Document 91wbzG6R0xm4vVwp7yrg5n737

FILE NAME Kohler KOH DATE 1936 DOC KOH110 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION - Transactions of the National Safety Council We, my, way fix, will, SHOES anes TRANSACTIONS 25th Safety National bouncil bouncil Congress Transction Transaction Transaction NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL INC ATLANTIC CITY NEW JERSEY OCTOBER 5 to OCTOBER 9 1936 Ambassador Chelsea Carlton and Atlantic City Auditorium Aend C:HES- me Oe oy taes THE Transactions of the Twenty fifth National Safety Congress 1936 are published by the National Safety Council in two volumes This the first conmins the general the special subject and the Indusnal Section sessions The second volume contains the ses- sions of the Child Education Home Safety Street and Highway Traffic and Vehicle Fleet Sections All industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to members be- lieved to be interested chiefly in the sessions it covers Other Council members however may obtain it po request Many members have found it worth while to distribut copies of the Transactions to supervisors foremen and others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes The following quantity prices are quoted on exzc copies 1 to 10 copies of the large volume 1.50 each 11 copies or more 1.25 each copies of the smaller volume 50 cents each Transactions are published as a condensed retard THEof the proceedings at the National Congress he he papers of each session or division of the Congress are are are are ind been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter ind to abbreviate the less essential portions because of ind space a limitations Thus the material herein presented is mit verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress but rather an abridged version made as cim pact as possible yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address The original manuscripts are an file in the Council's Bureau of Information where e are available for additional reference Where illus tions were sent by the speakers to the Council these so are on file The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not perja nent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies It cannot accept responsibility or the views expressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions based upon the papers NATIONAL SAFETY 20 North Wacker Drive COUNCIL INC 122 Council Officers and Directors . Council Purposes and Policies ... Members Annual Meeting of Annual Banquet eee Subject Sessions- cease e cece eee bee eeeeee oe - be 31 Exhaust PrS ev yesnt tieom ns Fire deeeee feet cece eee an Lecce 33 eeeee See ee ees . 53 IndPuhsytsriicailansAmaned rican Association of Industrial Surgeons ., Industrial Nursing Industrial Safety Lectures Injured Worker The .. . eee Maintaining Interest in Safety Occupational Diseases 7 Safety Belts Equipment Safety Equipment ..... Safety Exchange -weme Beginners Safety Fundamentals for Beginners .... Safety Training . Aeronautical Section A. S. S. Engineering Section Automotive and Machine Shop Section.. Cement Section Section Chemical an Deen Construction Section be e eeee ees See e Food Section bee ae eeeeeeec eel e eee veces c eee ec ey eee ee cece ve Meat Packing Tanning and Leather IndustriesIndustries Section 228679 -_ , Metals Sectio.n .. i Ch Mining Section feet e cece eee eae Paper and Pulp Section Petroleum Section 299 319 Power Press Section .. Public Utilities Section a wobec eee ee cess re Quarry Section Sh re Section Refrigeration Section Coe Rubber et eae se eek e ew eeee e.g, 00,8. Safety Equipment Section eh ee 2 re Steam Railroad Meeting .. re Textile Section a ee ee Transit Section Wood Products Section .. tee Sa n Index ...... eee a a | e e R pen 4 ee OT pies OF: = enys Ter Y ee ra SE a UE rkwSeee Feit temXo ee ey y ot OKI as Tes OPT TRAUERTsRNOTTRUERNOtutUaETee ECRsNO = t THE THE \ ea aw ne re : . ; ; aa ' j | : : | | mae eS Cee z aay Reatitc i 5 TGenke EN hie RX Siig a nize : . National '-. .. wi National Council Inc. t OFICERS . OFICERS OFFICERS ? HONORARY MEMBERS ; HONORARY oF TRON STEEL ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION Iron 4 \ Robert Campbell . r Arthur Arthur WILLIAMS , Cee ] . . 3 - 7 ic OFFICERS 1936-1937 1936-1937 4 \ E I 7 PAILS. OFFICERS H. Watson President I Dr. C. FENNELL President Public ; E D. FENNELL FENNELL FISHER Public President Relations : L a aes DR HART Gibson President for CHeoaltmh mHuenailttyh c he z Jonn HAROLD G. Hoffman President Public Safety Councils 4 Albert S. RECULA President for Public Safety L . Albert Ronweder President for Engineering A A. T. Sulenstein President Industrial Safety D Albert W. WHITNEY for Membership G President for Treasurer c W. E. WORTH President for W. H. CAMERON Finance Director Treasurer 7 Cc A Secretary and Managing Director : 4 Cc. : Ww, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1936-1937 1936-1937 , George George ADAMS Paper and C. C. Allex Metals Section Pulp Section C. C. Avel Past President J. Baxasit Past President Cc. C. Bercquist BUTTENHEIM President HAROLD HAROLD BUTTENHEIM National W. W. CAMERON Campbell Safety President Council Inc. Robert Robert CATLIN Actna President Inc. ROBERT ROBERT Casualty LEWIS LEWIS CATLIN DEBLOIS DEMPSEY President President Surety Company Food Section . C. C. DEMPSEY Dow President Marcus Marcus FENNELL Consulting Consulting D. D. Hart FISHER Chicago Dr, Dr. Fortuin Fortuin Valley Safety R. R. Gians C. Mining section Electric C. JOHN JOHN . GIBSON Western Western Council Council Company Company JOHN HARRY GUILBERT The Pullman Company . . HON HAROLD G. HOFFMAN Hon. HON G. Governor Hoffman, Governor R, Sec Gec Ro. Re A. WwW, Arr Geor NELS FRED Mt L. I. JOHN L. ERNES DAVID CCuurrrree D v1 Cerrre Pek eon poe LAR era ~ 3 PEC . ag aof, ; eats Pe ess, hee . eer:et z, Cal + qty Os . 4? we Cepeth ee aL a 5 ry 2.5 oe nt to Oe sy Sal = > van RRS Qe PE Ex Ry 9 > E OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Continued ......... wee Soe eo Ie OI ed Councils .fety er Re et pep enya Se ye rs S me Oe eR mers Ce NR TS : . C. HOLDEN JR Marine Section HARRY J. KELLEY Wood Products Section Walter G. King Past President W C. KNOELK Milwaukee Safety Commission JOHN E. LONG Past President Tuos H. MacDonald United States Department of Agriculture E. J. MEHREN Portland Cement Association W. J. MELVILLE Chippewa County Safety Commeil I. W. MILLARD Industrial Gloves Corporation Harold L. Mixer E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company E. J. O'BRIEN JR Louisville Safety Council LEW R. PALMER Past President C. E. PETTIDONE Past President ALBERT S. RECULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. LT COL HENRY A. RENINGER Past President A. V. Rohweder Duluth Missabe & Northern D. L. ROVER Engineering Section George E. SanFORD General Electric Company CHARLES B. Scott Past President Railway Company Carl L. Smith Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith Standard Oil Company Indiana WALTER DENT SMITH Delaware Safety Council R. T. SolexSTEN Elliott Service Company C. P. TOLMAN Past President George G. Traver Cilicago Safety Council Robert R. Wallace Worcester Safety Council Dr. C. H. WATSON American Telephone & Telegraph Company W. Whitney National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters W. E. Worth International Harvester Company Arthur H. YOUNG Past President DIRECTORS 1936-1937 GEORGE J. ADAMS Paper & Pulp Section C. M. Allen Metals Section NELSON R. ANDERSON Seattle Traffic & Safety FREDERICK Archer Child Education Section A. L. ARMSTRONG Chemical Section Council J. I. BANASH Consulting Engineer JOHN J. BARada Public Utilities Section ERNEST W. BECK United States Rubber Products Inc. C. W. BergquIST Western Electric Co. DAVID S. BEYER Liberty Mutual Insurance Insurance CLIFFORD M. Bisitor Brooklyn Council 5 ea 2% or% i i 0 eins taeo! s on +198 ete Perase oo pise. a Hae OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Continued OFFICERS OFFICERS AND [ E. F. BLANK Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. C. F. F. Borkenhagen Kenosha Safety Council S. D. BOYD BOYD York County Safety Council Net W. BREELAND Petroleum Section OR F. S. BROWN Standard Accident Insurance Co. pew S. W. BURCHILL Automobile Club of Rhode Island Os HAROLD S. BUTTENHEIM The American City Magazine +m Preston D. Callum Baltimore Safety Council W. H. Cameron National Safety Council a Per? Robert I. CATLIN Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. M. A. Clark Automotive and Machine Shop Section H.meHrecrebert Conson Safety Department Nashville Chamber of Com Com Com gpnmar.y Frank Emfay Cox Berkeley Trame Safety Commission ROBERT W. ChowTHER Springfield Massachusetts Safety Council J. E. Cullinay Bethlehem Steel Co. Oo OO Lewis A. DeBt.ors Consulting Engineer Jay E. Decker Mason City Safety Council C. W. DempESY Food Section ea JAMES B. DOUGLAS Philadelphia Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Dr. Louis I. DUBLIN Metropolitan Life Insurance Pane D. D. Fennell Consulting Engineer Co. t7 DONALD A. FINKBEINER Toledo Safety Council Dr. Hart E. Fisher Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Howard B. Fonda Burroughs Wellcome & Co. U. A. Inc. William Forsyth Superior Wisconsin Safety Council R. B. Fortuin Lehigh Valley Safety Council ALEXANDER FOSTER Jr Quarry Section C. W. Gions Mining Section JOHN B. Ginson Western Electric Co. HARRY GUILBERT The Pullman Co. Isaran Hale The Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. MAJOR BOLLING H. HANDY Richmond Safety Council D. T. HARRINGTON U. S. Bureau of Mines C. Haven Vehicle Fleet Section G. T. Hellmuti Chicago Chicago North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. CHAS E. HILL New York Central Lines Hon Harold G. Hoffman Governor of New E. C. Holden Ja Marine Section New Jersey FREDERICK B. Hust Cement Section G. HUNTER Power Press Section MORRIS E. HURLEY Eastbay Safety Council Council set, Major Norman A. Istrie Columbus Edwin A. KaySER St. Louis Safety Safety Safety Council Thomas P. Krauss Industrial Concussion n^> Ohio ce JE 000001 --.-- -- HARRY J Thos L. J. M. Ki WM C. C. L. LAT A. H. LA J. E. Los W. R. Lu L. T. Mc TROS H MILLER M T. H. Mc W. M JAMES R. E. J. ME W. Mr W. M M. Mu JAMES K. HAROLD L R. B. Mo ERNEST N E. J. O'E GEORGE C Geo Opp Lew R. United WILSON I on A. E. Pa David A. Mrs. G. A ~ CHARLES merce C. E. Per GEN GEOF ARTHUR F ALBERT S. Lt. Col. F V. Ro D. L. Rov G. E. SAN HENRY C. KARL G. : ete _: Paria hone RSW LOL ha ar z. ww ae Pe wt es 4 Foy Cee 7 wus ; matt o a we eax, 2 . ote | woe. rn . an? oes aye, a, < . = vag. Seaorr id CAR ie 4 we. he Stew bey a5 aa ey 7 ee* e EE STE atte OFFICERS ES Ore AND DIRECTORS Continued SNe tion e Chamber of Com mission 3 Safety Council c Co. Q. A. Inc. Juncil Railway Co. cuncil 7 aukee R. R. Co. sey incil Naw K. T. KELLER Detroit Industrial Safety Council HARRY J. KELLEY Wood Products Section Titos L. KELLEY Paterson Safety Council J. M. KERRIGAN Rubber Section WM C. KNOELK Street & Highway Traffic Section C. L. LaFountAINE Great Northern Railway Co. A. H. Later Madison County Safety Council J. E. Long The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation W. R. Lovo Safety Div Birmingham Chamber of Commerce L. T. MCARTHUR Peoria Illinois Safety Council THOS H. MacDonald United States Department of Agriculture MILLER MCCLINTOCK Traffic Audit Bureau T. H. MCKENN yRetired F. W. MATSON Minnesota Safety Council JAMES R. MAYS Elizabeth Safety Council E. J. MEHREN Portland Cement Association W. J. MELVILLE Chippewa County Safety Council I. W. MILLARD Industrial Gloves Corporation E. M. MILLER Employees Publication Section JAMES K. MILLER Grand Rapids Safety Council HAROLD L. MINER E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. R. B. MORLEY Industrial Accident Prevention Association Ernest Murphy Albany Safety Council E. J. O'BRIEN JR Louisville Safety Council GEORGE C. A. Orr The Detroit Elison Co. GEO OPPENHEIMER Kansas City Safety Council LEN R. PALMER The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States WILSON PALMER Meat Packing Tamming & Leather Industries Sec- tion A. E. PARKEP Transit Section David A. Patton Newark Safety Council Mas G. M. PELTON Evanston Safety Council CHARLES W. PENDOCK Safety Division Milwaukee Assn of Com merce C. E. Pemizone American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Gen. Giorge B. Pilisbury United States Engineer Office Arthur Potterton Hudson County Safety Council ALBERT S. REGULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. LT COL Henry A. Reninger Lehigh Portland Cement Co. A. V. Rohweder Duluth Missabe & Northern Railway Co. D. L. ROVER Engineering Section G. E. Sanford General Electric Co. HENRY C. SCHAFFNER Eric Safety Council KARL G. Schoeffler Rahway Suety Council : Fam . . es Se ee aE ey OO al Nee 278g eA a2 ow ae, SES SY Oe Sone as OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Continued dn? Council rer cate + ... HARRY A. Schultz United States Steel Corp. ... ... Earl S. SmarTZER Ctica Safety Council GEN JOHN H. SHERBURNE Massachusetts Safety Council DR L. A. SHOUDY Bethlehem Steel Co. - Ernest L. Simonos New Haven Safety Council CARL L. SMITII Cleveland Saiety Council C. W. Smith Standard Oil Co. Ind EDWIN C. SMITH Blackstone Valley Safety Council WALTER DENT SMITH Delaware Safety Council W. A. Snow Construction Section R. T. SOLENSTEN Elliott Service Co. P. EARL SPITZER Contra Costa County Safety Council E. C. Spring Lansdale Pa GEORGE R. STEphens Safety Bureau Buffalo Chamber of ARTHUR M. TODE Consulting Marine Engineer HAROLD M. Toomns Refrigeration Section TAIL The fundamental pur Juman Jonal Safety Council life It seeks this ontinuous campaign of i jon that is nationwide b all types of hazardous Fetly or indirectly ren Itizenry It is a non sectarian and free t Commerceliations Since its orga has won respect as an istitution Geo G. TraveR Chicago Saiety Council Inseparable from accide W. TRENCH Schenectady Safety Council De Council's work in W. D. TURBEVILLE San Antonio Safety Council ROBERT R. WALLACE Worcester Safety Council onditions and preventin ases in American industi Dr. C. H. Watson American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry M. Webber Retired E. T. Wiliter Western Pennsylvania Safety Council 5. E. Writing Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Today there are 4.000 : enting every state 11 any the of Canadian pr te 400 foreign menibers hip includes WhitnEY National of A W. WhitnEY National Bureau of Willson Accident Prevention tion A. WilWillslsoonn Accident Accident PrevPreventeion ntion & Casualty EquEiquippmemnt ent Surety Underwriters Underwriters Manufacturers Underwriters ' rims includes includes inidnudstursitn rin individuals public Sechambers ManuMfacaturnersufacturers Sechambers of of commerce 70 WILSOx Section T. A. WILSOx Textile Section W H. Winans Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation ganizations ganizations AAbboouutt 70 ustrial concerns includin ompanies the oil com E. W. Wirth Rochester Safety Council ie railroads in the Un HARRY WISE SR Chattanooga Safety Council itomotive industry the and J. M. Woltz Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. inding importance in ou W. W. Wood Steam Railroad Section W. E. Wortit International Harvester Co. ial field : E. J. Earl C. L Zauft Saiety Bureau Duluth Chamber of Commerce Origin and Gr W. ZimmerMAN Safety Div Syracuse Chamber of Commere The history oof fthe Cou Cou Safety Council The history Zwi~ kSt. Joseph Safety Council 8 story is too long to 1 brief the First Co ongress was held under ssociation of Iron and ngineers in Milwaukee result the National Safe ganized in New York with fourteeirmeabe fourteeirmeabe st year the membersh : ; a pee separ, . Occupational Diseases FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 9 1936 es mae eSTte Te session was called to order by the sarman Dr. Hart E. Fisher Presisarman bee tent for Health National Safety Council and Chief Surgeon Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Chicago who presided introducing the speakers Agamee eee en Seedab TThhee Lesser Known Facts About Common Occupational Diseases o WR Ay By DR ROBERT B. HUNT ma Medical Advisor American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Boston Sey ~ ~ o> et saat . o - aiease, saat AETRS, TL REG eC Probably the leader in the parade of dustrial diseases is an acute or chronic Ematitisiammation of the skin which we call Ematitis This disease may present it a any type of shop factory or foun- All cases of dermatitis cannot be cured by eliminating o^-ending foods but further investigation along these lines may give us a clue with which to lessen the loss of time from work and the discom- E. Any paste powder gas or liquid Ech comes in contact with the em- fort now produced by industrial derma- titis pic,,en'sskin even the water supplied by te town in which he lives or works may e de potential cause of such a skin Erbance The wide diversity of causes together wz3a the varying susceptibility of differem individuals makes the problem of Iccol dificult way Moch investigation is under way to determine why one person may be sus- meble to a certain substance while an- ier is not It has been proved many es that a poisonous substance formed iathe body has been able to prolong the action started by some external influ- dermatitis A printer developed a marked dermatitis from ink which persisted for 5 years Finally food tests were made and showed that he was susceptible to ence which when removed from his diet cleared the skin He returned to his tical occupation without a return of symptoms The poisoning of allergic substances is sally an accumulative process It takes st to produce a manifestation of dis- Load Metals The distribution of lead poisoning is , quite extensive The skin of the body is a protective covering and as long as it remains intact it does a good job except in the case of tetraethyl lead which is used in blend- ing gasoline and which is readily absorbed through the skin having a tendency to create changes in the nervous system The effect of other forms of lead through that avenue of entrance is practically nil which explains the extremely low poisoning rate in typesetters painters and others who continually come in contact with metallic lead Lead in any form introduced through the mouth acts rather slowly when compared with the inhalation of lead dust or fumes However no matter what the portal of entry may be lead is acted upon by the body fluids and so converted that it may eventually be deposited with- in the bones e but let any other substance cause e disease and the irritating food may Those bony safe deposit retain their lead contents for of sumcient strength to magnify its action years and if the exposure may also free the employee . . 117 i ; vaults may days or for is removed of all signs ' es Ve Eyres es ee Sa ype Reeser n aess Sy" Sy Occupational Diseases Although the actions of various dusts differ within the body the exposure to asbestos fibres present in the weaving and grinding of dry asbestos material o^-ers another type of dust which may cause fatalities among workers hemorrhages are common it may cause death The fumes from benzol are heavier than air and lie near the floor which is an im portant point in the engineering prob- lem of ventilation The organic dusts wool tobacco flour from cotton and similar silk sub stances are practically harmless Such dusts rarely reach the lungs but may cause irritation of the windpipe and larg er air tubes and result at the most in a mild bronchitis The members of the benzene group are absorbed through the skin and more cases of poisoning are found when men perspire than when their bodies are cool Probably the answer to that is that the fumes may solidify as they cool and the powder may settle on the skin The The factor which should be borne in mind particularly when dealing with silicosis and asbestosis relates to the progression of such disease When changes occur within the lungs as a result of the presence of such dusts nature forms scar tissue to heal such lesions but may fail to stop when the job is finished Sweat on the body may dissolve this dust so that it is more readily absorbed through the increased surface blood supply Chlorinated Hydrocarbons This group of petroleum derivatives has been known to science for years but the: As a result the continuation of that heal- ing process may lead to such structural during the past decade its advance into the industrial field has been widely dis- msec changes within the lungs that partial or tributed and most important Led by total incapacity may follow months or carbon tetrachloride and its chemically as years after the employee has been re- associated members it has furnished in- Mus WWE TOE Sry moved from his dusty occupation dustry with refrigerants for ice chests excellent solvents for rubber wax oil Benzene ~ . and grease thinners for lacquers and a very fine household necessity for the re- Benzol is a distillate of coal tar used moval of spots from clothes Hospitals extensively in industry It is an essen- have been using it more and more for tial ingredient in the manufacture of ex- the removal of adhesive plaster arte: plosives It is an excelient solvent for grease oils and cements and because of Due to the flammability bon tetrachloride it is used in of carfire ex- that property it is important in many tinguishers The rapid evaporation pro- Codes phases of the rubber and cleaning indus- duces fumes which may smother a small ah tries In the manufacture of shoes ben- blaze but we must not forget that ex- $ zol may be an ingredient of the dressing cessive heat of the actual fire may bring applied to the leather and of the cement about combustion suficient to produce which fastens the heels and soles Not such biproducts as hydrochloric acid and only in the shoe trade but in other branches of industry where employees work with gummy sticky material the phosgene gas Like ber chloroform it when inhaled by an its associated mem- may produce sleep individual and only workers soon learn of the solvent and 1/350 of an ounce in a quart of air is compe prestat anne cleansing action of this liquid and use it freely for that purpose upon themselves The subsequent break of skin affictions may be the first indication of such unauthorized use necessary to produce such action That thought must be remembered when a large quantity of those liquid products is spilled on the floor perhaps accidentally Action should be started at once before -nt -"' es. 20 tOuds C : ee 7318 Benzol is extremely poisonous enter- ing ing either through the nose or mouth or absorbed through the skin Its action within the body is varied and may produce a multitude of signs and symptoms The bone marrow beconies affected which the liquid gasi^-es and employees should be notified to keep their heads up to avoid the low ceiling of gas Chemists have developed and intro- duced to industry many new products the basis of which is the chlorinated hy- in turn alters the character of the blood drocarbons These derivatives of petro- O i > 4 Twenty National SafetyCongress Congress 120 distillation are leum distillation are frequently others frequently frequently frequently combined others leum distillation frequently valua- from poisonous with chemical combinations combinations They ble chemical combinations market They have placed science so rapidly result Even of the danger of the damage poisonous poisonous done actually physical remote remote should that that by the gas physical damage period per product mar mar canless * . been that medical their physiological unable to physiological effect upon that Infection determine health man We known some these chemicals chemicals that of skin is protective covering upon Ped creating changes changes in the liver creating recently capable capable the tremely body against infection efficient efficient and covering is,, neess recently city Massachusetts Massachusetts Massachusetts one these newer products caused caused death but allow it long as remains remains pusebe broken broken or bath of employees employees and retain introduce introduce and bath working ensues between offensive of bate agencies infection the defensive powers the ge f es, Carbon Monoxide winning the winning such absence absence absence You remember the adage Where determine determine presence of absence comm.co a incapacity You is remember the fire adage throughout there We might Infections are CLE there smoke there fire " We there add Where industry two infection is particularly prominent infection amonrgesult- are carbon monoxide but from anthrax anthrax infection infection among This This poisonous gas may meat packers fishermen among wool occur odorless industry or poisonous any home but germs Tive in industry ventilation the better the Many our fur hair anthrax The animals disease the poorer producing physical that disease diseasceontract ordinary methods methods incapacity simal chance of advent of the motor sterilization sterilization may larger larger hides CUSSIO Since exhaust pipe may pour forth caasr long bristles wool sorters periods sorters periods time time and or bristle whose whose exhaust exhaust carbon Tanners monoxide we are introduce bristle high exposed to that gas workers introduce anthrax anthrax spore spore health exposed cities The particularly in crowded liberates about ordinary passenger two cubic beneath their and suffering undergo undergo much physical and sometimes sometimes much 23 minute and feet per one can readily estimate the are frequently frequently found Infections packers packers and engaged among minute damage that may be done if physical deep deep SC3 fishing Although engaged such motor motor allowed to run within the such doors of poorly ventilated rarely occurs and occurs loss Although death fingers hands Fortunately shop serious garage or cases of such Punctured septic wounds are result Punctured wounds wounds . abrasions abrasions poisoning are not common employed employed among those and scratches potential avenues public garages but those employees are complain complain entrance entrance avenues seem seem for bacteria everywhere everywhere all of headache headache likely to complain faintness at the weather weather weather be times for such waiting everywhere break everywhere Early day's work especially especially colder when closed medical medical treatment treatment might o often ften later all ere doors doors windows remain used surgical interference interfernce often mention the In In the industry where accompanying accompanying not incapacity incapacity and as as heating agency agency used thbelasblatst fpurorvid-e naces naces must must perhaps part the discomfort discomfort essential essential body an essential and Within the mines loss of Summary proper ventilation workers workers Within enough time part. essential body warned warned allow following blasts blasts for escape this time gas. escape escape this employer employer must must Being Being colorless action within less less gas quick the answers answers the How demand questions questions when ^'n your product product affect man man body manifestation manifestation the very business business will your product ; manifestation late to first workman from partial partial total total save health will your . product affect the workman perhaps death OF total incapacity incapacity health That employer or perhaps Because suffers answers answers is entitled honest honest sed upon Because from answers motor examinations first unable help paralysis may questionable physiological physiological examinations manufacturer unable unable himself even even warn questionable questionable product That manufacturer . to himself cr ie: questionable questionable " to warn questionable 000067 000067 the ie Product - 000067 000067 should periods tonles: mo. Pp have - eagle upon The nesss grvest! work through Creuse thy 1 866-8 P. 4 . Ghee ad ad re ane ual ol. cd. we re Occupational Diseases 121 se held responsible for the ills dustry has been made proof by the s. by the use of his product and substitution of toxic preparations for : con guarantee its safety it has those now found to be harmful and when in industry Too many lives each employee is bued with the idea ve een lost or jeopardized by too that constant thoughtfulness and care are wie owledge of a product's action most necessary for the maintenance of sch Rose who handle it health and happiness then and not un- . The incidence of lost time due to ill- til that idealistic stage has been reached uss m^ injury in industry has been may vigilance and perseverance to main- meg) essened by the many agencies tain and preserve health limb and life Tenang Tenang along lines of safety When in- be lessened 4 } . iz Employment Examination as an Aid to the Control of i Industrial Diseases i: By DR W. C. TEMPLER ; Medical Director Corning Glass Works Corning N. Y. { may well ask whether or not phy sa amination is of any value to the voric at large rather than limit the disj 01 to the control of industrial di- zices In the conservation of life and smit much progress has been made in i} te ication or control of such diseases as or in epidemic form as well as ! $$ care of disease which is not truly idic but occurs in such frequency at general health programs are neces- . Much has been done to control (} such disabling illnesses as heart disease sclerosis kidney disease and dia } ees and something has been accom- ; susant in the control of morbidity which do do at least make people happier { Srezer good health even though an in- $j aszi span of life is not gained j Patsical examination has played a large mie in accomplishing these things be- sert was through physical examination ' And puysical observations that investiga- Yor vare led to exert themselves to find 5 1 tedy for the cause of such condiwe ts Small is no longer prevalent taten se x such observations which led to beste 3 snol by vaccination Malaria and taintAtri Telic fever have been brought largely de control and knowledge is now araziale in the control of venereal di- cases if the proper physical examination and laboratory methods are used to arrive 22 2 Eagnosis We are all familiar with esults esults obtained in decreasing the death rate due to tuberculosis In fact in the treatment of all epidemic diseases that have so far been eradicated the examination of patients to determine the severity of symptoms and the improvement has been of foremost value Knowing that the average span of life has been increased eight years in the last quarter century and assuming that the above mentioned factors have had some bearing on it could we decry the value of physical examinations for the general population If we know that examinations made by insurance companies and their associating examining institutions the clinics run by the United States Public Health Service and the great mass of physicians who all carefully examine their clientele have been of value in the control of disease may we not assume that examinations in industry will help control the incidence industrial and extent of disease particu- larly when the life expectancy of in- dustrial workers is less than that of the general population In fact on April 14 1936 at the National Conference on Silicosis and Similar Dust Diseases called by the Secretary of Lahor Dr. R. R. Sayers of the United States Public Health Service said Pre- liminary and psical anr d oent_- __ genological examination should be made of all employees engaged in industrial processes where there is a potential if K 000068 . 