Document 91vNKapdVkGLBMr5jx473RDO3

FILE NAME: Phenolic Resins (PHR) DATE: 1982 Dec DOC#: PHR060 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: EPA Report - Analysis of Fiber Release from Certain Asbestos Products; from Garlock File \ Information^Mangement d i v i s i o n ^ o f n T th* Director of the Protection Agency's Office of Tnvi tcev.U `S ' Envirnmental attached document is a true correctS^lbJ tances and that the docume,,t in my official. c u s i o d y / c , i S n " e<1 ^ * GCA COration FROM CERTAIN ASBESTOS PRODUCTS" df F F I B E R RELEASE and contained in the docket vv?eCel"ber 82. and Phaseout Proposed Rule ""docket PA Asbestos Ban consisting of 160 Pages i n ' a l w 0PTS 62036' missing). Pages in all (pages 150 and 155 are Subscribed under penalty of perjury on o sj /i? 'A 19?' Linda A. Travers, Director Infs-7 9 3 r I ^vision Ce rtif ication Counsel of the U.S .Environmental Protect*" thS Actin3 Cenerai duties throughout the United States sna Agency' that I hay I signature appears above has legal c,,? a hat the oi=ial whose 2.406 of the original document Jf t . V ? pursuant 40 C.f .r . witnessed by my signature and the o f f i c i ? COp? ls atta=hed. as Environmental Protection A g e n c y ^ h ^ h ^ a j p e a r ^ l ^ . the f r . S s/ :* y --llerald H. Y a m a d a " Acting General Counsel Date: U.S. Office Envi ff PP ees t.i cri d, e s 1 aPndr o tTeocxCiico nS uAbgsetnact fy Chggial Contr o l.D ivision ec Wshington, D,~ci / Cootrct No. 68-01-5960 Technical Directive No. 15 j / EPA Project Officer James P. Bulman J I / % * W*U.A5 E FR i CERTAIN ASBESTOS PRODUCTS Draft Final Report 7 jjyf X?X- i i__c__S/ \c f Ts'A.' i S ''O \ December 1982 Prepared by Peter H. Anderson Marc A. Grant Robert G. Mc Inns William J. Farino CCA CORPORATION CCA/TECHNOLOGY DIVISION Bedford, Massachusetts I r Thi* Draft Final F 'S DISCLAIMER - tecton P ' ' " . l P r o t ^ L n 1^ " 'r be a r CONTENTS Figure*. Tables . 1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction .......... Overviev/purpose. ........... * Report organization .......... * Qualification of analytical techniques and airborne liber monitoring data . . . . References................. . . . Asbestos-Cement Sheet Products ! ! ! ! ! ! Introduction. . . . . . . * * * Secondary processing-- fabriclition ! .* ! End use activities.......... .... Airborne fiber monitoring dat-a Summary of f i n d i n g s .......... .... . References............... ........ flooring Products. . . . . . . . .......... Introduction............ ] \ .......... Secondary processing-- fabrication ! .* .' End use activities............ * Airborne fiber monitorae dat- Summary of finding............! ! ! ! References................... . Coatings and Sealants. . . ! ! ! . * i ] | ' Introduction................. . . . Secondary processing-- fabrication ! ! ! End use activities................. Airborne fiber monitoring data........ Summary of f i n d i n g s ............ ^ ^ References. ............... . 5. Textiles ................. ! ! ! ! .......... Introduction............... * Secondary processing-- fabrication . . . End use activities. . . . . ........... Airborne fiber monitoring data. . . . . Summary of findings . ........... * * [ . References. . ................. * 6 Gaskets and Packing............ * ! ! ! ! ! ! Introduction................... Secondary processing-- fabrication ! ! ! End use activities........ in iv V 1 1 I II 15 17 20 22 22 23 23 26 30 33 36 36 3S J c 41 41 47 48 48 49 53 57 59 67 69 69 70 71 to O' ot UI u K CONTENTS (continued) Airborne fiber monitoring data............. 74 Summary of findings . 79 References................................ 83 7. Asbestos Paper Products ....................... 85 Overview * * ' 85 Roofing felt . . . ....................... 85 Flooring felt ............................. 96 Millboard and rollboard ................. 99 Beater~add gaskets ........ 106 Electrical insulating paper ............. 110 References .............................. 117 8. Conclusion and Recommendations 121 Conclusion . . . . . ................. .. 121 Recommendations for future product testing 144 References . ........................... 153 FIGURE Number 1 Flowsheet for asbestos textile manufacturing le 51 iv \ * / TABLES Page Adbe.co.-Cont.iniug Product Cetegorie. Profiled................. 2 P . r t U l Listing of the Man, Application, of Tr.nait, A/C Sheet . 8 ''T t i i i U e ^ f ? * ! . ^ - - e c o n d a r , Proceaaing end End 0,e 8 9 10 11 12 13 ` 14 S s i . r ! * * ' " nooc i i u *" * . 15 .................................. 27 Fiber Concentrations Associated With T an . Removal of Shee* V i n v l P , h ^stallation and Flooring Jell 7 Plooriug Becked With Aahe.toa ........................................ .. . 28 Summary o f Asbestos F lo o rin g Product . End Use Activities ^ 8 SeC0Qdry Processing and . .......................................... 31 Asbestos-Containing Coatings and Sealants....................... ... Fiber Concentrations Associated With th. . AabesCoe-Coataining P e c r o l ^ - ^ d ' ^ M ^ r " " . ,, . ST ^ n tt * p ^ T r , c e 1^ r.C!" "t''*t i 0 M - = ............................................................................. ....... ST . 4' L t i v u t i * * " ,1 S''1r`C S*ein'i*IP Ptoce.aing end End ............................................ 46 Aabe,toa-Contdining Textile, end Their End Oa, Application.. . 50 FirCr C? n?entr*cins Resulting Prom the Use of Aabeatoa-Contaiding Glovea ............................................................................ 6 0 v r 1 Number 15 16 17 TABLES (continued) Summary of Asbestos Text-il. o j End Use Activities . . . . ^ ucCs Secondary Processing and * * * * * * * * * 62 S ^ t C a s i e \ raL lLQU ^ 8^ ciia^ i e . it.h I " * TM ' Co-V" `* abestoa 18 19 r ,ry ot s" d* * ~ ~ ; " ^ber Monitoring Data from Asbestos Roofing Felt Studies . . . . 89 20 E n d ru,rf* i i w i t i M Rr.`!*.r'1' Secoodar7 P r o c . i o g ,ni 21 22 T. . ....................................98 C o n t a i n i ^ ^ T ^ j ] and S''pFeecciriifc iAcp^ppliUccaVt*ionks` .^..a.t 0..a.~.......... 23 S.cood.ry J ' ' 24 - ................................. 107 " r A c a v " c u ' r'" d " " "y P r o . . * .nd End 25 ... .......................................... Ill ( E & - f * L S r . ; s , rti i ^ u s T - As" std* Installation Processes ? " B Fabrication and M 26 _ 27 ........................................114 .....?*.P." ..... ........ Proc.ini . 28 ' ' ..............................122 Numerical Summary of Monitoring Studies Perform.* Asbestos-Containing Products Performed on 29 4 Asbestos-Containing Products ,,a a..- 141 * Recommended forr iInniittiiaall FFiibbeerr mMon*iltvoir*ilneg8 of CSotnucdeyrn ......... 145 VI SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW/PURPOSE . Over recent years, much has been written about the consequences of exposure to asbestos fibers during the manufacture and handling of asbestos-containing products. Governmental regulatory agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have been entrusted with the responsibility of protecting workers, consumers, and the environment from exposure to asbestos fibers. It is estimated that asbestos fibers have been used to manufacture 2,000 to 3,000 discrete commercial and industrial p r o d u c t s . A s b e s t o s fibers may be released to the ambient air during product manufacturing, secondary processing, and end use. Persons may be exposed to asbestos fibers during the performance of these activities. This study was undertaken to profile the activities routinely performed on asbestos-containing products during secondary processing and end use and to report, when data were available, airborne asbestos fiber concentrations associated with such activities. The data presented provide EPA with information on the likelihood of fiber release from selected asbestos products. EPA will distribute the data to other governmental regulatory agencies, OSHA and CPSC, and where the presence of risk is determined to be unacceptable, measures will be taken to reduce human exposure and environmental contamination. REPORT ORGANIZATION This report is organized by the asbestos product categories presented in Table 1. The categories profiled are asbestos-cement sheet products, flooring products, coatings and sealants, textiles, gaskets and packings, and paper products. The latter includes roofing felt, flooring felt, millboard and rollboard, beater-- add. paper, and electrical insulating paper. These categories were investigated to augment EPA's understanding of the fiber* release potential from asbestos-containing products. Other products that contain asbestos include asbestos-cement pipe, friction materials, reinforced plastics, and under paper products, pipeline wrap, commercial paper, and specialty paper. 1 TABLE 1. ASBESTOS-CONTAINING PRODCT CATEGORIES PT.OTILED L. Asbestos-Cement Sheet Products Plat Sheet Corrugated Sheet Roofing and Siding Shingles 2. Flooring Products Vinyl-Asbestos Floor Tiles Asphalt-Aabeatoa Floor Tiles Sheet Vinyl Floor Covering (Backed with Asbestos Flooring Felt) 3. Coatings and Sealants Petroleum-Based Compounds Water Soluble Compounds 4. Textiles Fire and Heat Resistant Materials Thermal Insulatioo Electrical Insulation Gaskets and Packing? Friction Materials . . . 3. Gaskets and Packings Compressed Sheet Gaskets Mechanical Packings (Asbestos Yarn) 6. Paper Products ' Roofing Felt Flooring Felt Millboard and Rollboard Beater-Add Gasket Paper Electrical Insulating Paper 2 anJ ^ lnC*rvieWS wich survey of publicly TvliUble'daca a n d V ^ T secondary processors, distributors end Products. A computerized literatuU search T ' , cotaP iled f n an extensive ufsecurer. E ^od-coac.inieg ' chat the amount and diversity of asbestos fiber*^**? daCa ba9es revealed -variable i. limite<1. VarioJ 8 producC:teat L data publicl* airborne fiber concentrations during simulated *ab raCorles haye<monitored Co the preliminary nature of their findines nr PrduCt f3e activities, but due are not billing to di.clo.e publicly C h e l e s u l t r o r t h e ^ r s * ^ ^ 606^ 9 ^ product anufacturingloperationstandh!rein l?Cl'Jde a brief description of processing and end use activities Airborne1? d fSCuaaioa of secondary Presented when available relea?I??lt^LT d a M processing and end use activities inrinde . y la discussed. Secondary installation, i n - s e r v i c i u s e I n i t ! ? producC fab^ic i o n and versatility of some products'and ` rfpecC^vely Due to the be some overlap of products be-veen e 1? enn?dlate uses of others, there will ' .action. . 4 0? ; . ^ ** o r l w . i n be noted U QUALIFI CAT ION OF A M A U T I C A L IECHSIQUES AM, AIRBORNE FIBER IIORIRC DATA techniques are nhase ennrro.F- f**' ^chniques. The four (PLM), scanning electron microseopy*(SEM) ^ d 'tr*1*^*** llS?C microacoPy microscopy (TEM). PCM and PLM -re n i ?d tran9mi8Sion electron PCM, SEM, and TEM are commonly ud' generally used to analyze bulk samples. pr0Ced- easamples, whereas PLM is d. t . c ^ : t \ : r n a:irtol TM >ef K r i : for determining^ompliante S t V T Z l l TM * 1 * ' * * ' (NI0S^ for fibers counted are those that a r e >5 ?cupatlaal exposure standards.2 len8th-to-diaraeter e.pect ratio of"3-to-lor grea-er ^ " i h e *f h?V*1` disadvantages of PCM are rh.r r.- . ,, v 8rerer. The principal e. be.co. fiber, from noneebeato. fiber1" . ^ u8ed C diffcreatiate AOO to 450Xd vith ima8, resolution of o n l y E m M ." "1" 1 '" *niic`cid'' >' ..b..S.u u S i i 1!" T 2 i . r t . i ," J 2 lL * i * .pacific optical prop.rtia. to analysis of air samples, distinguish asbestos fiberi e.ba.to. fiber c each a a b ^ t i f o m rainern I S " i t f " i f b E PLM mav be DsrfnrIS J eXhlblCa` With respect f r o m Subae<>uenC t0 pc* analysis to " " " '" 1 ..8n i n c * : > i : t (down to 20 nm and 0.4 nm r e a n e r r . *'? ! i / re8?ei7 cively) and image resolution 3 coaparin, t U i i l ,, compare optical microscopy results ,,f!,"' .Cf're hould be takea not to addition, one should n o t I s l l n l V c Z * ^ SEM r TM -nalyaea. In coLlnV h e -Perf0nnanCe of an ctiJity w i i r ci concen rations that have been acaled over a C?a=enCraCioTM occurring n ed averae (TWA> Poible, analytical methodologies are identi!h?ur.perl0<L To **> extent w / r% P " " nCed* Finally, some of the d l f whenever fiber monitoring Implementation of new control measures c h ^ L " '6^ be uC of <*e. product reformulations should result in f ; v ^ ln procesinS methods, and of those reported. In , n C! J ? r Conce*trations lower thin s i * * are pr.a.at.i. *" '**'' th* *lrb,,ra. f U , , " 4 INTRODUCTION REFERENCES Federal Register, October'17, 1979, Comercial and Industrial Use of Asbestos Fibers; Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Vol. 44, No. 202. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Part 1910.1001. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Standards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Asbestos Fibers in Air - Analytica Method. (March 1976). pp. 239-1 to 239-20, unpublished. McCrone, W. C., and J. G. Delly. 1973. The Particle Atlas, Edition Two. Volume I. Principles and Techniques. Ann Arbor Science Publishe rs Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. Rohl, A. N. et al. Exposure to Asbestos in the Use of Consumer opackling, Patching, and Taping Compounds. Science, Vol. 189. August 1975. pp. 551-553. . . Rubin, I. B. and C. J. Maggiore. Elemental Analysis of Asbestos Fibers by Means of Electron Probe Techniques. Envir. Health Perep. 9:81-94. 1974. Ferreil, R. E. et al. Evaluation of an SEM-EDS Method for Identification of Chrysotile. Scanning Electron Microscopy/1975 (Part II), Proceedings of the Workshop on Scanning Electron Microscopy and the Law, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL. April 1975. 3 l'Jxr* SECTION 2 ASBESTOS-CEMENT SHEET PRODUCTS INTRODUCTION Asbestos-cement (A/C) sheet refers to flat or corrugated cement board products that are primarily used in the construction, electrical insulation, glass, and metallurgical industries. Products within this category include flat sheets, corrugated sheets, and roofing and siding shingles. Shingles are cut from textured flat sheet and are usually painted, but also may be integrally colored. Asbestos fibers are incorporated into these products to provide strength, stiffness, and resistance to heat, rot, weathering, and attack by corrosive chemicals. Specific formulations for A/C sheet products are dependent upon the method of curing used (ambient or autoclave) and end use specifications. If Che sheet product is cured under ambient conditions (moist environment over several weeks), representative material formulations are 15 to 40 percent asbestos, with the majority of the balance consisting of cement. For autoclave cured products, silica is added to speed the dehydration process, A general formulation for A/C sheet products cured by this method is asbestos (15 to 40 percent), cement (40 to 50 percent), and silica (30 to 40 percent).3 In addition, other fillers, binders, and pigments may be added as necessary.^ A/C sheet products are manufactured by either a dry or wet process. The dry process involves preparing a dry mixture of asbestos, cement, and silica (for autoclave cure). This mixture is metered onto a moving wet conveyor belt, then passes under steel rollers, is revetted, and subsequently fully compressed under rolls. The sheet is then cut to uniform lengths and cured. After curing, the sheets are cut and trimmed to sizes ranging f r o m the standard 1.2 x 2.4 meter ( 4 x 8 feet) size to the smaller size shingles. 1 siding shingles are manufactured in sizes ranging from 0.3 x 0.6 meters (1 24 inches) to 0.64 x 0.81 meters (25 x 32 inches). Roofing shingles are produced in surface dimensions ranging from 0.23 x 0.41_meters (9 * *BC 5 l o 0.36 x 0.76 meters (14 x 30 inches). Thickness of the sheet products ranges from 0.32 to 10 cm (1/8 to 4 inches). . . Wet processing is the primary method used to produce both flat sheet and corrugated sheet. The predominant wet process, wet-mechanical, involves a vet slurry of asbestos, cement, and silica (for autoclave cure) in a vat.^The slurry is picked up by a screen cylinder mold and transferred to a felt conveyor belt. After dewatering by a vacuum the material is passed to a I 6 * m o n d r 1 which winds layers to Che desired thickness. Width O- the sheet is determined by the width of the vat; the length of the sheet is determined by the diameter of the accumulator mandrel. A cut is then made 'cross the width of the sheet, and it is manually peeled off the rotating mar.irel onto a transfer roll conveyor. The sheet may be partially dried by passing it over heaters before it is processed through embossing rollers and then trimming and cutting wheels. Corrugating is also done at this time, prior to curing.25 Another wet process involves making a slurry of ingredients as described above, and discharging it into a mold with a screen on the bottom through which water can pass. As the mold is closed, water is squeezed out of the slurry. Finally, when the sheet has the required density, it is ejected from Cn mold and 1 ready for curing* Primary manufacturers of A/C sheet may sell their products unfabricated directly to secondary processors or construction outfits or they may perform limited fabricating steps themselves before shipping the sheet as "complete" products ready for installation. ' Fabricating activities performed by primary A/C sheet manufacturers are uncomplicated, large volume, repetitive operations. For example, pilot holes placed in roofing and siding shingles will normally be punched by the primary manufacturer.^ The punch presses used to form the holes are integrated into the primary manufacturing process such that they are considered part of the production operation, not a secondary step. Straight edge, dimensional sawing for large job orders is another fabricating operation performed by the primary manufacturer.2 Uses of A/C Sheet Product , Flat A/C sheet products are used in commercial, industrial, and residential applications. They are widely used by the construction industry in the following applications: soffit material (covering the underside of structural components), industrial partitions, fire-resistant walls, and interior and exterior decorative paneling. Sheet density, i.e., weight, generally determines-a product's end use. Table 2 presents a partial listing of the many applications of one of the most~commonly used flat A/C sheet products, Transite, a product manufactured by the Johns-Manville Corporation. Flat sheets, impregnated with asphalt, are used as mounting panels for electrical switchboards, bus-bar supports and controller plates, and as insulating spacers in a wide variety of electrical apparatus. Corrugated A/C sheets are used primarily in industrial and agricultural applications, serving as siding and roofing for factories, warehouses, and agricultural buildings. They are also used as linings for waterways, pilings for canal bulkheads, and as end paneling for cooling towers.^ Flat sheet is also textured and cut for exterior use as siding and roofing shingles. These shingles are extremely durable, and are available in a wide range of styles and colors. L IS T IN 0 o p * w " S ^ 2 S li g ' ' t r a n s i t s a / c s h e e t Abattu i ra Animal hoapitala Air abaft Air conditioning (homing) Aerator (houting) Air puri( ice:ion cqulpoant Animal t i l l Architectural pencil Arc b i r r i e r i Blfflci Boiler room Bekery nixing a tin di Beking oveni Bulkhead* Blower duett B iie b ill dugouti Botton p lit e i (foundriet) Buriil vault Cell compartment* ( i l i c t r i e c l ) Cell doort (e le ctrica l) Cemetery xurker Incinentori Cenopiei Cooling towert Chute Conveyor prom Conduit - Dental i*fg. work t a b l e t Dry k iln Orying tower Dutt c o lle c t o r Drifting table Draft deflector Drying oven Duct Elevator lining Exhautt vent and duct Fate ia Factory interior/exterior Fan bui Id ing Floor underlaynent Fuiee hood tin era /d u cta Fumigation chamber Freezer locker panel Feed bin Flune Furnace room Fire barriera Foundriea Flour n ill Freight houaea Fire lookout Fire atatiom Freexar tum uli . Fuel hopper Foundry box Fireplac creen Crain bin Crain elevator Creaohouae Hanger Heat a h ie ld i Hothouiei Hopper ' Hood ( to v a , v e n t i l a t i n g ) Incubator Welding ta b le top Kennel Kick plat - Laboratori Lining for tanka Louver* Machina ahedt Milk houaea Meter board Mink warren : . Machine guard Outdoor furniture (t a b le , bench) Fanal, partition Fixaa oven Portable pray chut Poultry houae Protective covering for m r in it e oven* Pre platen . Preaa plat Pallet Playhouata Radiator cover kefrigeratora Radiant panel Sandblaated panala Spray paint booth Smoke houaea s Ptic tanks Sluice box Spectra Storage bin* Stove ahiclda . Sunscreen Spaghetti dryer Swing Sand box Table tope Tank cover Toilat partitiooa Tanka (e ix in g /a t o r a g e ) Vaulta Vata (a x t e r io r ) Wainacoting Water tank acreena Water t re atin g equipment Walk-in cooler Welding ta b le top 8 sccoMDAxr m u j o c s s i n c - fajjrication . m F*`,rK,tl1' of A/C sheer eis normally required Co transforr. unfinished shoppers, or cutters ^ Processors, known as distributors, job processing by job shoppers ranes*from* f0'1*1'0"6 Che country. Secondary rtoouteixncge.nsiorve^bfevaeblriincgat ingcnOrpi,erations rinvolving *s8aavw*inngg,1C>ddrriilllliinnge, " s*andi*n^g. ' * * aaBEB!?s - **- - most common fabricating operations oerfnrm.d v,, , : ^ : ^ n? o ' u ^ r`" s - 1"`:h0: r nf ^ n ^ i L S T " 0" Accuuml.Ced over S-hocr m ! l n , t , , p* r?<'TM r 1 .. often. r a n ; i l i x si t : ^ n * eloM *dd- ^ ore extenilve f.brtc.Et,. 1^ ; ^ a j u n j ^ n . " ` " "^ u ^ rp ^ .bppljea by Ebe p c c L C" PO,itio'' *"d P W c . l ecruccure of A/C eheec L-i^rs.a r r tho t v 0-0* i *f .w i u i the w i L h i . x 2 . S " 1" TM * - - : ; ; ; l eI ^ ^ Z E r n b ^ ^ n ^ / s i " : : : 08 coMto1 2 / ,- X " 2 i r 2; t t a." - - motors. ff*" * f eibip-eoE driven by electric Most of the time associated with their use is consumed in c u t t i n g 8eC?P .?nd maCerifl ^ y o u t and not in the actual performance of'the saws drillOresaes per*Cl-0n'f The C?ols mosC commonly used are fixed table ILI'toIll T ! ' v4r?6 8urface grinders, and milling (lathe) machines. Hand too! , used to fabricate smaller pieces or assist in more detailed Jork include electric senders, routers, and drill.. With respect to the t o o l O ' 9 cucclng edge, masonry bic are often used Co drill A/C sheet Log, whereas diamond ar.d carborundum blades or abrasive wheels are used with the sawing cool*. 7'1,0 A major difference existing between the tools used on A/C sheet products and those used on metal, masoary, and wood is the former's inclusion of a dust collection system. Most job shoppers use tools designed to prevent the release of fibrous dust into the workroom environment. The primary dust control system used by secondary processors is a simple dry vacuum exhaust system, with suction pickup points located as close as practicable to the site(a) of dus-c generation. This system is either of high air velocity, low air volume design such as those applied to stationary table saws and drill presses or a low air velocity, high air volume canopy hood design used for general area control. Another dust control measure commonly applied to table sawing operations is water spraying.1011 Under these conditions,'the cutting blade and point of material contact are wetted by a constant spray or flow of water. Dust-laden water is captured and passed through a series of sedimentation tanks before being recycled. Secondary processors of A/C sheet products are relatively small business concerns. Fabrication of A/C sheet is commonly performed in single story buildings. The workrooms within these buildings tend to be open with few internal walla and have high ceilings. Air circulation within the fabricating area results from infiltration through passageways and windows, with exfiltration by the dust collection vacuuming system.11,1^ No specialized filtering of the workroom air is carried out. Secondary processors tend to deal with one or two industries or end use product applications. To illustrate this point, examples of two typical secondary processing operations are given below. Laboratory Table Tops A/C sheets make stroog and chemically resistant workbench tops. A representative of the Brown-Morse Company of Muskegan Heights, MI, which deals almost exclusively in laboratory table tops and fume hood liners, referred to their fabricated materials as "complete" products, materials that do not require further processing.1^ Fabricating operations most frequently performed on these products are sawing and drilling. Final processing involves wipe cleaning the surface and edges, and painting if aesthetic qualities are desired. Fabricating tools used by Brown-Morse include a table saw with a diamond blade and a standard industrial drill press; both are manually operated. Typically, during the course of an 8-hour workday, an employee is involved in sawing sheet for 4 hours and drilling for 2 to 3 hours. Sawing one straight edge t.akes 5 to 10 seconds, while drilling takes 3 to 5 seconds, depending on thickness of the sheet and diameter of the hole. The total daily time associated with the performance of each dust-generating activity is estimated to range from less than 5 to 30 minutes. All cutting Cools are equipped with dust control devices; either water-- spraying equipment or dry vacuum hookups venting exhaust air through a fabric filter. Workers in this shop also wear dust control face masks. .10 Fabricated Sheet Produce for Che Foundry Industry The Hines Flask Company of Cleveland, Ohio, fabricates A'- sheet products for the foundry i n d u s t r y . T h e company purchases Transite (core plate) from Johns-Manvi1le and fabricates the material for use as jacket linings for green sand molds. Fabrication involves saving the sheets to required dimensions, drilling a specified number of pilot rivet holes, and fastening the flat boards to a metal frame, making the jacket liner. Another product fabricated by the company is pallet car tops. These tops form the base of a foundry cast upon which a mold sits during pouring and cooling prior to shakeout. Sheets are cut to specified dimensions, but are not drilled. In use, the sheets lay flat on the pallet car top. In addition to being sturdy and noncombustible, Transite boards are true and flat at every point. This accounts for their use in the manufacture of brass, aluminum, gray iron, malleable iron, and steel castings. During an 8-hour workday, board sawing accounts for approximately 4 hours of a worker's time and drilling for 2 to 3 ho u r s . ^ As with Brown-Morse, the total sawing or drilling time is estimated to range from less than 5 to 30 minutes. The majority of the time is spent in equipment setup and material layout. Actual sawing and drilling operations last only a few seconds each. Large manually operated table saws and standard industrial drill presses are used to fabricate sheeting. All tools are equipped with high air velocity, low air volume vacuum exhaust dust collection systems to minimize fiber release to the workroom air. Operators are required to wear dust protection face masks and are also provided coveralls. Fabricating equipment is cleaned at the end of each workday with a portable vacuum unit. No special workroom air ventilation is employed. Dust control equipment is activated whenever operators are present in the workplace. . The sawing and drilling activities performed and the tools used by the two secondary processors described above are representative of the fabricating operations conducted on the A/C sheet products covered in this section. The tools and control measures employed are essentially the same whether electrical insulating boards or interior/exterior wall panels are being fabricated. The duration of the activities will vary, however, depending on the extent of product finishing required. END USE ACTIVITIES Field fabrication of A/C sheet products, which may be required prior to installation, is infrequently performed. Approximately 95 to 98 percent of the dust generating operations conducted are performed by the primary manufacturer or secondary processor before Che product is sold to the end user. * ^ The term "complete" product is often used to describe the item sold to the end user. It is apparent that a concerted effort is being made by Che manufacturers of A/C sheet products to minimize field fabrication. However, when field fabrication is required, the extent of fabricating and the tools used vary greatly. 11 r There exists an inconsistent approach by construction fimr.s to provide adequate worker protection during field fabrication. This issue i s compounded by the fact that the construction business is very competitive; awarding of a contract is directly related to cost bids. Given this rule of survival, many contractors bid at levels that would not allow them to purchase specialized dust control equipment or implement proper work practices to minimize employee exposure. Generally, only the very large firms or specialized outfits buy tools equipped to minimize fiber release. Many medium and small-size general contractors saw, drill, and sand asbestos-containing building materials using the same tools they use on wood, brick, metal or concrete-baaed m a t e r i a l s . ^ As a minimum, facial dust masks may be worn by the workers. Also, onsite fabrication is normally performed outdoors whenever possible. Field fabricating tools used to prepare A/C sheet for installation range from electric saws, drills, and sanders to manually operated handsaws, hand clippers, scoring knives, and rasps. Power tools, which are more likely to be used on the thicker and denser A/C sheet products, tend to pulverize the cement matrix releasing fine dust and possibly, free-form asbestos fibers. As a consequence, power-assisted field fabrication tools equipped to capture dust generated during operation have been developed and are commercially a v a i l a b l e . ^ These tools include hand-held power aaws, senders and drills with filter bags attached directly to them or stationary (fixed) saws or drills that are shrouded with an air exhaust line extending to a portable vacuum motor mounted to the top of a metal drum. In addition, manufacturers of A/C sheet products recommend that specific work practices be implemented during product installation to control dusting.* As with most work practice guidelines, however, the recommended procedures are widely publicized but not necessarily always followed as designed or intended. Field fabrication of thinner A/C sheet products, those less than 0.64 cm (1/4 inch) thick, is typically accomplished using nonpower-assisted tools such as handsaws, hand clippers, scoring knives, and rasps. The slow cutting speed of the hand-operated tools generate coarae-size particles of asbestos-cement dust that tend to settle rapidly.* Local exhaust systems are not normally employed when these tools are used. (landsawing and surface scoring are the two most widely used methods for cutting thin A/C sheet products in the field. A/C sheet cut by scoring involves placing the sheet on a flat surface (e.g., workbench or saw horses)J clamping a guide bar along the cut linej and then scoring the material ^ repeatedly after which the sheet is hand-snapped along the score line. This technique reportedly generates minimal dusting. In field fabrication'situations where a rectangular hole has to be made in the A/C sheet to allow for access to electrical or plumbing fixtures, small holes are drilled (electric tool) into the board around" the perimeter of the planned opening. The inside rectangle is then knocked out with a hammer. Any resultant rough edges are filed smooth or beveled using a metal file or rasp. The procedure just described also reportedly generates minimal dusting. 12 K V : -.r- . - ,uct, are s e c u r e d by various means Dviti'ni A/C *h(e,c:c.hcP (densi.ty)* and, endj u..a.e.. Tha methods. depending primarily on prodMt 'weigh ^ nails, crews, or bolts; gluing employed includ' "^ ^ n^ t r adhsifs; slide-in paneling usir4 * 1 g l o v e d fn n L'or imply^laying che sheet flat under a heavy load. Installation by mechanical means or slidt-in-place through metal guide channels is normally required for the denser, heavier utility and thermal insulation-type products, where che material is installed vertically.7 Gluing is ore often associated with the vertical installation of light-weight, sheets and heavy sheets installed horizontally. Examples of J*" ** tW0 installation methods are: the gluing of exterior or interior ar=h^ ec^ * 1 wall panels to vertical surfaces, and the gluin* of^aboratory table tops horizontally to metal or wood support cabinets. * Corrugated sheet is normally secured to a support structure using mechanical fasteners. Roofing and siding Singles . ` 1 similar to chat used for asphalt-felt or wood shinies using roofing nails.6 The following presents a more detailed discussion of var sheet product installations. Utility Wall Panels During installation of heavy, utility-type wall paneling. means such as fastening with nails, screws, or bolts are the sheets to a support surface. For most applications, whether t e r r o r or interior, pilot holes are predrilled during secondary tooli field fabrication be required, standard construction sawing and drilling t o w sl t i " he contractor h.. purchased or ha. .ec... to s p e c c H controlled equipment.7'10 In case. where eosaetit appearance re 0*`" 0 !on the oilot holes are countersunk by the secondary processor. * c r recessed nail or screw heed is perched over with . eOTpo.lt. herdener thet may or may not contain asbestos.18 Following drying, the patched area is sanded flush with Che paneling surface. A representative of the Electro-Matic Products Company of .S T S S 5 lasting approximately 1 hour. W - T s U 2-s. Architectural Panels Architecture! p.oel. ih.t.U.d in ere secured using mecheaicel Esstene'Ys.sue industriel etrengrh edhe. v. Cepowy or is f l e dble end f.Ltly thrn ?*" `i:/:':; iiJ& d . ' Architectural paneling *ll >''}/f "chicL Ho.t ^ ^ " ugh . distributor a cr.