known specific gravities, ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 are used and the materials for test are evaluated on the basis of these liquids. By measuring the ability of the porcelain to float or sink in such a liquid, reading values to the third decimal place, a very close control of the specific gravity n can be maintained. Vie are now exploring the possibility of physically separating the asbestos from the glass, using a liquid having a specific gravity higher than the glass and lower than the calcined chrysotile. The liquid we have obtained for this work is acetylene tetrabromide which has a specific gravity of 2.943. The glass with a specific gravity of approximately 2.75 should float in such a liquid while the calcined chrysotile with a specific gravity of something over 3.00 should sink. TJe have not had sufficient time to conduct ex tensive experiments on these tests but wrill endeavor to carry on this work during the coming months. During the past week we obtained an article from Mr. J. L. Tucker titled "The Quantitative Separation of Fibre Mixture by Flotation", and in this work it is reported that the same technique as we contemplate has been found adaptable for the separation of many organic fibers. For example, cotton with a specific gravity of 1.55 was effectively separated from jute having a specific gravity of 1.48, using a liquid having a specific gravity of 1.51. If such separations can be made with the accuracy indicated, there is no reason to expect that our two materials,'having such wide differences in specific gravity--2.75 and 3.00, cannot as easily be separated. MS 003627 MT-003033 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 o Serviceability Temperatures of Asbestos Cloths Introduction At the last meeting of the Teclinical Committee attention was directed to the desirability of establishing a sca3.e of service ability temperatures for asbestos textiles. Fellowship Reports ,"23 and #24 set forth the thermal degradation characteristics for a group of asbestos textiles, however, the data as presented offers no specific temperature of serviceability vs grade relationship. In view of this, the Technical Committee recommended that tests be conducted by the Fellow, such tests to be so designed as to classify the strength deterioration characteristies for the various grades at some evelated temperature for one hour so that there would be strength retention of 80^ of the original cloth strength. Before initiating this work the entire subject was reviewed and there was made an analysis of the work previously reported. The results of this analysis were transmitted to hr. J. D. LIcCluer, Chairman of the task group assigned to this problem, and are also here set forth for consideration by the entire technical committee. The first provision of the recommended tests prescribes that n the test period should be one hour in duration. '.7e have consistant- ly raised objections to short period tests of this character due to the fact that such results are misleading and are in no way indica tive of the serviceability which will be obtained over extended time periods. This condition is particularly misleading at tempera tures of 450F and lower, the range wherein Commercial and Under writers grades will fall. It would appear that since the purpose of this work is to establish engineering data to assist consumers of these materials in selecting the proper materials for a given ap plication, the information should be factual and should indicate the relative serviceability over extended-.periods of time. The second provision of the recommendations states that the tests should be conducted so that the temperature at which 80^ strength retention may ascertained. It is well known that grade alone does not dictate the'elevated temperature serviceability of asbestos textiles. Height, weave and yarn construction all contri bute to this characteristic and it would seem that some recognition of this fact should be promoted. An indication of the influence of these factors is set forth in Table I where a statistical ana lysis approach has been advanced in order that a more understandable picture may be revealed. This table and the two paragraphs im mediately following are taken from our letter to LIr. LIcCluer and serve to summarise our statistical analysis. MS 003628 n MT-003034 PRODUCED JM - 83 Grade 2Style No. Samples ATI-81 Tensile Strength Retention (24 hours) 400F. 800F. Commercial 36P10 48P10 40H14 1 1 1 Underv/r iters 16P28 17P24 22P16 26P14 36P10 40P10 40H14 1 1 1 5 4 1 1 18.4 42.5 34.8 X = 31.9^ a = 10.0^ v = 31.4^ 57.5 43.G 35.7 41.7 34.6 43.5 34.8 X = 41.6^ a = 7.6# V = 13.25# 6.4 27.2 23.8 X = 19.1# a = 9.2# V = 48.1# 38.2 23.0 23.2 28.7 21.5 23.0 23.8 X = 26.6 a - 54# v - 20.3# A 30P14 1 72.5 56.8 AA 36P10 8 62.0 55 0 9 38T12 1 86.8 68.5 X = 74.4# a = 4.1# V = 5.5# X - 62.2# a = 2.0# v - 3.2# AAA 36P10 4 81.5 74.5 48P10 1 83.3 94.4 AAAA 56T8 1 X = 84.9# a = 4.5# V = 5.3# 927o X - 84,4# a - 10.5# v =12.4-# ----------------------7T70------- X - Arithcmi-tio.JJcaji. .(Averago)__________ a - The standaMdcviafcian*nthb"rDot;-ican square deviation about the average X'' ' ' _. ... .. . v - The coefficient .of variation, a'measure of relative dispersion based on 'the st&hdard deviation. PRODUCED W1S 003629 MT-003035 JM-83 ATI-81 n -o- From this data it will bo observed that at 400F the Commercial and Underwriters grades retain averages of 31.9# and 41.6^ ropsectivcly and'have standard deviations of 10.0;' and 7.6^ respectively. In my work, I have had but one sample of true Grade A cloth and this was manufactured in England. It bears our number 147 in report The inclusion hero is perhaps unfair since it does not repre sent a product from our membership but is set forth merely for information. Grades AA and AAA retain 74.4 and 84.9^ strengths respectively at 400F with 4.1f0 and 4.5# respective deviations while at 800F, 62.2^ and 84.4# strengths are retained with 2.0# and 10.5# respective standard deviations. The AAAA cloth here Set forth is again but one sample and should not perhaps be included in this analysis The influence of construction and yarn number upon performance is clearly emphasized in the ease of the Underwriters Grade cloths here tested. In this work seven styles were tested, covering fourteen cloths and the strength retentions at 400F ranged from 57.5# for 16P28 to 34.6# for 56P10. The grand average for all of the cloths in this group was 41.6#. On the basis of this brief analysis it is quite apparent that ^ any attempt to identify a given grade with a specific temperature will work to a disadvantage for some constructions and will over grade other constructions. VJhile it perhaps is not practicable to attempt to identify each grade and construction with a specific temperature, it does seem that it would be more logical to indicate ranges of temperature for a group of cloths as a whole father than attempt to fix a temperature that might cover the group. Experimental Data In substantiation of the above'remarks relative to the unre liability of short period test data, submitted herewith are some figures obtained in recent tests. It was suggested by Iir. I.IcCluer that tests to Commercial and Underwriters Grade Cloths be run at 350F for one hour and on Grade AA cloths at 450F. Tests on a few of these cloths were run at these temperatures for 1 hour and for 24 hours. Table 2 sets forth the results of these tests. MS 003630 MT-003036 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 -4- Cloth # 123. 139 154 160 124 133 138 125 143 146 153 142 Grade Und. Und. Und. Comm. Und. Und. Und. AA AA AA AA AA Present Strength Retained 350F 450F 1 hour 83.7 89.0 102.0 84.0 93.4 86.0 90.0 -- -- -- -- 24 hours 53.0 ... 50.0 62.0 58.0 -- -- --- ---- -- --------- -- --- -- 1 hour -- ----- - ----- 84.0 94.0 90.3 69.3 -- 24 hours __ ---- ------ -- ---- ---- -------- --- 69.0 48.5 79.0 Summary These results offer further evidence in support of earlier work showing the dangers to be encountered in accepting the results of one hour tests as indicative of serviceability characteristics. In view of the observations here presented it would appear desirable to have the Technical Committee again reviev; all of the data presented by the Fellow in the several recent reports along with similar data developed with each individual company's labora tories and on the basis of this collective information endeavor to develop a formula which will factually portray elevated tempera ture serviceability* It may well be that a different type of test procedure is desirable. Considerable thought by the Fellow has been directed along these lines and, among other things, there has been considered the possibility of a load test at elevated temperatures which might serve to provide more correlatable data and at the same time give information which is new. A few such tests of an exploratory charac ter have been carried out along these lines and the results would seem to'indicate that useful information might be so procurred. For example, a strip of AAA, 2.25# cloth was mounted in the furnace so that a weight equivalent to 7 pounds per yard of width was supported in tension and this assemby heated to 1500F and held for 2 hours. At the end of this period the cloth continued to support this load and showed no signs of destruction as a result of it. From appear ances it would seem'that much more weight could have been applied without destruction. MS 003631 MT-003037 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 -5n Such a test would seen to be simulative service in character and should prove of great interest from an engineering standpoint* If it is the desire of this committee that siach a test program be pursued we will be pleased to initiate the work immediately and should have a considerable amount of data for the next writing. MS 003632 MT-003038 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 SIGNIFICANCE OF COMBINED IRON III CHRYSOTILE Introduction Iron nay exist in chrysotile fiber either as a constituent or as a contaminant and as such may markedly determine the suitability of products made from such fibers for electrical insulation applica tions. The routine chemical! analysis of these fibers does not necessarily reveal how the iron is present, since in reporting such an analysis the iron is usually identified either as Fedor FepOor perhaps as a combination of the two oxides. Actually, the iron in chrysotile is most often present as Fe^Ch (magnetite) or as a structural constituent of the chrysotile lattices as a complex magnesium--iron silicate. Iron as Fe~04 is a highly undesirable contaminant since it is electrically conductive and exhibits a high magnetic permeability. On the other hand- iron as FegO,, or FeO (not normally a naturally occurring compound) or as a sflfcate are not particularly objection able from an electrical viewpoint, having extremely low magnetic permeabilities and high resistance to the conduction of electric current.. During recent years there have been movements initiated wherein the significance of the iron content and its relationship to elec trical conductivity might be established. Many specifications con tain sections concerned with this relationship which endeavor to set forth testing techniques that will reveal the applicability of ' a desired asbestos textile to a given set of conditions or operations. The American Society for Testing Materials sets forth a tentative method for determining magnetic rating by the Mapes method and also provides a conducting particle test (D 515-52) which are essentially concerned with the same end results. Various investigations have proposed an adaption of the dielectric strength test as used on solid materials as an applicable test for such determinations. MXL-1-3053A, in section 4.504u2 advances still another method where in the sample is heated to 815 for 1 hour, after which the sample is pulverized and the magnetic portion removed by an electromagnet. These are but a few of the techniques in use today and all ap pear to fall short in providing a completely satisfactory evaluation of the true electrical characteristics of an asbestos textile. It lias been our purpose during recent months to consider this problem in a rather detailed fashion in an effort to evaluate the methods presently in use and to endeavor to establish a test technique which' might yield"results having more significance than those now obtained. In addition, some work has been here included in an effort to establish the significance of the type of iron and its relationship to electrical properties. MT-003039 MS 003633 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 -2- n Experimental Work Magnetic Analyses In initiating this investigation several methods of magnetic analysis were considered in an effort to establish a testing techni que which would provide the highest degree of accuracy and reproduceability for the materials with which we are here concerned. Magnetic measurements using the ballistic galvanometer for detection were first studied, however, with the equipment available only very small samples (0o5 grams or less) could be studied. This limitation on sample size proved to be the objectionable feature of this test method since in selecting samples of such small quantities a marked variation in resultant permeabilities among the several samples of the same material could be observed. In order to utilize such a test method in this work it was felt that it would be neces sary to redesign the available equipment so that it would accom modate samples of not less than 5 grams and preferrably 10 grams in size. The equipment made available to us was and is being used on another project and in order for us to proceed further along these lines it would be necessary to expend a considerable amount of time in developing a new set-up. Before proceeding further along these lines it was felt desirable to investigate other avenues of study for a possible solution. A second test set-up here available to us for consideration in this work was a Helmhotz coil analyzer wherein the samples to be investigated are subjected to a known magnetic force and the induced torque resulting therefrom measured through an analytical balance. Here again the equipment design was inadequate for our purpose. The coils, although nearly 2" in cross-sectional diameter by 10" in coil diameter,, were incapable of producing a magnetic field with suffici ent intensity to activate our materials which contained so small an amount of magnetic materials<- A redesign of this equipment would undoubtedly provide a suitable test instrument for such determina tions, however, it was felt highly unlikely that the results Y/hich might be obtained would be any more significant or reliable than t those now obtained by means of the presently used Mapes Analyzer. The third method investigated was that proposed by A.S.T.li. designation D 1118-50T, originally proposed by F. S. Mapes. The equipment as prescribed under procedure A was procurred in exact compliance v/ith the specifications, except that the amplifier and indicating instrument here used are in one unit--a Hev/lett Packard Vacuum Tube Voltmeter. This instrument has twelve ranges for volt age readings with the lov/est range reading from 0 to .001 volts Cl millivolt) full scale, readable to 0.01 millivolt while the high est range reads from 0-300 volts. V/ith this equipment ten gram fiber samples can be tested in MR values ranging from much less than 1 to in excess of 12 can be easily determined. MT-003040 MS 003634 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 3' r\ Analysis of A.S.T.II.