7 i, Rs BY: ! . 308 y | { ts } : nm an ' 5 i, . Twenty National Safety Congress not actual exposure to excessive concen- trations of silica in the atmosphere Naturally in the early work of industry only basic materials were used ingredients had not arrived at a state of development and complexity when intricate chemical compounds and other toxic materials were even known of much less used At the present time over 500 materials are listed which can under certain conditions cause industrial disease and the list is by no means complete inasmuch as experimental work is being done by the personnel of practically every plant or industry to improve or enlarge its manufactured products by taking advantage of the great amount of knowledge science has given us Industrial examinations are of two kinds First the employment examination which consists of a very careful history not only of the family but also of the previous occupatious with length of service in each previous health and illnesses and present habits Naturally such a history is of no value unless truth- fully given and a reasonable amount of time must be taken to acquire details which are often vague in a workman's mind or considered by him to be unim portant The physical examination of course varies with the type of industry and should be given with the knowledge of what the man's exact occupation is to be and by a physician familiar with the industrial processes in which he is to be employed In this way selected employ- ment can be obtained for men who have some basic disqualification for one job but which does not impair their ability for useful employment and the conserving of health in another The physical examination must be thorough It should include all methods of determining that is already tion forms are a latent disability or one present Many examina- available from insurance companies or other health services which have been designed entirely for industrial work It has been the experience of men interested in this work that all the special senses of the body must be tested as well as the measurement of motion in all joints The vascular system is of great importance as is the respiratory and intestinal tract examination and periodical checks because of particular industrial hazards must be correlated as to time spent ; . the hazard although a period of one .. is perhaps proper for persons who fo in good health and have no complaint complaint impair or who are not working in toxic gy: stances or with other materials which would under some conditions their health and usefulness . The objectives of employment employment and employment examinations are same that is the establishment of industrial employe physical standard in which the employe can pursue his trade or labor having to discomfort or ill effect due to . exposure to products and mentioned of harmful products materials are as we great number and Sad have variery Attempts rdy workmen have as to been made to classy age sex color and classy tionality Whether or not any of them classifications are of value it still remains that the primary effort is to have healty workmen and the benent is of as grizz value to the workman as to the industry The benefits of individual and community ~ Ne. } Ted ve jj 3, JerOL ws2 vel good health are numerous and obvion ,? and the benents of good health to industry are equally important The employee wa be more productive receive higher wags and be happier The labor over re because of poor health will be lowered as will the costs of insurance The working personnel will be more efficient and cm- tented and will dislike to be exposed the overt acts of people who are epileptic epileptic insane or who disregard communicabi disease and will use their endeavors 23 work safely among hazards been taught to respect they ham The harmful exposure to each hazard is of course different ranging from a few days as for example an acute poisomat from toxic gases to that of 15 or 23 years in some of the less toxic cust: therefore the perio^ before examizau examizau for each class of employee will be ~ ferent However individuals di^-er also and it is hard to state a definite period which may be satisfactory for each ex ployee in a single class of hazard Sanz- visors can often be of great value in sen~ - ing employees out for physical examin tion whenever there is a change in ate fernce or work ability wirowear Dave been off on account of some less diagnosed commo Meh as those l^grippe cough as sore Gold cough l^grippe Such = sore throat or sk observations shoul gitation shoul =6f 000009 000009 Occupational Discases 123 ed where there is not a ed aye, and they are of the time greatest T = the early determination of a to or the beginning of an We fortunate in having had a large eatce of research work done on in- diseases until at the present time ue: from acetaldehyde to zinc are together with the processes in wee hey cause and an estimate of the soz of exposure in nearly every case ry to produce symptoms It is . tz not too much of a problem for an > ed physician to accumulate a sup- - i ach knowledge particularly when etimes etimes the processes involved during ge tot nufacturing procedure of his inscr. It thus becomes relatively a = matter of observation together oh: * mamination for specific signs or ee sypums at the time of the periodical resemination to obtain some degree of ae come of the hazard ' We cannot discuss the benefits of pre- WA iment examination and periodic reation without mentioning some of Mad the sijections to it If a man has a dis- ary he naturally is anxious to keep it GS toself and in Gase workman some cases we find is disinterested to a CAEBRE pomat pomat he would rather not know of 1 Exbility even though he has it Certa cial groups regard each man as ems! to employment whether he is perly fit or not on the assumption thisdustry hires labor not health and the ta rejection because of physical dis- 0d Wer causes a class of artisans to become 8 Merafced against and become charity 60 ot es It is also alleged that the quality that cal service in industry is such SANS the that results of examinations are mis- hE => and of no value Another objec- woke dained is voiced by labor unions it being AE dained that employment examina- labor are used to discriminate against OA labor union workers or members Many ghey leaders realize however that pre- aber Enticement examination and periodical ck are the only means of prevent- ahiPEST Bz sability from certain industrial Competent and honest medical service CE service renders all these objections quite impotent for if an endeavor is made to properly place employees such a small percentage is finally rejected and that percentage is so obviously unfit to work that no minded person can fail to see the justice of it These objections however are being noticed by legislative bodies and in one State a law is in force which says It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this State in enacting this article to prohibit through every law- ful means available any requirement as a requisite to employment which compels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming within the purview of this article to undergo a medical examina- tion This statement is in a paragraph labeled Prevention of Silicosis and Other Dust Diseases and the logic of it is entirely understandable even at the present time there is no means available to enforce the though lawful stated policy If physical examinations are of benent to the population at large they certainly must be to the industrial workers who may be exposed to special hazards periodical check examinations are necessary in any hazardous work or trade in order to protect the workers as well as the industry and the benefits to the workers of proper and minded ex- aminations in all ordinary cases outweigh the objections I have purposely omitted any reference to the economics of employment and periodic examination which apply either to the individual or the industry However one of the great public health problems of today is the question of the cost of medical care If industry assumes some of this cost by periodical examination in connection with the prevention of industrial disease it relieves the individual of this responsibility and allows more room in his budget for the care of his family The bene^-tsto industry of course are those of a better personnel and a lower rate of insurance This rate due to industrial disease hazards is in many States very high and the logical conclu- sion is that the real remedy lies in the rf prevention of Industrial disease of and which method one employmnet I believe is pre- periodical examinations 000070 9 ootiatie oo tn tm a te bn Pv. Gam ae nalet Pe tSC TOWwee3 ee 124 Twenty National Safety Congress What Can the Engineer Do to Eliminate the the Hazards of Occupational Diseases By REUEL C. STRATTON Supervising Chemical Engineer The Travelers Insurance Co. Hartford Come If I were asked ^ anthe engineer pre- While the vent the majority of occupational disease vidual vidual problem confronting se 36) cases my answer would be yes Ob- safety engineers varies accordin to the accordin viously with the exception of those industry there are certain ie diseases brought about through a sudden mentals commen to all such which problems problems or accidental contact with provide a workable basis material or a virulent a poisonous which an occupational disease co organism if the producing program may be developed prevention Once exposure were controlled by engineering technique then there fundamentals are set in motion thes safe towari a would be no occupational disease muchworking environment contiscas 5 The engineer must the same whether the engine is rely upon the medical director to place engaged with a large organization or wi individuals a small one The fundamentals folow follow capable of working in hazardous occupa- sequence this tions and to assist him in controlling 1 An occupational disease inventory these individuals through periodic physical is required examinations when the men are exposed 2 A plan for to occupational disease hazards but the correction of the ee engineer alone is responsible for posures shown by the inventory requins generation of harmful reducing development substances and for the control of employees contact with 3 A concentrated major exposures attack upon e following processes using harmful materials until all first throug The ascribing of many and new are corrected or eliminated occupa- tional diseases to industrial environment An inventory of all materials used > a plant will astound the has produced a problem for him The average 5 engineer generally works with materials He will find many items about which e which he can see but the study of in- may have little or no knowledge Es dustrial disease control may be confronted with items he bad at may require the handling of invisible materials It is a recognized previously even though he b common fault to focus attention been associated with the plant per upon one per object to such an extent that others of many years When this inventory is cru- equal importance may thereby be rele- plete he should card index it plating bea gated to obscurity Today safety en- against the name of the material the gineers and industrial hygienists are con- hazard associated with it both from 1 material and a centrating their attention upon diseases process viewpoint Sai caused by the inhalation of dust but I a card index should contain the com do not believe the safety engineer is war- ponent parts or constituency of c ranted in confining himself to the pounds preven tion of diseases caused by dust alone His Process exposures should be studied consideration should extend to include all conjunction with hazardous matena's materials produced in Assistance in compiling such data may be any they may cause an effect manner that obtained in the bulletin Occa upon a worker The question of whether a material Hazards and Diagnostic Signs presarci as a gas a vapor or exists by Dublin and Vane of the Metrosau particle size and a dust is but one of chemical make = Life Insurance Company and in a ppab cation of the United States Public He He must not forget diseases are produced that many such by exposure to Service Public Health Bulletin No. Incest The Potential vapors and gases as well as to dust and that the control of these industrial diseases Hygiene Hygien the Problems of Incest in Typical Industrial Ares * nited Hygiene Industrial may be brought about by the application States b"te of certain fundamental principles addition the engineer should b" to all common all available information upon the dh or the stm terials he is required to study Noo Ce GS ct: st Occupational Diseases chemicals solutions dusts degreasing agents condensation products paints lac- quers dyes abrasives and other products too numerous to mention are being placed upon the market daily and the average engineer's knowledge of their possible effects upon health is slight Academic research determining the effect of these new materials upon humans is progressing slowly and serious injuries may be sustained in industrial application long before the toxicologist is able to determine the properties of the material and the maximum permissible amount to which a worker may be exposed In seeking this information it is essential to determine in so far as possible the maximum permissible amount of contaminants which may exist in a work place without causing an occupational disease Armed with this information the en- gineer is in a position locate properly in his own plant the process and the operation in which the exposure may exist The engineer should study together with the plant physician the length of employment of exposed individuals and they should jointly determine the normal expectancy or average length of employment for the specific exposure From such data may be developed a factor of safety and the maximum allowable period of employment in certain areas may be assigned Naturally this study should be focused upon the more hazardous locations first and when these are corrected attention turned toward minor conditions Housing One of the most important considerations in attempting to control occupational disease is housing Whenever practical any hazardous manufacturing process should be separately housed and isolated every effort should be made to arrest harmful substances vapors or gases their source of generation Buildings should be so constructed that accumulations of dust may be avoided When physical separation of depart- _ ments is required such physical divisions should be dust or vapor tight Floors should be tight to prevent transfer of materials to floors or departments below The engineer should give study to the complete enclosure of machinery or process units as individual units and if so required vent each one separately The transfer of hazardous operations into the open air does not always eliminate the danger in fact it may increase the number of workers affected Process Revision To reduce transpor tation of materials and exposure to harm ful substances it is desirable to have all processes mechanically continuous and if possible enclosed When this cannot be accomplished suitable physical divisions should be provided The engineer should consider the substitution of wet processes for dry processes providing at the same time for the disposal of the moist collected material in a safe place He should consider the substitution of automatic operations for hazardous hand work or machine work A change of abrasive material will often reduce the quantity of dust produced I can thought cite can an example of how a little cure a hazardous machine operation with little or no expense A plant producing a finely pulverized material created large amounts of dust in bagging the material using porous sacks This high concentration of dust not necessarily toxic inconvenienced the workers The cost of ventilating the department would have been prohibitive By careful study the engineer determined that the fall of the material into the sacks forced the air out through the interstices of the material carrying with it a quantity of the pulverized product His problem thus was to provide a means whereby this air could be harmlessly expelled from the sack prior to filling Study led him to suggest and apply the use of a collapsed paper bag which contained little or no free air The problem was solved Dust generation was practically eliminated by this simple change Many hazardous processes in ordinary manufacturing operations may be cured in like manner if the engineer exercises his ingenuity Ventilation Proper ventilation is of paramount importance in the control of any occupational exposure Most of the chief occupational diseases other than dermatitis arise through the inhalation or the ingestion of foreign material If ventilating equipment can reduce the concentration of contaminating materials to a safe limit the problem is solved The en- gineer should study each process_sep- process_separately and ventilate each separately It is seldom wisq to rely upon general ven- wer orm = et REST sae de r. NIEbe www ragea a ote vi rT BL. Can 8 we Be RALAPO z BAe & SALDB oe ace Xwatri Twenty National Safety Congress tilation Instead high velocity ventilating ever the LANE apparatus should be installed functioning as closely to the point of generation of taining engineer interested in as not only exposure but also = Te the harmful substance as is ciency of contral should realize contrai possible cannot be fully effective nor the efficienes Individual machines should be SO of any protective equipped troduced if possible to prevent Baffles may be inair stream disturb- out scientific work device determined w tests Assumption gres MEA ances or to increase the intake unscientific procedure or apprpoagrraamt at the nozzle efficiency Down have no place in an engineering be should be preferred for the Systems The engineer must test each step unless collection of has been previously proved = carefully al dust or gases of high specific gravity Even after culating in advance to avoid false the installation of exhaust tion protez- systems the engineer must study the type of maintenance required to keep them operating at peak emciency Nozzles should not be permitted to become covered nor moved out of proper position Exhaust piping must be kept dust tight Blower em ciencies must be constantly checked to insure that intake velocities are proper The best ventilating system is a false protection if it does not function properly or if it is so poorly maintained that it falls below its designed rating The engineer must exercise ex treme care to provide a clean source of replacement air for the work place He may find it necessary to install filtering and heating devices The engineer must study the proper disposal of the collected counts He must be familiar with dust air sampling and chemical analysis nique having such determinations tecz made by established and proper methods E such tests are beyond the scope of b ability or equipment and if the enginee considers such tests absolutely essential then his executives should permit him obtain experts qualified to make g such Th veys as his problem may require Th need for an accurate engineering approach to any control measure cannot be ore emphasized Conclusion Every engineer realizes control of any industrial disease exposure is divided part of such control f ing within the jurisdiction of the indus- or expelled material to be positive it will not drift back into the work place Employee Protection While the pri- mary engineering means of protection against possible occupational diseases should be mechanical correction the engineer will find instances where even the best systems must be supplemented by individual protection He must carefully study such exposures to provide the highest efficiency of protection yet obtain a trial physician and part within his ow engineering province Medical knowle...sz is invaluable in the detection of earr symptoms and in the administration suitable preventive treatment The ex gineer should gladly obtain of an industrial physician the services to make a study of the plant to assist in the class fication of the hazardous operations a an nd d working locations By such coordination he will speed control of the exposure device easy for the operator to wear con- Each individual occupational disease tinuously When the engineer has been successful in obtaining such a device he must educate workers to use it exposure must be studied analyzed and controlled individually While gesz data may be available upon common e- Sanitation Clean washing facilities and toilets should be provided Lunch rooms should be not only clean but also well lighted and attractive and should be un der the supervision of the plant physician Scientific Tests Up to this point the engineer has deduced that an exposure exists and from accumulated data has devised his means of prevention How- posures the solution can be found only in individual treatment Such exposu cannot be compared to ordinary saiet engineering efforts A circular saw is a circular saw wherever it may be opera ing but industrial disease exposure van within plants and certainly varies between between different manufacturing establishments even though they product of article may produce a . et . + -~- ADJOURNMENT ; x, _ " Tred Soler ane Ek eH 4 \2 ye a] Tyta t 3~2eau n Protective Equipment Equipment Use Dusts Fumes Gases PHILIP There @ppears to be as to the dist; By Boston DRINKER wrongly There There some confusion confusion as distinction between dusts vapors mists the fumes vapors respiratory gases pro- result against equipment pro- them occasionally occasionally for facturers have many examples are facturers misunderstandings misunderstandings misunderstandings errors which fusion in result solely from Carthy by Dusts nomenclature include nomenclature types dry carthy particles particles small enough blown about a ordinary ordiennaroyu.cg urrentsh .currents Dust suspen- suspen- delsisn;g sgiroinndisng may be generatt ed comh minuting e comminuting prresoul-t inadequate , fumes gas gaseous containing both constituent require a gas absorbant filter filter catch catch drop- the catch Therefore usu- the usu- microscop- grinding blasting cess they may from the han- dling of finely materials materials as lens, mixing processes sweeping sweeping the processes of wood plant lbleonwsing about road dust chemical limitation limitation implied implied the term %chemical while the range to dust extends can particles small extends the microscop- sand grains ic be caught caught effectively materials can effectively type of respirator modern embrace definite kinds fate atmospheric atmospheric suspensions definite unfortu suspensions naming exists gaseous happens that the respirator cus- A vapor vapor liquid can liquildiquid ordinary ordinary tempera- tempera- constituent constituent in common concentrations contained contained water vapor the vary vary concentrations concentrations which term protective grey concentrations arising lead arising equipment concentrations great common ' The without the lead any gaseous word " fume gas and mist fuming *** the have example suspension dry suspension suspension ( liquid true yet may have all the it droplets droplets thick brownish brownish sulfuric Ly liqui liquiff rormomchemical chemical supply Supply house activated charcoal as gas There is small respirator which the activated activated