Document 93qEQ7DLMwZ1g9onm29jx6wx7

February 15,1993 I hereby certify that the attached copies of Ceramic Abstracts, Volume 21,1942, are true and accurate copies, which are maintained in the normal course of business at the American Ceramic Society, 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, Ohio 43081. I cannot verify the accuracy of copies from Medical Bulletin of the Veterans' Administration, Volume 18,1942. Christine Schnitzer Product Manager Ceramic Information Center 735 Ceramic Place Westerville, Ohio 43081-8720 614*890*4700 TWX: 7101109409 SC-ALL-02560 SCF-ALLF-00723 SC-CER-4470 CERAMIC ABSTRACTS Compiled by laumelle U-) ler, Ohio ' domes, iss Unit, hington. ffington, . (Wash- $ A. A. Avan L. R Barrett . A. C. Bevan A. Blddulpb A. A. Boehtlingk R. H. Bollinger W. H. Bruckner THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY M. V. Condnide P. S. Dear W. D. Foiter V. D. Frdchctte 1. D. Gat R. L. Green R. A. Gregory ABSTRAOERS Max Bartenbeim F. G. Heck R. A. Hdndl W. H. Berecbel M. Hoseb F. J. Bnrlbut G. M. Butt G. A. Eirkendale B. B. Lane I. Lee E. D. Maher F. S. Mallette E. H. McClelland J. M, Noy J. G. Pbillipi E. C. Pierce Alexis Fincui M. E. Poor Katherine Reed H. K. Richardson B. C. Ruprecbt A. B. Searle Stanford Setchel) Lucille Sbattuck B. B. Sim peon L. E. Thieei H. Thurnauer L.- W. Vertneulen a, Ohio : Corp., ' >wn. Pa. - Journal Reference: The journal name appears in italics, followed by the volume (bold-faced}, issue number (in brackets), page numbers, and year (in parentheses). N. Y. : eenwood J.) ; p'Wr.v'S--i . ellsville. mi. 2i June 15, 1942 No. 6 Artillery er Falls, ;*Sn4k- Abrasives ia, Ohio ; ftp-iMechanical polishing with a film of abrasive. F. L. BP oo, A iv. T 'RSStillwei_l. Econ. Geoi., 37 [1) 76-78 (1942).--In polishing ) ig'^spedaens on revolving lead laps, any excess K'bbricant must be squeezed out, leaving only abrasive or an abrasive :film of uniform thickness between the specimen and lap. SA polishing machine providing sufficient pressure (about iftlO lb. per in.1) to secure the desired results is described and '(illustrated. Pressure is applied through a ball joint to in- /.'isure a uniform distribution. Abrasives used are graded .. K^303`A optical emery and calcined magnesium oxide (the 'r'-reguiar reagent grade is unsatisfactory as a polishing V#Powder). B.C.R. Surface finish. K. W. Connor and D. A. Wallace. iW0:craft Prod., 3 [28] 41-44; [30] 144-48; [32] 209-12; A' S] 227-30 (1941); 4 ]38) 93-100 (1041); abstracted in Bril. Non-Ferrous Metals Research Assn., No. 152, J' -F- 51 (Feb., 1942).--Work in connection with automobiles j aircraft is described. The following subjects are dealt i '*Rrith: relation of friction and lubrication to surface finish; Abrasive-projecting apparatus. N. J. Quinn (Quinnex Corp.) U. S. 2,279,342, April 14, 1942 (May 25, 1935).-- In abrasive-projecting apparatus, the combination of two spaced rotatably mounted disks having yieldable coatings on their adjacent surfaces, the coatings being provided with radial recesses and being arranged with such surfaces in at least partly opposed and cooperative relationship, means for feeding abrasive angularly to the recesses in each of the disks, and means for synchronously rotating the disks. Abrasive wheel. Albert Strasmann (Albert Stras- mann Prazisions-Werkzeug- und Maschinenfabrik). Ger. 706,004, April 10, 1941; 67c. 1; Chem. Abs., 36, 2106 (1942). Addition to Ger. 702,317 (see "Restoration. .. p. 116).--An abrasive wheel is made of Al. The work ing surface is roughened and hardened by electrically oxi dizing it. Abrasive wheel for making decorations and effects on metallic surfaces. Franz Musil. Austrian 157,572, var'ous abrading operations on the microstructure surfaces; measurement of surface finish; honing and its IgjrPPhcation to aero-engine cylinders, master connecting Effids. and other aircraft components; and the superfinish^`^KProcess. - - -^Surface finishing and structure. J. Wulpf. Amer. i!**; Mining Sr Met. Engrs. Tech. Pub., No. 1318; Metals _ Ej, '' 8 [4]6pp. (1941); abstracted in Bull. Brit. Non|wr Metals Research Awn., No. 146, p. 225 (Aug., see Ceram. Abs., 20 [9] 211 (1941). gfcj* of noble corundum for grinding materials having stfeaBth. Fritz KOlpmann. Sckleif- fir Folia- (8] 150-51 (1939).