-D 1118-50T Before considering specific test data it would seen advisable to review briefly the purpose of the test, the test procedure, and the significance of the data so obtained. . The stated purpose of this test is to deternine the nagnetic rating '(ER) of an asbestos fiber or material produced therefrom, ' such a rating to serve as a criterion upon which may be established the ability of said materials to serve satisfactorily for electrical purposeso The LIP. values cover a range from 1 to 6 ana are estab lished on the basis of known weights of a standard magnetite (Bureau of Standards }/29a) uniformily distributed throughout a volume equivalent to that occupied by a ten gram sample of asbestos fiber. An LIR equal to`l is obtained by thoroughly nixing a sample of some inert material, such as zinc oxide, in an amount equal to the volume occupied by 10 grams of chrysotile (40 grams of zinc oxide) with 0,18 grams of the standard magnetite. A mixture so prepared vail yield a reading equivalent to an HR equal to 1. With further addi tions of magnetite in multiples of that necessary to produce the MR-1 reading, additional ratings up to MR-6 are procurred. Curve I sets forth the LIR vs millivolt reading relationship for the equipment we have in operation. These values were obtained n using a reasonably pure grade of magnetite obtained from our chemical supplies, and may not be exactly the same as might be obtained when the #29a sample is used. YJe have had the standard material ordered for some time but have not received it to date, however, upon its arrival a check run will be made. ' On the same Curve I there is presented the LIR vs Fe^O^ per centage content relationship for chrysotile fiber. Through the relationships here set forth it would seem that it should be possible to roughly determine the amount of magnetic iron in a given unknown sample. However, this technique does not take into account the extent of dispersion,`fineness of grain or degree of orientation, all of which, no doubt, have some influence upon any magnetic permeability measurements which may be'made. The extent of effect of the first two of these factors are, at this point, not too well established by this work, however, the effect of orientation has been studied and the variations obtained are set forth in Table I. In this table, the results of determinations on eighteen different chrysotile fiber samples are presented. Each sample was read ten times with tile sample being removed, fluffed and repacked after each reading. The range of values shown in the first column are the minimum and maximum values for the ten readings taken and the second column sets forth the average value for the ten readings. The values are presented in millivolts. n MT-003041 MS 003635 PRODUCED JM - 83 SUBJECT RUTGERS UNIVERSITY Th Slot Unwortity of New NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY ATI-81 DATE SHEET Jtt - BT Johnson -;":1 " - 25;') 75#> " vK 3R Bell "'I " i/2 " v'3K " >!'3R King #2 " >;'3R n Danville ,f2 " -;/3R12 " 7/-3R34 Shebanie #1 M II 7-/'P6 7/ CooG j/i ti -".p ATI-81 -5- Table I Range 6.1 - 7.3 ** 113 -13.9 4.25 - 5.45 4.45 - 5.10 10.5 -13.1 6.6 - 8.8 3.25 - 3.60 3.90 - 4.75 12.40 -16.40 3.10 - 3.60 5.30 - 6.60 2.70 - 2.90 2.85 - 3.25 1.00 - 1.10 1.00 - 1.20 1.00 - 1.30 0.85 - 1.00 Average 6.55 12.60 4.30 4.80 11.75 7.25 3.45 4.25 14.40 3.35 5.90 2.85 2.90 1.00 0.60 1.10 1.25 0.90 MS 003637 n MT-003043 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 -6- An analysis of those results will show that'while the millivolt readings in most cases appear to be considerable, the range of values usually falls well within one HR group which, in general, covers 2 millivolts. Carrying this analysis still further in an effort to determine ' the effect of orientation, several cloth and yarn samples were tested. The cloth samples were first tested with the warp direction in the long direction of the specimen holder, secondly with the fill direc tion in the long direction of the holder and finally with the diagonal direction in the long direction of the holder. Finally, the cloths were, carefully dissected and all of the yarns first placed parallel in the long direction of the holder and secondly, wrapped around a small spindle so that they could be placed in the holder in a circu lar position at right angles to the first position. The results of some of these tests are interesting and show the definite effect of orientation. Table 2 Cloth #132 (3"x3'<) Yarns #132 Cloth #75 (3"x3") Yarns #75 Grade AAA yarn 10 cut, 2 ply Y/arp 4.10 mv 4.4 mv 2.95 mv 3.10 mv 6.7 mv Fill 3.41 mv 3.2 mv 1.80 mv 1.75 mv 3.2 mv Diagonal 3.80 mv 2.40 mv It will be observed that yarns which had been removed from each of the cloths gave higher readings in the warp direction and lower readings at right angles to the warp direction than was obtained for any positioning of the individual cloths. It must be assumed that the maximum values are most nearly correct since in these determina tions the greatest susceptability intensities have been induced through the alinement of the magnetic particles in a manner which will produce the highest degree of interception in the magnetic field. In the production of the cloths here tested, the preparation of the fiber from the cards through the spinning frames has acted to aline the fibers and the attached magnetite particles so that all are reasonably parallel, Through such an alinement the maximum magnetic susceptabilities are obtained. The tests to date, though few in number, would indicate that the maximum, millivolt readings for a given cloth are between 5% and 10f0 MT-003044 MS 003638 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 -7- lower than the probable maximum value which would be obtained by alining all of the yarns to produce a maximum value and that the average values for a cloth are approximately 15^ to 25?0 lower than tlie yarn maximum value. In terms of the L3R rating this would mean an increase of from 0.1 to 0.2 of 1'MR on the maximum value or 0.3 to 0.5 of 1 MR on the average value. On the basis of these observations it would appear that test ing technique and procedure are the critical points in such deter minations. The effect of grain size, packing and distribution of the magnetic particles on such determinations will probably exert some further influence upon the HR values so obtained, however, it would also appear that the extent of such influence should be deter minable and accountable. It would seem advisable at this point to institute a program of investigation to determine the extent of influence exerted by the above mentioned variables and upon the basis of these determinations to draft a specific method of test procedure. It is conceivable thatcone or more factors related to each of the above variables will have to be included in the formual for the determination of MR. Such a factor is now used in the de termination of asbestos content,0.86, and in this latter case we realize that figure may range f .01. The same degree of reliability should be sought and expected in the work on magnetic ratings. Having determined the proper test procedure and formula for evaluation there is no logical reason why the determination of MR values should not be consistant and reproducable and why such values should hot be translatable, within tolerable limits, into Fe^O* content. Test Results - A.S.T.M. D 1118-50T In this investigation of the A.S.T.M. method for determining the magnetic rating of asbestos materials eighteen varieties of chrysotile, two grades of anosite and one sample of crocidolite were studied. In addition, of the nineteen chrysotile samples fourteen of the samples are divided into three components as follows: 1) carded fiber, 2) waste from licker in cylinder and doffer, and 3) waste from feed rolls. Three of the chrysotile fibers are divided into two components - 1) carded fiber and 2) card fly. The over-all study included tests on fifty-two separate samples. In the test work, ten readings were taken on each sample of carded fibers and five readings were taken on the waste fiber samples In addition, following the test on the carded fibers, the samples were placed in a furnace at 810C and held for one hour, after which another set of five readings was taken. This latter procedure is in compliance with the specification set forth in IHL-3053A. In carrying out an individual test, each sample, 10 grams in weight, was placed in the holder and the reading taken. Following this the sample was removed, opened and fluffed and then repacked in the holder in preparation for another reading. This procedure MS 003639 MT-003045 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 r\ Johnson -;''l Johnson Hi - 25^ vl'2 - 75# Johnson 3K Johnson 3R Bell v;'l Bell j '2 Bell 7 '-3IC Bell -i/oR King <-2 ICing #3R Danville -;'-2 Danville #3R12 Danville j^3R34 Shehanie Hi Shebanio -t-2 Shebanie -;''3 CG -''1 CcoG #2 Anosite B-l Anosite 3DII-1 Crocidolite -8- Carded Fiber A A (Calcine) 6,55 12.60 1.25 1.35 4.80 4.80 0.60 0.50 11.75 7.25 3.45 4.25 0.85 0.75 0.50 0.70 14.40 3.35 1.80 0.50 5.90 2.85 2.90 1.05 0.95 0.90 1.00 .60 1.10 0.00 <0.40 <0.50 1.25 .90 <0.10 0.00 0 0-- {0.50 Haste BC 30.0 37.5 -- 20.20 25.00 11.80 18.60 25.00 23.90 11.60 14.25 23.25 14.70 10.20 15.40 40.00 46.50 7.30 12.60 14.50* 4.40* 3.90* ,,,,w ~ ~ - -- 10.20 0.50 1.25 16.00 9.00 8.05 13.20 8.05 -- 4.80 7.10 w -- B = Haste iron Licker-in Cylinder & Doffer C = Haste fron Feed Rolls * = Card Fly MS 003640 o MT-003046 PRODUCED Jill-83 / ATI-81 -9- was repeated until ten readings had been taken in the case of the carded fibers and five readings in the remaining fibers. The results of the tests so conducted'are set forth in Table 3, where Column A presents the average values, in millivolts, for ten determinations on each sample; column A (Calcine) presents the aver age values, in millivolts, for five determinations on each sample of the same carded fiber which had been held at 810C for one hour; column B presents the average values, in millivolts, for five deter minations on waste from the licker-in cylinder and doffer resulting from the processing of the carded fibers shown in column A; and column C presents the average values, in millivolts, for five deter minations on waste from the feed roll resulting from the processing of the carded fibers shown in coluim A. It will be observed that there are marked differences in re lative magnetic permeability over the range of fibers here investi gated and that there are even greater differences, in most cases, between the carded fibers and the waste fibers. This latter obser vation gives a clear indication of how effective a processing opera tion may bo in improving the purity of a carded fiber and also should perhaps indicate the care which should be exercized in using waste fiber as a batch ingredient where iron-free products are sought. In order to evaluate the results here presented, in terms of MR values, the following table sets forth the relative MB values covering a millivolt range: UR 1* 2.2 - 4.6 Millivolts 2 = 4.6 - 6.8 II 3 = 6.3 - 0.5 4 8.5 - 10.5 5 = 10.5 - 12.6 6 = 12.6 - 15.0 7 = 15.0 - 17.3 8 = 17.3 - 19.6 9 * 19.6 - 21.7 10 = 21.7 - 24.0 MS 003641 On'the basis of the above tabulation, it will be seen that two samples, (1) Johnson -;/l and v/2bblend and (2) King /;'2 have MR values of 6 or greater; Bell -;''l has an UR value of 5, etc. Host of the Canadian carded 3K and 3R fibers have ratings between 1 and 2 while the African carded fibers arc much less than 1. However, the waste fibers of most of these fibers show a high concentration of iron bearing minerals which if not properly eliminated through processing or if added as a batch ingredient could well`account for a marked deterioration in electrical property quality. The data presented under column A (Calcine) was included in order that the specification as sot forth in UIL-3053A might be evaluated. In reviewing all of the available information covering MT-003047 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 -10- tho subject we are here investigating there could be found no sub stantiation for the technique advanced under this Military Specifi cation. It appears to us that such a treatment, wherein the Fe^O^ ' is submitted to an oxidizing atmosphere at this elevated temperature, 810C, the only possible result would be the oxidation of the magnetite with the resultant reduction of magnetic properties. Such results are obviously obtained since it will be seen that the magnetic properties are, in every case, markedly reduced to the point of being practically eliminated. In the African fibers par ticularly, the oxidation was found to be practically complete. SUMMARY The work here reported has been largely exploratory and few, if any, definite conclusions can be established on the basis of the results obtained. The Mapes Analyzer has been quite thoroughly investigated and it would appear that many of the irrationalities attributed to this instrument are misplaced and'should perhaps be charged against testing procedure and technique. The test procedure as set forth by A.S.T.U. is far too sketchy to provide a degree of accuracy consistant with the details of construction set forth in * the design of the instrument. Also, the method of sample selection, r' the number of samples and the positioning of the samples during the test are very important factors which must be considered if reliable results arc to be expected. A method of test should be developed and specified which will take into account all of the above variables. Under these conditions the Mapes analyzer should provide reasonable accurate and reliable information. The second phase of this investigation lias been to determine the significance of chemically combined iron in chrysotile asbestos. The terminology is piorhaps somewhat misleading here since most., if not all, of the iron found in chrysotile is chemically combined; free iron or tramp iron being practically non-cxistant. The iron may be chemically combined as one of the several oxides or as one of the silicates. The interest here rests chiefly in the considera tion of whether the iron if present as Fe^O, or as one of the com plex magnesium-iron silicates wherein theiron may be a unitconstituent of the chrysotile molecule. In this latter case, the ` resultant structure provides no difficulties electrically, however, as Fe-O^ the iron is present as an undesirable impurity. Proof of the electrical inertness of iron as a silicate may be seen in table 3 where two samples of amosite and one of crocidolito are listed. The two amosite samples showed no magnetic properties whatsoever while the crocidolite gave an indication so feeble in intensity that it was hardly noticeable. In these, amosite may r> contain between 35# and 45# iron reported as iron oxide and crocidolite may contain between 35# and-40# iron, again reported as iron oxide. Actually, in both cases, the iron is present as iron silicate. MS 003642 MT-003048 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 11r' Furthcr, the difference between iron in its several states'of oxidation are quite narked. Reference is again made to Table 3, columns A and A (Calcine). In column A, the values shot; the mag netic properties of the Fe-O/ contained in the several chrysotilos listed. Upon heating these same samples to a sufficient temperature 310C, under oxidizing conditions, the greater part of the Fe,,0^ has been oxidized to Fo203 which exhibits no magnetic properties. The resultant values show that nearly complete oxidation has been obtained and the magnetic and electrical properties markedly improved This latter specification, as covered in'LIIL-3053A is, me be lieve, meaningless. Under this specification, all of the fibers here studied would have an LIR value of less than 1. COIJCLUSIOIIS It would seem advisable to continue this work in an effort to develop a test method that would provide uniformity in procedure with a resultant greater consistancy in results. It does not seem unreasonable to expect that a suitable method can be developed and that on the basis of such a method a reasonable degree of correla tion between MR and Fe^O. content in chrysotile can be established. MS 003643 MT-003049 PR00UCED JM-83 ATI-81 n FELLOWSHIP REPORTS IIJDEX Progress Report ,/l-----October 3, 1946 1. General Remarks Progress Report ,;'2-----December 12, 1S46 1. General Remarks . Progress Report $3 ----- March 28, 1947 1. Fellowship Program Review 2. Abradoflex Description 3. X-ray and Spectrographic analyses of Chrysotile Progress Report #4 ---- Juno 19, 1947 3.. General Remarks Progress Report ,/5-----September 25, 1947 3.. Abrasion Resistance Studios n 2, Constant Height Investigations Progress Report #6 ----- December 5, 1947 1 Review of Test Methods, Techniques and Equipment used in A.T.I. Fellowship Laboratory. 