charcoal charcoal such benzol which low used acid material very ited for emergency emergency rescue form A mist suspension consists consists suspension gas col- quid the droplets droplets monest condensed house monest example is atmospheric gas example condensed, The Cxaniple js atmospheric atmospheric fog atmospheric com. abe ates math te dathe or fens Vote, ene wee ee os ete Twenty National Safety Congress Droplets of mist are necessarily microscopic in size or they would not remain in suspension As soon as several droplets collide and form a large drop the liquid settles out Therefore it is possible to dispel a true mist very readily by simply stirring up the ventilation or dilution is unnecessary Mist droplets can be filtered out by ordinary dust respirators is the visible portion of a fog is easily removed by filtration the gaseous constituent may pass through the filter If the mist happens to be corrosive to fabrics the resultant effect upon a dust respirator is bad Paint spraying generates a mist and a certain amount of vapor Protec- tion usually consists of an line respirator but it is not at all uncommon to use cartridge respirators containing acti- vated charcoal and a filter A gas contains no solid or liquid particles under ordinary atmospheric condi- tions The filter units of any of the conimon makes of respirators are ineffective against gases Respiratory pro- tective equipment which catches gases al ways consists in some chemical agent which either absorbs the gas or converts it into some other substance which can be absorbed Because one can rarely be sure of the gas concentration to be encountered it is common practice in ex ploring man holes for instance to use devices supplied with air or oxygen in order that the wearer may be safe regardless of the conditions he finds The gas mask however and its outgrowth the chemical cartridge respirator have a definite place in industry and are in wide use today The U. S. Bureau of Mines has helped in the manufacture and use of respiratory protective equipment greatly by its issuance of specifications for permissible equipment Their present schedules do not include the supplied respirators such as those used in paint spraying or sand blasting but both the Burcau and the American Standards Association will issue such specifications presently Discussion following the address was based on these points 1. What protection is provided against a dangerous accumulation of air pressure in the ordinary fresh air hose mask The heimet is not rigid Air will leak out long before a dangerous pressure accumulates or a safety link provided in some types of hose mask will blow out 2. Would a protective mask approved for lead dusts filter out zinc oxide Yes However almost any type of mask will filter out zinc oxide since these particles are easily trapped 3. Will the simple face mask filter out ordinary smoke or will it absorb it It is impossible to answer such a ques- tion There are as many types of ordinary masks as there are ordinary dusts A mask must be purchased to fit a specifie need This is not difficult however since all types are available curs several inour the iura en~ layed On outsmand~- that i Sir WIT the e protat ves stamsical catta Cotension traat intresiantrdesad prooduc eye This was omance cit fegnt that the iran ul the tro Alsi he ranun wber addec to absomer co the discoveries Paten facture of .200 .200 thoum full ad~- mediately ceco - Out the radiations wer subretter tour. Therst stamined 0:00 e sear Atery Atery mape mape by on cere ft with shor a = on on frequent frequent Pal almuga Glass Used for the Protection of the Eyes Against Injurious Radiation By E. D. TILLYER Southbridge Mass The effect of excess visible light on the eye is immediately felt If there is too much anyone except the sun gazu.s .m mediately turns away closes the eyes or seeks some kind of relief There is a tendency to use too dark glasses in weld- ing inherited from the days when even the blackest glasses gave practically no protection from the insidious invisible radiations A proper rule is use a shade number which gives good immediately comfortable vision and insist that this glass give protection against the invisible radiations The effects of the violet and the intra radiations noticed as the visible not as quickly We cannot say as we said for the visible get good im- . mediately comfortabl^'visjon because the of first noticed effect the violet oc- De st on a) te eis cages or in a oiar7S in . :: : : 14 o. tase 301530 ' oer zor 5 bound to be se in handling which in handling int to more tha be added to the General Round Table portance fit the y among dif foot should be the proper size THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 8 1936 curate and simple can be obtained er who sells the er feet have dis ir new shoes N 35 a large assort rs hammers and sing shoes The shoes other tha asionally hurt the hardly to be er : a number of em Round Table sponsored by the American Society of Safety The Safety Exchange EngineeringEngineering Section National Safety Council was designed to provide to ask questions concerning their accident 2? F Engineers opportunity for all Congress delegates opportunity and value to others in the audience an and and to present information of of interest problems 5 Panel participants participants included Cyril Ainsworth Ainsworth American Standards Association I. Banash Consulting Enginee Chicago H. N. Blakeslee NNeewwNew York City J. New York City H. J. Griffith Jones & Laughlin Steel American Petroleum Institute American C. B. Boulet Wisconsin Public Service Corp. Milwaukee Roy M. Graff National Bureau Corp. Pittsburgh Electric Electric Co. Philadelphia Wesley M. Godwin Philadelphia Dan Harrington U. S. Bureau Sof Casualty and Surety Underwriters New York City Industrial Commission of Wisconsin aladison Mines Washington D. C R. McA Keown ing an occasional fit the shoe from ik Make sure that omes in the proper hich is the wide le starts to narrow Bg aladison Koppers Coal Co Pittsburgh Dr. E. G. Meiter Employers T. ,T. E. Lightfoot Casualty Casualty and Surety Co. Hartford Conn Mutuals Milwaukee W. S. Paine Aetna Ralston Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Pittsburgh D. L. Royer Ocean Sanford General Electric Co. Accident Schenec E Guarantee Corp. New York City G. E. Hartford Conn R. F. and udy N. Y Reuel C. Stratton Travelers Insurance Co. Mutual Insurance Thalner Buick Motor Co. Flint Mich and S. E. Whiting Liberty ure that will are elimina| 6tted Thalner Boston and also director of ClydsaefetWy .deSpmairtthmengteneSrtaalndcahradirOmialn Coof. tIhendsponsorinig spaonnasorCinhgicgargoouppresided the for . pe of shoe S- ander which it composition hen worn in ap se Oak leather _ sily when they quickt All leather quickt .. eee Chairman y Smith We will try to anver all the questions we can in the time y have ; One asfer Assuming | question submitted is that the voltage is the same both circuits is a D. C. circuit more dangerous than an A. C. circuit from the fitted oes wever wever be 7 at and acid acid sot Will water and any safet,, safet,, an safety 100 with with view Ferris Ferris : Bell Telephone Labora- ten years ago the Bell Telephone System investigation System entered into a coopera- investigatioinnvestigation of of electrical electrical shock with DeUnpiaverrtsimtyent University bom f from : Department University was to that that Physiology of of Columbia investigathis The objecotbject of this investiga- chain chain chain fundamental informa- serve as a basis for de- elopment mightbetter protective measures " practices Last summer before the meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers we gave the results of that investigation in a paper by Doctors Williams and King of Columbia Mr. Spence and myself of the Laboratory I am glad to repeat these insofar as question they apply to this In our study we were primarily con- cerned with the effects of electrical cur- rents on the heart I say current because * we found that the current is much more ey significant in its effects than the intensity - to of the voltage As we raise the value a current be- ginning at a low value and increasing it where its in steps we come a point effect on the heart is very dangerous 0000.5 2 ian) Safety Exchange 157 7 working con get quite a : much favor entlemen that the most im of you face hen we think mechanism sville conver id there Cer tall plant m I eew veohrardveyers duty hon ry considered all the facts and my A fellow working on this platform acci- "S ( ^' > to you are that there shall not be accidents and I dently fell backward and hit a piece of any more mean wheniron He broke his neck and died within the management takes that point of view employee understands It then be- ten or fifteen minutes would all That is why I comes a of the plant rails say scaffolds should have guard 4 The organization & foreman is the man who is closest to the 67 men and who should direct them in- Chairman Ainsworth When should Stelligently He is the man who explains brakemen ride or when should they not bee everything to the men Why should the ride on switch engines used in yards to Sy men have to go to the bulletin board to move cars F find out what they should do Mr. Hanko No. as far as the yard s and a boot overn the eoperty You and you have some special ecial instruc ership of you s of the big -T E. Lightfoot Koppers Coal Co. 2Pittsburgh : I don't think that you can disregard getting any of these various means of getting information to the men Personal contact of course is the most important and whether you have the gift of an bos fellow rator or the gift for button holing a and telling him what you know it crew is concerned they don't have any right in the engines That is why we have foot boards on the wings Only the firemen and the engineers are permitted in the cabs Chairman Ainsworth Is efficient way to safeguard a paper cutter there any guillotine ^ can put this lars but this are is alsan has influence e someone in be a beloved st but this * imation to the eadership and el with you etings a trai do a real job estion similar lay and som ad table here the said they a by word hey would ma7 e that i throuch M at many tr look look thenay thenay givet givet 55 seem to make a great deal of dif- dfaoenerosetnnh'ceter | You can't ditch one in place of " putSome ay men have to be button holed to the information across and others are ved by oratory if you wish to call it 227 PS a a means 2 the to * wouldn'twouldn't entirely Wether where where At the same time bulletin boards and of that type have their place It broad subject and it is a deep subtheand you have to tackle it according type of men you have to deal with Many in this audience have types of men to deal wouldn't put up one method Our thought is use where they apply with but I against the them all- the De g indusCthrayirman iy Ainsworth What should safe"ty engiennegerineer do to control dust iin n : ote Milwaukee Milwaukee safety ia 1 industry * eping G. Meiter Employers Mutuals Milwaukee One of the first things that engineer can do to prevent dust industry is to institute a good house wt rkess an in in and a program of order- the plant requires Th7 at 7 . requires requires a continued to continued program and Chairman carried colds Ainsworth or out at fever heat for , two and then forgotten fs colds regardless Should all md rails . : Clas t Macessen regardless of of their their use have Pit sburgh : Macessen Hanko Pittsburgh anghad few would on years some wo rafuld Steel Co Pa.1 The experience experience experience that I would make ago make me say yes Some we had a platform used some two feet from the as ground Mr. Royer I have had this problem a number of times and I don't know the answer to it Practical printers and paper cutters will assure you that if you have a reliable repeat clutch so that the knife will not descend when the workman's hand is under it and then if you pull down your holding bar or a similar mechanism with your foot you can't have amputation The high speed jobs where the bar and the knife descend under power are protected by handed devices and I should say that they are rea- sonably safe The guillotine paper cutter that causes me to worry is the old timer The clutches may repeat and they are not equipped with handed devices and I certainly wouldn't like to put my hands under the knife I was hoping that some practical paper cutter or printer in the audience might say what he thought about it Walter A. Gleason Hammermill Paper Co. Erie Pa That depends on whether it is a mechanical device or is electrically operated Of course we know that with the old mechanicism there was an addi- tional device that had to be released with one atul On the electrical or the more modern devices these are buttons and connected in series so that the operator 1 ipulate two di^-erent points lave an donm teat ver Is it true that you cannot jury when the holding bar is t he stock The printers say pussille Do you know whether a b ~ eA me ~ sem. SAT JE dete2 aeinds ee St Swe -e as we FIT, ey =.) oe a cool e KAT ' gelal qyanea ae. f aleff me SN: : beatpnc-asempnghe to we se. aces t to > mee & Congress . American Society of Safety of sufficient 5, prestige zardous flying in his his section'd section'd Engineering Section 1. Cone of the Bureau Washington D. C. discussing 2" discussing n finder expressed the fe Itimate solution would 1 the direction be bel finde tae of radio finde sund and the radio General Officers 1935-36 Oil Chicago zed the need of obtaining in supporting the establish litional aids pub establish a, 1. Lederer of the Aero Insu writers New York City City sup 1. Barker's contention of regard and ety of air transportation that even the traveling nefited by the more rapid es deair as goods and peoplpeeople He transportation transportation air transportation accelerataceceslerates of wealth wealth for everybody everybody n General Chairman W. SMITH Standard Oil Co. Ind Chicago I " | Chairmen C. B. BOULET Wisconsin Public Service Corp. Milwaukee Wis . D. L. ROYER Ocean Accident and Guaranty Corp. New York N. Y. t Secretary Members W DEAN KEEPER National Safety Council Chicago Ill Members Members at Large- Association New York Y. Members > 4 CYRIL AINSWORTE American Standards Association New York N. C. B. Aur Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co. East Pittsburgh Pa 1. BANASH Consulting Engineer Chicago Ill New York N. E.E. W. .H R. BECK United States Rubber Union Carbide BINLER Union Carbide and Products Inc. Carbon Corp. Carbon Corp. New New New York York York N. N. Y. Y. Metroplman Metropolman * Chapter n unanimously approved Col -4../8. W F. Bo UNERJ. B. Stetson Co Philadelphia Pa Philadelphia Chapter ggestion that a resolution ! E W. BULLARD E. D. Bullard Co. San Francisco Calif San Francisco Chapter d submitted to the Executive of the National Safety Cousel R. E. DONOVAN Standard Oil Company of California San Francisco Calif Roy M. GODWix Philadelphia Electric Company Philadelphia Pa Philadelphia al approval with the sugger incoming pe New pies be sent to the House | the Senate and of ves Mr. Lederer Mr.Mr.Mr. Ald. Cambridge Ainsworth fr Ainsworth were authorized E. tite resolution which mai 27Chapter W. M. GRAFF National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters York Y. R. MCA KEOWN Industrial Commission Wisconsin Madison Wis EVERETT F. KING Lever Brothers Co. Mass Boston Chapter wo Keen Philadelphia Philadelphia J. Keen Philadelphia Co. PPiittttssbbuurrgghh Pa . WesWestern tern PenPnensnysyllvvaanniiaa SaSfafeettyy CouCnoucnciill ollows . M G. LLOYD National Bureau of Standards Washington D. C. i^-dence in i^-dence in air air transport and adequate airport pro- he several States can in of an tion guarantee safety by the to the materially be urged to materialli y n augurate an airport progra ments and That the United and provide necessary trans with n be rendered together oward simplification of fight CE RALSTON Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Pittsburgh Pa Y. JOHN JOHN S. JOHN REGULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. New York N. Y. Public Service Electric Electric Newark N. Northern RUSSELL Jr Public Service Electric & Gas Co. Newark N. J. Northern eet - Jersey Chapter G. E. SANFORD General Electric Co. Schenectady N. Y. - $s H. S. SMITH Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. New York N. THALNER Flint Hartford R. C. Pe F. Insurance The Travelers THALNER Buick Motor Company Flint Mich Conn S. E. WRITING Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Boston Mass ; of: WILLIAM WILLIAM P. YANT U. Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Pa . Sti eeWIL AM? Fe eae > Saas New New eo . States be urged to promote ' of 5 projects state planning - ation concerning aeronautical . Officers Elected for 1936-37 eau Washington D. C. ection of omcers the meeting meeting - ed ral Chairman L. Rover Ocean Accident and Guarantee Com New York Y. Chairman Chairman B. E. BOLLET Wisconsin DONGVAN Standard Public Service Corp. Oil Company of California Mulwaukee Wis San Francisco -: Calif gretary W DEAN SEFER National Safety Council Chicago Il 5, ay: ie +. ua Ht ca . ~~: 192 _ Tecenty National Safety Congress America Members at Large CYRIL AINSWORTHI Anierican Standards Association New York N. Y. Developr C. B. AUEL Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co. East Pittsburgh J. I. BANASI Consulting Engineer Chicago Ill Pa E. W. BECK United States Rubber Products Inc. New York Y. R. BINLER Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. New York Y. Chapter ( Metropolitan E. W. H. F. BULLARD E. D. Bullard Co. San Francisco Calif San Francisco GILBERT American Chapter Roy M. GODWIN Cyanamid Co. Linden N. J. New Chapter Jersey Chapter Chapter Chapter ) , Philadelphia Electric Co. Philadelphia Pa Philadelphia N. WH.. JM. .GRGIRFAFFIFTHNaJtoinoensal& BLuaruegahulionf SCtaeseulalty & Surety Underwriters New New York Pittsburgh Safety Council Chapter - Corp. Pa WesternWestern Pennsylvania R. MCA KEows Industrial Commission of Wisconsin Madison Wis J. M. Kerrigan United States Rubber Reclaiming Co. Inc. Bu^-alo N. Frontier Chapter Everett F. KinG THOMAS E. Lever Brothers Co. Cambridge Mass Boston Chapter Lightfoot The Koppers Coal Co. Pittsburgh Pa M. G. Lloyd National Bureau of Standards Washington D. C. H. L. Miner E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington Del W. S PAINE Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co. Hartford Conn GEO F. PRUSSING Union Oil Company of California Los Angeles Calif C. E. RALSTON Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Pittsburgh Pa A. S. Regula Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. New York N. G. E. SANFORD General Electric Co Schenectady Y. C. W. SMITH Standard Oil Co. Ind Chicago Ill H. S. Smitit Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. New York N. R. C. STRATTON The Travelers Insurance Co Hartford Conn R. F. THALNER Buick Motor Company Flint Mich S. E. WHITING Liberty Mutual Insurance Co Boston Mass WILLIAM P. YaNT Mine Safety Appliances Co. Pittsburgh Pa Late Late Developr V for .. : wins Member -- 3 Dr. Lucas used ind violet m a group of four s irst photograph st magnification It seen The next p his would be reg * af 4000 with th den resolved to ! me specimen bi stem of N. A. < strac-tmu inrutee 1. meters in size we 7S Dr. Lucas sho indy of fatigue c . % feCracks in metal phenomena as the this possible cc ^ far wrong I particularly with . data and the out pearance of fatig ~ very briefly som monly held on t gists and engi memory It ma WEDNESDAY NOON SESSION anderstanding of ternal stress rai October 7 1936 on the propagat cracks It is asserted L The annual meeting of the ASSE- The report of the nominating that very high _.; commit- Engineering Section of the National tee was presented by A. S. Regula chair- ures occurring in Safety Council followed a luncheon and man Other members of the committee Genoted as fati B. convened with C. W. Smith Standard were E. Whiting R. F. Thalner C. 7 j Coving mechan Oil Co. Ind Chicago general chair- Auel and Dr. M. G. Lloyd The ry either intermitter com man presiding All reports had been f stress mittee's list of officers as elected will be may devel Literally mimeographed and copies were distrib- day thous uted at the luncheon | found elsewhere in this sectional record " . day use from a ASSE F: hair Dr. Francis F. Lucas Member Tech- Other sessions sponsored by the Engine ring spring of a Casing Laboratories nical Staff Bell Telephone Engineering Engineering Section Section included included those o od d subject to fatigue Round ' New York City and international au- Safety Belts Safety Training have The advent o ; thority on microscopy and photomicrogra- hought phy spoke on Late Developments in High Power and Ultra Violet Micro- engineer scopy Round b, been rest # hought on the 2 actals under ref * prevail we ee oe mej met} znq a 255 4 which takes the lead in be munity safety will be favorably in the publicppuubblliicc an me even greater asset The maintenance and es h cordial relations be and industry is an the success of the in- that the plans for the m will be developed ani interest grows course will be able to orm of program is be i The Association wi ig the program and n^l house through which the inge ideas and discau ing the program Officers 1935-36 General Chairman L. ARMSTRONG Eastman Kodak Co. Rochester N. Y. ee Chairman in Charge of Program L. Mixer E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. ome.mae Wilmington Del Chairman in Charge of Engineering L. ROGERS JR Tennessee Eastman Corp. Kingsport Tenn . Secretary O. Keefer Aluminum Company of America Pittsburgh Pa Netes Letter Editor L. Root Celluloid Corporation Newark N. J. Membership and Publicity Committee Chairman D. Kirkpatrick Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering New York N. Occupational Disease Committee Chairman "+ Department of Labor New York Y. * Statistics Committee Chairman C. Stratton Leonard GreenbuRG New York State The Travelers Insurance Co. Hartford Conn yees families to school to the public at large owever is strictly of an - . and if further care is t is referred to his fam Lehigh Portland Cement Pa said that his or ses upon the men the safety news to their mployees who drive to en driving carelessly in ids caution signs were en an employee violates ations he is called into matter is discussed with Members at Large wt 2 2 w. . wr 7 L - F. E. CLANCY JR Mathieson Alkali Works Inc. Niagara Falls N. W. DENNIS Hooker Electrochemical Co. Niagara Falls N. Ira V. Kepner Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. Menominee Mich .E. F. Kist Lever Brothers Co. Cambridge Mass H. Lewis E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington Del Joux Roach Deputy Commissioner of Labor Trenton N. J. C. E. SEVRENS Merrimac Chemical Co. Inc. Boston Mass Jons S. Shaw Hercules Powder Co. Wilmington Del PLUMMER Wheeler American Cyanamid Co. Linden N. J. : S. E. Wuiting Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Boston Mass a General Officers Elected for 1936-37 VGiecneerCahlairman feKingsport Chairman L. Mixer E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington Del in Charge of Program L. ROGERS JR Tennessee Eastman Corp Kingsport Tenn Co. Chairman . -Parlin -Parlin N. in Charge of Engineering J. B. FUZENWIDER Hercules Powder Co. . EfSecNerwes tary RALPH Editor O. KEEFER Aluminum Company of America Pittsburgh Pa LetterLetter Editor W. DENNIS Hooker Electrochemical Co. Niagara Falls N. Y. w>. Membership and Publicity Committee Chairmen E. SEVRENS Merrimac Chemical Co. MembersOchupaitionap . Ocupational Boston Mass . l Occupational Disease Committee Chairman Leonard Greenburg New York State ODcecuppaartitomneanlt Statistics j Paster of Labor New York N. 1. Statistics Committee Chairman L. Root Celluloid Corporation Newark N. J. Statistics Committee Chairman C. STRATTON The Travelers toe Conn . : iberated 223 Twenty National Safety Congress = Wie Re 308 aye.ouy ul Why Send a ve , & Ste STs ny ~ stati chemical workers handed down from the age when chemical leaks and drips were frequent 6. The chemical operator should realize that the control features on all chemical equipment are there not only for operating purposes but in most cases for safety and in the event that any pressure or vacuum gage thermometer or what not indicates abnormal change or a bad condition he should take steps immediate ly to rectify the condition as specified by his superior usually by reporting the condition promptly However there are emergencies when he must safeguard the situation before reporting It is taken for granted that these emergency conditions are provided for in his training It is impossible to do more than generalize on this without the danger of misunderstanding 7. While a little knowledge is a dangerous thing the more the worker knows about the reasons for following prescribed methods the better worker he is H should acquaint himself with the reasons and if possible be familiar with the sim ple chemistry and physics of his job and not be afraid to ask questions but he should never experiment without the ad vice of proper authority Chemical control should not be treated lightly Any changes to be made in the chemical process should take place only after the careful consideration and direc- tion of those competent to make such changes 8. When leaving his work or outlin ing his duties to another at the termina- tion of his shift the chemical worker should fully familiarize his successor with the condition of the equipment and the status of the chemicals in process This should be in writing in a log book of op- - erations By no means should he leave any questionable condition whereby his fellow worker may meet with a mishap It is his full responsibility to live up to this and to consider it as sacred as any thing in life The slightest deviation from * this practice whether deliberate or other wise has meant disaster to workers and monetary loss chemical to plant owners ae 4 9. The chemical plant is no place for monkey business or horseplay It must be remembered that the practical joker in chemical work may be a potential, killer oe I have known chemical workers deliber- ately to plug condensers in order to see if their fellow workers could quickly dis-. cover and locate the trouble Such meth- . ads should not be resorted to even with only water in the equipment ae thor 10. The chemical worker should - oughly appreciate the fact that safety is a sacred that the safest method is generally - the best method and that the best metho"d always embraces the safest way s diseases ar~-s~-n~- of certain desu processes brow was amended m or processes to number of disea law stood at the statement to say to medical stiem traceable to et arise out of p included in the V Act with the i similar dust disc eases The annual . eases under that the state was being added to one per cent per roll and in a t hazard was KTV not in excess of of payroll The State of New I tent of the total A few years ot in this country | ested in the can death of emplo tions having an larly granite .1 A semons 199 Many industries that another pu called inclu inclu bill was actually and took effect Under this l were Would th ease be constt WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION a clude any diseas ing the employe October 7 1936 . wg Pex Ls an occupational clude the comm let fever or an 6. Employers Added Liability Under New Occupational DiseasDiseeasea gr 3 6. Hproetw wthoeuldlatwhe <Saame Laws in New York abed ~ preted to includ > only diseases t " By J. W. NEWTON _ bature of an + v hd Y. Compensation and Claims Departments Eastman Kodak Co. Rochester N. which the hazau ac identat Oe ally exist then accidentat SE The New York State Workmen's Com- Occupational discases are not not included " 7 SE occupational pensation Law adopted in 1914 covered included injuries and were therefore not included " be not increase by mes CComom only accidental injuries arising out in the coverage of the Workmen's Com ~ law to any cot rs tate in the course of employment and pera coverage coverage pensation Li : present cost ex diseases or infections as might n^ In 1920 the Legislature amended occupational S lar dust disease specified occupational and unavoidably result thereirom include law to include 23 specified amended occupational occupational On May 21 Pare 000081000081 i Chemical Section puake such er outline . torming al worker sor with and it .. This kul kul c a I leave motoby his v misliaj Just up to god any . ahon from Mother- Motherhemical the plant place for 7, It must mal joker i potential 41a deliber lar lar to see yukdlyuykdly dise sucht methven with would ther 1 safety is generally wae I method f ip Disease 1. Y. " accidental accidental include included 1'6 Com the ' led pational pational pational arising out of and in the course diseases employments or designated of ceprrotceassiesn From time to time the llaw aw processes amended increasing the occupations processes was processes covered and increasing the or processes of diseases covered to 27 as ber the of is aknown haw stood at the end end of 1934 disease It is known statement to say that every disease the fair known to medical science which could be directly traceable to or was definitely known to anse out of a process of employment was included in the Workmen's Compensation Act with the exception of silicosis and similar dust diseases occupational dis- The annual cost for occupational dis- eases under that law to the employers of - the state was comparatively small there . being added to premiums in most cases . ? one per cent per hundred dollars of pay 4 roil and in a few industries where the ee hazard was greater a cost varying but not in excess of 1.00 per hundred dollars com of payroll The total average cost in the State of New York was not over 1 per i cent of the total premium ee A few years ago the medical profession in this country became particularly inter- OF ested in the causes of the disability and ee death of employees engaged in occ^"pa- 1. tions having a silica dust hazard particu- ot larly granite and foundry workers He A serious problem was presented to ED many industries in the state by the fact that another piece of legislation the so- called inclusive occupational disease bill was actually put on the statute books ers and took effect September 1 1935 Under this law some of the problems wee were Would the term occupational dis- tee ease be construed by the courts to include any disease which might arise dur- ete ing the employee's employment Would an occupational disease under the law in- me ae clude the coinmon cold pneumonia scar- let fever or any communicable disease at How would the courts of this state inter- ey pret the law If the law were inter- caren - preted to include as occupational diseases Tenner only diseases peculiar and incident to the peer nature of an occupation or process in which the hazards of such diseases actu- ally exist then it was thought the cost of occupational disease coverage should not increase by virtue of this inclusive we law to any considerable extent over the siet present cost except for silicosis and simidiseases dust On May 21 1935. Industrial Commis- sioner Andrews issued a statement rela- tive to the probable effect and cost of the inclusive occupational disease bill which became effective September 1 1935 In this statement the Commissioner said that the experience in New York State and in states having an inclusive occu- pational disease law indicated that the new amendment would add less than 2 per cent and perhaps less than 1 per cent to the insurance cost of workmen's com- pensation insurance in New York State It is my understanding however that the Commissioner did not mean to in- clude in this estimate of 1 per cent and 2 per cent the cost of silicosis and other dust diseases but that the Commissioner referred to diseases brought under the act other than dust diseases But whatever he meant the amendment has not been in operation long enough for an accurate accounting to be made as to the actual increase in cost of occu- pational disease compensation When employers examined this amend- ment making all occupational diseases compensatable the first feeling was one of alarm and the insurance companies apprehensive almost to the point of panic added to this alarm by cancelling coverage 031 certain plants and notifying others that their premiums would be drastically increased the new silicosis and When however dust disease law which will be described if a moment was enacted after a great number of conferences among employers insurance companies the Department of Labor and employees the general alarm greatly subsided Another important cause of the subsidence of this alarm was the pronouncement of the Industrial Commis- sioner that it was not proposed to bring under the occupational disease classification every illness or disease suffered by an employee To be compensatable he said in effect a disease must be shown to be a real occupational disease of a type peculiar to and caused by the occupation in which the worker was engaged If the Commissioner's interpretation is sustained by the courts there may be some justi^-ca tion for this occupational disease amend- ment vince an occupational disease so de- missed an him reult of conditions employer co~di- re apts Foe 228 Treenty National Safety Congress from which he cannot escape except by leaving his job The employer therefore it may be agreed should be solely responsible for most of such occupational diseases and in all justice should accept the responsibility for injuries sustained The more one studies this occupational disease amendment in the light of the Commissioner's pronouncement the more difficult it becomes to find any real occupational disease that has been added to compensatability under the Workmen's Compensation Law other than silicosis and other dust diseases Before this amendment there were in the statute 27 named diseases coupled with descriptions of processes and it seems probable that the only real occupational diseases added by the amendment are silicosis and other dust diseases Undoubtedly in time because of newly discovered processes and hazards in industry there will be addi- tional occupational diseases discovered that are not represented in the twentyseven scheduled diseases and these new diseases will automatically be brought under the law by the amendment covering all occupational diseases Following the adoption of this all- inclusive amendment a new silicosis and dust disease bill was introduced in the State Legislature in 1936 and was finally enacted June 6. 1936. This bill was introduced primarily at the behest of the employers of the State because they felt strongly that the inclusion of silicosis and other dust diseases in the inclusive amendment placed an undue burden upon industries particularly subjected to the dust hazard The reasoning was that the difficulties attendant upon the correct diagnosis of these dust diseases would pels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming within the preview of this article to undergo a medical exami nation This measure was included ovst the strong objections of many employe employe ers in the state who felt that any such pro- vision was a step backward in the use of medical science in industry and if fol- lowed out would be in the long run a detriment to employee and employer alike The declaration remained in the bill in spite of these objections : provides itself The Act itself provides that no nl dicsoambpileint-y sation is payable for partial 2 due to silicosis or other dust diseases dis'- For temporary or permanent total ability or for death from silicosis or other 0+ dust disease if disablement or death occur2 . during the first calendar month in which this act became effective 300 is payable <a if disablement or death occur in the sec- S and month 550 and for each month thereafter the payment shall increase at the rate of 50 per month but in no event shall payment 3,000 exceed an aggregate ee vex nt eis s+ Medical treatment and care are pro- Vad vided for a period of 90 days from date of disablement ^' of disablement and may be extended for a an additional period of 90 days upowe ned order of the Board BS The liability prescribed is in lieu of r35y any other liability whatever ey If If death occurs and there are depend- RY ~4, ents the benefits will be the diference between what has been paid and 3,000x Sy but never more than 3,000 If there be no dependents payments cease nothing **-. to be paid into special funds as in the 2 case of accidental pensatable causes death from other com-~ hb within five yea disability The employer employee was la for compensatio of compensation employees Now I am sur in regard to the laws on the che take a look at th fore the inclu effective and we cal industry is we occupational disc poisoning and ot sulting from con cury phosphorubenzol and its d phide nickel nitrate and any carbonyl and aceta preparations chi mineral oil para these substances phuric hydro acids petroleunt : dermatitis from and oils Out or 18 belong in the In my opinion practically every } ease in the chemic Gas Detect Defic open the way for numerous doubtful If for example total disability com Chie eee claims unless some extra requirements menced in August 1936 that is three =: eee - were placed upon physical examinations months after the law became affective a -.: ere and special limitations put upon the payment of 650 would be made and Director amount of compensation payable for the then compensation at thirds of wages s Interest in publ me various stages of these diseases The as long as the disability lasts but not in from explosions = bill as finally enacted is known as Article excess of 3,000 and diseases from 4a of the Workmen Compensation Law and section 2221 of the Labor Law The first paragraph of the Act is a declaration of policy and reads as follows It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this state in enacting this article to prohibit through every lawful means available any requirement as a prerequisite to employment which comi- Where the last exposure September , 1935 effective effective became effective a and the claim is claim is filed within 180 days from law became effective was between date this this law law unless barred the day unless ; .Wea Du An emplares be liable for within pensation results one year then disability the last and exposure i" : case of results fe 5 BOS 4 demanded the de tectors indicators ment that are suit of the industrial gases and vapors * laboratory procedu some some delicate opc trained technici table time for m 000083 employment in any thin the preview of a medical examis e was included over of many employers that any such proAward in the use of dustry and if fol in the long run ce and employer in remained in the bjections tes that no compen- disability partial disability er dust diseases ermanent total dis- m silicosis or other ment or death occu jar month : which e 500 is payable h occur in the see- 4 for each month at shall increase at nth but in no event 1 an aggregate of and care are pro- 90 days from date ay be extended for of 90 days upon ribed is in lieu ci atever 1 there are depend- I be the difference en paid and 3,000 3.000 If there be ents cease nothing ial funds as in the th from other com- tal disability com 1936 that is three became affective a uld be made and thirds of wages ity lasts but not in Osure d the aim is . from was between date this law barred unle the the day be liable bility results 1st exposure Die if death s oa oe Chemical Section 229 ayeCath sithin sithin five years years following continuous employer ThThe e employer emempplloyoeeyee waswas compensation compensation for compensation A in whose employment the exposed shall liable last be liable splitting is There There is no splitting between two or more effect of plNooyweea s m supposed supposed to say something is to the these two new is regard chemical industry Let us Jws on the it stood be- tie a look at the statute as fre the inclusive amendment became will find that the chemi effective and we of In the industry is well taken care cupational disease disease section are included soning and other deleterious effects re- seiting from contact with lead zinc mer- arsenic wood alcohol tury phosphorus Jenzel and its derivatives carbon bisul- phide and any sulphide nitrous fumes nickel carbonyl solvents for cellulose titrate and acetate formaldehyde and its Preparations chromic acid tar pitch mineral oil para^-in or any compound of 7 these substances methyl chloride sul- phuric chloric and fiuoric acids petroleum products and their fumes /fermatitis from handling acids alkalies F and oils Out of 27 processes described 18 belong in the chemical industry practically practicaly la my opinion based upon the fact that every known occupational disease in the chemical field was specifically covered in the New York law prior to of the two amendment the adoption which I have described and assuming that occupational under Andrews Commissioner disease de~nition " the all inclusive amendment is sustained by tin he will courts there will not be any great in crease in compensation costs to chemical on account of these two manufacturers amendments amendments other than in those indu tries which are definitely subject to a dust hazard Theoreticaly Theoretically I think this , true but closing I want to point out that there is no assurance whatever that who conduct the hearings M the referees uniformly conception will strictly and ap the courts Mr. Andrews since thei ply of occupational disenses ino ino defation statite by tendencies in Judging in the statite Here will be a strong and su the past the phrase in tained effort made to have terpreted more liberally in the interest of the clue ants and if that succeeds tlu amendment may open the inclus all sorts of claims which have door to no true relation to the legitimate burdene In such event the industries industry forced into the role of health may be their fear and the fear insurers ter their employees of the engloyers engloyers of New York State an to the tremendous expense to be placed upon industries industries industries chemical upon upon by this statute would be and otherwise realized realized *. _x Gas Detectors for Determination of Flammability Oxygen be. Deficiency and Toxicity in Rooms and Vessels ates By ee E. W. GILLILANIJ Chief Chemist Mine Safety Appliances Co. Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pa YANT WILLIAM P. Pit sburgh . : Director of Research Mine Safety Appliances Co. Pittsburgh Pa x Interest 4 +2) Interest ~~ a d Explosions ;: in public and industrial safety and occupational injuries diseases diseases from gases and vapors has 7 inters inters Pe 3 eS oe: the 5os oh de- the development of gas indicators analyzing indicators and analyzing equip- are suitable for use at the site industrial situations in which the the tye and vapors occur The ordinary atory era atory procedures procedures are cumber- usually AAE mor delicate mained technicians uperable only in the hands de technicians and require consid- time time for making determinations A surable device for most field situa tions must be readily portable rugged easily maintained in condition for use re at liable ec rable by the personnel hand to give results and the desired informa tion with the accuracy and sensitivity re quired for tion par the the situation under investiga many uses it is required that qui results .- obtained qui in order ta avoid de zys that would prolong hazard { ous wae and increase hg and to detect rajid r res in atmo contaminaz contaminaz Se ; c wwe . ~~ i ae rere +e . He we IAIN ORT A eg OA wascm$waFd er Oren atycate ATR jah TehUnod Rata ae & nal IP ted pea PP gren ovr PA ent os equivalent ent equivalent Cunt recently Although has ke ere application found there is a recently application hydro-hydro- em r Officers 1935-36 A New Detector Eng Ind _ Nordlander Ind Eng est of the Factory Report No. MS MS C Mutual Lis 17564 July dits Relation to Aur Navy Com Medical Navy Medical Medical Comm No Medical Cullen Industry meators for Aircraft S 11. Peterson 1936 M. SSp Recorder Recorder an spolls Et W. Frevert Bureau of Mines TP Carbon Carbon Monoxide is E W. Francis Ind 2. Val 6 p 206 1924 : F. Continuous war Factory Mutual " Report No 9714 W. Paul ot Bureau of C Mines unds Suitable for De IP Hooker 1. Zeliers Bureau of NG E T General Chairman A. Snow Associated General Contractors of America Inc. 1329 ww Street N. W. Washington D. C. Tel Chairman Chairman for Heavy Construction and Railroad Contractors J. REIGELUTH C. W Vice & Sons SS Waverly St. New Haven Conn - Blakeslee W. Construction Chairman for Highway Construction [ Rowe W. L. Johnson Construction Co. ~ Vice Hicksville ee. Ohio VANDEVANTER Department ve Onan Chairman for S. Engineer oe * + Office of the Chief of Engineers Washington D. $ Elliott VANDEVANTER C. of E. te m Chairmen for Building Construction CHESTER W. WRIGHT Wright & Kremers Inc. Niagara Falls N. Prom Secretary MCKINLEY General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Corp. Detroit Mich Corp. News Letter Editor O. Garris Dravo Corp. Neville Island Pittsburgh Pa * Engineering Committee Chairman Chairman N. Goldstine San Francisco Calif Thomas " Membership Committee Chairmen Thomas Thomas BENTLEY BENTLEY The A. Bentley & Sons Co. Toledo Ohio ~ Poster Poster Committee Chairman A. Snow Carolina Power & Light Co. Raleigh N. Program Committee Chairman P. Ahearn National Sand & Gravel Assn Munsey Bldg Washington D. C. Publicity Committee Chairman P. CONN Editor The Constructor Washington D. Statistics Mass Committee Chairman H. Black Stone & Webster Engineering Corp. Boston . Past General Chairmen F. W. AUSTIN Detroit Mich Calif E N. GOLDSTINE San Francisco Calif Newark N. > John Russell JR Public Service Electric & Gas Co. Newark N. J. Birds Birds for Detecting Mone Fires and Ex- Bureau of Mines TP Carbon atrell Bureau Monoxide en F. M. Seibert of Mines TP se Waltzing Mice and uie and to Atmos " W P. Vant A. : 1 Berger Du atvev n^> a Utility mes and G. St. J. 2 3 1331 Officers Elected for 1936-37 . General Chairman A. Snow Associated General Contractors of America Inc. Wash- ington D. C. Chairman for Heavy Construction } } Calistern C. W. Blakeslee & Sons New Haven Conn Chairman for Highway Construction L. Rowe W. L. Johnson Construction Co. Hicksville Ohio Chairman for C. Engineer Department Major Elliott Vandevanter C. of E. Office of the Chief of Engineers Washington Washington D. Chairman for Building Construction es te W, tee Niagara Falls Secretary N. Secretary Mich Secretary ROBERT McKinley General Accident Fire Wright Kremers Inc. a PA Sic Assurance Corp. Detroit 7 es r 241 wwe wwe mew ees we tavsPalin eaSle BRAN rnmae OF oO aE ~ SR SAOamenioa HITan g-aomono an S SF matoF pbe y ctints sat,Pi DD rs os FRET ate owen ? RIS awe To 244 Twenty National Safety.Congress Safety.Congress terially improve accident records in the construction industry is that which other industries have been using for so long Briefly a program based on adequate accident records consistent inspection and maintenance of plant a complete medical program and the principle of supervisory responsibility cannot help but succeed Dust Diseases As They Affect the Construction Industry By A. J. LANZA M. D. Assistant Medical Director Metropolitan Life Insurance Company New York City With a possible single exception there is but one dust disease and one dust causing that disease with which the construction industry is concerned The disease is silicosis and the dust causing it is dust containing free silica SiO Dusts containing silica in combined form have not been shown to cause disability or disease with the exception of asbes- tos which is a silicate The outstanding facts with regard to silicosis have often been detailed and wit be only briefly summarized here The dust must be in a fine state of subdivi sion to reach the lungs The particles which do the damage are less than ten microns in diameter In this country the amount of dust in the air at any loca- tion is determined by the standard meth- We do not as yet have permissable or safe standards of dustiness There is such an extremely wide variation of industrial processes and environmental fac- tors that any elaborate system of stand ards would be impracticable but a simple workable standard is highly desirable There is a rough standard which is based largely on the work of the Public Health Service of ten million particles of dust per cubic foot This is a convenient tar- get to shoot at when dust control meas- ures are undertaken in an industrial plant That is not to say however that 2 threshold of ten million particles of a highly siliceous dust is safe This stand ard was based dust containing silica on exposure about 35 per to granite cent pure od elaborated by the United Bureau of Mines and the United States States The construction section of this Con- Public Health Service using the impinger the results being expressed in millions of particles per cubic foot In order to estimate the hazard we must know the number of particles and the percentage of silica because a dust con- taining 100 per cent pure silica would be more harmful than one containing 50 per . cent silica gress embraces many types of industry and a multitude of processes It is not practicable therefore to present a complete scheme of all the hazards in these industries We can however attain our object in a sumciently satisfactory man ner by considering first materials and second the processes in which these ma terials are used The construction indus- When we know the amount of dust in terms of averages amount of siliica and the extent of exposure we are in a position to evaluate the seriousness of the hazard We know that silicosis is a chronic disease taking usually years to develop and as we see it in American industries causing little or no disability unless there is superimposed upon it an ant^'ction This infection is most often tuberculosis to which the individual with silica damaged lungs is very susceptible The more severe the silica damage the more apt tuberculosis is to develop try uses enormous amounts of certain well known materials Lime gypsum cement sand occur to everyone's mind . when you mention construction Many of these substances are used in processes which involve considerable amounts of dust wherein lies the possibility of a health hazard ve There is free silica turer or clear ness of concern no silicosis without silicaSo right off the manufac trial company has the first & of the potentiat st which may be causing or his employees Does amrezul What is an ably cB exces that is well No. No. an inn^'galite borng samim samim sami samim samim consumes consumes wit does sinov This 27.7 vrees " .C" and T 0 silisis 150 kn mt -- the vote JUT Ihe tev ne OCC036 . .. treor Bee Weise Sy, 245 Construction Section afar! free silica in appreciable : contain lished industries ing constructed Where a tunnel is bein a highly silicious rou geure amounts rry aant conservative om amounts amounts is an appreciable amount Prob- bly in excess of 5 per cent At least side is well on the silicious dusts may be a nuisance or annoyance to employees or to neigh- but they are not rock the dust hazard loomis very large It is similar to hard rock mining and everything conspires trol of dust dificult to make the con- It is interesting to note that tunnel work in various parts of the world has been followed by similar scoornicnegrnecdommunities empwlhoiycehr Nitry arg iziatc -r p.se p.se thts, seed 31827 you USE turr- 337 4 with silicosis If the _ not know whether a dust to does are exposed contains silica His employees that is the first thing for him to deter- mine Should he find that the dust does contain free silica in a determined per- then the next step is to ascer- ctaeinntatghee amount of such dust present in the air where his employees work We are frequently asked whether dust arising marble from gypsum cement talc rock wool mineral lime wool and many other substances may silicosis We say to the inquirer cause You know the materials are working with Do they contain free silica He may reply No. or Only a trace The conclusion then is obvious There is no experiences The report of the Director General of Public Health for New South Wales in Australia 1924 details an investigation concerning ventilation and sandstone dust present in the air of certain sewer tunnels in Sidney Apparently there was an ex- cessive amount of silicosis and tubercu- losis among these tunnel workers A report of the South African Institute for Medical Research April 1935 details a severe silicosis hazard among sewer tunnel workers in South Africa We are justifed justified in concluding that tun- nel work calls for extraordinary precau- tions for safety and health with a supervision of the health of tunnel workers comparable to that followed in other industries Grinding or pulverizing sand Y) t Pe oe re silicosis hazard i The type of process in which the dust i mud- mud- 11:02 is generated is of great practical import- ance If the process is conducted in a confined place with poor ventilation it uite Tom- nut 2:31 12:50 one? is apparent that the hazard is much more dangerous than if it were in the open air because in the confined place the work- man gets a much bigger dose of Recently I saw some ray brick masons These masons silica films of handled only fire bricks from a highly silicious material - and they were em- saute sind ployed in lining kilns films showed well and furnaces developed sili- Their muse uses cosis Their job consisted in breaking up the worn lining in furnaces and build- , ing new ones They were continuously WING exposed to a highly silicious dust in a sind very close confined place The same material y 55 other could probably be types of construction handled in work with of little or no hazard The mention of close and confined places there much 13- which jaw this the lesson inst terning 7 fuil- simg locality Ques brings to mind tunnels about has recently been agi- tation Without going into details con- subject to be learned is clear The digging of a tun nel not a permanent undertaking in any any locality but the work should be safe guarded as in more permanently estab- gravel and other highly silicious materi- als are processes that need very care^>ui control and supervision The control of the dust hazard is an engineering problem and in the main depends on an e^-ort to entrap the dust at its point of origin by using water or suction exhaust systems or both Once the dust is in the air reliance is placed upon further use tion of the silica of water and or dust by increased dilu- ven- tilation and on protecting the individual by a suitable mask or respirator The United States Bureau of Mines now cer- ti^-es respirators that are safe for silica dust The use of respirators should be restricted to exposures which are inter- mittent or temporary Where ventilation equipment designed to remove dust from the air is installed its