Document 99GVp4gzpXrLQXzrKbbVj2z03

FILE NAME: Phenolic Resins (PHR) DATE: 1982 Nov 22 DOC#: PHR006 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NIOSH Report - Industrial Hygiene Summary Report of Asbestos Exposure Assessment for Brake Mechanics INDUSTRIAL HYCIENE SUMMARY REPORT OF ASBESTOS EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT TOR BRAKE MECHANICS * % REPORT WRITTEN BY: Dennis R. R o b e rts Ralph D. Zuawalde DATE OF REPORT: Nowmber 22. 1962 REPORT # 3 2 .4 0- In d u scrlil Hygiene Section Industryw ide S tu d ie s Branch D ivision of S u rv e illa n c e , Haaard Evaluations and Field Studies . National I n s t i t u t e for Occupational Safety and Haalth C in cin n ati, Ohio M M C nO O It U.S. O C P A M T V C N T OF COMSACMCt NATONM. TCGMN<M mvonto: on u n c i as a w t i a . ua a iei ABSTRACT "In order to d e fin e the t i n t of gas and p a r tic u la r eaiaalo n a froa automotive brakes (and c lu tc h ), a e o a b ln a tlo n s e p a ra tio n and icoraaa co lle ctio n system vaa davlaad. Unique em issions e o lla c to ra for both dic m d drua b ra k a a and f o r a c lu t e h v a r a e o n e a iv a d , d a a ig n a d , and b u i l t aa th* main a b o d ia a n t of t h i a i n a t r u a a n t a t i o n . Tha hardware vaa lna*.alld on a v e h ic l e v h ie h v a a th a n d r iv e n th ro u g h v a r i o u a t e a t e y e la a to d e t e r mine the e x te n t and ty p e o f brake e m is s io n s g e n e ra te d a t low and high operating ta a p e ra tu re a . Typical d riv in g c o n d itio n , auch aa the D etroit T r a ff ic T e a t, aa v e i l aa more abuaive d r iv in g c o n d itio n euch aa fade ceata, were in clu d e d . Typical o r ig i n a l equipment and a fte rm a rk e t f r i c ti o n m ate ria l for both d iae and d ru a b rak e were uaed in the c e a t a . Brake r e l i n e a were made to a i a u l a t e t y p i c a l c o n a u m a r-c y p e p r a c t i c e . The b r a k e e a i a a l o n a g en erated were re a o v e d f r o a the v a r i o u a c o l l e c t o r and maaa b alan ce v e r t p e rf o r m e d . T ha p a r t i c u l a t e w e re p r o c a a a e d end a n a ly z e d by a com b in atio n of o p t i c a l and e le c tr o n a ic ro ac o p y to a a c e rc a in the aabeatoa content and the aabaacea p a r t i c l e a iz e d i s t r i b u t i o n in the wear debria. Comparison o f e a i m a i c n a f r o a new and uaed f r i c t i o n m a t e r i a l s , d i s c and drum brak e , and o r i g i n a l equipment an i a f te r m a r k e t m a t e r i a l s were made. F in a lly , an e a c ia a tm vaa made of th e t o t a l e m is s io n of a t. 'to e by a l l of tha v e h ie le a in th e country. on th e av e ra g e , more than *9.7 percent of the a a b e a to a i s c o n v e r to d ; ,thg c o n t r i b u t i o n to th e atm osphere i a 5060 pound, or 3.2 p e rc e n t of t h e 't o t a l aabeatoa a ia a io n a . Hi  ~ iinnffi1!rv Oftof t Of A S b S t O S ^ n ; i ` i . n ^ : c sur n . K r -- ,c (U .S.l National Inst . for Occupational ine innati, OH S a f e t y and H e a l t h , C P B 87- 1Q 54 33 22 N'ov 8 2 U fc^stnant tf C o r a c Ite'JrsH Tecfcfcd bfcra& fc S e n t e -I WkCt '" S .T :E '82/11/22 ` 7'o T T . " Ro b e r t ., and * . 0- *-- l d * Hazard Evaluations end Field Divi sion o S u r v . l l l a c - Services. NIOSH, U.S. Depart. < 4na C in c in n a ti, Ohio Studies, a tiw# Sane as b i s 0* Weighted A ve n g e (TWA) end peek echanlcs would l i k e l y be P* , ,,,, .u to tW . br.b. " " 1 ' pplv.t. U t " '' J talk ...p i . 1 ^ 1 N |k-~)nnl . ob . 0f the el* f a c i l i t i e s txeoineu, *re aunie<pal g e n g e s , end one .nd . 1 ! . - . d . r . l n . d - A n n i e . tb . 1Mb r.c w -n d ^ U .l _ l i n n 1 . l n t t a . 1. 1. I " " " * "l eng" t1h wae .uedefl mU _ _ j _' ___g s tlainSdiairmd s . >udultin. u > * . . . i . n . . r tn- - ' nsH i f iJ - 111 t J - - e e - w>s au t h o r ., re.cco ---- ud tLhUa.Ut - h e r . P r e p a i r s end s . r v l c l n * w ith q u ip p ed with high f t^f-(..iinilll =f inet n. mI* ,ejX^_el"ee1n" i,nIg" ^. Ui 0,/ ; ` >dLr-a T c-----l--i-b-- * r r ' `"w'h;ic: h7 ;t ;. o0..5t U f n f e c T ^ S y i i ' i i t S T d t a . . . . J a . Pi.tnTn ? . . , , , , 11 111IJ iiT-- 1 l - k r ^ r - i m e h S^ nAl "c/w. rinwlln" a ansbbeee. ttoa. dange r. V.ecu. cleea. nr e r , filter should be used fo r p u t . . . asseieblle. end clutch a r e . . . * ` E i S " " *1-- - r -- NIOS1(. t a t t a r . H10SH*5..T* n . u - . d r . N IO S H -P u b llca tio n , MIOSH-Aut Xut0 , b l l e - r P * i c " hop# Aeb.sto.-flb.ra. Aabeeto.-duat, AutobiL. p- ` l0,r5' . ween i I<tm I II. ee >nt** * DISCLAIMER products does n o t c o n s t i t u t e endorsement by Mention of company names or Occupational S a f e t y and H e a lth . thn National In stitu te for 11 abstract Ttie K .tio n .1 l n . t i t u t . fo r O ccption.l S .f .ty nd H rilth h . . conducted in d u .tri.l U rei '" .ro o te rii. .irb .n ,. ..b e o te .xpo.ur.. ud ,, ,, p r .c tie e . fo r broke a e c h u ie .. P.r.on.1 u d |e n .r l reo t i r ...p le o ,, ,, c o lle c te d ond onolyied fo r T U . v i,h t.d .e r o ,. (TVA) .nd peek o . b ., - , 0. fib e r r-.e e .e r.tlo - -- b1" c ,U k 1 ,J u d tn.ly.ed for *----- ----,, e .rT n .'K IO S H r e c .a n .n d e d c . i l i n l , of 0.5 f i b e r / . Too o f th e pe.k t - pi.c c o lle cte d . . co.pre.oed o ir c l.o n in , . . . used hod f ib e r le v e l, tbot exceeded the OSHA c e i l i n g of 10 f i b e r . / . C e n . r . l o r e . T b V . . . r e s i . i l . r fo r .11 f o c i l i t i e . ( 0 .0 b to 0.15 f i b e r . / ) . TEM o n i l y . i . i n d i c t e d lo v er f i b e r c o n c e n t r o t i o n . thxn OPT in . o . t . . . p i e . tnd r e v e l le d t C t J O ^ t h . t o t x l f i b e r populA tion . . . <5 - 1 C The . t r i e . . . c b r y . o t i l . f i b e r ^ T 7 r T ^ r r r ir ^ ..,t.r . .iy .i. t . . so-. ill CONTENTS A b s t r a c t ............................ I n t r o d u c t i o n ................................... ........... .111 ...1 .2 .3 s s i'r ii-. u SS .6 t . k. Uni 4 . * d H,inten,nc, m c u c 10 S e l e c t i o n o i F i c i l i t i e i S o n re y o d .................................................... Description of B rake S e r v i c i n g O p e r a t i o n s ................................. 11 s * . p l . C o l l e c t io n and A nalysis Methods............... Vork Bulk Sam ples...................................................... P r a c tic e s C h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n ................. ........................... Compressed A ir Blow of . fr Conpressed Air. Solvent i t >..- ........... ......... 1*A Dry B m s h i n j ................................. .............................. Vet B r u s h in g ......................................... ............................ s q u i r t - o f ................................... .............................................. Vacuua C le a n in g ...................... .......... Sunrev R esults and D is c u s s io n ................................................. Asbestos Exposure L e v e ls ... TEM f i b e r C h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n ................................ Trace Metal A n a l j s i s .............. P o t e n t i a l H e a lth E f fe c ts f r o . Asbestos Exposure......... C onclusion. . . ............. .. A-l Appendix A-*eierne................................ B-l Appendix t-texorip tion nf Indiridnel. F n c i l i t i . . . . . . ........ Appendix C-HMO-- nded Frncednr.. f o r i i b . t t o . l r i ..................... w Apptnai ^ cll|teh Servicing.................................... TABLES .16 1. f i b e r A ir S ax p le *# u l t s ........................................... ** w , i , l8 ...............Trw a o p t i c a l Microscopy A n a ly n * ............ 2. Cocparison Between TEM v -2-0 J. f i b e r S ix e D a ta ............ 22 4. Trace M etal Analyses- INTRODUCTION One of th e o b j e c t i v e s o f th e N a tio n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r O c c u p a tio n a l S afety and H ealth (NIOSH) i s to e v a lu a te en v iro n m en tal exposures of working popula t i o n s th ro u g h i n d u s t r i a l hygiene f i e l d s u r v e y s . A c c o rd in g ly , NIOSH conducted comprehensive in d u s tria l hygiene surveys to ; ch aracterize dust exposures r e s u l t i n g from v e h i c l e b ra k e s e r v i c i n g o p e r a t i o n s , make a thorough a s s e s s ment of work p r a c t i c e s u t i l i s e d , and document t h e types of p e rs o n a l pro t e c t i v e equipm ent u s e d . Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t wax t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r ex posure to a s b e s t o s f i b e r s which c o u ld be g e n e r a t e d by t h e s e ty p e s of o p e ra tio n s. Limited stu d ies of workers involved in brake servicing have suggested t h a t t h e i r w o r k - r e l a t e d exposures may be a s s o c i a t e d v i t h a s b e s to s - in d u c e d d..i s e a s e s . 1 NIOSH e s t i m a t e s t h a t a work f o r c e of 151,000 b ra k e mechanics and garage workers in the U.S. is p o te n tia lly exposed to a s b e s to s .2 P otential exposures a re a r e s u l t of 125 m i l l i o n pounds o f a s b e s to s used a n n u a lly i n th e U.S. for the production of brake fric tio n m a te ria ls.3 Besides asbestos, other m a t e r i a l s ( e . g . , b i n d e r s , f r i c t i o n m o d i f i e r s , f i l l e r s ) a r e used i n th e manu fa ctu re of brake l in in g s , th a t can likew ise have a p o te n tia l fo r exposure. As noted i n one s t u d y , 50 m a t e r i a l s a n d / o r compounds t h a t make up the b in ders, f i b e r r e in f o r c e r s , property m odifiers, e t c . , were id e n tifie d during brake lin in g m anufacturing.2 \ BRAKE MATQ^IALS, PRODUCTS, AND USACE u i . enei cal t . r . l r M t( r r lc ,i0 " n . r ,,o ir ...n t> of r i , .-tom bale friction r i a l . relatively P a s s , . r e a r . .re l i .h t 4 d ..i,n .d for 1 ., .4 operations, rtk tt ur. of stom al c o n tr a c t , type 4 u tilis e d variety of r i t i . ! th is included le a th e r 4 i.p r . .t.d cotton products vhich oro t o m o n l y 0 . . 4 . l o o , w ith . . . 1 oo4 f o l t . 1= 1903 -o .o n . . b o o t . , f r i t t i . ,, t o r i o l o r . f i r s t r k . t . 4 io the n i t . 4 l u t t i by t h . Koo.b.y 4 M ttio o o Conpany of b i e r , Pennsylvania.5 Because of t h e ir superior hoot r e s i s t ond d u r a b ility they rapidly increased in u s. and soon 4 o .in .te d , h . r k e t . The oven asb e sto s brake, continued to be t h . 4 o .in .n t product used i n a u t o n o b i l e s u n t i l about 1930. They t y p i c a l l y c o n ta in e d 701 or . o r . u ire -c o re d a s b e s to s y-.rn in p r . r ..te i with d r y in , o i l s , such a . linseed and bituminous m ate ria l. Molded brake l i m n , . . . r e developed in t h . e a r l y 1910's and , . i n . d . n c r e . s i n , u s . k i t h t h . i n t r o d u c t i o n of i n t . m . l sh o . b r a k e , in 1 9 " . By 19J0 v i r tually a ll autoaebiles v .m equipp .i .h 1 4 brake lim n ,., althou.h ,, ,, ,, products c o n tin o , to b . u ..d in tru c k s , heavy . , u i p . t and fo r .p e c u l i o a p p li c a t i .. Th. Id ed lin i., i" -- " * 1 ,n ' h ............ ti U l y by t k . - n u f . t o u r e r , and u n t e d on b r . k ............... .... rivets. Omil t h . d 1910's brak.. war. only t e d .. m a r . . 1.1 bo..ver, vith th. d . T . l o p h u t of i n t e r n a l she.., four 1 -- a , . ,, ,, b i l e . . . r . d e s i , n e d f o r . . . a t M l ' -- >* t o *k * ^ proved i . b o t h d u a l i t y d p e r f o r m - . V a rio u s - * * " * ' * ` " " 0- duced a . f i l l e r s , b in d e r s , and f r i t t i . , d i f i e r s . 1 . 19d` bonded brake 2 liaings d.v.lop.d f r *PP" " " ' `' 40! f " " o rl5 ' i ,, ! ,, i p It . - r k . . . 1 - t h * y r i f U l 1 <l0" " ' , d "` p l . e a a e a t ,, r k . t b . c . u s . o f t h . c o n . i d . r . b l . . . r i n g s i 1* b r d " r " ` l n ' u l - U t i o a In 1965 t h . f i r s t d is c b r . k . s r r . m t r o d u c . d Oh r i c a b U .s .nd r .p id l, incraised ih In .975 . i r t u . l l , .1 1 o r . , i n . l . , i p n t ,, r . bad fro n t r t . . l b r . k .s of th is t,p . b . ,, s . of l s trm ,.n t b r.k i= , r . , u i r ,, . n t . .nd th . d i f f i t u l t, of .d .p t i n , a h . h i t . l p .rk tn . b r . k . s t o t h . d i s c c o n f i g u r s t i o n , t h ................... b r . k . s - 95* o f c u r r . h t l , sold e .rs . r . s t i l l of th . dru. Rfquirowerits for Brake Lining? . co.s-.nt or .U ,h tly d e a r,...,., c o .ffici.n t of fric tio n .CD .ith t p r .tu r e up ro .b o u t .000 F i s . r . , u , r . d f o r . n . f f i c i . n t b r . k . lin in g ! OF , . l u . , of f r o . 0.50 t o 0 .45 . r . . p u l l , b r.k .s r . , u . r i n , c . s s p .d .l p r.s .u r., .nd th o s. . i t h hih.r v .lu .s . r . ,,0 . . ,, . i t . . . -0 P r e s - - d .v .l.p . . . . . . . . . r - l d . . H ,, * d . s . r . d fric t.o n .1 q u .l it i.s should b. i . t . i n . d throughout th . l i t . of th . U ntn, ,, t . n . l O urtn. b r . k i n , . c h . . i c . l .nd p h y s i c i c h . n g . s " =" r ,n , h * a t.r isl . t th . b r.kin t surfjo ts. fhs. 'lunges " >' produc *n incre.s f ^ l d ^ p . or . d .c r ..s . ( f .d .) in fried - ^ ` . f . c o r , * MX s lig h t l, upon r .p ..t .d .p p lic .tio ., but . i l l r .tu m to th .ir i n . t t . l . . . . . upon cooling-. u . ,, . r of th . lih ih . i . . * considerations. hou.v.r, hi....... f "r r? 1 h. ..ci.,.d 1 t h * . ,.d.nc, of th. lihin, to ,1., ............. r,duc,.on .n . F ^ . . . ___________ __ . 