2.Tabulation and Evaluation of Accumulated Test data. Progress Report jjn April 8, 1948 Report 7/8 1. Abrasion Resistance Tests 2. Hot Surface Tests 3. Constant Height Determinations 4. Fundamental characteristics of Chrysotile June 17, 1948 MT-003050 1. Thermal Properties of Chrysotile Report #9 ----- September 23, 1948 1. Physical Tests on Asbestos Textiles n 2. Flamability and Flame Propogation Studies. Report j'-10-----December 10, 1948 MS 003644 1. Abradoflex Tests PRODUCED Jill-83 ATI-81 Fellowship Reports Index n Page 2 Report //11 April 7, 1949 1. Cotton Degradation and its Influence upon the Thermal Properties of Asbestos Textiles 2. Moisture Regain of Chrysotile by Desiccation, Report #12-----June 16, 1949 1. Heat Aging Tests Report #13-----September 16, 1949 1. Heat Aging Tests 2. Fibor Length Classification Report #14-----December 8, 1949 1. Heat Aging Tests for Asbestos Textiles 2. Heat Aging Test Report with Reference to cloths containing a Predominance of Rayon in the organic portion, n 3. Progress Report on Heat Aging Tests 4. T/estinghouse Electric Corp, Test . ' '- - Methods, Report----- The Asbestos Content of Asbestos Tcxtilcs-Mareh 27, 1950 Report----- The Physical Properties of Some Asbestos Textiles-----March 27, 1950 Report----- Abrasion Resistance Test for Asbestos Textiles--March 27, 1950 Report----- Tensile Strength Determinations--March 27, 1950 Report #15----- June 15, 1950 1. Pipe Covering Test 2. Heat Aging Test 3. Fire Resistant Finishes for Aircraft 4. Acid Degradation of the Organic Por tions of Asbestos Textiles, Report #16----- September 21, 1950 MT-003051 1, Pipe Covering Tost 2. Temperature Resistance Tests MS 003645 Report-- Abradoflex--Abrasion Resistance Tester-- September 21, 1950 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 Fellowship Report Index Page 3 Report #17----- December 14, 1950 1, Pipe Covering Tests Report----- Metallic'Foil Clad Asbestos Textiles-April 12, 1951 Report----- Abradoflex--Abrasion Resistance Tester -- April 12, 1951 Report----- A Method for Determining the Flame Propoga- tion Characteristics of Asbestos Textiles-- April 12, 1951 Report #18----- June 14, 1951 1# General Remarks Report #19----- October 11, 1951 1. General Remarks Report #20----- December 6, 1951 ^ 1, Heat Aging Tests 2, Aluminized Cloths 3, Temperature Resistance of Asbestos Textiles Report----- Temperature Limits for Asbestos Textiles -- March 27, 1952 Report #21--- June 19, 1952 MS 003646 1. Heat Aging Test 2. Aluminum Clad Asbestos Textiles 3. Asbestos Tape as a Pipe Lagging Material 4. Glass-Asbestos Combination Textiles Report #22-----October 9, 1952 1. General Remarks MT-003052 Report----- The Strength Characteristics of Asbestos Textiles at Elevated Temperatures-- October 1, 1S52 PRODUCED Report Heat Aging Tests--October 1, 1952 JM-83 Report----- Heat Treatment of Asbestos Textiles at 200FOctobcr 1, 1952 Report---- The Determination of Asbestos--Glass Ratio by Specific Gravity Method--October 1, 1952 ATI-81 Fcllov/ship Report Index Page 4 Report #25----- December 11, 1952 . 1. Elevated Temperature Strength Characteristics 2. Glass-Asbestos Content of Asbestos Textiles 3. Significance of Chemically Combined Iron in Chrysotile Report #24---- March 12, 1953 1. Physical'Tests on Asbestos Textiles a) Steam, v/ater and acid. 2. Wcstinghouse Heat Aging Test 3. Significance of Chemically Combined Iron in Chrysotile n MS 003647 r' MT-003053 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 rFELLOWSHIP REPORT MYRIL C. SHEW RESEARCH FELLOW ASBESTOS TEXTILE INSTITUTE LEW JERSEY CERALIIC RESEARCH STATION n RUTGERS U1JIVERGITY NEW BRUNSWICK, II. J. REPORT 26 September 10, 1953 MS 003648 rN MT-003054 PRODUCED JM - 83 Introduction ATI-81 The Fellowship report for this quarter contains reports cover ing two of the major projects in the Fellowship program. The first report, "The Elevated Temperature Serviceability of Asbestos Textiles", has been prepared as an initial effort in an endeavor to write an article that may be used for publicity pur poses which will .more or less summarise the results of our work and present it for public consumption in a form which may be under stood and used. It is not intended that the article shall be used as written, but rather that it may serve as a starting point from which a suitable publicity release may be developed. It is hoped that each member of the Institute will take it upon himself to seriously consider the subject and material here presented and will offer suggestions as to how it may best be used for good publicity. The second report, "The Significance of Combined Iron in Chrysotile", is a continuation of the discussion presented in the report submitted at the last meeting. Additional significant information lias been included in this report and it is felt that through continued work on this problem, a clearer understanding of many of the problems involved in connection with this subject will be had. It is our intention to present the information we have thus far obtained at a meeting of the task group of A.S.T.M. which is considering this problem, when it meets in New York in October. In addition to the work covered in the reports here presented, the Fellow has engaged in further efforts to clarify and correct several of the Federal specifications. During the past month, the Fellow met with hr. Tucker and Ilr. Frederick for the purpose of reviewing the several Federal specifications and the revisions which have from time to time been proposed by our membership. Copies of the proposed revisions are being distributed at this meeting and it is hoped that some specific actions may result from this consideration. Also, Y/estinghouso Electric l.lanufacturing Company has concluded its efforts to revise their specification PD3 2060. A full discussion of the proposed revisions will be conducted during the course of this meeting. t The Fellow trusts that the program of research and investiga tion bcipg conducted meets with the satisfaction of the Institute membership and will welcome suggestions as to how the work may be expanded or changed to further increase its usefulness. YJe are now entering our eighth year of service with the Institute in the capacity of Pesoarch Fellow and would like to take this opportunity to thank the membership for its support and interest in the work in which we have engaged. Yfc trust that our service and contribu tions have been as satisfactory to the Institute as it has been pleasurable for the Fellow. MS 003649 MT-003055 PRODUCED ATI-81 The Elevated Temperature Serviceability of Asbestos Textiles The elevated temperature serviceability of asbestos textiles is a direct function of the grade of the material, the weight, weave and thickness of construction and the atmospheric conditions under which the specific service is to be endured. In addition, physical abuse such as abrasion, load in tension or shear and the corrosive action of chemicals, all contribute in some degree to the deterioration and ultimate destruction of asbestos textiles in service. The specific effect of elevated temperatures upon the service ability of asbestos textiles has long been a subject of consider able concern and efforts to define this characteristic in terms of grades alone has not proven to be accurate. Excessive tempera tures do contribute markedly to the physical alteration of the basic asbestos fibers, however, at temperatures below 1000UF the structure of the fibres remains fundamentally unchanged and they exhibit, in great part, the same strength imparting characteris tics originally inherent. The strength deterioration of the lower grade asbestos textiles, such as Commercial and some Underwriters grades, observed at relatively low temperatures is related in great part to the yarn construction since shorter length fibres are used in these classifications. In view of this and since the ultimate yarn strength is, to a marked degree, a function of the fibre to fibre contact affected in the spinning of the yarn, the real or true tensile strength of the individual fibres contribute in only a very small measure to the overall resultant strength. In the higher grade textiles, wherein longer fibre lengths are ' used and, consequently, a more effective spinning is accomplished., the tensile strengths are proportionately increased and the true strength of the individual fibres finds opportunity for expression The various designs and constructions of the many asbestos textiles are the results of an engineering approach to the problem of developing the most suitable material to meet specific appli cations; ''.'here temperature requirements alone are the determining factors, the selection of a suitable construction is relatively simple. However, when high strength and abrasion resistance re quirements must also be taken into consideration, the development of the most serviceable design and construction requires an ap plication of the Inowledge and understanding which lias been gained through years of experience by the manufacturers of asbestos tex tiles. Further, the requirement for light-weight fabrics with one or all of the foregoing properties necessitates the application of additional engineering know-how. In an effort to provide the consumers of asbestos textiles with authoritative information regarding the products of this industry, the Asbestos Textile Institute lias selected a group of asbestos textiles which are considered standard throughout the industry and has tabulated the significant data pertaining to each. The list is not, and should not be so considered, a commit at .list, of all of the clot.ha marmfacCured and supplied by this MS 003650 MT-003056 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 *. S' .* 4 A -5 '0 A .d C ^II4 II n tH4 A1 ' H '5 1s cn d i 11 1 ' HA 1 op s P PPPPM' A p rd Cd 111 p> o |d |o p | t l J> |----' r l^ '--ri>^tV--r i>!r ^ *t 4-- 1 CO 03 O P C3 CD a zc-<j ^ n co P-3 D C3 -H m ^ o P P CJ Q;P Hcod H ; o l (.3 u a P -P ap ,^ r< * Mo oOn Z \ CO cj co po h--Jt jPA rL 'r rU-s C3 CJ P -H op O CH C3 N O o hO cj h a r-t ^ HH JcHd PM oooooooooooooooooooooooooo P 03 03 P P CM CM 03 CM P P 03 CM 03 03 03 CM P CM 03 03 03 CM CM CM 03 CO ^ CO O 03 O CO CO CO O ro CO O CO ^ CO CO O vj* O 03 O 03 (^3 03 O P, ?S H ,Icddctd OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 03 CM C3 r-1 CM 03 03 CM CM H 03 03 03 CM CM CM 03 CM 03 03 CM CM 03 CM CM CM CO ^ CO O -M1 O co CO CO O CO CO O CO to co O ^ O CM O CJ CM CM O P a r* M \ rc-iHn.* tOlOlO(JOcOlOCDOO'OMl(OM,MlOlOOOCrtOOiWC3CnO P P P (--1 P 03 p P p rlrlHHrtrl p i--1 p o H Ph r-H o d M /-v \ P. cn Pi nd cd f^C O O F- CD CD CO 03 O cn CO kF F- cn O p p M3 UJ O CO O CD o 0- F~ O HrlWrlH P to P P CM P CM P CM 03 H CM P CM i--I 03 03 03 CM cn cn ^ cj cn ao poH poP P ;i Es'--' 10 to cO LQ O to LO p P CM LO O LO O tO tO O O CO CM CM CO LO LO to to to to to CO LO LO p to LO LO to LO to LO cj CO O LO CO CO p- CO 0- 0- F~ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCDOOO o t*---PHI p4r-OJ ca CD CO O 00 co OM1 O O to CO O co 03 o CO p co CO O 'M< O CM O C 3 CM 03 O P 03 CM pr { p p H p i--( p Hi p rd i--l Hl p p rl H rl rt H H rl rl PL, Ph Oh PhIX, CL, p, fO pi-, PM PL, p, PL, Ph P_, PL, PL, P, Ph PL, P, PL, p, p, -) cO 0- CJ PP P P 03 03 CM 03 tO P P CO CO CO CO CD p O CO (T> C7> O P P CM 03CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 03 CM CM CM CM CM CM CO tO LO (0 to CO P nd -P Ps P Pbo o' OO lOOi0O3 OtOOtOtOtOlOtOFtO-OPOPOPtOpOtOo ltOO ClOO pL-O0-OCOO COO tHOrL-lO03O^LOt^OOto r-l cn o\ P EcHd o cn jo r-H MT-003057 MS 003651 PRODUCED JM - 83 T able 1 (C o n tin u e d ) p 3 d I ': 'd . 1 un o p Id ooo fA it ih -; 4dd <*pi:; id 4t=> 3o 5 to a h d r~3 Pi HH rcdl 03 03 05 03 05 05 05 05 003 ^ ^ O 05 C3 CO 03 05 03 O ......................... (--3 i--3 r~li--3 54 5b O OH HcoH> rd-O`H4 nd01 r<oqhi O EH pq Ph d Pi Pi ,cd cd . ' *5 OO _ . __ 03 03 CO 03 03 05 03 C3 t003 ^ O 03 03 (X) 03 03 03 O i--l r-3 r-3 r-3 ,od ^ d to hd cn H 5o4 H>h H PTi d1 ^ cr> O 03 C- ^ d' On CD i--31--3 i--31--3 i-3 r-3 i--3 5o4 d^ H P- \to Pdi . f-- 0-I>c0 0c0'4<00dl0- 03 C5 r-3 10 L 0 03 tO C5 c0 OO c>d >cd pp dH riH-3 C'J *r-l aiifi ai, i eh cn cn ^ a cn .--dI o aa h d ,d -h EH'-' 1--3 eh i--no3 oocnnomoomin 0- 0- O 0- P CO CO CO CO CO COOOOOOOOH d* H p o 03 03 o Q 03 03 03 O PI pd Ph E i Eh Eh E-i Eh Eh Ph O O CO CO tO co co cn 03 cD ^ -p '4< ^ to imo in o c- P p>T 54 Ma H cn o\ P cn o o o o to o lo co o in 10 in O O to LO CO p- O'! C03 03 to CO to CO to to tool o pC) > CO op 3o-1 Vj ca** H o O pn Pi fccO cn cn d *H Pi Hccdd PQi 4t4 ow ATI-81 MS 003652 MT-003058 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 n 03 n rrtOrHA't CD W eoh o.-3 oCaco-i n pnq pn3 .A nS H E0h3 & P o n i Ei CO i3 i-3 M a--.>< n EH i --i H M f~ 4fc A ,Forisl *l 35 85 33 85 100 100 55 110 45 . A-T rrC-HHl1 A P p >&52 1r--H1 OCD LCOO in ion ^in in m Ip |j oCO oco Horl OoHorrllrorli qrAH rrPHHH1 oCD oCD LC0O CCOO CLOO 3 n p ^2 iinn Or- rrHHH tCnO p5. Hoo <oJ> Coft c033 oin llOo iCnD 0o3 ttoo CoOinCOmcDtn03LDcco-i^nLinOCOin^oi0n3 tCnOcCOoooc-o JHO p u o rd P a |n gP ocD wW CoO or0-31 o10o-c,4 OcoLc-OcnOcoOiOio'^oimocnDianirioHncooconocooaioioo^ iCnO o ioo-1 roo-1 f--1 HH c3 *H H fH O H a 2 POH O j o 1E--4lI rH -CPQ cO ITJ CO CO LO LO CO o cCO co CO ^ CO do1 OO C7> in cr> ocn oco 0in5 con oIo-1 O 00 O CO CO CO O O COO O co O O CO CD COO^OOJOOJNNO HCi WrHrlrlrltnHHrlHrirlrlrlHHrtHrlH HHHrl CL CL PH CL PL PL CL CQPL CL CLPL CL CL CL PL PLPLCLPLCLCLPLCLE-iCL CO C- O rH rH H rH CO 03 03 0310 <* CD CO CO CT> <j> ^ <vj< c0 CO Cn CT) O H H 03 03 C3 03 03 03 CM CO 0203 03 03 03 CO 03 03 03 ID to lO 10 CO 10 sH -p rd>i LO a oH c\n 2 3rH0 oO lOo<i0n3 >oCO oCOctoolCoO oto- o^od,o'^ din(oLi)OoQininc4 oini>l0o -oc0oc0orHloHin0o3'^#ind'i'n^^ ion| rtHrlrlrlrlrtHrlrirlHrlrlrlH rH r-l rH 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 MS 003653 Mt-003059 PRODUCED JM - 83 r* n /-> d o d d H -p d o vo-r 03 rdoH .13 EM rH iltdd LO O lO O lO O in in in to r- !p| inooomo 03 0- CD tO rH O .cti MHHHCafi rH HPH<H in o in o lo o m LO lO LO vO c-- P in o o o in o in Wf-cOiOHOlO .cd NHHrtWtOH H rHH ItDo in in t P LO in xd 03 H 03 03 rrHH to H O to rH ChO rH O iH -HP idH c do nr+3 in in o o in lo oooo tO 10 C- C rH rH iH rH O CO o CO rH iH rH cd rH oH *fHt, d Q P Od o ca lo in o o in in oooo to to t> c~ iH rH rH rH o CO o cC rH pi r--oi Em P: -d-P CO CJ hH; o c? cq c3, 03 O EMrHiHrHrHcOiHi--1 pq td pL, Eh Em El Em Em rE--l1 rPHM OOcOCOtOcDCOO 03 tO H,sS*-^H,ioininin to t- A -P >5 A hH0 tOo' p\ rod A OimO*nOoOoctOt*oOoinLOdCOp* o (T>* in NNtOtOtOtOtOtO tO^j* A-p o H rHH iOH o rH O dQd01 O EACu0M1O pq oo o od PH H iH rcHti 'H PIh EhI Ph EH o 03 > o cd op do dl dH ro-1 o Od id tD to d H to d r3 d O oW 1 o 6i--HriH ATI-81 MS 003654 NIT-003060 PRODUCED JM-83 HAMf SUBJECT RUTGE' UNIVERSITY The c>>a*f l n' f-ip# J , NEW BKUf .*\-:K Nr .V JLK.-.r > ATI-81 DATE r pa*.. SMin E levated...Tem perature S e rv ic e a b ility . Chart VVVV VVV VV 'ONfl T4W0 0 VV V V VVV vv QNn w woo VV V V < VVV : ; ; 1 . 5: vv , V ; !: i ;.1 i ;. | awn 'WHOO : U:O 1 o 0 CD </> I o: iX 'i ' ; CV| ui* &!