emciency should be checked from time to time by dust counts using the stand- ard impinger method As with other protective devices there is always danger that this sort of apparatus becomes greatly impaired or useless because of failure to maintain it properly I uned exception to the state3 ment that only ingemen dust will pro- duce disease of exc",,p- tion ois asbestos ana ty hp Seg 8 BeyeArrit ARPEShaw foe 5) my tA xs Gi al ad ee Lee ee Le Tae re Pred) ee et oedT Le Pd ateatl a Se STG CT eS Em ET Mea we ete ee ae at? ET GRAOSMASLATE Oe tet TR,SOF 9 CE MadVeeen nd STI Wheeor, rohee Rarer Seer St 5 NTS An POTDR mares Br mr. orees e, ~ > tIro E.G ee Pe FEEL2 oyeSF plenary ese we -> pe vs taney oy weclge vermnter vem thd re wt OO act eorkie7as- ee vO sent Fu.ALAS AAT ata DRIES 1 - ee ven 8 "obs 246 Twenty National Safety Congress The inhalation of asbestos dust produces a condition of the lungs similar to sili cosis The pathology is quite different and the appearance on ray films is distinct from silicosis Asbestosis apparently does not predispose to tubercu- losis and in this country has not been shown to cause much disability though a few deaths have been recorded In the manufacture of construction material as- bestos is usually combined with other * substances which by reducing the amount of asbestos in the dust tend to mitigate the hazard A matter of great concern to the em- ployer is what disposition to make of cases of silicosis among his employees If active tuberculosis is present it is to the interest of the individual and his fel- low workmen that he be removed from his occupation and given proper care li infection is not present there will be little or no disability and the employer should protect the individual from further exposure through methods suitable to the situation involved The important item to remember is the nature of the material and the process in which it is employed Consideration of these two items will enable the employer to ascertain whether a silica hazard is present and to act accordingly Again let me emphasize that where workmen are exposed to a highly silicious dust in confined places the situation is extreme ly serious and calls for energetic and comprehensive measures of control and continued medical supervision of the men Dust samples should be taken frequently and the men should be examined fre- quently so that serious disease will not occur *On one pre fs amined 20 of : > , reasons Tire herni One leakag Che evider large zamiar ( One very n immazon immazon bar Oze deaf in One hugh 1 Two with c Oct with c One witch L Ope with 1 Oor auth : ble had wris Oct partis One anaen Tw gener ally and ph 1010 One toro c tion work Antthier Matvay in extreme h ez. SITE cts Physical Examinations of Construction Employees on Public Works Programs ::: By L. M. DEARDORF Superintendent of Construction W. L. Johnson Construction Company Hicksville O. If there ever was a time when employees on Public Works projects should be given physical examinations before per mitting their names on the payroll it is now Any contractor who secures a Public Works project with the Highways PWA PWA the U. S. Engineers or any of the other department of the Federal Government is required as a part of the labor regulations to submit a requisition for his em- ployees Service Service to the National The National is dominated by Reemployment Reemployment the WPA or- ganization to the extent that all semi- skilled and common labor are furnished only from relief lists In the majority of cases those unfortunate individuals who are still on relief are there only by reason of a mental or physical deficiency They have done very little work during the past five or six years and are pretty thoroughly denioralized mentally physi cally they have permitted their bodies to be run down about like an old paver that has been standing alongside the road for a corresponding period of years Our procedure in carrying out physical examinations for our employees is as fol lows The contract having been awarded and the superintendent assigned to the project one of his first important preliminary instructions is to talk to the doctors in the vicinity of the project and explain to them the problem which we face in securing competent physically able workmen If the M. D. shows any sympathy in our problems and troubles we negotiate for mass examination of the employees The price paid for the examination is from 1.00 to 2.50 ing ing ing on the facts facts have been arious projects arious teatly + very interestas the follow a9S ... call et. that Gor nan Seis Caeent 1709 e toaies Trocne T aa fe nume 11 1 TT. " Marine Section rders to await the men's Committe 1 Committee with soveta me cases of soveta soveta yer - in these internals able ing to be ant Officers te Om q mener in our Officers 1935-36 ey 6 years can be oop at neglect or in period the M Chairmen en applied wi - Chairman accident prote General Chairman W. FISKE JR Vacuum Oil Co. Inc. New York N. In Charge of Posters and To New York N. Y.` ROBERF.THAND Standard Shipping In Charge of -ARTHUR M. TODE Consulting Marine Engineer New York 17 Pacific WOLL Chairman For the Pacific Coast D. WOLL General Petroleum Corp. of Calif . Terminal Island Calif * Secretary F. Vander Clute Admiralty Attorney New York N. HENRY News Letter Editor San Francisco Calif BLACKSTONE United States P. & I. Agency Inc. 340 Pine St. Engineering Engineering Committee Chairman C. EDWARDS Consulting Engineer New York N. Y. Membership Committee Chairman C. HOLDEN JR United States P. & I. Agency Inc. t New York Y. ; Program Committee Chairman L. Seward Yale University New Haven Conn 1 Statistics Committee BENJAMIN H. SELF Travelers Insurance Company New . York Y. J Stevedoring Committee Chairman C. GREGORY Waterfront Employers Association San >. Francisco Calif ; ie 5 Members at Large- per FRANK E. Ames Lykes Ripley Steamship Co New Orleans La ger, W. P. Bicos Navy Department Safety Engineer Washington D. C. ; F. BLACKTON Erie Railroad Co. Jersey City N. J. FRANK H. * 22 ey - ev. . COGAN The Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co. New York oe CaS J. M. Griser wea. Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co. Mobile Ala WM Groundwater Union Oil Co. of Calit Los Angeles Calif ur Hexay J. H idorxStandard Shipping Co. New York N. Y. a JOHN S. HUNTER The Alantic Refining Co. Philadelphia Pa i WILLARD F. JONES Gulf Refining Co. New York N. a T. , F. KATANAG~-Grace Line Inc New York N. Y. Oo K. K. : KELLY Tide Water Oil Co. New York N. : STEWART LEE JR New York Shipbuilding Corp. Camden N. J. Leos. 1. LUCKENBACH aaa , DANIEL Moo H. DANIEL H. American Bureau of Shipping New York N. Y. MCEACHERN MCEACHERN Standard Oil Co. of Calif San Francisco Calif J. MURPHY Murphy Cook & Co Philadelphia Pa O. a CARL Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. New York PETERSEN J. K. Romson Sinclair Pacific Marine San J. W. J. Romson Coast Sinclair Navigation Associations Co. New York N. Marine Office of America New York N. Francisco Calif SMITH TOMB W. STEWARDSON Colombian Steamship Co New York Y. Capt J. York TOMB USN Rtd New York State Merchant Marine Academy E STORM VANDEVANTER STORM E VANDEVANTER VANDEVANTER ELLIOTT JR South Atlantic S.5 Line Savannah Ga Major Once of the Chief of Engineers Munitions N. New Bldg WESTDARL -Jonx -Jonx Dollar Steamship Lines San Francisco Calif As ociated American Zen D. Zen Export Line New York Associated Oil Co. San Francisco Cal te ee 269 See Satoritae habedcoe Mit}LA 20 Eb> 4; ae itEoin Ze gf iy Pe Experience has primary insu ng 48g ae 3 4 i*e. Y. Co. ar Co at. ore . ; . Ba ae }: Pe i Ee y Peo 7yaa9 ae ai eb Soe Sie TPS fo: meee st ne a , ; a wae oI ; 270 Twenty National Safety Congress Officers Elected for 1936-37 the Oi cony City Vacuum Oil general General Chairman C. HOLDEN JR United States P. & I. Agency Inc. New York NY Chairman In Charge of Posters and N. J. Marine Dept. New York N. RoberF.tHAND Standard Oil Co. of Mr. Tode read a Co. Chairman In Charge of Publicity - New York N. WE. Stewardson Colombian Steamship Y. Co. Chairman For the Pacific -ALDERT Q. PEGG Union Oil Company of Calif. Calif Los Angeles Secretary F. VANDER Clute Admiralty Attorney New York N. Y. IInncc.. Fran News Letter HENRY BLACKSTONE United United StStaatteses P. & & AgAegnenccyy San cisco Calif I. Enginering Engine ring Committee Chairman Chairman . Atlantic Gulf West Indies Engineering Committee Chairman C. EDWARDS Atlantic Gulf and West Indies Steam- *: ship Co. New York N. Y. : 5 Membership Committee Chairman W. Fiske Jr. Vacuum Oil Co. Inc. New : York N. Committee Pacific Chairman Coast z2 Program Committee Chairman O. PICKARD Pacific Coast Marine Asociations Francisco Francisco . San San Francisco Calif Calif, Statistics Committee BENJAMIN Stevedoring Committee Chairman C. San Francisco Calif H. SELF GREGORY Travelers Insurance Company New Waterfront Employers Association ig .* a Rory Claims and a % Experience a that the claims s o claims and most effective ins atlhle description is principlessaaffeettyy organized " organize Members at Large- Ripley Steamship New FRANK E. AMES Lykes Ripley Steamship Co. New Orleans La W. P. Biccs Navy Department Safety Engineer Washington D. C. C. F. BLACKTON Erie Railroad Co. Jersey City N. J. FRANK H. COGAN The Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co. Y. New Co. J. M. Griser Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Mobile Ala HENRY J. HEIDORN Standard Oil Co. of N. J. Marine Department New JOHN S. HUNTER The Atlantic Refining Co. Philadelphia Pa WILLARD F. JONES Gulf Oil Corp. New York Y. T. F. Kavanagh Grace Line Inc. New York N. York Raf. . aa ain) a York 3 ihe oe N. iS 3 ors an . To department does ni stitute department for the e stitute ing effort necess necess as set forth in is dependent upc the most importa 1. It must ha operopearattiionon of 1 and every department FRANK C. LAURIE Lago Petroleum Corp. Maracaibo Venezuela 2 The program STEWART LEE JR New York Shipbuilding Corp. Camden N. J. that it does not J. L. LUCKENBACH American Bureau of Shipping New York N. Join McGrath John W. McGrath Corp. New York Y. : CARL E. PETERSEN Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. New York N. W. Pronat 1 Broadway New York N. J. K. ROBISON Sinclair Navigation Co New York N. J. A. Ruuszy Standard Oil Co. of Calif Richmond Calif 5. A. SCHRAMM Black Diamond Steamship Co. Pier K Weehawken N. J. does not permit 3. There me of loyaltfoyr t order that c free from depa scramble for c H. L. SEWARD Yale University New Haven Conn A. J. Smith Marine Office of America New York N. Arthur M. Tode Consulting Marine Engineer New York N. G. E. TAYLOR Federal Barge Lines New Orleans La J. H. TOM--New York State Merchant Marine Academy New York Y. ELLIOTT VANDEVanter Office of the Chief of Engineers Munitions Bldg Washington D. L. H. WESTDABL Dollar Steamship Lines San Francisco A. O. WOLL General Petroleum Corp. of Calif Termill JOHN WRIGHT American Export Lifes New York Nh if. CaClaliif f "> Neither the i one individual . such 7 cescesss of of a : agenient and assume the ent viding safe con + living It then oS , ser ay ext ae gah it ship's officers to are properly 1 a y practices at 11 . Bearing in mit chain is as str the officers ca TUESDAY MORNING SETON from their men H .. conditions by t The opening session by Arthur M. Tode October was called to order consulting marine 6 1936 GRRBATI TER et: , engineer New City York City Warasided Warasided in the absence of E. W. Fiske Jr. So- company's sai 73; Thus =. safety mi ~ carried on dow Sy seh PORT = hei 49 Ses Sah ee TEP Shoat?! sere la ~ Gress ae weight vo weights Lighter sfactory where there is weight boa f tearing against the glove has been developed developed developed aring and is proving ry although some men moucbh creased weight ards The use of guarded largely killing floors is tion Some of the old time reflection g that it is a to have to use a guarded Aoors brick floors now being in locations are more slipld type An asphalt foor grit is about the least slip far developed Concrete a ve been troweled to can be roughened by oncentrated sulphuric acid ng with water Metals Section Officers 1935-36 General Chairman W. DARR Bethlehem Steel Co. Johnstown Pa J'ice Chairman BERQUIST The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. East Chicago Ind Chairman M. ALLEN The American Chairman In Charge of Health Republic Steel Corp. Cleveland Ohio Rolling Mill Co. Middletown Ohio R. C. ENGEL McKinney Div Secretary and News Letter Editor A. Chaffin Continental Steel Corp Kokomo Ind Contest Committee Chairman L. SCHMITT Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co. Louisville Ky Engineering Committee Chairman E. CULLINEY Bethlehem Steel Co. Bethlehem Pa Foundry Committee Chairman A. BRINKMAN Mackintosh Hemphill Co. Pitts- burgh Pa Membership Committee Chairman E. TRAMMELL Gulf States Steel Co. Alabama City Ala Poster Committee Chairman H. FERGUson Republic Steel Corp. Cleveland Ohio Program Committee Chairman M. CromaxN Inland Steel Co. East Chicago Ind Publicity Committee Chairman W. Hanko Pittsburgh Steel Co. Monessen Pa Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman J. BRAND Pullman Standard Car Manufacturing Corp. Pullman Chicago Ill Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman- A. Oastel Carnegie Steel Corp Pittsburgh Pa Statistics Committee Chairman J. IRELAND Kohler Co. Kohler Wis Members at Large F. G. BENNETT The Buckeye Steel Castings Co. Columbus E. F. Blank Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Pittsburgh Pa J A. Coltrix National Radiator Corp. Juhnstown Pa ~ A. Davis Carnegie Steel Corp. Chicago III M. W. Dundote Beloit Iron Works Co. Beloit Wis Ohio Joux P. Ein Carnegie Steel Corp. Jaires Ill W. T. Filmer The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. Youngstown Ohio A. Ginsos Spang Chalfant & Co. Inc. Pittsburgh Pa 0. F. Harvey American Car and Foundry Co. New York N. S. S. E. Hawkes MacWhyte Co Kenosha Wis H. H. HENRY Otis Steel Co Cleveland Ohio H. H. G. HENSEL The Youngstown Siteet and Tube Co. Chicago III W. A. Jarvis The Chase Companies Waterbury Conn F. A. LAUERMAN Republic Steel Corp South Chicago Ill : T. H. MCKENNEY Chicago Ill D. V. MEDALIE Interiake Iron Corp. Chicago Ill JOHN O'ROURK Bethlehem Steel Co. Sparrows Point Md C. E. RALSTON Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Pittsburgh Pa FRANK Rowe Wheeling Steel Corp. Portsmouth Ohio HERMAN SPOERER The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. Evanston IlI J. K. STAFFORD Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co. Decatur Ill J. A. Voss Republic Steel Corp. Cleveland Ohio ee * Deceased OLS] nee othe spa Ph Tydh 8 2627 t e * ah: irae 4 idee hd a7 ay aNTonal At a 4 22%,apdegh Ata 5 tall te pte oyJ. YRS BM ST Is ae AEs ae o 4a,43 a SatSPANSt we nas A Ye e ose ner aez ard OE,ae Tere ETN, PS Sy oe . yah . ate BET) TIES "3. of ar "pet Pt <} . . EONS es of 6 ow ODmS ena ct + ed ty Raa ersyest, ne MY fs tae . . . . . : zy wren Ares PT CN . RS ae SDE cwamheeoenws aolwe SN btmee enue io, we be > Nes . On UNG We 9 dBE ime es oe. RAmes Berehponeer<n1e tn tatsRenae eneatminae,trten WS2:AS ane ee tyhi2 teot. ee obPer ee 4A ale de * Rear Twenty National Safety Congress to think inability to draw a personal lesson from the experience of others overconfidence and a desire to make good on the job These can only be overcome by careful and systematic handling on the part of the supervisor His is the responsibility of putting over to the worker the value and advantages resulting from a close observance of rigid safety inspec- tions Systematic Organized Safety Effort There should be little need to make a plea for more concerted action along this line As safety men we know how eas- ily the small employer could be put out of business as the result of even a few employe accident losses The larger well cannot afford to employe employe through overlook tion losses money and materials will waste of his profits and hold his company the public as a very ineficient The increasing tion pensation factor in ever insurance will forcing more cost undoubtedly undoubtedly of consideration work well organized saiety : safety consildoesrtationan I emphasize the side of humanity Period the dollar and am satisfied from lost perience that where lost humanity rules profits will be satisfactory Where os program is followed without emciency and economy of the highest der will also prevail a ~~ ; 3 has of sil ret: Fat at pae-e pi vrs Coy a. the the the eRe - The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes in Indust AS ce By H. B. MELLER Managing Director Air Hygiene Foundation of America Inc Head Air Pallaba Investigation Mellon Institute of Industrial Industrial Research Pittsburgh Pa The problem divides itself naturally into medical preventive engineering and legislative phases and includes consideration of the responsibilities of employer and employee to each other and to the public It is axiomatic that in case of physical disorder impairment of function or dis- ability the more thoroughly the cause and course of action are known the more certainly can possible remedies be applied or preventive measures taken In the diseases or afections under con- which sideration there are facts upon ventive methods are based and preupon which further studies now in course or contemplated are at least in part predicated During the development of the present state of knowledge of the influence of some air contaminants on health natu- rally many theories were advanced that later scientific work has modified or dis- placed However not always has the correction been as widely and thoroughly disseminated as was the original theory this condition perhaps has led to some confusion in the minds of many who have not followed too closely the evolution of knowledge in this field Classification of Dusts There are available different publishe cations of dusts Included in such classi^-cations are dusts the exposure , inhalation of which are or are like be occupational Those that are inbert ently toxic when inhaled or otherwise aS sorbed and which cause systemic paison ing include lead arsenic mercury man ganese Examples of Husts which hare the ability to penetrate the deep lung tn sues and to be retained there are quarti fint chert asbestos talc coal iron clari slate and other t^pes of rock dust upon Attention here will be centered this last group and upon pneumoconiosiss the general term used to designate luog conditions caused by dust Silicosis which is caused by the inhalation of free silica 1s long as way down way Uncomp %, complicat % Empairmen e: seriously Tanced = greatly s Sil ico- : ; * dies the ally som ence of > ceptibil te :. adult w . culosis gardless . It the public has been prominent recently in the press sometimes in a way that made mis- reactiva of the understanding possible if not probable : Aside from silica many of the insoluble mineral dusts may bring about slight 34 changes in the lung tissues which may be ee lesions possibl cotics individ should is known today most of the"n ively or entirely harmless | Afte lished not fc eee ut ony RE NSGere: Metals Section 313 be be z f al real real real t Cae) = = en mecote lle, TF Py Ability of Dusts to Cause Injury It has been established that the poten- mality of silicious dusts to cause lung mage is with few exceptions depend- eat upon their content of free silica SiO The development of silicosis de- gends therefore upon the concentration Si dust containing free silica in the air breathed In other words the total amount of free silica breathed and re- mined seems to be the primary factor the length of time necessary for a suffi cient accumulation is important but less so than the total load Silica occurs also in chemical combina- tion in silicates Some pounds have been proved harmless to health some of these com- to be relatively are still in the realm of doubt and asbestos cause the industrial disease called asbes- tosis which is the result of lung damage similar to but not identical with nor as serious as that produced by free silica Importance of Particle Size The size of dust particlos in the air which an individual may breathe is important Not often are particles larger than 10 or 12 microns found in the deep lungs except in the case of asbestos dust where fibers as long as 200 microns have worked their way down lengthwise . Uncomplicated Silicosis Silicosis uncomplicated by an infection is more of an impairment than a disability It is not senously disabling until it reaches an ad- vanced stage and does not of itself greatly shorten the life of a silicotic Tuberculosis When a silicotic dies the immediate cause of death is usu- ally some type of intervening lung infec- tion It is not known just why the pres- ence of silica in the lungs increases sus- ceptibility to tuberculosis but when an adult with silicosis is exposed to tuber- culosis an active infection may occur re- gardless of the previous state of health It is thought probable that silica dust can reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions of the adult type how long after such lesions have healed the reactivation is possible is not certain Exposure of silicotics to tuberculosis or of tuberculous individuals to silica dust is serious and should be avoided After silicosis has become well estab- lished lished in the lungs medical science has not found a way to arrest the progress of the silicotic process toward the stage of disablement except through limiting or preventing further exposure to silica dust Nor has medical science found a way to prevent tuberculosis from being superimposed upon silicosis except through control of contact The course of silicotuberculosis is chronic and is very dim- cult to influence by treatment according to phthisiologists Medical Control As a basis for intelli- gent determination of the physical fitness of a man for a job in a dusty trade physical examination with stereoscopic roentgenograms of the chest is necessary Along with this study goes naturally the preparation of an occupational history with detail as to the exact nature of previ ous work and of exposure to industrial dust a valueless recording of occu- pations as laborer machinist etc. Dr. Sayers of the U. S. Public Health Service has developed a method of securing information for a proper occupational history among others Cummings of Saranac Laboratory also has worked out a pseful history blank Standards have been developed for the diagnosis of silicosis There is also a suitable technic for taking roentgenograms of the chest in order to bring out the characteristic lung changes From the considerable amount of work that has been done it is possible to forecast with a reasonable degree of accuracy the silicosis potentiality of various dusts Periodic physical examinations includ- _ ing roentgenograms are essential if employers are to be enabled accurately to learn the effect of individual exposure and intelligently to transfer affected workmen to lower dust concentrations before serious injury has been done or to work out a system of rotation where indicated as desirable in order that exposure may be intermittent Such examinations are helpful also in showing the efficiency of engineering control methods The ability to place responsibility in case of claim for injury is no small part of the value of such initial and periodic examinations Asbestosis 9 Cliferae shown that the inhi amount of asbestos oot t239 wn, ARIELE REO NEIPD Ara Ap alanat top ote 0 wo 10 at at a ee, oe Barespene ' 98 ey A Twenty National Safety Congress OdeoeSna Information Febrefufacerocmtyipvreelhyensively sampilnfionrgmrgaavtiimoentrniceiacsl.ebLlsaeyt4eq tipqfieucrircuebmiecnt me poemsee Ole ISon ae : em + toy me La mem ee eS8tbeg bon.AMR hk o 8 2S a by an unduly high incidence of tubercu- losis tions in air are recorded Other dusts and silicate as milligrams per cubic meter compounds so far studied produce at most only a mild as silica where size is Others termining dangerous a factor in de- progressive reaction in the lungs by count particles are Neither given provided there is no significant amount whole method gives the of free silica in their composition While not serious clinically such conditions story but in both cases it possible to secure the may give rise to considerable litigation may sary for the purpose In one of the Adequate statistics on morbidity and there reports referred to earlier earlier is mortality from occupational disease to occurs no doubt this statement There serve as a basis for the e^-orts to focussing in the mind of anyone familiar with the present study and control dust diseases of the lungs are existent estimating methods amended and that and dust they will be In concluding this section the follow- At the changed from time to time ing quotation from a court decision in Wisconsin is pertinent Schaefer In- the use opfretsheentsimwprlietsitngposwseiblweould advise procedures v dustrial Commission 265 N. W. 390 Supreme Court where If dust control alone is in question td one wishes to obtain values which 1936 4. It will be necessary to distin- be compared with can ete published data it is meh guish carefully between generally necessary to copy with consid- medical or patho- logical disability and actual erable care the technic used in the origi - capacity to work physical inThe medical experts nal case This is another way of admit- ; ting the annoying fact that apparently ignore this distinction and so increase the difficulty of arriving at a just results by one method are usually not comparable to those result under the law obtained by another method In another place the It is very doubtful if report says It Preventive Engineering served any useful purpose It would be needless repetition to dis- by determining accurately ex- 7h tremely dense dust concentrations . cuss in a technical way the engineering only excuse for such data is to show the phases of dust control All interested are skeptic that the workplace is much dustier p referred to Industrial Dust by Drinker than it should be " | a and Hatch which deals It is probable that pro- with the subject U. S. Bureau of Mines cedure which fixes any sampling pro- tt] concentrations in Circulars 6840 and 6848 by Harrington and Davenport a review of literature and- groups 100 per cent apart is sumcient that the results of any attempts to come on Prevention of Dust Dis- closer to the concentration at the moment ; eases U. Public Health Service Bul- letin of sampling are simply misleading Thus 217 by Bloomfield and Dalla Valle $ ranges such as 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-40 etc. aee on The Determination and Control of suffice for dust control ae re 3 Industrial Dust Report 29 of the Amer- As dust particles in the 8 : of ican Standards Association and the order of 1 lungs are x te U. S. Bureau of Mines for to the particle micron with rarely a 7% proved protective devices a list of ap- over 10 microns dust control for hygienic a It may be said that in reasons should be aimed at 4 cles in the size parti- general the engineering specialist can and will devise the breathed and range found to have been ? retained Again quoting necessary equipment to meet the conditions , . . if one could avoid use of the dus $29 of specified to him But the setting of 1 micron or less or exclude them from limits of permissible dust tion is not his but the physician'csoncentra- the dust which passes a mesh screen cR", nearly all dust diseases would be RA *s sibility The engineer is respon- nated elimi- keeping dustiness concerned with if at