1 1 . 1 . 4 * - - 1-- * 1" " ` " 3 r i a l to o c c u r, p y r o l y s i s o f the organic b in d e r s and therm al decomposition of the c h ry so tile fibers under braking provide the necessary continuing renewal of the lin in g surface. ftie l i n i n g s h o u ld be n o n - a b r a s i v e to the d ru a s u r f a c e . In a d d i t i o n to c a u s in g rapid drua weac, abrasive lin in g s score the druas which, in turn, leads to a rapid w earin g of the l i n i n g . Druas aade of cast iro n and s te e l are coaaon with s t e e l being aore su scep tib le to scoring. Since brake druas have a h a rd n e s s o f f r o a 3.5 to 4 . 0 on th e MOH 'm i n e r a l h ardness range of 1 to IS in which t a l c i s r a te d 1 and diaaond 15) s c a l e , v i r t u a l l y a l l l i n in g m ateria ls used have lower hardness values. O ther necessary or d esirab le p ro p erties of brake linings include: physical s t r e n g t n , d im ensional s t a b i l i t y , q u ie t o p e r a tio n , and safe and n o n -o ffe n s i v e d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c ts . Of th e v a r io u s p r o p e r t i e s d e s i r e d in th e l i n i n g s , g r e a t e s t a t t e n t i o n i s paid to b u ild - u p /f a d e and reco v ery c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . te a r problem s are not as s e r io u s and can aore re a d ily be overcoae with the m ateria ls av ailab le. Compounding I n c r e d i e n t s of Brake L in in g 7,S,0> 10 To a c h ie v e t h e d e s i r e d f r i c t i o n p r o p e r t i e s , a wide v a r i e t y o f i n g r e d i e n t s a re c o n o n ly us ad in the a a n u fa c tu re r of automobile brake lin in g s . These include: ` -- # Asbestos Asbestos is used for fib e r reinforcenent of the fric tio n product. Chryso t i l e i s used a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y and c o n p r is e s f r o a 40 to 50 p e r c e n t of th e brake l i n in g . F ib e r trad es 4 through 7 are used, and occasionally, several s is e s a r e mixed or even ca lc in e d to improve performance c h a r a c te r is tic s . A a o site , c r o c i d o l i t e , or o th e r amphibole a s b e s to s v a r i e t i e s a r e not used because they a re too harsh and tend to score the brake drums. Organic binders Organic binders are prim arily phenolic type re s in s selected fo r high bind in g s t r e n g t h , Unmodified p h e n o lic r e s in s when s u b je c te d to h e a t u su ally become hard and b r i t t l e . To p r e v e n t t h i s , l i n s e e d , eashev n u t , or China wood o i l s o r c r e s o l s a r e added. Rubber, which a l s o f i n d s use as a b i n d e r , im p arts d e s i r a b l e f r i c t i o n q u a l i t i e s and improves the f l e x i b i l i t y of the lining m aterial. F riction modifiers F r i c t i o n m o d i f i e r s a r e added t o achieve a d e s i r a b l e CF o v e r a l l o p e r a t i n g c o n d itio n s . These m odifiers a l s o produce a more homogeneous lin in g s u r f a c e . In c lu d e d among t h e s e m a t e r ia ls a r e le a d , s i n e , b r a s s , cashew nut o i l , graph i t e , and oxides of iron and co p p er. F illers ` F i l l e r s such a s ru b b e r s c r a p , b a r i t e s , c l a y s , s i l i e a , coke, coal and o t h e r m inerals are u sed . These s lso have u t i l i t y in achieving d esire d fr ic tio n p r o p e r t i e s , i n some ca ses th ro u g h a c tio n a s a b r a s iv e s to r e c o n d itio n b r a k i n g s u r f a c e s . One major p u rp o s e of the r e c o n d i t i o n i n g a g e n ts i s to r e t a r d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f f o r s t e r i t e w hich may a c c u m u la te on the s u r f a c e of the brake lin in g . F o rste rite is u mineral not o rig in a lly present in the brake b u t i s c r e a t e d by d e h y d r o x y la tio n and c r y s t a l l i s a t i o n of e h r y s o t i l e a s b e s t o s a t hig h t e m p e r a t u r e s . The h a r d n e s s of f o r s t e r i t e (6 .5 -7 * 0 5 ,, t o l . r u b t o . i t -- - - " br" ' *"a ( t o J.5). " - TS,r" " ' ' r" r," ,lU ' u t l .,, . ( ehrysotile to f . r . t . r i t . i . u t o . . . . Curing agents * * ...... -/ ' -- ' *" "" d " " *" Ml ,, . i . ..--ur ,, . to -- i k" k* - . ,f ........... . > Pro.... a ... toi.. .f * " ' * * . u . u . ------- ................ iU to .. Hi... - TM ' These include: r * . -- -- * -- * t o r * c i a.. . ,1b... c . . vtr. b u b, . t o ,,to ... ,. , 'to -- """ " I* *' 'h'S ,,r* t o ., , -- - .1 . " m4" - t o btoto. u ,, in ( i or to are in l i t t l e use today. p" tr " V" 1 ' Extruded L in in g s ................ .. by -- to - -or. ,U U ** " *"" ! L r . i . - t o - , o r i t i c o . 1. . U U l -- -- . added to produce a hard in fle x ib le finished pre lin in g . cu rin g agents are added to proa duets. 6 Sheet Linings These i r e la m i n a t e d s t r u c t u r e s foneed by winding i 0 .0 0 1 -0 .0 0 2 in c h film of stock about i hot r o l l e r . Since the fa b ric a tio n process is a re la tiv e ly expensive o n e , l i n i n g s o f t h i s type a re not commonly produced f o r general use. Dry Hixed t y p e s This process involves the dry mixing of various in g red ie n ts capable of pass ing a 200 mesh screen , and then a d d i n g the l i n in g under p re s su re s of from 1000 to .W O pounds p e r s q u a r e in c h . The r e s u l t i n g l i n i n g i s among th e most heat s ta b le of f r i c t i o n m aterials in use today and obtain s wide use in the m anufacture of brake b lo ck s for heavy duty s e r v ic e . M illboard Type The m a n u f a c tu r e o f t h i s ty p e of brake l i n i n g m a t e r i a l i s by a p ro c e s s s im i l a r to t h a t u t i l i s e d i n t h e paper i n d u s t r y . Wet s t o c k i s formed and passed over r o l l e r s w ith v a rio u s drying and baking o p eratio n s producing sheets of uniform l i n i n g m a t e r i a l . The equipment f o r p ro d u c in g such m a t e r i a l s i s expensive, but the volume of production leads to an economically produced molded l i n i n g . *UKE USING REPAIR ANP KAlNTESASCE PRACTICES HISTORY T, . x . r . . . - - "-** ^ rlc" r f br*k' Unin` " " rl,1' h' ! 