--Practice has shown that it is hole to. grind aluminum, red brass, copper, chill cast- ^gray-iron castings, cast iron, tempered and imtem- steel, coal, refractory block, and other materials K low tensile strength with abrasive bodies contain able corundum or bodies in Dilumit-X bonding. Jje corundum abrasives are 40% more efficient than Dec. 11, 1939; 49a; Chan. Abs., 36, 2106 (1942). Buffing wheel. R. A. Garling (Bruce Products Corp.). U. S. 2,280,399, April 21, 1942 (Nov. 20, 1940). Built-up abrasive. J. C. Drader (Michigan Tool Co.). U. S. 2,281,420, April 28, 1942 (April 15, 1036). Coated abrasive. W. C. Ware (M. R. Ware). U. S. 2,278,158, March 31, 1942 (June 24, 1940).--A flexible abrasive sheet for use under conditions developing high abrading-surface temperatures. Coated abrasive article. N. P. Rosts (Carborundum Co.). U. S. 2,280,852. April 28,1942 (Feb. 24, 1938). Diamond abrasive tool. E. W. Engle (Carboloy Co.. Inc.). U. S. 2,277,428, March 24, 1942 (May 31, 1939). Diamond-polishing wheel. Julius Dinhofbr. U. S. 2,279,940, April 14, 1942 (Dec. 4, 1940). Grinder. Hans Petersen (Storm Mfg. Co., Inc.). U. S. 2,277,144, March 24, 1942 (Jan. 29, 1940). H. H. Roake. U. S. 2,279,494, April 14, 1942 (July 22, 1940). ""rbide abrasives, and their manufacture in the form Grinding or abrading machine. Arthur ScriveiJer. rF*. bodies is comparatively simple and rapid. U. S. 2,277,417, March 24, 1942 (June 9, 1941). Grinding. Ceram. Abs., 19 [6] 132 (1040). Grinding disk. A. H. Graenser (D. E. Meyer). U. S. M.V.C. 2,279,673, April 14, 1942 (May 25, 1940). I. R. Shue 115 "*i oL 21. al,42 General 135 >-. t53i| Intph gJ cipjtated * o.I-fftttbltntaf-iynibs-e-h-e-o-df p-tr-r-oe-d-a-ut-e-c-rt--iis-m-a-p-n-o--re-ts-a-pn--ec-c-e-ia--el-lcy--o-im-n-o--pmoirctaalnlyt mt*h-aa-t-n- , .i technical question concerninc the manufacture of uivs in the#^.fc Ordinary buildint brick are in a class with iron, <> mice. i ` . cement as key products of national economy, nodules. . W.H.H. went state sScio makes pottery. Anon. Ceram. Ini., 38 (2| 1 m the he t) 48-55 (1942).--A description of Scio-Ohio Pottery d to the ih , pitnt and its unique history is given. Diagrammatic l ^ ' touts show the. flow of ware through the plant and the i* of the g ....fcgt mechanical handling of goods. An automatic jig * support ' .'machine produces 14,000 dozen pieces of ware per day. V*1. ."Ml . coated. . H.T. w HI 302^ "jgjgteiiauaMte edminietratiog of vitamins to workem in . B.CL3 ,-dustry. American Medical Assn. Council on Foods ua their* lV0 SrnunoN and Council on Industrial Health. "aaea i,. Amer. Med. Assn.. 118, 016-21 (Feb. 21. 1942).-- ` 1tvTjLJ1 ^.sbfactory evidence of the wisdom of the general practice i "T10 ` providing all employees of industrial concerns with 1 Ctrail!> Mamins indiscriminately is lacking. When a satisfactory nd pond 0f any given industrial situation indicates the wis- 'dayPro* -en of providing vitamins to employees, the Councils Th .. out the necessity of observing the proper scientific tod* bat ft ;-nj,ations of such action; after the employee has been re n the additi l0 a healthful state, the use of a good diet of natural uid firing, j ...Hective foods thereafter should suffice. Nothing in this ? :.rort is intended to belittle the significance of vitamins in mes dram* --:ritioa or the value of the proper use of added vitamins " Jtefaf _ improving foods such as bread and flour. The need for iture to w materii] <x avoidance of indiscriminate mass use of vitamins, a mice which supports the commercial exploitation rather r he toopj 3m scientific rational use of these important dietary fac ForhcH *>. is emphasized. F.S.M. t be high^. the stoned eithin Industrial "lifeguards" meet in cinetwet. Anon. SJI. Amer. Ceram. See., 21 (4) 57 (1942). Judge trademark infringement on deception, not simi a; iftheaal anty. Leo T. Parker. Ceram. Ini., 38 (3159-60 (1942). to the -Recent decisions by the higher courts show that identical -.thephjao| rsdemarks may be used on noncompeting ware without ' is the sfriagement. Courts uphold unregistered trademarks in ^ territory in which goods have been sold. Various court jpygatiaoJ arts are reviewed. H.T. . differenthf res the lung function in silicosis.' E. Roblsen. Proc. Medical 'ngr. Northern Countries, 19th Congr., Oslo, June, 1939; often be * i'ta Mtd. Sconi., Supp., No. 123, pp. 236-43 (1941).