- s? Q. ...... !: i h- ! Q> ' Io ^i om Qar Q MT-003061 o oo oOO O oQoo oo 00 N- CD lO ro CVi I uo/juaja^j M|6U9J1S iuaojdj US 003655 JM - 83 ATI-81 -.7 industry. Llany applications require special designs and construc tions which are unique and as such are supplied on a "customer special" basis. However, for the most part, the list generally covers the full range of textiles readily available or normally procurable from most manufacturers. The tabulation in Tables 1 ' and 2 sets forth the pertinent information regarding weight, weave, construction and tensile strength data for the materials as pro duced. In addition, Chart 1 presents tensile strength data for the various classifications at elevated temperatures. The elevated temperature data is the result of extensive research and investigation conducted at Rutgers University under the sponsorship of the Asbestos Textile Institute. It v.rill be observed that the elevated temperature-tensile strength data is presented in graphic form and specific relationships are avoided. However, the data docs offer a range of tensile strength retentions for given temperatures and should serve as assistance in selecting a suitable material for a given service. As herebefore pointed out, serviceability at a given temperature is dependent upon a number of factors and it is intended that the elevated temperature serviceabilities here established should permit the consideration of varying designs, constructions and conditions of service. In ' general, it may be expected that for cloths having the same weight, those constructed of finer cut yarn'or those woven in twill or herringbone rather than plain woven, will exhibit the higher strength retention characteristics at elevated temperatures. The selection of the proper cloth for a given application must be made with a full understanding of the service conditions to be encountered. If and when the operating temperatures are known with a reasonable degree of certainty, the selection of the proper material to withstand those temperatures may bo ascertained vlthin tolerable limits by means of the information here presented. However, when- there is a question of doubt as to the temperatures to be engaged, it is suggested that the minimum retention values as here given be applied in order that a reasonable factor of safety may be permitted. ' Appendix MS 003656 The investigation of the serviceability of asbestos textiles at elevated temperatures has been one of the more active projects of the Fellowship for the past year. In this report, the results of" tests on all of the samples which have been made available to us are set forth. This work has been conducted in the Despatch Oven procurred for these tests and for similar tests as covered in VJcstinghousc ' Specifications. The temperatures at which these tests have been carried out are 40Pg, e.00F and oooF, and all for a period of 24 hoiyrs. MT-003062 PRODUCED ATI-81 -8- The results are expressed in terms of (1) Tensile strength (v;arp-grab) and (2) per cent tensile strength retained, at the above noted temperatures. Table 1 presents'the pertinent data for all of the cloths included in this work, setting forth (1) Cloth number, (2) stylei (o) grade, (4) asbestos content, as determined in our laboratory, and (5) warp-grab tensile strength, as received. Table 2 presents the heat aging test data with the cloths classified by style and by grade within each style. In this tabu lation it will be observed that there exists a wide range of properties between materials having the same grade but of different styles and in some cases it will bo seen that materials having the same grade and style produced by different manufacturers exhibit narked variations. The graphic presentation offered in the main body of the re port covering this subject is based upon the data sot forth in Table 2. n MS 003657 MT-003063 PRODUCED JM-83 Table I ATI-81 Sample Humber 20 37 38 60 61 70 77 79 81 82 86 87 88 91 92 93 116 117 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 152 153 154 Style Grade Asbestos Content 56T12 36P10 36P10 40P10 40P10 4CP10 5GP10 36P10 24P14 16P28 38P10 40P10 16P28 36P10 36P10 36P10 36P10 40P10 36P10 36P10 4-3P10 48P10 26P14 36P10 36P10 36P10 56T8 36P10 3CP10 40H14 17P24 40K14 26P14 36P10 36P10GS 40P10 38P10 3GP10 26P14 1CP23 56P10 30P14 56P10GS 36P10GS 22P10G 36P10 36P10 AAA Und. AAA Comm. Und. Comm. AA Und. Und. Und. Und. Und. Und * Und. AA AAA Comm. Und. Und. AA Comm. AAA Und. AAA AA AAA AAAA Und, AA Comm. Und. Und Und. Und. AA Und, AA AA Und. Und. AA A AAA AA Und, AA Und. 98.33 82.50 96.20 77.90 82.93 73.40 93i.03 80.00 82.20 83.17 82.77 80.73 82.47 82,43 93.00 96,86 76,52 8o 2o .0o3n 92.36 79.22 96.63 82,57 96,03 91.83 97.26 99 Oo 81.36 92.90 77.92 31.93 82,46 82.10 81,25 82.10 94.51 91,27 80.13 30.68 91,44 87.22 90.50 80.64 MS 003658 MT-003064 Tensile Strength As Received YJarp-Grab 245.2 145.3 161*2 151.0 154.7 155.4 154.7 126.9 114.7 69.,5 125.8 134.9 69.1 147.0 174.2 161.4 161.4 174.2 3-20.0 184.0 195.0 263.0 32.5 166.0 3.44.0 120.0 131.5 150.0 151.0 163.0 77.0 221.5 91.2 137.0 149.0 140.5 152.0 140.5 80.5 61.5 155.0 3.69.0 107.0 183.0 15.8.0 109.0 130.0 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 Table I (Continued) Sample . Style IJumber Grade 155 22P10G Und. 156 22P16 Und. 157 26P14 Und. 153 39T12 AA 159 22P10G Und. 160 36P10 Comm. 161 36P10 Und. 162 36P10 AA 165 26P14 Und 166 36P10GS AAA 167 36P10GS AA 175 16P24 Und. 176 26P14 Und . 177 26P14 Und. 173 17P24 Und. 179 36P10 AA 130 36P10 Und. ' 132 36P10 Und. 133 26P14 AA 104 36P10 AA 185 26P14 Und.. 107 36P10 Comm. 190 26P14- AA 191 36P10 AAA 193 36P10 Comm.1 196 40P10 Und. 193 36P10 AA 200 36 PIC1 AA 201 36P10 AA 202 17P28 Und. Asbestos Content 82.77 82.55 92.45 73.66 31.76 91.80 33.25 32.31 81.24 32.94 03o25 91.59 30.45 82.00 92.21 91.75 81.02 76.67 92.97 96*68 75.47 04.93 92.41 91.37 91.54 32.15 Tensile Strength As Received Y/arp-Grab 145.0 112.0 92,0 204.0 162.0 141.0 122.0 127.0 103.0 162.0 129.0 60.5 76.1 81.4 77.9 130.0 142.0 114.0 38.0 110.5 02.6 120.0 99.0 123.0 130.0 126.0 125.0 102.5 93.0 61.5 MS 003658 MT-003065 PRODUCED ATI-81 n Table II Sample Number Grade Style; 16P24 AS Received # Tensile Strength 400 F # $Ret. 600 F # ^Ret. 800 F # %Ret. 175 Undo 60o5 3203 53=5 22,2 36 o7 22=9 37 08 Stylei 17P24 136 Undo 77 o0 33=6 43 = 6 21=6 28=0 21 o 6 28,0 178 Undo 77 o 9 31o0 39=8 21o8 28 o0 24=4 31 o 3 Style: 16P28 82 Undo 69 = 5 36o0 51,8 30=0 43=1 32=1 45 c, 2 88 Undo 69ol 40o5 58o5 33=8 48=0 34,0 45-1 145 Undo 61<>5 35 = 4 57 c5 23o7 38o4 23 o 5 38,2 Style: 17P28 n 202 Undo 61o5 37 o9 61o5 25=5 41 * 6 29 ol 47 e-3 Stylei 25P14 128 Und-, 82o5 26e2 31o7 18 c 3 22d 18ol 81=9 138 Undo 91 * 2 30 o 8 33=8 22ol 24,2 22o6 5:4 ,8 144 Undo 80 ,j 5 28c0 34=7 15 o 6 19 5 4 19,9 84 7 157 Undo S2o0 52 = 0 56o5 27 o0 29o3 30,6 33. 8 165 Undo 103 o0 53o5 52o0 41 o0 39*8 40o0 58=8 176 Undo 76ol 34 o 5 45=4 22=0 28 o 9 23=5 30=3 177 Undo 81 o 4 28o0 34=4 16 o 9 20 08 15=8 10, i- 185 Undo 82c6 26o4 31o9 17 04 21,1 21=8 Q'o c 4 183 AA 88o0 55=2 62,>7 46c5 52-, 8 50.9 57 -9 190 AA 99o0 63o2 63=8 60o8 61 o 5 59,,1 59,,8 Style: 38P10 86 Undo 128 o 5 47 o3 37 06 20,2 16ol 22 o 5 17 n 77 AA 134=7 77 o0 57=0 69<>1 5.1c 4 69^1 51- 142 AA 152,0 123 o0 81,0 104 .,5 69>3 118=0 77 r 143 AA 140 = 5 105,0 75,5 82o0 58:4 94o0 66 c n MT-003066 MS 003660 PRODUCED JM -83 CC CO*> O"' CO -J* CPCO 0> sj iOo> ATI-81 Table II (Continued) Sample Number Grade Style: 36P10 As Received # Tensile Strength 400 F ft gRet* 600 F # $Ret i/f, 800 F $Ret 116 (T) 160 187 193 Comm0 Comma Comma Comm 161*4 141*0 1260 130 a 0 62,5 26,0 17 2 22*1 38,8 18*4 13,7 17 ,0 26,9 8,0 9,5 9,0 16,7 5,7 7,6 6,9 34 o 6 9,0 10,4 13,9 21,4 6,4 8 >2 10,7 37 Undo 145,8 79 Und a 126 a 9 91 Und 147 oO 124 Und* 120 oO 133 Unda 150 eO 139 Und> 137 oO 154 Und, 130 oO 161 Und 122*0 180 Undo. 142*0 182 Undo 1140 33,0 42,0 64,8 39,0 43,9 36,7 65,0 37,0 58,6 27 oO 22 c 6 33,2 44,0 32,5 29 ,, 2 26,8 50,0 30,3 41 o 2 23,6 23,6 25o6 47 oO 27,9 36,7 25,8 29,0 25o5 26,1 3,3 16,2 20 * 2 32,0 23,2 2404 18,8 22,3 20 a 9 18,4 20,4 29,8 25 j 9 52,2 28,0 36,0 24,5 27 *0 25,4 27,5 22*1 20,4 20-4 35-5 23 .3 24: 0 20-: 3 20*8 19, 4 19,4 92 AA 174,2 129*0 74 c0 103,2 59*5 123a0 70, 125 AA 134 oO 78,0 58*0 76,6 57,2 83,5 5S-S 130 AA 144 aO 102,0 71e0 98,1 68,0 104,0 72,1 134 AA 151,0 105,0 70 aO 97,0 65,0 880 59 C 146 AA 135,0 95,6 71,0 78,4 53,0 92,1 6 0, 0 153 AA 109*0 67 oO 61.-5 50,0 45,9 52,5 40, . 162 AA 127 a 0 85o9 S7o5 70,8 55,7 82,4 6- 179 AA 130 uO 99 oO 76*2 7909 61,5 67.-5 50 .. 184 AA 110 o 5 61*1 55,3 53,6 48,5 53,9 4 , . 5 198 AA 125 a 0 73,1 58,5 67c 2 53,7 66ol 55 o 200 AA 102,5 57,4 56,0 46,0 44 * 9 47*8 46,0 201 AA 98 oO 57 oO 58*2 47 oO 48,0 50 o 9 52:0 38 AAA 161,2 130,0 80,5 138,0 85,5 134,0 85,1 93 AAA 161*4 146 a 0 90,5 129o0 80 c0 140,0 85-8 129 AAA 166 cO 148 a 0 89,0 151*0 91,0 145,0 87,5 131 AAA 120o0 110o0 91o0 106 oO 88,0 85,0 72,0 191 AAA 128 oO 93o0 72o5 85,2 66,5 78,4 61*3 Style: 48P10 126 Comm 195,0 82,8 42 o 5 56,2 28 *8 53,0 27 2 127 AAA 263oO 232o0 88*3 222,0 84o5 248 oO 94 c4 Style: 56 T8 132 AAAA 181 a 5 168,0 92o5 166,0 91*0 135,0 74*0 MS 003661 MT-003067 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 Table II (Continued) n Sample Number Grade As Received 1T Tensile Strength 400 F # ^Reto 600F if #Ret* 800F # ^Rets St^lei 40P10 60 Comm, 151*0 70 Comm 155 <> 4 32o5 21,5 58,0 37,4 21 o 9 14,5 33,9 21,8 27,0 17 .,8 32,8 2x.,x 61 Undo 154 ,->7 ' 87 Und > 134 <> 9 117 Und, 174,2 141 Und* 140 o 5 196 Undo 126-0 41 ,,0 46 o4 80c6 61o0 38 cO 26 c 5 34,4 46 > 2 43 c 5 30 ol 29 ,, 3 30o0 52,9 35,0 31 cO 18 o 9 32-2 30,3 25 c0 24*6 33,0 32,5 52,0 31,0 35,8 21,4 24,1 29 ,8 23..0 28,4 Style: 56T12 20 AAA 245 oO " 200,0 81,5 167 0 68o0 style: 36P10GS 140 AA 149,0 82 r. 3 55,1 55,5 37.-2 55o6 37,3 149 AA 123,0 64o0 52,0 52., 9 43o0 58,0 47 01 n 167 AA 129,0 74o0 57 <>4 63*0 48 o 9 69<>0 53o5 148 AAA 107 oO 165 AAA 162.-0 77 c.0 72,0 76,1 71,0 77 oO 72o0 119 oO 73.,5 106 oO 65,5 108,0 66,5 Style: 22P10G 152 Und 138 >0 155 Undo 145o0 159 Undo 162,0 103 cO 74o6 142,0 97 o 8 101 0 62o4 15,0 10,9 16 o4 Ilo3 22 *0 13 o 6 12,0 8,7 14,0 9,7 21o6 13o3 MS 003662 MT-003068 PRODUCED JM -83 ATI-81 September 11, 1953 kinutes of the Technical Committee Asbestos Textile Institute Essex House- New York, N. Y. September 9. 1953 Those present: B. L. Carpenter, B. L. Lanz, C. B. Fredericks, Keasbey & kattison Co.; k. W. Oliver, Raybestos-kanhattan, Inc; J.. D. kcCluer, Southern Asbestos Co.; E. C. Cutler, American Asbestos Textile Corp.; Dr. k. C. Shaw, Rutgers University; Jacques Tesniere, Societe Anonyme Francaise; A. Vv. Summers, Union Asbestos Co.; R. Jackson, K. Beyard. J. L. Tucker, Johns-manville Corp. Reading of the minutes of the last meeting was eliminated. A. Dr. ivu C. Shaw reviewed his Fellowship Report Ho. 26 after which the information in the report was discussed. The subjects cover ed in this report were: 1. The Elevated Temperature Serviceability of Asbestos Cloths 2. The "Significance of Combined versus magnetic Iron in Chrysotile" Dr. Shaw's data and charts lead us to believe that compactness of yarn,, twist per inch, wet and dry weaving, also how well the fiber is processed had a direct affect on the results he obtained. B. Cloth Standardization Committee Report--J. D. kcCluer, Chairman Similar samples of AA Grade - 36P10 cloth were forwarded to mem bers of this committee. These samples were tested for tensile strength before and after subjugation to 450F for 24 hr. Results received for this meeting were: Tested by kethod Normal Strength 24 Hr-450F & Strength Retained Warp Filling Warp Filling Warp Filling Southern K& k R&M Dr. Shaw J-M Rack 100.6 Vertical 110.0 Flat 109.0 Horizontal 114.0 Flat 120.8 56.8 52.0 53.2 54.5 57.0 47.0 43.0 45.8 54.8 47.0 27.4 17.0 15.4 25.2 20,2 46.7 39.1 42.0 47.9 38.80 48.2 32.7 28.9 46.2 35.43 After discussion of these results a testing program was outlined, results of which will be discussed at the December meeting. Dr. Shaw will send the cloth samples to each participant. They will be sealed as much as possible. J. D. kcCluer will send each participant directions on how to test MS 003663 MT-003069 EXHIBIT * Jm - W ATI-81 lcinutes of the Technical Committee Page 2 the samples, also on what information is needed in order to com pare and evaluate the results.. Co Braid Standardization Committee Report--C. R. Frederick,Chairman Testing procedures for the evaluation of braid were discussed. Program for testing of additional braids were outlined. A. l<. Summers will forward 4 yd of braid to each of the following, the braid to be 1/16 in. wall thickness, 1/16 in. inside diameter, and 3/16 in. outside diameter: J. Do- LicCluer, Southern Asbestos Company C. R. Fredericks, Keasbey & kattison J. L. Tucker, Johns-kanville A. W. Summers, Union Asbestos k* W. Oliver, Raybestos-kanhattan J. L. Tucker to send 4 yd of a 1/16 in. wall thickness, 7/8 in. inside diameter, and 1 in. outside diameter braid to the same members mentioned previously for testing. Testing is to include: 1. Length measurements ft per lb, flat and on mandrel 2. Inside diameter measurement check 3. Outside diameve.r 4. Wall thickness All results to be forwarded to C. R. Frederick. Information on procedures, difficulties encountered, etc. should be forwarded with results. Co R. Frederick to circulate resume of tolerances suggested by different companies. D. Rewriting of Government Specifications The following specifications were rewritten and discussed: SS-C-466 LIL-C-4117 UIL-C-10316 Additional changes were made as follows: MT-003070 SS-C-466 - Class 6, add (no strip) 3*5, Eliminate all words after the second sentence* 4*3*1*3, Eliminate "to constant weight" 6.1.4. Grade AAA not AAAA 6*3.1, Add "Other widths can be supplied." 7.2.2.3, Change "Tape" - Tape shall be wound in rolls of specified length. MS 003664 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 Minutes of the Technical Committee Page 3 MIL-C-10316 - 3.3.2, Eliminate last sentence regarding 27 ends/ in0 MIL-C-4117 - 1.2.2, Class 3, 64M10 Class 4, 1120.0 3*1.1, This should be worded differently. There will be a joint meeting of the Sales Promotion and Technical Committees on December 9 at which time these and other specifications will be discussed* Ec Government Specification Committee This committee was originated in order to obtain advice and cooperation on the rewriting of Government specifications to make these more practical for fulfillment by industry in general. Members of this committee are: C. Ro Frederick, Chairman Dr> M. C> Shaw M. W. Oliver E. Co Cutler J. D. McCluer A. Wo Summers J.. L. Tucker All members of this committee should study and discuss the Government specifications and the recommended changes with management, sales representatives, and all those interested in Government specifications such as these and all others that should be revised. General We were glad to have Mr. Jacques Teaniere attend this meeting and hope that he will be able to attend such future meetings. J. L. Tucker MS 003665 MT-003071 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 September 11, 1953 Report of Technical Committee for the Sept. 9, 1953 General Meeting Essex House, New York, N. Y. There were representatives of seven member companies and a total of thirteen who attended the third 1953 Technical Committee meeting. The work of this committee at this meeting and since the June meet ing will be reviewed for your approval and comments. A. Fellowship Report--Dr. k. C. Shaw Report Wo. 26 of which you have a copy was discussed at our meeting. This report is a continuation of Report Wo. 25 issued for the previous meeting of June 10, 1953. It relates specifi cally to two of our important fellowship projects, namely - 1. Serviceability of asbestos textiles 2. Combined versus magnetic iron in chrysotile We would like to draw your attention to the "Elevated Temperature Serviceability Chart" which you will find just previous to page 7. This chart, although not complete, can be of considerable value to our Sales Promotion Committee as it is. This chart can be a basis on which you can recommend the various grades of asbestos cloths. In that asbestos cloth characteristics vary with each fabricator, the strength retained after subjugation to 400, 600, and 800F for 24 hr also varied, but the chart shows you the minimum and the maximum strength retention which you can expect. Dr. Shaw's summary of his work, "Significance of Combined Iron versus Magnetic Iron in Chrysotile", completed since our last meeting on the project, is of importance to all of us. He specifically has found out since our last meeting that the grain size of the impurities has a "marked influence upon the magnetic rating". His results lead us to believe that more thorough open ing of the fibers previous to carding, also efficient carding, will minimize the influence upon the magnetic rating. In closing our comments on Dr. Shaw's Fellowship Report, we would like to again draw your attention to the fact that in the previous Report Wo. 24, he mentioned that the use of card droppings has a "marked influence upon the magnetic rating" of a product. B. Committee Reports MS 003666 1. Cloth Standardization Committee--J. D. McCluer, Chairman As stated previously, the work of this committee is directly connected with the work being carried on by the Fellowship on "Serviceability Temperatures of Asbestos Cloths". This committee, under the leadership of J. D. McCluer, is now MT-003072 PRODUCED Technical Committee Report AT'rll September Page 2 carrying on a series of round-robin check tests,, Similar cloth samples are being subjugated to the same temperatures by each member of the committees and although the results are not identical, the resulting trends are similar. 2. Braid Standardization Committee--C. R. Fredericks This committee, under the leadership of hr. C. R. Fredericks, is active accumulating information and data on testing pro cedures for braid. Round-robin tests are being made re lating to flat versus mandrel ft per lb, methods for the measuring of wall thickness, and tolerances for other char acteristics requested in various specifications. 