1,d . ,, J .e. o . - " , r th; ^ ,, ,, a -- >o. -- -- ` - * - * " "* th* "" ' 1 p r . i . b * td , - d - * ........... - -- - " " ld bv. c . f r o . th . c - t t i n , and f l t t i n * 1 tb . U " " ` ^ , " ' 7 , , libelr . i r b . n , . fib.r -- -- * " con.id.r.bly tb a. t b . . . developed I . U t . r year. - * TM " ' VtS O B ' r . , 0- . . . . i n t e r n a l b r a - r . dev.l.P.d u .in , - * - l -- ; ; ; ; ; 7 . e n bonded b r a i . ... .................... .. - r e , e e d , a l l i n t e r n a , > b r . b e * - -- - -- -- ,h- , ea en t ,, r i c e t would be precut to . r p r e p r i a t e s i . e i in the r plaeeent rK e t r l k ,, <r ebtained d r .. r . U . . f l n d . ,, r . i n a t . I . * - Tb. , . s<CBent s i t . p r e d r i l l e d a t t b . f a c to r y f . r ra p id K u n t i n , . . -- ,, ,, I d uaualld P frr U f r i ,, ,, . ,,, l .e v e llm t .uld in icae c irc u a sta n c e si however, .V t b . - . b a n d , i n a t a l l i n , t b . . . Tb. . . . - r . U . d l . - P r e a r e d I . f r ic , i ,, .a te ria l t. a b a ., d rill!.. b.le. f.r r iv e t, - - . , ,, r r i . t . l y . inder tb . la tte r . i r e . . . t a n . . , * " * ' i u "` ' h;,, : : . r . . i d -- -- ............i n a t a l l e d . t b . P r o . . . . . . - -- ~ "4 . r i r e t s on t h e 1 . . . and r i v e t i n , nn . f t b . - t0 g r u te r e n s u r e , then that - ' ' > the -- -* "" f unded linings. . , th# 4 fo r d r i l l i n g , fa c in g , or b itb ,b . introduction . f b.nd.d l i n m ,. tb. . . . ^ .rindin. .p erati.n . durin, in .ta U .ti d .cr....d > . .hit* P-irf "f f i r l,, ,.1 1 .4 -UK " ' h' -- M r. `h'" ,h " u p r r i r s . . . " ' * " on ( t h i c k n . . . bdnd.d U n i n . to K i . v . . p r o p f U . P r . v . . u . l r . . nd . f tl.. o r o p p n .U . to tlu t of . K ydr.uli. yU nd.r = * - o K .n ic .lU . i j . d . Shortly t h .r e .f t .r , t .p . r . d bond l i n in ,. m . . .. i U K l . fron . f.ccory. S o b . . to . M , c o n .id .r.b l, f . r h .v .lU n , dr rend , r , , . performed by b l l . - c l u n l c r . p l . c i n b r . k . l i n - iu, * , . r . p l . . . n t of in t.rn .1 . b r,k .. c _ p r.c tic . . . . r ,, . v . Cb. b r.k . . . . r d o fro . tb , K .u .in , b, . i r b lo v in , or br.Kin. A ft.r .0 ,0 i n e r t .s i n . . . r . n . . . of tb . K . r d . cf . . b . . . - i t . p r t . t n c . in b r . k t lin in d u .t 1.4 to . . . bro.b.n, . . . v ip , dry bro.K.n, or . * . . v. r k p r . e t i c . o k . , . , ia p ro v e i work p ra c tic e s are net u n iv e rs a l. ............................ ...... U th . .0 3 0 '. d 1 0 '. . 0 . ' .n .o o o b il. .Kop. . . r . r . l . t i v . l y m i l .nd . . . . .ch .n ics prforn.d .11 . . . * 1 " `" ' " . n c . d r . p . i r . c t i v l t i . . . r.c .n . K ...v .r, .K .r. K.. b ... - iK tr...ib .donor * . p i . l i d . . i . . . . U K .KOP. o n u . d - d f . r K r.K 0. - " o n , H o r.t . K i l . .................. n r . -- d o rin j b r .k . . . r k -- * " b . 1 . . . .K. . . . of considerably.longer periods of tin e . *" " 9 ELECTION OF FA CIL IT IE S SL'R'EicD m . pu r p o ,, eP . i n d u . t r i . l hyt i e n e . t e d , . . . i n v e i t i . * char- a t t e r i . - , d e . , e ............. ...... free v .n .C . . . . -in t.n - ,, and r e p a i r ' t i e n . ..w in , ante - " T tierefore, i t . . . n e t......... . ... .................... * a e r v i c i n . t . c h n l . u e . -- - " " h' " ........................ " m e n u , r e f v e h i e i e . i . r v . c e d . T r e eP t h e . . t d f r , ,, ,, . t i e n . . r e . - . b ..................... *"* -- 4 * to 45 b r a k e j o b s p e r *eek a t an a v e r a j e of t>3 i n u t e per y e h i c l M inin Pour f i l i t i . , - a e e d n .tn - -- - b - * ' * ; ,, * , O r . J e b . p e r . e r i . T n . . e r r i t i n . v a r i e d d e p e n d on , type rf v e n ie . D e file d . m e d e ,, ...p i .urv-ys ver, tendue,,d ,, . . fa c ility . DES CRI PT ICS CF BRAKE SERVICI SC. OPERATIONS It, a e rv ic in preced ere. Prend . , e . -- U >' " " U " S - * venir i. driven * -- nation, . d i n , r . p . i r ,, - e e l . .re elevated, rearved. .nd ,n tn.P ect- ed. . . . deft i. cleaned P r e . tn, d r , . n d b r . n ...... bl*.. . . . er d r, .ip in d /n re , e .in . ce.p r,...d . i r , er . < > * ' " ' Mtheda. P ar,. . . . , r e p la c e d er . r e d a . needed and . -- reaeaenbled - . d i ! . T e.t drivin, , v en ie Per Pr.Per P l . t . . th# fiBal ph*s* of the s e r v i c i n C o p e ra tio n . A b rie f deaad adjustment i s the fin*i F .eriptien .f h. divide.! " " " 1" 4 l" ' 10 sa m p l e c o l l e c t io n A.SD ANALYSIS METHODS Airborne Sauries 4 , - r . l . ,1 . - ,, .I-. -- ................. .. i . . . * 3-- " " r ' ` C` " ` ` * * * " * " k * ` t h i " *` Ch U C l l l ' V u - r - p-- . . . . caiu cttd ta . * -- =-- d i t *- p , r , " ` 1 *>r - ' - * " " h*"i c * " , , n ` p ; Tyr 3P <- - ,. p t . ............... .. " r ' ; r : f n ,, r ! , c , n b r , 4 . P i - " > t f =- U " " F tr aP' ` j r . r, eb ,n 4 p . r i . P * . - F r,V " ' F , " ` C" *' ' u .* .0 . , .4 for * . * ' " * ' , w i f i b s r c" " n; r , t i ; ccn T *"" " ............. F" ` -- * - - - ......... . * - d",T ,r: : ; ; ,,,d sw rlt P" " " 1 p' ,k 'P P '! " rM *, r * " ' 6 . , , Fu . F. c . U b r , ,, 4 -- * ^ " * " 4" " ' c. " fsr r '* k piei. m -- -- i a " Fi f r lu c ,, 4 by , b , . b ,, * - * * FFFt' i "" * , f. , - * -- C ll H.t bb4, CAM 3 b , rrK -- ; -t M n 5 ,, i n ,, ,, b 4 . i * - - - siosh *............ .... > ' 3 - * 1; ; ; : r - : z ' p - -- ; : ; 0. 4 ioS . = b b b . . 0! t i r lfibPs/cc ) -- * " ~ - * " , m , ` c , , ` on eubie 11 . well as those samples I U n d s a .p l , fro* -- f *" U , y surv,' !d - " -- r a t i o n s as d e te r ci n e d by the o p t i c a l c o u n tu i l otho., h i th fib*" c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , as ,, 1 ,.- * -- l " " "tlU tin ` " l" " are. d.ctron diffractaob * ..... .............* l ' r " , , ( U , . r . ob..rvd .T.OOOX - . n i f i e . t i . n * ^ " . , p , a e r a t i o . i d by I c n . t h - ` c a a e t c r . * " " " * " b` , , ,, , d f i b e r s f=r i d e n t i f i - >" 4i ,, d u , - f i b e r s d e t e r . . **" ,, d M U elemental s P e c t r ...................... U b r v s c i l . and f o r s t e r i t e ebtaaned fro* - W . preparation - - H - " "" " ** ,, , ,, r - r , > l.s . and Evaluation o f Analytical " ' hc- ! f ' r in the Technical Report ^ Environ , .1 Studies of Fibrous Fare,cola,o Expo.or,-. Conor.,. . r e s seoPie. f o r . - panose> vor. colleeied .s . > **" S'* Pl" ^ ` ...P iers - " f " "" ^ " , aacplans t r a i n and . * r a t . l ik e -bat used f o r . . b e . . . . * o o U e c o n ........................ analysed f o r o e t a l . by a to .a c a b s o r p t i o n s p e o .r o p b o to w tr v i0 accordanco uitb tb. H O tbod. N C -- ' S , W ' i"J '' *" Slbb. " ' 15 Bull: Samples U . ; : , of brake sear do,, . .r e n e t t e d f r o . tb , brake dron, of - . 1 ,, b i d . , t h a t were b c i n , s e r r i e d d o r i n , , b , . n r e p s . T b . . . " . identification of fibrous partic a n a lr to d by TEM f e r c h . r . c t . r i c . t . c n and a d e b t a f s e a t i -r fiber site distributions, ulates and for d e l e g a t i o n of fiber s i . 