--R. bination dij sports the principal results of lung-function tests on 40 or ae auger With hoDv silicotic patients, including porcelain workers, stone masons, sandblasters, and foundry workers. He found a reduce on breafavi tdd-resistzr andoned bmnot be oh >or die or b i by the* -crease in vital capacity and an increase of residual air, --serially in the second and third stages of the disease. The explanation lies in the decreased motility of the thorax dl and diaphragm, causing a diminution of lung elas- '-Ay. The difference in alveolar ventilation of different "vetions of the lung is generally increased, considerably so -'* the second and third stages. Lung functions are not as iccomplishtc at process* at quantity available f* :re is highs drying is lw at in the* :ct, and tlw zethem** i he ptodifc" iesiredhi|h nfebetwte* greatest of the war*It; thebe* the raw *' ten the ^ vrerely affected in silicotics as in emphysema patients. ** Ceram. Abs.. 20 131 78 (1941). F.S.M. . Methods of avoiding corrosion. Anon. Product 13 |4l 192-235 (19413.--In a discussion on means conserving metals by preventing their corrosion, the : vowing principal methods are mentioned: (1) organic "(mgs on carbon steels, (2) porcelain enamels on stamp- ~4> and castings, (3) glass for neats, springs, and mechani- pans, (4) molded porcelain where both dielectric ''-length and corrosion resistance are required. (5) plastics j-h a; Saran to replace brass and copper tubes, (6) ^Sn-silicon case on steel produced by heat-treatment as r me Ihrigizing process, (7) thin lead coatings produced f dipping as by the Hurbenium process, (8) chemical stir- ^ treatments such as bonderuing, parkcrizing, black ^Pc. jetal. and others, and (9) stiver plating or cladding "a*c metals for corrosion resistance. Many practical *"Ples arc described, including glass tubing to replace !*" ces. I . ""'l-chromtum tubing for protecting sheaths for thermo^"Pi ln; this Vycor gloss is W% SiOt. the remainder being !S"ivvdflyyBB--O0,. 'It 'has'a so.f.t.e..n..i.n..g...p...o..i.n..t...o..f...1..5.1..0...*.C. . - "3'0*' -- ^wealing point of tSlHt'C. -- 20*. a strain point of '-sim- . v i'C. m 20*. a density of 2.18, and a coefficient of linear expansion of 7.8 to 8 X U)-'; the maximum temperature at -which it can be used for limited periods is 900* to 1000'C. ' M.H. New treatment for bums (preliminary report). K. L. Picxrell. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hasp., 69, 217-24 (Aug., 1941) .--The method of treatment involves the application of 3% sulfadiazine in 8% triethanolamine by spraying. Full details of the immediate and later treatment are given. In the opinion of the surgical staff, the burned areas of the 115 patients healed more rapidly than they would have with any other form of treatment used at the hospital. FAM. Pathogenesis of heat disease in man. B. Scklecel and H. Bobttner. Deut. Arch. ktin. Med.. 187, 193-205 (1941).--The effects of heat are divided into three classes: exhaustion, stroke, and cramps. The authors conducted 50 experiments on 35 persons to study the behavior of the human body at the stage just prior to heat stroke and heat exhaustion. The subjects were kept in a chamber at a temperature of 40'C.- (104*F.). for 2 hr. when possible. Losses through the skin amounted to 11 gm. sodium chlo ride, 430 mgm. nitrogen, and up to 2700 gm. water. Most of the persons complained of symptoms referable to the nervous system, including palpitation, oppression, dizzi ness. and fatigue. The body temperature m some cases rose to 38-5'C. (101.3'F.), but the rise was not related to heat tolerance. The pulse rate, however, rose sharply to 176 at the point where the heat could not be tolerated; in resistant persons 140 was the upper limit. In a few per sons on whom the experiment could be conducted to a stage of imminent collapse, a strong decline of the systolic and diastolic pressure was seen. All the observed phe nomena indicated that the blood goes to the diluted pe ripheral vessels, while those in the internal organs, including the brain, are contracted. The characteristic of heat ex haustion is a breakdown of the circulatory regulation with an intact temperature-regulation system. The syndrome of beat stroke consists of failure of the temperature-regu lating system combined with long resistance of the circula tory regulation. Exhaustion of sodium chloride reserves is the important feature in heat cramps. The authors be lieve that the organ primarily damaged by beat is the adrenal cortex. F.S.M. yPneumoconiosis--a study of 379 cases. H. B. Wil liams. Med. Bull. Veterans' Admin., 18, 250-53 (jTan., 1942).