^. sp.d.utu., i . ;'. *e.r the.P 5 percent of .11 sheet, installed. Cutting equipnent ^ 13 r uaa la Ch 1Id r*ne from hand held or Cable mounted power circular disc or aabre saws Co hand op-eraced saws or scoring knives. Power sews say or may noe be equipped wich dust collection exhausC'hoods. Cutting time for the paneling lasts only a few seconds. In this case field fabrication normally Cakes place outdoors. A/C sheet panels may also be installed using aluminum ehanelling. In this system, Che panels are slid into a grooved metal framework that holds the sheets m place. Again, field fabrication may be required to get around surface obstructions, to cut end pieces, or to provide access holes for electrical and plumbing fixtures. The field fabricating tools and work practices employed are similar to those described above. The representative of Erection Specialties, Inc., of Canton, MA, 1 stated that the company recently responded to a bid that included a clause stipulating no field cutting of asbestos-contaiaing products." To meet this requirement. Erection Specialties proposed cutting all A/C sheet products identified in the building specifications at their main office where they are equipped to fabricate such materials safely. Another source interviewed, Lampco, Inc. of Waltham, MA, a distributor of A/C sheet products, indicated that for a job requiring the installation of 1,400 to 1,500 standard size A/C architectural cladding sheets, only 15 to 20 (< 2 percent) would require field cutting. Laboratory Table Tops and Fume Hood Liners Laboratory table Cops and fume hood liners are prefabricated prior to shipment to the job site. A/C sheet products commonly used for these two .applications are Colorlith* and Flexboard,* respectively. During the installation of laboratory table tops, an epoxy or some other type of strong industrial glue is used to secure the tops to wooden or metal support structures. Only_during retrofits or special add-ons are abrasive power tools used on the material. Performance of these activities ranges from taking the sheeting outdoors and. sawing or drilling it using tools equipped with dust controls to drilling the sheeting in place in the laboratory using uncontrolled equipment.1 The frequency of these activities is unknown. A representative of Kewankee Scientific, of Statesville, NC,17 a supplier of laboratory Cable tops and fume hood liners, stated that oace they install the furniture according to design specifications the owner or operator of the laboratory can do whatever he wants to the furniture. Laboratory fume hood liners (Flexboard) are also prefabricated by a secondary processor to facilitate easy assembly at the job site. Once erected, the fume hood may need to be secured to the table top (commonly A/C sheet) it rests on. This process involves drilling pilot holes into metal flanges of the hood chamber and table and screwing the flange to the bottom support. Set screws'may also be used to secure the front edge of the ho'od chamber to the front lip of the table top. Installation of the set screws will not generate any dust. *ManufacCured by Johns-Manville Corporation. 14 C o r r u g a c sd S h e e t a , t i * " " u j root eroecures. Corrugaced sheet are " n i c e l d ' li! l" l"d,J'' " sl *"d commerciai exterior cladding producta in that ,, ,1 . ? manner similar to other the underlying support surface such *PPl?g pLeces are nailed or screwed to are non.lly p r. d r i u d bya^ s e c o n L ^ ' gr*d* pl^ ood* Pil holes y H 8econdary processor to facilitate installation. jLoofinx and S i d i n g S h i n g l e s reportedly^ast fro130 t o ^ ^ r s 8^ The"* TM ^ fr residcnCial construction, shingles to a roof or b u i l d i n * !?!?* ^ ? COTmon mechod of securing material is brittle p i ^ u n d e r w e n t is with nail,. B e c a m e the Primary manufacturingPplant.6 A r l n r l s e ^ r ^ pr*drilled or Punched at the Manufacturing Corporati^ of NeC Yo'r k M and aiding shinglea atated ,,v, * ' major manufacturer of roofing during f U I d f.1 t l c ! '` " ' l " * " 5 " " U t a surface obstruction, a specially designed *dSS cuttins Co work around Operation of the tool results in a clean erf gulllotl-ne cutting tool is used, of dust. This coupled with the slow cute1 8* UCj ganeraC*-nS a minor amount a low fiber release potetiaK llr m o n ? th* peration ~ ault. in activity has revealed that ,,,, . , rinS during the performance of this fiber, ii, S" ,rti" *f"r*M i '" . of airborne . . b e a t " For . "f '? f " " io the general orb five) of the shingle. require field c u i c i ^ f ` Pcenc.ge (le.e then of . everei'yearlJi^ld' j* t e U t `velF 1"S. the order product, normally rem.io U piece untit ^ T "?-00 l" lldi"S*. */<= .he.t demolished. During r.n^v^iSa T r S u U n ^ " T *'"1 " i control moe.ure. iiigi" i! if e ! n e ^ " r am . s s s S S S S fibers may be released into the a h^8 ,.^e? 8, AIRBORNE FIBER MONITORING DATA " h*r l0|>*C` e" 1'- I P " Per B s ` are noC enployed, asbestos h a n d H n ^ a n d ^ a c tual J'"1'''1". "die.2-23 covering ai.ui.c.d A/C ,he,c ' release teata ,, r & i/c ieiiiiii , a ? ricaCln operations i n p" for: ed have been conducted. * 8iov* b Fiber *^5 end in.call.cion eccivicee. The c i v i i r L Ph TM " ' bd + i i l,abclc*cinS wwhhiicchh a*pnpdeadrtinU Ti.bTe 3 rPan"ge"d fro. 1.1 f/em3 foor ,^eor^{"U r i e i" i u . "*' ^ !; L m s t d i *pace that iik-iy -- *" 1 ? of ' d - "i i b i r r i t i l i . * 13 r TABLE 3. CEMENT 5 i i ^ NTKATI0NS ASSOCIATED w i t h a s b e s t o s c e m e n t s h e e t PRODUCT e n d us e A C T IV IT IE S 20 Operation Drill (power) Score Hammer`d Hausner^ Saw (power) Samp ling Time (min) 1 4 1 4 1 PCMb (f/cm3) 2.3 3.2 12.7 6.4 195.8 SEMC (f/cm3) 2.3 1.1 16.5 10.2 258.8 ST;*::: . t o - d i a m t e ^ p ' c ^ J i ^ " 3 -to -f or . applle8 to anaiysi- p * - * * Un&th~ s r d- Phase contrast microscopy analysis. C( E 0 X R ) " f o g J y g " ic^ o Py with energy dispersive x-ray with naire(faJCen" 8)0feraCion flimulated installation constructio^workersCareSexpoeedntofine^d RdeliPer8 t ai. 21 showed chat uring_ routine material handling activities"' containing asbestos fibers operations performed on A/C sheit a t 1 1 - M"ltorin of grinding e:tslber.COnC*ner*ti0 idete^iied b r S r Cely V Uildin 8it- reveaiei Che breathing zone, with a mean of 20 f / r from 0,6 Co 41 f/cm3 at values for fiber length r a n S J V " ' **lJ*L* ^ SEM hewed mean 0.4 um. The ratio of f i b e i ^ t h a i L t h \ T " d fiber diajaeC- 0lt< number of free fibers ranged from t to 60 , 8r*atef than 5 Un the total percent. The authors state that when r> percanC with a median value of 25 necenC approximatly 30 minutes) of th^dlilv* 8rj?din*. count for only 6 necessarily conducted every dav A/C nr~A i a i l y working time. Grinding is no miea-n valu-ie,* c-a"lc'u-luaiatceeda hbalsleLd on sixtPereonducntns are handle.d. As ssuucchn,\ htfheJdaily !;?k ACra IC i8 presuraad Cha? tie gr i n d L v r ? Periods Per da?' ^ c a c h e s with dust collection systems. & ^ C0ls U9ed were not equipped median frequency o f ^ o f J * sasnP1fng of 61 roofers, the asbestos-cement building products where c .ab?eCa shlngles, and front plate a"d 25. day, per year. sp'e c t U e i V Vt'if1n o t l ^ ^ r TM P** TM * > 1 =h.,, on. type of ..b.Co.-c.,,,t product". !Sy s ` ' -or. 16 ffec Civene sa c ^ma ce rTals 'a CU(Je ~ f " A * high e f f ^ : ! n 8Ur63 t - h r o u d U ) c,,e,UlpPed wich p e e U i w i'" Cric rill, . durinr i y VaCuura a - nnected by f l e x i h f . S desiSned duflC wre c o n d u c e d andiiriH ing of b e a t o e ^ e Cncentr i o a V l 4 P rt?b1 Pracor during Th* flber concentration menC board* Only two ,, re "nitored fiber concentrft't** f Che a T j "* * ? TM * Che brlTtblT ^ *** lav, drill ? 10(1 recorded durinJ It as 0,04 /cm3 v "* zone f Che were 12 and 17 _abre ,aw Was 0.l^ f / c m 3^ * ined operation o f ^ h e ^ " 5 f0ne oontraat micros Utes* respectively B *f..Sa?plin times for the lrCular - r v Johns-Manville C o m . the magnitude of airho ^ 0ra?l0n wing fiat A/c *lrborn fiber h Vacuu" conducted concea^.V cleaner t SS10ns were Was accivted. monitoring 8tudy23 . observed 8erv d . sH k-s vhr ; h`" ST-s a-. S ' S \ ei r re*r . r s" ej " "'" 2. . SlfflHAHY OF F.,,,r,,ro '9"lPPi t h duet l>ich*c.ihJCj " t`"ci <!5 to `0 percent) of A/C h unlikely. " ' fc`* ' - b , . . Secondary prnrA Set' S" SS^S S`S^uiS S S S ' 7 ' - - S `" c ? r " veu ~ u j s - . - -- on S r S ; . . i be 5 l8h r ed < ' " S r r -- Pnysical energy app U e d . *HPa - High E f f * - 3 i c r o n s ) . 1Clncy A r t i c u l a t e Air F i l t e r (99 * 97 PerCQC re tention at 17 c c ^ D?RfiE M0NIT0RINGa R^s u l t s f r o m s ING~A~cTlCL'LAR SAW AND DRILL ON FIAT A/C SHEET^S Operation Drilling holes (163 holes) Sawing (18.3 meters) Time (min) 40 40 Equipment Drill with dust pick-up shroud operated at full speed Circular saw with dust pick-up shroud; totally enclosed masonry blade Fiber concent rationb (f/cm^) < 0.1 0.0 *A11 tests conducted in an open room. bNI0SH's phase contrast analysis assumed, counting fibers 5 urn long or longer with a length-to-diameter aspect ratio of 3 or greater. Secondary processors performing fabricating operations primarily use power assisted tools. These tools are typically equipped with individual or centralized dust collection vacuum exhaust systems. Workroom air fiber concentrations are expected to be below current occupational exposure standards. Because secondary processors are in the business of fabricating A/C sheet products, they perform various sawing, drilling, and sanding operations more frequently and over a more extended period of time than any other product handling group. Material handling on any given day may last up to * hours, of which an estimated 3 to 30 minutes is actually involved in product machining. Fabrication of A/C sheet products by secondary processors is performed almost exclusively within the confines of a building. Rarely would the machining operations be performed outdoors. Field fabricating operations, which are usually of short duration, are performed on only a small percentage (less than 5 percent) of the A/C material handled during installation. Depending on the activity performed and equipment available, dust control measures employed during field fabrication vary from no control to effective dust capture. Power assisted tools are more often used on the thicker, denser material whereas hand operated tools are used on thinner, flexible sheets. Airborne fiber monitoring data indicate that the use of power-assisted fabricating tools equipped with dust collection exhaust systems effectively control the release of asbestos fibers. Fiber concentrations of less than 0.2 f/cm^ have been measured during the use of controlled power tools. Uncontrolled power tools, however, have caused fiber concentrations as high as 41 f/cm near the breathing zone of construction workers. Table 5 summarizes the data presented on A/C sheet products and identifies the principal activity of concern with respect to fiber release. 18 . TABLE 5. SUMMARY OF A/C SHEET PRODUCTS SECONDARY PROCESS I AND END USE ACTIVITIES Product: A/C sheet producta Secondary processing End use Activity: Sawing, drilling, sanding Saving, drilling, sanding Duration: Per Incident <5 to 10 seconds <5 to 10 seconds Daily Total 5 to 30 minutes (eat.) 5 minutes (est.) . Fiber Releasability: High High Chemical Composition Moderately high asbestos content (15 to 40X) Same Physical Composition Hard, rigid material Hard, rigid material Disruptive Energy Usually high intensity mechanical input Varies from power tools to hand operated cutting devices Control Measure(s): Dust collection systems Varies from portable dust collection systems to no control Measured Fiber Concen trations (f/cra^) : Less than 2 f/cm^ expected in workroom, well documented values not available from literature Less than 0.2 f/cm^ when tools are equipped with dust collection devices; more than 2 f/cm^ when Cools are uncontrolled Environmental Setting: Fabricating operations are performed indoors Whenever possible, field fabricating operations are conducted outdoc-.i. Some will be performed indoors, however Activity of Concern . Field fabrication of A/C aheet products using power hand tools that are not equipped with dust collection devices. 19 ASBESTOS-CEMENT SHEET PRODUCTS REFERENCES 1. 2. U ances Washington, D.C. February 3. 4nd Toxic l T Ct AnalySi" f CoQtro18 on 4. ^ " . " w e ^ S r 'l i - l " ' ^ ; . Ji>-MaviUe Corp,,r.cioo, Kaa-Cary! . s' i ? S S Mi " ^ s - s s ^ S * I W , GCA/Technology D iv isio n , March 11, 19821 Supradur Peter P e r s o n , 7* Telecon. David Lucev A/c , John s-ManviIle C o rp o se ion d! Pr ^ c t S e e i n g Manager, GCA/Technology D iv isio n , M ^ r c h ^ ' i ^ . * 1' 11 ? e te r Ander80Q* 9. Talee "iu./ Pr0,"C,; SrCh"r' <,S`>':,U 6'77)- 1976. 31. 20 , President, Hines Flask Conpany, Cleveland, OH, GCA/Technology Division, March 10, 1932. Teleeon. Roger Klinger, Plant Foreman, Browne-Morse Company, Muskegon Heights, MI, with Peter Anderson, CCA/Technology Division, March 10, 1982 Teleeon. Robert Smith, Sales Representative, Brookside Company and Supply, Maynard, MA, with Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March U , 1982. teleeon. William Logue, Sales Representative, Lampco, Inc., Waltham, MA, w U h Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March 11, 1982. ^Hlfisk of America, 201 King Manor Drive, King of Prussia, PA. ^'eeler-Piiot International, 20433 Earl Street, Torrance, CA. '^lecon. Company Representative, Kewankee Scientific, Statesville, NC, **tth Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March 18, 1982. * leon. Robert Norton, Process Engineer, Johns-Manvilie Corporation, Nashua, NH, with Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March 11, 1982. leon. Company Reprsentative, Eiectro-Matic Products Company, 1''icago, IL, with Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March 10, 1982 1r,gley, D. et al. The Experimental Determination of Asbestos Fiber Size 'Istribution During Simulated Product Use. Final Report prepared by l,,;A/Technology Division for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ''lfi.ee of Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C. May 1981. ''Jelsperger, K. et al. Estimation of Exposure to Asbestos-Cement Dust "" Building Sites. Study supported by the Umvelfbundesant, Berlin, l'*`uject No. 10401023/11, by the Commission of the European Community, *'<oject No. 298-781 ENVD, and by the Bau-Berufsgenossenschaften, * ^nkfurt. '"tra-laboratory Memo, Argonne National Laboratory. Asbestos Fiber ''"aaureraents During the Nilfisk Power and Vacuum Demonstration. August 1979. Memo received by GCA/Technology Division, from Bruce Newman, 'llfiak of America, Inc., King of Prussia, PA. December 7, 1981. ^"bestos Information Aasociatioa/North America. Recommended Work ''actice Procedures for Asbestos-Cement Sheet. Submittal to U.S. **"vironmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances, in response ' Commercial and Industrial Use of Asbestos Fibers: Advance Notice of **'posed Rulemaking. EPA Docket Number OTS 61005. * MUJMMWUM* SECTION 3 FLOORING PRODUCTS INTRODUCTION - Asbestos-containing floor products are classified as resilient floor coverings and include vinyl-asbestos floor tile, asphalt-asbestos floor tile, and sheet vinyl flooring backed with ashestoe-containing felt. A discussion of the felt backing used for sheet vinyl flooring is presented in Section 7 under Paper Products. Asbestos-containing floor tiles and sheet vinyl flooring backed with asbestos felt are installed in industrial, commercial, institutional, and residential buildings.*2 They may be installed on concrete or prepared wood floors, or over old tile floors, and are often specified for heavily trafficked areas such as kitchens, entry ways, restrooms, supermarkets, commercial plants, and offices. Asbestos Floor Tiles - - The production techniques for the two floor tile products, vinyl-asbestos and asphalt-asbestos, are similar. They differ only in product composition, with asphalt-based tiles serving some special applications and uses when darker shades are permissible.* Because vinyl-asbestos floor tile production accounts for most of the asbestos consumed by the floor tile industry-*, the following discussion relating to floor tiles will address only the vinyl product. This discussion, however, will apply directly to asphalt-asbestos floor tiles, as well. Vinyl-asbestos floor tiles are composed of asbestos, binders, fillers, pigments, and chemical stabilizers.*-2 The asbestos content of the tile usually ranges from 8 to 30 percent by weight, or up to 635 grams of asbestos per square meter (0.13 pounds per square foot) of tile.*- Grades 5 and 7 chryaotile asbestos fibers are normally used. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin serves ss the binder and accounts for 15 to 25 percent of the tile composition. Limestone and other fillers represent 43 to 73 percent of the product weight. The pigment content usually averages about 5 percent, but may vary widely depending upon the materials required to produce the desired* color.*'2 Chemical stabilizers added to the product mix typically represent 1 percent of the total product formulation. Floor tile production begins with dry mixing of the ingredients in a Banbury mixer to thoroughly blend all constituents. The mixture is then heated to 149*C (300F) to flux the PVC resin and create a coherent plastic 22 r mass. This material ia fed to a mill where che ti cooled. Asbestos fibers contained in Che floor 1 ti is shaped, Acoraced, __ within Che vinyl plastic matrix, thereby le produce isolating are eightly bound environment during use. them from tr.a external . Once cooled, the tile product is waxed, cut to size, inspected and packaged. Tiles are produced in sizes 23 cm (9 inches) square or 30 cm (12 inches) square, with thicknesses varying from 0.08 to 0.24 cm (1/32 to 3/32 inches). Asbestos floor tiles are very durable and may last for up to 30 years even in heavily trafficked areas.^ Sheet Vinyl Flooring Asbestos felt-backed sheet vinyl flooring is a resilient floor covering that is applied to subfloor surfaces in roll or sheet form. The sheet backing or flooring felt is an asbestos-containing paper product that is manufactured separately and forms the underlayment of sheet vinyl flooring. Asbestoscontaining flooring felts, which are produced on a conventional papermaking machine, are composed of approximately 85 percent asbestos (chrysotile) and 15 percent latex binder. Once manufactured, flooring felt may be sold without further processing or may be used to produce sheet vinyl flooring.*^ Asbestos flooring felt is manufactured info sheet vinyl flooring products by applying a resilient polyvinyl chloride coating to one side of the asbestos felt using various extrusion coating and laminating and spread-coating methods. Once the coatings are applied, the sheet is passed through an oven where these layers are dried and gelled. The coated sheet is then decorated to enhance its appearance by passing, it over one or more engraved cylinders and/or several printing stations. The printed sheet then goes to a fusion step where the sheet is coated with a "vearlayer." The wearlayer is a homogeneous polymer application that provides an impervious surface for the finished product.^ The coated and printed sheet is next fed through an oven where the felt backing, the layers of latex and plastisol, and the wearlayer are fused into a single product. During fusion, the layer of plastisol foam may expand 2 to 6 times its original thickness, giving the sheet vinyl flooring its thickness and resilience. After fusion, these layers remain distinct, but are no longer chemically or mechanically separable.^ The vinyl sheet is then cooled, cut to size, packaged and shipped. * SECONDARY PROCESSING-FABRICATION There is no secondary processing of the products within this category. Asbestos floor tiles and asbestos felt-backed sheet vinyl flooring are shipped directly from the factory to wholesalers and retailers who, in turn, sell directly to end users. END USE. ACTIVITIES - ' ' As indicated above, vinyl-asbestos floor tiles and sheet vinyl flooring are used in industrial, commercial, institutional, and residential applications. Floor tiles can be installed either by professional floor installers or home owners,, while the sheer vinyl flooring is usually laid down wointlyh btyhe pornoef-epsiseicoenalsshedeute.7to8 the difficulty involved in creat ing a perfect fit The installation of asbestos flooring products, like most floor coverings, requires preparation of a subfloor that is smooch and free of surface irregularities. Subfloor preparation may involve minor alteration of the existing floor covering or partial or total removal. Subfloor Preparation and Removal Subfloor preparation is considered by many installers to be the most difficult and time consuming as well as the most important part of the installation job if one is to get a smooth, long lasting new floor.78 This activity also involves the greatest potential for asbestos fiber release if the existing aubfloor is covered with an asbestos-containing floor product and the manufacturer s warnings against sanding are not heeded. Interviews with several flooring installers revealed that common subfloor preparation practices run the gamut from sanding or dry scraping without any personal protective equipment, to explicitly not sanding, to Banding while using a respirator.' The majority of installers interviewed avoid sanding whenever it is economically or practicably possible. If the existing floor ia not or cannot be sanded, it is either removed using flat-bladed putty knives or covered with plywood, fiberboard, or masonite. Sanding or removal of the subfloor covering takes approximately 4 to 8 hours for a standard 2.7 by 3.6 meter (9 foot by 12 foot) room, although this figure varies considerably depending on the sire of the room and difficulties encountered in removing old tile.8 ^ ^ Sanding and stripping machines, as well as flat-bladed putty knives, hammers, chisels, and scrapers are utilized in subfloor preparation.8-^8 If the existing aubfloor is covered with asbestos felt-backed sheet vinyl flooring, then the standard procedure is to "strip" the floor. This process involves removing the top two (wear and foam) layers of sheeting and splitting Che bottom asbestos felt layer in half, along the horizontal plane. If the aubfloor covering was glued over its entire area, then this procedure is relatively easy, since the felt has little vertical tensile strength and will split when pulled. During this process, the existing floor covering is cut into strips approximately 0.46 meters (1.5 feet) wide and each strip is pulled up and away from the subfloor. This separation process, which may have a high fiber release potential, leaves half of the felt in place and offers a uniform subfloor for the new flooring product. Tarkett, Inc.* of Whitehall, PA, a manufacturer of sheet vinyl flooring, recommends that the exposed felt be vacuumed immediately after each strip is removed to collect loose dirt Chat may contain ashestos fibers. - . Tarkett Inc. recently purchased the Whitehall, PA facility from GAP Corporation's Consumer Product Group. 24 If instead of total surF , ^ hd only been pasted .long i t . " i t` tH* " `" `"i sh" ' entire covering, leaving only split c ?Crippin V1H felt is either scraped up after t ha b' n ^ aT ^ Ch* flooring' remove the This ic is feathered to provide I ^ o o t h ! u b f l ^ technique is favored since feathering i Z ed> ec TM ^ d practice) or e^C 1-"Cerf4Ce- The former release asbestos fibers.1^-16 If (. tv,"Vj VC* aa^dJ-n the felt, which can vinyl flooring is intact and ,, fhird 8CeaarLo) the existing sheet u.ei as the e l f l o T Z \ 0I A surface for the adhesive Sandinc ^ ^ C P la * wUl ba a ` prvide a better contacting sheet flooring and not the asbes^s f i l t ^ ^ / t ^ " T U y e r f the prepare a sheet vinyl flooring i. , be time it takes to remove or .Ppro,i.<t,iy * v z i v z \ i 'z z : z : z : z ~ *sbe,to- e u * . Installation Vinyl-Asbestos Floor Tile-- . C e r T p 5 r n S `o o t r r o o V o i u ' t : v e 'C0" 'i001.'11* " d . r d 2.7 by 3.6 hours * - i r n V bake * Profesai TM l installer from 2 to 4 proceed. c , o s " " h, " n Y ` S . `C.`diy h*8TM " Z f " root, *d floor sc . time Z c l l l l l l l Z Z Z Z Z \ ?f Pl Z , V " " ? oi '* with adhesive, the protective cover f tbe floor tiles are prebacked in place. Once all full tiles are in Jllce* " m0Ved.and che tile* e pressed are measured and cut out Thi ,, * e perimeter and partial pieces full tiles; uP to one hllf U he t o . pr^ f Cl?aa^ I y ore time than laying detailed work!8*10-12 hAfcer lnaCallaClon CLffle 1* devoted to this B r I n " * y > t T " - A U HSs w w t" tS. r o o m i n g ' scissors, and razor k n i v e s V l ! ^ ^ 1 " 1* cuCtef8* ^ i l i t y knives, u.o of these h.nd t o o l, end the binding Z Z l ? / . fib e r relee.e during io e te lU tio o . P E th,! Cl1' Sheet Vinyl Flooring--- Standa-d f a/sbe8Co8 felc-backed sheet vinyl flooring in a depending on the i l d " " ? i L ^ y V Y i a l l " \ 1/2 ' V ho,,r< Thi u r r o t i h e ^ l f "' ^ ` m "h" h'r or " > peerTM h " bien" " ! 1 4 ^ 6 ,,* ' " * th' 8 r e ,t " th* in s in u a t io n time since the technique,, m which the flooring is layed without any glue A fu n v pe.ted floor will t.k. th. ,,o.c tine to instell. b u / . i U lest the l" L . , t Perimeter pasting is used most often when the subfloor it concrete. Thi. ' ' ^ " `1"* I? quicker tnd save. time end coney. A PDq inscslUcion i. ore c:#1* * v U y l th* * - 25 practice. The C e m p U t e ^ a 8heeC vinyl C o r i n g i8 a v ;d rwocUr,nu.. Tihneessee ddeettaaiills, aarree tthheenn rCrra,,n7"r r r ,r L : xrac:cL PPe!r:iimme!tCe-r dd*e=t-a MU- . ? l Narrow atrip, of L fT aheeC vi"yl -- ^ c . ^ tempUte in sheet vinyl i n s t a l l t e s .incest ? U are.ofCcn ^ the relatively inexpensive.14!5 C 18 readlly available and i, . TemP laCe preparation involves lavinv m ,. , perimeter of the room and transcribing ^ ,, Ch? tefflPlat:e sheet along the ection of fh. t , l I i. c m V P " 1"" " U . E.ch room perinefer to in.ure . perfect fit til r " '!" " 1' c the cutting the template, and this operation r v 7 `"d fazor knives a used f0, of the total l 1/2 to 6 hour sheet v W Jakea.aPPfoximately 10 to 20 minutes standard 2.7 by 3.6 meter (9 by 12 foot) floor^Qf 'Callation time for a varies depending on the complexity oT I L T * ' ! Installation time . the installer. ompiexity of the perimeter details and the skill of flooring and the f a i d ^ r ^ " C 1 C **** "heet vinyl knives are also used for m i p and 8lze' Razor knives and utility c ch, cor.;1" . ? t 1 t 61- u -e i* for the standard site r o o m . M i - I 1^ . ^ T 5 to.2 0 ai^ e s , again professional installers alike indicated t h ^ o f*orin* Jailers and sheet vinyl flooring involves minor H o b ! * P P i o n and installation of minimising the potential for irx m e a l disturbance to the product, d i ,, , ;!t. l u " : f c, hr TM : * j . r * , , ^ 1, tion cuffing, ,,,d phi. i. .hort Jn ,, . f U . " d .ni . U ?'r .`h' >rin* U th. .sb.ifoa felt l.yer i. never directly erpo.ed?'" ln!:ea*lve- "" " "d **. AIRBORNE FIBER MONITORING DATA r urW. ^ The reported fiber concentrations f o r bothY Y * *" praaenCed i a contrast microscopy. Fiber concentrai h aCudlf8 wre determined floor tile end ire T*ble 7. by phase value was recorded when recommended practices were I V n ` ! Y h Cnd removal. Concentrations for the t w o Y e e t t i n v l n TM follow?d .d?rLn* somewhat higher, especially thn* a j Y floorlng activities were layer, up to 2.17 f/cn3 for drv ?1Qe a u5lns remval of the asbestos felt ^ T st& SSsS& Ss = R S S K 3 BE5 S S r bean p e r f o r m e ^ b y ^ R ^ d ' s ^ t i e Y ^ a ^ Y , `e a u U ^ 6^ * Table 6 .how that fiber concentrations ranged fro 0 0" 5o h*3 - -r 26 TABLE 6. PIBER RELEASE FROM VINYL-ASBESTOS FLOOR TILE INSTALLATION USE, MAINTENANCE. AND REMOVALla.*9 INSTALLATION. Age of tile Sampling Fiber concentration8 I Site description (years) Operation (mitniumetes) (fr/acnmge^) Residential home Old tile preparation 10 for new installation 0.000 Residential' home New Installation 113 to 114 0.092 to 0.184 Residential home New Installation 220 to 232 0.081 to 0.267 Residential home New Installation 65 0.048 to 0.189 Office building copy center 5 In-service use 411 to 419 0.002 to 0.011 Office building snack shop 5 In-service use 130 to 133 0.008 to 0.062 Office building copy center 5 Maintenance -- mopping 15 0.135 K Office building snack shop 5 Maintenance * mopping 21 0.195 Office building copy center 5 Maintenance -- buffing 11 to 30 0.000 to 0.092 Office building snack shop 5 Maintenance - buffing 21 0.000 Residential home NR Remove 1 123 to 134 0.062 to 0.147 Residential home 6 Removal*1 80 0.153 to 0.583 "Phase contrast microscopy analysis performed. Samples were taken at hr..tku. ,, * " Llr * " - -- -- *- breaking the tile by hand before placing in a disposal bag. NR " Not reported. srs: i i . ' -nd nC t t TABLE 7. FIBER CONCENTRATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TNSTAi tiTrnu . VINYL FLOORING BACKED WITH ASBESTOS FLOORING F E L T TM ! ? ! ^ M "VAL 0P SHEET Site descripcin A*e of vinyl sheeting end aethod of attachment (years) Operation Residential home * kitchen 1 Residential hoae ~ kitchen Residential hoae - kitchen iUiidsnciAl hoM * foyer Residential hoae * kitchen Residential hoae " kitchen Residential hoai - foyer Residential hoae - kitchen Residential hoae " kitchen Residential hoae * kitchen Residential hoae - kitchen Residential hoae - kitchen New adhered 6-adhered l3-adhered 2-adhered 8-adhered 13-adhered 2-adhered 8-unadhered 6-rad he red 6-adhered 6-adhered 6-adhered Inatellation Inatallation InstaHat ion Installat ion Inatallacion Fartial rsaova1^ Total renoval^ Total reaoval^* Mear layar reaoval Wet se rape felt layer Dcy scrape.fnlt layer Dry scrape felt layer fh... .,,,,.i. ,,,, ,, br<<thlot s . * " " Sampling tiae (ainutes) Fiber concentration* range (f/ca3) 175 to 177 100 58 to 60 177 to 179 64 to 45 64 to 62 121 to 123 74 to 76 70 to 75 55 63 40 to 45 0.246 to 0.310 0.000 0.633 to 0.655 0.075 to 0.554 0.325 to 1.016 0.190 to 0.408 0.368 to 0.402 0.069 to 0.100 0.084 to 0.218 0.484 1.267 to 2.168 1.004 to 1.126 of operators, that do not asbestos fiber ^ p l e a o b t a i n e d by SRI fig E F t : .1 were observed on the membrane f i S ^ ^ ^ S 0 fibe" lo^ *>- 3 ua ^ T i ^ j . - . X 'ii: sr - A n t i n g .ubfloor beck. I,, iehJr .. i*r ? **a<l ch' til dovn to^rhe 4 :s s^r ^ <zr &r & * '""7 u~ (hUh" `h- * 1 '. i i s ^ s s 1 " S ; L . , * . b . t o . flo o r z ile h^ve` " . . "been f , , s ' > fib e r, fr o . vlayl- 0M " " plV ol,'ri*'f analyzed s / a '` ` B n i i ' " ` ' 165 ? iouce.. Air ?ori,,8 fiber conoenzr.zion. d L i n g f ~ .11% " "" *t"d?25 involved t m c i e j - o n vinyl-asbestos tiles. ^ T h e J?n?" menC of various end use Samnr 8 *0V* b*' included cutting g r i n d i M ^ h ' W^ Ch Wer* Perforad in a W U n g periods ranged from 1 to 5 S n u t * ?*; brf*Kln' and drilling, contrast microscopy indicated no fiber relel ItU^ al analysis bX phase ,T c o T d f V . " T L * 2 -" " ' * ib" " t ^ L ^ d l i T f ; ^ 1'* V" e S W / E U X R .n.ly.1. for fhe 0^ rOP'zr" i z L "`7 '- " fibe" -- * dezect'd'V i ^ z J ' r /E? " * " * Ij" i * * * M i r ? i . ` d ' s U ' 00' " 1 Ch* t lengzh-zo-di^eter r.tio of 3-to-l or g r e , r z n \ ,, . ^ r e d U *Ch *"d h* vi" *EPA's factor for converting nanograms to fibers 30 f i b e r s . ^ ia 1 nanogram equals Murphy et al . floor Cile.26 Th; ex^ C? red fiber rele3e during sand - ~ 3 x 3.7 x 2.1 meter ( ? ? ? ' WaS PerfoTM d a n d [ t ' * * of viyl- b e . t^ to remove . " ' / > > '~t> v.lki,, ehLiee! " S , : " ' " " ""' * re .u lc in eirboroe f i L e " l U - Th' <>* i a S u . e i ^ were .n .ly z .b b , ^ " " " t r e t i o a . of 1-2 ,, l>3 f/c',, '' <* SUMMARY F FINDINGS flooring felt approach 1. 0 f/cj the installation of s f f}ring backed with aabeatos installation, the product matrix'c i u U i n i TM ^ 7 ^ Durin* Product - limited number of manual cuts, each of whifh*?1* ^ 08 flbers i a disturbed by a T o d cutting time amount, to iS to 20 minute ^ ? ly 5 t0 10 nd.. flooring m.tallation time. The room. vfj he Cotal 1 Co 6 hour re typically well-ventilated. hih Chl8 Cutcing activity occur. Table 8 summarize, the data presented the act ivicie 8 of concern with respect to on flooring product, and identifies airborne asbesto, fiber release. 30 TABLE 8. SUMMARY ^ ^ S T O S J L O O H I M G PRODUCTS SECONDARY PROCESSING Product ; flo o rin g pro* rrbcacoi floor t i l , aboot vinyl backed with aabaatoa f a it Secondary p ro ceeaii* Activity: Duration of A ctiv ity : far Incident Dally Total far locidaot Daily Total fiber Ralaaaabllity: Oieoical Coapoaitioo o aacondary procaaaing fo r a itb a r product lina Subfloor praparation/ oval loatallatioo (cutting) fbyaical Coupoaition t Diaruptiva Snarly Control Maaaura: Subfloor praparation/ rnovai loatallotion (cutting) Subfloor preparation/ rnovai In atallation (continued) floor tile Cod uaa ^Meet v in y l f lo o r io g MA * to houra 8 to 10 aacooda 10 a io u te a Lou to 3OX a a b a ato a , t ig h t l y bound in p olyu ar ra a in Nodarataly p lia b la , a t i f f , hard, vary coheaiva HA ( to 1 houra Somewhat conttououa 10 to 20 aiinutaa Moderate 85X a a b a a to a , bound by latex binder Very p l i a b l e , not r ig id Mend c h la a lin g and c r a p in g , may uaa power toola (render) Hand held a c o r in f k n ifa , t i l * cu tter, aciaaora Hand a c ra p in g , nay ute power to o la (aander) Maaor k n iv e a, a c ia a o ra W etting, follow ing racon- nendad work p r a c tic a a follow ing recooneodad work p r a c t ic a a , no anginaaring controle W atting, follow ing recoauandad work p ra c tic a a follow ing recoonended work p r a c t i c e ., no engineering control. TABLE 8 (continued) Product: Flooring pro duct* i aebeatoa floor til, abaat v io y l backed with osboatoa f a it Secondary proceeding Maaaurad fiber Concentration (f/cn1): lovirooneotal Setting: Subfloor preparation/ renoval Inata H at ion Uee, Maintenance A ctiv ity o f Concern p r a c t ic e a ^ a r e ^ o t ` folow ed *^0* " " " b , ,0 M r * IU " Floor t ilo End Sheet vinyl flooring 0 to 0.15* 0.05 to 0.21 0.00 to 0.20 . <8 to 110 n g/n J ) Indoor*, in roon uaually v e il ventilated 0.07 to 0.AS* 0 to 1.0 ND Indoor*, in roon uaually veil ventilated' t o . fe lt vhe, ended work ^Uhea follow ing riccNMfldtd work p r a c t ic e s . `"EPA** factor for converting oenogrene to fiber* ie I nenogren equal* 30 fiber*.21 HA Hot applicable. ' HO " Ho data. FLOORING PRODUCTS REFERENCES Krusell, N. and D. Cogley. Asbestos Substitute Performance Analysis* Revised Final Report. Prepared by GCA/Technology Division for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic ' Substances, Washington, D.C. February 1982. The Resilient Floor Covering Institute. Comments on fehe Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on the Commercial and Industrial Use of Asbestos Fibers, Washington, D.C. February 18, 1980. Meylan, W. M. et al. Chemical Market Input/Output Analysis of Selected Chemical Substances to Assess Sources of Environmental Contamination, Task III-- -Asbestos. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No. EPA-560/.6-78-005. August 1978. 4 Arthur D. Little Co., Characterization of the U.S. Asbestos PaperB Markets, Prepared for the Minister of Industry and" Commerce-- Government of Quebec. Final Draft Report to Sores, Inc., Montreal, Canada, Report C-79231. 1976. 5. Written response from Congoleum Corporation, Resilient Flooring Division, Cedarhurst, MD, to Robert Mclnnes, GCA/Technology Division, April 26, 1982. 6. Written response from Tarkett, Inc., Whitehall, PA, to Robert Mclnnes, GCA/Technology Division, April 28, 1982. 7. Telecon. Company Representative, Wayne E. Anderson Company, Inc., Tewksbury, MA, with Robert Mclnnes, GCA/Technology Division, March 11, 1982. 8. Telecon. Steven Cantor, Sales Representative, Tile City, Waltham, MA, with Robert Mclnnes, GCA/Technology Division, March 11, 1982. 9. Telecon. Company Representative, ABCO of New England, Waltham, MA, with Robert Mclnnes, GCA/Technology Division, March 12,-1982. ^ 10. Telecon. Company Representative, Belmoot-Waverly Floors, Belmont, MA, with Robert Mclnnes, GCA/Technology Division, March 12, 1982. 33 11. Telecon. Company Represent-. . MA, with Robert Mclnnea GCA/lVe/ E M t Ploorlne 'com'* #* GCA/Tchnology Dlvi.ion 12. t i a* n+vch Telecon. Company Representative. Chelsea 1962 with Robert Mdnnes, GCA/Technology ^ i v U i o l T L T c l T l ^ i ^ : ^ ** 13. Telecon. Company'Representative, Harvard Floor Cr.fr r v with Robert Mdnnes, CCA/Technology Division, March 10, **' 14. Telecon. Company South Boston, MA, Representative, Joseph Silverman and Company, Inc., 18, 1982. with Robert Mclnnes, GCA/Technology Division. March 15. Telecon. Company Representative, Medford Floorcraft, Medford, MA, with Robert M d n nes, GCA/Technology Division. March 18, 1982. 16. ehCS b r ? d ny Con* olu Corporation, Trenton, NJ, with Robert Mclnnes, GCA/Technology Division. March 18, 1982. 17. Telecon. Bernard Ramundo; Vice President-Engineering, Kentile Floors 9 Brooklyn, NY, with Robert'MeInne s, GCA/Technology Division, March 10, 1982. 