12 M3RK PRACTICE CHARACTERICATION During th e surv e y s c o n s i d e r a b l e emphasis was p la c e d on d e t a i l i n g work pro cedures during brake servicing in order to document the types of cleaning p ra c tic e s ( e .g . , vacuum, compressed a i r , brushing) used in replacing brakes. As p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d in the s e c t i o n " D e s c r ip t i o n of Brake S e r v ic in g O p e ra tio n s " the b rak e s e r v ic in g work p r a c t i c e s u t i l i s e d were s i m i l a r fo r a l l f a c i l i t i e s s u rv e y e d ; the m ajor d i f f e r e n c e observed was t h e methodology u t i l i s e d f o r c l e a n - o f f of brake wear dust from th e brake-shoe/backing-plate assem blies. There were six d iffe re n t types of clean-off methods observed during the study. Those six methods are described as follow s: 1. C c r r r e s s r d A ir Blcw-Pff. A compressed a i r stream was used to blow away brake wear dust from th e brake assem blies and drums. 2 . C or.rrcssed A i r - S t o d i a r d S o lv e n t Mist Blow-Off. The same as *1 ex ce p t a s p ra y gun c o n t a i n i n g Stoddard s o l v e n t was used to produce a solvent mist for blow-off. 3. Dry B ru s h in g . Brake wear d u s t was brushed away with a sm all u t i l i t y brush usu ally 1 inch in diam eter. 4 . Wet B ru s h ! n e . B a s i c a l l y t h e same a s dry b ru s h in g e x c ep t t h e brush was k ep t s a t u r a t e d with a l i q u i d such a s g a s o l i n e , w a te r , o r 'Stoddard solvent. 11 S. S e u i r . - o f f . 0 s i u i r . - b o . t l . e e n to in in b . . . e r . . . -- < , l s h oy broke du st. This . . . f U o . . d by with a cloth. 6. c i.d M n ., .bop .iP "l"' * Km f i l t e r . , used in co.bmo.ion v i.h .p ressed nib. ! > " * included . broke .n c o p .u l.ti. c lin d e r tb .. = ..p l ...l y the br.ke-shoe/bsekind p l.t . . . . . . b l f - -ob onid oP-roted . c - pressed oir n.--=l inside .be-enclosure to b io . o f f tb. broke duot, vbich . . . i - e d i . t . l y d r . . . into .be v.cuu. . . . . . . . *'P*.................................................... .0 r . e u u . .b e d u s . f r o . .b e broke d r w s . *HEPA: High E f f i c i e n c y P a r t i c u l a t e A ir F i l t e r - 9 0 . 7 ' e f f i c i e n c y f e r 0 . 3 wo di am et er a e r o s o l s . the brake dust has the In Methods 1 to 3. and e s p e c i a l l y 1 to 3. f a c i l it y . Conversely, p o t e n t i a l t o e n te r the ambient a i r of the HEPA f i l t e r which ay be i n Method e the dust i s contained bv the removed fro the vacuua cle anin g systea f e r d i sp o sa l. surve, u s m s c t i sl0S . n b .r b . O ftii1 . r' -* * * " " * * " * '" Pl" " U ,= " <h t P" k P* r ' " * 1, ! t ,,s , are n " * l " 0.0 0.25 f i * . ' salt l o c i * ra n*ed f r o . ,.,, d e d to f l u c t u a t e . This i s p btt explained -- f o r -- T . n a tio n * ln ' ' - - - p,rior*iB` us r,p 4 ir .hops, 0 0 " * "" - - - :le,n -.if 1. - -- ^ ^ t w l ,, ................... of " f . ^ rf0n" d d"rin ` ' ^ .pent se rv ic in t t r , k, j . b, th a t - r . r c r f . n d l i a i s e , there r e difference par a b if t . ' * -- ' h* , i r , b ru sh , r a t e , . and r r . d . r . i i,, c u a n a n , ^ tr.kt t , cM . , u r . ( a ..- " *-- -- ...t ;;i z -- --- "-* aauaibi a irb .ro . d a .P .r * hculin( to b r.atb in c -- tM O re, - 2" 2 A '. ,, ,, ,, u n o n .. r.ia , -* " --rs .... -- 1 -- .a h a n ic . jnral - * . * backfired fib .r r r r ^ r r h ^ T T T r ^ ^ in"* "-- * ,u w i r t . *" 13 vor* envirorunent .re p o ten tially expose, to the - dXt" ^ work * u f t . l * i . o b s e rv a t io n is f a t h e r sup- :entratidns dura-* a n ^ . , chanics . onltored ipent .uch of ported by the f a c t t h a t severs ^ exposure, * 1 to <he - r . . h i f t " " *#^ . t a o s t of the s h i f t at the sxte. those that spent ** 0 ,, l e c t r o r . microscopy (TEM) . selected for transmission e " * pl" "V * v i t h f i b e r s >--1 W l " 'e , . . eh - p i - in - * ' - 10 n *" ` * " fiher concentrations mt in e'r o1 /e ' o ) 4 I ' TM '" 1 in w n f th . Th, ,, e . e , . t r . t i . n ........... * - - o p tic s l . 1-- -- - -- ` " th 5' ' , the = ~ -- - ^ " 5 " - " -- *- 10 ` l l * " * ^ CMiC. ,, .e r e s u b t l y * * * thsn t o . . . 1 -t.t* ' 4 W SPtK ` woM blv the result ef s.v e r.l f - d e t e r r - i n . d P> IE. d u r l ,, , , ,, P1 , p r . P f ' r ^ t h " ` inClUd' : ^ e s t e s t c , f i r . tv TB - 1 . th is selectivity is nc, possible ^ ^ ^ n ter. """i v i, t npt.u*I difference in the ' "f - - - * - fit,r r ^ - - * fib , r , courted * ` b c0,, c ,, ,, . t i ,, . S t n t i . t L . l *tr'" - * " c lc u lo te d re su lt of _ . t o d s ves not stteopted tectuse t M TEM end r p t i c n l ^ , v0 -sid e. S - l\ ' M Z . > S u- 1 leBdth' " l * * " rt,,r,'d " " the concentretion* for * ,, ^ t e d . the l " * " 1' - .... a ; f i b e r s observed * ,nw 17 F ib e r s o b s e r v e d by TEM were i d e n t i f i e d u t i l i s i n g SAED and EDXR*. Approx- M t e l y 5 0 i o T the f i b e r s a n a ly s e d by SAED could n o t be i d e n t i f i e d due to ,, b i g u d H s d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n s . About 30S of t h e f i b e r s were i d e n t i f i e d as c h r y s o t i l e and a p p r o x im a te ly 207 as f o r s t e n t e . The p re sen ce of fib ro u s f o r s t e n t e was probably due to the dehydroxylation and c r y s t a l l i s a t i o n of c h r y s o t i l e as. a r e s u l t of hig h t e . p e r a t u r e s (> 6 50 C) en countered during b r a k in g .1' 2 So.e of the fib e rs which revealed aabiguous d if f r a c tio n patterns appeared to have c r y s t a l l i n e s t r u c t u r e s s im ila r to both c h r y s o ti l e and f o r - . t e n t . ( probably . t r . n . K l o n i n t e r * ! . 2 1 b ile b . r , >*" f o r d i f f r a c t ion a n a l y . . EPiltA >> Prford tB ' r i b " ' t0 t 5 " f ` n ' tbe S*EP . n o l v . i . .h o . . . . d . 1 !> = r i e .t o l i and f n r . i . r i . . f i b e r . . S o .. o f t h e . , f i b e r , . h i o h | . v . . b . | U 0i S * P " * . i l i c e n , and >ren in v .r t o u . . 1 . . . . . . 1 r . t . . . ty p ic a l *>b" u t o m als. Sho.n in T.blr 5. .hen . r.b c r s .:e d is trib u tio n . . . p .r f e r r .4 for .11 . i r b o r n e . . r p l . f i b e r , e b . e r v e l cy t W , . | e . . . < r i . . . . l e n e i h o f I . . . ,, 1 . f c e n o t r i c . . . d i . . e t . r of 0.11 u . d eT er..n ,l. L ite ..... for rnr.e fib e r, identified . . ..b e .to . U h ry .o .ile) . . " t r i o lr f' .,,d d i . s e t e r of 1 . *"d * - '3 re.pePt.yely . re d ,ter..n ed . ,, . l b . t u p l e s o f b r . b e . . . r d u s t ................. by TEM i n . ... ~nrr . . the .irb ern e .p ie * . Id e h tifie .ti.n . . . . t . . . p . . d . .U fib e r, .inf SAB u d EDS. A p p r o . . ly TOT o f th e f i b e r . . . . l y - e d by SAED could not b , i d e n t i f i e d due . . .......................... * . . . p , 7 f o n d on .11 f i b ....................re d . i t h ' 1 T .I. *** Br.ikr Dust Fiber S ire Data* y i Airborne S - w p l (Chyaotlle Fiber Only) Airborne Sample (All Fiber) Bulb Brake Dust (Chysotlle Fiber Only) Bulk Brake Dust (All Fiber) Mtaabcr of Fiber 1SI 52) B FIher Rance Dl .imo tfr l.co. Mein (*im)_ (CO . Std Dev** 0.06-1.0 0.15 2.16 0.06-1.0 0 . 