3. Tape Standardization Committee We have not as yet appointed any chairman for this committee. 4. Government Specification Committee We practically have completed the rewriting or revising of three government specifications: SS-C-466, MIL-C-4117, MIL-C-10316. We feel that the revised specifications should be first dis cussed with the Sales Promotion Committee after which we feel a committee made up of representatives of the Sales and Technical Committees should discuss the recommended changes with those government representatives who are directly re sponsible for the rewriting of specifications. In order to obtain information and assistance from those who supply asbestos products to government agencies, we have originated a committee which will be responsible for further changes or revisions to be made in these and other govern ment specifications which may be rewritten. kr. C. R. Fredericks will head up this subcommittee and will have as his assistants Dr. k. C. Shaw, k. V;. Oliver, J. D. McCluer, E. C. Cutler, A. W. Summers, and J. L. Tucker. It was recommended at our meeting that a joint meeting of the Sales Promotion and Technical Committees take place previous to the next general meeting of December 10 to discuss pro posed specification revisions; also for the setting up of a committee that would discuss revisions with governmental agencies. 5. Westinghou.se Specifications Dr. Shaw and C. fu Fredericks have been responsible for con tacts with Westinghouse regarding the changes which we feel are necessary in their specification No. 2060-Q MS 003667 MT-003073 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 Technical Committee Report r' September 11, 1953 Page 3 We have been notified that v/estinghouse would like us to make our recommendations and the following changes are recommended: a. The specification now states that 28 cut yarn be used in the fabrication of the cloth designated 2060-2. We recommend that 24 cut yarn replace 28 cut in this specification since 24 cut is actually used in the fabrication of the cloth purchased by this customer. be The following tensile strengths before and after subjugation to 500C for 30 man are recommended: As Received Warp Fil3.ing After Heating Warp Filling Cloth No. A.T.I. 2060-1 75 70 16 14 26P14 2060-2 55 50 15 12 17P24 Westinghouse specifications will be discussed with the Sales Promotion Committee at the next joint meeting. We were pleased in having kr. Jacques Tesniere at our meeting and hope that he will continue to attend our meetings whenever possible. We will appreciate his continued interest in our activities and any information on asbestos that he can send us will be appreciated. We wish to congratulate the Sales Promotion Committee on the publi cation of the Handbook which they have originated for our industry. I personally wish to thank every member of the Technical Committee for the grand cooperation they are giving me and for the job they are doing on the subooumittees. In addition, I extend my thanks to Dr. Shaw for his cooperation and advice. J * L. Tucker MS 003668 O' MT-003074 PRODUCED JM-83 Federal Specification DecATI-81 55-f Cloth, Yarn, Thread, and Tape; Asbestos I. CLASSIFICATION 1.1 Types, Grades, and Classes - Asbestos cloth, yarn, thread, and tape covered by this specification shall be of the following types, grades, and classes as specified! Type I - Cloth Underwriters' Grade - Not less than 80/6 asbestos, blue stripe Class 1 - Style 36P10 - 2.25 lb per sq yd Class 2 - Style 22P16 - 1.40 lb per sq yd Class 3 - Style 39T12 - 2.45 lb per sq yd Class 4 - Style 22BT35- 1.37 lb per sq yd Class 5 - Style 22P10G- 1.40 lb per sq yd Grade AA - Not less than 90$ asbestos, red stripe Class 1 - Style 3&P10 - 2.25 lb per sq yd Class 3 - Style 39T12 - 2.45 lb per sq yd Grade AAA - Not less than 95$ asbestos, green stripe Class 1 - Style 36P10 - 2.25 lb per sq yd Class 2 - Style 22P16 - 1.40 lb per sq yd Class 3 - Style 39T12 - 2.45 lb per sq yd Class 6 - Style 56M10 - 3.50 lb per sq yd Type II - Yarn, reinforced with wire Type III - Thread, sewing, without wire MS 003669 Type IV - Tape Class 1 - Plain weave MT-003075 1.2 Sizes - The asbestos cloth, yarn, thread, and tape shall be furnished in the sizes specified (See 6.3). 2. Applicable Specifications 2.1 Specifications - The following federal specification, of the issue in effect on date of invitation for bids, forms a part of this specification: CCC-T-191--Textiles: General Specifications, Test Methods 2.2 Specifications and other publications applicable only to individual depart ments are listed in Section 7. 3. REQUIREMENTS 3.1 Material - Asbestos cloth, yarn, thread, and tape shall be made of chrysotile asbestos and organic fiber. 3.1.1 Asbestos - The dry asbestos fiber shall contain not less than 12 per cent by weight of chemically combined water. 3.2 Hygroscopic Moisture - Hygroscopic moisture shall not exceed 5$. (See 4.3.1.2 3.3 Type4j!* Cloth PRODUCES 3.3.1 Fabrication - All cloth shall be woven with plied yarns. i|i _ QO 3.3.2 Grade - Underwriters', not less than 80$ asbestos, blue stripe. 3.3.2.1 Class I, plain weave, regular weight. The construction shall be 18+1 warp ends by 911 picks per inch. The weight shall be 2.25 lb per sq yd, plus -or minus 7$. The tensile strength shall meet requirements of Table I. A stripe of blue cotton yam shall be woven in each selvage edge. Page ATI-81 3.3.2.2 Class 2, plain weave, light weight. The construction shall be 19+1 ends by 10+1 picks per inch. The weight shall be 1.40 lb per sq yd, plus or minus 7%. The tensile strength shall meet the requirements of Table I. A stripe of blue cotton yarn shall be woven in each selvage edge. 3.3.2.3 Class 3> twill weave. The construction shall be 27+1 ends by 911 picks per inch. The weave shall be 1 up and 2 down twill. The weight shall be 2.45 lb per sq yd, plus or minus 7%. The tensile strength shall meet the requirements of Table I. A stripe of blue cotton shall be woven in each selvage edge. 3.3.2.4 Class 4* broken twill weave. The construction shall be 30+2 ends by 28+2 picks per inch. The weave shall be 1 up and 3 down twill. The weight shall be 1.37 lb per sq yd, plus or minus 7%. The tensile strength shall meet the requirements in Table I. A stripe of blue cotton yarn shall be woven in each selvage edge. 3.3.2.5 Class 5 combination asbestos and glass, plain weave. The construction shall be 18+1 ends by 911 picks per inch. The yarn shall be 2 ply, composed of one 10 cut asbestos yarn containing not less than 80^ asbestos, and one continuous filament glass yarn (225-3/2 or its equivalent). The weight shall be 1.40 lb per sq yd, plus or minus 7%. The tensile strength shall meet the requirements of Table I. A stripe of blue cotton yarn shall be woven in each selvage edge. 3.3.3 Grade AA, not less than 90% asbestos, red stripe. 3.3.3.1 Class 1, plain weave. The construction shall be 18+1 ends by 911 picks per inch. The weight shall be 2.25 lb per sq yd, plus or minus 7%. The tensile strength shall meet the requirements of table I. A stripe of red cotton yarn shall be woven in each edge. 3.3.3.2 Class 3, twill weave. The construction shall be 27+1 ends by 911 picks per inch. The weight shall be 2.45 lb per sq yd, plus or minus 7%. The tensile strength shall meet the requirements in Table I. A stripe of red cotton yarn shall be woven in each selvage edge. 3.3.4 Grade AAA, not less than 95^ asbestos, green stripe. 3.3.4*1 Class 1, plain weave. The construction shall be 18+1 ends by 9+1 picks per inch. The weight shall be 2.25 lb per sq yd, plus or minus 7%. The tensile strength shall meet the requirements of Table I. A stripe of green cotton yam shall be woven in each edge. 3.3.4.2 Class 2, plain weave. The construction shall be 1911 ends by 101 1 picks per inch. The weight shall be 1.40 lb per sq yd, plus or minus 7%. The tensile strength shall meet requirements of Table I. A stripe of green cotton yarn shall be woven in each selvage edge. 3.3.4.3 Class 3 twill weave. The construction shall be 27*1 ends by 911 picks per inch. The weight shall be 2.45 lb per sq yd, plus or minus 7%. The tensile strength shall meet the requirements of Table I. A stripe of green cotton yarn shall be woven in each selvage edge. 3.3.4.4 Class 6, plain weave, wire inserted. The cloth shall contain not less than 95^ asbestos, exclusive of the wire insertion. The construction shall be 1811 ends by 911 picks per inch. The warp and filling yarns shall be two strands of asbestos yarn combined with two strands of nickel-copper wire. The wire shall contain a minimum of 58^ nickel and shall be 0.00810.001 inch in diameter. The weight shall be 3.50 lb per sq yd plus or minus 7%. A stripe of green cotton yarn shall be woven in each selvage edge. MS 003670 MT-003076 PRODUCED - 83 n r Table I FaE9ATI-81 Breaking Strength of Asbestos Cloth, Minimum by Grab Test Method Style Wt/sa yd As Received After heating to 200F Warp Filling Warp Filling Grade - Underwriters 36P10 2.25 Class 1 90 37 75 22P16 1.40 Class 2 75 35 60 38T12 2.40 Class 3 100 35 90 22BT38 1.37 Class 4 80 60 60 22P10G 1.40 Class 5 90 65 80 Grade - AA 36P10 2.25 Class 1 100 35 80 38T12 2.40 Class 3 100 35 95 Grade - AAA 36P10 2.25 Class 1 110 45 105 22P16 1.40 Class 2 80 35 75 38T12 2.40 Class 3 110 45 105 56M10 3.50 Class 6 30 30 30 55 60 30 30 40 30 40 -- 3.3.5 Tolerances In Width. A tolerance of plus or minus 1/2 inch will be per mitted in the specified width of cloth. 3.4 Type II, yarn reinforced with wire. The strands shall be composed of three nickel-copper wires, each of which shall have asbestos yarns spun around it, twisted together to definitely interlock the asbestos and wire. The yarn shall be 10 cut and shall contain not less than 95$ asbestos. The wire insertion shall contain not less than 58% nickel and shall be 0.008+0.001 inch in diameter. 3.5 Type III, thread, sewing, without wire. The thread shall be made from yarn not heavier than 10 cut two ply and shall contain not less than 75% asbestos. One pound of the thread shall provide not less than 450 yd. The tensile strength shall be not less than 8 lb when tested as described in 4.3.2. 3.6 Type IV, tape. 3.6.1 Glass 1, plain weave. The tape shall contain not less than 80$ asbestos. The construction shall be 16+1 ends by 8+1 picks per inch. The warp yarn shall be 10 cut three ply and the filling shall be 10 cut two ply. The tape shall be a plain weave with woven selvage edges. 3.6.2 Tolerances in width. (No changes) 3.7 Workmanship. (No changes) 4. SAMPLING, INSPECTION, and TEST PROCEDURES (No changes) 4.1 Sampling (No changes) 4.1.1 Cloth (No changes) 4.1.2 Yarn and thread (No changes) MS 003671 4.1.3 Tape (No changes) 4.2 Inspection (No changes) 4.3 Tests (No changes) MT-003077 4.3.1 Cloth (No changes) 4.3.1.1 Preparation of specimens (No changes) 4.3.1.2 Hygroscopic moisture. Five test specimens, each weighing not less than five grams, shall be weighed and then dried for one hour at 105 to HOC (221 to 230F) in an electric oven, cool in desiccator for one hour, and weigh. The loss in weight is termed the hygroscopic moisture. This weight divided by the weight of the sample and multiplied by 100 gives the per centage of hygroscopic moisture in the specimens. PRODUCED Jill-83 Page ATI-81 4.3.1.3 Asbestos content. Five test specimens, each weighing not less than five grams, after drying for 1 hr at 105 to HOC (221 to 230F) shall be placed in a desiccator for 1 hr, again weighed, then shall be placed in a furnace and heated for not less than 1 hr at 800 to 810C (1470 to 1490F). After ' removal from furnace, they shall be cooled for 1 hr in a desiccator and the. again weighed. The weight of the residue shall be divided by 0.86* to deter mine the original weight of the asbestos content. The weight of the asbestos content shall be divided by the weight of the dried specimen and the quotient multiplied by 100 to obtain the percentage of asbestos. The average of five determinations shall be taken as the asbestos content. The percentage of organic matter equals 100 minus the percentage of asbestos. 4.3.1.4 Chemically combined water. When specified certified samples of well- opened asbestos fiber of the type used in the manufacture of the asbestos cloth shall be supplied to the inspector to make determinations of chemically combined water. This test shall be made on five samples each weighing approximately five grams. The hygroscopic moisture shall be removed as specified in 4.3.1.2, the weight recorded, and the dried material ignited in an electric furnace at 800 to 810C (1470 to 1490F) for 1 hr. The difference between the dried weight and the residual weight of the ignited specimen, divided by the dried weight of the specimen suad multiplied by 100, gives the percentage of chemically combined water in the asbestos fiber. 4.3.1.5 Breaking strength, cloth (No changes) 4.3.1.6 Cloth construction (No changes) 4.3.1.7 Weight (No changes) 4.3.2 Thread (No changes) 4.3.2.1 Breaking strength, thread (No changes) 4.3.3 Tape (No changes) 4.3.3.1 Hygroscopic moisture, etc. (No changes) 4.3.3.2 Tape construction, number of ends and picks in woven tape. (See federal spec. CCC-T-191, Section XI, cloth constructions) The total number of ends shall be determined by counting the warp yarns in the full width of the tape. When possible, in determining the ends per inch, start the count one-quarter inch in from selvage and divide this number by the width over which the count was made. The number of picks per inch shall be the average of the count made in three 5-inch lengths taken from each end and the middle of a 24-in. sample. 5. PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY (No changes) |y|g 003672 5.1 Packaging (No changes) 5.2 Packing (No changes) .5.3 Marking (No changes) 6 NOTES (No changes) WIT-003078 6.1 Intended Use (No changes) 6.1.1 Type I, Grade Underwriters * cloth and Type IV tape are intended for use as the jacketing material, etc. 6.1.2 Type I, Grade AA cloth is intended, etc. 6.1.3 Type I, Grade AAA cloth, Class 6 is intended for same purpose as Type I, Grade AA cloth, but where metal in contact is more than 315C (600F). 6.1.4 Type I, Grade AAA cloth, Classes 1, 2, and 3 is intended for saime conditions as Type I, Grade AAA cloth, Class 6 but where a more flexible cloth is desired. 6.2 Ordering Data (No changes) 6.3 Commercial Sizes (No changes) 6.3.1 Cloth - Asbestos cloth is normally available in a width of 40 inches. It is commonly supplied in rolls of 50 yards, plus or minus five yards, and can be supplied in rolls of 25 and 100 yards. Ten per cent of the total number of rolls may contain two pieces. PRODUCED ^ --------------- JM - 83 *The value obtained in Section 4.3.1.4> chemically combined water, subtracted from 100 should yield the proper factor for determination. The factor 0.86 is based upon an average theoretical value of 14# chemically combined water. ATI-81 Decembers 1953 MIL-C-10316 (ORD) Military Specification CLOTH, ASBESTOS; FOR THERMAL INSULATION ON MILITARY VEHICLES 1 CLASSIFICATION (No changes) 1.1 Types (No changes) 1.2 Grades - Asbestos cloths shall be of the following grades as specified (see 6.2)$ Grade - Underwriters Grade - AA Grade - AAA Grade -- AAAA -- Not less than 80# asbestos --- Not less than 90# asbestos ~ Not less than 95# asbestos -- Not less than 98# asbestos 1.3 Weights (No changes) 2 APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS AND DRAWINGS (No changes) 2.1 Specifications (No changes) 2.2 Drawings (No changes) 3 REQUIREMENTS (No changes) 3.1 Materials (No changes) 3.1.1 Type I without wire insertion. The Type I asbestos cloth shall be made of chrysotile asbestos yarn. 3.1.2 Type II wire insertion (No changes) 3.2 Construction. Warp and filling of the asbestos cloth shall be in accordance with n Tables I and II, as determined in accordance with the cloth construction requirements of Spec. CCC-T-191. The number of ends and picks shall not vary more than plus or minus one from the nominal values shown in tables. 3.2.1 Asbestos content (No changes) 3.2.2 Weave. Plain weave cloth shall have warp threads passed alternately over and under the filling picks. Twill weave cloth shall be one up and two down in the warp and filling respectively. 