18. SRI International. Monitoring for Airborne Asbestos Fibers: Vinyl Asbestos Floor Tile. Prepared for Resilient Floor Covering Institute. Washington, D.C. SRI Project 7988. December 1979. 19. 20. 21. ... Int*rnational. Comparison Testing Monitoring for Airborne Asbestos ibers. V m y l Asbestos Floor Tile. Prepared for Resilient Floor Covering Institute. SRI Project 7988. December 1979. SRI International Monitoring for Airborne Asbestos Fibers: Sheet Vinyl Floor Covering. Prepared for Resilient Floor Covering Institute. Washington, D.C. SRI Project 7988. December 1979. SRI International. Comparison Testing Monitoring for Airborne Fibers: Sheet Vinyl Floor Covering, Wet Versus Dry Scraping. .noflR^si1lent Floor Covering Institute. Washington, D.C. SRI 7988. December 1979. Asbestos Prepared Project 22. Sebastien, P. et al. Indoor Airborne Asbestos Pullution: From the Ceiling and the Floor. Science, Vol. 216. June 25, 1982. pp. 1410-1413. 23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Support Document-AsbestosContaining Materials in Schools -- Health Effects and Magnitude of Exposure. Office, of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C. June 1981. pp. 95-98. 34 24. Pre;*r;dCb y ^ / i e c h n o ? o sr S i w i J r L r e; r Cu's D" fe PiRjl Report* ^ nCy* ffiC f I W H ^ t a ,, c e i( 25. p ' v ' i ; u i o r d i tlsT^ L S r i d " ? ? o d ic " ' 5 : r i ''R,:i'?n ; f,, A5b* , e o * Fib" s Prepared by CCA/Technology Diviaion for rh raft Firuil ReP c - Agency, Office of Peaticidea and Toxic s i h \ U *S ` EnvironmeQCl Protection October 1981. 0X1C Subtncea, Waahington, D.C. 26. Murphy, R. L. et al. Floor Tile Exp0*"r'- a Source of Aabeatoa ^ o l u X ^ T . " ,, Vol. 104. 1971. 35 SECTION 4 COATINCS AND SEALANTS INTRODUCTION Asbestos fibers are used in che manufacture of coatings and sealanta because of the strength, durability, thermal and corrosion resistance, sound deadening, and waterproofing characteristics they impart. Coatings are covering products used to rejuvenate and/or protect various types of surfaces. Sealants are liquid or semiliquid fillers used to fill gaps in building construction, vehicle components, and industrial equipment. Table 9 lists the applications of several coating and sealant products and the asbestos characteristics that make them desirable. The products within this category can be divided into two subcategories based on their composition: those which are petroleum based and those which have a water soluble latex or gypsum base. Petroleum~Based Products Petroleum-based products primarily include asphalt and tar-based sealants. Product formulations vary widely depending on end use application. In general, petroleum sealants are comprised of 5 to 30 percent asbestos (primarily chrysotile) and 55 to 80 percent cut asphalt.* Other petroleum derivatives added to achieve the proper consistency required for the intended end use are naphtha, mineral spirits, and lighter-weight solvents. Other ingredients include rust proofing chemicals, pigments, heat reflecting powdered metals such as aluminum, emulsifiers, resins, and clay fillers.^- Sealants are produced in batches under a controlled production cycle. Initially, the fibers are fluffed prior to being charged to a batch blending tank where they are mixed with asphalt or tar and other additives, as required, for an even dispersion. After blending, the liquid product is pumped to dispersing operations and- finally shipped out to market. The batch sizes produced vary from several hundred gallons for small manufacturers with one production line to several thousand gallons for Larger manufsecurer* with a wide product mix and several production lines.^ The batch sizes'also vary with company size, type of product, method of containerization, type of production equipment, and size of order. Sealant manufacturing is often not a full-time operation but rather run part-time. This is due to seasonal fluctuations in demand, a greater amount of sealants may be produced in certain months of the year than in others* 36 Uae Roof coating >. Roof cement" . Flashing cement" Chimney tack paint" Automobile and truck undercoating Appliance inaulating coating C o r r o a i o n - r e a ia t a n t c o a t in g ( r e * i tant to alt a o lu t io n including water pray . organic acid, mineral acid, petroleum product) Waterproof coating* for underground pipeline concrete foundation, id wall, tank, and ochei atructure uch aa mobile home and cooling Coven m nuclear power plant* Anticondenaation coating for lov temperature refrigeration aervica* Tile cement / Woodblock and'concrete floor maitica * Speckle" Dry wall joint compound" Caulking compound* Texture paint" Sprayed-on ceiling finiihe" Welding rod coating" > Ditinguihing charactariatica of aabeatoa* A, E, C A, C A, G B. E, C A, B, E, F| G E, T B, G A C, B, C B, G A r, c A, C, D A, C, D A, C, D A. C, D A, C, D B, E *^*ttra correapond with the characteri.cica liated below. Stability, durability, above. and economy of aabeato* are relevant to all uaea liated ' "No longer manufactured containing aibeitoa fiber*. Key: A. Strength _ B. Corrotion re*itance ' C. Decay reaiataece 0. Vermin reitance E. Thermal reiiacanee F. Sound deadening C. Waterproofing 37 Produce under Chi * v . p l a a c e r ^ apackie, and d r y w a ll* r 0^** * nclude jo i n t c ompound patching c l a s s o f compounds has d e c r e a s e d * ^ ? !n *f' fini8hiaS cSSpoin'di-- 0 o f * c h i Consumer Produce Safety C o ^ f . ^ o n T c ? S C )T * lTM * ^ is -- containing r e s p ir a b le free-form a sb e sto s in 1*077 3 nsuraer Patching compounds consumer products, i . e . , products c Ja t a cn The ban a?Pli e 8 only to covers uses in re sid en c es, schools hoanir ^ nsuinr . can Purchase. The ban r e a s where consumers have customary a c c e s s ^ ' buildin* s > or other labeled a s, marketed, and sold s o le l y fo r induJr-C? lag coraPounds which are u b ject to the ban. y f r laduaCrial use ap plication s are not used latex as the^indei, whih"e"bbiJ COTip0?nd8 have bee:i Produced. One uaed dehydrated gypsum as the binder (and PfaCloa of water. The other chemical reaction as the gypsum iook up v a i l ^ in? redie^ ad Bet by vaa mainly limestone wic>lesser l . f hy draClon. The first type T h i. type was used by a^out I ^ p e r c e T i f l b ! " ' ^ 3 C 5 p ` the ready-mixed, wet form. Thegypsum-based nar<fC' and was "ostly sold i n percent of the market, also usuaflj contaJnfd'tabe^to' ' T "" "8 rUghl* 20 requiring wetting just before use. The worker - J u Wa 8ld dry' 10 che field. Wet-mix products were * k ^ xed Che coPound with water ready use.2 manufactured and packaged in a can for asbes^rL^^s^hlre^agit.^torn8 fluffed. After dry blending the Che fibers in the matrix. The dry mixed ^ ! 8plit* duffl?*d > ad PrducCfl were wet mixed, binding " " V " 1 -*" " . n % i i z :r Chroughout the manufacturing process aa w i n a distribution, and end u s e . TM ' 88 Wel1 dur^ r ch u- " c f ber release packaging, SECONDARY PROCESSING- FABRICATION - h o l ,, l e r. and r . U r, uho ,, end use activities Petroleum-Based Products ^ P r o d u c t . a" Ship?ed " u ^ i C;- 8urfa^ ^ & P . " CQALingTi and floor"SJ7rT77~l-- ?c------- 3-- ruck undercoatings, vaterproofin pcote,,ion.l. (" L r c o . t i ^ "roof iM)"*.*;! Cheir consistency and intended use ^ T h e ^ i n T}ler ?r trowel, depending on examples of some of thi r The following discussion provides nd costings common applications of petroleum-based seslant, 38 Asphalt and Car-based coacins ,, building and construction trades to protlct'exno T U "*d pri- * ^ y ' exterior building walls, and to patch e x i s t i n T r o o J i ^ L 3^ " Asbestos-containing coatings are used in h i g ^ y corJSiJe *'''"* * a" those found in paper mills, to protect s t r u c t u r l ^ ^ T attack by chlorine, chlorine dioxiSe, and ^ U t u 8uch **? to the site in premix form and applied using a high pressure S e s " ^ atomization spray gun. 1 Asphaltic-based asbestos sealants are widely used in the construction in Col,W8t?1rpr0 i .fundaCion8 and other ubgrade structures, as well as i h i i r "P 1Walli*.whlch are exterior walls Chat are ultimately covered by an .. l C ; r` covering^ such as brick.5 Depending upon the amount of surface area to be coated and its location, the coating is applied either using brushes or spray equipment. ^ . T roofing^applications, the asbestos sealant is used primarily for installing flashing or the perimeter of a built-up roof.5 It goes on after Che roof covering material and is applied by a trowel. Asbestos sealants are also used p u t jobs, when, for example, a leaking chimney or roof must be patched. This operation is often performed by the homeowner and Cakes advantage of Che^ability of the asbestos product to bridge a crack without subsequently drying, contracting and cracking again. A brush is most often used for this purpose. The activities just described occur predominantly outdoors or in large open areas within buildings. Application of the compounds may last from one half hour up to a full workday depending on the method of application and the size of area to be worked. Another use of petroleum-based asbestos-containing compounds is for protective undercoatings and sound deadening on automobiles and trucks. Application of these materials is commonly carried out inside an automotiveassembly factory or service shop using spraying equipment. Depending on the production schedule, material application may last from a few hours to a full 8-hour work ahift. Spraying may occur in enclosed work booths or in an area open to Che workroom environment. _ Although the asbestos content of petroleum--based compounds is moderately high, the potential for fiber release during application and in-service use is low. Fibers contained within these products are thoroughly wetted and remain bound by the tacky asphalt or Car matrix. The petroleum compounds of the product ix effectively cover and bind the fibers together, minimizing the potentia. for free-form release during application.^ Most of Che petroleum-based products are applied as exterior surface coatings, upon which'no direct physical exertion is applied. Consequently except for weathering, which is expected to have a minor effect on fiber release, the material remains unaltered after application. 39 Wacer S o l u b l e L a t o ^-2tt2uarSus_Prodct p'-1"" " >=i.,,c, i M U i . ,ueh Substantlal fiber release can occur d u r i n ^ d ^ " "^ ^ miXed by Che U8er* clean-up, which, it i8 believed, contributed^,'PrduCt mixin*' nding, and ban. * C0aCributed, in U r g e measure, to the CPSC The dry joint compound powder, whe-e t i n .,,,,i, v, purchased packaged in paper bass. The ha* i. 1 bl*i " non!lally powder dumped into a container. Water i a ^ h e n ^ d d jP*n * knife and Che manufacturer's directions and r b * C i Chen added according to the ele,c.tric drill eeqquuiippppeedd wwiiithh .amudd orPpUa-intl,m.imxiexredhib*? ofa portable old as a paste (referred to as "premix") lnI * ^ J0lnC C0m P0un<1 is required. The prepared mixture in its B tr \ 8m*11 amounC of waCer i referred to as mud. S e time !neni lC#.put^ "llke after wetting, is usually takes 5 to 10 minutes to mix three batches are required daily.6 ^ ^ 8h rt* 16 * * ^ n6t iasCances one to Che j o L t snolirari l y ^ ^ ^I _ r . pu p t y^ nifr' knife. ^ . joK Coopouad <*> *Pread across This is immediately followed by the t " .ud p . e . t h r e s h che^ner"'''." "' P -P" C*P' "hi'h *dher' W th. m u d ; ih. E.p/i;; " . i u . i i ccf" t i o p . , i?ti . ee t a p e / ,, u<1 coot.ct; .uc=...io,, bjr c m additional mud c ^ c ^ ^ E . c S oi t h e coa'a^ia f e ' . t ^ r T "1 ^ JS? applied :;e&"v:suv " sLr- r S si? r L - F r ~ ^ 2 paac p e r f o m i n , t h U P$ r . u J ^ or up t0 5-1/2 *>'. connection S v ' e n uothat ia ,aidant, ,, ' I S ' S I"" " ! ! ' aolrd"^ `"'h ." " 'Ufr'd' l * * TM >> nl ' * . "!" ? aaciding i, undertaken, a hand-held too is -am Zv. ` ~ V Z Z " *w *'i Cducta, in w m c n tne sanding block is attached to the end of a long pole, may be used for hard-to-reach areas orkers employed m the sanding operation may use face masks for dust control "J to a i : ; \ w , t?*r,Sr th' i`" ' P - 1 ooofioa b . . " , T It U ' aacima.ed that 25 to_30 percent of the total joint application time is .pent in.Hc! i 2-1/2 h0U" f 'y 8-hour vortday. i l ,, . t . u ' applications of the water soluble products occur indoors. rnixi and Che dU8C *cc'""u l*< on the floor resulting from the sweepini?aP^I1CaCl0n* 8aadlnS operations are generally c l e w e d up by dry weeping. In many instances, especially in cases of commercial building Ind 40 Large project, chi operaeino \ - However, ic was generally found c0Cs rrl*d UC by noo^iLld lejor.r. skilled employees of mall companies\rkin* WJk P o ^ i i i U c U . of project..6 P orking on resLdential construction AIRBORNE FIBER MONITORING DATA Petroleum-Based Product. bl..ciLt!,rir-vIlib^ `"1 daring .pr., .pplic.tl.n .nd ,nd coinnli ! 1 f d "ffernc cyp8 f asbestos-containing petroleum-based cuuttbbaacc-kc aassDp hhaalltcecr onnita^ini^ng 7.7 pe1r0c*entP aersabceiostQofsl onnaitorroeodf vsuarrifeadc e frtoomsasnpdraying 2`1 perCfnC asbiC08 content high performance exterior resin . o a t m g from a steel tank. As shown in the table, airborne fiber concentrations did not exceed 0.6 f/cm3. Another activity monitored \ a.Z r ST n* pLp<e" al:ed wich a Polyester resin containing 2 to 3 percent o!o4 t T o . l f / c T d flbr CoacenCraCiona duriQS thi operation ranged from Water Soluble Latex or Gypsum--Based -Products A summary of airborne fiber monitoring data obtained during the performance of the end use activities associated wich gypsum-based drywall compounds is presented in Table 11. The table breaks down fiber concentra tions m c o t h e various steps of product use and handling. Fiber concentrations measured during dry mixing ranged from 9.0 to 59 f/cm3 . During application, concentrations of 0.4 to 1.3 f/cm3 were recorded. Fiber levels associated with sanding and sweeping operations ranged from 1.2 to 24.2 f/cm and 4.0 to greater than 41.4 f/cm3 , respectively. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS From the discussion above, it is obvious that water soluble latex or gypsum-based coatings and sealants pose a far greater potential for fiber release during end use than petroleum-based products. Airborne fiber concentrations associated with dry mixing of such water soluble drywall patching compounds can approach 60 f/cm3. Detection of such levels probably contributed, in part, to the 1977 decision by the Consumer Product Safety Commission^ to ban consumer patching compounds containing respirable free-form asbestos fibers. Because these material, are still used in industrial settings and may still be present in existing buildings, care mu9t be taken during all phase, of product handling-to minimize asbestos fiber release. Asbestos-containing petroleum-based coatings and sealants are applied in both exterior and interior settings by workers utilizing high pressure spray guns, "brushes, or trowels. The asbestos fibers contained in these products thoroughly wetted by the petroleum--based liquids, greatly reducing the potential for free-form fiber release during use. Monitoring tests conducted during product application and,removal revealed airborne fiber concentrations 41  -- -- 0N 0P ,, s. oniaibibc tctio itp iIm m I oapkalti ** CMti^ . O a k k rapkale rra y la g brhli- u ltlo o prilla. U l l t ~"p r o o f la *! cattila Toar-aff \ Tar~aff aod n p ta c . (aprap) * " appltcacloa (p r o p ) h i p c o a t l a i bp pray a p p licatlo a . Dtp te c k c o a tia g *T Pn p a p p lic a r toa Coatiap pipa la ta r lo r - aprap p p ticaclaa f lb *< ~ lla a a pipa WO (H audrai c o a t 1op) blp co atta! b aia* ta rilo . (aprap a p p lica tlo a ) r a ia t t a ! b u ild lop tartar (c o la r e i , j ) Maaaarad (lW r Kiuntioa kruiM of ctlv itp / V l i a t tlma (mia) 0-001 to 0.11 If24 0- " I t o 0 . J 0.1 to 0.4 0.0 to 0.3 0.0 to 0 . 0.2 lf) ,lf)t I f 14 M .lllt lfM .H lJ.H 24 I f 74 *0 to 0.2 0.1 ' H74 H14 0.1 to 0.4 I f 14 0.0 to 0.4 0.0 to 0.0 I#M If7 4 .1 f2 2 * 2 to 41, P 4 ... (aaauuad) Ibaaa co atraat (eaaaad) * * * -- cootrait ^ T " ^h4, coatnat (uiUMd) * * con trail M r a a a t M l | t l at a a k a a ta a . . "rr; ,~ ' " TM .. - **" l t o r t a ! p a r t o r 1. W i | 1 ( ...... t o 13 II to It II I t o 21 H to t] ^ ** ^ fbaao c o atraat (aaauaad) Ibaaa co atraat (aaauaad) 1 .3 too aa .j O parator a p ra p ,., . |ffc -tura *f*y -- ..I fbaaa co atraat (aaaiaaad) Ibaaa co atraat (aaaiaad) Pluaa coat (aaauuod) fbaaa co atraat (aaauaad) ab oato a-co atalalc^ ( Ip a ic a a t i ' c o a l t a r u t . , ^ 11 * " O parato nioaini r0.iuCocMoirtiodr>c d w - a r . t ,w ._p . **" '**< o^i * <lu uckiN iii c ^ U a ^ r ' : * * * y-- . e appi tad " .................... P f * l 0. 1 p a r c a ., . . k . . , . . A lkyd r a a la c o a t . ! . , , , paR aa( abaato. o , a l . ,, - ^ l u r;.7 ^ ` P P liid ` M r c * * ` aabaatoa t able 10 (continued) U.l, CM tiMa * 'teatiauel) Patat log kui |4la> ` tie r 1 root , prirtM ,, 00 , 0. 0 t o 0 J ``ratio ot activity/ Of IjM (..I . , *rica| " th * t| toal aprayiai *V' MFC - .,,r.yi urfaca coati^, rip* co.t.4 "In* polyeetar n.i, ' # ` 0# ` 0-<H ta 0.1 1*74 1*71 U ta II * a JJ I* C. 4* fl" M caatraat uaad) Phaaa cootraat f*"1* cootriit <aa.ua!> O perator apra/tag l. . . . bcata a i . y | J > pare.at P*oa| *** " teal wall O perator a p , . y i ,, 0 , aataatoa c ry , . / * " * ' Operator e p r a y iu q * f " " coatraat 1 (aaauaal) ` `or building paaata 0 .0 to 0 .] X r * , . T a ? f h 7 ` ` f " r' - ' ^ter.l.aa 1*77 to It * 5 eabaataa cootalalai 7 **"* Haating hlih Ttaaa coatraat (aaauwa) " P-cetar h .o d ..,,di U P *r lo n u n c m eatarior 0.1 t o o . J 1*70 coearaa i , b a i , y l T ? " * ' * u r <eca. caatia. I ta 17 co o talo in i 1.1 . f * ` ***' r*" `* caatraat Op.r.tor.^.aJbf;.r!;-B, " '-f. b7 7.6 . t a r h f h "***r co .t.1 i . , ,, j ,, j [ * " " Pra, eabaatoa r . a l , e o a ,i g . f * rc * " ` TABLE 11 SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE FIBER CONCENTRATIONS ENCOUNTERED IN THE DRYVALL TAP1NC PROCESS6 '9 A ab a ala a -x o a ta ia ia t product A c tiv ity . yvrio ra tC M atar Ublfe ^ iT w alt em anim i U to iy A) 1 d p p lic a lio a M inine (A ry p o u iar) Miming (pra-wlm ) Naaaurcd lib a r co n cen tration 0 .4 to 1.3 t .O l a 11.4 1-1 I . 3 .1 Data o f taoto D urptioa of a ctive ly / ao apliag tla a Io ta ) A n a lytica l Choi . 1010 1*11 to 1*11 . 33 t . 41 10 t . 11 Pkaaa coot root' PM*aa coot ra te I )l 4 t. 1 FMiaa co o tra a t GlaOCS t r ia l oparacioo S a.Id .ae l.I ..e e l.. Co" arc lai oftrtlio ? W a te r M l u b l i MI f e r v a l i Mani a a a iin i fo la sani Pola aaoiiog Sw iap iai Sw a ap lag Dry a l i l a i ( 0 . 9 t o 1 .5 m) 2.1 I . 14.1 1 .1 I . 10.1 1.1 ca 10.0 4 .0 t . 14.1 14.1 t . 11.4 31.4 to 3 .0 1*11 to 1*71 1*71 t . 1377 1979 1371 t . 1377 137S 1974 10 t . 80 10 t o 3* 4 t . 11 3 t . 30 10 t . 10 Pkaaa coot root Pk**a co ntrast PWaa# c o n tr a s t fhasa co otraat Phaaa co o traa t PMaaa c o n t r a s t Invidencia I iittiiy biKntial t i l l lot Co*"-- rc lai opratisi <>i4ncl<| (tini Ct"" re i*I opa rat ion r c l a l o p . m e l n . l i b a r r , _ , (Study t ) rep o rtad ia aoc la aa background la v a i a, w h ic h f o r cha a w rOQ. ani san i ia f ( 0 . 9 t a 1 .5 m) 1.3 to 1 4. 137* rengad (ro a 0.1 ( a 13.1 |/c , l M PMaaa c o n tr a s t a r c l a l o p e r a tio n . Flbar rint. laaa roo re p o rta d ia ooc la a a background la v a la , w hich fo r cha Pola a a n ilo f (0 .9 to 1 .5 ) 1.1 to 13.3 1374 . ** Pfcoso c o o t r a a t ra n fa d Itom 1.1 t o 1 .1 t/cm' r c la l o peraci n . lib a r raa(c 1 r e p o r ta d i a noe la a a background to satin e O . 0 t o 15 ) 41.4 (a a a a ) 1374 la. w h ic h ( o r e h . a ^ . r ooa , . ,, . 4 l . S la 13. f / c . J m Pliaaa c o n tra s t a 1 . h e a v y l o a d in g d u rin g a w a a p ia . a a o p l i n g o c c u r r a d 11 a i n u t c a a l t e r utca, a w a a p in g a e o p p a d . A f e a r 11 _ " " "rad libar lavai va. f/ c .J *Sibara 1 pa laat ac longer wick a lengch-to-di, ** - hoe Saporead liar aapacl ralla al 1 r r.ai.r war. cou.e.d by phaa. *..tr.,t alcro.copy raogiog from 0.0 to 0 .6 f / Ca3 - s e a l a n t s containing- more chan' l nf r a y ~a PPU e d P etroleu m -b ased . " - - i - i n * a . r " t ,, r ,, T * r* th* ^ ^ s " <* =h >'. ESHAP r ,Jul.tion. lAOle 12 aurnraAriy** m, * _ u - u l . h. Pru ciP<1 . c a v `c*,s" r r - T t i T . A i t T ' i z hi I TABLE ,2. SUHMAEY OF COATIHCS AND SEALANTS SECOND*, EEOCESEINC AND END USE A C T t V m E S Product: ' Coating nd aealants Secondary procesaing Activity: Duration: Per Incident Daily Total Fiber Keleaaability: Chemical Compoaition o Physical Compoaition Disruptive Energy Measured Fiber Concentrations (f/cm3) : Environmental 8ettingj Activity of Concern Continuous operation up to 8 hours per day Low 5 to 30Z asbestos, 55 to 801 asphalt Mixing-- 5 to 10 minutes Application up to 5 1/2 hours Sanding-- up to 2 1/2 hours High 3 to 5Z asbestos, majority gypsum or limestone Tacky material as applied, Wet paste as aDoliid idr"y' tr.nul.r t Z T . i Z drying Moderate to high, power sanding (sand blasting) of material off surfaces Moderate, hand sanding 0.0 to 0.6 Usually applied out- of doors to exterior surfaces Mixing-- 1.2 to 59 Application-- 0.4 to 1.3 Sanding-- 1 . 2 to 24.2 Sweeping-- 4.0 to >4 1 . 4 Applied indoors to wall surfaces Mixing, sanding, and cleanup sweeping of water >a|llhi. interior wall aurfaces. l"ble product* th* i l l available and .pplied t0 COATINGS AND SEA'ANTS references Revi.ed'p i M l ^ e p o r t ^ l i e ^ ^ f o r t h T s Perfonaanca Analyst. Agency, Office of Toxic Substances WashiS \ EnV1 0ninent:al Prot=tion lvision, February 1982. ' ^ "ton, D.C., by CCA/Technology S T "J t h r I b ? o (F| " `5`^ t?c*"d Eco,`?"i= `"p * a l osa. 3- g 63362. December 15, 1977. pp. 203-207. 1M` - - Fm Aabe8Cos ~ 42FR 4 ` S `P'i;n; torch 24, 1982. .a So8ioeeri0i ' ' Vlth Rbrt tolnnas, GCA/Technology Di?i,ion> F L* WiCh R0b6rt 6V Exposure to Asbestos in Industrial Hygiene Association, V ^ l ^ l " Celotex corporaion,ST M Pa r F ^ P^ i r R o b iVt'MGTP8Um Products D **iion, Division, March 24, 1982? ' * Robert tolnnes, GCA/Technology Occupational S a f e t y ^ n d ^ l ^ S t l i n d a r f BJ frJ th* CaUfo r n i l0- & & * S t t g - ; t I S- - . - 47 , su SECTION 5 textiles INTRODUCTION Because asbestos fibers , conventional textile M n u f e e L r i TM * " Proee.eeble on conventionel textile for.., i * u i ' pf*" ` thf? * TM Incorporated into all d . 1 `*p*> * ' * rope, . S * i . i t by asbestos fibers include fireproofin* lh ^ r * TM ' * . thread, 8pecial qualities afforded flexibility, end moi.ture, abrasion. c o r r o s i ^ m s ^ e ^ 1 8tabiUt^ concain ^ to ioo synthetic fibers may be blended with asbestosto ^ayQ * and ocher natural or impart the desired serviceability to the end p r o d ^ T * spinnability nd to established^conventional^process^or^by t h ^ ^ PrduCts is Performed by the made by the conventional procels either bv ^ S TM * " ' M8C textiles are methods are identical, except that a 7j the dry 0r damp nefbod.2 Both reduce fiber emission^. P ChaC during da*p Processing y a m i. moistened tc blended prior to P r o c e i l i n r t h m u g r r c a r d i M ^ 43156^ 8 I 11* " choroughly operation combs the fibers creating ! , operation.3 The carding * 7 fiber mat. Thi. mat is pressed aid lay^ ^ ^ 7 parallel arra^ o m e n t called a into thin, continuous ribbons called roving clri lap* ^ lap is seParated may be added at thi, stage to strengthen S i r ^ i ^ ra7n' 0r Cher fflaterial asbestos fi b e r s ^ o m ^ h t l ^ h l i i^ * 88 7ield! * product thaC tends to hold thus reducing workplace fiber c o n c e n t m t i ^ a ^ ^ n ^ h - ^ CnvenCional Process, fibers are mixed with hot, soapy water in a.hvdr I* Pl c e a a > beatos yields a dense yarn by extrudine rh+ a * opulper. The process material through apinnerettea. We^ pmc'^ i i T e r ^ *"d pa8sin* th operation, the segment of the conv^nff i ^ liamate the carding of airborne.fibrous "dust. COnveaCln*l Proceas that generate, a great deal ine.rmehiace chera.l in.ulacion, g..k.t. * TM < .. '1,ct5ic*1 *"d r ings, tire and heat protective clothing. 4 -oven clutch facine, . TMade using the primary ,, v * llnin "- Table 1 3 . Asbestos roving i. i,, , ahown in figure 1 ^ lat e ly held together unr , asbestos textile ^ Ch* ^ ild^ Asbestos yarn is roving then u u give . 1C tensile strength. * * * becn "cynically twists *?re* or other material to I* ! yarn may ba ewiated with o^h d *nd spun to thread or treated yarns V J P W d yarn which can he 81nS la yaraa* tog.thet. "i0k ia -- ! .Cr.nd. aabe.co. yarn.tUbT>^ "ade by ei=bfir braidin. o r . - *nd in -- A-bestos tape i . M nj) USC applic*tions.3 containing selvaae ea /r5w woven fabric m a n u f r v . l i n)f3 elU**e ed8'` (th "dg. of aha woven f . b r L f i n ^ ! " ** aric finished to prevent " ? !> * ^ . r j: r r r *" : ~ v ore -- r r L ir r r " & * CdentserLimsiniec2r`fninu?mfb'Keidotfu8strandls) w h f c h ^ r braided vnich forms & cord o^f^ eas t os yarn * (a Pre- '" ' i f - j ^ ' olumns, and heat e x c h i ^ i r a .8 ^ ^^s fiberslasa rs& batts placed Zx around ib. su. boilers^* ^ ^ S & S i > a = X s r - T rejecting surface. The metallic 1. 1 b aluminized to give a he nns'ijts" se secondary processing-- fabrication ` * . . Depending on.the product line ,, ' intermediate materials such final product hv I , ' prima,T textile manufacturer, , yarn and d o t h that w i n l 1 Z f8 "*? Produce s a -s ; ~ 49 TABLE 1 3 . ASBESTOS-CONTAINING TEXTTIPC Avm END U SE A P P L I C A T I O N S ? ^ 1 ^ 5 ^ T != " Thermal in su la tio n Electrical insulation Gaskets and paclcings Friction materials End u se Cpe, tubing, cord, cloth , yarn yarn, roving, tape, thread, fe lts, cord, lab, tubing cop, wick, cord, cloth, tape roving, yarn, cloth Protective apparel (gloves, c o a t s , hoods, and p a n ts), lan kets and d ra p e r ie s, conveyor b elts, furnace sh ie ld s, ironing board covers, hot metal splash guards, welding curtains, ry e r f e l t s and mats, hoc pads Marine and i n d u s t r i a l p ip e wrap and sle e v e s ( la g g i n g ) , d i e s e l exhaust lin e and manifold covers, tool insulation (glassware), braided wall liners in ateam hoses, fuel line insulation, hydraulic line insulation E l e c t r i c a l wire wrap and sheathing, multicore cable wrap and sheathing, motor winding in su latio n, heater cord insulation, core for electrical resistance wi r e s , sleev in g f o r e le ctrical appliance leads A ll purpose sh a ft and valve stem packings, expansion j o i n t g a s k e t s , manhole and handhole b o ile r cover oven and furnace door gaskets, chemical process vessel gaskets I n d u s t r i a l , truck, and marine clutch facings, heavy s t r e s s brake lifcing applications _30 I 2?- . Figure 1. Flowsheet for asbestos textile manufacturing.^ 51  n u on and produce* eoeI i r ! b u c o r ' * T r * i F " * * ZlZZetc?'**' * * ^ P 5 common t e x t i l e - =o n d ^ - pro^ % - - ^ ^ i . = :r 8 i o n p r e s e n " ~ <nd He-l-^liBtanc Material. material, i.^e^n'iurLce^re'lced^o^ni'L''"'r% f fire and heat resistant ierave8Sanl **"* Uae'8 ^ c a t e r s typicln, f * and grommet the "lint free" clorh^ y relC*8e during 8ecdary 3ev> sCitch, staple ^ uit. to welding curtains.8.9 SecondsTM n pr?ducta ^nging from spac^ .i."iu;rohi" enclo'i'1 fact ^ - - 4 r" i " ^ o i ; i us"a U y perf TM `i P Oe' " lnS " i U " * . r . n . TM ! 8-h o ,,; secondary Proceaaors^trenhancrceitaiFp PJduCta "** be further treated by be.Eo.-cont.ininj clock , S i L * " '" li,i" ' F" p i . , characteristics or be given n i J i * d t0 imProve radiant heat ? Other treatment methods include p i i n t i L ^ n d ^ C " " ``" o 1' waCerPtof.10 surface coating treatments reduces t h e ^ L r d Plastering.10 Each of these subsequent processing and end use. ? atlal for fiber release during Thermal Inanition insulation i ^ r e q u i r e d ^ / ^ ^ 8 CXtile fterfl used as thermal products, such as braided walls of s H a i T h o s ^ r s c i o n s . Fabrication of these fuel I m e sleeve covers, occurs at fa,fn ^ I mes and hydraulic fluid and products or have direct use for them 8,9riSeC C J C lCher distribute these use of electrically powered machinery over a H - h * 7 proc*#sir* S o l v e s the engineering controls, such as total^r partial conventional particulate capture device l i t . T W Shlft' ^ U8e of which exhaust to a whether the textile material has beeTsuiface-* release and the extent of dusting caused bv ! f U t e r ' w i U da? ^ d C minimize fiber dust control methods include da^ening che7. ^ 6 ?JrlcfCln operation. Other reducing machinery speeds. Mtrial prior to processing and unce the asbestos textile material , fuch as a steam hose wall or fuel line i- extremely low. Under normal conditions he exposed. Only during handling or when L asb^ o s ^ * final Prduct, fC fibfir relea8 textile is never *p,..d ,, u fib. r r.U.1. b , c 4 i" o1a'tu r p%bobfeh." X : U e " t,ri*1 Electrical Insulation use as i n . u l ^ i J ^ M r i i ^ i i ^ h ^ J o d " t o S PofedCO manuIacC'arra for manufacturers wrap asbestos textili ? f Vlr* Products.8 Wire electrically powered wrapping machines W) r * . o r cabls using of wire per day. As a conductor covering b r a i d e d ^ 0^ 1" Chousands of feet "t,?pe4 " " ira (" n i l i " p:." y 52 viga Generally, asbestos-containing texc Lies are used to insulate --iris nd designed for low voltage, high current use under severe temperature cond it ions.^ Although asbestos textiles normally used for wire insulation and ocher forms of electrical insulation are surface-treated, fiber release can be expected during product fabrication. During processing, the textile material is passed through various winding machinery that constantly bend and twist the material. Such handling will loosen the woven or twisted strands of the textile material, weakening its structural integrity. Continued agitation by the machinery can cause the release of fibers. Dust control methods implemented to minimize workroom contamination are similar to those described above for thermal insulation processing. Final processing involves applying a protective cover over the wound material. This encasing step greatly . diminishes the potential for fiber release from the product during subsequent handling. Gaskets and Packings Untreated asbestos yarns are used by fabricators in the production of packings to prevent gumraing-up of equipment. Untreated y a m is braided by machine to form the packing material. Then it is passed through a heated resin or petroleum-based liquid bath to saturate the strands with lubricant. Lubricants can include teflon, graphite, or molybdenum disulfide. The treatment process is performed to maintain product pliability while in service and to prevent the abrasive asbestos fibers from scoring machinery shafts and valve stems during use . * ^ * ^ Unlubricated packing is used as gaskets. Because the potential for fiber release during the braiding of the untreated yarn is high, engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and appropriate work practices, such as reducing machinery speeds, are generally employed. Engineering controls include enclosing the braiding machines in ventilated rooms or booths and installing exhaust hoods at key material handling stations. Personal protective gear may include a separate set of clean work clothes and dust control face masks, when necessary. Friction Materials Asbestos yarn or cord, that may be reinforced with wire, is used to make woven clutch facings and brake linings. These products are mainly found in industrial applications where long periods of heavy load conditions exist or where short bursts of resistance are required.^ The asbestos textile is normally impregnated with phenelic resin or coated with asphalt prior to processing. After curing and drying, the treated yarn is then fed to mechanical winders, which are used to form the woven friction products. Because the yarn has been coated with the resin or asphalt-based compound, fiber release during*winding is expected to be minimal. * END USE ACTIVITIES Asbestos-containing textiles are used in a wide variety of applications ranging from industrial furnace shields and hot metal splash guards to laboratory gloves (see Table 13). The following describes the end use activities associated with the more common asbestos textile products. 53 ^00 Fire and Heat Resistanr M ir eriala Applications for fire and heaC regi8tant ^ curtains, draperies, blankets, protective d o c h ' ^ w ^ 1Ch 1 Clude furnace shields, and molten metal splash protection an Cn 3'89 belt* " i . r 1,^ r o f p;hrfo~ " ; ^S S &S SgSt S ?S^^*f&S aS Sg *S ^ > sever3al hn f ^ ma^ h" = *a?C rom a few minutes as in the - i-- . u i case , 1 of . . m glo9ves ?: to to The U f l b! r e ab"C0S fib? r releas* * lively to occur with product wear. ve!rl d! ? aU f h8e Variou3 Products ranges from many months to several are i n d the aPPllc.tioa severity of wear. Moat applications w H r s i j r ^ r O c t ? -ar8h ^ 8brenuous ^ i t i o n s exist. As the material wears, the structural integrity of the woven fabric begins to fail allowine pieces of the material to unravel or become frayed. lowing Thermal Insulation i n s u u O i O r ^ A ^ V 11!3' ^ " Cl0th* tubin' and C4Pe * e used as thermal l i e i i ^ ada i id10"" * P1PC fr 8dfeCy Protection, stress elieying pads in welding operations, protective coverings for hot glassware utensil, coverings for hydraulic and fuel lines, and brlided w a U s n he construction of steam hoses.2*89 tv,,,;,111* TM * 1 i"*u l*Jin8 materials are generally used in static applications, heir woven and surface-treated construction minimizes the possibility of T `r.d.cioa. The greatest potential for fiber release occurs during removal. Removal typically takes longer chan installation and requires more cuts to extract the worn and sometimes encrusted material from Che surface it was covering. A specific example of a thermal application involves the use of asbestos-containing textile tape to insulate pipelines that transport hot liquids and gases. During installation, the Cape is normally applied as a secondary insulator over a primary insulating coating of calcium silicate. Shears or knives are used to cut the textile tape. The number of cuts required depends on the surface complexity and the number of start and stop points. Cutting takes only seconds and accounts for only a few minutes of the total installation time. After the tape has been wrapped around the primary insulator, with edges overlapping, it is covered with paint or other sealant. Initial installation of Che textile tape is almost exclusively performed by professional insulation contractors, whereas maintenance personnel will make repairs or renovations when they are required. The length of time for installation varies depending on the sire of the job, lasting anywhere from less chan one hour to a full work day.9 54 * When Che time comes Co practice Co ctlhorou_gh..l_y wweC _ U ^ f| g l control measuJrree^and facilitacteas handli^nTg. Aftce,r- !!!?