0 6 - 0 . 1 0. 14 0. ID 2.17 1.5) Number of Fiber 151 52) B Fiber Ranne I r n gtli J') (.CO , Ceo. Hran Std Dev 0. 24-10.0 1.70 i " 0.24-10.0 0.24- 1.76 ! .66 0.40 * 2.4 2.02 109 0.Ob-0.29 1 0.08 1.5) 109 0.24-5.88 0.49 All fib e r I r e J a t n d e r e n IncJ by Trans!*!*! Fleet r o n Microscopy. * standard Deviation l. 75 r ful ,, roc "T ., Ih, fibers .b..re i - r . P ^ - e K ** " the resain.inc ere eellitnhe,,i. 1fUnr.e.m. C-COC) bne.n ~ny .>, _ ..re * - * . ~ eti, ,,4 fpriterite. . * . * ........ ^ M i,,4ic.e.4 shorter Ln.sb. .- ..........................." ..iller diaaeters ((00.0oCc--oC.."69 vVbB >vss. 0.06- 1.0 ua> thin those observed in the airborne saaples in Table ... Trace Analvses Irit. - , . l B. c, r. erb . - b * - refer,.4 in 4. , , fcr r.Ue.ini ....I. -en. bine, crpp.r. * ............ " OTl,, lcll . * * ,, ,.,, 4 . . ~ - ' -0 u t ' *nl ........ . - -- -; -Fe, -SP - 2-,300 u4/a3, -n. ^ * - uC KP - 3 5 ut ^ - .. 21 ( t- ( Table 4 Trace Metal Analyse ( t . I - p o t e n t ia l health e je c t s ASBESTOS e x p o su r e T^e human t o x i c o l o g i c a l a i g r u f i c a n c e f o r th e i n h a l a t i o n o f c h r y . o t i l e a s b e s to s f i b e r s i 1 1 documented; and in s ta n c e s of mesothelioma in auto ,, p . i r w a r k e r s W bead i d . a t i f i e d . " ' ' 17' 15 l a d e f i l e d a-- ` "**" " f 90 un io n v e h i c u l a r m aintenance workers in Kew York C i t y , w ith 10 o r ore ,, . r . af .hap ark , 2,5 hsdadaaraa.ad v i . . l cap ab ility ; kb. p a rc a a t,,, in- a r a s . a d w ith , " " " * ' " >' 20 ' h' a rk . Many e f the workers m o u s e d showed s i , a . a a a . i . t a a . with . . h a s t a s k t , observed c h u te s ao.ad ia eh a.t x -ray . sad la d ic tio a af r .s tr ib tiv . puluoaary f u a o t i o a . The prav.lanoe at t h . . . c h a a ,, . . . . . d p i * " " . f t . r 20 y e a r , e x p o s e r .............. . a l t . s p e e d . i t e r o o o u p . t i o a . l e x p o s e r, to a s b e s t o s . 10 nlik. chrvsotile. t h e ha.Hh affect. af e x p o .e re . . f . r . . . r . . a , o r t r . a . t tdaa s e r i e s f i b e r . ( c h r y s o . i l . f a r s t a r t . . . . t h s i t e r e d c r y . t . l l i s , , t r e a t e r , .re a o t . a l l daoe.aa.ad. l a s ta d i a , by . v i s sad C o a i . . , " *d Kashi" 1 ia which f i b e r , of c h r y .o tile . o h r y s o t i l a f o r s t e r i t e . .ad f . r . t . r i ,, . e r a l a j e t t . d i n t o t h . p l e u r a l and p e r i t o a e '.l c a v i t i e s a f * ' r e , I t s s a t t e s t e d v . r y i a . d a . r e e . of to x ic e f f e c t . - F ib e r i . p l . a t . t i o a . a . - ,, 1 s t u d i e s c o n d u c te d by P o tt, . s i " - 23 - d *1" th s t t h . n irp h o lo ty and . i t . of * . 'f " .ponsib!. for i t . csrciaopaaicity. Ukawi.., ^xatoa. . . . ! th .t fib e r . . . 5 - in d i - t e r sad 8 . . i . Lapth p . . . the .r e s t . . . risk U p r o d u c e , p l e u r a l --------- - These -- - . i t s l uorpholoty C ite dieeasioas. ,.d to . l . . . . r d .,r e . ^ ............- t i o t a r i s t i c * o f . f i b e r o r. the d . t . r u i a i a , f . c t o r , f o r ia d u c .a , 23 se fiber dinensional c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s required 4 b io lo f ic T l e f f e c t . The p r e c i response. have been d i f f i c u l t to determine for these observed p ath o lo ^c difficulties encountered in producine fibers experimentally because of the of specific sis* distensions. 24 Sl'VWARV he TVA a i r b o r n e s b e st o s -i e r e s u l t s for .11 f a c i l i t i e s were within ^ ;he c u r r e n t OSHA a s b e s t o s standard. , ( T ib lt l . * " ' H* " ' P" " ' iM` lrre s , , 4 a r c l ,, u . - * * in l1 - ethods examined. " " Ve" U TM t,,= .h tt t. . . . . result, .re * * *,0S" er l5 of th e TV. e x p . U r = - " > recowoen-ietion. The S.CSH . d - d * . - * ^ ^ >^ ,, it. / ) * * * " S'hSUr TV' e n s u re ef o f . . . . > . S - * " " " *P U n t P' r ` 0 i - f *` k " ` F1' ' . ,, . d -d r e s u l t . c l d C > " " f * " 1 l i r " ' ' were not . . n e t t e d over IS--- - . - - .............- i " ?;;rrJ -- - _ -,c\ 2/ Conseq"uen,ntly, tne -- ......... . the 0 .3 . ) irU tiM ii iM nf tM different .1...* u t i l i s * d f o r c e m p a rx n i T* ^tds/vork practices. 25 CONCLl^O*' , ot|1, r l t u a i t l ' ' 2 U d . c . t . v a ry in , concaotrations f t h i s *nd otn*r he results o exposure concentrations f i b e r exposure to brake . e c h i n i c s . The expo ,f r -J - - - -- -- * ir* i - =-- =i * **eB r " m , T - TM r " u i t ` i M ` -- ,, tudy show t h a t 13 of a . - d - i * " - H S10H r .c .- a n d a t io n . br*" M rri" " 4 " * l f a l l TVA **r*u res tibor *"" *t0 ' . ,, . ,, . l y s o d by ,, 0SH. , t , ,, o . r t . f u r t h e r . , hTM OF" ,, ,, 0 .1 . t h . 0SH1 . 0 . ^ id ,, ,, f l t o . a t C UK th . TSM, . l y 3 0 i Of t h . f o b .r o i t , l205) or M M <=> -- - , ! . . i , .. .................... .. -- I s > r r s o f r f t h * ,EM , n * ' ` U 1 te loot than th ro . , , h ) ,, d a ta r * a n d by o p ta e a l a e r o a . P. . 1,5 " reported ( T .b l. - ...ovar, this C o no. p r.c lo i. th . r - > b . l , r . ^ .11 f .h .r - . h i,h .r o.rbornr a , ............... i n . h i . * ff! l . a rt ccoonn ssiiddj eerrmeemdA.. _Ak%_s__d_ee_t_e n a m t d *5 - ` ___ t L L0 \ r?~-}1 o0ff sjhheorrtt -- -- r r r ^ a t i { n i f l e a n t n u a t ^ uF t0 100 -- ----------- - `^ 1 ^ -- -- * ~ T ~ ~ i r T n ^ Tabun^ s s g - ' haa indicated th ,----------------- . x i,, for th. bno.ii SM i . lo n ttb . U . p0t" " U .r . ,, ,, l .tdl. ibrou* portion t 5^ 22,23,24,.'' concluded that -- . were i,planted in anioals lriM * . ltor M P h y .ito l oorpho . Ciotmiona) anl. to a L . , . r < " - ` B" " a , ,, . ,, 1. 