--A survey was made to determine the relative inci dence of pneumoconiosis in beneficiaries of the Veterans' Administration. A review of 379 cases of individuals who had been exposed to numerous occupational dust hazards is presented. Of this number, 179 cases were classified as pneumoconiosis, either uncomplicated or complicated by infectious disease, A detailed system of classification is included. No definite conclusions are drawn, but the data support the belief that pneumoconiosis increases suscepti bility to tuberculosis in a direct ratio. W. stresses the need for more careful and detailed histories and physical exam inations. F.S.M. Preparation of tildes for particle-size determination. L. Silverman and W. Franeun. Jour. Ind. Hyg. Sr Toxicol., 24, 51 (March, 1942).--It is suggested that, in following Green's technique of preparing slides for particle- size determination, it is possible to crush particles of the range 1 to 10 microns. This seemed to be borne out by a comparison of the results of counts made on slides prepared by evaporation of suspensions and by mechanical disper sion. F.S.M. Significance of porphyrinuria in lead poisoning. R. Karjc and A. P. Meoclejohn. Jour. Clin. Investigation. 21, 91-09 (Jan., 1942).--Solutions of hemoglobin were injected into two subjects with lead poisoning, anemia, and porphyrinuria. The injection was followed by a rise in plasma bilirubin resembling closely both in degree and time of onset the bilinibinemia which has been observed in normal subjects under comparable conditions. It was also accompanied by transient increase in urinary uro bilinogen excretion. The injection resulted in no detect able increase in the excretion of coproporphyrin either in the urine or feces. These results failed to demonstrate any K Cd SUg n~ S ?5*c? .= 8 = 1 8-Hi 5* . SN So >8 &5 9.f g g.= *,5 -- a I PNEUMOCONIOSISi A STUDY OF 370 CASES T > f s ^ *<- *r 7 ?r?J. -?tyrE;rscf= ri5S:--ix-> wg> llls?c Z *5.s*^s.?*;=*>**5,5wuL, *S= V. sS \STI ?CVN-SS8 ''sg* i-.a, 3iC=*2- *SZS = I* S * c isi_ rr - . - = 5 2 r-= f" i = 5-=^. l-Ziiii*3 "J S= H*S.* J ~ 5Pj . 4=1-= II5 * = r Z 8 * J * 5-Z= ^**----*r=r2*jOs=cs^fS>s.r-eojs*sij^-Srgr:.iic-S sM_x.-="rt**?=53 5=^2 5 -2--""5 its*:*;3 tt ba 6s- Qg) ; = >e S 8V" e"_ *ae B c S! S cT| *S * -58 u p.2 - *is 5 .*3.3 g n\s T j = , 5-t: e*s.S u s-s e*8 m ciso 5. S2 E i ;|si^ J--S Sk: Infills: 2 C.*= o. s.s eC * i*t S* o& f|> ns. irff al- .2 8 S. g*5 .S"0 Hi ti a e< "g 0*s r^p- !.<^m2*3 i o *3 s> "SE *o" S m ai> *Sg- 8e B2-2! ' " 8- 1^1 !? KBI S'ls i F-frl .i s ! Ijsi ei S g < o-=ih gg i : s >* > i 3 3 *!& ! eI431 ixo :P*C o eu :4 J l* { \ * ?s-s-JHits! 8 8 N ** *M #1 ^ "8 9 > I-1 l'I % 2"'a 5 .2 2 2= 2 !fil| ^e!22 * 5.s s g -e . a * fs * I-r 58 O O 14 >- 5T -o ss.2 r.'S _ a j *S y .5 C 86 l!h:^ 2-5 g||c 3fci*s = l sjjUie!l= _ 9 cs "*.S P 5 S *2 2 ^*-85 = 5" e S > * H StcE w6** SM*? T3=* > 5 iB.S5e SM5ggc'=.S 5 ecP SCS_ t tll-g-sl lrr1ige2r I i c= J S 1 i S'sS'S'si# 05-2 x * 2 S-= I c2 .2g >-2e--2S552 535. o3.'^eS*7S.- iw |s l S >"? e.S-1 1 >-2 S fall 8 =I=e|b .cS 5c.*o" 53*sC ss ' 'Mill -g!ii i =-J > s i I * 5Me5isB3^sJ fr* ov%>. 6 a 2* H LU d M<s C~ _) > ~u0 D CD CQ -1 < CJ 5 co c ctf 1-1 <L> 4--< 2s <"O *o o Id cX 'E H u. Lu az so X Ha j Ul O0 SV sZ a: < Di U. u E 3 CN ^r > DC < D Z < s bUl EO crt 2 CzOJ e, H< z g0z 1 3 oo o8 ieo'Sc J-30 *A PNEUMOCONIOSIS: A STUDY OF 379 CASES Habry B. Williams, Al. D., Veterans' Administration, Oteen, N. C. A survey was recently conducted (while the author was on duty at Veterans' Administration Facility, Sunmount, N. Y.) to determine the relative incidence of pneumoconiosis in beneficiaries 'of the Vet erans' Administration. The data for the study consisted of question naires, formulated by the chief, division of postgraduate instruction and radical research, which had been sent to and executed at field stations, in relation to beneficiaries who had been exposed to occupa tional dust hazards; radiograms of chests of affected beneficiaries; and, in a few instances, tissues from affected beneficiaries who had died. A total of cases so collected from the field stations of the Veterans' Administration was 379. The beneficiaries in this series had been variously occupied: As miners of metal ores (lead, copper, gold, silver, iron, quartz), coal (anthracite and bituminous) miners, brick yard laborers, tunnel laborers, rock drillers, street cleaners, laborers on various types of construction work, automobile factory employees, blacksmiths, grinders, stonecutters, cement workers, railroad switch men, machinists, sandblasters, pottery workers, quarrymen (limestone, sandstone, granite, marble, slate, etc.), laborers on stone crusher, tobacco-factory