** ** * 8**rrai!v id'JJS is s U t lengthwise using a utility knif^ or r a z o r ^ ^ h " 8 ' Che in9ul W peeled off the pipe and discarded in drums or pU^tic ba^ ' " " 1 *" 6h" Another application, somewhat unique, involves the ,,f v as a thermal insulator of process lines in a steel mill 1 f.asbe8C8 CaP at a mill reportedly had to renlare .A, . . . . *. A maititenance crew hoses carrying cooling water to the don f containinS insulating wrap around 4 weeks 13 4 weeks. The e f 1 . fr.ju.ne , need c for doors f an Pen hearth replacement resulted from furnace every 3 to hot meta! I V i l l s on the hoses. SSppeecciiffiiccs aabboou^t cthLe' rreemoval of Ttthe* " dl ta*mdp efdrOOEu-rhaonCoiB-loeCal .pplic.c ion of a tip" igh frequency of replacement associated with this oolrat*4 C ^CatLn" The xtreme working conditions. Under ess h '? th before replacement is required. ^ several years Asbestos textile materials used as thermal insulation in static applications are not likely to release fibers to the ambient air under normal conditions. Generally, no abrasive force is applied to surface of the material that would disturb its structural cohesiveness. However fiber release is likely during product removal if not properly controlled fe ,, : E''P,U" " Pnr.cnre material t J* 1 / OVar "any years Can Phy 8i=ally *ge the asbestos textile a t ^ L i hPrhCe8f-!e 8 the 8trucCura3 cohesiveness of the textile material such chat fiber release during removal is likely. h o s e s ^ n d ^ v d r ^ v 1*!8 U8Cd in,?*naaic Moving) applications, such as steam hoses and hydraulic lines are likely to release fibers if jacket walls or sleeve covers are cut or otherwise damaged such that che asbestos-containing ^ i ! . S " '" d'r c m 4lti<>" u i ii.ee... ct,^ r'peit'<i *8 U *tion ot th' d" *s'd Electrical Insulation ^abe.8i:8:coni:auinin textiles used for electrical insulation are normally incorporated into the internal workings of an electrical appliance or 7 component. Rarely is the material exposed. In use, the textile material is usually held m a stationary position not subject to direct wear or abrasion. With proper use, asbestos fibers are not expected to be released from electrical products containing asbestos textile insulating materials. owever, if mistreated, che cloth covering of electrical appliance cords, for example, may become frayed exposing the inside insulating material. Continued misuse and abrasion Co the exposed asbestos material may release airborne ribe rs. With respect to removalat the end of its service life, the entire electrical appliance is discarded or the component containing the asbestos l:.?lm?ly fe? laced- <" damaged electrical components containing asbeswos textile insulation need repairing, che whole unit, similar to above, 35 . * ^ 1 be entirely repl repairs, such as replacement 3y`Ce Co i n u iCy H bC A U ChaC ia requiredma8IolWlfe* 8 p U c i "S "ew v H - ' T ' " ''.*" old and new wire to expose the enclo!^ "f l n i t U u y iavolv", cutei * involved in cutting the vir* a * meta^ filament. The 'JV en ng.c*,e wire and removing part of rt, , energy input expected to minimize fiber release from the Isbes-oi T :ing 8l v e i, asbestos textile using wire snips or scissors w i w v* T 1' CuCtin* of the result in a clean edge cut. After the new wire h nl'f.a few seconds and existing wire, electrical tape is wraoned 1 been.spliced with the insulate the wire. This s t e D cove P?, around che splice point(s) to This step covers all exposed asbestos textile surfaces. Gaskets and Packings . gasketing material, ^ i t h ^ b r i f r i i s c u s s ^ ^ f asbe9tos Cextiles as an aly.i. oi pack^ . Id. f r o T i , ^ ^ ' i " J * f ln8S- * TM under Gaskets and Packings. textiles is presented m Section 6 and residential oven doors industrial f are y ? * * ' " - ...i (inspection) covers, commercial vessels.2.9.11,l2 ihe tlx^ife i f cloth, and taPe . 5 . 6 ^ ? i r X^ f * peninS 9' TM d chemical process ft are rope, cord, wick, specified precut length, or if purchased from distributors in = r coiled in b o ' . ^ P U ^ ^ T c h n ^ n " *" Pool, lengths and punch pilot holes reauir*d f .* ? asket material cut desired outlet stores. U `1S ^ t t i n g i. do^I " Ch*niCml fa9^ n g at their may be accomplished using a8power-aaaisted knife; hole Punching machine. Other chan p o i b W w i TM - ! "^nually operated press control measures are employed.^ ^ urgical-type face mask, no dust i L garaoakoevceidnatramcksrV'xt*o b ll *. * c t n g a ^ t a p^ P ^hTm^ * 3'T to che mating surface* th? inCo Cementing che p'rfoTM.1 f! : "*,`UrE" ? >> .y 1.0 U .troctori[" i tu 7 . Rpe "U 1 U k e l y hTM * * ' " > c r l r Co add down .nd*eWlli * ^ * * 5 "aerial. The. envirooneneal coodicione caD. break flans.. .ep.r.Ced, che inner porclon of cha g.sk. c " S i f ' t' ,, It. l ? conC,et ' erf.ce. y U t n S.foc. In.c.lUns now repLceoent sa.kscin, che old ancru.c.d oaceciai 56 must be removed leaving a smooch, clean surface. Flat edge pc:cy knives or wire brushes are used Co remove Che old raacerial. Because asbajcos textiles have a high asbesCoa content (low binder content) and chac the binders presenC may have reacted with various gases or been 'cooked-out', fiber release is expected during gasket removal. No monitoring data are available, however, to document this assumption. The length of time required to replace gasket material depends on the site of the pipe flange or manhole cover to be disassembled. The actual time involved in cutting new strips and removal of old material accounts for only a mall percentage of the total job. Cutting is expected to last only seconds while material removal and surface cleaning are estimated to last several minutes (15 to 30 minutes). The frequency of gasket replacement also varies. Replacement may be required more frequently than actually needed due to the opening and closing of manholes or handholes as part of a routine maintenance program. Friction Materials Woven asbestos brake linings are found mainly in industrial brakes contained in cranes, lifts, excavators, winches, concrete mixers, and mine equipment. Woven friction products are also used as clutch facings for industrial band, plate and cone clutches in cranes, lifts,' excavators, and winches.^ Additionally, automotive brake pads may be manufactured from woven asbestos cloth which may be reinforced with brass wire or impregnated with phenolic resin.^ However, molded automotive asbestos-containing brake materials, developed in the 1950's, are replacing woven textile products because they offer superior frictional properties.1- Asbestos fiber release is not expected during the installation of woven friction products. The asphalt or resinous coating applied to the asbestos yarn prior to winding effectively prevents the release of asbestos fibers from an unused product during installation. Fiber release to the outdoor air during material wear is also not expected because woven friction products are usually contained within a metal casing, such as a transmission housing. The wear of a clutch facing, for example, depends on the amount of slippage that occurs since the clutch is basically a static friction couple that momentarily slides during gear shifts. Once the clutch cannot hold a continuous couple, it must be replaced. . During product replacement asbestos fibers may be released to the ambient air when the friction material housing is opened and the worn out textile product is removed. Specific asbestos fiber monitoring studies have not been reported for woven friction product repair or replacement work.. AIRBORNE FIBER MONITORING DATA - . Although monitoring to determine airborne asbestos fiber concentrations during secondary processing is routinely performed by asbestos textile fabricators, the results of these studies are not readily available nor well documented in the open literature. Therefore, only a small amount of data is presented. Workplace fiber c (di<ete rmined by PCM) rat ioni ra h.cifucioo of ` " U s . 1? * " ` Chese data were collected ha0* ^ 0?8 and imP rovd control ":^a?r*cl<>o^liS For example tha < re8ulted in lower work n l L Chni^ * *lnci ^ . example, the manufacturing modification : , . place concentration, asbestos textilea has resulted in W r -- oT" primary manufacturing and secondary processii ! ^ ^ r a t i o n s during Che general workroom area and near an o p e r a t e d -F be^ conceaCrat ions in asbestos cloth made by the wet-nroc, P raCr ^urlnS Che processing of cively. C n . , ; 0-90.f^ - 3. TM p e = - cloch unrolling, measuring, cuecing wieh scie.o acenj r"clona recorded during 0.68 f/=.3, re epee cively. Fiber analyei, *of *a?i6p " * ?0l,li d performed using pheee concreec microecopy.? our ,1,r *Pl6s uas Airborne fiber monitoring data aasocit,d v activities are scant. Only a few stud? u . Cb aabesCos Cextile end use limited number of textile products The f ,, u * ken perforTned covering a results that have been obtained from ^he u i e r ^ e i >re8eat8 nnitorinS were performed at a blast^furnace^nd ^ D h "8 Wearing of aabeaCoa garments coats, hoods, and mittens are worn P ph8phoro"s P la^ where asbestos Che concentration of airborne fibers ma^ or8 were uaed to measure concentrations of 0.3 to 5.0 f/<^3 C th* bJeaClua8 rone level. Fiber with an 8-hour TWA concentr.tion of" " v.iuiy Sn" :as^Vr c T l . Y f / 5 . `^ I T c h ' '" " "rker gh : : 5 - 9 to The garments tested were made of an untreated fahrir u j howeer,y ,,o d"^ 0^ " " * ^ i'1> ' " * with an unlined surface an identical 1.4 " Ceated included a new helmet aluminized covering V l iT u c lT ^ revealed breathing zone fiber concentrations of 2^30 i 3 8 IT ^ for the three helmets, respectively. R e s u l t ^ f ' 1,3J* and ?* f/cTM p "= i;;e: : L " o : i r K i ' S (unknoviO Y ^ . " ^ I r Y ' i u r f TM ^ " hiCh 58 Three tests u ere Derf re Lease monitoring e x p e r i m ^ ^ ^ - " parc of the ' ... chamber (glove bold; a w e l l - l ^ i " ? luded: 11*"*'* P r e p a r a t i o n room; and in . venCj-lated ( f i ve a i ^ c h " * v' n c x e ,, ^ ^ B l o v e u s e . The r e s e a m h u r u v e r a j-ty l a b o r a t o r i e s und"8 * 3 p e f bl _ r e l e a s e from new and v o ^ T e l o * * 3' 1" 6!! ^ p o Ce nC ia l d i f f r e - c ' l ? * f o i leJ. -- S.o ,,, th. l , . r L i - T a * `blr't p * * ^ ,p " n,l" i l ^ ^ 11il7 2)o" ~ f " * = t o pickiae the * f *"d ..in. t h . . cV oor; *"'1 <5) f i f i n<1 are sunm*ri2ed in Table 14. P " ^ reaulta of the th^ee test TWA values calculated for *>,,, . _ n work load. as one would expect. wide range o f ' l i b e ^ c c n c ? r i o n s ^ o r a t o r i e s revealed a concentrations depended more on thi p ^ J T ^ f hf r8 a t& t* ChaC borne condition or usage (york load). T h e * TM ** 1fboraCot7 than on glove be attributed to difference, ^ ^ reported are fhought to entilation system, and amount of moisture on the" 1^ ^ * ,ffieitne* of the Raybestos Manhattl^Corporatio^of' ins laCio application, textiles, measured airborne fiber concent8 ?' SC< * " ^ c t u r e r of asbestos 0.04 f/c m 3 CUCting during M f Ce r C U re l at ap e d H l a gf gf i ng "* * 0* performed and samp l i , and a^lysis *01 Co *5 f/e.3 eSt8 COUnCs of - to SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ? ^ .r . j i ^ . s s r . 2 f ' ? . a a b e s t * T s ^ 8 h ded f i r e P r o c c W e ^ I o i h i 0 " 6^ / " ^ oa fabric ranged from 0.03 to 26 2 f/i-38 "f*1* fron untreated woven t/cm . Other studies have shown 39 T A B L E XA AIRBORNE f i b e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g run Tyr USE OF ASBESTOS-CONTAINING GLOVES21 Sampling environment Condition of gloves and work load Isolation chamber (nonventilated) Biology preparation room (well ventilated) New Well-worn/clean Well-worn/lightly soiled Well-worn/heavily soiled Breathing zone Work area University Laboratories New - normal^ We11-worn/c1ean-norma1 New - heavy6 W e 11-worn/clean-heavy New - normal Well-worn/clean-normal New - heavy Well-worn/clean-heavy Breathing zone Work area Well-worn/clean Well-worn/lightly soiled Well-worn/clean We 1l-vorn/1ightly soiled Mean TWA SD (f/cm^y 2.25 0.57 7 7.97 3.14 7 5.08 1.27 7 0.95 0.16 0.07 0.02 0.49 7 o.ll 0.51 + 0.21 0.99 0.22 0.06 + 0.02 0.40 + 0.09 0.26 0.08 0.60 7 0.12 0.07 to 2.93d 0.10 to 0.71 q .04 0.*30 to 0.74 fibers counted were 5 um long or longer with a length-to-diameter aspect ratio of 3-to- 1 waa performed. or greater. Phase contrast microscopy analys is ^Normal usage of gloves, two times per hour. cHeavy usage of gloves, six times per hour. 60 X Chat Created c loch, particularly aluminization of the cloth surf ic , greatly reduce* fiber release. Monitoring conducted d fire-fighting uring the use of aluminized helmets revealed no fiber releas e. Studies performed on laboratory gloves made from woven ajbestoa clorh vr *1 - i " ............ ... t eu . r orne fiber monitoring has demonstrated that well-worn clean sinu. release a comparatively higher concentration (0.49 f/cm3) of fibers into the *"b i , M *ir th" j n TM * <<" i/=3) .ubj,cte<i t0 th. With respect to other textile products, monitoring during the cutting and installation of untreated asbestos-containing lagging cloth for thermal insulation revealed fiber concentrations of 0.01 to 0.05 f/cm3 and 0.0 to 0.04 f/cra3, respectively. f c^e textile materials manufactured today are surface- ? S ;d WlChfV4ri0ua cheffllcal coatings to minimize fiber release during use. Textile manufacturers and others have developed processes whereby the surface of the material is impregnated with a proprietary compound during T? 18 CeChni?ue portcdly reduces the release of airborne fibers by more than 75 percent when compared to untreated materials.7 Surface treatment also reduces unraveling after the material is cut or fabricated. n r ^ u c t esS43C fr2V 3besl06 s t i l e s is likely, however, during mishandling or product abuse. Fiber release appears to be greatest from unsoiled, well-worn Table 15 summarizes the data presented for asbestos-containing textiles and identifies the principal activities of concern with respect to fiber re lease. 61 I O Kl K Duration: Per Incident Daily Total Fabricating operationa will occur for up to 8 houra per day at factory. Continuous use throughout day or wearing for ehort durationa (e.g., g lovea) Fiber Kaleaaability: Cbeaical Coupoaition low to moderate Aebeatoe woven fabric 73 to 100X aabeetoa. ueually aurface treated Low Aabeetoa woven fabric 75 to 100X aebeatoe. ueually aurface treated y Pbyaical Conpoaition Diaruptive Energy Control Heaaure(a)} Woven fabric, pliable Low torque machinery Engineering contrla, peraonal protective clothing, workroom ventilation Woven fabric, pliable _ Hand applied Hone, aurface of material usually treated . Meaaured Fiber Aeauned to be leea than Concentrationa (f/cn3); 2 f/cn3 within workrooai environnent o'l In I ' n ^ W**rlng he-t Protective clothing 0.1 to 3.0 (TWA) for uaing aabeetoa laboratory glove* Environmental Setting: Activity of Concern Indoora, open roon of factory Indoora or outdoora, induatrial or laboratory setting 1 Handling or wearing worn, unaoiled material TABLE 15 (continued) Product: Thermal t insulation Secondary processing End use t A c tiv ity : In general, no Cutting, wrapping, reaoval secondary processing Duration: Per Incident Daily Total I Pibar Relaasability: Cheaiical Composition Physical Composition Disruptive Energy Control Measure!s): o> u Measured Fiber Concentrations (f/c*3): | Cutting - few seconds, totaling minutes Wrapping - minutes to hours I Removal - minutes to hours Low during cutting - may be high during removal O to 100X asbestos content, usually surface treated Twisted, woven, or braided; pliable Hand cutting, ripping Wetting possibly during removal Crip-out*)' 0.0 to 0.05 for cutting and installation v, Environmental Setting: Activity of Concern Mostly industrial applications occurring indoors Removal of worn out material (continued) TABLE 15 (continued) Product: Electrical t inaulation Secondary proceesing End iuse Activity: Winding or sheathing of wire, cables, cords, other electrical components ' Intended use of electrical appliance/component Duration: Per Incident Daily Total fiber teleaaability: Cheaical Composition Up to 8 hours per shift Low to moderate 75 to 1008 asbestos, Continuous use whenever electrical appliance/component is activated Low Physical Composition Pliable, asbestos Same textile contained in finished product is not usually exposed ? Disruptive Energy Winding machines Static end use application i, Control Measure(s): Engineering controls, Nona ' personal protective clothing, work practices ' Measured fiber Assumed to be less than Concentrations (f/cm^): 2 f/cm^ within workroom environment No data reported Environmental Setting: Indoors, open room of factory. Indoors or outdoors Activity of Concern Miahaodling, abuse of electrical appliance/component such that inaulation becomes exposed and frayed. (continued) TABLE 15 (continued) Product: Caaket and packinfi* Secondary processing Bod use Activity: No secondary processing Cutting, reaoval Duration: Per incident Daily Total Bew seconds per cut totaling 5 alnutes, _ IS to 30 minutes for reaoval Fiber Releaaability: Cheatica 1 Coaposition Moderate 75 to 100Z asbestos-aany gasket applications mill use untreated rope Physical Coaposition Disruptive Energy Ot t Control Heasure(s): U) Pliable, woven or unwoven Hand cutting, scraping during reaoval None Measured Piber Concentrations (f/ca3): No data reported K Environmental Setting! Activity of Concern Industrial applications, mostly indoors Reaoval of worn gasket and cleaning of adhering aaterial fro- mating surfaces. TABLE 15 (continued) Product: Prie Cion . aateriala Secondary proceaaing ) End uae i Activity: Coating aabeatoa ya m with aaphalt or other compound, followed by winding coated yarn to fora woven product Inatallation, wear, reaoval Duration: Par Incident Daily Total Secondary proceaaing activitiea will occur up to 8 hour, par ahift Inatallation (eatlaated 1/2 hour to 4 hour.) Wear Intermittent - product laata daya, yeara Reaoval (eatlaated 1/2 hour to 4 houra) Tiber kcleaaability: Cheaical Coapoeition Low to aoderate 75 to 100X aabeatoa yarn coated with aaphalt Low Same o> o* <k Pbyaical Compoaitlon Rigid atructura with tacky aurface Diaruptive Energy Moderate, pulling of aabeatoa yarn through aaphalt bath Saae Straaaful, abearing of product aurface when in uae , Control Heaaure(a) : Engineering controla, peraonal protective clothing, work practice. ' None Meaaured Fiber Aa.toned to be leaa than Concentrationa (f/cm3): 2 f/ca3 within workrooa environment No data preeented, beyond acope of atudy Environmental Setting: Activity of Concern Indoora, open root, of factory Material encloaed in machinery houaing. Inatallation or reaoval aay occur indoora or outdoora. Removal of worn friction material TEXTILES REFERENCES 1. Sores, Inc. and Arthur D. Little, Inc. Characterization of the U. S Textile Markets. Ministre De L'Industrie Et Du Commerce, Government Du Quebec. Final Draft Report. May 1976. .2 Krusell, N. and D. Cogley. Asbestos Substitute Performance Analysis. Revised Final Report. Prepared by GCA/Technology Division for U.S. Environmental. Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C. February 1982. 3. Anon. Handbook of Asbestos Textiles. American Textile Institute. 3rd Edition. 1967. 4. Scott, S. W. Produce Asbestos Yarn, Safely. Textile World. 131:69. March 1981. 5. Southern Textile Corporation. Our Colorful World of Industrial Textiles. Brochure No. SA-8456 Rev. 79. Charlotte, N.C. 1979. 6 . Garlock, Inc. Mechanical Packing Division, Industrial Packing Brochures. Palmyra, NY. 1979. 7. Amatex Corporation. Textile Product Brochure, 10-79-SM, Norristown, PA. 8 . Telecon. William Maaskant, Sales Manager, Amatex Corporation, Norristown, PA, with Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March 23, 1982. ' 9. Telecon. Michael Howie, Product Manager, Southern Textiles Corporation, Charlotte, NC, with Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March 18, IO. D^r^icott, R. The Use of Asbestos and Asbestos-Free Substitutes in Buildings. In: Asbestos, Volume I, Properties, Applications, and Hazards. L. Michaels and S. S. Chissick, eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 1979. . . - . . II. Telecon- Dewy Flint, Sales Representative, A. W. Chesterton Company, Stoneham, MA, with Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March 24, 1982. 67 12. Tel econ. P r e n c e , Vice- Corporation, Nashville TN ivi.io,,. f . * , . * 2 7 : ' m ; . vich 'deQC oC Corporate Division, 1^* Telecon. Edward Silvia c.i.. o . Bedford, NH, with Peter'Anderson, l982. 15' Apuc\\^on;/anL s^ ! ; ^ 8t w di Pror f ie8' N.Y. 1979. p. 305-367. *" J h Wxley and Sona* New York, 16. Sores, Inc. and Arthur D. Little Tr.^ n . . as . 3 *t i ^ l8- 15` ?8a J i . G ' x ^ 5.rib" ft" " be*">* =" Ann. Occup. Hp,. 20- - 2l* Fibers*Rult*nd M * willi* " - Occupational Exposure to Asbestos Assoc J U 2 : l ? 4 7 5 m. " w u * GlVeS* ^ Ind` * Z2' anSF* M '` t C al* Aaheatoe Technological Feasibility Assessment Standard"" ^ t ? ? 7? * f Ch ProPoaed F^ e r a l Occupational L;?ti U *S< D*Part**Q' o t Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Washington, D.C. September 1978. Draft Report.' 68 INTRODUCTION SECTION 6 CASKETS AND PACKINGS nd thermal p i ^ l7^ * 7 IMcUnicali <=hemical, Gasket* are needed to obtain tight nonleaki Packinga for dynamic uses, and other joints such as the covers and on^ connections between pipe flanges and commercial equipment. Packing is used ai0**^011 Cype8 of industrial moving parts, preventing leakage^f the ^ t * J7"" 1C 8eal for revolving or surface. ^ **** of the contained fluid long the bearing of t h ^ i resistance, resilience, chemically inert, which packing applications. i ^ ' " 1i L - t - boeh product *.. and strength thi C P rovLdm g heat is an i n ^ r t i n ^ f ^ * !" *la relacivl7 P C f tor for many of the gasket and Gaskets . as be st os-containing gasket* . m =j_ * . , beater-add paper, or millboard Beat .,rom eiC*ier compressed sheet, discussed in Section 7 of this'reDort6^ PaPer and millboard gaskets are compressed industrial sheet are used in pumps, and marine engines eat 7 compres sori7 ?' 7 /lt0dUCC8: yalves> pipe G askec m flanges, a d e from him gaskets, industri.^tranimissions M d * t M M f n* * ` shff$ m<iCal vers, strength, chemical inertness and heat`d Jransforers.1 3 Because of the fibers, the gasket materia i. ^ e J ^ I**,? *" * Properties of asbestos Pressure, and fluid " w l.tlltllV T l ^ has a higher density and lower Dolvmer t 7 estructive. Compressed sheet millboard, hence i j P W "* by r o u 6n r : : t r e : 3: 4Xt8i 6r : ^ r : s b e t : t " keb!:dekr 8aL8 f o r d i a - 9heecins aheet i. then, cut to size and m c L s M S 7 aolvent. The calendered be a wet or dry process deoendin ,,8 ?C hlPme?c* Sheet manufacturing- may formulations vary with m a n u f Cpr?aBed sheet gasket sheet, used in applications up to 204*C (400'F) c o n ^ ^ T S * ' 0 ? percent asbestos, normally chrvsotil* ' 0 . c n C a m s 75 to 80 used in higher temperature application* 898 8pe'rJ`alty grade gasket sheet, 69 Compreased sheet may be manufacturing plae or more fabricated into gaskets at the pr;-ary distributora who supply che commonly sold to secondary procesears or industrial equipment maintenance mt.-ket. Packings asbestos vl-n t * braided producC "uftured from untreated into lie U n r Purcha8fd from * P r i w t y manufacturer and made U -1 material by a packing fabricator. The asbestos content in emn considerably, and may be as high as 100 percent for high pe a ure applications such as sealing furnace doors.^ Braiding is "V " * Ut "00 >h.ft el.ctric driven . c h ineur other stmil.r equipment. The y.rn used i. untre.ted because re.in impr-sneted or similarly eoeted y a m will not pee. freely through Che braiding macSiee,." peckeged'e.^ia bcai<le,i- Ch* M 1 f TM d d P teriel may be *, ig . uncoated, or, more commonly, saturated with a lubricant. Dry U ^ h a ed a,bSt08 P*cklnS* re used to seal furnace doors, rotary k i l n s ^ ' and high-temperature refractory equipment. 5 Lubricated asbestos p S i n g s plicatto ^ * V" ieCy.of industrial, commercial, and residential e^ipment Implications, as well as in motor vehicles. Saturation of the braided4 a" rapJ18h?d P o s i n g the packing through a heated liquid bath that contains the lubricant. Some of the more common lubricants used in packing manufacture are. *' petroleum based oils and waxes, high grade animal fats and waxes, Teflon, . . mineral oil, natural rubber, Buna-S rubber, vegetable oil, glycerine, graphite, and molybdenum disulfide. This treatment process is performed to maintain product pliability while in service, to retard material desiccation, and to prevent the abrasive asbestos fibers from scoring machinery shafts and valve stems during use.78 Final processing before packaging for sale, involves calendering the packing material into specific sizes and croas-aectional shapes.17 Common cross-sectional shapes are round and square. Square packings are preferred because they provide a good seal, creating no gaps along the packing/shaft or valve stem interface.0 . f SECONDARY PROCESSING-- FABRICATION Gaskets' * . Secondary processing, which involves transforming the compressed sheet into a useable gasket product, is performed by an independent fabricator or the maintenance user. Fabricators, such as gasket cutters, generally form 70 gaakeca from compressed sheets by die-cuCC itvg, while Che mainCer.ar.ee u.er cut. Che sheet manually (see End Use Activities subeeccion below). Ir.dependenc fabricacora, who cut Che sheeC Co cuaCoraer epee ificaCions, also supply uncut aheeC8 Co Che maintenance user who will field fabricate the mczerial to their own specifications. One secondary processor contacted, B and D Supply, Inc. of Yeadon, PA, estimated that marketing uncut gasket sheet accounted for less Chan 10 percent of their annual sheet sales. Gasket cutting by the secondary processor is normally performed by forcing a metal die through the compressed sheet using automatic or semiautomatic pressing machinery, which sometimes requires manual gasket sheet feeding.^"11 The actual cutting process, when the die is forced through the gasket sheet, lasts only about 1 second, compared to up to a minute for product handling time. Because of the clean edge cut made and that asbestos fibers are firmly bound by the gasket matrix, the potential for fiber release during secondary processing is low. This explains, in part, why engineering dust control devices are not normally employed for the cutting operation and Che press equipment is open to the workroom environment. ^ Operators may wear gloves during material handling, which includes sheet feeding, product separation (hand-picking), and packaging.^ Packings Packing distributors^"^ report that, in contrast to gaskets, packing is infrequently cut before being supplied to the end user. This is due to the simplicity of the packing/cutting procedure, as well as to the variations of end use application. A representative of. Janos Industrial Insulation Corporation of Moonachie, N J ^ did indicate, however, that packings may be cut to length by a secondary processor for a specific type of application using automatic machinery equipped with a wet dust suppression system. Also, some distributors may mold packing, which does not involve material abrasion or severing, to a customer's specifications using an automatic p r e s s . For n0gc applications, however, direct distribution of the standard square.or round cross-section material is sufficient to perform job requirements. END USE ACTIVITIES Gaskets Compressed sheet gasket end use activities include installation,' in-service use, and removal during equipment maintenance or gasket replacement. Gasket installation normally involves temporarily securing (holding) the precut material to one bearing surface while carefully aligning the other surface over the gasket. When the gasket is in place between the two rigid surfaces, the joint is sealed by torquing down bolts or clamps *at regular intervals along the perimeter of the joint. In service, the gasket faces are isolated from fluids on either aide of the joint by the pressure of the bearing surfaces. Gasket edges, however, may be exposed on the internal or external side of the joint. For special applications, field fabrication may be required to obtain the correct gasket sire and shape. Gasket shaping can be performed with a sharp knife or scissors.^ AtCer installation, the casket' . work conditions and m ,. 8 3keC 8 8erv5-== H f e depends on -h. '" for gasket replacement r e s ' u i t s ^ r o ^ d l s a s ^ e m M v ^ f 'T h TM - ' maintenance. The gasket mav s,, d,, j * bly of the joint f:r routine capability ay b. in docbb dc. to : iC` . * li"S containing ^ percent for replacement of " " " d T T f ! * 7- new m a t a l l a t i o n a , 25 maintenance and long-time re p la c e m e n t^ * WlChla 1 y e a r * and 60 Percent fo r if high'tempe rat urea o ^ e n ^ a l io` * ' ? " ^ tdher* C th* *.ri g -rfacea binder in tie gasket L t S i ? S . L i TM l * fUlid8 *lter8 the . manually using a flat-edged acraoinc material is typically removed . or acrewdriver) or a stiff wire brush 10 must be well controlled to avoid d<~, * smooth and level for a proper fit T h e ^ I* `8 '* PUtCy kn^ fe> painC craper, cases the energy input ^ 8urfflCe which must be whereas the overall J i i t e i ^ c e tiak i v n L ^ l Pr`eSS Ust8 8everal ndnuCa8* Penetration of the working fluid into t L U v requiref a half~hour or more, suppress fiber r e l e a s I d ^ i L ? Chf S t aVeZ " ^ r i a l is expected to bearing surfaces t Z * T '! 1' faciUtata 8aa^ t release from with an anti-atick film?l7-19a8,i "heet manuf^acCurera offer materials covered Packings a p p l i c a t i o n ! in0n!,,Sdke" ; t I i t . : ^ ,, " " * C" V U i ' * v i e P.cVin, in a c a lla c ion v a r i a . d a p a n d iL on h c Y r Y c Y ` r ' r" v* 1' p ,cld"S r a q n ir a , a dyn.nic or at.t i c a a a l . p L p ,nd L Y i o / Y f c ! " Y a b' . ,e rv ic e d " r 'i.s M fr*" H r* yViSnit1::^ t s ` - t - b . 2 ia ss*-su ag5. j 1 11 HTin*, aa.tad i ^ ciaY L fr'tV ^ *" f ,, Cha ,ahaff: Pa^ings are held in place & S ^ ^Yc^na-iO in the stuffing box by t Z boi in * T "y * * U ? th4C * ' * * * against S e s tuffi^ box. In a pump or agitator, the gland is tightened (pressing against the *Meylan's estimate includes compressed sheet, beater-add paper gaskets. The latter two are addressed in Section 7. ' and millboard packing material in the stuffi* w i , ' process fluid between the packing . a 7 enou*h to e required to provide lubrication to the p a c k i ^ ^ O ^ * * * * ' 6, * Uakajfi Packings used m static applications to seal process ec-iomenf a covers typically include twisted, braided, and plaited r e p e a l T i l T l T * or rectangular composites. 2122 MCerial| are hel/ in p U c e " *s Square pressing them into aperformed, milled groove or recess in the door or cover plate. The packing is usually cut to length using a sharp knife. In a door or cover static application, the packing functions in a manner similar to a gasket in that adjoining surfaces are stationary. Door and cover packings are usually unlubncated, although a rubber cement or elastomer may be used to help hold the material in place during installation.^ In service, dynamic packings may fail for a number of reasons. rf <a l l u r e s are frequently related to improper size selection (thickness or cross sectional shape) or installation (cut length), worn or misaligned shaft or stuffing box, insufficient lubrication, or improper gland tightening. Packing failure may also result from loss of flexibility, chemical attack, or lubricant boil-off. The service life of dynamic packing material has been estimated to be less than 1 year for 90 percent of the packing applications, while the rest wear out much more rapidly.^ Failure of process equipment door or cover packings is usually related to alignment or compaction, since there is little wear on the material surface (no movement) and these materials contain a high percentage of asbestos, capable of withstanding temperature and chemical extremes. When properly installed, the service life of static packings generally depends on two factors: (l) material reaction with the fluid or gases being contained by the packing, and (2) frequency of process equipment maintenance. 2 Chemical reactions with process fluids or gases may degrade the packing material causing failure of the seal and leakage. Maintenance, whether scheduled or nonscheduied, prematurely shortens the service life of the packing by requiring replacement of the material that has been damaged when the seal is broken.17 Removal of worn out packing from a pump, valve, or hydraulic piston requires equipment disassembly, followed by removal of the 'gland' (when present) and extraction of the material from the stuffing box using screw-tipped or pointed rods.82021 Depending on how well lodged they are in the stuffing box, the packing rings may be torn during removal.8 Removal of a static packing from a door or cover is somewhat easier because of better access. Under these conditions the material is easily peeled off the door or cover place or pried out of a retaining groove with a sharp object. The removal and subsequent installation of dynamic or static packing material may last from one-half hour to more than an hour depending on the size of Che equipment and ease of access.8 The majority of the time spent during servicing is in disassembly and reassembly of the equipment. Material cutting will last only a few seconds and actual packing installation and removal will each require only a few minutes.8 Packing installation and removal operations are performed indoors or outdoors, wherever the equipment being serviced is located. 