present to or below the limits Dust Elimination : ' considered satisfactory ot a .. bility for pote manufacturer There is a information U. design 1 Engineering Foundation is a table of mi ture certain cutti granite spraying sa nelding For protec respirators a helmets and formation is a reau of Sta Standards A issuing spec equipment is where appro Of course ble dust s source and where this a Pe There are and are beir ble dustines It should be were not di good from In practic a safe South gram_per gram_per ci million per Dr. Lanz fo distric practice a liters of ai The U. S study in th vania foun cubic foot coarse dus . cubic foot : apparently attained ae SA soet on -+ eg Methods of Determining Durt Some dusts as lead are determined by chemical methods and the concent Obviously it is better when possible rather than have hood to purchase equipment already supplied Serenith Serenith Serenith exhaust to fe Serenith worry to fit one to equipment not signed : Ta to be hooded Thus the respons x _ The figu , cubic foot va cent quart ~ the Verme 2: Public He AL ee sgt 000094 Metals Section 315 for potential efficiency is upon the Eility manufacturer manufacturer available comparatively little manufaicnftourmrateiron information upon which to base the scien- design of hoods The Preventive the Engineering Committee of Air Hygiene Engineering Engineering Foundation includes in its recent report Foundation of minimum air velocities to cap- tare table certain industrial dusts for use in tA. granite granitgeranite cutting grain elevators paint greaAnite spraying sand pulverizing and electric esults by omparable ethod says It urpose is protective equipment such as dust oS respirators air supplied masks sand blast helmets and goggles very complete information is available because of the work of the U. S. Bureau of Mines the Bu- $3 reau of Standards and the American Standards Association in preparing and I issuing specifications to be met if the equipment is to be used under conditions where approval is necessary *s Of course all agree that where possi- & ble dust should be controlled at the -* source and protective equipment used ^w':here this action cannot be accomplished 4 tely ex- ions i Permissible Dustiness show the h dustier ling pro- tions in Cent and to come moment 2. Thus .40 etc ; are of rarely a ntrol for at parti- ve been There are various figures that have been and are being used as guides to permissi ble dustiness where free silica is present It should be noted that many of the data were not determined as the medical re- quirement but as being attainable in good practice and apparently satisfactory from a safety standpoint In South Africa the figure is 1 milligram per cubic meter or 300 particles per cubic centimeter or approximately 8.5 million per cubic foot Dr. Lanza found in 1917 in the Joplin Mo district that with good engineering practice a figure of 1 milligram per 100 liters of air could be attained quoting e dusts m froin screen : elimi The C. Public Health Service in its study in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania found that 50 million particles per cubic foot with 5 per cent quartz in the coarse dust and 10 million particles per cubic foot with 35 per cent quartz were ossible e upplied have not de sponsi apparently satisfactory and often were attained The figure of 10-20 million cubic foot for granite dust cent quartz content is often the Vermont granite studies Public Health Service particles per with 35 per quoted from of the U. S. Some mining companies have gone further setting the maximum of permissible dustiness at 5 million particles per cubic foot Certainly there is a degree of air cleanliness that is safe from the standpoint of concentration of harmful dust But the engineer may find himself in the position of practically being forced to control any dust harmful or otherwise if he would protect his employers against suits at common law and the possibility of award of damages to men who have breathed dust containing little or no free silica A dusty workplace is difficult to defend in court Neither courts boards and certainly seemed to be greatly low silica dust count nor compensation not juries have impressed with a in an otherwise dusty atmosphere Quoting from one of the reports re- ferred to Each state is a unit sover eign it handles its problems in its own way Uniformity is lacking although of course the statutes of many states are similar The courts of the various states follow such precedents as appeal to them consequently on any important question there is likely to be a divergence of opin- ion among the courts and often the courts fall into two or more groups each group following a different theory with respect to the same legal problem Workmen's Compensation Acts Workmen's compensation acts have been passed in 46 states all except Arkansas and Mississippi and the Dis trict of Columbia These acts are com pulsory as to private employers in 15 states and elective in 31 states Insur ance to cover the risk is compulsory in seven states A tion state fund out of which compensais paid is maintained in 18 states in two of these the employer may by proving financial responsibility carry his own risk with limited contribution to the state fund for the expense of administra- tion in 11 more of this group of states the employer is not required to avail himself of the privileges of the state fund and may provide compensation otherwise In 28 states there provision for a state compensatio 123 7 om Noe 5 taapmne5s Administration Compensation act is vested in a commation board single ST Meee _ wcorey. I { a 9 t t . S CareHAM ae he 5 fa ot , Ls SAPNAte Dds aR mS < Th Rh gh ae oe ead Pa * ae er ts os AE: e ae MPABM Eas. ee Mt, * 316 Twenty National Safety Congress ! commissioner in 40 states in six states the acts are administered by the local courts Again from the report The guiding principle in the early acts was the award- ing of compensation for accidental injury meaning thereby traumatic injury Traumatic means of or pertaining to a wound or wounds In those years the importance of disability due to occupational disease was not generally recognized It however became increasingly apparent that injury might be su^-ered gradually and that the result of such gradual breaking down of the strength and resistance of the employee was more serious in many instances than traumatic injury Courts therefore in some states wrestled with the problem of construing injury so as to include disease and bring disease within the compensation acts In one state a diseased condition is compensable under the act if caused by the negligence of the employer Occupational disease is compensable to some extent in 16 states and the District of Columbia in five of these states silicosis is not included among the compensable diseases in one state silicosis is the only occupational disease made compensable There is a legal obligation on the part of the employer to provide a safe place to work and usually the matter of ventilation is featured The mining laws approach uniformity as to air quantity and as to equipment for mechanical ventila- tion The right at common law to recover for occupational disease due negligence of the employer is important In three states it has been held by the courts that the right never did exist in three states the right is extremely doubtful in 12 states it probably exists although there is some doubt in 12 other states the right seems well settled but is limited in eight of this group in the remaining states and the District of Columbia no court decisions can be found which decide the question as to whether or not such common law right exists It should again be noted that occupational disease is compensable in three states in this last group With the adoption of Occupational Disease Acts new medical problems arise and more adequate provision is required for medical examination and treatment This is especially true with respect to dust diseases which call for | diagnosis skilled specialists specialists experienced experienced diagnosis by in that field Examination Before Employment re- 1. Under Compensation Acts The New Mexico Act contains a provision quiring the workman at the time of his employment or thereafter at the request request of the employer to submit himself to . an examination The New York Act of 1936 covering silicosis and other dust diseases provides in the opening paragraph ^' It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this state in enact- ing this article to prohibit through every lawful means available any requirement as a prerequisite to employment which. compels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming within the pur-- view of this article to undergo a medical examination nN The North Carolina Act effective March 26 1935. contains a provision rew quiring examination both prior to employ- ment and from time to time during em- ployment S In the compensation acts of no other states were found provisions to examination prior to the ployment with time respect of em mes 2. Under Other Statutes Five states3 Louisiana Maine New Jersey News York and Pennsylvania have statutes requiring physical examination before an employee is permitted to work under i compressed air or in caissons Examination During Employment pre- The five states mentioned in the ceding paragraph require periodic exam inations during the course of employmen=t under compressed air or in caissons Missouri statutes provide for examina- 2 a tion as often as once a month by a com- petent licensed and reputable . physician of all employees who come into direct contact with certain poisonous agencies or injurious processes Three states New Jersey and Ohio Ohio and require employers to cause leada mined at least drite inanthi engaged in any work or engaged themomead dua st had solutions . wt Examin No visions of Col ! acts aminat In f setts West been sort of cially and ch occupa admin respec slates The cussio 1 comp Mr cours perio some time val 000096 SR iAbrseh &F. ry. tg Hee - Metals Section 317 ignosis by 1 in that oyment cts The ovision re ime of hi ne request self to an covering provides : the policy in enact- ugh every quirement ent which oyment in the pur a medical effective vision re employ ring em- no othe h respect c of em- Examination Examination . Examination After Claim for Disability Arises eas No two state acts contain identical pro- all including the District 7 risions but in + risions Columbia that have compensation Columbia of there is provision for physical exFacts aFmaicnattsion amination after claim for disability arises, Bev g In five states Kentucky Massachu- * New York North Carolina and setts West Virginia definite recognition has . * been given to the importance of some sort of medical board composed of spe- ~ cally qualified physicians and surgeons and charged with the duty of diagnosing occupational disease and of advising the eae \ administrative board or commission with 5 respect thereto The laws of these five Prme ics states are quite different and should be ote These points were raised in the dis- cussion following the addresses 1. How much time is required for completing a training course Mr. Davison said that the training course in their plant ordinarily covered a period of one and half years but that some students completed it sooner The time required depends upon the individ ual studied separately for details but in each occupational disease including silicosis is compensable The importance of roentgenograms in any thorough physical examination for pneumoconiosis is well known This importance is recognized in the Acts of New Jersey New York North Carolina and West Virginia Medical Treatment In the 17 states including Maryland in which occupational disease is to some extent compensable the acts usually en- title the claimant to a limited amount of medical surgical and hospital care measured in money cost or length of time covered by treatment Is it advisable to limit the number 2. of students per teacher Ten students per instructor is a good . ratio 3. Which gases present the greatest harzards in welding Silicon gases are the most harmful The risk however has largely been overcome by manufacturers of welding supplies ve states 31 New statutes efore an kunder kunder ment the pre- t exam loyment ons xamina 1 -- -- ysician > direct agencies io and cause month r proc . lead THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8 1936 Metals Section Safety Contest Two hundred and two units were reg- istered in the 1936 Contest of the Metals Section 267.792 During the Contest period employees worked 561.788.579 hours with an average frequency rate of 8.030 a decrease of 4 per cent from the 1935 rate of 8.354 Ninety units completed the Contest with a fre- quency rate below the average and 8 per cent of the units finished with per- fect records Nineteen plaques and eight certificates were awarded in the Contest The plaques were presented by John B. Gibson Publicity Director Hawthorne works Western Electric Company Chi- cago and Vice President for Community Safety Councils National Safety Council as follows Steel Mills Division Group Conti- nental Steel Corporati Kokomo Divi sion Kokomo India hours 12 injuries - emwsar c WB. nas Se pare ste! Pe Sie. SPIELAM 58 ot 2 Sme? encprai St plagei Tore mem ee + om ee ongress . *. 669,449 hours it no 1125 Stellite Co Kokoma I hours ---- injuries olling Mill Street shland juries Co. Sixth Ky 142,914482,948 Street man Mining Mining Mining Section Section chine Shops Division Greup , Greup * Manufacturing Company Company Williamsport Penn 1,842 1,842 rs no injuries Hage chine Shops Division Group ed for first place Mo Manufacturing Company Mo 805,007 hours no < B Punip and Supply Com Angeles California 208,203 0 injuries Noera Manufac Waterbury Waterbury Conn 214,791 Division hine Shop Shop Division place Western Clock Com place c Electric 5,309,320 hours Electric III Ventilating Com -Flex 370.222 hours no 146.536 Company JerseyJersey 146.536 man hours arding Pittsburgh Pa Officers 1935-36 Chairman W. Alt Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co. Calumet Mich ha GeneraClhairman in Charge of Membership W. GIBBS Harwick Coal and Coke Co. PicePittsburgh Pa Oliver Engineering Oliver Iron Mining Co. Duluth ota in Charge of Engineering J. DARRETT Chairman Minn Health Long Clinchfield Coal Corp. Dante Va Chairman Chairman in Charge of Bureau of Mines Washington D. C. Secretary HARRINGTON United United States Pa Wnx G. Metzger Hudson Coal Co. Scranton Entertainment CommittCehe aCihramainrmNa . HOSLER HOSLER Coal Mine Section Pennsylvania Com- } Program Committee Bureau Harrisburg Pa pensation Rating and Inspection United States Bureau of Mines |i Poster and Slide Committee Chairman J. Forbes : Pittsburgh Pa Publicity Committee Statistics Committee Chairman R. Buud The Explosives Engineer Chairman W. Adams United States Bureau Wilmington Del of Mines Wash- : ington D. C. - Members at Large M. Arthur American Zinc Co. of Tennessee Mascot Tenn JOHN L. BOARdman BOARdman Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Butte Mont Angus D. Camprell McIntyre Porcupine Mines Ltd. Schumacher W. H. Comins National Pigments and Chemical Co. Potosi Mo. Thomas E. LIGHTFOOT Koppers Coal Co. Pittsburgh Pa George Martinson Pickands Mather & Co. Cleveland Ohio Ont Canada D. D. Moffat Utah Copper Co. Salt Lake City Utah V. O. MURRAY The Union Pacific Coal Co. Rock Springs R. PAUL New Jersey Zinc Co. New York N. Y. L. T. Sicra St. Joseph Lead Co. Bonne Terre Mo. Wyn feguarding and ways of proIt included 13 views takes nd Chicago District plants Illinois Steel Corporation received from other com- ng the Ashland and Butler he American Rolling Mill = Duluth Works of the el & Wire Company the Corporation the Ford y the National Tube Com The Pittsburgh Limestone absence of T. H. tral chairman of nable to attend McKen the sec wee eo _ ar p=." Rate Ries<i General General . . Officers Elected for 1936-37 _ Chairman W. Graus Harwick Coal and Coke Co. Pittsburgh Pa in Charge of Engineering J. Barrett U. S. Steel Corporation Sub- Chairman sidiaries Duluth Minn Chairman in Charge of Health Long Clinchfield Coal Corp. Dante Va : Chairman in Charge of Membership D. CAMPBELL Mcintyre Porcupine Pier Mines Ltd. Schumacher Ont Canada 1 HarringTON Secretary and News Letter Danifi HarringTON United States Bureau of Mines Washington D. C. ower@: of Mines Ty | Poster and Stide Committee Chairman J. Forbes Unf Bureau Aa States Crane : burgh burgh : SIrwyal Kot Fe te 4 Bwey mm r ry o Us tee Lane)onRIES eyPy tlre oa MP eve FO FAB ay f 5 rye dan wv 7 Was oie in dhe mon) peas j 4 sfECS... 2 fe oy Ply: ; bey pan og mnie. Te yes: i ft y | ote meee wee pens wry - Tee SOT oe erage, een em ene rene - ee mee ot 000008 000008 5 333 . * . ae Ws oe t = an ba Safety Congress er the contest had run 11 months had time accident in the mills urred September 18 1934 had Petroleum Section NG SESSION 936 alling attention of supervisor to ex nce of unsafe practice analysis of un- unun- practice follow correction ethods which should ntain safety outlined 2 outlined as among follows be employed to the personnel estruction group departmental and vidual inspection investigation com- employees to follow safety rules and uctions compel them to use safety ces and guards stunts contests etc staining constant pressure on safety in operating problem acceptance by agement of responsibility toward 13 maintaining and using cost rec . foreman training program first aid 11s The consensus on the enforcement of plinary measures was sch measures should be enforced by supervisor first by a warning thea 1 lay without pay then by demo- and if all these fail by discharge only one safety activity were per- C. which should be selected The : important activities were selected in following order dividual instruction to workmen by men because a job done correctly is My done safely education in a gen sense which could embrace a multi- of minor safety activities training xecutives and subordinates treating sent prevention as a manufacturing iem placing it on a phase of operation par with any INT Officers 1935-36 Chairman B. ROAPER Humble Oil and Refining Co. Houston Texas . General Chairman A W. BREELAND Lone Star Gas Co. Dallas Texas MidChairman ARCHER ASHTON Vacuum Oil Co. Paulsboro N. J. Atlantic Division Chairman BYERS Shell Petroleum Corp. St. Louis Mo. LakesLakes Division Great Division Chairman S. Huffman Oklahoma Natural Gas Co. Tulsa - Continent Okia Rocky Mountain Division Division Chairman T. Eckwall Stanolind Oil and Gas Co. Mid- west Wyo Oil Gulf Division Chairman L. MANES Sun Oil Co. Dallas Texas Pacific Division Chairman E. Hecox Standard Oil Co. of Calif Ta^fit Calif News Letter Editor B. Murrny Atlantic Refining Co. Philadelphia Pa Engineering Committee Chairman A. Miller The Texas Co. Houston Texas Health Committed Chairman V. C. Baird Humble Oit and Refining Co. Houston Texas Poster Committee Chairman J. Martinson Union Oil Co. of California Los Angeles Program Committee Chairman O. Lockwood The Empire Companies ' Okla Publicity Committee Chairman H. Savage Continent Petroleum Corp. Statistics Committee Chairman W. Myers Standard Oil Co. N.J. New Bartlesville Tulsa Okla York Y. Past General Chairmen W. Black Standard Oil Co. ni N. J. Elizabeth N. J. S. Boxsia Standard Oil Co. N. J. New York Y. R. R. F. L. O. Currie The Texas Co. Houston Texas Donovan Standard Oil Co. of California San Francisco Hightower United Gas Co. Houston Texas Lockwood The Empire Companies Bartlesville Okla Cal^> Geo F. Paussing Union Oil Co. of California Los Angeles Calif E. J. Sexne Vacuum Oil Co. Inc. New York Y. C. W. Smith Standard Oil Co. Ind Chicago Ill D. J. Wallace Sinclair Prairie Oil Co. Tulsa Okla Secretary N. Blakeslee American Petroleum Institute New York City _ Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman W. Er ELANDLone Star Gas Co Chairman J. MARTINSox Union Oil Co. of Cal News Letter Editor 17. Draws Tide Water Oil Cop 361 oreFEL ce $eBy, ME ve bilaOTE VERBryrene Tae a ares age aie? 7 ~e TI OPS mera ane ever peperespines em an 9 . , oe : a cies se oa > BCR , 4z ~ Ra aA 5 4. : f , + nie: me coe : . i on ; ut] :: | ; . oan i 8 SG i w : te: { j i ' , pe Po , { . ae 2 ? [i 362 five) Cicenty- Safety Congress Congress 362 Okla, Twenty Twenty - 23 National MURPHEY EngineeriEngninegringEngineering Committee Committee ComiteComite Chairman Mid Continent Petroleum Corp ~ X2s, Health D. Baird Humble and Corb, eRe TexasCommittee Chairman V. T. Refining Refining Ho Co, bien How. Committee Chairman Markee Phillips Petroleum Bartlesville Ho Markee Humble Oil Bartlesville Refining s Be oat wh Cig Program Committee Publicity GLENN Refining Ho Committee BYERS Shell Petroleum : GLENN SPtautbisltiiccsity Committee Chairmen W. MYERS Standard OilCNo.rp. New York NY me Division Chairman SIMPSON The Texas Company J. York N. NY Y. Vacuum Atlantic Lakes Division Division Chairman R. ChairCmhaanirman Great Lakes Mich Mich MCLEAN MCLEAN Socony Company New Co. Inc. Wh Inc. Worpar resi x x ssie De pies ie ress Division Chairman Texas Division Texas HIATTHIATT Coal Pacific Coal Oil Company Company Tulsa Worpar ssie Woes aie: Chairman Mid Continent Division EARHART 4--4-- part Pacific Chairman BUTLER Oil , Calif .Mountain Rocky Mountain MountainChDaiivrimseinon ChairmaCn hairman OSBORN Standard Past General Black Standard R. W. Black StSatnanddaarrdd Oil of N. New VR. . Boxsin The TexasOil Company Houston Houston TYexaos rk Y. 7 R. E. E. DONOVAN Standard Company Oil System San Francisco Francisco Calif GC. O. HIGHTOWER LOCKWOOD United Gas System Houston Companies Texas Okla G. O. , The Empire PrussiNG Union CalifBartlesville Okla Calif, R. B. Roares Humble and Refining Refining Co. Angeles Calii E. E. Sexxe C. SMITH Oil Vacuum Standard Co. Co. Chicago York Texas Cait York Y. dD. D. Standard Prairie WALLACE Sinclair Prairie ) Chicago Co. Chicago Okla N. Y, Secretary - . American American Petroleum Tulsa Institute BLAKESLER American Institute Institute Petroleum Institute New York, N.Y, : - Rs : = a9it pendi pendi 5 all: are neue: * perdi ganste in che We vestux. a rest those lo use tloas lected 29 of The A mittees October proves October SESSION = passes October 5, 1936 : oA ef Oil Houston, The General Chairman Chairman Oil Refining Houston Co. Houston Texas who le& Co., Houston Texas Texas, who Z oe ; the the during delegates Roaper welcomed and Of the Investigations Investigrateiopnsorthteed on the progress, Investigations year, : . . BREELAND . By BREELAND of A. investigation system system must system accident Co.,th, which supervisor reported Under really complete the report which . really To cach foreman require supervisor To on injury cach foremian On cach injury, repart the Which we Fequire reported script withoj Scrip VLE . least the ac idicul answer can 000100 . 0lea0st00101000 000100 foreman OF answeret. F supervisor quest Wwitho hich iy least 000100 2 Cal 000100 be a Partial ye Eo - . . : Teh Investigationfi, mittees The executr proval The to recomin construc guai guai to mends leaving leaving however however particula purchase respirate respirate NZ of OWever Particula Purchac, Teshirnt,, , : - A RSE pie ss abe? pete bs Sere . tun area he : fWar]F i reread 0 as a iw SS s could be reviewed reviewed i of the section ~ and varded to the headqua General | al Safety Council or andards Association Association the national la commitlecommitcolmmietle Section known known as the ing Section of the No uncil might join join with Committee in making Vice phone I the use of this code in the operation Officers 1935-36 Chairman M. Godwin Philadelphia Electric Co. Chairman for Telephone and Telegraph Interests P. and Telegraph Co. New York N. Chairman for Gas Interests J. BARADA The Laclede Philadelphia Pa ELSTUN American Gas Light Light Co. St. Tele- Louis \ vast amount of time Mo. " has been expended is of the three edities roduced to date Sure ld be compensated by ion of the recommes- Chairman for Electric Electric Interests H. Brown Northern States Power Co. apolis Minn Steretary A. PTOLEMY Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois Chicago Ill Was Letter Editor B. Inman The Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Philadelphia MinnePa Engineering 2 to the accident site! Hof 1 the various indust. MOeffmibaletrhship code the country Han existence of this 4 py in your files to k 3 son with whatever tech- ogram ay be available Art Publicity ry bodies considering of regulations in that ~ [ Publicity Stric Stric S S=tric Committee Chairman H. MULLIGAN Hydro Electric Power Commission Ontario Toronto Ont Canada Committee Chairman Hart E. Fisher Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Chicago Ill Committee Committee Chairman H. DINSMORE Wisconsin Power & Light Co. Madi- Wis Committee Chairman W. Lueck Commonwealth Edison Co Chicago Ill Committee Chairman A. EdwardsEdwards San San Diego Consolidated Gas and ElecCo. San Diego Calii naorte ondliyrecttolyyousrerbviecset SisTteinxtaiess and ContestContest Committee Chairman L. Hightower United Gas Co. Houston 1 body by drawing di Final merican standard - Duarez Consolidated Gas Co. of New York Special tates which are using: Representatives Special Safety Codes as consist W. eee A. BUCHANAN ApalachianAppalachian Electric Power Co. Welch W. Va stations is Lincoln uniformity consist uniformity 2 aig T. CASTER Va E.E.I. Lincoln Telephone and Telegraph Co. Lincoln Nebr nal uniformity on ees L. GILBERT , Bell Detroit Mich Michigan Telephone Co. prevention so far a co > PM JAMES D. D. HALL HALL Atlantic City Electric , Co. Atlantic City N. J. will not be secured A. A KLINGE Public Service Co. of , Colorado Denver Colo support is given W. J. MCVAY Consolidated Electric and Gas Co. New York N. Y. A.G.A. ry to the acceptance P. NOYES Central Maine Power Co. Augusta Maine i encies of these SHEDD Appalachian Electric Power Co. Bluefield W. Va * codes codes as thtehe bar SYS. -ApartSTaIdLEoS C1o7m1p5anHiaabaCnubaanCaubdea Electricidad Maximo Gomez Antes Monte No. 1 ; Councilors Councilors ~ WoItEGLSeEOLERSSGEBDEMOcMCEAROAULCUHTCLMLAAEONRCDNHTLAN RUTLAND Co Alliance Alliance Corp. Chi BOULET WisTchoensiPneopPluebslicGaSserLviigchet & Coke Co. Chicago Ill eneral Electric Geo G. EJ EJ Corp. Milwaukee Wis Dayton Power & Light Co Dayton Ohio John O'Neill Geo FE KE Philadelphia Co. Pittsburgh Pa st Lynn Mass St Producti WILLS B. McCOCH Electrical Engineer Toronto Ont Canada troit Steel iat McCOCH Bureau of Safety Chicago Ill e . ee F. M. PEPPER The Detroit Edison Co. Detroit Mich C. RUTLAND Illinois Bell Telephone Co. Chicago Ill Pe C. J. Texas Power & Light Co. Dallas Texas : H.F. VANDEGRIFT VANDEGRIFT The Chesapeake and Pesume Telephone Co. Washington D. C. H.F. Wenen West Penn System Pittsburgh t's, Wenen Illinois Bell Telephone Co oLE s9 eer Oe H H 405 405 ie sare tote A et ne cs ee ermet^' tI. Ti haa Reon ne Le ae AL ae see LoScrete rsahem. samen Mae we MILPAKSIdaagzerete=ee te ispongwierakhelsm eo te niept ve To 405 Twenty National Safety Congress Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman J. Barada The Laclede Gas Light Chairman for Telephone and Co. St. Louis Mo phone and Telegraph Co. New YoTerlkegrN ap. h Interests P. Elstoy American Tele ChNeawirYomraknY fo. r Gas Interests P. Durfee Consuhrated Edison Co. of N. Inc . ChneaapiolrismaMninnfor Electric Interests H. Brows Northern States Power Co. Min- by Secretary A. Ptolemy Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois Chicago Ill Ph Pa News Letter Committee R. B. INMAN Chairman The Philadelphia Gas Works