employees, bricklayers, silk-mill employees, steamengine firemen, asbestos workers, molders, grain-elevator employees, textile workers, steel-mill employees, stone masons, grocery dealers, farmers, aluminum melter, clerk, tile presser, iron workers, foundrymen, carpenters, metal polishers, glass workers, smelter workers, and powder-factory employees. In a few cases no occupational history was given. Modern study of dusty occupations has led to the rather definite conclusion that there are only two forms of dust which really cause pulmonary disease, namely free silica (Si02) or silicon dioxide and asbestos (magnesium silicate). Talc, also a silicate of magnesium, is closely allied chemically to asbestos and is under suspicion. As yet, however, it has not been definitely proven to be a factor in the pro duction of lung disease. Coal-dust causes pigmentation (anthracosis) and occasionally slight fibrosis, but this has been proven to be rela tively harmless from a pathological standpoint. Dust from the var ious minerals commonly mined is not considered a factor in the pro duction of the disease. The silica-bearing rock encountered in min ing is the source from which the disease is contracted. Workers in the cement industry, although exposed to dust, are not affected, because the materials which they handle contain little or no silica. Most of the various clays used in the pottery industry are innocuous, and there is some reason to believe that sortie of them modify or even inhibit the development of silicosis. Coal dust is also believed by some observers to modify or inhibit the progress of the disease. It 250 ' MEDICAL BULLETIN OF should not be understood f in the pottery industry, bee are subjected to high conct cially the grinders, polisher grain, flour, etc., encountere and bakeries constitute no r chronic lung disease is com acute bronchitis. They woul tuberculosis. The same mai jute and textile mills. Roa as hazardous, as the amount in low concentration. After study of the data si classified (either definitely oi to dust inhalation, either uno disease. The histories in mar and, without a detailed hist opinion in the individual case, in a mine for many years am disease-producing dust. A h not only where he worked, bn it, and to what form of dust production of disease by dust concentration, plus the time submitted were of poor quali outlined as they should have 1 the films was quite good. The characteristic lesions in varying in size from 2 to 5 n the early cases, tending to becc In the extremely far-advancet individual identity in dense i are almost invariably associ tuberculosis. The cases studied were cla: 1. Silicosis, first stage lung markings with fine d 2. Silicosis, second sta nodulation, still discrete, larger than in the first stag 3. Silicosis, third stage tion with large nodules ten 4. 5, and 6. Silicosis, fin tion: These cases were oi definite evidence of accom; 7. Silico-tuberculosis ( the individual nodules ha masses of infiltration. Th cosis combined with tuben determine a separate backg 8. Cases without definih with definite evidence of 1 indicates a background of i UDY OF 379 CASES ' Administration, Oteen, N. C. (while the author was on duty Sunmount, N. Y.) to determine 3sis in beneficiaries of the Vetthe study consisted of questiondon of postgraduate instruction n sent to and executed at field ho had been exposed to occupachests of affected beneficiaries; . affected beneficiaries who had ie field stations of the Veterans' iciari-" in this series had been lets ;es (lead, copper, gold, and uituminous) miners, brickIrillers, street cleaners, laborers , automobile factory employees, ment workers, railroad switchworkers, quarrymen (limestone, :.), laborers on stone crusher, rs, silk-mill employees, steamIders, grain-elevator employees, stone masons, grocery dealers, presser, iron workers, foundry3 workers, smelter workers, and i cases no occupational history s has led to the rather definite >rms of dust which really cause , (Si02) or silicon dioxide and also a silicate of magnesium, is nd is under suspicion. As yet, oven to be a factor in the proises pigmentation (anthracosis) his has been proven to be relatandpoint. Dust from the varconsidered a factor in the proaring rock encountered in minjase is contracted. Workers in sed to dust, are not affected, ndle contain little or no silica, pottery industry are innocuous, it so*-" *> of them modify or even Cc lust is also believed bv the progress of the disease, fit 251MEDICAL