73 Fiber release from che handling and use of lubricated packings is expected to be very low. Packings, used in pumps, valves, and 'pistons, are impregnated or coated with a lubricant that suppresses dusting. Cutting operations performed during installation should cause minor or no dusting. Cuts must produces clean, smooth edge in order to ensure good end closure when the packing is in place. In service and during removal asbestos fiber release is also expected to be low due to material saturation. Concerning fiber releasability from unlubricated packing! uaea ia static appliLcCaAttiionnns*., J.TonhKnnsa---MMaanvililie___r_e_p_o_r-t,s223-5 that where a door or ^cover is periodically opened or closed, the packing is decompressed and compressed, but without much abrasion. The potential for fiber release to the atmosphere is expected to be highest during removal of the unlubricated packing. The door/cover packings are generally twisted or woven to promote easy release trom^ the sealing surface during use,-*1 but prolonged compaction in a retaining groove, for example, may necessitate scraping when replacement is required. The packing material will be physically altered during this process, possibly releasing asbestos fibers. AIRBORNE FIBER MONITORING DATA Caskets Secondary Processing - Fabrication-- Airborne fiber monitoring data collected during the fabrication of compressed sheet intogaskets are presented in Table 16. Fiber concentrations or the processes monitored, which included machine cutting, han<f' shaping, and various materials handling operations, ranged from less than 0.01 to 1.3 f/cm , with the exception of hand and machine punching operations that were performed without dust controls. Fiber concentrations measured for che uncontrolled hand and machine punching operations were 3.0 and 5.0 f/cm3, respectively. When control measures were applied to these two operations, fiber concentrations of less than or equal to 0.15 f/cm3 were recorded. * End Use Activities-- Fiber monitoring data collected during the installation and removal of compressed, sheet gaskets are also presented in Table 16. Fiber concentrations measured during the performance of these end use activities were less than 0.4 f/cm . The highest concentration recorded (0.39 f/cm3) occurred during gasket removal, which involved cleaning (hand scraping) adhering residue from a bearing surface. Airborne asbestos fiber release is not expected during gasket wear because the bearing surfaces are stationary during use. Packings _ Secondary Processing - Fabrication-- Because there ir virtually no secondary processing of packings, no * airborne fiber monitoring data were obtained. End Use Activities-- In April 1979, Johns--Manville conducted an airborne fiber monitoring study of routine packing installation, in-service use, and removal activities at their Manville, NJ plant.23 The simulated field operations were 74 TABLE 16. FIBER CONCENTRATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS COMPRESSED ASBESTOS SHEET CASKET HANDLING ACTIVITIES10,1l.24 tudy Activity performed A hath prrnaa operation ' foytr abeer operation . Shear praaa oparation touaaai praaa ricking oparation Tumbling oparation Matariaia hand ling flatan praaa oparation flatan praaa oparation Maaaurcd fiber concentrt iona (f/c n 3) bate of teata 0 .0 4 to 0.4 7 1980 0.17 1980 0 .2 3 t o 0.81 1980 0.04 to 0.08 1980 0 .1 0 to 0.31 1980 0.42 t o 0 .6 0 1980 0.11 to 0.34 1980 0 .0 3 to 0.2 9 1980 0.03 to 0.13 1980 Duration of activity/ aample t ima ( in) A n a ly tic a l matbod 80 t o 211 f ib e r a ware counted by r o t * with PLMb verification 188 fib e r a were counted by PQi with PLM verification 50 t o 76 f ib e r a ware counted by rCH with TIM verification 100 to 192 f i b e r a were counted by TCH with TIM verification 3 f f ib e r a were counted by POJ with TIM verification 77 t o 141 f i b e r a were counted by PCM with PLM verification 91 t o 216 . f i b e r a wera counted by PCM with PLM verification 52 t o 256 63 to 238 f ib e r a were counted by PCM with PLM verification pot (continued) Commenta Monitoring performed at ojor gaaket fabricator located in Wirconain Monitoring performed at a major gaaket fabricator located in Wiaconaln Monitoring performed at a major gaaket fabricator located in Wiaconaln Monitoring performed at a *jo r gaaket fabricator located in Uiaconain Monitoring performed at a major gaaket fabricator located in Uiaconain Monitoring performed at a major gaaket fabricator located in Wiaconaln Monitoring performed at a major gaaket fabricator located in Wiaconaln Monitoring performed at j major gaaket fabricator located in Wiaconaln Monitoring performed at aa aabeatoa-uaing gaaket operation in Wiacooaio TABLE 16 (continued) ( Meaaured Duration of ' fiber Data activity/ coocencrationa of aample time Study A ctivity performed (f/cm 3) tests (min) A n a l y t i c a l method Coeaaeota Hydraulic beam preaa 1 Stand pick in g and packaging i 0.02 to 0.03 1980 1 to 178 0.06 to 0.20 1980 43 to 176 POf PCM Monitoring performed at an aabeatoa-uaing gaaket operation in Uiaconain Monitoring performed at ae aabeatoa-ueing gaaket operation in Uiaconain P latan prmaa p ick in g o p e r a t o r -0.09 to 0.12 1980 67 t o 140 PCM Monitoring performed at aa aabeatoa-uaing gaaket operation in Uiaconain aevea punch preaa o p era to r 0.12 1980 124 PCM Monitoring performed at a aabeatoa-uaing gaaket operation in Uiaconain , k C S t o r a g e f o r r e c e i p t and iaaue < 0.0 1 t o 0 .0 3 1978 60 t o 132 PCM aHtoouoaiteokreienpgincgocndpuecrtfeodrmed, a ctu al work conditional Storage fo r uae < 0 .0 1 to 0.12 1978 97 to 122 PCM Hand punching ' 3.00 1978 NS PCM Ho control,*1 monitoriaij conducted under actudfg conditiona % No control, oooitori|j conducted under a ctilf conditiona Hand punching < 0 .0 3 to 0.13 1978 28 to 11 PCM Uouaekeeping perform^ monitoring condeefig actu al work comdllw Hand operated mechanical punching <0.05 1978 30 PCM No control, noeifl conducted undar'd work conditiaaa (continued) TABLE 16 (continued) Study Activit performed Machina punching < Machina punching Machina punching Measured fiber concent ret ione ( f / c e 1) Date of teste Duration of activity/ esuple tiaw (-ini 5.0 1978 NR < 0.03 to 0.7 1970 20 to 30 < 0.03 to 0.06 197S 23 to 31 Hand shaping < 0.03 to 0.3 1978 7 to 31 Machina shearing 0.3 to 1.3 1978 6 Machins shaaring 0.03 to 0.13 1978 . 31 to 38 Machina nibbling < 0.08 to 0.A6 1978 8 Machina nibbling 0.08 to 0.8 1978 24 to 31 Installation of flanga gasket < 0.03 1978 30 (continued) A n a l y t i c a l netbod rot rcM km pcm KM PCM PCM PCM PCM Consents Mo c o n t r o l , --o n l t o r i n g conducted under actual work c o n d it lo o a Housekeeping performed, monitoring conducted under a c t u a l work c o n d itio n s Housekeeping and v e n ti l a t i o n , * --o n lto r in g conducted under sctusl work c o n d it i o n s No c o n t r o l , nonitoring conducted under sctusl work co n d itio n s No c o n t r o l , monitoring Conducted under sctusl work co nditions Housekeeping perfonssd, monitoring conducted s c t u s l work co oditiasti Ho co n trol, nonitoriag conducted uodsr setaat' work conditions Housekeeping perf< onltoring coodaCttd, actual work toodltf Ho control, naal conducted uadsf work conditiaoa TABLE 16 (continued) Study Activity perforaed Neaaurad fiber concern raciona ( f / c a 3) Data of taata Duration of act ivity/ aaple tine (-in) Analytical oathod Consents eao val and concurrant in atallation (b o lla r haadar gaskets) Clean-up following renoval by hand acraping 0.02 to 0 .] 1978 < o.os 1978 Saaoval and hand sc ra p in g ' < 0 . 0 6 t o 0 .3 9 1978 21 t o 93 13 to 37 1J to 28 te a o v al and wira brushing < 0 .0 3 to 0.18 1978 23 to 33 PCM PCM PCM PQf Housekeeping perforaed, aonitoring conducted under a c t u a l work c o o d i t i o o s No c o n t r o l , a o n it o r in g conducted under actual work c o n d itio n s No control, aonitoring conducted under actual work conditions Housekeeping perforaed, aonitoring conducted under actual work conditions aPhaaa co n trast aicroacopy. bP olarl.d ligh t aicroacopy. thus raported fib a r conc.ntratioon sra , 1 1 . . . . . . d to a sb a .to s f ib e r s . cHousekaeping - high effic ie n c y vacuua c la a o a r s wars used to clean a n a s (area kaot clean fr.* r waste a a ta r ia l placed in aaal.d containers. P * " * "d frM of dabrla accumulation), dNo co n tro l - n o s p e c i f i c c o n t r o l s wars u s e d ; i . e . , no w a t t in g , e n c l o s in g , o r v e n t i l a t i o n . 'Ventilation - filte red local exhaust ventilation provided to operation. HR " Hot Reported i I performed on two water circulating a i d e - b y - a i d e pumps. An aria air sample between the pumpa and a aimultaneoualy collected personal sampl e were obtained. Both ends of each pump was packed with five rings of material, therefore 20 sections of packing were used per test. Six d i f f e r e n t dynamic packings were tested over a 4-day period. The duration of each test period was not reported. A minimum of four separate samples were taken for each packing tested: two (one area, one personal) during installation and use, and two during removal. The installation and removal operations performed were imilar to those described above in the End Use Activities subsection. Four of the packings tested were impregnated with petroleum-based lubricants, one was impregnated with a corrosion inhibitor and treated with a graphite surface finish, and one was rubber-coated and treated with graphite. No unlubricated or uncoated packings (e.g., used in static door/cover applications) were tested. Of the 28 samples collected, 5 had a fiber concentration* of 0.0 f/cm3, 10 had a concentration of "less than 0.1" f/cm3, 12 had a concentration of 0.1 f/emJ and one sample, an area sample taken during the removal of the rubber-coated packing, had a measured concentration of 0.2 f/cm3. In general, the personal sample:-' revealed slightly higher fiber concentrations than the area samples, and the installation/use activity samples showed slightly higher concentrations than the removal activity samples. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Gaskets . . Secondary processing of compressed sheet into gaskets can result in comparatively high workroom fiber concentrations, on the order of 3.0 to 5.0 f/cm3 during hand and machine punching, if control measures are not employed. When dust control procedures are implemented, which is usually the case, fiber concentrations resulting from various hand and machine processing steps and materials handling operations range from less than 0.01 to 1.3 f/cm3. ' Measured airborne fiber concentrations resulting from the installation of compressed sheet gaskets were less than 0.03 f/cm3 as reported by one study. Removal of these materials, however, can result in higher concentrations, up to 0.4 f/cm3 during hand scraping of worn material adhering to a bearing surface. In this latter case, fiber release is related to the physical exertion required to remove the material and to the high asbestos content (equal to or greater than 75 percent) of compressed sheet gasket. Table 17 summarizes the data presented in this section on compressed sheet gaskets and identifies the principal activities of concern with respect to asbestos fiber release. *Phase contrast microscopy analysis assumed. 79 TABLE 17. S1MIARY OF COHPRESSED SHEET CASKET SECONDARY PROCESSING AND END USE ACTIVITIES Product: c*k*l Sacondary procaaalag Knd u Activity I Dla-cuttlag. packaging laatallatlon; ia-aarwica uaa; ranoaal Duratlo: S r bci4( Cut tin: I* l itcoa4 rackagiit up 1 lout (ton to loatallatloa; 1-1 alautaa U,; waaka to yaara, dapaoding oa applicattoa tanoaal: 1 to 10 alautaa. aquipawat dlaaaacnbly will raqulra ..oral niautaa to ora tbaa aa bour Dally total lootaa. Packaging: total product loa tlai oaar 8 bour work ahllt Sana aa abora Flbar ialaaaabllltyI Cbanical Coa^oaltlon Hodr*t Aabaptoa flbar eootaat l i to BCK la coaMrclal gradaa. up to lOtS for high tnaparatura appllcatlona Nodarata Pbyaical Conpoaltloa FI labia, aay have antlatick coating, uaually "oily" aurfaca taatura Dlaruptlva Boargy Hydraulic praaa dlacuttlng; aurtlng and packaging by haod Cootrol Naaaura(*)t Octor than gnrl housekeeping Involving vicuminc tto proc am* no nginria* control* *r* ueed. IU4urt4 Fiber CooccitfaCioM (t/cm 0.1 to 1.3 with ) 1 gnrt housekeeping 0.1 to 3.0 without control SM taaoral; haad acraplng. band or powar tool bruahlng to claan toaring aurfac Caaarally oona, though during raaoral oparatloa gaakat U y ha aaturatad with procaaa flulda. further watting of worn notarial prior to ranoval nay alao ba performed* 0.01 to 0 .K during laatallatlon, in-aarvlca uaa and ranoval U i l n i w R t a l Sattlag: Opaa roam , indoor. Opaa roon, lodoora or outalda Actlvitlaa of Coocqra lacoodary tabrlcatloo. yaclally di.-cuttlng gaakata. *d uaa, .*.1 o( worn (aakata. particularly th Waning o t toxin* *trlal iron toaring urine*. Packing a Secondary processing of asbestos-containing packings is ~;nerally limited to molding operations, in which the material is pressed without material abrasion or severing. Any cutting of the packing is routinely performed by the end user during installation, using hand tools. Installation of dynamic packings results m fiber releases on the order of 0.1 f/cm3. Dynamic packings are prelubricated and/or coated with friction reducers before use and further lubricated by process fluids during use. When dynamic packing material removal is required, the material is usually saturated with process fluid or still contains residual amounts of lubricant, both of which act to suppress fiber release. Removal is performed using hand tools requiring low energy inputs. Some material disintegration can be expected during the removal of severely worn packing. Airborne fiber concentrations equal to or less than 0.2 f/cm have been recorded during the removal of packing from a mechanical pump. Fiber monitoring studies documenting asbestos fiber release from unlubricated packings used for static applications have not been reported in the literature. Asbestos fiber release is expected from these types of packings during cutting, installation, and removal because they contain a high asbestos content, have a low binder content, and are not normally treated or coated with any type of lubricant that would suppress fiber release. Table 18 summarizes the data presented on packings and identifies the principal activity of concern with respect to asbestos fiber release. 81 Mii TABLE 18. SUMMARY OF PACKING SECONDARY PROCESSING AND END USE ACTIVITIES Pro d u ct : Packing s Secondary p ro ca a a ia t la d uaa A c tiv ity : . U r e l f p erfonoed, but may be c u t t o U o | t h o r n o lded In c ie lic e lo canova 1 (In c lu d ic i c u ttie s ); ln - e ricc use; D u ra tio n : rr I n c i d e n t C u t t i n g : 1 m t l u * 1 eecood a c tu a l c u ttio g o I n a t a ll a t l o o : 10-30 n ln u to a (C u t t in g : up to 1 n ln u ta a c tu a l)* U aa: weeka to y a a r a , depeodlog on a p p lic a tio n 4 m in u te * ( * a t * ) ftam o vali 10 t o ) 0 m in u te a D a lly to ta l C u c tin |: s e v e ra l a la* S u e as above a ctu a l c u lttu g H o ld in g : t o t a llin g n o ra Chao 1 hour ( o a lo ) lib a r to lo a e a b ility : C b a u lc a l C om position N o d a ra ta F ib e r c o o la n t up to IOOK ( r a m ) ; w id e v a r ia t io n in typ o and amount o f lu b r ic a n t / c o a tin g , d e pend in g on Inten ded u a . Low S e e s ; bu t d y o a a ic peck in f e e y be co a te d w ith lu b r ic a n t d u r in g l o e t a l l e t l o o . sod may be s a t u r a t e d w it h p r o c e s s f l u id d u r ii re m o v a l. S t a t i c p a ck la g a w i l l be u o lu b r l- ceted . P h y s ic a l C o o p o altlo a f le x ib le , o il y o r waxy a u rfa c a whan lu b ric a te d Same D la n ip tla a Kocrgy C u ttio g w ith a k n ife o r preaa m ach in e, m olding In p reaa teachlnee K e lfa o r eb eare fo r c u ttin g d u rin g In s t a lla t io n ; p o in te d o r s c ro w - tlp o a t r a c t o r to m o v e dynam ic p e c t i n from s t u f f l o g b o a . P la t- b la d a d kw lvoa to remove a t a t lc p a ck in g s. C o o tro l M aa a u ra (a ): Wet au p p ro aalo a duat c o o t r o l d u rin g autom ated c u t t i n g . Mo c o n t r o l d u rin g m olding Hone Heaeured F ib e r C o n ce n tra tio n * (f/ c e r)l Ho d a ta r e p o r t e d , w o rk * room c o n c e n t r a t io n eaaumed t o be le a e th a n 2 tfcm* 0 .0 to 0 .2 d u r lig th e In s t a lla t io n , io - a e rv lc o use and rem oval o f lu b ric a te d and/or coated d yo a a ic p a c k l a g a . Mo d a t a r e p o r t a d f o r u o l u b r l c a t a d p a c k in g s . E n v ir o n m e n ta l S e t t lo g I Open room, In d o o re O ps room In d o o rs o r o u td o o rs ' A c t l v l t v o f Cone a ro aaoval o f o ro p a ck in g s, e s p e c ia lly u o lu b rlc a ta d o a t a r la la used la a t a t lc a p p lic a i Ion a. t GASKETS AND PACKINGS REFERENCES 1. Krusell, N . , and D. Cogley. Asbestos Substitute Performance AnalysisRevised Final Report. Prepared by GCA/Technology Division for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C. February 1982. 2. Product Brochure, "Gasketing Materials," Nicolet Inc., Ambler Division, Ambler, PA, January 1979. 3. Telecon. Betty Kallen, Sales Representative, Rogers Corp., Rogers, CT, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 23, 1982. 4. Meylan, W. M. et ml. Chemical Market Input/Output Analysis of Selected Chemical Substances to Assess Sources of Environmental Contamination, Task III - Asbestos. Report prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA Report No. EPA-560/6-78-005. August 1978. 5. Johns-Manville Corporation. Sealing Components, Comprehensive Guide to Mechanical Packings, Ropes and Tapes. PK-401. Ken-Caryl Ranch, Denver, CO. April 1978. 6. Telecon. Company Representative, Pepperell Braiding Company Inc., East Pepperell, MA, with Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March 18, 1982. . 7. Telecon. Dewy Flint, Sales Representative, A. W. Chesterton Company, Stonehaa, MA, with Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March 24, 1982. 8. Telecon. James Novello, Sales Representative, A. W. Chesterton Company, Stoneham, MA, with Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March 23, 1982. 9. Telecon. Cathleen Blake, Sales Representative, B&D Supply Inc.,Jeadon PA, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 18 and 25, 1*82. . 10. Liukonen, E. R. et al. Asbestos Exposure From Gasket Operations. Report prepared by Industrial Hygiene Branch, Naval Regional Medical Center, Bremerton, Washington, D.C. May 1978. 83 11. Hager Laboratories, Inc. Report on Service Number 3910, 7or Johns-Manvi1Le Corp., August 21, 1980. Published in HeaLrh and Safety Facts: Mechanical Packings and Gasketing Materials Containing Asbestos Fibers, Johns-ManvLUe Corp., Denver, CO. 12. Telecon. George Siegler, Sales Representative, Rhopac Inc., Skokie, IL, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 18, 1982. 13. Telecon. Emily Chris, Sales Representative, Arcy Manufacturing Co. Inc., New York, NY, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 18, 1982. 14. Telecon. Ernie Huber, Jr., Company Representative, Paramount Packing and Rubber, Baltimore, MD, with Marc Grant, GCA/technology Division, May 13, 13. Telecon. Thomas Connolly, Jr., Vice President, Janos Industrial Insulation Corp., Moonachie, NJ, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, May 14, 1982. . 16. Telecon. Theodore Braun, General Manager, B&D Supply, Yeadon, PA, with Marc Crant, GCA/Technology Division, May 14, 1982. 17. Telecon. Patrick Yoder,. Sales Representative, Nicolet Inc., Ambler Division, Ambler, PA, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 26. 1982. 18. Product brochure, "Gasketing Materials," Colt Industries, Garlock Mechanical Packing Division, Palmyra, NY, August 1979. 19. Product brochure, "Sealing Components," Johns-Manvilie, Denver, CO, November 1979. 20. Product brochure. "Chesterton Sealing Devices," A. W. Chesterton Co., Stoneham, MA. March 1981. 21. Product brochure. "Comprehensive Guide to Mechanical Packings, Ropes, and Tapes," Johns-Manville Corp., Denver, 00. April 1978. 22. Product data sheets. "Palmetto Packings," Greene, Tweed & Co., North Wales, PA. Copyrights 1978, 1979. 23. Information brochure. "Mechanical Packings and Gasketing Materials Containing Asbestos Fiber," Johns-Manville Corp., Denver, CO. April 1981. 24. Johns-Manville Corporation: Health, Safety, and Environment Department. Industrial Hygiene Survey Conducted July 1980 in Wisconsin. Results published in Health and Safety Facts: Mechanical Packings and Gasketing Materials Containing Asbestos Fiber, Johns-Manville Corporation, Denver, CO. - ' 84 SECTION 7 ASBESTOS PAPER PRODUCTS OVERVIEW Products within this category include those that contain asbestos fibers and are manufactured on a fourdrinier or cylinder papermaking machine. Several subcategories have been identified for Paper Products. For this report, the following subcategories were investigated; roofing felt, flooring felt, millboard and rollboard, beater-add paper used for gaskets, and electrical insulating paper. Paper product subcateg3cies not profiled include commercial paper, specialty paper, and pipeline wrap. The manufacture of all asbestos-containing paper products is similar. Raw materials are blended together with water in a pulp beater or hollander. This base stock is then processed through a series of material build-up and dewatering steps followed by drying. Product differentiation results from the addition of a manufacturing step, such as the saturation of paper with asphalt to produce roofing felts, or from using different forming equipment, as with millboard production. Paper products are also differentiated by varying asbestos content and grades, as well as binders and fillers. ROOFING FELT Introduction Asbestos roofing felt is a paper product that is converted to a weather resistant roofing material by saturation of the paper with asphalt or tar. Asbestos fibers are used in the manufacture of roofing felts because they provide dimensional stability and resistance to rot, fire, and heat buildup. Rot resistance is particularly important due to roofing felt's use on flat or nearly flat surfaces having poor drainage. Asbestos roofing felts are typically composed of 85 to 87 percent asbestos (primarily chrysotile) with differing amounts of cellulose fibers and starch binders. Sheets of roofing paper are made, in either single or multilayered grades and may have fiberglass filaments or wire strands embedded between the felt layers for reinforcement. ' Following formation on the papermaking machines, the paper-like product is either drawn through a bath of hot asphalt or coal tar to provide a weather resistant coating or wound into rolls for future processing. The process o 85 MCurtting che felc with asphalt is a distinct operation, often performed by the felt manufacturer at a different plant from where Che felt itself is made ^ Secondary Processing-- Fabrication There is no secondary processing of asbestos-containing roofing felts. These materials are supplied in roll form by the roofing felt manufacturer to local distributors who market roofing products to construction firms. End Use Activities Roofing felts are primarily used as one component of "built-up" horizontal roofing ayatems and less frequently as an underlay for inclined, roofa covered by conventional shingles or sheet roofing materials. Both applications require cutting the asbestos felt to size prior to attaching it to the roof deck using adhesives or nails. If removal of the roofing material is required, Che methods used depend largely on the materials of construction and amounts installed. ' Built-up roofs are constructed by building up successive layers of roofing felt (asbestos or nonaabestos) and asphalt or an asphaltic-type coating. The felts used may be composed of asbestos fibers, fiberglass, or organic fibers, all saturated with asphalt.4 *^ With respect to asphaltic roof coatings and cements, a wide range of product types are available. These include both asbestoa-coutaining and nonasbeatos-coutaining materials. 7 Three basic types of built-up roof systems are currently in use. They are smooth surface, gravel surface, and mineral surface. Each type includes a number of variations which allow for the use of different felt compositions, number of felt plies, and type of roofing substrate (nailable'deck 'without insulation, insulated,nailable or nonnailable deck, or light weight loosefill insulating material). The smooth-surface roof type consists of alternating layers of asphalt and roofing felt topped with a light application of heated asphalt or a cold-apply asphaltic coating. The gravel-aurface roof type has a similar built-up layer configuration but the top coat is a heavy application of heated asphalt, over which a mineral aggregate is distributed and embedded. The mineral surface roof type has the same built-up layer construction as the other two but the top covering consists of a preformed inorganic "cap sheet" mat that ia embedded in a layer of asphalt. The cap sheet is manufactured in different colors and is installed to add a cosmetic finish to the roof. During installation roofing felts are cut to-length using a knife whereas width cuts, when necessary, are made using a knife or a "felt slitter" cutting tool.4*8 Felts, which are laid down with adjacent edges overlapping, are attached to the roof deck and to underlying felta using hails or asphalt, depending on the deck composition and the roof slope. Asphalt may be mopped on and che felt-manually unrolled and pushed into the asphalt, or a specially designed machine can be used that automatically dispenses the asphalt and 86 applies Che felt. In order to achieve a uniform membrane (referring Co Che total built-up layer) thickness along Che edges of the roof deck, a single felt is ordinarily cue lengthwise to obtain two felt strips of the required widths to build up the perimeter thickness. These strips are generally 30, 46, and 61 cm (12, 18, and 24 inches) wide. When the felt is used as underlayment for a shingle or sheet roof, the felt is generally nailed to the deck and no asphalt coatings are used.^ Asbestos roofing felts have been in use for over 100 years.^ Built-up roofs comprised of these felts are reported to have an expected service life of at least 20 years, with some lasting up to 40 years. Product deterioration results principally from climatic exposure. During weathering asphalt coatings and asphaltic felts become brittle and crack.^ Where isolated leaks occur due to excessive wear, the roof may be repaired simply by application of heated asphalt or a cold-apply roof coating to the affected area. If the deterioration is widespread, the entire roof must be recovered or replaced. Since the roof membrane derives much of its integrity from the structure of overlapping felts, a number of localized repairs is much less effective than total recovering or replacement.^ Industry representatives report that more than 60 percent of the asbestos roofing felt produced is applied during reroofing, with the remainder used in new construction.^ Johns-Manville representatives report that the smooth-surface type of roof is the easiest to recover and replace, owing to the smooth surface and overall light weight.*** A gravel-surface roof requires at least power-brooming to prepare the surface for recovering, and frequently the top layer of gravel/asphalt must be removed entirely to provide a smooth surface. > Additionally, the gravel-surface roof is the heaviest of the three built-up roof types, and careful attention must be paid to the structural capacity of the underlying roof deck if the existing asphalt flood coat and gravel are to be left intact. Recovering tends to be preferred over reroofing because of lower costs. . Roof removal generally requires chopping or sawing the existing roof membrane into pieces which can be pried or scraped off the roof deck. Any number of roof layers may be removed depending on the scope of the roofing job, from the top layer of asphalt down to the insulation or the roof deck itself. Cutting tools commonly used are an axe or circular saw (mounted on wheels), the latter being faster and generally used on large jobs. *** The circular saw is preferred for removal of top layers of a membrane because it cuts to a controlled depth. After cutting, the cut-up blocks of roof are pried off of the deck or underlying layers with a shovel or crow bar. *11 In large job operations, the waste material is carted to the edge of the roof in wheelbarrows and is dropped down enclosed chutes leading to a ground-level dumpster. Less sophisticated disposal methods are used for smaller jobs. < * 1 A series of several scraping routines and a final sweep of the roof area may be necessary to prepare the deck for application of a new roof. 1 A Johns-Manville representative stated that it is impossible to characterize 87 the number of workers and time required for a reroofing job, as the work and even the tools used vary widely with the roof type.4 Removal of a 10.5 x 18 meter (35 x 60 foot) section of fiberglass-insulated asphalt rcjfing membrane which was monitored by GCA/Technology Division personnel in December 1979, required about 2 hours.11 Built-up roof installation is estimated to take a similar length of time or longer to apply the multilayered membrane. Airborne asbestos fiber release during roofing felt installation is expected to be low. Asbestos-containing roofing felts, which are coated with asphalt, are quite pliable and normally carefully handled during built-up roo f construction to ensure the integrity of the finished membrane. _ During installation, Che only mechanical disruption applied to the felt is cutting with a sharp bladed tool. Liberation of asbestos fibers from such a low energy activity is expected to be minimal. In use, asbestos-containing felt is isolated_from the atmosphere by layers of asphalt and/or other roof coating materials. Although these coatings may eventually wear off. wind and water erosion 18 b* U e J*d * very gradual process whereby minimal fiber release is expected. By the time the felt becomes exposed, a membrane leak is likely and repairs would be performed on the affected area. Roofing materials tend to wear nonumformly, therefore the felt is not likely to be exposed over the whole roof at one time. Of all the roofing felt end use activities, felt removal poses the greatest potential for fiber release. During this operation the top membrane coating and the asphalt in the felt have weathered to * >e`f e U " t r u Y s During removal, when surface layers are sawed and scraped, the felt matrix is likely to be physically altered, releasing free-form asbestos fibers. The membrane top coat and asphalt coat, between the felt layers, however, do tend to bind the cut felt, together, minimizing felt fracture during prying and waste disposal. Airborne Fiber Monitoring Data c.woral monitoring studies have been conducted to determine airborne asbestos*^ibe^concentrations encountered during roofing felt installation and removal. Results of these studies, conducted by the Airborne Corporation and GCA/Technology Division, are presented m Table 19. fiber concentrations in and around the work sites were generally found to be equal Co or lass than 0*6 f/cm The Johns-Manville studies were initiated through requests by i^ernal t f r roofins ropre.eot.tiva. .nd .p.on.d a pertod fro. October L . t ^ Xnaly tic *1*Laboratories of P o r t i c o . , HA u.iod-SB. (5000x)' and EDXR techniques. The data presented in Table 19 do not indicate any trends as to which roofing operation has the greatest potential_for airborne asbestos fiber release. Although reported fiber concentrations for any given stu y 88 I VD * TABLE 19. FIBER MONITORING DATA FROM ASBESTOS ROOFING FELT STUDIES11'13 Teat C M 4 U im * l u f l i > - Maa Ana (p a c if ic a p a ra ll ( art iM p U f T aala/n atariala f iftav l * * l ( I femh* 10-10-11 ( t - i o I 0 *1 . 1 M i K M t U ( ) ky *! t o a f la f Ca. 2 (Vm N m ) 2 M a ja rilf af c u i f f a ll; C aatvriaa kaaa. . l l 0.2 a la tpreaft a *p k U flaiaftiag fa ll i u i a t a f e n tt lag I I n i aa aka 0.2 tap lag ( I t C a trla O f U a t a a f N i l M i la a a aa aft 0.2 a c t t ( ! 1 U f c i a i < H ' a t i w -- 0.1 1 Ataag alA a p a ra tla a -- 0.1 1 B iw y i ! f ^ a ta tita -- 0.1 ft I U f t ak*a a fa ia tla a -- ( ) 1 Ic k M t at h k a it, U (>) kf M afia Ca. 2 (Maafcaga) 2 Mappiac W t a a p k a lt m _ L a j l t a t a c a l t l a t ( a l t m ta t a a fta lt taak a fa ta ta r 1 D taaw lai ( a fa ia t ia a -- 2 Dewwieft 1 a f a r a t la a ( a r -- m Iw v f U a i acrap f f roof ta tn tc O 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 O.ft - 1 D ow w iaf a ( tp a ra tia a -- 0.1 i J - U - H ( - ! *>* at U c Im , Ut (1,000 a I t ) a lla fiU lfl c c r . c t . f ( O -- Ja ta a - fta a .illa (Baaaar) 1 C ra a ta l i n t MO I t (>aa a c t a a l --- fty lU ia g i n f t kalatf f ll 2 15 f t p t 0 a ( a p a i a l i N t -- ftf t aft l e a f ) Saaa aa . 2 a r a -- ft 15 f t < a p a r r t l a , 1 f t aft ra t O.ft O.ft 0.2 0.1 J M-L) ( t a* a p a r a tla a , 2 f t aft to a f 0.1 ft Mopping b at a a p k a lt I iam alia ta cat fa lt/ C aatviaa O.ft f a i t c a t c l a g mmi la p ia ft ft*. p a rfa ra ta A f in i c k i n g \ fa lta ? C a t t in g anA U f t a f f a i t (a n a aa aft . 0.5 (aaatia4 ) t <0o aa c o a iitio a a * TABLE 19 (continued) t a .1 . i> - Maa rea 1 t y a c llic o g aratia a o r a n can giai fo a ls M a to ria la lita r le va i ( l/c m 'l* V I 1-14 <10 a g i ) Scavai at la iia a a g v l a , O (1 .1 )0 ag f e ) *y S la t i l i v a r i a l a c l i g CD. <t> -- Ja tM -Heartlia (Vavtagaa) 1 * V II- ) IM U U - w Iu ila * ) I N l. tia ra I ll a tM i, M (I.Mh ft) kf 1411 Macal a ! k * H Ca. I t , 1)-- Ja ta a - O a rrtlla (M a n illa ) I 1 I fe o rvio t of to il4 ia g oC g r a v a i l a v a l 1 0-1 > I V f t 4a v a r ia i a l 0.1 a g o ra i lo o , 4-1 fe a ta r a e ra l 1 tama aa l a . 1 a r a * -- 0.1 4 40 l e a g v i a i #1 a g o r a il o a -- 0.4 4-1 fe ataca naal i tavo la Ca i w n ttfa c a j M M f a l a t a cric k t r a am I m aa Ha. S aac lama aa a t a r a N war aawiag aa tam ari a acclama a l a l t ra a fla g M a r aa, yry ta r I t k M 4a v a aaw f a l l t a l l i i CaaC afiaa taaa f a l l f r y ia g a l l #14 r a v f lag hry t a r Lay lag cm ( a lt (a a r a llia g ) tamar i ag 14 tim Yac k la g a fa it C aacarlaa ta aa fa te tfk aalka rcm w aitlag Caacarlaa taaa falC Uyvia4 c a ra a r a l w art a rra -- raam raj - laaC allaC iaa I ) I t 4a v a ri a i a l mart ataa --ram arsi I ) le 4a v a r ia i a l I ram aita ra i ( n a l raca iviag aaata r a v i i ag-- pamara t - ta a C a lla fia a 1 )0 l e 4o v a r i vO a l a r t ataa aa i at graaat la w l" " 0.1 0.) 0.1 0.0 0.0 o.t 0.1 o.t 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 *0.1 - la a ta lla tia a (c M tla tw i) o -- |t-- i t i t 1 M M| t (* a O a * ||) a m * a * 1l *0 -- .aMMar-- (!'> liaal a-rr to (>i * oo t'D *1-9 <<*> -| M J If ( n * a * * j* f* l la o ' I f V M # p p * 0* t 1 o* -- If IM ) if f ) l f | ititi * o -- ' if v M I 11*l * *0> ' f l f t l M JO I f f l i t i ( i n **1 t i n M l o MU4 *|ll " ll.Il *!** o i m > | i i * i i i n m i i n i n * " H " l 1* ! ' ! * * (Milli o <M an!!*) .*i|ll||. 11>J __ ( I ) i a l a a l l v a a a a a a ^ a l a ( I I 001*1) * !* M |iaaa| M i m i l*|l!**!! \ o n n * m ( i | n m u i f c m* i n n < i m o m i i m i nn* im i ni o* (a a la a a a a ) 1 m 1 t|| mmimmm h i u H i n||M *l*| 11 |1|J* * |l- a a * r_ (|) -aj t e )| * * l aiaviaiaia | a ip g ia ro -- l u i M ia* (a a ir * f * | * a i I (II001*1) " )* " aaao I n a ia (aaaaf 1*0 -- a a ia M ia ja alp a rajaOfl (I** 1-01) M-0I-II 1*0 -- aa ia g la a |a |fa*> 1| J | 1*0 -- a a n a J* fa ji-- a 1) ( I % c*o aaaaa aa ! * a 1 **a a* aa*f f i f i t f *" 0 *! ) i r * *!> H *1 f c ! U * n t ! m 'M il t*0 .| M I *! ' 1MOJ ' f a p t < | m m | I I (iln m a|l|*aaa - a a a a f -- ( I ' a ) -ao * )) t u a *a (i| * oo t'O ' l l ia la a a il I ( Il a 1-0) I M I - I 0*0 -- w |itttn w i - 0*0 ,(.* / j) \aj| jaaia a |a u aiaay a|aa a t) M k t t it t M f m i | M f i * r i i i ** i t t 0 a I In i amia j a *11*1*0* >||ial| fa n aail ----- -- a'* i n - i i ~ |) w -n - (m ilita i ( p s n u i 3UOD) 61 31B V 1  M, TABLE 19 (continued) B*.^ --- - lucilie TC Ite ten r r* f M i-n ( c i M 4 1* 4 1 0-14 i m ) l< te l at C k a a la rtla H , D (I,SCO *g It) fcpM m traila* (l)-- Jatwa H*.rill* (Vaakiu) 4 ) 13-11-19 (1$ V) O lile * tu ttlla g at la K a d t M4 01.000 m <0 fcr ila a t U M caa tiactac <1,0 -Ori/TaOMlatl l i v ia l a <fta*t*ra te ta ip tU a D 1 - U a ta lta tl* * (a a (ia *a l) ) 0pvt4 a l| a *1 v * i t ) I t * W * * r-- l i - w i aai - U a ta U a tU t * T * r - * ll mmmm ( f r e t e k l f ttia g *4 pry lag * f | U iwllug) "Scrap iteaval * u * (y rtekly ahaU | M l w lM a lk a n tfla | *14 r a a l titiia l) " iif k a lt *ppl W a t* " (pratafctp woppiag U t t a l ) "A a U alaa papar a p p lic a ti* " ( p n k a k t f t t i a g ami t a y ia g lU) | | I t te M w ia l ( w ill a n a . 