3.2.3 Weight. The nominal weight of the asbestos cloth shall be as shewn in Tables I and II, with a tolerance of not more than plus or minus 7#, when determined by Spec. CCC-T--191 3.2.4 Dimensions (No changes) 3.2.4.1 Width. The width of the asbestos cloth shall be 40 inches, plus or minus 1/2 in., unless otherwise specified (see 6.3). 3.2.4.2 Thickness. The thickness of the asbestos cloth shall not vary, from the specified values in Table I and II, by more than the following; Nominal Thickness Permissable Variation Inches 0.050 and under +0.005 over 0.050 +0.010, -0.005 MS 003673 MT-003079 3.2.4.2 Length. Unless otherwise specified, the asbestos cloth shall be furnished in rolls in length of 50 lin yd, + 5 yd (see 6.3). 3.3 Physical Properties (No changes) 3.3.1 Hygroscopic Moisture (No changes) 3.3.2 Chemically combined water. The carded asbestos fiber used in the manufacture of r the asbestos cloth*shall contain not less than 12# by weight, of the chemically combined water, when tested in accordance with 4.3.4. 3.3.3 Breaking Strength. When tested in accordance with 4.3.5, the average breaking strength of Type I (without wire insertion) asbestos cloth shall not fall below the values specified in Table III. PRODUCED JM - 83 AM 2 - MIL-C 3.4 Identification. Unless otherwise specified, a colored stripe shall be woven in eactp-^ selvage edge of the cloth, as follows; Grade - Underwriters Grade - AA Grade - AAA Blue Red Green 3.5 Workmanship (No changes) 4 SAMPLING, INSPECTION, AND TEST PROCEDURES 4.1 Sampling (No changes) 4.2 Inspection (No changes) MT-003080 4.3 Tests (No changes) 4.3.1 Preparation of Sample. Discard 4 in. of each selvage edge and cut 10 test specimens 4 in. wide by 6 in. long, the long dimension being parallel to the warp, so that each specimen will represent different strands of work yarn. Cut 10 additional specimens 4 in. wide by 6 in. long, the long dimension being parallel to the filling so that each specimen will represent different strands of filling yarn. 4.3.2 Asbestos content. Five test specimens, each weighing not less than five grams, after drying for one hour at 105 to 110C (221 to 230F) shall be placed in a desiccator for one hour, again weighed, then shall be placed in a furnace and heated for not less than one hour at 800 to 810C (1470 to 1490F). After removal from furnace, they shall be cooled for one hour in a desiccator and then again weighed. The weight of the residue shall be divided by 0.86* to determine the original weight of the asbestos content. The weight of the asbestos content shall be divided by the weight of the dried specimen and the quotient multiplied by 100 to obtain the per centage of asbestos. The average of five determinations shall be taken as the asbestos content. The percentage of organic matter equals 100 minus the percentage of asbesto^"* 4.3.3 Hygroscopic moisture. Five test specimens each weighing not less than five grams shall be weighed and then dried for one hour at 105 to 110C (221 to 230F) in an electric oven, cool in desiccator for one hour and weigh. The loss in weight i3 termed the hygroscopic moisture. This weight divided by the weight of the sample and multiplied by 100 gives the percentage of hygroscopic moisture in the specimens. 4.3.4 Chemically-combined water. When specified certified samples of well-opened asbostos fiber of the type used in the manufacture of the asbestos cloth shall be supplied to the inspector to make determinations of chemically combined water. This test shall be made on five samples each weighing approximately five grams. The hygroscopic moisture shall be removed as specified in 4.3.3, the weight recorded, and the dried material ignited in an electric furnace at 800 to 810G (1470 to 1490F) for one hour. The difference between the dried weight and the residual weight of the ignited specimen, divided by the dried weight of the specimen and multiplied by 100, gives the percentage of chemically-combined water in the asbestos fiber. *Note. The factor obtained in Section 4.3.2. Chemically-combined water subtracted from 100 should yield the proper factor for determination. The factor 0.86 is based upon an average theoretical value of 14 per cent chemically-combined water. 4.3.5 Breaking strength. (No changes) 4.3.5.1 As received. (No changes) 4.3.5.2 After heating. The test to determine breaking strength after heating shall be made with five warb and five filling specimens. These shall be supported on a wire screen or perforated metal plate not less than l/2 in. above the floor of an oven with automatic temperature control, and with not more than five specimens superimposed upon one another. A thermo-couple shall be centrally located in the oven, not more than 1/2 in. above the topmost specimen. After being introduced into the oven at the s0* appropriate heating temperature (See Table III), the specimen shall remain in the oven for one hour at such temperature, then shall be removed and allowed to cool in a . desiccator for one hour. They shall then be tested for breaking strength and the average values determined separately for the warp and filling specimens, by_the methods used for the "as received" specimens (see 4.3.5.1), PRODUCED MS 003674 JM-83 3- 5 PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY (No changes) 5.1 Packaging and Packing. The asbestos cloth shall be packaged in rolls covered with kraft paper. The paper shall be covered with waterproof-barrier material in accordance with Spec. JAN-P-125* Type B-2, and overwrapped with suitable cloth, flat or tubing. The baling material shall be securely fastened at the ends, the longitudinal edges fully sewn or secured, and held in position by wire straps around circumference of the roll. 5.2 Marking (No changes) 6 NOTES (No changes) ' ' 6.1 Intended Use. The asbestos cloth covered l?y this specification is intended for use as a thermal insulation on exhaust or on other high-temperature applications on military vehicles. The Type I cloth is suitable for installations where a covering resistant to heat and chemicals is required; and the Type II cloth, where additional strength and rearing resisting qualities are essential. As a rule, the cloth will withstand the following temperatures (of contacted or adjacent metals) for the following grades indicated: Grade Temperature, F Underwriters' AA AAA 450 650 800 6.2 Ordering Data (No changes) 6.3 Standard Width and Length. Asbestos cloth is normally available in a width of 40 in. It is commonly supplied in rolls of 50 yd, plus or minus 5 yd, and can be supplied in rolls of 25 and 100 yd. Ten per cent of the total number of rolls may contain two pieces. NOTICE (No changes) Table I Physical Properties of Type I (without wire insertion) Asbestos Cloth Grade (see _ly2l._ Weave Nom. Wt Lb per So yd Und. n it n * n n P P P P P BT DC- 1.50 1.80 1.80 2.25 2.50 2.50 4.75 AA P 1.40 ft P 1.80 n P 2.25 n P 2.50 AAA P nP v T nT nT 2.10 2.40 3.00 3.33 3.50 Thick. .055 .058 .060 .070 .075 .070 .135 .051 .058 .070 .075 .062 .065 .075 .080 .085 Warp Filler Yarn Yarn (1) (1) 10-2 14-2 10-2 10-2 10-2 14-2 10-2 10-2 14-2 10-1 10-2 10-2 14-2 10-2 16-2 14-2 10-2 10-2 16-2 14-2 10-2 10-2 10-2 12-2 12-2 12-2 8-2 10-2 12-2 12-2 12-2 8-2 Warp Filling Ends/ picks/ in. in. 99 20 10 16 10 18 9 20 10 27 14 37 16 19 10 20 10 18 9 20 10 16 9 20 12 30 10 36 12 24 . 7 A.T.I. Desig. 24P10 29P14 29P10 36P10 40P10 40BT24 76P10DC 22P16 29P14 36P10 40P10 MMS 003675 34P10 38P12 48T12 53T12 56T8 MT-003081 JM-83 -4- Table II Physical Properties of Type II (wire insertion) Asbestos Cloth A.T.I. Desie. 48M10 44M14 44M8 43M8 Asbestos Content (Min) 90 i 90 95 98 Norn. Wt Lb per So yd 3.00 2.75 2.75 -2.70 Warp Yarn Filling (1) Yarn (1) 10-2-1 10-2-1 14-2-1 14-2-1 8-2-2 8-1-1 8-2-2... 8-1-1. Warp ends Filling ver inch Picks/in. 20 + 1 10+1 20 + 1 10 + 1 14 1 1 11 + 1 14.1 1 _.. .11 + 1 ... NOTE (1) - First figure signifies number of cut, second figure -- number of plies, and third figure -- number of wires. MS 003676 WIT-003082 PRODUCED JM-83 Table III Minimum Breaking Strength, Lb/in. Width, for Type I (without wire insertion) Asbestos Cloth Grade Nom. Wt (see 1.2) Lb per Sa yd- As Risceived Warp Filling Und. m n It W n It 1.50 1.80 1.80 2.25 2.50 2.50 4.75 45 90 80 90 100 130 180 37 35 25 37 40 45 80 AA 1.40 80 35 tt 1.80 85 35 ti 2.25 100 35 it 2.50 110 45 AAA 2.10 85 33 II 2.40 100 50 ft 3.00 170 50 II 3.33 180 55 tt 3.50 160 40 After heating for 1 Hr Heating Warp Filling Temp,, SF 35 30 350 60 25 n 50 15 it 65 25 n 70 30 It 80 35 110 50 n tt 25 10 600 30 10 n 60 25 ft 65 30 ft 60 25 850 70 30 tt 125 35 ft 130 40 tt 120 30 ft A.T.I. Desigo 24P10 29P14 29P10 36P10 40P10 40BT14 76P10G 22P16 29P14 36P10 40P10 34P10 38P12 48T12 53T12 56T8 MS 003677 r MT-003083 PRODUCED JM-81 Military Specification Mittens, Asbestos, M-1942 AW-8-&9A December 30, 1953 1 SCOPE (No changes) 1.1 Scope (No changes) 1.2 Classification (No changes) 2. APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS, DRAWINGS, AND PUBLICATIONS (No changes) 2.1 The following, etc. (No changes) SPECIFICATIONS (No changes) Federal (No changes) Military (No changes) STANDARDS (No changes) Military (No changes) DRAWINGS (No changes) Quartermaster Corps (No changes) 3. REQUIREMENTS (No changes) 3.1 Standard sample (No changes) 3.2 Preproduction sample (No changes) 3.3 Material (No changes) 3.3.1 Fabrics (No changes) Table I. - Physical Requirements Style Weight per sq. Yarn size (cut system) Cloth Construction yard (lb) Warp Filling----------- (per in.) Warp Filling Ends Picks 40P10 2.5*7% 10 cut/2 ply 10 cut/2 ply 20* 1 10*1 Breaking strength (lb) (grab method) Warp Filling 100 40 3.3.1.2 Duck (No changes) 3.3.1.3 Knitted napped interlining (No changes) 3.3.1.4 Webbing, cotton (No changes) 3.3.2 Thread, cotton (No changes) 3.3.3 Rings, etc. (No changes) 3.4 Design (No changes) 3.5 Patterns (No changes) 3.6 Stitches, seams and stitching (No changes) 3.7 Operations (No changes) 3.8 Identification marking (No changes) 3.8 (Change to 3.9; then when changed will be: 3.9 Workmanship (insert details, as is, regarding Workmanship) Table II. - Sequence of Operations (No changes) MS 003678 4. SAMPLING, INSPECTION, AND TEST PROCEDURES (No changes) 4.1 Sampling (No changes) 4.2 Inspection (No changes) 4.3 Tests (No changes) MT-003084 PRODUCED JM - 83 Military Specification M1L-C-4117 Table I Asbestos Cloth ATI-81 Page 2 Properties Type I Type II Type III Style Color stripe selvage Heave Thread Count, inch Ground warp ends Binder warp ends Filling Width, inch 40P10 Black Plain 20 1 None 10 1 40 1/2 44M8 Black Plain 141 None 10 1 401/2 Thickness, inch nnc. (.010 qA/(+.010 ` 75(-.005 06V.005 Ply of yarns, min Ground warp ends 2 Binder warp ends None Filling 2 Weight, lb/sq yd 2.50+7$ Breaking strength, min.lb/in. As received: Warp 100 Filling 40 After heating at 200F Warp 80 Filling 30 Grade Commercial Asbestos fiber content % min 75 Ply of wire insert Ground warp None Binder warp None Filling None rfire diameter, in None single 2 None 1 2.757$ ~ ---- -- -- Commercial 75 2 None 1 .008.001 64M10 Green Plain 22 1 None 111 40 1/2 QQ3(+.010 93(-.005 2 None 2 4-0 5$ -- -- -- -- AAA 95 2 None 2 .008.001 Type IV 112M10 Green Plain 281 71 121 401/2 -135(+.010 (-.005 2 2 2 7.0 5$ _ -- -- ---- AAA 95 2 2 2 008.001 MS 003679 MT-003085 PRODUCED Military Specification MIL-C-4117 Table II Asbestos Tape ATI-81 Page 3 Type V Type 1 Type VII Type VIII Type IX Type X Weave Width, in. Plain Plain see Fig. 1 see Fig. 1 see Fig. 1 Plain 1-1/21/16 l-l/2l/l6 3 1/8 2l/8 5/8l/l6 1-1/21/16 Thickness, in. 1/16.010 Construction: Total ground warp ends Total binder warp ends Picks (in.) 321 None 101/2 l/l6.010 1/8+.63 30 1 91 3 None 21 7-l/2l/2 lll/2 W3+.063 ' -0 63 1 15 lll/2 l/8.032 l/l6.010 231 5 lll/2 30 1 None 8l/2 Ply of yams: Ground warp ends Binder warp ends Filling Weight (ft/lb) Grade Asbestos fiber content per cent min 2 None 2 2810$ A 75 rly of wire insertion: Ground warp yam Binder warp yam Filling yam None None None Wire diameter (in.) single None *2 None 2 2610$ A 75 None None None None 2 2 2 3.510$ A 75 2 2 2 5.810$ B 75 3 3 2 11.510$ B 2 None 1 2210$ A 75 75 2 2 None 2 2 2 None None 2 2 None 1 .008.001 .008.001 None .008.001 * or as specified Figure 1 (No change) WS 003s80 r MT-003086 PRODUCED JM - 83 Military Specification MIL-C-4117 Table III Asbestos Tape ATI-81 Page 4 Type XI Type XII Type XIII Type XIV Type XV Type XVI Weave Width, in. Thickness, in. Plain 21/16 Plain Plain 1-1/21/16 5/8H/16 vwfcSS 1/8.031 Plain Plain i-i/2i/i6 2l/l6 1/8.031 1/81.031 Plain 31/16 1/81.031 Construction! Total ground warp ends 40 2 Total binder warp ends None Picks (in.) 8l/2 321 None 101/2 Ply of yarns: Ground warp ends 2 2 Binder warp ends None None Filling 11 Weight (ft/lb) 17H056 19.610j6 Grade Commercial AAA Asbestos fiber content per cent min 75 95 Ply of wire insertion: Ground warp yarn Binder warp yarn Filling yarn 2 None 1 2 None 2 Wire diameter (in.) single .008.001 .008.001 231 5 121 2 2 2 20 1056 AAA 95 *2 2 2 .008,,001 472 11 121 2 2 2 9410$ AAA 95 2 2 2 .008.001 6l2 14 12L 872 21 121 2 2 2 7.210$6 AAA 95 2 2 2 4.8511056 AAA 95 22 22 22 .0081.001 .0081.001 * or as specified MS 003681 MT-003087 PRODUCED JM-83 Military Specification KIL-C-4117 Table IV Asbestos Tape ATI-81 Page 5 Tvne XVII Tvne XVIII Tvne XIX Tvne XX Tvne XXI Weave Width, in. Thickness, in. Plain Plain 1-1/21/10 5/Sl/l6 1/16(+.031 (-.016 l/8.031 Plain Plain 1-1/21/16 21/16 1/8.031 1/8.031 Flain 31/16 1/8.031 Construction: Total ground warp ends Total binder warp ends Filling 341 None 101/2 231 5 121 45 2 10 121 61 2 14 121 87 2 21 121 Ply of yams: Ground warp ends Binder warp ends Filling Weight (ft/lb) Grade 2 None 2 28.010% AAA 3 3 3 19.610% AAA 3 3 3 9.610% AAA 3 3 3 7.010% AAA 3 3 3 4.8310% AAA Asbestos fiber content (per cent min.) 95 95 95 95 95 MS 003682 MT-003088 PRODUCED JM - 83 Military Specification MIL-C-4117 ATI-81 Page 6 4.3 Sampling (No change) 4.3.1 Cloth (No change) 4.3.2 Tape (No change) 4-4 Test Conditions (No change) 4.5 Test Procedure (No change) 4.6 Physical Tests 4.6.1 Breaking strength for cloth (No change) 4.6.1.1 Preparation of cloth samples (No change) 406.1.2 Test procedure 4.6.1.2.1 In order to prevent, etc. (No change) 4.6.1.3 Breaking strength after heating (No change) 4.6.1.3.1 Specimens shall be, etc. (No change) 4.6.2 Tape construction (No change) 4.6.3 Asbestos content - Five test specimens, each weighing not less than five grams, after drying for one hour at 105 to 110C, shall be placed in a desiccator for one hour, again weighed, then shall be placed in a furnace and heated for not less than one hour at 800 to 810C (1470 to 1490F). After removal from the furnace, they shall be cooled for one hour in a desiccator and then weighed. The weight of the residue shall be divided by 0.86* to de termine the original weight of the asbestos content. The weight of the asbestos content shall be divided by the weight of the dried specimen and the quotient multi plied by 100 to obtain the percentage of asbestos. The average of five determinations shall be taken as the as bestos content. 4.6.4 Chemically combined water - When specified certified samples of well-opened asbestos fiber of the type used in the manufacture of the asbestos cloth or tape shall be supplied for determinations of chemically combined water. This test shall be made on five samples each weighing not less than five grams. The hygroscopic moisture shall be removed as specified in 4.6.3, the weight recorded, and the dried material ignited in an electric furnace at 800 to 810C (1470 to 1490F) for one hour. The difference between the dried weight and the residual weight of the ignited specimen, divided by the dried weight of the specimen and multiplied by 100, gives the percentage of chemically combined water in the asbestos fiber. The percentage of organic matter equals 100 minus the percentage of asbestos. 4.7 Rejections and Retests (No change) 4.8 All samples of asbestos, etc. (No change) 5. PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY (No change) 5.1 Application of requirements, etc. (No change) A/IS 003683 5.2 Cloth (No change) 5.3 Tape (No change) 5.3.1 Unit packaging (No change) 5.3.2 Intermediate packaging (No change) WIT-003089 5.3.3 Exterior packing and marking (No change) 5.3.3.1 Exterior packing (No change) 5.3.3.1.1 Domestic packing (No change) PRODUCED ------------------ JM - 83 *Note: The factor obtained in 4.6.3. Chemically combined water 4.6.4 subtracted from 100 should yield the proper factor for determination. The factor 0.86 is. based upon an average theoretical value of 14 per cent chemica11v--combined water.  