BULLETIN OB' THE VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION should not be understood from this that there is no dust hazard in the pottery industry, because certain employees in this industry are subjected to high concentrations of silica-bearing dust, espe cially the grinders, polishers, and furnace men. Dusts from hay, grain, flour, etc., encountered on farms, in grain elevators, mills, and bakeries constitute no real hazard so far as the production of chronic lung disease is concerned, although they may set up an acute bronchitis. They would also probably aggravate an existing tuberculosis. The same may be said of the dusts encountered in jute and textile mills. Eoad and street dust cannot be regarded as hazardous, as the amount of silica in such dust is very small and in low concentration. After study of the data submitted, 171 cases of this group were classified (either definitely or probably) as having lung disease due to dust inhalation, either uncomplicated or complicated by infectious disease. The histories in many of these cases were rather inadequate, and, without a detailed history, it is difficult to form a definite opinion in the individual case. For instance, a man may have worked in a mine for many years and still have had little or no exposure to disease-producing dust. A history of this type of case should show not only where he worked, but what he did in detail, how long he did it, and to what form of dust he was exposed. In other words, the production of disease by dust depends upon the form of dust, plus its concentration, plus the time of exposure to it. Some of the films submitted were of poor quality and the lesions were not as sharply outlined as they should have been. However, the general average of the films was quite good. ... . The characteristic lesions in the lungs in silicosis are fibroid nodules varying in size from 2 to 5 mm. in diameter. These are discrete in the early cases, tending to become confluent in the far-advanced cases. In the extremely far-advanced cases these nodules tend to lose their individual identity in dense masses of fibrous deposit. These cases ore almost invariably associated with infectious disease, usually tuberculosis. The cases studied were classified as: 1. Silicosis, first stage (Si): Showing accentuation of the lung markings with fine discrete generalized nodulation. 2. Silicosis, second stage (S2): Showing marked extensive nodulation, still discrete, the individual nodules being generally larger than in the first stage. 3. Silicosis, third stage (S3): Showing very extensive nodula- tion with large nodules tending to become confluent. 4. S, and 6. Silicosis, first, second, and third stages, plus infec tion: These cases were of the same types as 1, 2, and 3, with definite evidence of accompanying infectious disease. 7. Silico-tuberculosis (S TB): Far-advanced cases in which the individual nodules had lost their identity in dense fibrous masses of infiltration. These are considered the resultant of sili cosis combined with tuberculous infection, but it is impossible to determine a separate background for either process. 8. Cases without definite evidence of silicotic involvement, but with definite evidence of lung disease, the appearance of which indicates a background of infection only. 252 MEDICAL BULLETIN OF THE VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION 9,10. Fibrosis: Cases showing no nodular deposits, with slight or well-marked accentuation of the lung markings. This con dition cannot be regarded as characteristic of silicosis; it is often present in cases of respiratory infection, acute or chronic, in passive congestion due to cardio-renal disease, or in other con ditions. These linear shadows are also subject to normal variations in the adult chest. 11. Asbestosis: This condition has been termed "silicatosis" in contradistinction to silicosis. Early cases of asbestosis are diffi cult to recognize as such. The radiographs usually show only minor changes indicating an interstitial fibrosis, similar in ap pearance to those cases m classifications 9 and 10. The more advanced cases show what has been described as a "ground glass" appearance; that is, a diffuse haze over the lower lung fields, together with a marked accentuation of the lung markings, but with little or no nodular deposit. This haze may be so dense as to obscure the cardiac borders and the domes of the diaphragm. 