9 It aW *a n a f 3 I i m R . I a m ) t)p (M *4ga ( w i t a n a , 3 It atta n a l " i j f l u l t ap p licato r" ( p r a t e k l j -- pplaag t w ta r) "A atovta* ppr a p p lica to r" (p n k a b lr ttia g awl laptag l k t) | Cartel a l r o a f 19 f t i m m * In i I w rh araa I Kig* * * 1 33 f t imamtimi I w i t arca ) M g * * f i w ( 33 f t I w w H a l I w it an a 4 tOO I t a p v t M *1 w i t a r a a _________________J___ (a w tla a l) ?wU/Mtrial fiWt la**t II/ I* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.00 0.0) 0.09  SO 1 TABLE 19 (continued) Teat ca a d itla a a * l l - l t - M <CMl(tMM4) l ~ v l . > Naa Area ly a tilit afaracm a r area aaaytad fa ala/aatariala ) la a * aa la 4 area -- 1 C t it tla g , a rra y la g , aad t a a a v s l: c i r c s l a r aaw, i t a n l i a i aid raof a ll af aAavala, v ta a tla rta v a , deck, avaaylsg ; la flo g f ik a r g la s a ia a u la t la a aad rao fiag ta le s , lafarad a itb U a t a l l a t l a a i HD bet asffcalt fita i Is as 1 (t / c a ' l* .01 0.00 * I a t ( M i i l l M t la c 1*4 af M ^ lia l (i r rt d v ia l l a c a t i a l i r a a l w r h i l l i )l n a f a r ( t ^ a l spa r a t !" * r a a v a l, 1 * lM C l t t U a ) | sa a p lla g ^ m m I ( M l y i i i la b ). H ^ l a a . | a ir lly c a rn a y a a d i l a M f l t i ' i n y a i t a l d ata, a l tv a ca la a a a lad le a l* v k atk a r s a ^ lla g a n y a t la iw l aa a v a ila i (aaviag ) a r la a gaaarat a n a (a ta lla a a ty ). ' J a h M - t b a v l l U d a ta b a u d a a t Q f . CCA d a t a feaaad a a I O I / U Q a a a l j a i a - f c data A S a t a a a ly a a d * generally follow a logical pattern, with highest concentrations reported for cutting, scraping, and sawing operations as compared to spreading asphalt or unrolling felts, the differences in fiber levels within a giver study are less than the differences between studies (generally leas than 0.2 -/cml. The variations in reported concentrations between studies in whicn similar m l t e r U U and operations were used seem to suggest some contribution from the work practices of individual roofers' or from background fiber concentrations. Aconfusing factor in 4 of the 11 studies was that upwind were higher than downwind concentrations, and m 3 of the 4 studies they wer higher than work site levels. No explanation is given for these unexpected results. ' Summary of Findings There is no secondary processing of asbestos-containing roofing felt. I h , m ^ . = t ur.d m at er ia l i. amid d i r a c t l ; or through c A^bestos-contaiaing felts are used predominantly m "buildup" roof systems which combine the felts between layers of built-up roo y 8vatems are rarely used for residential roofing. The f U t rorgenay* s l u i n g "built-up" roof is widely employed on commercial and industrial buildings. Asbestos-containing felts are occasioaa y use as an i n d e r u j for S i n g l e or sheet roofing materials on inclined surfaces. felt, occui! Felt ^ - a l l a t i o n ^ . . energy with hot asphalt. Only a minor amount of cutting\with aPsharp-bladed hand tool) is required. Removal of exls^1* of cutting \wiin * r * pAUor or Axes are used to shovels. Despice the v a r i e t y of cut t i n * and potlctUl. Thi. performed, roofing f e l t , appear to have * i ' ^he .rph.U probably r e . u l t . from the a n c . p . u i . t t o o of tha I ", elt, are a.turation .tap of manuf.cturtng. Al.o, d u r r ^ ^ n . t . U j t t o , successively layered tth hot . root .thering ia very gradual and fibers are further isolated. n . expected to be minimal. fiber release resulting from win " exists during roof removal when The greatest potential for fiber release exists aur n ^ q felt from . high-energy J ^ M r i ^ s t u d i e S indicate that asbestos roofing felt the roof deck. Fiber monitoring .i rhs-ime fiber concentrations installation and removal that are equal to o r l . than ;<f Table 20 provides a summary of idcPn t i i U s the principal s*- release. 94 TABLE 20. SUMMARY OF ASBESTOS ROOFING FELT SECONDARY PROCESSING AND END USE ACTIVITIES Product: Roofing Felt Secondary processing End use Activity': ' No secondary processing performed Installation; in-service use; and removal Duration-- per incident Daily total 1 . Site-specific; Installation and removal highly variable with roof size and number of felt layers. Actual felt cutting time is estimated to last less than one hour. Fiber releaeability: Chemical composition . Physical composition Disruptive energy Low Before asphalt saturation: 85 to 872 asbestos fiber content, remainder filler(t and binder!s) Pliable, with a tacky surface Knife or slitting machine during installation; axes, power saws, and hand scraping tools during removal Control measure(e): Measured fiber concentrations (f/cm*): None 0.0 to 0.6 (ranging from installation to removal) Environmental setting: Outdoors Activity of Concern Removal (power sawing and scraping) of womout, brittle felts from roof deck. -srfm i FLOORING FELT Inc roducc Log . Flooring felts are used to provide a cushioning effect under floor coverings and to aid in aubflooring moisture control. Asbestos fibers are used in the manufacture of flooring felts to provide dimensional stability and resistance to heat and rot due to moisture. Asbestos-containing floor felts may be installed separately as an underlay for various floor coverings or more commonly fused to the back of sheet vinyl flooring. The vinyl sheet flooring product backed with asbestos-containing felt was discussed previously (see Section 3). Asbestos-containing flooring felts, which are formed on conventional paperraaking machines, are composed of approximately 85 percent asbestos and 15 percent latex binder. Chrysotile asbestos fibers are used, with grades 5 and 7 predominating. Currently, a styrene-butadiene latex binder is used in the manufacture of these felts. Asbestos-containing flooring felts sold separately are most often used in residential applications. Asbestos flooring felts are used as underlay for floor coverings that include vinyl tiles, sheet vinyl, and carpeting, or on concrete aubfloors where moisture problems may occur. The asbestos paper product helps to absorb the moisture and transfer the water to the walls. Use of the flooring felt by itself presently accounts for only a small percentage of all asbestos felt produced, as most of the material is combined with sheet vinyl flooring. It is reported, however, that this product distribution is shifting towards an increase in the use of the unfinished felt as a floor general covering underlayment. ^ . Secondary Processing-- Fabrication As mentioned above, asbestos-containing flooring felts may be sold as an unfinished product that is used as a floor covering underlayment or it can be fused to the back of sheet vinyl flooring. No secondary processing is performed on the unfinished felt product. Rolls of the material are distributed directly from the primary manufacturer to wholesale outlets a n d . retailers. ' End Use Activities Although asbestos flooring felt is used primarily in residential settings, the installation and removal of the underlayment is usually . performed by professional contractors. Work practices are implemented to minimize fiber release. Felt end use activities include subfloor preparation, installation, in-service use, and removal. _ To insure proper installation, a clean, smooth and level subfloor surface is required. Subfloor preparation is similar to that described in Section 3 for Flooring Products and will not be repeated here. 96 measurements and wall irregularicies are transferred to the flo-ring felt, followed by cutting the specified site and edge shapes using scissors or razors. Flooring felt installation is similar to sheet vinyl installation whereby the entire contacting surface will be pasted to the aubfloor, only the perimeter of the felt will be pasted, or no adhesive will be used such as in the put-down-quick (PDQ) method. In use, the felt is completely covered by a flooring product such that it is isolated from direct wear. Minimal fiber release is expected during the felt's service life. The process of removing flooring felt is very similar to that for sheet vinyl flooring backed with asbestos felt. For a description of the removal^ process refer to the discussion presented in Section 3 on sheet vinyl flooring. Airborne Fiber Monitoring Data . No fiber monitoring data associated with the installation, use, and removal of asbestos flooring felt have been reported in the literature. Fiber concentrations resulting from these end use activities are expected to be very similar to those recorded for the installation, use, and removal of sheet vinyl flooring backed with asbestos felt. Fiber concentrations measured during the installation and removal of sheet vinyl flooring backed with asbestos felt were on the order of 1.0 f/cm3 and 0.48 f/cm, respectively (see Section 3). When recommended work practices are not followed idry scraping) during the removal of worn out sheet vinyl flooring, workroom fiber concentrations of 1.0 to 2.2 f/cm may result. Summary of Findings There is no secondary processing of asbestos-containing Most of the flooring felt manufactured today is incorporated vinyl flooring product, although the popularity of using the as a floor covering underlayment is on the rise. flooring felts. into a sheet felt separately End use activities associated with felt applications that may result in asbestos fiber release include subfloor preparation, cutting during installation, and material removal. No fiber monitoring data have been reported to document fiber release during the performance of such activities. Fiber release data are available, however, for sheet vinyl . with asbestos felt, which is handled and applied under conditions that are very il.r t o c t o . of the unfinished flooring felt. Fiber concentrations up^to 1.0 and 0.48 f/cm3 were measured during the installation and rem of asbestos felt-backed sheet vinyl flooring, respectively. Table 1 che en<j use* activities associated with asbestos flooring felts and iZ ln '. fiber release. L c i v i t , *! "!> " *,besC0` . 97 TABLE 21. SUMMARY OF FLOORING FELT SECONDARY PROCESSING AND END USE ACTIVITIES Product : Flooring'Felt Secondary proceeding End uae Activity: Duration-- per incident Daily total Ho eecondary processing Installation; in-service use; and removal Cutting during installation is somewhat continuous lasting from 10 to 20 minutes. Removal and subfloor preparation is estimated to last A to 8 hours. Fiber releaaability: Chemical composition Physical composition Disruptive energy Moderate 85X asbestos fiber content, remainder being latex Pliable, soft Binders, hand shears, scissors, or a knife during installation, sanding or scraping during removal Control measure(a): Measured fiber concentrations (f/cm3): Wetting during removal* No data, but expected to be similar to fiber release from asbestos felt-backed sheet vinyl flooring during installation and removal, (1.0 and 0.48 f/cm3, respective ly)* Environmental setting: Indoors, closed room Activity of Concern Removal of residual felt adhering to eubfloor when ended work practices are not followed. *When following recommended work practices MILLBOARD AND ROLLBOARD Introduction Asbestos-containing millboard and rollboard are considerid paper products because they are manufactured by a process similar to that used to make paper. In structure and texture, millboard and rollboard products resemble cardboard, with millboard more closely allied with the heavier paper grades. Millboard is manufactured in individual sheets, this being the only difference from the continuous sheet production of other asbestos-containing paper products. The individual sheets are formed on conventional papermaking equipment employing a technique whereby the desired sheet thickness is obtained by building up layers of fibers on a rotating cylinder mold. When the desired thickness is obtained, the cylinder is then momentarily stopped as workers cut the built-up layer of material lengthwise, removing one thick sheet of damp millboard. The wet millboard sheet, containing about 50 percent water, is then air-dried or placed in an autoclave or oven for rapid curing. Finished millboard usually contains 5 to 6 percent water.3-3 Although rollboard differs from millboard in that it is thin enough to be rolled, both are usually sold in flat sheets. Millboard manufactured in the United States is produced in a standard 1.0 by 1.2 meter (42 x 48 inches) size sheet with thicknesses ranging from 0.79 mm to 1.9 cm (1/32 to 3/4 inch). Thicker sheets are produced by laminating sheets together. Rollboard is a lamination of two 0.4 cm (1/6 inch) thick or thinner sheets.* Asbestos-containing millboard (and rollboard) is composed of_ asbestos fibers (68 to 95 percent), binders (3 to 25 percent), and fillers. 1.15 Chrysotile asbestos is the most common fiber type used, with grade 5 preferred.^ The binders may include starches, elastomers, or silicates. Millboard may also contain 5 to 40 percent portland cement and starch as the binder.3 Mineral wool, fiberglass, and cellulose are commonly used as fillers. Millboard is one of the moat versatile asbestos-containing products. Its numerous applications are listed in Table 22. A principal attribute that makes it so adaptable to varied uses is the way in which it can^be manipulated during installation: millboard is easy to cut, can be punched into shape, can be wet molded, and is compressible. Unfabricated millboard may be purchased by a number of secondary processors who install it or incorporate it into other products; wholesale distributors who supply the molten metals and glass i n d u s t r y a n d construction contractors for use as a building material . Rollboard may also be-uaed in similar applications, but is generally less suited to industrial settings where structural rigidity is a desirable feature. In both the molten metals and glass industries, transfer rollers comprised of asbestos-containing millboard are used to convey annealed or pickled steel or flat glass from one point in the manufacturing process to another. Millboard is also used as slip planes to insulate the silica furnace linings of induction furnaces. Ocher industrial uses include macs Co place hot products on, sealings for holes and flues in roofs of furnaces, thermal 99 CONTAINING MILLBOARD AND SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS1 U nc r Application Indiiair lai Carierai Electrical Appliance Alumlnm Marine, hipyard, alrrraf t Foundry Steel Metallurgical Ceramic Claaa In b o lle r a , s s g a s k e ts , which pay be p e ta l re in fo rc e d , as f l a a * and heat b a r r i e r s , as s l l p p la sa s for furoaca lin in g s. In tran sfer r o ll e r s Chat convey hot m a te ria l from one point la a manufsecuring process to another. Thermal p ro tectio n In larg e c ir c u it breakers F ir e -p ro o fin g agent for co e ise rcla l and home se c u r ity b o xes, s a f e , and f i l e s Pouring trough cover end trough lin e r Liner for container th st catch es hoc metal frtxa cu ttin g operation# Trough lin a r end iron trough cover Backup In su la tio n for furnace lin in g Uaed between the hot mandeel and the b earin g h a ll In molten b a b b itt op eratio n Low mate k iln c a r t As In su la tio n In g la s s tank crowns, m elter, rsfln ar, sidew alls, ate. Cumerc lai Metal-el ad door* Office partitions Between o u tsid e m etal and wood core Between m etal s h e e t*, valued a s a fir e p ro o fin g and sound deadening m a te r ia l. Very la rg e p o ten tia l market Soldering fixtures and soldering blocks Spark and glare shields In welding shop* Flreprool wallboard Washer* In electrical apparatus Linings for safsi. dry cleaning machines, Incin erators, heater rooms (htrsge paneling Resident la i Linings for home safes, stoves, haaters and alactric switch boxaa Tent sh ield s Stove pipe rin g* Stove mala, table pad ' Perfume rin g * for o i l lamp LOO r door gaskecs, and heac protect ion walla. Millboard ia also used as gaskets for joining pipes at industrial plants and for a variety of boiler applications. Commercial applications include heat or flame barrier shields for welding and soldering operations, office partitions, and fireproof wallboards. Millboard is also used as a filler for metal reinforced gaskets that are frequently used on small air-cooled engines such as lawnmowers. In residential settings, millboard is used as a flame or heat barrier in wood and coal burning stove installations. It is also used in the manufacture of prefabricated fireplaces. Residential uses extend to the linings of safes, stoves, heaters, and electrical switch boxes; stove pipe rings; stove mats; and table.pads. Secondary Processing-- Fabrication Most millboard and rollboard manufacturers market their unfinished products through one or more distributors. These distributors will either sell directly to the end user or to secondary processors who fabricate the millboard for specific end use applications. Fabricating operations performed during secondary processing range from die-cutting gaskets and rings to drilling, sawing, and shearing the millboard to produce various dimension construction materials. The following discussion pertains to the more common secondary processing operations performed by millboard and rollboard fabricators and gives specific examples. In the molten metals and glass industries, asbestos-coataining millboard is fabricated into rings that are slid along the circumferential axis of steel mandrels to make heat-resistant rollers used in conveyor lines.^ The millboard rings are assembled with the steel mandrel, such that the entire outer surface of the roller is comprised of the edges of the millboard diacs. Manufacture of the transfer roller is performed in two steps by separate fabricators. The steps involved are: (1) die-cutting the millboard rings followed by (2) mounting them onto a steel mandrel. During die-cutting, the millboard sheets are fed by hand to an automatic punch press which forms the rings from the sheet using a metal die. The actual cutting action only lasts about one second but it is repeated hundreds of times throughout an 8-hour work shift. After the rings have been formed, they are packaged and distributed to a second fabricator who assembles the transfer rollers. The millboard rings are slipped onto the steel mandrel and press-fitted together between two end flanges. Transfer rollers range in length from 4 to 7 meters (13 to 24 feet) and may_contain from 800 to 1000 rings each. To provide- a smooth outer . rolling surface contour, 0.64 cm (1/4 inch)of the assembled roller's outer diameter is ground off using a surface grinding operation. Depending on production demand, grinding will vary from a few hours per day to an entire work shift. 101 The potential for fiber r c U . die-cuctlng is expected to h / t * ubse<luenC dieperaal dvring is *- - - rtaally no dust propellant forces associated with it. Howtv-- a greater fiber reiease potential is expected during surface grinding du^ to J t e i u i shearing. Also, the high speed rotation of the grinding wheel will propel dust generated by the operation into the workplace air if not properly controlled. Grinding machinery is commonly equipped with high air velocity, low air volume capture hoods that vent to a baghouae dust collection device. Workers may also wear dust control face masks as they desire and building doors and windows may be left open to provide natural ventilation in the workplace.*u ` In general, the fabrication of millboard or rollboard into a final flame or heat barrier product is no longer routinely performed by a secondary processor but by the end user.17*18*22 Janos Industrial Insulation of Moonachie, NJ#^ a major fabricator of inaulating materials, has discontinued millboard and rollboard operations because of the increasing cost of insurance for workers handling hazardous substances. B and D Supply, Inc. of Yeadon, PA1 discontinued their fabricating operations citing the complications of operating and maintaining dust control equipment, and J and S Supply Corporation, of Long Island City, NY,24 estimates that only 1 percent of their millboard throughput is cut to size, while the majority of it is marketed unprocessed to retail outlets (lumberyards, hardware stores). When they do fabricate, J and S Supply2* cut their millboard products to customer specification using a bench-mounted electric circular saw equipped with a vacuum exhaust dust collection device. The saw is located in an enclosed room having no special ventilation system. Saw operators routinely wear surgical-type face masks when cutting the millboard. Actual sawing time lasts only a few seconds per cut; accumulated over the course of the workday, sawing totals several minutes. Due to the abrasive shearing and propellant forces associated with drilling and sawing operations, fiber release into the workplace is expected. The pulverizing action of these power tools breaks down the cohesive structure of the millboard, producing fine-size particles that can be expelled into the air by the high speed cutting bits and blades. Consequently, the fabricating operations need to be controlled, and generally are, to minimize fiber release into the workplace. End Use Activities The end use activities associated with millboard and rollboard products . include field fabrication, product installation, in-service use, and product removal. In industrial environments, field fabricating operations primarily include cutting, drilling, and wet molding. Cutting can be performed using a handsaw. However, considering the dimensions of a standard size sheet i.O by 1.2 meters (42 x 48 inches), it is much faster to use an electric circular saw or to score the material with a knife, breaking it by hand. Scoring followed by snapping, whereby the board matrix is more cleanly sheared apart, has a comparatively low dust release potential. Power-operated saws create higher 102 dust release potenciis, but may be uaed in conjunction with dusc control equipment and protective clothing, particularly if Che user is a large industrial plant with other safety concerns (e.g., steel, glass, and ceramic manufacturers). Drilling tools used on millboard are generally power-operated, hand-held devices that may or may not be equipped with dust collection d e v i c e s . ^ 2k Field fabrication of millboard for use in commercial or residential settings is similar to that for the industrial sector. However, fabricating tools equipped with dust collectic systems are not likely to be employed considering the small scale size and infrequent occurrence of fabrication at the commercial/residential level. Handling of asbestos millboard may occur from once or twice a week for commercial operations to once in a lifetime for the homeowner.25*26 Duration of the finishing operations will depend on the quantity of material to be worked. Commercial and residential operations may last up to 8 hours or only one hour or fraction thereof. Under either setting, workers will use conventional tools readily available to them. Cutting and drilling operations are performed using hand operated or power-assisted tools.2526 The actual time required to perform each activity varies from a few seconds to drill a single hole to several seconds to cut a staight or curved line using a power saw or longer with a hand saw. Because millboard is fairly easy to cut, hand tools, such as ^ scoring knives can be used to fabricate the material. The potential for fiber release from the use of such hand operated tools is expected to be low due to the minor surface abrasion imparted by these tools and the absence of strong propellant forces. Any dust that is generated tends to fall directly to the ground, not upwardly dispersed as can occur with the use of uncontrolled power saws. As a minimum, protective clothing, particularly surgical-type face masks, are likely to be worn by the safety-conscious user.2526 Asbestos millboard used as a heat or flame retardant barrier is commonly secured to support surfaces and frames using adhesives or mechanical fasteners, such as screws, bolts, and nails. In addition, sections of ^ millboard may be set in place unsecured, between metal support frames as m the case of slip planes.*6 Adhesive bonding is unlikely where a board is to be removed regularly, as in a foundry trough or catch basin liners where no fasteners are used. Also, because of its low tensile strength and easily abraided surface, millboard is not installed in situations where it could come in contact with moving parts. In situations where the millboard surface is left exposed, beveling or sanding with subsequent surface coating is not expected given the low aesthetic concerns in an industrial setting. Millboard installation time will range from days for new installations and renovations to a few hours for small material replacement jobs.^ _ If the millboard has been prefabricated, fiber release during installation is not expected. If field fabrication is required, the finishing operations would be similsr to those described above. This latter situation occurs when mechanical fastening is required. Pilot holes will be drilled to avoid * fracturing the millboard during installation. The potential for airborne fiber release and extent of dispersion during cutting will depend on the type 103 e of drilling cool used. A.s discussed above, powe r-aa a' s-ed U , e l y Co introduce fibrous dusc inCo Che Under industrial settings, where these activities are most power-assisted cools are generally used. rnnl coa--,i ' Millboard and rollboard can also be molded Co nonplanar surfaces by dipping in water prior to application. Because the millboard serves no structural purpose (only insulating), mechanical attachment to a surface or rame is unnecessary as long as the surface covering or frame restricts board movement. The time required to apply the millboard by this process varies depending on the amount of surface area to be covered. Installation times of a few hours are likely. The potential for fib-r release during application is greatly diminished by wetting of the board prior to installation. Once installed fiber release is not expected under normal conditions given that this is a static application and no surface abrasion should occur. During removal, the potential for fiber release will be considerable unless adequate control techniques (e.g., use of a wetting agent) are employed. In dry form, cutting of this material to remove it has the potential to generate substantial dusting. Millboard rings used in the rollers of conveyor lines in the molten metals and glass industries are subjected to repeated contact with very hot surfaces. A representative of Guardian Industries of Northville, MI,2*- a glass manufacturer, reports that there is no visible wear of the roller surface on a day-to-day basis, but that the edges of the glass slab eventually score Che roller surface through repeated contact. When a production line is shut down for several weeks for routine maintenance, about every 5 to 7 years, the most worn rollers (typically one-third of the total of 220) are removed and sent to the roller assembler for replacement of the millboard rings.28 Gaskets made from millboard and rollboard are carefully installed to ensure proper sealing during use. Gasket wear resulting in fiber release is normally not a concern since the bearing surfaces are isolated and immoveable while in-service. During routine maintenance or scheduled gasket replacement, however, portions of a gasket may adhere to bearing surfaces if the binder component of the gasket is decomposed by high temperatures or penetration of working fluids. The adhering material can be removed manually using a flat-edged scraping tool or a stiff wire brush. The removal process for any gasket generally lasts only minutes, while the maintenance task which necessitates gasket removal may range from several minutes to several hours. The potential for fiber release during material scraping or brushing will depend on the dryness of the gasket and the intensity of the physical energy applied to remove the material. The dryer the remaining material is and the. greater the f-orce applied to remove it, the greater the potential for fiber release. Gaskets penetrated by working fluids tend to be pliable allowing them to be more easily removed and are less likely to disintegrate Chan dried-out material during removal. 10* Cprondarv Processing Fabrication . F i b L monitoring data associated with millboard s e c o n d a r y . ^ a t i v e ^ operations have not been reported in the literature. A f N .rnl,c industries of Ambler, PA,18 a fabricator of asbestos millboard, reported that the capture efficiency of a baghouse serving tteir punch pr*.. operation is high enough that worker, do not have to wear ^ ^ `Cor* t0 comply with the 2 f/cm5 8-hour TWA occupational exposure standard. With respect to assembling industrial transfer re ported* of New Hudson Corporation, Verticarb Division, of He* Hudson, HI, P orted that fiber concentrations in the workroom air where millboard rings are plac a on steel mandrel, approached 0.2 t/cm\ location, specific activities performed, and analytical tecnnique were not provided. E"d ^ c ^ f u i d ^ b r i c e c i o o monitoring d.t. for are . c a r e . In a controlled laboratory glove bo* te a t, .coring S lip & T. L u " m ateriel^ etening, a piece of i U b o . r d ... eelieeted to hammering for 10 minor,, in tbe concentration was l.A r/cm. ? Chan thoee eaperted nonvencilated air space of the gl relatively high fiber concentrations field fabrication would be performed -,,nations Fiber accumulation m the account for the . d Iq tn industrial setting, record . work8pace with good in a large open worxsp^ ^ * otl.ite ^ ss*\2J5$ s sritS^raiJ under actual conditions. Summary of Findings Millboard and rollbo.rd commercial, and residential app ic .... % -SS^.r.l5 : ^ not physically abraided while m service. -tructures from high heat or T . ". .tetit - -- - e , ate Millboard and rnilb c r d bare nomp.r.t and low binder contents, suggesting ig rigid in the greater disturbed. Although eo be used in load bearing applications. 5 n kU ; ; : d lmlrt only a r S e r . t e fore., millboard .ill fracture. 105 Fabricating operations performed by secondary processors Da,rir,,i. , 'r ' sawing and grinding using power tools, generate substantial dust emissions* Because of this, processing equipment are well controlled, employing engineering practices to minimize fiber release Field fabricating operationa performed by millboard and rollboard end users are generally not as well controlled. However, the tools used by the general consumer are not as energy intensive. Many of the tools used, such as hand saws and scoring knives, are manually operated. Power tools not equipped with dust collection systems will occasionally be used. Millboard retail suppliers may warn their customers of the hazards associated with dust generated by board fabrication, but this is not standard practice. Representative fiber monitoring data documenting the release of asbestos fibers during millboard and rollboard field fabrication, installation, and removal are not available. A laboratory study simulating these activities has been conducted, but the measured fiber concentrations, ranging from 1.4 to 8.4 f/cmJ for hammering, sawing, and scoring, are not likely to be representative of concentrations under actual field conditions. Table 23 summarizes the information presented on millboard and rollboard products and identifies the principal activities of concern that are likely to result in airborne asbestos fiber release. BEATER-ADO GASKETS Introduction Another asbestos-containing paper product used to make commercial and industrial gaskets is beater-add paper. Beater-add paper is named after its manufacturing process, in which an elastomeric binder and asbestos fibers are added to the product mix during the beater step of papermaking.*- The binder, which may include latex, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or neoprene, accounts for 20 to 40 percent of the paper product. Selection of the binder depends on the end use application for the gasket paper. The remaining 60 to 80 percent of the paper composition is asbestos fiber, normally chrysotile asbestos. Beater-add paper is produced in sheet or sheet-roll form with thicknesses ranging from a few hundred micrometers up to about 1 ca. . Gasket products are routinely installed to obtain tight, nonleaking connections in piping and other joints. Beater-add gaskets are used as sealing members in applications where chemical inertness, heat resistance, and resilient strength are important. The major user of this type of gasket is the automotive industry.*"*30-32 Beater-add gaskets are used in sealing oil pans and pumps, gear case covers, cylinder head covers, and intake and exhaust manifolds. Metal-sheathed beater-add paper is used in cylinder head and exhaust manifold gaskets, ^9 3i in addition, beater-add. paper is used in other transportstion applications in a similar role, as engine and drivetrain gaskets. Eurther, it is used in a variety of industrial and commercial equipment, including heat exchangers, boilers, furnaces, and pipe connections. The chemical industry uses the asbestos gaskets extensively for equipment connections because of the chemical inertness of asbestos.*- TABLE 23. SUMMARY OF MILLBOARD AND ROLLBOARD SECONDARY PROCESSING AND END USE ACTIVITIES Product: M illboard and Lot 1board Secondary processing End uac A ctivity: D i - c u t t ia g , power la n io i, u rfic o g rin d in i, on* d r illin g Power or band (aw ing, a co rio g and anapping, d r i l l i n g , n a ilin g o r acrew ing, wet ab id in g D uration--par Incident ( D ie -c u ttin g : leaa than 1 aec. Sawing, g rin d in g , and d r i l l i n g : Several eeconda. Sawing, corin g, or d r illin g ; ecood; N ailing or crewing: ninutaa (aatin ated ). a few dally total i to 30 n in utaa a c tu a l c u ttin g (aatim atad) 1 to 10 alo u te a t o t a l cu ttin g tine (aatinated) Pibar ra la a a a b llity : Cheaical conpoeltlon High Aabeatoa content 68-93Z; bindara iocluda atarebae, alaatom era, a ilic a ta a . High Phyalcal c o ^ o a itio n M illboard: generally in flex ible, friable kollboard: generally aenlrigid , p liab le, friable Sana 107 D laniptlva energy E le c t r ic and h ydraullc-povortd bind for cu ttin g; ele ctric power awing, g rin d in g , and d r illin g Cool ! ! a leo hand (c o rin g w ith k n ife , hand aawing, hand hentering and acrewing, hand nolding Control aaaeu re(a): Baghou on autoaLated eq uip e a t ; vacuum exhaust system on one p o rta b le power to o l Vacuus exhaust c o lla c tio o system s on some p o rtab le power t o o ls * F ie ld fab ricatin g operation Mostly performed uncontrolled. Maaeurid fib e r concantrationa (f/c a ^ )t Data not read ily av ailab le, aeaune workroan concantrationa to be le a a than 2 f /e n * tapraeen tatlve data not a v a ila b le . nvlronaental aattln gi A c tiv ity of Concern Indoori open pace or clo ae d room Indoora: open and cloaad rooaa, (baaeuenta, garagea) Outdoora. E n d u a e: f ie l d fa b ric a tio n Involving power rawing, aending and d r i l l i n g op eratlon a without the uaa o f duat c o lle c t io n d i f i c u . Hind a t v io i od i c o r l o i a l s o . Secondary P r o o f ing-- Fabrir r ; . * w . P.?e7 sh,, t i K # product uncut to ..condary p r o e e , . o r i T c . i k ^ T k ' '1S"`lli = `" 'C tl" i' cuatomer specification using a metal'die in a t / ^iC at0T a cut the PPer to Some gaskets are modified by adding wire insert r prs,ain machinery, the .paper with metal f o i l . / p i . i S ^ 1" lV 0 l V Xut n ~ * * ' - -heathiag requiring`manual ^ " 2 . " `taad! " ' T * ' " " `- - i . .b. l.ttar product handling. ?he Ictull c u ^ / rlcera.use S lov* to facilitate through the gasket p a p e / w , I I ^ th* die ia f e d of product handling time (includiTM s T p T ^ t i l T T ^ ' CO"payed C$3UP to a minute accumulated cutting time over an h n i w P*c>8i.ng) 33 Total approximately one hour Cutrino workday is estimated to be machine shop setting. opera 10na * re performed indoors in a typical esxopreacetvehdatt^olibaeblloew^.theD^ipeo-tceuntttiinav/fuorl^iiLbe!r'relIefase during dl*cQuOttt.ibnrgitit.^ . but edge cut, purposefully preventiL u n S c e / 6^ 1 .pr?8s ttachines makes a clean beater-add paper. In addition ^ i e - c i / 8^ riPPlnS aDd tearit* of Chat would propel'dust into the iorkll l / l i r 18 2 / * V18fUS operatioQ* one control device, or work practice. Ire special du.t cutting operation.30*33 ? C noraally employed for the die- nd Use Activities . r .i" i a - t i r v i c * m . .nd 8. . k ,, When this occurs, material alteration will fI 8pecial ^Plications, scissors and require only a few seconds of i l g ! r procelriii/iLr^/cii;:;" ; ^ ^ f; m to the normally requires placing the precut gaikec^/one*!!!10" 6* *!?