Co. CHARLES S. BOWDEN Ohio Public Service Co. Alliance Philadelphia Ohio Pa James R. D. HALL Atlantic City Electric Co. Atlantic City N. J Knorr Union Electric Light and Power Co. St. Louis Mo. Engineering Committee WO. nt MCauntaidanas Chirmua Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario A. A. Paul Joits W. J. KLINGH Public Service Co. of Colorado Denver Colo R. Kuan Pann Central Light & Power Co Altoona Pa P. McCars New England Power Assn Boston Mass MeVs Consolidated Electric and Gas Co. New York Y. HeaTT lHHth Committee laarman Dr Hart E. Fisiter Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Toronta . Chicago . . Visuel Education Texts Texts . Comite Committee Chairman L. Hightower United Gas System System Houston Pulha y Pulha y Cummatree Chairman 5. Merzcip The Tuledo Edison Co Toledo Ohio -4 Membership Comme Comme W. Lerck it hairman Commonwealth Edison Co. Chicago HI Harry Benson Consolidated Gas & Electric Co. Baltimore Md M. E. P. Casioa Lincoln Telephone and Telegraph Co. Lincoln Nebr Noyes Central Maine Power Co Augusta Maine E. A. Rust Eric County Electric Co. Erie Pa H. E. Suzan Appalachian Electric Power Co. Blue^-eld W. Va R. Sterly Oktalana Oktalana Gas and Electric Company Oklahoma K. Stites Chompania Cubana de Electricidad Habana City Cuba Okla ProWgirsam Committee Chairman H. Dinsmore Wisconsin Power & Light Co. : : : . : Re Madison SpeVcaialER.epE res. entati W A. Buchanan Appalachian Electric Power CHARLES J. Gfyort Chairman Association Accident Prevention Committee i Co. Welch W. . American . Gay H Councilors Texas Co. Ait shington E. S. DEAUMaar The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co. Chicago Ill C. B. BOULET crism Public Service Corp. Milwaukee Wis G. A. DOELLER The Dayton Power & Light Co. Dayton Ohio Roy M GODEs Paladelphia Paladelphia Electric Co Philadelphia Pa E. J. KREIT teladelphia teladelphia Company Pittsburgh Pa WILLS MACLM THAN Electrical Engineer Toronto Ont Canada B. B. McCum ** Bureau of Safety Chicago III GEORGE OPP Petrit Edison Company Detroit Mich . . M. Peppen 0 .is Bell Telephone Co. Chicag Zar C. Ruthann Texas Power & Light Company LB Te> x - aates ae a L. VANDERwiet The thesapeake and Potomac Texas : H. F. W nsWest Penn System Pittsburgh Pa MODS CE. D. Cas, os one BUIGPAS ngress ngress Quarry Section The of tongs and wear pair es and goggles idge hammer does not wa does not wear gloves The give him a better grip on the her handle and without gog able to see more clearly struck the ALEXANDER operator uses mall piece of should smal small wowrokrkbe helderhelder helder vise . an electric it should ^ Officers 1935-36 FOSTER FOSTER JR Warner Co. Philadelphia Pa eral ALEXANDER Marble Cliff Quarries Co. Columbus Chairman RAREY Ft The E. Baker Co. York Pa and NewNews s Letter EEditdor itor B. Sire J. Crushed Crushed Stone Co. News Eretary Eretary F. YOTTER The General CommitteeComite Chairman National Crushed Stone Assn Assn Committee Committee Chairman R. Boyn made fablicity -it should be either fablicity or clamped to a work D. C. W W. Adams U. S. Bureau of Mines Committee Chairman smalistics Timbers rule applies while filing smalistics D. c at all times they should & at Large National Sand and Gravel Assn a portable electric grinda we V. P. AH aks H. BAKER J. E. Baker Co. York Pa i be taken with the leads WILLIAM The General Crushed Stone Co pping the man should alw~-n 10A..M. WGORRAVTEHSEx The Connecticut Quarries Co. gles An accident occured employee used this type of Washington Easton Pa New Haven C. Comm Olsio Easton Pa Washington Washington properly He made it fast d used it to sharpen a tool As I away the wheel exploded3 e entering his groin been placed on a board with : to the board This guarderal orded of aluminum and wouldthe were placed the opposite it was found that gation and that was not operating the wheel was about two time $F $n. Officers Elected for 1936-37 1936-37 guarderal Warner Co. Philadelphia Pa guarderal Chairman ALEXANDER FOSTER JR Co. Columbus Ohio The The Marble Cliff Quarries Chairman RAREY B. Sipe J. E. Baker Co. York Pa Secretary News and Letter Editor The General Crushed Stone Co. Easton Pa theter Committee Chairman F. Yotter National Crushed Crushed Stone Assn Washington Committee Chairman R. Boyd blicity XD C. U. S. Bureau of Mines Washington D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman W. Adams hould have been Members at Large- and Gravel Assn Washington D. C. V. P. Anears National Sand Co. York Pa WILLIAM H. BAKER J. E. Baker Crushed Stone Co. Easton Pa q 10. M. GRAVES The General Lime Association Washington D. 1f04e.. S. Walter StAUFFER NationHaalven Trap Rock Co. New Haven Conn A. L. WORTHEN The New Re tr Mal Pa Boer ace WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION qe October 7 1936 . aes ory <4 first session was called to order by General Chairman Alexander Foster Jr WarnerWarner Company Philadelphia Pa who Bi welcoming the delegates and presided the Section dur- outlining the activities of BP 5S ath . arene as 2 ing the year 425 . as mst at en 0 aan ianq a tone Aen reas 0 omaT WI= ate oe SSSE or a, 0c ar RearTS : -e2 npsyad. we pera 20S: ow ta reke oe aR BITS 432 Twenty National Safety Congress Hazards in and about the plant are discussed and corrections recommended A short study of first aid is covered at each meeting If time permits some interesting article from the National Safety he is out with his friends He is not only proud but interested in his surroundings He is part of the organiza tion and that feeing of responsibility , encourages operation News safety is briefly device is covered or some ---- -- placed on display for Good Housekeeping consideration The personnel and safety department issues a monthly Foremen's Bulletin which is distributed to all plants Each issue contains an editorial a first aid in- struction page a Voice of Safety experi ence page containing illustrated safety devices that foremen have sent in relat- ing to some accident problems and how they were solved This is followed by several pages showing competitive standing of foremen according to severity rates The last few pages cover a sum- mary of all time and reported accidents during the previous month Every safety program contains a few thoughts on this topic but it is one practice that is seldom seriously consid ered It is so hard to use valuable time to clean up yard and plant We have learned differently About a half hour each day is spent in keeping our plan~- shape Our walkways are kept free from sand and gravel lines worn plates and screens The spaces between the railroad tracks are cleaned so that the brakemen and firemen will run no risk of injury from falls while shifting cars The decks of our tues Scows and dredges are kept free of material and lines Employer Relations are properly coiled and placed to prevent one from stumbling Where no other If an employee is happy with his work his contrades and general surroundings he is proud of his company He has been given a chance to help develop the safety program Perhaps the company's house organ has honored him for a note worthy suggestion Maybe he was in a group picture of accident workers protection can be given placed on tugs and barges from falling overboard hand rails are to prevent men The plant is thoroughly illuminated for night opera- tion Floors steps and other walkway Surfaces are kept free of oil water ice and snow Materials are piled so that they will not easily fall or be displaced by These are subjects of conversation when vibration THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8 1936 contamed an free silica Frequently the literature which are c of their silic are true sta taken to nie in these tra fully expose employees i work with silica haza though all potentially measures 3 hazard pre more prop occupation hazardous exposure Abra Abro Blas Bric Coa Cor Fou Gla Gla Gra Ha Me Po Pne Po S31 Stc SI S1 Sa T v. Silicosis An Occupational Disease Hazard By ROY R. JONES M. D. Passed Assistant Surgeon U. S. Public Health Service Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor Silicosis is in the strict sense of the term an occupational dises It has not been reported as affecting any individu- ais except period mospher Passed Assistant Surgeon U. S. Public Health Service those workers who for a long sunked in the air an breathed they breathed < . a Ss In dustrial per cent in occup hazard Vane e Publ area int Lan upon the Sayr miners o Departm Pu:t Massaen 000104 He is not in in his sur- the organiza responsibility .ng ntains a few at it is one ously consid valuable time t We have a half hour ng our plant are kept free worn plates between the so that the run no risk shifting cars SCOWS and trial and lines ed to prevent re no other and rails are prevent men The plant is night opera her walkway l water ice piled so that displaced by or Standards .o for a long ed in an at- ney breathed . . Quarry Section 433 an excessive concentration of contained silica in in free Frequently workearpspeared contributing reports have the literature listing the chief occupations are considered hazardous because which These no doubt of their sisltiacateemxepnotssurbeut they cannot be are are true taken to mean that all employed in these trades or industries are harm- fully exposed In some cases few of the employees in the cited industries are at to a work with processes hazard In other instances al silica though all the processes are dusty and effective potentially dangerous control measures are in operation and no real azard present Perhaps it would be more proper to state that the following potentially most occupations arc the hazardous from the viewpoint of silica exposure Abrasive makers Abrasive makers Blasters sand Brickmakers Coal miners Core makers Foundry workers Glass makers Glass mixers 000 men were then working under condi- tions which were harmful to their health from the viewpoint of silica inhalation but such a statement does not mean that this number of men are doomed to die from the effects of such exposure Many of these workers may in the near future be working under different conditions either because they sought employment elsewhere or because the existing haz- ards will have been controlled Occupational diseases are reportable by law in but a few states As a result ac curate information regarding the incidence of silicosis is not available Based upon data furnished by field studies and census reports various estimates have been made as to the number of workers potentially and actually exposed to a silica hazard Less than 25 per cent of the employees in the zinc and lead mines in the State Area and of the workers in the hard coal mines of Penn- sylvania were found to have developed silicosis in any form In Massachusetts according to a report of a Special Commission less than 23 per cent of representative granite workers examined and less than 12 per cent of representative foundry workers had silicosis in any form~- Granite quarriers Hard miners Causes of Silicosis Metal grinders Pottery makers Pneumatic rock Polishers Sanders drillers The mere contact with silica dust does not of course result in silicosis The development of silicosis in an individual is dependent upon the concentration of dust in the air he breathes the amount Stone finishers of free silica in the dust the size of the Slate quarriers Slate finishers Sand pulverizers Tunnelers Vitreous enamelers In a survey carried out in a typical industrial area it was found that about 9 per cent of the workers were employed in occupations where a potential silicosis hazard is known to exist Lanza and Vane estimated in 1934 that about 500.- silica particles and the length of time the worker is exposed to the dusty at mosphere Some contributing forces are the presence of other irritating dusts and active pulmonary infection The lung with impaired lymphatic drainage resulting from previous infection can less readily eliminate the silica particles inhaled and thus predisposes to a more extensive accumulation of silica in the lung In the final analysis only dust containing Public Health Bulletin No. 216. The potential problems of industrial hygiene in a typical industrial area in the United States Lanza A. .. Vane Robert 3. The prevalence of sc +i: ww, the upon the incidence of tuberculosis American Review Review of Tauerculosis Sayers R. R Meriwether F. V. Lanza A. J. Adams W. miners at the State District of Oklahoma Kansas and Missoun general Jan. 1914 . Silico population and its a Regrets Regrets reau bi Mines * effect of the mes Report Department Report of Commerce Technical Paper 345 1923 : No. Health Bulletin No. 221. Anthraco among hard coal mid to the General Court of the Special Industrial Disease Comme be Y _ 3 oe Commonwealth of Bee Massachusetts House No. 1350 Feb. 1934 Lo =: eae v Yt SON E B) aera Salt | hard Les 0mme ar FSGS he, cette ' wl Be LRTIAMT Fo ee me Whe sae rape Twenty National Safety Congress free silica has been shown clinically and experimentally to be capable in itself of producing the nodular fibrosis characteristic of silicosis Our knowledge regarding the harm which may be expected from working in specific dust concentrations is rather limited The question of mixed dusts has provoked considerable discussion In field research and experimental studies to date however it has been found that the injury produced has closely paralleled the percentage of free silica present in the dust In a general way the greater the silica content the greater is the damage Obviously the inhalation of any dust in sufficient concentrations might exceed the ability of the lung to eliminate it Fifty million particles of dust per cubic foot of air seems to be a rather excessive concentra- tion However workers in the anthra- cite mining operations who were exposed to air which contained concentrations up to that amount the silica content of which ranged up to 5 per cent experienced no more respiratory trouble than industrial workers generally Moreover these anthracite workers did not develop s^>licosis despite prolonged exposure to such concentrations In the haulageways of the anthracite mines where the silica content amounted to about 13 per cent a corresponding safe limit for workers appeared to be between 10 and 15 million particles of dust per cubic foot For the rock workers in these mines where the silica in the dust ran as high as 35 to 43 per cent a relatively safe concentration of dust was judged to be about 10 mil lion particles per cubic foot This latter finding compares with the 10 to 20 million particles per cubic foot which was shown to be a reasonable safe maximum concentration for workers in where silica constituted about 25 of the dust inhaled granite per cent Only the very fine dust particles can gain entrance to the alveoli of the lung small terminal air sacs but these par- ticles that do get into these tiny air sacs can be eliminated only by means of the tissue cells dust cells carrying them away via the lymphatic circulation Particles of silica longer than 10 microns in their longest dimension a micron is 25,000 of an inch cannot gain entrance to these smail divisions of the lung and those which may be present in the air inhaled are arrested along the upper res piratory tract and upon the mucous mem- brane lining the trachea and larger bronchi From these areas they are eliminated along with the mucous secre- tion However research studies have shown that about 60 per cent of indus- trial dust is made up of much smaller particles with an average diameter of be- tween 1 and 3 microns In fact only about 7 per cent of industrial dust par- ticles are of an average diameter greater than 3 microns Thus a large propor tion of industrial dust is of a size which can penetrate to the finer divisions of the . lung The irritating and toxic effect of these fine silica particles retained in the lungs is first to produce an inflammation in the tissues where they accumulate Following this inflammatory reaction young fibrous tissue cells which harden as they mature gradually replace the delicate lung tissue forming a sear This dense scar tissue is functionless as far as aiding in respiration is concerned and not only decreases the lungs ability to obtain oxygen to pass into the blood but also what is more important lessens the natural resistance of the lung tissue to in- fection tittle sign disic suffit Ear less ---- -- thir app Car At oni the mo ma Stitt div dc for The length of exposure to silica taining atmosphere silicosis necessary silicosis is for indefinite the de- indefinite ae velopment of silicosis is very indefinite ~~ It would vary with the concentrations of silica to which an individual is exposed Signs indicating the presence of silicosis might appear more quickly if the worker has previously suffered from extensive pulmonary infection or if the pulmonary infection develops during the period of employment Where the exposure is excessive typical silicosis has occasionally developed in such brief periods as 1to 3 years However except where infec- tion has hastened the process in the ma- jority of cases silicosis is seldom estab- lished in less than 10 to 15 years and rarely develops to the point where meas- urable disabling effects are noted until after 15 to BE ' exposure Public Health Bulletin No. 217. The determination and contri industrial dust 435 Quarry Section Clinical Signs Diagnosis of silicosis may silicosis may some- exhibited exhibited There are symptoms signs symptoms silicosis which may the found upon examination which may respiratory persons development respiratory silicosis the complicated complicated silicosis infection there complicated complicated if individual's general suggest disease general shortness shortness breath beginning this shortness eventually may apparent fibrosis fibrosis shortness breath breath eventually become exertion When Considerable methods discussion has been 435 Considerable Considerable discussion discussion been in been ated Considerable some- by question the some- which silicosis contributes cocntroibuntestrimbutaesndn isaebilrity in- and the disability determining determining also degree degree representative representative representative studies made upon large representative groups diseases workers workers havcone dition accurately accurately diagnosed majority majority diagnosed un- cases condition may and there silicosis capacity work measurable measurable decreased diescriempaosretadnt to remember work general Therefore Therefodiragenosis of silicosis not remember ways diagnosis mean the individual dis- have ways Individuals Individuals with silicosis been shown more susceptible susceptible to be pulmonary for rea- son pulmonary infection and considered considered considered as contributing silicosis may pri- marily contributing contributing disability disability which characteristic established established established the tion findings are $0 breathes breathes in manner The fact that ray so lungs have has that to ray findings Normally time time important that the erroneous con- clusion by some positive diagnosis diagnosis pulmonary that that exhale exhale The fibrosis be made by examination may is not examination of films person with pulmonary will alone Such all the case Careful lung person with silicosis consideration of avail- not permit permit normal collapse collapse as readily time required able is essentidailagbneofsoirse a mnay authoritative authoritative not the may mortem estab occupational greater greater than that required required three required silicotic in- lished A complete occupational record should be obtained The of individual's the advanced advanced marked this the complaints history marked marked in the and but definite value complaints are of chronic chronic asthma asthma . limited of the pulmonary cases Commonly silicotic The progress the role played changes in- dry cough more marked marked plains exercise exercise The serves to indicate fection Since silicosis predisposes to tubercu tinged infection particularly sometimes blood coughing coughing pulmonary effort should made made de . termine every severe tuberculosis rais- i the infection tuberculosis coughing with many this will for for sputum usually in- infection purulent sputum person with the more many instances examina- than simple microscopic tion Guinea inocula inocula silicosis silicosis develops extensive extensive complicat- complicat- complicat- ing pulmonary tion with the sputum frequently the treated sputum usually show constitutional infection infection he will show tubercle that that infec- are readily weight tion Digestive evidence loss loss of weight cases may demonstrated otherwise . Some . require repeated exami and strength pain severe chest chest pain Particularly nation order . to ailments out the more com- com- Particularly experienced experienced Particularly mon pulmonary pulmonary causes the the Particularly when these signs ailments causes they may Y pathoingical changes indicative obseSirlviecodsis similar erally considered infection serious serious complicating colmupnligcaticnghapunlmgoneasrychanges infectioninfection infection serious The means ray most oi these too specific findings the disease but produced to the changes changes producedproduced diagnosis other pulmonary pulmonary pulmonary lesions No diagnosis established established siii siblity should considered considered established - in living individual without estaray in sponsibility without 3 X-ray the living individual pathoingical changes Prevention Silicosis the control control of silicosis hazeamplroyedr employer plant rests di- di- rectly unon differs differs sharply from distribution distribution sibility field of industrial industrial the case of accident accidentsptohnesibility employee must share some some t must share sone ot study being made. on gee me See me em Ms ot N a Pr eae oe ne er me ne to Pa De aye eae yeerences wes e PeRialeree ES.ye ee eee nt e i seLO Fer Tas:ee+ Ee-.eve ySeHi,3ae4 oecon Tobia Rareet er +8 Care 43 Twenty National Safety Congress Silicosis on the other hand does not develop from a temporary or single exposure and proper supervision of workers offers the management ample opportunity to deal summarily with the careless offender before serious damage can result Effective control may be stated primarily to depend upon the management's atti tude toward a sound comprehensive pro- gram of prevention based upon our present knowledge of the disease The prevention of silicosis is dependent upon the application of cooperative medical and engineering methods Silicosis itself seldom advances to a degree which becomes disabling unless the condition is complicated by pulmonary infection Adequate medical supervision requires that provision be made for 1. Medical staff with special training It is not enough that the physicians be basically quali^-ed in their profession They must also be familiar with industry to such a degree that they know what health hazards are commonly associated with speci^-c industries Moreover they must know the fundamentals of engineering control applicable to these hazards so that they may cooperate effectively with the engineering staff 2. An organized program including detailed employment physical examinations careful periodic physical examinations and adequate control and study of respiratory illnesses affecting employees and an effective system of recording and reporting industrial accidents and occupational diseases employment physicial examinations should be made for the purpose of placing workers in positions for which they are physically fit to carry on with safety to themselves and their workers No convincing evidence is available to show that a disabling silicosis affecting a worker will progress more rapidly if the individual remains at work under condi tions reasonably controlled than if he is given another type of work Therefore those wout evidence of active pulmon- ary infection may be safely employed in any capacity provided the conditions under which they are working are reasonably controlled We have proof that individuals with active tuberculosis will have their condition aggravated by silica exposure and that individuals with sili- cosis are particularly susceptible to pulmonary tuberculosis When management fails to take the necessary precautions to guard against the placing of men with tuberculosis in a dusty environment they increase the problem of controlling tu berculosis among the population as a whole Since any pulmonary infection may be such an important contributing factor in disabling silicosis the relation- ship of the medical personnel to the em- ployee should be such that he is assured immediate advice and early treatment if necessary for respiratory infections which may develop during the period of em- ployment unnecessa unnecessa weeping weeping ictore 3 weeping lessens t ammatic ammatic ammatic In sor other we the dust zone oi particula ,, work w source ( ulating strongl Physical examinations made at regular be don intervals afford an opportunity for early workin detection of any harmful effects due to tie i working environment Where found plant conditions may be before serious injury results they are corrected The fre- lowed with d most quency with which these examinations It is should be made will physical condition of depend upon the men and the the certain worker nature of the process in which they are enviro engaged For this reason it is highly important that the medical personnel be pirator must familiar with the condition of the men ment upon entering employment and with their later physical condition They must also know the physical requirements of the occupation the particular health haz- the du tration dividu such ards associated with it and the practical means for rendering conditions of em- simple satisi ployment safe in , There are many ways in which me- chanical or engineering methods can be adapted to insure clean air in the work- room Where possible dusty operations should be isolated from other plant ac- shou sure 11 used tivities thereby exposing as few workers as possible to even a potential silicosis hazard Local exhausts removing dust at its source and preventing its dissemina tion into the workroom atmosphere are practical for many operations To accom plish this in some instances may require complete enclosing of the process When local exhaust or enclosed processes are not effective or practical air filtering systems or simple general workroom ventilation removing the dusty air and replacing with clean air may serve to nee _ quarters safe Mig _ should be given to the ods thing the workrooms 3 ! meth Much Led 000103 437 Section Quarry pul is to with they ; tuas a ction uting stion- : em sured nt it which em egular early ue to y are rected e fre ations n the .d the ey are highly nel be . eq men with must nts of h haz ractical of em th me can be workerations sweeping methods cleaning unnecessarpyrocedures before sweeping lessens dust sweeping sweeping sweeping is created by careless Either wetting down or the use of moist cleaning or vacuum this source of atinospheric con- blasting tamination water sprays and In some operationmsethods serve to keep other other wettpairtinclges out of the breathing dusty dusty particles the worker the These methods are and load- zone of adapted to particularly tunnel In mining and operations ing where blasting may be the contamination chief work contamination reg source of atmtoismpehefroirc doing such work is ulating the This work should strongly recommended after regular betwen shifts or be done In either case sumcient working hours