1, , factor fr i - | f M c h a r .c te n a tlt* of ` **bM lucin* 4 b io lo iic a l e f f e c t . . tHi. study were e ith e r lu ll - t in e brake no- The aechanics suneved durm6 havt serviced ^ Ita . - . f -- "n 26 (iiM up to > l or mechanics ho u nd er t o o k t s few as per d.y/o d.ys * *'k ' r ' v , ,, , hrke jobs performed one bb rralkkee ji . b P* e r Sh i f t ) ( p e r work s h i ). The ic s aurveye " " " U* b' r *" f , . r f o r a l l th e meckh,an- the TVA f i b e r exposures %er - M Pf er, ed f u l l - t i m e brake work exposures to mechanics -ho performed hose who did much re not n r u f to tr u ly ** "" r ' nervicins- C onv.rt.ly, the - ter. 3 ** U" ,p in th t. study durin. the du.t t l , . . - ' sure* encounter o f t e n h i th e r when compressed a i r was used. All of t cleamnj bll$ " " y#d except f o r vacuum c l e a n i n g had peak f i b e r c o n c en tra tio n s .... - -- * - : l . - -- - ----- - - r l b .PProicb.l, tnd tn c.o ........... " ** * * " ,, tvpe which *FFru ,,icare th at brake ,, U n i t of 10 a b o r t =c. Tno.o n n d i n , . ,, r m t H **" exposure U n i t o .bestos fiber-, dur- ,, le, , t . h i t h e r r i s k of . - b o r n e e * P . " ' " b** nechantcs n r. vh,,, , hf v, cuu. c lo .n i n i - t h in , tb. c lo .n in i of br.kr , s s ..b U ... ` f ods .r e properly u t il it e d . The . f i e * c e l l e e t e d o r i . ,, rotor, t n , OSH. M,, ls M l eene.ntr.tio". th .t ere .tlun tt.n d .r d s in *H but on. c .te - 0 . jonple r .tio n of 03-3 ' ' *h" " collected .0 ^ M lo . t h , k.OSH r o t . TM o n l , l , ^ . d t h . OSH* ttn n d n rd o f SO . ' " * * _ _j --u * r ton unf 27 A ics p e r f o r m i n g Or** t i t l e d "Recomnendei ( se e Ap pe ndi x C) t o mi dutch maintenance i KIOSH has r ;ic e d u r e $ f o r Asbestos Brake and ... u t i l i s e d d u r i n g these types of prepared guidelines Clutch Servicing" work t a s k s . V 29 APPENDIX A references u ,i~ . S i i S ,f. ; . J. ; (May-June 9/6). -? ? * 43;M" 2 ' f H f ilth and Human " - - " K rt S S iiiiri.S K -. Molded M a t e r ia l * C o., mac* * . I ,o n pr,i,< k' J " "*rr> ' TM r jr ,, ` ; 7 1 " . - - - -- -- - n- ' 7 * ,w5'' \ ;'. 7 . .0 . t * " f U n i" " ' Bri,iSh 414-417 UySt . , E ,, 4 I . c u r . TorJ t o r C . , *-- ' s . Anderson, A. t . . an- unpublished notes. Brakes at the Chapter 11, 4P.'-4/2. 1 r ' u *' 4 e t a l . Asbestos Exposure D u rih S Brake U n i n 6 . 10. Rohi, ,Q ^ 1910.1001. l'-s - ... .I. erf. * * Department Health S tandards. o e'""" " " ' S.0SH * . - " l,`- " ! - a ` c" i M * " ;7" i7" ,, d t ,, lu . , iro , f sss u. -o r. V0U* ' * 19. Tavlor, " r , " ! ........ ............. r t l ` " u " ^ " 7;-.57-*. * - H M , M.nu.1 .7 . i n . 366 Publication ho. //-1 5 / A A-l ~ 16. u iom* of P le u ra and Peritoneum ... -- Med. 22'. 2 6 1 -2 6 9 , 1965- M.H.I1.U A.B. . t 1. E p i iM i .lo B f . t 17 S r , in k ,* 4 * . Cinc.r 2n:9.4-.9, H I. *1-9" "' 18. M and Uovd Davies, T.A. Mesothelioma R e g iste r " 5 . I"*- ." 3*=9.-.04, .974. 19. t*t'iff'E i'J** r t . n *5 v*rrl"* J . of Med. 3S:492-SOO, 1970. ^ Chin,., in S5 "f l*P*ur# ">' *" ' S u m 20. Davis, , _ . c u F M P i* * n ta l S tu d i e s on th e E ffe c ts ` i t i i l U e s t o i ind U t o n o b i l e Brake Lining Dust In je c te d Yoluae 19, PP* 339-353 U 9 / 3 ) . __ . . .j -_ j SakaK* H. B io lo g ic a l and M ineralogical 21 E S i ; , * ; ; S i S S i i n . ' - ! - * ^ d . , itn , Volume 7 , PP* U<'9). _ u u r - n i F r ie d r ic k s , K.H. Tum cricenic E ffe c t of Fibrous Yoluae 9 , PP- 313-315 U9 / 4 ) . 23Exrerim* n t * Con., e r n in c e j , r . ne t h e Ca . n o e e n e s i s in Humans. T r ! * ' . . ; voi. ,, . u C The F ibrocenic E ffects of M ineral Dusts In jected into 5 l p l , r * i C i * ' . r . . . Br Journnl E*p. . S U i S3, PP- I B - ' - ' . 2 j. S.Anton, M.F., U y .r d . `r t i - M n i r i r K S 59;557-603, (March 1 9 ?:). ii 'TM X i i ^ p h i r i r ^ " 4.* . >. * . . - * - - D S. Cod*-of Federal Regulations, T itle 29, p art 1910, 26. Section 1910.1001. J u l y , 107o. 27 r . w.i.t 1Q7U. V A-2 i 7 \ 28. Bayer fo r Mounting Contrast Musan 29. bGiinlla m , J . D . , Dement, J .M ., Lemen, R.A., kagoner J . K . , V E. and B l e j e r , H.P. M ortality P a tte rn s Among Hard Rock Cold M iners' Eapcsed to an Asbestiform M ineral. Annuals of the Mew York Academy of S c ie n c e s . 271:336-344. 19/0. 30. S tanton, H .F ., B la c k v e ll, R . f and M ille r, E. Carcinogenesis' with Asbestos. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 30.236-244, 1969. U S Department of H ealth and Hunan S e rv ic e s , Public Health Service, 31 CHHS P u b l ic a ti o n Number (N1H) 79-101. May 1975 * s A-3 APPENDIX B Description of F a c i l i t i e s Surveyed Facility A H,j*r services F .ciU ty , . . .u .o .o b il. b r.k . s e r v e . shop, consisted Of f r o n t - e n d s l i . n . e n t , shock s h .o r h e r s e r v i e i n , ond b r.k e i n t e n s n e e . The n o r . * ! . o r k . . . k . . . ~ d . op of f i v e , 9-hor <*?* * " < ^ " " r **y ' Facility B r . c . l . t v B . . . the la rc e rt of the so to h o b il. br.ke service shop, sorveved. Other s e r v i c e s provided by t h s . f l U < P v . r e f ro n t-e n d . l . t n . , n , . . d shock . b - o r b e r r e p l . c c . c n , c r r e p . i r . The f i v e f u l l - t i . . c h e n i c s .o r k e i free, fo o r s e r v . e e s t . U s . h o u r, per d.y. h d.y. ............. .. Brake ..i.ten.ncc o p e r a t i o n s c o n s is te d of 35 to 45 jobs per w e k . Facility C * t % ,, r . c i U t r C, . . u n i c i p a l , . r . , e , . n ................... .. br.ke yob. per d.y ,, r e p e r f e r w d un c . r . .n d t r u c k s . B r . k . M i . , . n . n c , . . . p e rfo m e d by .ny 60 s u to n e c h . n i c s . The h o u r , o f o p . r . . i o ' r e S h o u r , per d . y , 5 days pr veek. 1*1 Facility O F acility . * eunaeipal I " ' " ' *" *" " * C , P l ' " brake ..r v i c , yob per bay, tak in l .boot S boor, per job, .i th ef the e e h ic le s c o n . i . t i n , of c a r , " l i ht ' rJCk' ' ,l" r * ap e o aib l. fo r b rak e . . r v i c i n , and tb . f a c i l i t y operated 8 boor, per day, 5 days pr week. Facility E F acility k, a .o o icip al ..r ic . tara.. -P lo y ed three -cb ao ica that specialised i n brake and d u t c h a . r . c . and t h r e e e . r l e y . . ^ . h a t operated , aeparat. b r a k e r e p a i r .hop . r e c . a l i i . n in brake .hoe and d m . rec o n d ttio n in p . The brake aechanic, m e e d a l l v e b . d e . -h ick `d o d ed . a a . t , c o l l e c t i o n . d u .p and l i e h t t r a c k . , au to s, and s o ,, 2- and j- .h e e le d v o h jd e a . The .bop operated 8 hour, per d a . , i day. per aeok. Facility F F acility F, a private fleet erv.ee paraee. F * * * ,, 4 l i c h t tr u c k aintewence. The .hop n o rn a lly operated tuo . h i f t . , 5 day, per week, and th e re . . r e u su ally four f u l l - t i . . - b a n i c . per . h i f t . bout one brake jo b eek, per a h ift ua, perfom ed. 1-2 APPENDIX C RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR ASBESTOS BRAKE AND CLUTCH SERVICING Th N a tio n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r O ccupational S a f e t y and H e . l t h (NIOSH) has con d u c t e d r e s e a r c h on d u s t e x p o s u re s which a r e g e n e r a t e d d u r i n g b rake and c l u t c h s e r v i c i n g . Based on d a ta dem onstrating th e p o t e n t i a l f o r s i g n i f i c a n t a s b e s t o s e x p o s u r e s d u r i n g b ra k e and c lu tc h s e r v i c i n g , NIOSH has i n v e s t i gated various v..rk p ra c tic e s which are u t i l i s e d in reducing asbestos expo s u r e s . These i n v e s t i g a t i o n ? have indicated vacuum c le a n in g s y s te a s to be t h e most e f f e c t i v e rwthod f o r m in in iiin g a s b e s to s dust exposures d u rin t b r a k e and c l u t c h s e r v i c i n g . 