* procedure the other bearing surface over the gafket c a r e f u l l y ^ / I / 8urfa=e *nd placing alignment. When the gasket is in farefuly t0 eure proper seaied by torquing down bolts located at l e g l l l / i l t l ^ a i / f w 't h ^ j-Qt " of the joint. s mcervaia along the perimeter A9k+rm fka TM* _ . :, 1 s e jio in t:. Aga|inTMs iLm i l a r to compressed sheeSt " - Si.:' ns ". a s s : i w m r j . b,s . s s g r s \ - r r 1 108 routine maintenance. If the easier , ^ compressed to the point where its disassembly or if . doubt, the gasket will be replacld Capability *>r future use i. " bearing s u r f ^ c e ^ f * aaksiC " y here to the elastomeric binder of S e gasket matrix'' i ^ 0" - Worki? fl^ d s Iter pni?r:*;*1'*?'"" i*L:i:rL:v^:rf:r.rsr:\cLir:`s,*" f , >*. s l l H U to facilitate g..k.t L l L L l t L installation iib; w p I S y " il" ? S e; i . ^ gC t e i r d * * * `V "1* 1* tb* the use of hand tools such as scissors and t o i v H ^ T h e ^ *? minfmized by edge cuts, generating only a small quantity of l o o s , ^ hearing 8taCioMry Pition. by two to the air. During removal of the beater-add* er> *re e*pected to be released to the air if the gasket L s dried o u t 2 L T * ~ leaaed material is excessive and vigorous. Gasket m^tfrHl applx?d t0 renove ^ surfaces may easily disintegrate during removal if t.b! ? rin8 material have decomposed or been .-,,.Lt , , f the binders within the condition. eh. cob. . ' " ith " 4 the., eubetantially radueL t o " L L i n e 1 1 . 1 ' . ^ M ? " * only minor di.turb.ne, 1 er* can be P^ddily relea.ed with Airborne Fiber Monitoring Data gasketLecondary L S l . ^ . V L * T V - r' P " " 1 f " dd m a n u f a c t u r e r . ^ and secondary p r o c c L L ^ ? ' ^ i" ! ! T '*i4d," k*t aLnd: L tLhe' LtyLpe. " LofhmLacLhilniiongi n (Ldioe-zcTut;rLi neoiL48t ^ *r L i ; ,,, derL_ lrn" rtltihe b' Veat enr_T*dd* p* a-per- Rogers, 31 Wie-cutting) performed. Rogers Corporation of during secondary p r o n c i n g . ^ l L L v c L j " '>M P't*C;n p" foraed r z i z z b # * - *" .CL,LS L L r L T u . L L d ^ t i S - t ' ^ ' " .p p u " Lt jn,,r : , n cL L V L L L " ^ d "Lpe*cr L L i L L , 7 f L L i L L ! 1L r g n g L i " V - a . . . during ^ . L ^ L i L ^ L e L L L f ^ L L r 109 release can be expected when the uncoeced .ceriel i '. 'Z i -- , . * c leaning of beanie* Summary of F i n d i n g . '!" i-iti.l ec,Se, cf ,, , ket hand ling ag the al No monitoring data are avail-hl ,, j concentrations associated with secondary Cumea^ airt>orne asbestos fiber performed on beater-add paper gaskets ^ pr?ce881nS and end use activities and gasket handling, installation and u s e ^ ^ h baater_add PaPer fabricating expected to be low as long as the . i l l *. he frOCential for fiber release i. fibers are contained remains und ``C u r b e r " / 1"? * in which the asbestos dries out or is cooked out* t h e p o t e n t ? 1 fu" 510,ul* 0nce the binder product handling. Fiber release i. expected L increa8a during adhering to the supporting surfaces i/drifd * * removal if the material x- e . r l . m u . Tabic 24 i i " .0"' *"'1 *" or dry aor.pii and identifies the principal activity of c L r " **"**? a beaCer-dd gasket!* fiber release. P activity of concern with respect to asbestos ELECTRICAL i n s u l a t i n g p a p e r Int roduc tinn conventional p a p e ^ i i ^ ma c h i n es^ E l e c t r i c l l ^ 1 inSV laCioQ ia formed on rolls, tapes, tubes, and sheets. Asbestos ii1 ! ' 1-' Z * paper " produced in electrical insulating papers becau-- ,> 8ed ln the manufacture of electrical resistance properties. Paner^^hlblt? ?xceH e o t the rmal and application, but generallj contains c h ^ s o^l'81tin Variea ^ t h intended with latex polymers.! chrysotile asbestos and cellulose bound thin paper) *and w s ^ f o ^ t h i c k l / m a t f r i a l "** automatic litters (for product use sizes.3738 Moat f 'als) c Cut paper to specified of asbestos paper laminated with a structurilfiber 5l?40 COffiP8it* offers greater strength and rigidity than the - . s * ^ lamioate presence of the backing material and t h TM ! ! " -paper aloae and che reduce the potential for fiber release'A * tl?8 re31 r adhesive tends to processing and handling. . u n n g primary finishing and subsequent Secondary Processing-- Fabrication f a b r i c i t ^ r i ^ ^ e n p ^ ^ o T v a s t r PUrp" 8 * the primary manufacturer or secondary processor! ^ 3 9 ^ 0 J0??0" 6 brds by fabricated into final product electric? ? i* I. Prior t0 required sizes using slittinv -Ad Hi * insulating paper is cut to for these two operations will last onr^seco^H10*011*11617, Actual cutting time of a day, accumulate to se^e-alMinute! !! i " CUtf buC Ver the well-automated productio! o ^ l t T o n ! " hUr8 fr U r g e Volu" * 110 TABLE 24. SUMMARY OF BEATER-ADD CASKET SECONDARY PROCESSING AND END USE ACTIVITIES Product: Beater-add Caaketa Activity : Duration-- Par incident Daily total Fiber releaaability: Chemical coapoeition Physical coapositlon Disruptive energy (tools) Control measure(s): H e a s u r e d fiber c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( f / c n 3)- ' Environmental setting: Secondary processing Die-cutt ing Few seconds Several minutes up to nore than one hour (est.) for an 8-hour workday End use Installation (involving limited cutting)- in service use, removal ' Installation-- several mi n u t e s (5-10). In vice-- days to years depending on application. Reaoval-- 15-20 minutes Asbestos content (60-801), binder content (20 to AOZ). Pliable aaterial Shear cutting with press aachinery . Same j**TM* w i t h P s i b l e c o a t i n g of petroleuab a s e d c o m p o u n d s c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g in-service use Hand operated tools, scissors None reported Possibly wetting during renoval, otherwise none No data a No data reported, assume work- Ho room airborne asbestos concen trations to be leas than 2 f/c a 3. data reported Activity of Concern Product fabrication using the insulating paper includes, for examDle tape winding and electrical component board assembling. Asbestos insulating tape is wound over wires and wire windings (e r "ouiaclng provide a heat resistant covering. 3 7 , 4 0 ^ T h - ' `' ran?fonner to by machines, but may be done bv hand f process is normally performed manufacture, Che asbestos t ! n / w ' d 9PeClal aPPllcatin* In cable sheath to provide waterproofing a n d ^ 18.C0veref Wlth a Plastic or rubber -ctivitie.'include Board assembling -nd installing the board itself in an ^ environments. D e p e n d i ^ o n ^ r o d u c t i o * 2^ 1^ ^ 6" CCUr fn cyPical factory insulation paper and its intermediate* ' P*0088*-0 the electrical full time production. lnCermed^ 1 1 run from a few hours per day up to expected to be low. ^ B o t h ^ f t h e s ^ o dUr^ *littin8 and die-cutting is generate small amounts of loose p a r t i c l ^ ^ " * 1* ^ Clea edge CUt8 that laminate is fabricated, the slitter on 1- ^ asbestos-containing th.t vent, to e fabric filter foj L ! f f,l * contr11`i b7 v.cuua hooding die-cut free, e . b . Z " . ,, ,, ! " 'Uettion. Sp.cera end vc.her, ere to c.try lectri::; cTM Pon."t: in Z i i " 0" ^ into i z z n r Z p Z Z ' L Z z z t z ? proce^ ^ -f* of neper i. L,,i,,,ted with Z Z Z Z l f i b ' r C Z * . ' - " * `5 * ' / fiber will increase the c o h e s i v e of addition of the structural to tearing or cracking during processing ? **" 8u9CePcible ctahbatle*has nKaontriibnere,n strvengthe^may3 o c.c urr ^wnheen/ i t iis w^ounrd .arfo^unHd lwni*rUels*tolrn8 P*per that C;u ld reie^a.e f i b e r s 11" ' inter*al t M r i B * Can i . c k . End Use Activities in.uj^ z z z i z n s s i f S . ^ t : 1^ thee, product, .re need- in et.tioner, epplicetio,. u S e r . u e Z o o d u L o . T b H t "L Z ! dtaturbance to the p.per that vould c.u.e the rele.ee of Only ,hen the electrical component is damaged or nee'ds repair is the>e - potent tel for fiber relee.,. The following E d i t i o n . " Z i d l JET eletricel^ceblee^t-en0^ r " l**M " fro. the u.e of c o E Z E Z Z Z - i Z Z z ' Z . ^ " " 0*1 *p p U *" " ' - *"-* 112 c 2. The electrical component* containing the paper tend to be fragile; breakage or abrasion of the attached paper product is not encouraged in normal use. 3. If minor structural or electrical failure occurs, repair, for example of a wire or cable, would involve exposing only a small amount of the insulation. The repair of a wire or cable containing asbestos paper is similar to the repair of a wire or cable containing asbestos textile tape (see Section 5 for discussion). 4. If major structural or electrical failure occurs, the whole electrical component or device is usually replaced rather than repaired. # 5. Electric appliances with repairable components are typically designed for easy removal of these components without damage to insulating washers or boards. - Airborne Fiber Monitoring Data Quin-T Corporation of Tilton, N.H. a manufacturer of asbestos electrical insulating paper products, has conducted fiber monitoring studies at a number of their own as well as other plants which fabricate electrical insulating paper products. Relevant results from these studies are presented in Table 25. It is not known whether dust control equipment or special work practices were instituted during monitoring of these activities. The operations monitored, including cutting mounting board, die-cutting, tape winding, board assembly, and packaging and shipping, were found to generate workplace fiber concentrations of less than 0.1 f/cm3. Paper slitting appears to present the greatest potential for airborne fiber release, with fiber concentrations of 0.53 f/cm3 measured in the vicinity of this process. ' One other concentration recorded by Quin-T that may have significance, but is not presented in Table 25, concerns a concentration of 12.3 f/cm3 measured during the use of a band saw machine.J/ This datum is not presented because a description of the type of material being cut was not provided and the sawing equipment used is not typically employed for product fabrication. Summary of Findings The end use applications of asbestos-containing electrical insulating paper are confined to the applications of the products manufactured by secondary processors. There are virtually no product applications that. require field fabrication or even removal of the asbestos-containing insulating paper itself. Fabrication by secondary processors generally results in fiber concentrations of less than 0.1 f/cm3 in the workplace 113 r TABLE 25. AIRBORNE FIBER 'CONCENTRATIONS RESULTING FROM ASBESTOS ELECTRICAL INSULATING PAPER AND BOARD FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION P R O C E SSE S.37 Activity performed Slitting paper ' Cutting electrical mounting board Die-cutting board Packaging & shipping Tape winding Board assembling . Measured fiber* concentration (f/ca^) 0.53 0.14 0.031 <0.033 < 0. 008 <0. 005 Date of tests 7-12-78 7-10-78 NR 6-01-80 NR NR 0. 097 <0.028 <0.009 0.075 0.038 ' <0.008 0.008 <0.007 <0.006 0. 008 NR 6-01-80 NR NR 7-10-78 NR NR 11-14-79 12-17-79 NR aAs determined by phase contrast microscopy. NR - No Reported. Duration of activity (min) 42 120 90 21 90 141 298 25 156 74 180 90 90 103 108 165 114 c environment. The manufacture and fabrication of these products appears to be limited to a handful of companies, and usage has declined dramatically since Che promulgation of standards identifying the health concerns associated with asbestos exposure. Table 26 sumnarizes the secondary processir.g and end use activities performed on electrical insulating paper and identifies the principal activity of concern with respect to airborne asbestos fiber release. 115 c * t \ 116 TABLE 26. SUMMARY OF ELECTRICAL INSULATING PAPER SECONDARY PROCESSING AND END USE ACTIVITIES Prod uct: e le c tr ic a l lo iw la tin t paper Secondary p ro cessin g Cod u ia k c it it p S l i t t i n g ; d ie - c u t t log ; s a v in g ; ste a d y in g or vin d in g In s t a lla t io n ; lo - a e rv ic e u se ; rem oval Du r a t i o -- p a r I n c i d e n t S l i t t i n g -- In te rm itte n t to co n t inuo us fo r autom ated o p a ra tio a * D ie - c u t t in g -- le s s tban | eecood Aaaem bl ta g -- seconds up to a i n u t t i W in d in g -- c o o t iououa I n s t a lla t io n -- (n o d ir e c t h a n d lin g o f asbaatoa paper) In s e r v ic e -- m onth* to y e a r s , depend in g s p p lic a tlo n tem ovat-- le ss than one hour ( e a t . ) fo r a le c t r ic o t component 4 .1 1 ; to ta l S l i t t i n g -- t o t a l p ro d u c tio n tim e (up to 8-bour s h if t) D le - c u ttln g -- s e v e ra l m in utes up to houra dapandlng p ro d u c tio n vo lu aa \ A ssem b lin g -- e e v e ra l hours W in d in g -- to ta l p ro d u ctio n t in (u p to S boar s h if t) rib a r re le a e a b lllty f Chem ical co m p o sitio n H odarata A sb aato a fib a r a and w ith la te x b in d er ca llu lo a a Low Seme, but la m in a te s have epoxy co a tin g a K f i l c a l co a p o a ltio a Ran ging fr o f a i r l y a t i f f to p lla b la ( m , M la a lu t . a n l.a a p lla b l. D ltn ip c lv . < M t|jr D ia - c u ttln g p re ss, savin g , s l i t t e r m ach in e, a cra v fa eten in g S c r.v f a .t .a la , ( In a ta lla tIo n ) Vacuum ex h au st to fa b r ic f i l t e r c o n tro l d e vice on a lit t ln g and earning m a c h in e ry Hone Haaaurad fib e r c o n c e n tra tio n s ( f / c a ^ )t S l i t t i n g -- 0.01 to 0 .5 3 No d a ta re p o rte d D le - c u ttln g -- 0.01 to 0 .1 0 A s s e m b lin g -- 0.01 W in d in g -- 0.01 to 0 .0 8 i a o lro o aaatal a a ttlo g t In d o o rs, open vorkroom o f fa cto ry A ctivity of Coocar Secondary p ro ce s sin g , ta p s littin g o p e ra tio n . In d o o r e r o u td o o r , c lo a e d room o r open a ir apacn. ASBESTOS PAPER PRODUCTS REFERENCES 1. Krusell, N., and D. Cogley. Asbestos Substitute Performance Analysis. Revised Final Report. Prepared by GCA/Technology Division for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C. February 1982. 2. Wright, M. D. et al. Asbestos Dust Technological Feasibility Assessment and Economic Impact Analysis of the Proposed Federal Occupational Standard. Part I. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, D.C. Draft Report. September 1978. j 3. Cogley, D. et al. Life Cycle of Asbestos in Commercial'and Industrial Use Including Estimates of Releases to Air, Water and Land. Final Inhouse Report. Prepared by GCA/Technology Division for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C., February 1982. j 4. Telecon. Clint Ford, District Engineer, Johns-Manvilie Corporation, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, May 10, 1982. . 5. Telecon. Clint Ford, District Engineer, Johns-Manvilie Corporation, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, May 12, >4 1982. . 6. Telecon. James Reis, Director, Asbestos Policy, Johns-Manvilie Corporation, Denver, 00, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, May 4 and 17, 1982. . 7. Manual for Built-Up Roof Systems. Johns-Manvilie, Ken-Caryl Ranch, ' Denver, 00. 1982. 8. Telecon. Walter Straub, District Engineer, Johns-Manville Corporation, Oakbrook, IL, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, April 30, 1982. ' 9. Asbestos Information Association/North America. Comments on Draft Final Report, Asbestos'Substitute Performance Analysis, prepared by GCA/ * Technology Division for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C. September 30, 1981. 117 Rulemaking on Commercial and InduaCrial Use of Asbestos Fibers, EPA docket No. OTS--61005* February 1980, 11. Hoy, N. et *1. Asbestos Product Test Results, Draft Final Report, prepared by GCA/Technology Division for U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C. February 1980. 12. Telecon. Walter Straub, District Engineer, Johns-ManviHe Corporation, Oakbrook, IL, with Peter Anderson, GCA/Technology Division, March 11, 1982. 13. Submission of test results in letter of May 11, 1982 from James Reis, Director, Asbestos Policy, Johns-Manville Corporation, Denver, CO, to Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division. 14. Telecon. Michael Schaum, Production Planning Manager, Congoleum Industries, Cedarhurst, MD, with SRC, August 1979, as referenced in N. Krusell and D. Cogley, Asbestos Substitute Performance Analysis. Report Prepared by GCA/Technology Division for U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C. February 1982. 15. Carton, R.J. Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Building, Construction and Paper Segment of the Asbestos Manufacturing Point Source Category. NTIS, PB-238-320. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. February 1974. 16. Meylan, W. M . , P. H. Howard, and A. Hanchett. U.S. Asbestos Paper Industry and Substitutes for Asbestos Paper and Asbestos Brake Linings. Draft Report. SRC No. H 4 1 5 --05, Syracuse Research Corporaton. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. September 1979. 17. Telecon. James Reis, Director, Asbestos Policy, Johns-Manville Corp., Denver, CO, with Marc Crant, GCA/Technology Division, March 29, 1982. 18. Telecon. W. Craig Wilson, Vice President, Nicolet/Ambler Division, Ambler, PA, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 30, 1982. 19. Telecon. Theodore Braun, General Manager, B&D Supply Inc., Yeadon, PA, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 20, 1982. 20. Telecon. Gary Hughes, General Manager, New Hudson Corp./Verticarb Division, New Hudson, MI, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, April 5, 1982. 21. Telecon. Albert- Czonka, Manager of Equipment Desig'n, Materials Handling Section, Guardian Industries, Northville, MI, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 29, 1982. 118 r ,,.i^, ,,I.., ,ljt ___________ jir, Crane Wilson __ e^'CCX/Tachnology'Dlviaion, March 29, 1982. 23. TeVecon. ThoTM. Connolly, Jr., Vice President, Janos Industrial ^rcUia30Oni982!naChie' ^ ^ GranC' GCA/T^hnolcgy Division. 24. Telecon. Michael Diamond, Vice Prf>aiH*nf itc c . _ City/,, NY,, wiitchn nMaarrcc uCrraanntt, GGCcAl//TeWchhnolfogy Divisi*oUnp,plyMarCcohrp3' *0, * *1*9*82.Island 25. Telecon. Company Representative, Boulter Plvwood Cm-n -.th Hare Grant, GCA/Tech,,olo8y i i v i . l o " I & i 1 . ^ ! S"e r V U U ' " 26. Telecon. Company Representative, F. D. Sterritt LuTMhAr r r . . . HA. utth Hare Crant, CCA/Tachaolngy Diyi.lon, I p r i l f t 1 ^ ! g,` 27. April 2, 1982. rant GCA/Technology Division, 28. Telecon. James Reis, Director, Asbestos Policy, Johns-Manvilie Corporation, Denver, 00, with Marc Grant, GCA/^chnology D i ^ i o n . April 29. Ambler^ ^ ^ 7 9 ^ M`teri`1`'" Nicolet * * 1 Division, 30. Division nfri T n 1 Parker* 'Technical Director, Colonial Fiber Company, D i v i . l TM . ' t a l S s - M , " * vith Cr" `' GCA/Technology 31. Teiecon. Betty Kallen, Sales Representative, Rogers Corp., Rovers CT with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 23, 1982. ' * 32. MJhnr>Uy0` S ^ f 0" "80^ 1 Engineer. Boise Cascade, Beaver Falls, Y, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 23, 1982. 33. Telecon. Cathleen Blake, Sales Representatave, B&D Supply Inc., Yeadon , with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 18, 1982. ' 34. Telecon. Patrick Yoder, Sales Representative, Nicolet Inc., Ambler Division, Ambler, PA, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, March 26, 35. T* ! r r ? 0r8C ^ * 8ler' Sales Representative, Rhopac Inc., Skokie, IL, with Marc Crant, GCA/Technology Division, March 18, 1982. 36. Telecon. Emily Chris, Sales Representative, Arcy Manufacturing Company 1982* CW Yrk' NY' Wlth Grant* CCA/Technology Division, March 18, 119 38. Telecon. Brian Thomas, Engineer, Manning Paper Division, Hammermill Paper Co., Troy, N.Y., with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, April 8, 1982. 39. Telecon. Charles Wilmore, Division Staff Executive of Insulating Materials Division, National Electrical Manufacturing Association, Washington, D.C., with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division, April 12, 40. Telecon. Anthony Coiro, Safety Engineer, Facile Division, Sun Chemical ) Corp., Patterson, NJ, with Marc Grant, GCA/Technology Division. April 12, 1982. ) ) 120. SECTION 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION This study was conducted to profile secondary processing and end use activities routinely performed on certain asbestos-containing products and to provide an analysis of the potential for asbestos fiber release during the performance of such activities. Product category profiles presented.were developed to provide information necessary to identify candidate products to be tested under future monitoring programs sponsored by EPA. Products to be tested are those for which airborne asbestos fiber monitoring data are insufficient or nonexistent. Fiber concentration data presented were obtained from technical reports, trade journals, and interviews with government agencies and industry representatives. Table 27 lists each product category investigated and presents all monitoring data compiled for the products. Table 28 summarizes, by asbestos product type, the number of monitoring studies cited in this report. Many of the studies have been performed on products that are suspected to release high fiber concentrations based on their chemical and physical composition and how they are acted upon, or on products having widespread use. The quantity and quality of the monitoring data presented vary greatly between product categories and products within each category. Measured fiber concentrations also vary among tests performed on similar products. These latter variances are attributable to monitoring in a laboratory glove box versus monitoring in a well-ventilated room or out of doors; employing dust control measures during some tests but not during others; differences in sampling location and analytical techniques; and differences in product composition. Consequently, meaningful comparative analysis of the test results is restricted. Based on Che data compiled, a combination of the following three factors will affect fiber release from asbestos-containing products: chemical composition (asbestos and binder content), physical composition (structural integrity), and intensity of mechanical disruption applied during handling (field fabrication, installation, and removal). Dispersal of dust generated . during product handling depends on the magnitude of the propellant force created by the tools or method of operation used. Actual fiber release to the ambient air, however, is governed by the presence or absence of control equipment or recommended work practices and their effectiveness in minimizing fiber release at the point of contact during mechanical disruption. 121 . P TABLE 27. m e a s u r e d a i r b o r n e f i b e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s RESULTING f r o m s e c o n d a r y p r o c e s s i n g and end use product testing activities Ijb ta to a pr*4wct la te a ta a - ta ttrt ita a t 1 ta W e .t.. rr i- c t Plat ahaat A c tiT itf p .r(.r ~ d Drill (cor# Is* 0.44 ca (0.11 In.) thick fiat ahaat rilliag holaa (lil) Sawing (l*.J otara) kaboatoa-eaaaat board ((lot abaat) lawtfll with elftnUr aw (crbl4* blade) talng. drilling, aad a c r o lllo g (a a V n taw) fib e r t r e t io ititmh 1.1 (2.1) B i u of (at* ltt D u tttio of a c tla ity / a a a p lla g (1) 1 1*11 4 <l.t> 4.4-12.1 1*01 4.1 (10.2-14.1) 1*1.0 1*01 1 (210. 0.1 it;*-i*oo 40 0.0 ltK-1100 40 0.04 1*7 12 0.11 1*7* ' 17 km alyt le a l a cth o d ta f. M10SM Hetbod* (SlM/SDlft)* MIDI* Mathod (gtH/EDOl) MI0IM Method (SCM/IDI1) MIOOM Mathod (SiM/EDSB) ' nun cMtmt (h u m 4) fhin cootraat (tMUMf) Pbaao coatraat T attin g p trlo raad ia g lo w bo a. O * 1j l i b a r a J>1 '-m l a le n g th c o u a til, even baa a a a ly c e d a g in g MM. Teetlag f ir la ia a l ia g loaa boa. O a lr H b - a r a > i vm l a la a g tb counted, aaaa baa a a a ly ie d aaiog SO*, l a i a i a a two r o p e t i- tlo a a la gloaa boa. O n ly fib a r a a la la a g tb c o u a la ii aaaa w baa a n a ly a e d u a la g S*M. T a a tia g p a rlo ia a l la g lo a a b oa. O nly f ib a r a >1 a i a l a a g t b t m i a i , aaa a wbaa a n a ly a e d a a ia g t u t . D r i l l v lt b d u et p lck u y abroad. Saw a t equipped w ith d u a l pickup brood th a t t o t a lly a n c lo ta d a tao a ry b lad a. Saw waa equipped w itb d u a l pickup abroad th a t anted to p Mi I f ia k H tr* ( ilt a r a d aacuua c la a a a r. Powar to o la wara equipped w ith dual p ick u p ahrouda th a t g a te d t o a Ml 11ia k M2 Pit f i l t a r a d a a c u u a c la a a a r. (co atla u a d ) 122 TABLE 27 (continued) A aW atoa product c k i t c i product A c t iv it y performed Maaaurad f iW r conca* (ra tio (l/ e u J ) Dac of ta a ta Durat to of a c tiv ity / . H i * tiu ( . 1. ) A aalyt ica t atbod Co-- a t a Ut. # W et (continued) Corrugated a W e t G r in d in g t o c u t a t a c k o f |l eW a tin g io oya a ir 'l 0 .4 to G rin ding to cu t W a tlo g | Hi la roof J1 1900 HD Fbaaa co o traat T eatiag parfonaad t outdoor oo jo b a ita * Aaauoed oo duat co otrola uaad. 1 flo o r la i product* (u c ttd ia g (iM r ia t ( I t i h ick i n coord under V itfl^ a tW it flo o r til. cut C rlW ' ! Bnak D rill flo o rin g ro ueva|t rip p ing r til 0 0 ( 0 . S> 0 0 0 . 02-0 .1 it i* * i mi i* 1*00 s 3 i i us IDfM N at bod H10IN N at bod d u /io n ) HIOfM Hatbod B>fH Hatbod n a/u n T .ctta c cria ra is i giovo boa. T aatiag parfaruad io i g io va boa. O uly fib * a ra _3 ^a i o l a i ^ t b counted, a n a bao ana|yrad uaiog SEN. T aatiag p a r ioruad io 1 gio va boa. T a ttic a parfonaad io I g iova boa. M onitoring parfonaad s during a ctu a l flo o rin g rco oval. Aneulta ara ora in d ica tiva of la v a la aaarby the workplace than tboaa a c tu a lly aapariancad flooring roooval by n a a iflia i t . 1- 1 .1 1*70-1*71 20 by th e w o rk er. fbaaa co a tra at Sio u latad ta a tiim in 4 laborato ry chaahar 3 al. 7a2.l atara 1 w ith four a ir ebangaa/br. b a it aandar w ith coaraa flo o r t llo 0.002 to 0.042 1*7* paper uaad. 110 t . 41* fbaaa co otraat H o aito riag occurred 1 in aa o ffic e ta ttin g ; the oraaa aaouinad vara 'a photocopy lag ro e* nod a anack bop. (c n tM < ) 123 TABLE 27 (continued) i a M i t e i product category le beato# product k t i v l t f performed Heaaured fib e r COOCtl* C ro c io <*/*> Dato o f Coat* Ouracioo of ccivicy / voglio t Loo (n ln ) A n a lytica l ooC bod C oaaiata flo o rin g product* (c o n tin u e d ) fla y l'**abe*te* flo o r tilo flo o r co va rlo in ta n a n e # N o p p io 0 .1 3 ) to 0 .1 9 ) 1919 13 t o 21 fbo*o coot root A c t iv it y uaa per formed oo flo o r t l l a * lo c a te d io pboto- co p y io * room and * I Duff la 0 .0 0 to 0.092 1919 I I Co 30 fha* contract aoacb chop* A c t iv it y uaa per form ed o* f l o o r Cftloo located ie photo co p y i a room and aoacb abop. Com puto r a o a l by recomma a d ad p r o c e d u to * * 0.042 to 0 .14? |9?9 123 t o 134 fb i*o co n tra ct T eat in uaa performed in la u n d ry room, ponder room, e lo a e t, and h a llu a y of a p r i v a t e home. lo c to llo tlo o by rrco vM vd rd procedure# 0.001 to 0 .24? 1919 220 t o 232 Pbaao co n tra ct T ile a , precoated u itb adbeaive. vero ia a t a lle d io laundry 124 room, po vdar room, e l o a e t . and h a llu a y o f a p r i v a t e home* lo c to llo tlo o by rocoaaooodod p ro ce d u to * 0.092 to 0.104 1919 I I ) Co 114 fbo*o co o tro a t T e a tio uaa p e r formed io baaameot aad am atl u t i l i t y room o f p r i v a t e home. Old t i l * p ro p *r*tio o fa r 0 .0 m u ia a ta lla tio e 1919 10 ni Prep aratio n include e t r ip p io g and dry ooppio of o ld t i l a u rta ce . Com pleta n a o v i l by * M tb o d tbo t dovlotoa fro rocomaeaded procoduro* 0.133 to 0.303 197f 00 fh**o co n tract D ry a c ra p io end aweeping occu rred d u rio rem oval. l a a t a l l a t i o o by racommended p ro ce d u to * 0.041 to 0.199 1979 43 fboo* c o o tr* * t lelf- ed b erio tile a I were ia a ta lla d fo llo u in ataodard work procadurva. Author# poatulata th at lib a r lavala recorded rveultad from f ib e r re le e a a d o ria preceda rem oval opairatioa. (caatlowed) TABLE 27 (continued) riM tlas "*<** (c M tla u a i) C M tlag a a i u liill tila llo o r baalM lag t r a f f i c 1110 fW o t r ia f l flo o rla g b a c U f v illa aabaatoa flaairlag f a it iM ta lla tla a . 0.0 to 1.02 1 )7 0 - 1 )7 ) rartla i rvaoval if n e w a i a i ftocafaraa* Coaaplata ra a o v a l by n c a a a a la i ^ tocaiutaa OoH^lata ra a o va l by n c u a a a fa i fta c a fa ia i C o aflata roaovai Hoar la ya r raaoval Dry acraplag o f (lo o rla g (a lt Wat a cra p la t o f f l r l fa it 0.190 to o .to t 0. to 0.402 0.049 to 0.100 0.004 to 0 . 21 11 *.0000 ttoc *1 .1" 7 0.* M 1 )7 ) 1 )7 ) 1 )7 ) 1 )7 ) 1 )7 ) 1 )7 ) M to 17) 44 t o 01 m to t i l 7* t o 70 70 t o 7 ) 40 to 01 )) T r lk u tlllB l l c t f o i & icroK t f f (T H ) Photo co o tro o t Phooo c o o tro o t photo co o tro o t Phooo c o o tro o t Phooo c o o tro o t Phooo c o o tro o t S a a p lin t o tcu ttd at (our s it ia o ffic e b u ilC in c co ataiaiog 5,*00 ' of ia ly H b rito a ( c k jr e it lll) ' f l o o r t i l o . Ho boato flb o r >] no ia U|lH won o k i t m l . to a ta lla tio a coraraO fo u r a d h a rio aod ooo oonadhoriitg p p tle itio ci. l U t t r lt l reo*J bad booo *db< nd to kH o orifti* t u t o r i a l r t a o w i hod boon id h c rtd to u b (lo o rin t t u t o r i a l r o *d bod not boon odborod to u b flo o tin g , n o t a r i a l rooovod hod boon odhorod to o ublo o tin g . H o t o r i o l renoved had boon odhorod to o ubflooriog* H o t o r i o l rooovod hod boon odhorod to o b !lo o rin t* ifta r< n l l* i a a |b a lllc roof c a a tla g a Cutback a a fb a lt S p ra y la g 0.001 t . 0. 1) 1 )7 * h i to O il rtaaaa e o a tr a a t (a a a a a i) Pofeont oolght o( obootoo oo opropod rooftod fro o 5. to 7a 7, o f t o r C o r in t 9 7 to I M porcoot ObOOtOOa (cootloood) X J TABLE 27 (continued) ia b o t M product rntegory JU b a .t . rra4<nt k tltltf Measured f bar cooccnt radon tf/m *) Data of to e ta D urtioo of a ctiv ity / t n f llit t Ima (m in) A n a lytica l method C lM K itl ll -1 C M tlifi n i m l n i i iip k a ll- m ltln (c o r in ti) 0.01 to t o t o .io it m 0 .3 phase c o n tra s t N r t t o t w ti|tit of I) ia b i(o a i aprayed ve 1. 0, a fte r cu rie 5.1 f ic o t eabeato s. 1 h l l t i r m (l | 1 T e a r- o ff T ear-o ff ad rapioce ( . > 0.1 to 117* t 0 .4 0.0 to 1074.1070 m 0 .3 Phase co n tra st N o aito rio g perforate U IlH W l) la In d la M . phase c o n tra c t lto ilo (Q | perforate I) (assum ed) i s Penney Ir c e le ad Ladite*. I n a p p lic a ti*. ( M U f ) ' 0.0 to 0. 1074,1070, 1070 Phase co n tra st N oeito rteg perforate I) (llim ii) i e t f ie c o e a ln . Celo** rado aa4 la d ie o a . 126 ala c a a t l . . t k lp c . t l a c kp aptap a p p lica ti** 0.1 1074 Dtp Ja c k ( M t l a l kp aprap a p p lica ilo a a 0.0 to 0.1 1074 C o a ti. pipa l . t . r i . r a aprap a p p l i c a t i . . 0.1 1074 f lh e r g ln aa pip e KfC (m endrnl co e tln g ) 0.1 to 0 .4 1074 0 t . 11 11 t . 11 17 14 t . 11 Phase co n tra st (stem m ed) phasa c o n tra c t (aaam aO ) Phaa. caattaat (aaaw n.0 ) Phase co n tra ct (ataw nsd) Oper*Cor p ta fiB i I) out e le o aod under * hip w ith asbeatoe- co n ta in in g eposy re a io . Percent ebeetoe e aprayed 1.5. O p era to r spraying I) dock U h ao cebo etoe-coot d o in g epoxy and c e t i t a r i x t u r e . Ooe p e rc e n t a b e a to e e# a p ra y e d . O p erator praying 13 i n t e r i o r o f M , 13 and 30 cm d i e a e t e r p ip e * w ith an eabeato#-< ootaiolng (1 p e rc e n t) epoxy and c o a l ta r a ix tu r e . O p e ra to r* M onitored 13 wore in vo lved in running autom atic prey an ch in e aod w iping m andrel. A 1*4 p e rcen t eabcetoe chem ical re e io ta n t c e s io waa spray- rrii.4. (tn tlM i) s> *a> J* TABLE 27 (continued) Aabaatoa proda c t category A o k o .c.o A c t iv it y performed Heaawrad f aber conreo- < l/ e .J > Data a t tanca act iv ity / opting tia n (a ia ) ' A aalytLeal e tbod Co--ra te lf. 13 A 4 . . 1 . coot logo S h ip c o a tin g below 0 .0 to 1*74 2 ) t . 4* Pfceaa c o a t r a a t C beoical rv a ia te o t Coatloga u r f a a a la o ta w a te rlin e (apray 0 .4 (.m a il) re a ia c o n ta in in g 0.7 (cao tio o ad ) ap p licatio n ) parcaac aabaatoa appiied. r o t a t iw 4114lo* 0 .0 t . 1 * 7 4 ,1 *7 7 S t . 14 fb iM coatraat Alkyd m a in coot a lo - il ' a n te rio r (co a a rcia l) 0 .0 4 (a iiiia td ) iaft 4 p a rca o t aebea- to a o r v l o y 1- a e r y i i c la to a c o a to la la g 0.4 percent aabaatoa r . i a t i .0 to iM lo c Itttrl (eoaaorcl.l) 0.0) ta H I) O .O i a p p lied . 2) Phaaa c o a tra a t io yI- c ryIic I te a (a a a a a a l) co n tain in g 0 .4 prcnt aabaatoa W a ll aa4 m l a p r a jla f 0.0 t# 1H 0.1 12 t a IS a p p lie d . nuaa coatraat O p erato r a p rayiag 13 (aaaiaaaC) 2 .1 t o 3a 7 p e r c a o t aabaatoa v in y l la ta on v e r t i c a l v a l i p a n a i. laol apra;la 0.0 1074 14 ta 20 Ffcaaa coat (aoaiaol) O perator aprayiag 13 0.7 p arcao t aabaatoa a c ry lic le te a . oat HTC - a p ra p ta g aurlaca c o a tti . 0.0 ta 0.4 1*72, U74. 197S 4 ta SS rfcaaa coatraat (a a a u a o t) O perator ap rayiag 1J 0. ) parcaot aabaatoa g en era! purpoee p o lyaatar ra tio . S e w i^ pipa coated w ith po lyaatar ra tio 0.04 to 0.1 1473 14 ta 44 rtiaaa coo (aeeuoed) O p erator taw ing r e - 13 lo fo rcad fib e r g laee pipe coated w itb p o lyeater ra tio con ta in in g 2 to 3 p er cent aabcatoa. Naaiaiailai intarlar Wilding peonia 0.0 to 1471 0 .3 11 t a 14 rtuea coo (aiavaad) O p arato r handaanding 13 paoal aurfeces covered w ith v in y l la tan p a lo t co ntain- log 1.1 p arcao t a a b aa to a . (caotiooad) \ TABLE 27 (continued) A iU it o i product c a ttg o rp Coatta I (c o a tta o a ) A * W U i product c o a tta so*"!4 i i y n l l I o f min i (It4? t) - V a t.r a la lia (T o a ll coa^ouol (Ita ly I) Ic t ia it y ya rlo ta tt food b la a tio g high p e r fo r --a oce e a t e r i o r co ating A pp licatio n M isto* ' (d ry powdar) M iaio* . (p ra ~ n is) llend aan d ln * fs la a a a ila i m ia a a o lla i Swooping Sweepieg ry a la la ! ( O . t ta 1 .) ) Baal ta a ll* . ( 0 . * t a 1 .1 ad H aaaaral llW r c o o c to tra tta . ( f / c 5) 0.2 to 0 .2 Data o ( ta a te t ill D o tatioa o( a c tla ity / a o f liil tlo a (o ia ) A o a lytic a l ootol 5 te 2? Pfeeae c o o t r a e t ( ._ !> 0.4 to 1. ) 0.0 to 12.4 1.2 to 5 .2 2.1 to 24.2 1.2 to 10.1 1.2 to 10.0 4.0 to 24.5 lt.S t . IS .! IS .! t . Sf.O IS S I It? V IS IT 1111 1 S IV IS 7 I invisi? IST I 1 S IV IS II IS T I 1* 1! i* t . !S 10 to 12 4 to 5 10 t o SO tO to )S 4 to 21 * t . so 10 l a 20 Ml 1.3 * 1ST! MB 1! . * C oaaoll iti. O y a r a t o r a a n d b l i i t t l 1) I I M t r d i a a c t t r bp ?.4 M t< r high ateel took prop touted i | 1 M v i t i i 2t per- co atlo g . Co-- a f f i l i o p a r a tlo a . H M a id a a tla l a ttia |. U Co--M f t i i l o p e ra tio n . 14 la a id a a tla l a a ttia |. 14 b a ld a a tia l a a tti^ . 14 C o M f f i a l o p e ra tio n . 14 b a U a a t ia l eettin t 14 Co-- o r c i a i o p e ra tio n . 14 Co-- o r c i a i o p e ra tio n . 1) F ib e r ran ** reported in not lean beck" grouod le v a la , which ( o r th e aa-- room ranged ( ro a 0 .5 to 11.1 (/to3. Co-- e r c i a l o p e ra tio n . 1) F ib e r range reported i t not leoo back* ground le c t io which (err th e none row reaged (ro -- 2.1 to 1.} l/caJ. (continued) 128 i * ! 129 TABLE 27 (continued) /UUh m product c a te g o ry habeetoe produce k l i v l t f perform ed Coat inga a*4 o a a ln a ta (c o a tl-- ad) t W ater ao lu b la baatd d r p n l l (Study ) gypaar* conpouad P o lt (0 .9 aanding to I. 3 a) fu taping flo o r 0 . 