Military Specification MIL-C-4H7 ATI-81 Page 7 n *.3.3.2 Marking (No change) 5.3.3.2.1 Intermediate packages (No change 5.4 Exterior containers (No change) ' 6, NOTES (No change) 6.1 Intended Use (No change) 6.2 Ordering Data (No change) 6.3 Commercial sizes (No change) 6.3.1 Cloth - Asbestos cloth is normally available in 40-in. width. Unless otherwise specified, the cloth shall be furnished in rolls in lengths of 50 yd9 plus or minus five yards? and can be supplied in rolls of 25 and 100 yd. Ten per cent of the total number of rolls may contain two pieces. 6.3.2 Tape - Asbestos tape is normally supplied in approximately 100 ft rolls and in widths of 5/8 1? 1-1/4? 1-1/2 ? 2? 2-1/2? and 3 inches. Tape can be supplied in other lengths when so specified. J.L.T. n MS 003684 r Nrt-003090 PRODUCED '* - 83 ATI-81 Minutes of the Technical Committee Asbestos Textile Institute Warwick Hotel - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania December 9th and 10th, 1953> Meetings December 9th Meeting Present: B.- L* Carpenter) R* L- Lanz ) C. R. Frederick) A. W. Summers Dr. M. S. Maier ) M. V.'. Oliver ) Dr.. M- C. Shaw E. C. Cutler J. D. McCluer K. Beyard ) J. L. Tucker ) Keasbey & Mattison Union Asbestos Raybes tos-Manhattan Rutgers University American Asbestos Southern Asbestos Johns-Manvilie A. It was suggested, due to the long agenda, that the reading of the minutes of the previous meeting be eliminated. B. Government Specifications - Frederick, Chairman Five Government specifications were discussed and revisions made previous to being presented to a joint meeting of the Sales Promotion and Technical Committees. The specifications were: 1 - SS-C-466 2 - MIL-C-4117 3 - MIL-C-10316 4 - MIL-M-11199A 5 - MIL-I-3053A C* Cloth Standardization Committee - J. D. McCluer, Chairman Results of the round-robin heat aging tests showed a wide varia tion in the original tensile strengths of each sample within the lots sent to each participant. The averages of these lots were fairly consistant, but the extremes in the individual lots were trememdous- It was recommended that the round robin investigations be con tinued but that the number of samples in each lot be increased * D.. Braid Standardization Committee - C. R. Frederick, Chairman The results of the round robin investigations relating to (1) methods of measuring feet per pound, and (2) methods of measur ing wall thickness emphasized what had previously been dis missed in a general way, that: a - results varied with the individual MS 003685 b - previous testing procedures either are not the most practical or are not interpreted correctly. MT-003091 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 2- - E. ifcolnt Meeting of Sales Promotion and Technical Committees Technical Committees 1 - The five Government specifications revised by the Technical Committee were discussed, additional re visions were recommended by the Sales Promotion Committee. The specification as revised will be typed and circulated to members of both committees for discussion at the next committee meetings - 2 - Asbestos Cloths for A.S.T.k. Standardization Fifteen cloths were recommended for use in A.S.T.M. standards. They are: lb/sq yd ATI Style Mo. Type 1234- 567-- 89- 10 -- 11 12 _ 13 14 -- 15 - 1.05 1.25 1.40 1.50 1.65 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.45 2.50 3.00 4.75 2.50 3.33 3.70 17P24 20P28 22P16 24P18 26P14 34P10 36P10 38P12 39P12 40P10 48P10 76P10DC 40H14 53T12 59T12 Plain (non-metallic) 11 11 11 11 It II tt II II II II II II II 11 11 M II 11 11 It II It II II II 1! II ft herringbo" 0 twill twill It 11 *! ii ii 11 II 11 ii ii 3 - Specifications Relating to Dielectric Standards and Procedures It was recommended that C. R. Frederick contact and discuss with J.. Chilcote of Washington, D. C. a - the value of present dielectric standards and procedures b - possible elimination of dielectric standards, procedures,, and their results 4 - Additional Government Specifications to be Studied With the Possibility of Revision p. - MIL-G-15902 - Bureau of Medicine b. - LP-406 - Dielectric Strength WIT-0_0_3092 MS 003686 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 -3- n December 10th keeting Present: k. U. Oliver E. C. Cutler C. R. Frederick J. D. McCluer A. Vi. Summers Dr. lid. C. Shaw J.. L.. Tucker Raybes tos-kanha t tan American Asbestos Keasbey & kattison Southern Asbestos Union Asbestos Rutgers University Johns-kanvilie The following programs were recommended and the results will be accumulated and prepared for discussion at the first 1954 meeting of the Technical Committee: A - Cloth Standardization - J.. D. i^cCluer, Chairman Additional samples of cloth, warp direction only, will be for warded to all members active in the round robin testing pro gram. luT. kcCluer will forward the procedures to all concerned. Dr. Shaw will forward the cloth samples. B - Braid Standardization - C.. R. Frederick, Chairman Additional samples will be forwarded to each participant in the round robin testing program. Samples will be the respon sibility of kessrs. Summers and Tucker. The methods and pro cedures will be sent to those concerned by C. R. Frederick. J. L. Tucker MS 003687 r*' M'"-003093 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 Report of the Technical Committee December 10th, 1953 - General Meeting Warwick Hotel, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Representatives of seven member companies attended, the December 9th and 10th meetings of the Technical Committee. A - Revising government specifications Practically all of the December 10th session was spent in revising five government specifications; namely: 1 - SS-C-466 2 - MIL-C-4117 3 - kIL-C-10316 4 - kIL-k-11199A 5 - MIL-I-3053A B - Sales Promotion and Technical Committee - Joint meeting 1 - Government Specifications The five government specifications which ivere revised by the Technical Committee were presented during a joint meeting to the Sales Promotion Cofnmittee. Additional revisions were requested. Four of these specifications will be rewritten and presented for final approval at the next general meeting. 2 - Specifications Relating to Dielectric Standards and Procedures During the joint session it was recommended that C. R. Frederick contact and discuss with J. Chilcote of Washington, D. C. the value of the results obtained under present standards and procedures, also the pos sibilities of eliminating these procedures and results from government specifications. 3 - A.-S..T..M.- Standardization of Asbestos Cloths At the request of the A.S.T.k. Committee the Gales Pro motion and Technical Committees of our Institute have recommended 15 asbestos cloths for standardization in A.S.T..k. specifications. These cloths are: MS 003688 MT-003094 PRODUCED ATI-81 lb/sq yd -2ATI Style No. Type 1234- 5- 67- 89- 10 - 11 12 13 14 - 15 - 1.05 1.25 1.40 1.50 1.65 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.45 2.50 3.00 4.75 2.50 3.33 3.70 17P24 20P28 22P16 24P18 26P14 34P10 36P10 38P12 39P12 40P10 48P10 76P10DC 40H14 53T12 59T12 plain (non-metallic) II It It 11 It It II 1 11 ft II II II tl 11 11 II II MII II II II II II 11 II It II It ft II 11 herringbone" Twill " 11 II II II II Cloth Standardization Committee - J. D. McCluer , Chairman This committee is now evaluating the results of their round robin heat aging tests. The evaluation is not completed, but the information obtained from each participant in this program does show that the cloths used in this particular program varied considerably in tensile strength, one area to another. If these cloths represent the quality of asbestos cloth made throughout our industry, then we should note our quality checking procedures. Additional round-robin tests are contemplated. D - Braid Standardization Committee - C. R. Frederick. Chairman This committee also has been carrying on round-robin tests. These tests relate to: 1- methods of measuring feet per pound 2- Methods of measuring wall thickness The results, although not completely tabulated, do emphasize what had previously been considered a fact without any sub stantiating data; that is: 1 - results varied with the individual 2 - previous testing or checking procedures are not the most practical or are not interpreted correctly Additional work and tests are contemplated and are neces sary before procedures or standards can be recommended. MT-003095 MS 003689 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 -3- E - Fellowship Report - Dr, k. C. Shaw Report #27 issued by Dr. Chaw for this meeting will be of most interest to our Technical Committee but we would like to call the attention of all members to certain subjects in this report as to their value in our 1954 calendar. 1 - Magnetic Iron Content and Abrasion Resistance Projects These subjects are of importance to industry in general and relate to government specifications in one instance and to a characteristic of asbestos cloth on which there is insufficient information for use by our Sales Promo tion Committee. Vie feel these projects should be con sidered as important projects for the Fellowship during 1954. 2 - Elevated Temperature Serviceability of Asbestos Cloth This project should be considered as a desired project for 1954 as it relates to investigations now active with the Cloth Standardization Committee and is necessary part of those investigations.. I personally wish to thank all members of the Technical Committee for the cooperation given during the past two years and for the work each member has done in their sub-committees. In addition, I wish to thank all members of the Institute for the cooperation they have given the Technical Committee.. Dr. Shaw and members of the Sales Promotion Committee especially have assisted the Technical Committee in our work for which we extend thanks* J.. L. Tucker MS 003690 MT-003096 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 r' FELLOWSHIP REPORT mYRIL C. 5HA'. RESEARCH FELLOW ASBESTOS TEXTILE INSTITUTE NEV. JERSEY CERAMIC RESEARCH STATION RUTGERS UNIVERSITY NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. REPORT fr27 December 10, 1953 MS 003691 MT-003097 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 INTRODUCTION The activities of the Fellowship during recent months have been concerned with a number of different problems of interest to the Institute membership. The subjects are quite diversified and all do not perhaps rigidly conform with the Fellowship project list which was last established in 1951. In this connection, it would seem advisable that there be an early reconsideration of the Fel lowship program in light of present day problems to determine whether or not the projects presently listed should be continued or revised or if perhaps some problems should be discontinued and new problems added. W'e are eager to carry on a program of work that will not only contribute technological advancements within our industry but also will add further prestige and stature to the Asbestos Textile Institute. The cooperation of each member in the development of the most effective program is necessary if the great est gains are to be made. We would not, however, wish to leave the impression that the Fellowship work has slackened in activity during recent months but rather would like to be sure that our efforts are being directed toward subjects which are of interest and value to the entire mem bership. Each of our present projects is of known interest to certain segments of the membership and perhaps of equal interest to all members, however, until there is some clarification we can not be sure that we are proceeding in the direction oc manner ac ceptable to everyone. RESEARCH PROJECTS .Magnetic Iron Content of Chrysotile. Fellowship Report #26, presented at the last meeting set forth much of the exploratory work here carried on in an effort to organ ize and clarify the thinking regarding the possible relationship between total iron, magnetic portion of the total iron and the electrical properties of materials manufactured from chrysotile which may contain these contaminants. Work along these lines is continuing and through the cooperation of the task group of Committee A-4, A.S.T.M. which is equally as interested in the pro blems involved, it is anticipated that significant progress in this investigation may be made in the near future. Our present activities are related to the accumulation and distribution of representative samples of materials which will be submitted to cooperating laboratories for test and evaluation. One of the fundamental problems to be faced in this work is lack of uniformity in test equipment, test procedures and testing techniques. It is hoped that it will be possible to interest both r> producers and consumers in these cooperative tests and that through the considered evaluation of the results, a standard test can be evolved which will serve to yield reliable results which will be indicative of the electrical resistance properties. MS 003692 MT-003098 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 -2- Efforts are now being made to obtain chemical analyses of the materials to be tested so that the FegO* - Fe-^C^ content of each sample may be ascertained, and the electrical properties related thereto,, determined. In addition, the field of radiography is being further explored in the hopes that perhaps the graphic re productions thus obtainable may serve as a quantitative indicator of the proportions of magnetic iron contamination present within a given sample. We have recently obtained the cooperation of a firm known as Industrial X-Ray, Inc., who are now making a series of radiographs of some of our materials and will further assist us as we progress in this investigation. Elevated Temperature Abrasive Resistance. During recent months several members of the Institute have sought information regarding the abrasive resistance characteristics of various types of asbestos textiles at elevated temperatures. The first inquiries prompted the construction of an oven with a heating unit which could be mounted over the Abradoflex and with this assembly it was possible to rim tests at temperatures approxi mating 350F. However, since initiating this work', inquiries re lating to higher service temperatures characteristics have been received and we have accordingly proceeded to develop a unit capable of providing the desired information. In the latest efforts, a semi-permanent oven has been constructed about the abradoflex and within which, at an input of around 2000 watts, it is possible to run such tests at 650F. In these tests, a temperature of 400F is obtained rather quickly, in a matter of about 10 minutes, however, approximately one hour is required to attain the peak operating temperature of 650F. The abradant normally used on the Abradoflex is No. 1 Grit, Emery Cloth. However, at the elevated temperatures here encounter ed this cloth is, of course, destroyed and it was therefore neces sary to explore other types of abrasive materials. We are now using an 18 mesh bronze wire screen and are hopeful that it will provide the necessary abrasive qualities during the normal 3-hour cycle. This abradant is handled in the same manner as the emery cloth, being stretched around the permanent steel cylinders and being renewed with the start of each test. The conditions under which these tests are to be run are somewhat different than the normal abradoflex test and will perhaps, therefore, require a somewhat different interpretation of the re sults. The fact that during the first hour the temperature is constantly rising will undoubtedly be a factor that must be given consideration since it will be during this period that the organic portions of the textiles will be destroyed. It is our intention, however, to establish a fixed rate of rise so that every test will be run under exactly the same conditions as every other test. In this way the results of the elevated temperature tests should be comparable with each other, however, the relationship between tests MS 003693 MT-003099 PRODUCED JNI-83 ATI-81 -3- run at elevated temperatures and those run at atmospheric tempera tures can only be determined after a sufficient number of tests have been run to make a proper evaluation. The use of bronze screen wire as the abradant will also, un doubtedly, introduce a factorial