1 Vacuus c le a n e r t e s t i n g have d em onstrated t:>. th ese units o p e ra te re lia b ly w ithin design s p e c ific a tio n s . Tnerefore, NIOSH recommends vacuum c l e a n i n g as the p rim a ry method t o be used fo r c l e a n i n g of a s b e s t o s d u s t d u rin g b ra k e and c l u t c h s e r v i c i n g o p e r a t i o n s . The fo l l o w i n g a r e a d d i t i o n a l procedures recommended by NIOSH t o minimise ahe?:o* dust exposures: 1. therm p o s s i b le , an area s h a ll be designated fo r brake and clutch re pairs s e rv ic in g . Entrances into th i s area s h a ll be posted with the fallow ing- asb esto s exposure warning sign p rin ted in l e t t e r s of s u f f i cien t * sise and c o n tra st to be readily v is ib l e and le g ib le : Asbestos , t Dust Haiard Avoid Breathing Dust bear Assigned Protective Equipment C*1 \ Do s o t Remain in Area U nless Your Work R eq u ires I t B r e a th i n g A sbestos Dust May Be Hazardous to Your H e a lth 2. Bust h a l l ' f i r s t be cleaned f r o . brake drums, brake backing p la te s, brake a s s e b l i e s , and c l u t c h assemblies using an i n d u s t r i a l type vacuum cleaner equipped with a high efficiency p a rticu la te a ir f i l t e r sy ste. (HEPA-greater than 09' e f f i c i e n c y for 0.3 u . d i a e t e r a e r o s o l s ) . A fter ,, cuum c le a n in g , any rem aining dust s h a l l be re.oved u sin g a water dam pened-cloth- o r r a g . Under no circum stances s h a ll compressed i i r or a dry b rush be used fo r c le a n in g . I f vacuum c le a n in g eq u ip aen t i s not a v a i l a b l e th e wet fcru:h c l e a n i n g method may be used u n t i l a vacuum c l e a n i n g system i s o b t a i n e d . Where wet b ru s h in g i s n e c e s s a r y f o r c l e a n i n g , a SIMM c e r t i f i e d `r e s p i r a t o r approved f o r a s b e s t o s s h a l l be worn. 3. During brake pad grinding, riv e tin g , and punching operations local ex h au st v e n t i l a t i o n and dust c o l l e c t i o n systems s h a l l be d esig n ed , i n s t a l l e d , and m aintained in accordance with the American national Stand ard Fundamental Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust S y s te m s , ANSI 1 9 . 2 - IW 7 t o meet th e a s b e s t o s a i r b o r n e exposure s t a n d ard. 4 . During clu tch . . m c i ,, t , . *><* e . r t i f l M r ,, Pi r . t c r c f , r . v . i i o . ' V i t o . .11 * " > r*,cv*1 " 4 , f l . t . 5 " " " * " " > " 4 4"r i " ` . . . d u t c h . . . . . b i t - bh*n*Tt r P " 1*- ' l -- . t h v t KIP* . . . . . . t y . t i* i . s c . l b .5 i n ( ! ) ! f th ' Cl" " h ' 0f , h* U * P*r f S TM '<` C-2 I ' La f * h n k t i And c lu tc h e s Are s , u u M . uU < l..r cle.nin. . > b r` k<` - a ..... - ---- " < ,, . . . . . C nndint .ta * , * . * ^ ** "* 9 . .l.r ^ - -- "`" d *lth * -- ' " a c l ,, h . * K10SH . . ,, i f l - - P i r . r - ,h*U * " * during t h i s c l e a n i n g . ^ b . i f, n o t i n,, e, ff ff e, c t , a. rre.>. p* i o r p r o . n * . t a l l t a ' * ' ` k U ,.h * d . ,, H1. r io n al S a f e ty *n i ance with the Occupational Sale > A d a i n i s t r a t i o n (OSHA) 4 , T. t l e . q v.S. Code of Federal R egulations (C m ),_ F rr S ta n d a r d , " * t i e -y> 1910.134 - ( HEPA . . . u u a cc llei .ann.ePr fi l. ll .. T .- -- . *" * u` 1" "i J'S U"I,d b rf".-"r '" u,, d for d p i " ! ta .k . J ' ' " h *Bi *" ' 4L : : u ,, , , ,, . n . - - -- - - ^ : ; i : 1 . , , . . . . . . . .ta ll ta -- . 1 . ' d -- " *** " " h ... -- - - -- *sbr . Kill d isrla v the following k*m d i.p ta .1 . -- ^ ,, d eo rtn st in l e t t e r s of s u ffic ie n t s i - r lag la b e l or tag printed in le tte rs __ - ( V i * and l e g i b l e : CAVT10S v Contains Asbestos Fibers Avoid B reathing *** waste disposal are detailed in The EPA r e g u l a t i o n s f o r proper asbe c m , T an 61, Subparts A and B. C-l . faP .sbestos shall be worn durinj s. OSH c.rtifi.4 r.opir.o.r wpr..d t.r r,, 0,.l ,f t.cuu. b... .Hi`* '" " b" t0` iU,t- C . . p o i o f f 4 *"4 b*' , r " ' ` ` " U ^ - *" * C" * W U 0 " 3 . . . p . ,, o . f r o . o b . . o r b ..................... ...... *" ' " 4 -- " gointc Mb..oo. 4"*> OO"'*" 1'10"' -f oh. Ploy., i. .op*'4 `" h4TM '"ntr4ti" * bi " k" " ` b . ,, .b lo b .PO..S Ob. OSH. 0.011b. 1...1, - Lr - U . .P .0 U 1 C l.0 b l ., Chbb.. p~ . -- . - -- " T1' U c m , pro I 9 .o - .o c . (> - u b . f i x - 4 - ...bloof - ...1. IOTP cployee > b po . . . . . . -- ia ln6th per cubic eents^ter o ti eencnor*ooon 0. .blob - -- . -- * *>' - 5-h4Ur ....... .. " / > . Th"e ce>il.i..n..s.....*....r..-....... **" U " 10 fiber* *5 * * ce* , bo.po.oP ,, W * r m bf 0.1 * >S ' " * P*r* " ' u ^ , . f l b t r i , s / c c fo r S P ^ * 4 4" " l i " 5 * " '*i U "` ........ , -- .bin.. O S H eurronol) ro-- . Ob.0 Ob. . -- -- fer b. H W . S - * 44bli"` .................. . ,,y l5-*inute *pli"6 Pr104, tlb " 5 4 C-4 neeeMVEKDATioriS *t `r r r ^ s ^ ^ n r ^ ^ p r.,.,.. . . - - *"* -w itu d ie s `7 ,, ~ ^ -s r ' SU*1 1 .............. >-- 3 o i f - n t ~ ssn S ^ r^ t M t , ,, d ,is, -- * -- bc bbr. i.p.n.M bb. * - ooibility cxists for , ^ ,, r. - > -- .................. . . . . . . . ^ l- " `!^- : ..- r .,, , ... ; .........iT ^ r i , . -- -- t . TMtkt" ~ 1 * u > hi'-tra " -- lu r in l the P< r* -- . . . . i i f d u rin j brb* ------- -- ,, ,, ,, ,, for r e d u c i itor > "" * **P` , , C | bbuu.d b . U . . 1 - -- , * U ' `" ' -- ^ -- * - -- ' -- e l' `"nt : ; : t ::.u - - -- -- **- - -- " * *i1, - r T tt f brk 4u.b br c tr..4 ir " * T' b X . . - bf r. ,, {Mnlc., . b.r.b.1 r..pir..rr P r . ~ p , . . bk. b ..l b < - t, w ld bM . . r i " . ' tSM --- -- -- -- ... h i- -- * * '* * * * z z i. - p - p . - * - ,or r : : : - ! . . . - * -- - - r " ` r * ` ................... i o 4 i c l ,, , ,, ,, .1 4 I r b . -- " - P" k " n ` 7 u r y for e c h an ic to * rr4r b. t -- ^ ubi!. perfbrmibi brk. . > vehieular echan- ..b..b. - -- " 21 MOTE: S t r i c t adherence to the above procedure* should during brake and c lu th servicing. The*. r .c o .n d a tio n * are co b a t e d on t h e r e s u l t s o re s e a rc h conducted by HIOSH. Prepared By: Division of S urveillance, Hat.rd Evaluations, and Field Studies N ational I n s t i t u t e for Occupational Safety and Health 6-3 P r u j j / u h