12. Negative: Cases in which there was no evidence of lung disease. The following table shows the incidence of industrial lung disease according to the occupations represented: Si 82 S3 Sl-Inf. 82-Infi 83-Inf. 8 TB Aab. Total Miners, metal ore1............................. 11 7 1 Miners, coal1...................................... 22 3 l U 20 13 7 7 4 15 7 72 57 11 3 112 9 Book drillers....................................... 2 13 8 Sandblasters............................... ........ 31 1 4 Stonecutters........................................ i 1 13 Pottery workers................................ 21 3 Stona crushers.................................... Molders...................................... . 1 9 1 , 2 2 Bricklayer, furnace............................ l1 Brasher............................................... 1 1 Stone mason..... .................................. 1 1 Asbestos carder................................... 11 No Industrial history *....................... i3 4 Carpenter1......................................... 1 1 Aluminum meltcr4....... .................... i1 i1 Total......................................... 38 12 2 32 38 2D 27 2 171 1 It will be noted that there Is a preponderance of miners shewn hr this table. Hard-rock miners const!tute tbe largest group of workers in dusty occupations. These could be subdivided Into smaller occupa tional groups If more information were available. * Although there was no Industrial history given in these cases, the radiographic appearance was Quite typical of silicosis and they were eo classified. ' The Industrial history of these cases Is open to question. It Is believed that more detailed histories would have furnished more appropriate Information. 4 Aluminum melters wear large asbestos aprons and gloves while working over the crucibles. Tbe molten metal spatters on these, thus releasing considerable quantities of asbestos dust. In the rooms where a num ber of these men are at work there is probably a considerable concentration of this dust. It also seems likely that tbe friction of these garments Incidental to the work woulfl bo an added factor In the release of asbsstos particles. Diagnosis.--The importance of a detailed occupational history cannot be emphasized too strongly. The symptoms exhibited by cases of uncomplicated silicosis are few and often absent Cough and expectoration are not troublesome. In the far-advanced cases there may be dyspnea, anorexia, loss of weight, and cyanosis as a terminal manifestation. The same may be said of physical signs. De creased resonance of various degrees may be elicited in the more- MEDICAL BULLETIN OF ' advanced cases, together with evidence of disease shown by s when compared with the extei X-ray study is the most definil This, together with a carefully in making the diagnosis and The great hazard in these cas infection, such as pneumonia i by tuberculosis it is often diffi two diseases. Often, cases of very similar to those of silico earn disease may also be m detailed histories are even mi the clinician and the roentg in these cases the symptoms, of tuberculosis are present. Of tbe 171 cases shown in classified as uncomplicated si in the first stage, 12 in the si in the third stage. A post-n cases showed a far-advanced Nevertheless, the pathologist, series of cases, felt that Oven tion. If this case had not coo fied as silico-tuberculosis. T'. dence of complicating infecti in most cases probably tubefc While this is not an extern elusions can be drawn from most observers in that it si lungs due to dust inhalatioi organs to tuberculosis, and direct ratio to the extent of are of the opinion that the in this series is very small pulmonary disease coming ui of the Veterans' Administra as potential cases, and nine oi different facilities. This rev more careful and detailed h: officers should familiarize th inform themselves of the vai and should know what types standpoint. In the study of this series Dr. LeBoy IT. Gardner, pathi Laboratory for the Study of son, roentgenologist, Trudet N. Y. A composite opinioi to each questionnaire, aftei These reviewers were much express their thanks to the c m ^--- WVftWrtttC \ E VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION f.orocidnworhyisaosf r-tniarnheaocefrneteneaclorultiidsanodtulngisicslo,aemoarasfsdacesueur,ikbptlieiojocneorsgcoiststirsni,s, tc;woohiTttirhthohinesinsorisocrclmc,figtooeanlix;]. ion has been termed "silicatosis" ii Early cases of asbestosis are diffi- he radiographs usually show only interstitial fibrosis, similar in ap'.assific&tions 9 