difference between tests so run and those run using an emery cloth as the abradant. This again will make it somewhat difficult to correlate "cold run tests" with those run at elevated temperatures. On the whole, however, it would appear that elevated tempera ture abrasive resistance serviceability tests such as those here contemplated should provide much useful and significant information. Vve know of no other abrasion tester that will provide such informa tion and feel certain that a continuation of this work will be well justified. Elevated Temperature Serviceability Fellowship Report ^26 set forth a rather complete report on the status of the work here conducted related to the determination of the elevated temperature serviceability characteristics of asbestos textiles. However, at the time of the meeting at which the report was issued some of the data required completion. This work was completed immediately following the meeting and the re vised data inserted in the report as finally issued and sent out with the kinutes of that meeting. There have been no further activities in this particular endeavor since that time, however, as a cooperative effort with five other members of the Institute, a round robin heat aging test on two representative asbestos textiles has been conducted. It was the purpose of these tests to endeavor to correlate the various types of ovens and furnaces available in the several labora tories and the testing techniques there employed with those which have been standardized in the Fellowship laboratory. The cloths selected and furnished by the Fellow were (1) Underwriters Grade, 40P10 and (2) Grade AA, 36P10. In addition to the determination of the elevated temperature serviceability characteristics of each of the cloths, the values for loss in weight as a result of the heat aging and the asbestos content of each material was determined. The results of these tests are set forth in Table I. Each value is an average of five test specimens. Laboratory 1 carried out the heat aging tests in an air-circu r lating oven 19"xl9"xl4" and suspended the test specimens in a n vertical position, ten specimens to a test. MT-003100 MS 003694 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 -4- Laboratory 2 carried out the heat aging tests in a non-air-circula ting oven 7|"x5"xl3" and the samples were held in a vertical posi tion on a frame, ten specimen to a test. Laboratory 3 carried out the heat aging tests in an air-cir culating oven 37"x37"x24" and the samples were placed horizontally. Laboratory 4 carried out the tests in a non-air-circulating oven 7"x5"xl5", with the samples laying horizontally in two layers, 1/2" apart. Laboratory 5 carried out the tests in an air-circulating oven 17"x48"x32". The positioning is not known. The A. T. I. tests were carried out in the Despatch oven which has been described in earlier reports and the samples were posi tioned horizontally during the test. The results of this test will no doubt be discussed by issr. J. D. lacCluer, the chairman of the task group directly concerned with this project, however, a few brief observations at this time may be in order. It will be observed that the asbestos content values are all within reasonable ranges, with the Underwriters cloth ranging from 81.70 percent to 82.25 percent and the Grade AA cloth ranging from 92.50 to 93.40 percent. Since all of the samples representing each of the respective grades were taken from a single piece of cloth, it would be expected that the asbestos contents should be reasonably close and the figures here presented would seem to in dicate that the techniques employed in the several laboratories must be quite similar in order to have yielded such closely related results. However, the results of the remaining tests carried out in this investigation do not lend themselves to such close comparisons, particularly with respect to the Underwriters grade cloth. The loss in weight of the Underwriters cloth, after heating for 24 hours at 400F, for example, shows a range of from 3.80 percent to 8.10 percent. Both of these extremes, by the way, were obtained in air-circulating type ovens, however, the high value was obtained with the cloths in the vertical position while the low value was obtained with the cloths positioned horizontally. The vertically positioned cloths likewise show greater loss in strength (with one exception) than do any of the others tested. In our early work in these heat aging investigations, we detected the tendancy of cloths suspended in a vertical position to act as a wick which permitted the burning of the organic portion in an upward direction with an intensification of the rate of combustion and cloth tem perature as it progressed. The net result of this action would appear to be that the actual cloth temperature is considerably MS 003695 MT-003101 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 -5- Round Robin Heat Aging Tests Table I Style - 40P10 Und. Laboratory Tensile Strength As Received 400^F./24 Hour Warn Fill Warp Fill Loss in if # a% Ret. a % Weight Ret. % Asbestos Content % A.T.I.. 136.8 48.4 59.3 43.4 19.7 40 o 6 5.32 82.10 1 132.8 40.5 39.8 30.0 11.3 27.9 8.10 81.70 2 134.2 42.6 68.2 50.7 20.2 47 c4 6 c 875 81.90 3 139.4 42.7 56.0 40.2 20.0 46.8 3.80 81.90 4 134.6 44.6 56.0 41.6 20.0 44.8 5.86 81.80 5 139.6 42.2 47 c0 33.6 11.2 26.5 5.25 82.25 Avr. 136 ,, 2 43.5 54.4 39.9 17.3. 39.0 i 5.87 Style - 36P10 AA (5<X)F./24 Hour) 81.94 A.T.I. 1 2 3 4 5 Avr* 151.0 75.0 95.8 140.6 70.9 85.4 135.4 60.2 85.6 143.7 64.8 93.4 144.0 77.6 98.6 122.8 56.8 94.2 139.6 67.6 92.2 63.5 60.8 63.2 65.0 68.5 76.7 66.3 49.0 65.3 6.53 34.5 48.7 7.00 30.0 49.8 7.02 42.3 65.4 6.53 39.2 50.5 8.07 47.6 83.8 6.36 40.4 60.6 6.92 92.90 93.00 93.40 92.90 92.50 93.25 92.99 MS 003696 MT-003102 PRODUCED ATI-81 -6- n higher in those cloths vertically positioned over those placed horizontally. The loss in weight values and the lower resultant tensile strengths would seem to bear this out. The reasoning here set forth for the Underwriters cloth ap pears also to be applicable in the Grade AA cloth although the effect and the differences resulting are not nearly so pronounced. As a matter of fact, the vertically positioned cloths tested in an air-circulating oven yielded loss in weight and tensile strength results very nearly the same as those obtained in a much smaller non-circulating oven. The observations here related refer to only a few of the more interesting results obtained in these tests. After the Technical Committee has had an opportunity to study this information and the significance of the several variables introduced through dif ferences in furnaces and techniques established, a full appraisal of the over-all results will be set forth. Standard Cloth List. At the last meeting of Committee D-13, A.S.T.M.,. Subcommittee A-4, the Fellow was asked to serve that group in ascertaining from industry the composition of a list of those asbestos cloths which n should be included in A.S.T.M.. Standard Specification for Woven Asbestos Cloth, Designation D677-50. Presently, included in this specification is a list containing twelve representative asbestos textiles, however, criticisms have frequently been voiced in this connection, based on the contention that many cloths now being furnished as standard materials by our industry are not there included. In an effort to determine the views of our membership in this matter, all members have been questioned and asked to express, their opinions relative to this subject. Committee A-4, in assigning this task, expressed the desire that the list not be expanded to include a number of cloths much greater than is now presented,, twelve. The reason for this con finement is not clear to the writer at this point and will not greatly influence our efforts if we can definitely establish a list of cloths that can be considered commercially available and standard with respect to industry wide availability. The results of our questioning, thus far, would Indicate that perhaps the following cloths might well be eliminated from the present A.S.T.M. list: 16P18, 20P28,. 21P16, 28P18, 29P14,. 34P12, and the 3.00# cloth, 10/3 warp and 10/2 fill. Suggested additions include: 22P16, 22P18, 22P10G, 23P18, 34P10, 39P12, 48T12, 59T12,, 62P10DC or 76P10DC. Further recommendations would seem to indicate that the Grade n A classification for cloths be eliminated from the A.S.T.M. grades. This same recommendation is apparently directed to such grades as carried in the A.T.I. standard cloth list. MS 003697 MT-003103 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 -7- r' It is uopt/A tJict Ixi-iug i.;,e course i.t ca. e further clarification relative to this subject may be forIncoming. Abradoflex Patent. During recent weeks word has been received from our patent attorney, Mr. Ward, of Ward, Crosby and Neal, that our patent ap plication has been examined by the patent office examiner and the results of this review have been transmitted to us. Copies of this correspondence are herewith attached. It is the view of Mr. Ward that a patent can be obtained to cover the subject machine, however, it is recommended that certain changes in the application be made in order that maximum coverage may be achieved. On the basis of the correspondence here presented and the recommendations of the patent attorney, we would ask the direction of the proper authorities within the Institute regarding the next steps to be taken in this endeavor. Theatre Curtains. As a result of the circulation of our most recent publication "A Handbook of Asbestos Textiles", we are in receipt of some inter esting correspondence from C. E. Tompkins, President, J R. Clancy, Inc., manufacturers and installation engineers of theatre curtains. Copies of this correspondence is herewith attached and may prove of interest. It would seem that perhaps our industry has, in this firm, an ally which may serve to stimulate a greater interest in asbestos materials for application in threatre curtains, if properly ex ploited. We are not, of course, familiar with all aspects of this problem and some members may have had sufficient experience in this field to know that the outlet is not significant, however, if we can serve to promote an interest in these materials through efforts of research or promotion, we will welcome an expression of your desires to so proceed. CONCLUSIONS During the recent months we have engaged in a rather wide range of activities. It is hoped that the projects discussed are considered to be in accord with the interests of the Institute mem bership and that the work is serving a useful purpose. We would welcome a complete review of the Fellowship program in order that we may be sure that our efforts are being directed along productive lines and will likewise be glad to engage in any new investigations which might be of particular interest at this time. In concluding, I would like at this time to pay my respects r' and extend an appreciative hand to Mr. Jesse Tucker for his great help and many kindnesses during his term as Chairman of the MS 003698 MT-003104 PRODUCED JM - 83 ATI-81 8rn Technical Committee. I doubt if any member of the Institute knows,, as I do,, of the time and effort tor. Tucker devoted to his job as Chairman of the Technical Committee. touch good work has been ac complished under his leadership and the Institute can be justifi ably proud of the high calibre of the men it can call upon to direct the committee work. In like manner, I would extend my grateful appreciation to tor. George Harris l; Chairman of the Sales Promotion Committee for the past two years, who has been equally helpful and understanding and has provided me with much necessary informa tion and support in my endeavors in the work of the Fellowship. Having worked rather closely with George on the "Handbook", I was afforded the opportunity to gain a great deal of practical informa tion related to our industry and for this I am deeply appreciative. n MS 003699 o MT-003105 PRODUCED JM-83 ATI-81 December, 1953 r> MIL-C-4117 Military Specification CLOTH AND TAPE, ASBESTOS 7 n r 1. SCOPE AMD CLASSIFICATION (No change) 1.1 Scope (No change) 1.2 Classification (No change) 1.2.1 Type (No change 1.2.2 Grade - Asbestos cloth and tape shall be of the following grades, as specified (see 6.2): Grade - Commercial (asbestos content, not less than 75$). Cloths of this grade shall have a black stripe in selvage edges. Grade - AAA (asbestos content, not less than 95$). Cloths of this grade shall have a green stripe in selvage edges. 2. APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS (No change) 2.1 Specifications (No change) 3. REQUIREMENTS (No change) 3.1 Materials (No change) 3.1.1 Asbestos - The asbestos used in the yarns to manufacture the cloth and tape shall be chrysolite fiber. 3.1.1.1 Chemically combined water (No change) 3.1.2 Wire - Wire inserted yam shall consist of one or two brass wires as specified herein, twisted with the required number of asbestos yams. The wire shall be soft brass, 70% copper, and 30$ zinc-type alloy. 3.2 Physical Properties (No change) 3.2.1 Cloth (No change) 3.2.1.1 Colored stripe selvage - Unless otherwise specified, the cloth shall have a woven colored organic yam in each selvage edge of the color indicated in Table I. 3.2.2 Tape (No change) 3.3 Put-up (No change) 3.3.1 Cloth - Asbestos cloth is normally available in a width of 40 inches. It is commonly supplied in rolls of 50 yards, plus or minus five yards, and can be supplied in rolls of 25 and 100 yards. Ten per cent of the total number of rolls may contain two pieces. 3.3.2 Tape - Unless otherwise specified, the asbestos tape shall be furnished in approximately 100 ft length rolls. No more than three rolls in ten shall contain two pieces. 3.4 Marking - Each roll of asbestos cloth or tape shall have a ticket securely at tached. The ticket shall be made of heavy cardboard and be provided with a reinforced eyelet for attaching. The ticket shall have there on the following information: (No additional changes) 3.5 Workmanship (No change) 4. SAMPLING, INSPECTION, AND TEST PROCEDURE (No change) 4.1 General Instructions (No change) 4.1.1 The asbestos cloth, etc. (No change) 4.1.2 Acceptance or approval, etc. (No change) 4.1.3 When specified, the contractor shall furnish a test report, etc. (No additional change) 4.2 Lot (No change) 4.2.1 Cloth (No change) 003700 4.2.2 Tape (No change) PRODUCED MT-003106 - 83 Military Specification Mittens, Asbestos, M-1942 AT-8499A December 30, 1953 Page 2 4.3.1 Heat transfer markings (No changes) 4.3.2 Asbestos cloth (No changes) " 4.3.2.1 Asbestos content - The asbestos cloth of the mittens shall be tested as follows: Five test specimens, each weighing not less than 5 grams, after drying for one hour at 105 to HOC (221 to 230F) shall be placed in a desiccator for one hour, again weighed, then placed in a furnace for not less than one hour at 800 to 810C (1470 to 1490F). After removal from the furnace, the residue shall be cooled for one hour in a desiccator, then weighed. The weight of the residue shall be divided by 0.86* to determine the original weight of the asbestos content. The weight of the asbestos content shall be divided by the weight of the dried specimen and the quotient multiplied by 100 to obtain the percentage of asbestos. The average of the five determinations shall be taken as the asbestos content. The percentage of organic matter equals 100 minus the percentage of asbestos * Note: The value shown in 4.3.2.1 is based upon an average theoretical value of 14$ chemically-combined water. 5. PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY (No changes) 5.1 Army (No changes) 5.1.1 Packing (No changes) 5.1.1.1 For domestic shipping (No changes) 5.1.1.1.1 Wood cleated fiberboard boxes (No changes) 5.1.1.1.2 Wood cleated plywood boxes (No changes) 5.1.1.1.3 Nailed wood boxes (No changes) 5.1.1.1.4 Kraft paper liners (No changes) 5.1.1.5 (Delete) (This was deleted by Amendment I dated May 18, 1953). 5.1.1.2 For overseas shipment (No changes) 5.1.1.2.1 Wood cleated fiberboard boxes (No changes) 5.1.1.2.2 Wood cleated plywood boxes (No changes) 5.1.1.2.3 Nailed wooden boxes (No changes) 5.1.1.2.4 Waterproof barrier (No changes) 5.1.2 Marking (No changes) 6,, NOTES (No changes) 6.1 Ordering data (No changes) 6.2 Standard sample (No changes) J. L. T. MS 003701 WIT-003107 PRODUCED