clear should be al- time for the air to of drills Wet drilling or the use lowed attached are practical in with dust traps ceive periodic inspection to insure that they are properly maintained and work efficiently That dust which is collected at its its point of origin and dust removed from the general atmosphere of the work- should be so disposed of that there room chance of its again being circulated is no in the workroom Substitution Substitution of Product Frequently an effort has been made to contain eliminate the silica hazard by upon substitute materials which relying no silica While this may in rare in- stances be both necessary and practical , of in many it has proven a measure but seldom little value furthermore it can seldom the be considered a complete solution of the resultssusbol-v- the problem We have seen the similar attempts in the use of results ents Aside from the fact that use stitute may be less efficient often its provided most drilling operations to operate It is sometimes impossible that the in such a way certain processes to a dusty worker can avoid exposure res- Under such conditions environment of an approved type piratory protection The type of equip- must be he furnished will depend upon ment to and the concen- the duration of exposure which the in- tration and type of dust to short periods of dividual is exposed For a or for emergency use such exposure of respirator may be simple filter type continuous employment satisfactory For continuous the employee in unsafe atmospheres should be equipped with a positive pres- sure helmet or an airline respiratodrevices All mechanical or engineering should re- used as a means of prevention prac- is associated with a health hazard equally dimcult to control Effective and most tical control methods have been devel- oped to insure the safe operation of processes requiring the handling of sil- materials It is a far wiser polipoclicyy iceous to depend upon proper control measures toxic and continue being a material whose well qualities in controllable limits are well the adop- understood than it is to omit a tion of control measures and rely upon is product concerning which much less is known It must be remembered that often slowly cupational diseases develop often fact the only after years of exposure and for safe that a substitute material proves for a few years is no guarantee that that i it s altogether harniless ant ac- workers silicosis dust at semina- gre are accom- require , When es are fitering orkroom air and serve to te meth- Much What the Should Know About Employer By THEODORE C. WATERS Silicosis & Waters Baltimore Md Mullikin Stockbridge was the workmen's the employer was not las fur the dianthat Prior to the adoption of gers of the employment ath The antrib- acts by our several state The and compensation injured in the assumed by the employ i that negligence | legislatures an employeeemployee could only re- utory ants wurse of his employment in- the negligence of h 1 ++. feng ants tlie cover from his employer for thostoe the were similarly avail Thereiere anei : PTs) tlie Roene pures which could be attributed employes this | Bezhgence of his employer While Hable for his own nenegliggenceligence industrial disputes i this Glge EK DANIELS SMe tame i | ha Oe Cd + . ade dh ae , tog H Poth 8 ory The, ts > ss er Oe aye Pernsar, ee Aen aEN Pe *, 8 ~3nSnyare SADA gtee sO ob ale he EAS sen ete ITe osera oi an FOTN! mk Lane) a oe oe et a Tete - a ive od e: Fh TERBe NES.DEV e Tues $a +. Twenty National Safety Congress legal status employees resorted to actions at common law to obtain compensation for injuries based upon the alleged neg ligence of the employer The main purpose of the authors of the workmen's compensation acts enacted by our several state legislatures was to make the remedy granted thereby the exclusive remedy for injuries suffered by employees during the course of their employment These acts stripped the employer of his common law defenses including 1. Failure to prove the employer's neg ligence 2. Assumption of risk by the employer 3. Contributory negligence of the employee and negligence of his fellow ser- vants In other words the compensation acts made the employers insurers of the safety of their employees against accidental injuries On the other hand the compensation acts deprived the employee of his right of common law action for accidental injuries sustained by him in the course of his employment We must bear in mind however that the workmen's compensation acts did not purport to cover occupational disease injuries but solely accidental injuries that is those injuries which occurred at a specific place at a certain time and which could be ascertained and determined coincidentally with the infliction of the injury Forty states and the District of Co- lumbia have enacted workmen's com- pensation acts Arkansas and Mississippi alone not having such acts at the pres- ent time Compensation acts which ex- clude compensation for occupational dis- eases either expressly or by judicial in- terpretation have been enacted in thirty- two states Fourteen states and the District of Columbia have a Work- men's compensation acts which include compensation for occupational diseases either expressly or by judicial interpre- tation or b specific occupational dis- ease acts With respect to those courts holding that the workmen's compensation acts do not provide an exclusive remedy to an employee whereby the employee retains his common law right of action for injuries sustained by him in the course of his employment such ruling is based substantially upon the reason that since workmens compensation acts were de- signed primarily to compensate fo traumatic injuries they replace the em ployer's common law liability solely for those injuries sustained by accidental means Therefore sonal with respect to those per- injuries sustained by other means as for example silicosis since it is not compensable under the compensation acts the employee still retains his com mon law right of action therefor based upon the negligence of his employer With respect to those courts holding that the Workmen's Compensation acts do provide exclusive remedy such ruling is based primarily upon the language of the act and the further ruling that an em- ployee had no common law right of ac- tion for occupational disease injury dustrial pla with the a by the tim zen of the against th impossible Need fo The ult | of compe ] found in | will remo | common that work | inated suc [| some leg inate suc | case injur The he compens Legal Basis for Recovery his c dustrial ; The usual form of declaration contains allegations that the defendant manufacturer caused the plaintiff to work in an atmosphere where silica dust existed that is engag to The sires com fered act the defendant knew or should have known that certain materials used by the defendant employer contained harmfuolr dangerous agencies of silica which were destructive to life and health in the human body that the defendant was guilty of negligence in failing to warn the plaintiff of the danger and in failing to provide the plaintiff with a safe place in which to work or safe appliances with which to work that thereby the silica became introduced into the plaintiff's lungs and body causing him permanent injury To at the sub prevent therefor than is certain subject attentio In th licity has se ing pu i cases control The defense pleadings set up the de- fense of assumption of risk by the plain- tiff the plaintiff's contributory negligence the negligence of the plaintiff's fellow servants and a general denial of the allegations of negligence as charged by the You ar that in ployees and ac us by In plaintiff is one It is needless for me to emphasize the seriousness of this type of litigation Class is arrayed against class The local fort of certair hazarc press in those places where the causes are tried will carry sensational headlines are av elimin with resp terror of turehe the turehe trial describing disease and emphasizing each capita tion , complain are filed monst the manufacturer Suits chokingly but by the dozens mmunity wherein the in- Will I Possii care 000119 439 Quarry Section 439 r ensation acts were de to compensate for ' they replace the emlaw liability solely for ustained by accidental dustrial plant is located becomes aroused with the attendant industrial chaos and the time trial day arrives every citi- by of the community is so prejudiced zen against the defendant that it is almost impossible to procure an impartial trial its mechanical improvements for control However for their part those who labor must be educated in the ways and means of protection to carry out the principles of good housekeeping that employers and responsible State agencies may suggest and utilize such protective appliances that respect to those per tained by other means silicosis since it is not der the compensation e still retains his com action therefor based ence of his employer nose courts holding that Compensation acts do remedy such ruling is pon the language of the ver ruling that an emimmon law right of aconal disease injury sis for Recovery Need for Compensation Legislation The ultimate solution of the problem of compensation for silicosis must be found in some type of legislation that will remove this dispute from the field of common law suits In the same way that workmen's compensation acts eliminated such actions for accidental injuries some legislation must be devised to eliminate such actions for occupational dis ease injuries The honest employer desires to provide compensation for those injuries occurring to his employees as a result of the industrial processes in which the employee may be offered for their protection If employers and employees alike rec- ognize and discharge these duties effective results should be obtained in mini- mizing the hazard and eases arising therefrom controlling disAgain with re- spect to compensatory legislation occupational disease compensation should not be permitted to become health insurance and upon industry should be imposed only those costs which compensate injuries that are peculiar to the particular indus- tries in which the employees are engaged Form of Silicosis Compensation Acts a . of declaration contains is engaged and which are pesciumliilaarrltyhedree-- For many who have given but super- ed it has been the defendant manufac to The honest employee when he has sui- ficial thought to this problem plaintiff work in an sires compensation only somewhat easy to say that compensation a : silica dust existed that fered actual injury for silicosis injuries should take similar new or should have To attempt any detailed discussion of form to that for accidental injuries The in materials used by the the subject of silicosis in industry and vice of such thought is in our failure to er contained harmful or es of silica which were preventive and therefor would compensatory legislation consume far more time recognize the essential differences between the two types of injuries to wit fe and health in the hat the defendant was nce in failing to warn than is available However there are certain basic principles relating to the subject to which I desire to call your that accidents occur at a specific time at a specific place in a specific way under a specific employer while silicosis and he danger and in failing attention other occupational disease injuries are the aintiff with a safe plare In the first place the nation pub- result of the accumulation of injurious or safe appliances with that thereby the silica licity that has been given to this problem has served a fortunate purpose in mold- substances over an extended period of time in different forms or types of em- ed into the plaintiff's causing him permanent ing public opinion to eliminate such diseases from industry so far as engineering ployment ployers and even under different em- leadings set up the deson of risk by the plain- contributory negligence of the plaintiff's fellow control thereof is capable of doing so You and I as citizens recognize the fact that industry should provide for its em- ployees a safe place in which to work and accept this obligation imposed upon Therefore the practical administration of the thought to compensate silicosis in- juries in a manner similar to accidental injuries has not proved satisfactory and some other solution must be found teneral denial of the al- Sence as charged by the for me to emphasize the this type of litigation against class The local aces where the causes rry sensational headlines the trial describing the ase and emphasizing each : the manufacturer Suits gly but by the dozens munity wherein the us by law In the second place the problem itself is is one that calls for the cooperative ef- fort of both capital and labor There are certain industrial processes wherein the hazard of silicosis exists and today there are available mechanical improvements to eliminate or control this hazard Upon capital rests the burden of the installation of such mechanical equipment as will musimize the hazard in so far as is possible An affirmative duty of constant care is imposed upon industry to perfect We have seen that in considerng the national development of compensation acts their original design was to cover only accidental injuries in form and in methods of administration they were not designed to cover occupational diseases It may be true that certain occupational diseases have characteristics strikingly similar to traumatic such as andis- thrax and lead p^ My case develops im and the develod where the dis- after exposure + sos a a SE Rt merits . we,7S earens s yetwlan 440 Twenty National Safety Congress rapid and become disabling fatal or cured within a limited period of time || On the other hand there are certain forms of occupational diseases for ex- ample silicosis where the injuries sus- to tained represent the accumulation of in- | jurious substances over an extended pe- | riod of time and disablement may follow f exposure to hazards under successive em- ployers Therefore in considering legis- The lation for occupational diseases we must recognize the fact that the problem with heretofore which we propose to deal is of ncces- sity different from the accidental injury administration | problem and that the administrative pro- visions of such legislation must be de- standpoi signed especially to handle this particu lar problem greatly am not a professional critic of Work- men's Compensation Laws in effect in this country but one thing is certain none of them is perfect Some of their legislation small fra provisions are perhaps unjust either to the employer or the employee and cer- pensation tainly in the administration of these prosuci visions the human clenient therein may give rise to certain inequities However this industria these acts were the result of the need of transferring the disputes arising between may have been it is not lheogpieslatthiaotn intelligent occupuantrieoansaolnadbilseeasteo may similarly meet with approval of employer and the alike Furthermore it is employee hope that such reasonable the legislation may eliminate possibility of expensive litigation that may arise and serve the social all parties interested in this problneeemds of statutes providing compensation silicosis injuries that have been for adopted in several of the as states vary both to form and as to provisions for their In my judgment uni- formity of legislation is not only impos sible of achievement but distinctly visable Industrial conditions vary inad in the different sections of the and what may be the country lem in the answer to the prob- state of New York may be en- tirely separate and distinct from the an- swer to the problem in California Any proposed to be adopted must be suitable to the particular working con ditions in the particular State in which to be applicable A frank it is of fact will recognition J eliminate unnecessary contention with respect to such proposed legislation employer and employce to some State agency whereby they might be settled formation formation other than that provided by our courts of of law From my own observation of silicosis litigation I believe that from the ployers standpoint of the employer the employee and the public some agency other than our courts of law should be established to administration compens determine the liability of employers for occupational disease injuries sustained by their employees sustained I have mentioned the possible inequi- ties that have existed under our compensation acts and in the administration of their provisions However I believe to day it is fair to state that any attempt to effect the repeal of those compensation acts would meet with the combined resistance of employer and employee alike Neither interest would desire to transfer is 2. back to our courts administering conimon law the question of the legal liability of 74 employers for accidental injuries sus- tained by employees in the course of their liability employment q Again some of our friends who port to speak for labor have been adpvuor-- 4 cates the called inclusive oc- 4 cupational disease acts In my judgment the inclusive occupational disease acts tend inevitably to health insurance tahned enable the Department charged with , thereof to award com- pensation to all the human ills that may wed occur to employees in the course of their >: employment their Another phase of the problem of sili cosis compensation legislation is ., that of accrued liability In most instances where silicosis is found to exist the employees have accumulated the injurious substances that cause their condition during the term of their employment before such proposed legislation could become effective With 4 4 % % <27 respect to that liability I believe it inequitable to saddle the expense thereof * upon industry at one given time and some tmheits haocdcrsuheoduld be found for apportioning . ag medical men are | medical J existence dustry r The det be taken missions medical I wish wish to be th problemi be far of their ment tha that hea ployers pational cies cies With r Public H may able to ; your par other th mation but . compens The 7 brought Therefore in view of the past admin- to be important element istration of our compensation laws un- considered the drafting of silicosis con i dation satisfactory to certain interests as they pensation sion for should be a provi the iz pointment of a competent - Per #. : J i; en" +1 Quarry Section ot unreasonable medical 10 disease the scupational ly meet with occupational and employee : effect thereof tion reasonable to tion may eliminate sive litigation that he social needs board board Neither lawyers nor lay- in position to pass upon are memdenical questions nor to ddiesteeasremsinein tihne- of edxuissttreyncenor the disabling must determination of such injuries The from lay juries and from com- be taken incompetent to determine such .missions I do not believe that modern society will countenance the continued failure of industries to utilize such available m meatnhyods of engineering control as will tend to minimize the hazard and I hope each of that in your industrial processes here assembled will renew your in- you terest and activities with respect to your own important departments of industrial questions this problem medical hygiene discharge its g compensation for Necessity of Prevention Labor for its part must of the haz- appreciation duties with full ave been heretofore I wish to emphasize what to me.seems ards that are present in the particular in- he states vary both be the most important aspect of this wherein its members are --- provisions for their to namely prevention From the dustries be no hearted is judgment uni problem of those who labor they should gaged There must appliances with which is not only impos standpoint interested in the maintenance be far more use of protective labor may be supplied Similarly there out distinctly inad of their health in their particular employ- be no hearted enforcement of tions vary gready ment than in compensation for injuries to must rules and regulations with respect ns of the country that health From the standpoint of em- factory of such appliances Again answer to the prob the cost of prevention of occu- to the use be a cooperative observance York may be en- ployers disease injuries will be but a there must that may be laid tinct from the an psamtailolnaflraction of the ultimate cost of com- of rules and regulations down by safety engineers or state officials in California Any pensation for such injuries with respect to health conditions in your > be adopted must With respect to silicosis through agen- ony o Te cular working con- cies such as your own the United States plants of health must become 2 a1 r State in which n Public Health Service and other state and The problem consideration by all interests in- ey a frank recognition industrial organizations in which indus- major and I honestly believe that with Sen minate unnecessary have confidence there is avail- volved > and em- t to such proposed tarbylematy o you as employers scientific in- full cooapleirkaetiionndusbtyry emmapyloybeerwell on its as formation as to methods of eliminating that exists in pwlaoyyceto elimination of this hazard and of compensa friends who purhave been advo- most of the silica hazard industries If for none may relegate the problem or your particular tion for such injuries to such statutory inclusive oc- other than selfish reasons you as em- the state may see fit to In my judgment ployers should make use of this infor provisions as but adopt reasonable in their provisions because of the scupational disease health insurance ination The initial cost may seem great times the cost of unnecessary to enforce o ment charged with but it will many repay compensation for silicosis injuries previous elimination of the hazard reof to award com- uman ills that may the course of their he problem of siligislation is that of ost instances where xist the employees injurious substances son during the term efore such proposed me effective With ty I believe it is the expense thercoi mien time and some The Thursday morning session was brought to a close with a general round table discussion on The Work of the Quarry Section ADJOURNMENT n^ for apportioning -tant element to be ting of silicosis com- e should be a provi- ent n^ a competent ! ews fety Congress ney and Safety Tablets and Dispensing Equipment Vis e Md Design Traffic Lenses Md plication on Philadelphia Pa xtinguishers <5. .is .is rk City sational 1 Skin Safety Equipment Section 487 Monarch Governor Company Detroit Mich 3 Automobile Speed Control Devices National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters New York City . Casualty Insurance SN. ational Carbon Company Inc. New York City Equipment for Operated Devices . National Safety Council Inc. Chicago Ill o Poster Bureau of Information Research and Education Divisions : Parkrite Corporation Houston Tex Parking Meter Equipment Patent Scaffolding Company Chicago Ill Safety Ladders and Scaffolds Protectoseal Company Chicago Ill Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation Brooklyn Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment Pyrene Manufacturing Company Newark N. J. Fire Protection Equipment Railway and Industrial Engineering Co. Greensburg Interlocking Systems Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company Inc. Columbus Wooden Sole Safety Shoes Rose Manufacturing Company Denver Colo Ladder Shoes Window Cleaners Safety Belts Pa Neb Safeguard Electric Company Inc. Brooklyn Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards Safety Engineering Alfred M. Best Company Inc. New York City Safety Engineering Insurance Publications and Reports Safety Equipment Service Company Cleveland Ohio Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment Safety First Shoe Company Holliston Mass Safety Shoes Safety Shoe Company New York City Safety Shoes W. H. Salisbury & Company Inc Chicago Ill Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices W. Sly Manufacturing Co. Cleveland Ohio Dust Control Equipment & Respiratory Protective Devices Spencer Turbine Company Hartford Conn Heavy Duty Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collecting Equipment Standard Safety Equipment Company Chicago Ill Dust Protective and Safety Equipment Stonehouse Signs Inc. Denver Colo . Accident Prevention Signs and Tags , Strauss Company Inc. Pittsburgh Pa Safety Belts Foot Guards Safety Hats Sugar Beet Products Company Saginaw Mich Industrial Soaps Surety Rubber Company Carrollton Ohio Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Rubber Industrial Equipment John S. Tilley Ladder Company Inc Watervliet Y. ; om, Safety Ladders and Sca^-olding Trafic Toy Inc. Canton Ohio Trame Warning Signs _ . ve Nae OEE SRL ee ath a ee$5 TA & wpe.etat e sib tezLtoe e n. seamie oeA 2 noe gaat rth _ : Textile Section Officers 1935-36 General Chairman , Chairman in Vice Va Roanoke in rice Chairman in W. Hess Proximity Manufacturing Co. Greensboro N. Charge of Program U. Gaudet Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Charge of Membership C. SILVIORD Cliffside Mills Cliffside H. WILLIS Dean Textile School The Clemson Agricultural College Clem- Secretary College C. son Letter Editor T. TROLINGER American Bemberg Corp. and North American Tenn News Corp. Elizabethton Rayon H. SHUFORD North Carolina Department of Committee Chairman Statistics Labor RaleCiogmhmiNt.teCe. Chairman Charles H. Forsaitit Jackson Mills Nashua Manu- Enfgaicnteuerriinngg Co. Nash~-naN. H. Members at Large Manufacturing Co. Swannanoa N. C. -" H. CORY The Beacon Mass H. Eames Lowell Textile Institute Lowell Cotton Manufacturers Boston Mass Charles RUSSELL T. FISHER The National Association of JW.alE.teGrroHcuemPpaHciRfEicYSMilNlastiLonyamlaAnssSo.ciCa.tion of Wool Manufacturers Boston Mass W. H. NICHELS JR Virginia Industrial Commission Richmond Va R. W. Phillir Editor Cotton Atlanta Ga E. E. Place American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Boston Mass T. A. Wilson North Carolina Industrial Commission Raleigh N. C. ne en goaliesa ed if20.2 beaceh oxi 1% ro idcoahe ik ~- vr wi hese4 Ce to WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7 1936 . Co The first session was called to order by 1. What methods are recommeded to T. A. Wilson member North Carolina prevent or control fires in pickers and Industrial Commission Raleigh N. C. other textile machinery who acted as chairman in place of M. W. 2. How can the personnel department Heiss Proximity Manufacturing develop good will with relation to acci- - Greensboro N. C. general chairman of dent prevention work the Section who was unable to be present 3. What is the value of a safety com Both the Wednesday morning and the mittee were held in 4. Do guards slow down production Thursday morning sessions the form of panel discussions on Saiety 5. How can accident prevention work that interest is main- ~ the Textile Industry Since no formal be developed so addresses were presented and since no tained at all times accident have wus made of the 6. an What does stenographic report meetings it is impossible to give a de- upon the diptery direct of plant personal ~ in- in- eee se . a ** tailed account of the sessions here 7. 7. In w diptery direct ways do personal aParticfipantsfeiopnerating sion Topics discussed in the Wednesday ses- juries affeoperating Participants costs the panel included J. W. 2 sion included the following following ^' dE ATTA Bley Eire Ma aati : hie ae, PN H RL f ay fs 8 vit PLE