and 10. The more . been described as a "ground glass" b haze over the lower lung fields, ituation of the lung markings, but )osit. This haze may be so dense rs and the domes of the diaphragm, ch there was no evidence of lung icidence of industrial lung disease en' 0 si-Inf. i 82-Inf. S3-Inf. STB Asb. Total U 13 15 72 57 9 8 4 3 23 121 1I ` 1114 33 20 27 m m shown In this table. Hard-rock miners const!These could be subdivided into smaller occupa- teee cases* the radiographic appearance was quite tion. It la believed that more detailed histories res whOe working over the crucibles. The molten Itia* of asbestos dust. Is the rooms where a num erable concentration of this dost. It also seems i work would be ao added factor in the release of detailed occupational history The symptoms exhibited by few and often absent. Cough ae. In the far-advanced cases i of weight, and cyanosis as a 7 b- i of physical signs. De- maj be elicited in the more- 253 MEDICAL BULLETIN OF THE VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION advanced cases, together with signs of emphysema. The dearth of evidence of disease shown by symptoms and physical signs is striking when compared with the extent of disease shown by the radiograph. X-ray study is the most definite and satisfactoiy method of diagnosis. This, together with a carefully taken history, is absolutely necessary in making the diagnosis and in following up the individual cases. The great hazard in these cases is an intercurrent acute respiratory infection, such as pneumonia or influenza. In the cases complicated by tuberculosis it is often difficult to differentiate the shadows of the two diseases. Often, cases of tuberculosis will show nodular deposits very similar to those of silicosis; the appearance of the shadows of . each disease may also be modified by the other. In these cases detailed histories are even more important, and the cooperation of the clinician and the roentgenologist is indispensable. Of' course in these cases the symptoms, physical signs ana laboratory findings of tuberculosis are present. Of the 171 cases shown in the table, 52 or about 30 percent were classified as uncomplicated silicosis or asbestosis; 38 of these were in the first stage, 12 in the second stage, and only 2 were classified in the third stage. A post-mortem examination of one of the last cases showed a far-advanced silicosis without evidence of infection. Nevertheless, the pathologist, who was one of the reviewers of this series of cases, felt that there was probably a background of infec tion. If this case had not come to autopsy, it would nave been classi fied as silico-tuberculosis. The remaining 119 cases all showed evi dence of complicating infectious disease, more or less extensive and in most cases probably tuberculosis. While this is not an extensive series of cases and no definite con clusions can be drawn from it, it is believed that it agrees with most observers in that it supports the belief that disease of the lungs due to - dust inhalation mcreases the susceptibility of those organs to tuberculosis, and that this susceptibility is increased in direct ratio to the extent of the industrial disease. The reviewers are of the opinion that the number of cases of industrial disease in this series is very small, considering the number of cases of pulmonary disease coming under the observation of medical officers of the Veterans' Administration. Only 379 cases were considered as potential cases, and nine of these were submitted in duplicate from different facilities. This review has shown that there is a need for more careful and detailed histories in cases of this type. Medical officers should familiarize themselves with this disease; they should inform themselves of the various sources of disease-producing dust, and should know what types of occupations are hazardous from this standpoint. _ In the study of this series of cases, the writer was associated with Dr. LeRoy U. Gardner, pathologist and director of the Saranac Lake Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, and Dr. Homer L. Samp son, roentgenologist, Trudeau Sanitarium, both of Saranac Lake, N. Y. A composite opinion of the three reviewers was appended to each questionnaire, after careful study of the available data. These reviewers were much interested in this study, and wish to express their thanks to the officials of central office, and to the med ical officers of the various facilities, who cooperated in furnishing the data.