0 t o 13 a ) T u tlU . l ik iilo i l. k u ia b; M t- rro o .ia t ttc b a lfH Secondary p ro ctta ln g of clo tb A a b a tta a c l o t b made bp v a t~ p r o c e e e la g te c h n iq u e U n ro llin g , m aaauring, cu ttin g v itb tcia a o ra and (a id in g o ( c lo t h rin p ro o f c l.tk la W earing a ab tato a l i r a proofing clo th in g (u n treated a a a ta rla l) Steel n ill- *Slaat furnnen workera ftoephorue p la n t* ta d u c tio n fum nen Ik a iu rt^ I ibor cooccr* tra tlo o ( I / 1) i.i t. i * .j 41.4 (m i .) 0 .A 4 . 0 .9 0 O .M . 0. I I Oatc ( (M tl D uratioo of a e liv it;/ a n g lin g tIm ( ( ) A n a lytica l uatbod 13)4 n pkaaa c o n tra c t 1*74 m 1*72 1*71 n fbaaa c o a tra a t n lc ro a c o p y a n a lytic at Phaaa c o a tra a t a ic ro a c o p y a n a lytic Co-- BOt < Co-- rr > 1 ofantioD. F ib e r rang* reported I* not l* f# back* ground l a v t l i , ohicb ( o r t h a a a-- ro o u ranged (ro a J . ) to t * . i I / c 1. O ut Co h a a vy lo a d in g d u rin g tv a c p ifg , l a a p l i c g o c c u r r e d 13 n i n u l t t a l t a r aweepiog topped. A lta r 33 a i n u t e e , t b a o e a urtd lib o r le ve l vea 2 i.A l/ c o *. V a lu ta reported a rt ( o r an a r t a and pera o aal aa n p le , reapeetIv e ly . S p e c ific about a c t t it it per* form ed n o t re p o rte d V a lu ta ra p o rttd a rt lo r an a r t a and p erao n a! aan p le, re e p e c tiv c ly . 0. 3-5.0 (TWA 0.1 t . 1. 1) *.*-1 4 .2 (TV * 4 .7 ) 1*73 1*7 32 (m n |i) 35 , (> n iH < ) Phaaa c o n tra ct Phaaa co n tra c t A ctu al aanpting la p lan t. A c tu a l eanp ling in p la n t. TABLE 27 (continued) A Mseeurnd fib e r D u rtioo of act v ity / iUatM product e(|*r7 Asbestos product *t l . i t y r t l < n < i concen t r t ion itUmh Onto o f teate sn arlin g tia s U in l A n a lytica l netbod CoMita lf. 130 T u t U t l (C M tl> IM 4 ) l f ir e f ig h t in g ha lo o ts I Haw b e ln n t w ith Novel fire fig h tin g u o llo o d aaboatos clo th cover persoone1 w earing b. Im U O ld h e ln et w ith IU ..I fit.fl.h tii u a llo a d eaboetos personne 1 w earing , clo th cover b eln ete b l M t ith l i a i - Novel fire fig h tin g s ite d (etna personnel w earing e s te r k a ln li Aebostoe g lo w s r u t t ii oa, k a u i l i i hot trap taking o ff ta ttla g on. hand ling bet tra p , taking o ff i.i I.M A 0.* } t . 1.31 0.07 t . 0.* ! B t l ( ( l . M . 1. l a t . r a t .1 7 0. 0 t . I.M C a ik a ti a ai U n treated lagging clo th Hood c v t t i a g A p p lic a tle o / ia e ts lis t Ion . Coopreanod asbestos sheet gaekete Storage fa r receip t and issu e 0.01 to 0. 0) 0.00 to 0 .0 4 <0 .0 1 t o 0 .0 5 itn 22.4 Share co n tra st II 1*71 10. Shea# c o a tr s s t II 1*71 10. s II lfit I* l i i NR NR 1*70 <10 10 10 NR NR . 0 t . I l l N IO S i Method N10SN Method N10SN Method Microscopy (s s s u n e d ) Shase c o e tra s t M icroacopy (enslaved) Phone c o n tra s t Range ( f ib e r U n i t I I o a ito n i is n B t t m lio U t io a cluaber (g lo ve bos). b a g of lib e r levels II M onitored is w elt v o s t ilo t e d biotogjr p re p a ra tio t roo. liflgt tSCOMpAMtS breathing aooe aod work area. kaoge of fiber levels II Monitored during nor* el use in university laboratories, te n g e tocoupesses breathing tone end work area. Specifics about 20 Mooltoring not provided. Sp e c ifica about 20 Monitoring not p ro vided. # Housekeeping* per- 21 f o m e d v Monitoring conducted voder actus I work c o o d t t loos. TABLE 27 (continued) M easured D u rstlo u of lib e r a c tiv ity / c oncea- f iia i le(. A tra tio D ata a ( tia a A n a ly tic a l i i U t t M product A c t iv it y p erfu m ed (f/ cn ) ta a ta C l ) a tb o d CoMMlt | c a te g o ry A sbestos product TEI C aab ata and e e c k l e (c M tlB M ll C o ^ reeeed asb estos b aat bata lt* m l.r o h 1**4 p * * c h li| 0.01 t . 0 .1 1 1.00 1* 7* 1*7 .*4 p u c k ta g .*4 * f * r . t * 4 a > c k .a lc *l fu acklag N ack i** p n e k ia g * <0.01 t * 0 .1 ) <0.01 s.o 1*70 1*70 1*70 lU c k lH piacklag M aeklM paacklag I .*4 i b f l a i U ckl*. abaariag M achi* a k a .ria g <0.01 t * 0 .1 <0.01 t * 0 .0 1*70 1*70 <0.01 t . 0 .) 0 .1 I * 1 .) 0 .0 ) t* 0 .1 ) 1*7 1*7* 1*7* f ? t o 111 n 3 U 31 30 MB 20 t a 30 23 t o 31 1 t o 31 4 31 t o 30 rvaaa co n trast pbasa c o n tra s t Phase e n t t a a t M ia ia c o n tra s t ftu i contrast Mu m c o n tra st Oho c o a t m t Phai ptiean c o a t r a a t Mu m c o a tra a t Mo c o n t r o l . M o n i t o r ia l cooducted under a c tu a l work co n d itio n s* Mo c o n t r o l . M o n i to rin g cooducted under a c tu a l work co a d itio n s. H o usekeeping. M o n ito rin g conducted under a c tu a l work co n d itio n s. No c o n tr o l* M o n i to rin g conducted under a c tu a l work co n d itio n s. Mo c o n t r o l * M o n i to rin g conducted under a c tu a l w ork co n d itio n s. H o usekeeping . M o n ito rin g conducted under a c tu a l work co n d itio n s. Housekeeping end ven t l i s t io n .*1 M o n ito rin g conducted under a c tu a l work co o d it io o s. Mo c o n t r o l . M o n i to rin g conducted under a c tu a l work co n d itio n s. Mo c o n t r o l . H o n i to r ic ^ conducted under a c tu a l work co n d itio n s. H ousekeeping* M o n ito rin g conducted under a c tu a l work c o n d lt Iona* 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 TABLE 27 (continued) HaaauraC lib a r coactaC ra tio . ( l / e . 1) Data ef to a to C s k a ta u 4 pacblaga (ca a tlau aO i Caf w n V a ib a a t o * ahaat | u U t i H ackiM a ib b lla g . Kacblaa a ib b lla g <o.ot to o .u 0.01 to 0 . !*? 10?* la a ta U a tlo a ( fla a |t _ |u U t ' <0.01 19( h a o a il aa( eoacurraat la a ta lla tia a (k a ila r baagar g a .b .ta ) Claaa-up ta Ilo w la g n a o t l l bp k a a i a c r a p la g 0.02 to O .S <0.01 l a H t t l aa4 haa t scra p la c <0.04 to 0. 29 I9 ?i 1971 197* aaaval aa4 v i t a b n iahlag <0.0J to 0 .M 1971 CoapnaaaC aabaataa ahaat gaakata Paacb praaa a p a ra tia a h m r abaar a p a ra tia a 0.04 t a 0 .4 ? 1910 0 .1 ? _ |9 (0 D u r a t io a a< act i.llp / *>! 1ag lia a ta la ) A a alp tW al ethod CooMoato I (. 9 24 t o n M J l t a 91 11 t a 1? 11 t a I t 2 ) to 11 0 to m it* Photo c o o tre e t phoao co o tro o t Photo co otroo t Photo co o tro o t photo co o tro o t Photo co o tro o t Pib ere M r c o u n te d bp phoao c o o tro o t v ith ru t1 v o rific o tio o P ib o rt n r c o u n te d bp photo co o tro o t w it h PLH v o rific o tio o Ho c o n t r o l . H oo i- n to rin g conducted odor t c t u o l work CO O ditloot a H o u to k o o p io ta n M onitoring conducted , uader tctu ol M rk co nd itio n *. No c o n t r o l . H on l- n to r lt^ cooducctd u o d n r t c t u o l cork cood it loo . Housekeeping. M oel- n to rin g conducted under t c t u o l work co o d itio o *. No c o n t r o l . M oni 21 to rin g conducted under tc t u o l work co n d itio n *. ' No c o o t r o l . M oni a to rin g cooducttd u o dnr o c tu o l fork co n d itio n *. M oueekeeplnj. Moni it to rin g conducted co n d itio n *. M o n ito rin g performed 22 n t mojoc g o ik tt ftb - r ie t t o r located in V itco o tio . M o n ito rin g performed u o t o k jo r goakot lob- ric o to r located in V ltco ea ie. (coatiaa.4) i .. Q 1 TABLE 27 (continued) A K.*ur.4 D u r.tia a of I ib r a ctiv ity / product c o c ti* mio* (ra tio Data o f ,ia a A n a lytica l i iW a t s i yro4act Activity parlami (l/c]) ta a ta (1 ) a tb o l < f. Caakata a a l yacktaga (c ta tlta tl) C o a y n t it l aakaatoa akaat gaakata fkoar prvta o ya ra tlo a (m a r a l yrvaa 0.25 to 0.11 0.04 to 0.00 1910 1 *1 0 > 0 t a 74 Fib er M r< countby M o n ito rin g performed 22 at m ajor iik a t fab p lu M contract r ic a t o r lo cated io w i t h PLH V iacon ain . v e rif ic a tIo n 100 ta 1*2 P lb e re worn co u n t4 by M o n ito rio t parformed it a t m ajor gaaket fab w i t h PLH r ic a to r located in V ieco n ein . M ckiag o ya ra tlo a 0.11 0 .1 0 to ttto *1 t o 204 v ri(ic a ti t Fib er# vara co u n t4 by M o n ito rin g parformed 22 a t m ajor gaaket fab pbeae c o n tra c t r ic a to r located la m itb plm V ieco o eia. uui T m k lla g o y a r a t lo a 0.42 to 0 .4 0 1910 v e rific a tio n 17 to 141 F ib er* w tn Counto4 by M o n ito rin g performed 22 a t m ajor gaaket fab pbaaa co n tra ct r ic a t o r located in v l t h PLH tfiaco aain . N a ttria lt h a a d la g 0.11 to 0 .1 4 1M0 v e rific a tio n , *1 t o 214 Fib e r# warn co u n ta 4 by N o o ito rin g performed 22 at m ajor gaakat fab pHaea c o n tra c t r ic a t o r located in v i t h PLH V iaco n ain . M a t yrvaa o ya ra tlo a 0 2 0 .0 1 t o .* 1 **0 52 to 254 v e r ift e a t ion P ib o rc wera c o u n t4 by M o n ito rin g performed 11 a t m ajor gaakat fab pheee co n tra ct r ic a to r located in v ic b PLH V iacon ain . Coayraaaod aabaatoa akaat gaakats M ataa yraaa o ya ra tlo a 0.01 to 0 .1 5 mo v e rific a tio n 41 to 214 Pbaaa co n tract M o n ito rin g performed 1) a t an aabeatoa- o tia g gaaket opar- y lra a llc kaao yraaa 0.02 to 0 .0 3 mo 41 U ,124 a tio o in W iaenniia. M o n it o r in g p e r I trued 1) a t ai^ a a b a a to a * aaiag gaakat oyar- a tio o la W iacoeaia. (cootlauo4) \ TABLE 27 (continued) Aabeatoa product category ^ (co otlaeo d) Jkabattot pepar A i k t i l e i product A c tiv ity porferad C o-,r...^l w .t o . ** U.mt p lc k l. . . . f i a t a i fr a te p ick in g operator laavaa peoeV f r a t i Pack1m * m e ch a n ic a l peckingt lo r fio p a Sim ulated H o ld lo tta lla tlo o Sim ulated rem oval o f pack lo g f ro o pteap C aakott to * packlaga ( lo g ao aral) Out t i n g / p a c k a g i tag B o o llog f a lt S a v in g * lag o ld C u ttin g Ititi a cra p io g , aueeptool a t t r it i. to d la y in g new Haur4 fib e r coocaatra lio a (f/cu *) 0.0* t . 0.09 to 0.11 0.11 <0.1 t o 0.1 <0.1 t o 0.1 0.1 to 0 .5 (m) 0.00 to 0 .0 9 Oat* o f ta a ta MO 19*0 19*0 I9T9 19T9 1979 Ow ratioa of a c tiv ity / cam pling tia a (a ia ) . ' iu lftic a ! oatbod taf* 45 to IT * *1 t o 140 124 1 )5 Piatto c o a tra a t Pkata c o o tra tt Pkata c o o tra tt (a ttu n e d ) Pkata c o o tra tt (aituoal) pkaaa c o o t r a t t (aetuaMtd) sn/con M on itoring p ario m ad t t to aebeetoeaatiam g a a k a t o p e r 11 a t i o n i a W ia c o o a ia . M on itorin g p a rto ro a i t t to aabeatoaucio g gaakat operat lo o lo W iaco o aio . H o o ito rio g performed t t to aebeetoeo tio g gaakat operttio o io W itco o tlo Sim ulate* a c t lv it y uaa p e r fo r a ti io opto b u ild in g and l n- vo lved u n ro llin g , urepping i cu ttin g (la tto o in g v itb a bagnar to t puabiog tha o a c a ria l lo to a pwp. tiaru latad raooval 24 o ccu rrvd io opto b u ild in g d a ta ila o I raooval to t rapo r t ad. C e n a rti lib a r rangea n ara rep orted apa- i l i c a about tbo a c t lv it ie a ooo itorad oot a v a lla t i* froo re fa ro o ca . F ib o r co n cen tratio n ra r* * iocludoa t r a t tod poraonal e m p ite taken du rin g ro o f raoo val tod f a it in a t a lla t ion. (continued) 135 i<Uit<N product cttq a n i Aabeatoe paper ( M tlw *< ) u w .t.. Booling f e lt TABLE 27 (continued) A c t iv it y performed O tti log m i U r i a l f e t t e Cucete, ecrep io g, eueep- la f N roof n o to ria !. O u ttia g od l a f l a f m w ( a lta ' A illlil n 4 U ria * ( Ita C u t tia t aa4 U r i a f a t t a la u ta , la 14 C u ttia fa tta aera rla, a m a r roof a a ta ria t* aa4 la r ia a ra taw lt^ r In f o li C U C ti^ fa tta ecrap io g , weeproof a a t a r la l. and t a f i n f n e v Aaa cbopplog p rp in g ao4 e c ra p ie g , eueeplng e l i roof Honoured fib e r conteatra tio a (f/c*> 0 .0 0 .0 <0.1 0.1 t . 0 .1 0.1 t . 0 .1 0 .0 CO 0 .1 0.1 to 0 .4 fiata a i ta * ta 1474 un IDI un tm un 117* D u ritio a of a ctivit)r/ pilaf ( m U ia ) A n a lytica l M tbo4 m ffcaee co o c ra se m Pkaea co otroo t too Fbaee c o o tra a t Ito Fbaee c o o tra a t 71-110 Pheia co o traa t K> Fhaaa co o tra a t 10-11 Fhaee c o o tra a t C o la ta P i N r c o o c a a t r a t io a 24 0 .0 f/ cn * reported f o r ) a re a and 2 p a ra o o a t plea taken du ring f e lt 2 i a a t a l l e t Io n . Fib e r co ocentretioo i 0 .0 f/ca^ reported f o r 4 a re a and 4 p e rso n a l eanplee taken d a rio f roof rvn o val and fe te 24 i n e t a l i a t i o n . A rea end pereonat aaap lee taken durin g 24 f e l t l o o t a t t a t io n . F ib e r co n cen tratio n ran fa includ e area aod pereonat anplee taken d u rin g f e lt 24 i n a t a l l e t lo o . F ib e r conceal rat ion range includ e area and pereon at eanptee taken du ring roof ren o vat aod f e lt 24 i n a t a l l e t io n . F ib e r co ocentretioo range in clud e* area and p e reo n at eaoplee takao du ring roof ren ova 1 anu t e lt 24 i o e t a t l e t io n . Fib o r concent ratiu n range in clu d e* ei.*j and pereon at anplee taken du ring roof re n o v a t. (C M tlM tl) A TABLE 27 (continued) ta f. no4ct ktl.itr f iiUftti Mrr (co ttia u t^ io.(l^ i.it f ib e r c o n c e n tr t lo o e.lH " rat^ e In clu d o * are a and p o r to m i e aap le a ta k e n d u rin e f e lt io n C u d 1m . . 4 f i * ( * U 0.1 to 0 . 2b I n a t a l l a t io n . f ib e r c o n c e n tr tio e ranca in clu d o are a and p arao n al a an p la a taken d u rin e f a it in a t a lla t io n . 0.1 to IO T I HI phase co n tra a t fik o r co n ce n tra tio n 24 Cute l a * * I * ! * * 1,11 rane* in clu d e s a ra a 0 .3 and p a ra o n a l a a n p la a ta k e n d u rin e f a it in a ta lla tIo n . G toso to iiwnt//etoonn K l ll f c o . N ico re _ Saw 9 .4 IM O 1 .4 4 .2 1990 lu t/ co n 10 10 Ta at in f perform ed in g io va boa. T a a tlo g p arfo m o d In g io va boa. T o o tin g perform ed In g io va boa* .cow l.nr rro c .a .l* 0 .2 m Kft Phase e o n tra a t A aaanblp In v o lv in g aaauoad p la ca ta n e of punched I Ilb o a rd rin g * on taat an d rete to fo n t tra o e lo r ro lla ta IlM t r lc .l W .u l.tln paper and b o a rd *) t i f i l a " i * . (> r package o p erator m o <0.014 4) r iu .l co titr.a t u lte f r o o n i- 28 to rin g e le c t r ic a l o a u la t ing pepar product M o u ltC " t u r d by t J J i o ' T Paper ack ln e rewind o perato r 0*009 c th ic k paper <0.004 1*00 171 21 C o r p o r a t i o n , k titflti fra on* to e in g e le c t r ic a l l a iv iit lid paper p roduct* aoufa c I t o r e d by Q tin - T C o rp o ratio n * (continued) * ... ti o < ' ^ TABLE 27 (continued) A l d i t o l product ct|r7 A ih M o i popar (co otio utd) i l A t r i t o product A ctiv ity y t t l a w i K la c tric a l lo au latio g papar aod io a r t i * Ppr u c h U t n i 4 o f c t a t s r , 0.04 ca tk ic k paper NM ur4 ii b t r coac*** tritio (/ > ) <0*008 Date o l ta n ta 1000 N llIk o .H co ttar o p .r.to r Q .04 c a t k ic k p a ya r < 0 .0 0 ) 1000 . . VlaA iog o p arato r. 0.01 ca tk ic k papar t l i t t i ^ oparator, 0 .0 J aa tk ick papar <0.000 1000 <0.000 10 00 1 . i i ! I, U tk la a d a r , kaaA aa* oparator UpktaaA ar, a lit t a r operator C a li e a tta r oparator 1 1 .) 0 .1 ) 1070 1070 0.004 KD (cootlouod) D u ratio of a c tiv ity / aap llkt tM Uu> iu lfilc a l M tM C o m M o ta 111 141 00 00 M 41 110 Ffcaaa c o a t r e a t Pkaaa co a tra at rhiaa co a tra at . fcaaulta t roa a o a ito rin g la c tc ic a t M u li t i l papar product m anufac tu rad by Qoi-T C o rporatio n. i u l t i (rom o a i* to rio a la c tric a l lo a u la tn papar producto m anufac tu rad by Qui*T C o rporatlo o. K a a u lta fro n m oni to rio a ia c tr ic a l in a u la tlo c papar producto m anufac tu ra d by Quio-T Corporat ioo. t a a u lt a from o o ito rio a la c tr ic a l in a u la tio f papar product# ao ufac* tu ra d by Qul-T Corporat ioo. ftaforcDca c it a ra la a a a aa caraira. K a a u lta from m oni to rin g a la c tr ic a l it u u lit in t papar product# nanufact u r a d by Quio-T C orporat ion . anu lta (ro n m oni to rio a la c tric a l la a u ta tio papar product# m anufac tu ra d by Quio-T C o rporatio o. ut. 28 28 21 28 21 28 28 A TABLE 27 (continued) i k i t o i product c o ta # o ry i i l M i t o i produce A c t i v i t y performed fib e r OKI* tr a i io I I / 1) D ate o f te s to O u ro tio o of a c tiv ity / p iii| t M ( in) A nalyc ic a l Mlhof CoOMOt ' it:, r.r pop (c n tla H ) l c e r t e l i l i . u l . t l i e p.pr n l k o H l C o ll c u t t ir o n n u r lemm p i p i r c u t t i r emt t i l l c u t t i r u t e n c o ir, v io lile a> U lu lile T irita r, 0.001 cu t h ic k p ip a r d it t ile o p iritir, 0.00 cu th ic k p ip a r 0.011 <0. 00 lJt <0.011 1979 <0.00 1979 <0. 00 I9 0 0 . 0 )1 190 94 Icaulta frou uooi- 71 torine ilcctrical ia.ul.tii p ip a r producto M o u fic * t u r a d bjr Q u io - T 91 rtnp C o rp o ra lio o . l a m l t a tr o n aton i - 21 -'3 to rio # e le c t r ic e ) ia iv la t ia i paper producto ae o u fo c- tu re d by Q uio-T M Ha C o rp o ralio o to e u lte (ro o a o a i* to rio # le c t r ic e l io a w la tia # popar 3 7 producto a a n u ia c * q tu ra d by Q uio-T C o rp o ratio o j (7 hall c o a t n it t a a u lt o fro o m oni- 21 to rio # o lo c t r ic a l el io a u lo tin # popar p ro d u cto m eoufec- 3 tu ro d by Q uio-T 90 n>ii C o rp o ro tio o . R e o u lte (ro a o o i- 2 to rio # a la c t r ic o l in a u la tio # popar prod ucta o o o u fa c tu ra d by Q uio-T i] 90 rhii C orporot io o . R e s u lte (r o a m oni- "3 2S to rin # a la c t r ic o l io a u lo tin # popar producto oo ou fo c- tu ra d by Q uio-T C o rp o ro tlo o . (cMtlMil TABLE 27 (continued) 1 JUkMtoi product category Asbesto# paper ' (c o .tla u .4 ) l 4abasta product A c t i v i t y performed IW c t r ic . l ia M ilftla g paper and boardeJ t t e c t r le a l In su latin g papet-pumcb prase o perato r (T f O il K lo c tric a l In a a la tle g . paper-- ahaar operator ( t t oao). I i M U l c a l l a . u l . t l a t papar-- aaaamMy dapt. H O D , aboar oned o e M KD , w inding t m o p e ra to r Acato h e a v y l a a l v i a l i B i M easured D orado ( fib e r conca** a c tiv ity / pling tratto Dato o f ti A n a lytica l (!/ *) ta a ta (a ia ) a ttlo d let. O .O tT m 0 .M 4 m o.oos m 0 .0 1 1 mo 0.011 t i 0.004 il I 101 110 too a too Pfcaae c o n t r a c t Phase co n tra ct Ptvaee c o n t r a s t I n t u i t e f r o monitarin g e le c tr ic a l in su la tin g paper product a manufac tu re d by Quia-T C o rporalioa. la a u lta Iro n ae> l* tarin g e le c tr ic a l io a u la tia g paper p ro d o tta manufac tu re d by Q ui-T Corporal ion. la a u lt a from monito rin g e le c tr ic a l io s u la tin g paper products manufac tu re d by Qui n-T Corporei io a. la a u lt a from non itarin g e le c tr ic a l in s u la tin g paper producte manufac tu red by Qula-T C o rporal ion* la a u lt a from moni- to ring e le c tr ic a l in au tetin g paper product# manufac tu red by Quia-T Corporal ion. la a u lt a from a o n ito rin g e le c tr ic s ! in su la tin g papar products manufac tu re d by Q uia-T Corporal ion. (to ttim i) ia b t it o i product ca ta fo ry i i M i t e i papar (c a a tla a H ) TABLE 27 (contined) A a k a ito i produe t t| c tllc a l L . - U t l f p a r ood e t iv it p parfor4< " kcw* C P f O W < ****** l a i l a i t a ttood o p a ra to r l^ u ra 0 m o ftfito r H tuu rad (ib r cooc*n~ tra cio ll/ c *) 0.009 Data of C a rta 1919 <0.011 1919 0 .0 )4 0 .0 4 2 1990 O u rtt io o f ` et iv i'? / t m imi*) io a ly tle a l H tM 1 40 111 III PHaaa c o a tra a t Pfcaaa c a s t r a l e p ia si coatraat pfcasa c o a t r a a t acu ita (ro n a o a i* torto o lc c tric a l io s u lc tio papar produci M a u la c * U r t i ip l^ ia - T C o rp o rallo a. t i i u t i i (ro a o o l- Corroe o la c t r ic a t in s la tin papar producto aaaufac** t a r a d fcy <*ti*-T C o rp oratio a. u lta fra a o a l- to rio a la c tr ic a l ( w latio g papar produces uaoufaclu ra d 7 Quio-T Corporat io o . acu ita (re a oo lto rio a la c tr ic a l io au lat i papar *producta aaoufac** t a r a d I p <JuiO" T Corporat io o . la i. H 2f 29 29 ...~ u ............. r r.,. : : r ; r `-- ' ............ . r~"i .-* .u->. -- b-* **-<< ii ,cr*,r ~ .. - i - *- *" - ^ e e . . . - - - * ^ i------ - kT.BtlUtlM - filiti^ loCdl *"* " *" < * .a.... w - - - - >-- M)- . . IVi - IM^Iai|U4-iH(i|a IH). I l - Hot rtp o v id d . " " oi ,,u od t- C td p in * ,*,t- TM 1" 1O . ; d 1 I K , , TABLE 28. NUMERICAL s u m m a r y o f m o n i t o r i n g s t u d i e s PER.ORMED ON ASBESTOS-CONTAINING PRODUCTS Asbestos product category Asbestos product Number of studies^ performed on product (as presented in this report) Asbestos-cement sheet Flat sheet Corrugated sheet Roofing shingles Siding shingles Flooring products Vinyl-asbestos tiles Asphalt-asbestos tiles Sheet vinyl floor covering Coatings and sealants Asphalt or tar--based products Latex or gypsum-based products Textiles Fir and Heat Resistant Firefighting helmets Outer garments Cloves Thermal Insulation Electrical Insulation Gaskets and Packings Friction Materials Materials Gaskets and packings ''Compressed sheet gaskets Asbestos yarn packings Asbestos paper Roofing felt Flooring felt Millboard and rollboard Beater-add gaskets Electrical insulating paper a L o 0 6 o 2 1 2 . 1 1 1A. 2 o 0 0 4 2 2 0 . 1 0 1 aSorae studies investigated fiber release from more than one product. ^Sorae studies may incorporate several test runs. * cComparison monitoring covered under sheet vinyl floor covering. 141 S' !U'J r ^ m r s s r r b,u* -- < * . r Che pniiture of the'"' 1" ' * of t . r i . u k>. " > ,, normal life ,pan. * *re oven { ,, * servi<e* Mechanical di,-,...- ' ?rodu can occur d T WhCh P ^ i e . l i , altera k installation, i n - s e r v i c e r 0" ^ ** proceaaing, fi e ^ f 8*~COnt*nin* ^r^rr ;^ ^ r odii4 uqttrenc'8uacnh the Candarda, theae p r o c e s i ^ ' C COraPly wieh occupaio86!* 8ubsCantial n S b f engineering c o n t r l T t r i ^,-!8"111068 and Coola" rean0lnf1a8be8toa p o ^ e Protection ia acconml k j lB1*e workroom cont.m raally equipped with p - = c v a c i o ; " " r u *h'i * ,, , ct" ^ r : T :r r re8Prrator n i p.r,0 M l >la"'Jba1[aedr` t?d such aa aciasor w ' - r .,,d .... p r o s e a Pfi c o ""J `rilla ro I T Z c ' r',";red- Tl' u.ad r . L . T " *1 alt" 8`i o.' a -y or a, or ba e.pf edCIlof "f ,, o r a . ofr 0^ 0?"" held P ' ^ * ,, < include using power tn,,i to.Blni W e fiber relea.. * tro1 Practicea, which m ?vng the S b r i c a t i ^ with vacuum S!* f rom Cheae activities dispersion and d i l u t n i o from indoors t o ^ u t d o Cllectioa systems, ' ^e^e^for^ieTwh"' ^ ^ ^ the 7 i r " - n T ; u" H erlx ,nd `R S d2 -* " 0= s r . s r 2 -2^ ^ " tigxd phyaical Cructure moitPrUCC5 wil1 ooc release f i s ^ COnaDOn 8enae* application. ne,J e0l,Cc.a8be8toa.Product. a r e " ef 'rs; * to their dynamic p l c k l ^ ^ T i n ^ ^at"reli.'t' ^ direct ~ * - . r ^ . s : ^ r . . f n - u -* 142 Rs mo V A 1 Of u a pn a al. norma H y p rforraed by hand, ' ^ r o T ^ c ' c ^ e Y ^ , end of their service life cribed above under field fabrication and installation, may be aimilarly ins tituted duri-5 product removal. Material wetting followed by controlled energy input can effectively minimize fiber release. Many examples of this are presented in the report but one in particular serves as a good illustration, Dry scraping of residual looring fe#lt durin~gv* au_-b-f-l^oorj'pwvr.fe'pisafrcatta.iWoUntCroesulted in airborne fiber concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 2.17 f/cm3, wvnhee reas wet scraping of the same material resulted in a measured airborne cone entration of 0.48 f/cm3. whon " heneve^ P09lble* asbestos-containing products should be fabricated, when required using hand operated tools instead of power tools. Power tools ,uch ,. c ircular ,,d ..br. ..... drill., ,.0d.r.. ,,,d router. pulv.rC. the product matrix, creating a fine dust. During mechanical disruption the physical cohesiveness of the product matrix is disintegrated to the point therf i f r e~fT a95eBCo" flbr< released. Additionally, the site of the fibers released may be altered (decreased) from their original dimensions. The fine dust generated is easily entrained by the high speed cutting implement of power tools and can remain suspended in the ambient air for long periods of time. Differences in airborne fiber concentrations are also expected between various power tools. For example, material drilling will pulverize the product matrix, generating a fine dust, but the particle propellant force i, somewhat restrained compared to that of a circular saw. Dust generated during drilling tends to accumulate near the drill bit and is not dispersed to any great extent. The cutting action of a circular saw, however, is much more vigorous, providing enough energy input to propel the fine dust generated quite a distance from the point of contact. Because of these factors asbestos product manufacturers and equipment designers recommend the use of power tools equipped with vacuum exhaust dust collection systems. With respect to hand operated tools, engineering controls are not normally used because- these types of tools do not generate fine dust nor do they propel the particles into the ambient air with the same force as power tools. Dust particles generated during the use of hand operated tools are coarser than those generated by power tools. These coarse, comparatively large particles tend to settle rapidly near the operation, minimizing ambient dispersion and residence time. In summary, easily implemented and uncomplicated control practices have been developed by asbestos product manufacturers, industrial.trade associations, and product distributors. These practices have been well publicized and documented in training manuals and product brochures. However, due to a myriad of reasons, they are not always followed. Many times, simply' for convenience, dust control equipment, work practices, and protective equipment will be ignored during asbestos product handling and processing or if established control measures are used, they frequently will be improperly implemented. 143 E COMMEND A T X O H S F O R rirTURZ iraODUC? Airborne asbesco. fiber concentration, resulting from , proceestn anU end use activities routinely or most frequently ?erlrmed on certain asbestos-containing products have been presented in this report. These data will be used inconjunction with population exposure data (both occupational and nonoccupational) and product usage information to prioritize candidate products for testing under future EPA monitoring programs. Following prioritization based these criteria, products selected for initial testing can be further classified according to the following: Product testing to create a data base where one does not exist, or Product testing to expand an existing data base. Testing would be performed to validate results of previous studies or to monitor other product handling activities that have not been examined. Asbestos-containing products not profiled in this report, which include asbestos-cement pipe, friction materials, reinforced plastics, paper pipeline wrap, commercial paper, and specialty paper are also potential sources of airborne asbestos fibers. These products and those that were investigated but are not recommended for initial testing (see below) may be evaluated under subsequent monitoring programs. Based on the information compiled and the prioritization scheme described above, Table 29 identifies the asbestos-containing products profiled in this report that require first time testing or further investigation. These products are listed below in descending order of testing preference. Product handling activity, tools, and duration of activity to be performed, used, and monitored during testing are identified, respectively. Product Activity Tools Duration 1. Millboard Sawing, drilling, Uncontrolled 1 to 10 minutes t (paper product) hammering, power tools per operation and/or scoring and hand tools 2. Flat A/C sheet Sawing, drilling Uncontrolled power tools 1 to 15 minutes per operation 3. Gaskets (textile- Cutting, hand untreated rope) manipulation, removal Scissors, razor, or utility knife; flat-bladed knife or wire brush for removal <1 to 10 minutes for cutting and handling, 15 to 30 minutes for removal . 4. Packings * Cutting, hand Scissors, razor, <1 to 10 minutes (unlubricated manipulation, or utility knife; for cutting and braided yarn) removal flat-bladed knife handling, 10 to or wire brush 30 minutes for for removal removal . 144 TABLE 29. ASBESTOS-CONTAINING PRODUCTS AND ACTIVITIES OF CONCERN RECOMMENDED FOR INITIAL FIBER MONITORING STUDY fro^act ct|*r7 Product A c tiv ity f* c o w a n T oo lfa) L o c a lio o of a c tiv ity D u r tioo Capactad fib a r co ocaotratio oa frow a c t iv it y * Aabaato c o a ta o t of product (I) b lit ii| liW t M a ito rio i iiUitoi* cmmK aho a t products r u t akatt tod vaa io v o lv la g (la id fa b rlc a tio o Uocont ro l lad p o a ar hand to o le (c irc u la r eaua, d rille aaodara) lo d o o rt or outdoora T o ta lity aavaral n lo u tee ovar couraa o f day i'h T astila a f t r a a4 boat ran im en t gantante (u a tm ta t, coated ioaar e u r fe c e e ) and vor> clo th in g W earing of clo th in g RA la to o ri Op t o 4 b o o ra or at o tlo o to r oucdeere w a r in g clo th in g Thermal Iia a * n u tatio n (ta p # i clo tb ) C u ttin g during i n a t a l l a t i o o aod rnovai of m aterial froar p ro ceee e q u ip * cat o r tra o a fo r p ir*. Koivea u t ilUp r.a .r bladaa todoora p rlu ritp . but alao outdoora C u ttin g t o ta llin g a fou m inuta#. Raooval laatin g a a v a ra l o io utaa to houra depend* tag on a atan t o f m ateria! a p p li* ca tio n M od erate to h ig h N o d a ra ta to btt b C a a iu tje ( i n t t a i ra p .) C uttin g durlag in a t a lla t 'io n aod removal o f uornout n o t a r ia l and etoaaiog o f Jo in t aorfaeaa Scia a o ra , Indoora knivaa fo r p rim arily c u ttin g , f la t * but alao blodad p u tty outdoora k n ife , u lra bruabp p o a a ib ly haad aaadlag du rin g n a o v a l. C u ttin g t o ta llin g o fou o io u ta a . 15 t o 30 m in uta# (a a t.) fo r ra n o va ! M od arata to h i( k 15 t o 40 75 t o 100 2 . ) t o 195.1 i/ 1 <rot M lflil) lo ttin g p a r fornad uodar la b o ra to ry co a d itio a a to ooavaat t la t a l | U v * boa cbaaibar 0.3 to 24.2 l/cm* (rex en alyaie) To gaaaratt b t i rtpra t a t i v t of actual ( lit l c o o fitio il. V a lid a t io n of fib a r co o ctr t r o t too# ata* eurvd. 73 t o 100 7 ) t . 100 0 .0 to 0.05 f/ca' (fO I analyala aaa* ad). M on itor* log occu rred during c u ttin g aod io t t a l l a at ioo o f untra a ta d lagging clo th . V a lid a ta gaaarata aod data, Mo d a ta raportad C aoarata data (condoned) TABLE 29 (continued) Product Category Coaketa end Packing# Aebeetoe Paper Product Prod et Packing# (* " lu b ricated braided aebeetoe yib) Millboard A ctivity ( concern T o o l(a ) L o c it ion ol a c tiv ity O uttlog during l t a l l e t i o o end r c e o v il of vormout packing o a t a r ia l weed io a t a t ic door or cover a p p licatlo aa P ie ld fa b ricatio n in vo lvin g eaviag and d r illin g Sci teore. Indoor koivoe fa r p rlu a rily c u ttin g * Plat** but cia o bladad p u tty outdoor k a i f o , Hand o craping uelng v ir o bruek du rin g reoovai* Pov e r Hand to o le that re not equipped v i t i dual c o lle c tin e oyat eoe Indoora or outdoora D urotio Capocce* fib e r cooceocret iosa Iron a c tiv ity * C u ttin g to c s llln g n feu io utaa* 10 t a 50 n in u tn a (a a t.) fo r rem oval. M od erato to b ig k 1 to 10 M in u ti over courao of day igb Beat orCankot C u ttin g o r abaping of o a t a r ia l during io a C a lla tio n od reouvei of wrn, dried-out gaakot M a t e r ia l od elnaning o f Jo in t ourfocoa C a lva, eciaaora fo r c u t tin g abapiog. P la t- b la d a d pu tty k n ife , hand a crap in g w itk n v ira bruah during rem oval Indoors p rto a rily a lso outdoors Cute in g hoping to ta llin g a few n ln u ta* 15 t n 20 lau ta# fo r reoovol M od erato to high Aaboetot cooceot of praijet it) 75 t o 100 i d t o 05 40 t a 00 ta is tio g fib e r M onitoring d a ta * Mo d a ta re p o tte d 1 .4 to 1.4 f / e J (OEM/ CDXX a n a l y e i a ) rin g, a v in g , and acorin g M onitored in nonven t H a te d g lo v e boa cheaber To generata date r c f r t m ta t iv e of a c tu a l coodit io n i Mo d a ta re p o rte d c o a c * tr tlo a *1 * f . . t . r t h * 1.0 */ t . 4 .. . r.p o rt.4 U tW . . . l i t . . * r . - ,, 1 1 * 4 * O C A / T .ch .0 . 0, , M . l . l . - * * l* fb . `T n . . . .u t . **tf r - b i . . . - b* r r * . . . . * 4 4 . . b. , , * . . 4 >** `fo r. U - h t ApplUabt* -add &akeca (paper product) ' Activity Cutting, hand manipulation, removal 6* Fire and heat resistant garment (textile clothing, hoods) Wearing, hand manipulation Tools Scissors, razor, or utility knife; flat-bladed knife or wire brush for removal Not applicable Duration <1 to 10 minutes for cutting and handling, 15 to 20 minutes for removal 5 to 15 minutes total 7 Thermal insulation (textile) Cutting, tearing, ripping, hand manipulation Scissors or utility knife 5 to 15 minutes total Product handling activiti. r k. __^ . , performed. For example, during field fabrieat* A/r86^ ^ are routin*ly recommended work practices n.Ju fabrlcaClon.of A/C sheet products, fiber release during sawing with power tools controls to minimize these3 conditions resulting airborne fiber c o ^ e n t ^ t i o T a e ^ u I ^ O " i i #ee.SeCti0n 2) tha` K . fi5c.; ng equipped w i t h ^ t c ^ o f device1 1 t S ?T r n ;3 ^ QC practice is suspected to be fairly`c o ^ o n Co U documented, this latter * o f bn . r i " " hT idi-*H r ^ 'S \ r S ! the : ` " d - Asbestos products not listed in Table 29 were ~ - - - - f - ibeeein !wenl?lifdiobceurmernetleed!.8e frOB the Product' end use activities ha, The products have a low asbestos content. Product handling activities result in minor disturbance to product matrix and last for short periods of time. * The products have a strong structural cohesiveness whereby the . asbestos fibers are tightly bound within the material matrix. - Well designed and implemented engineering controls and work practices are almost always instituted when product handling activities are performed. 147 Asbestos-Cement Sheet Produce (Section 2) at bheet: Recommended for testing (see Table 29). Corrugated Sheet: Not recotamended for testing. The product composition is the same as flat sheet, testing results from flat sheet will be directly applicable. Testing of flat sheet is recommended over corrugated sheet because of the latter's limited use. r Roofing and Siding Not recommended for testing. Shingles: Limited field fabrication is performed, most shingles are prefabricated by the primary manufacturer for direct installation. Fabricating tool (guillotine cutter) used in field causes only minor dusting. ) Flooring Products (Section 3) Vinyl-Asbestos Floor Tile: Not recommended for testing. Fiber release from end use activities associated with floor tiles has been well documented. The product's polymer matrix binds asbestos fibers, minimizing release. Low-energy mechanical disturbance is applied during installation. Comparatively high fiber concentrations may result during removal and subfloor preparation if recommended work ] practices are not followed, which is not normally the case. Asphalt-Asbestos Floor Tile: Not recommended for testing. Same as above-- except not well examined with respect to monitoring studies. Fiber release * from asphalt-asbestos floor tiles is expected to be similar to vinyl-asbestos tiles. Sheet Vinyl Floor Covering : (backed with asbestos felt) Not recommended for testing. fiber release from end use activities associated with this product has been well documented. Lowenergy mechanical disturbance is applied during installation. High fiber concentrations may result during removal and subfloor preparation if recommended work practices are not followed, which is not normally the case. 148 Textiles (Section 5) Not recommended for testing. The asbestos content of these products is comparatively low (5 to 30 percent). With respect to petroleum-based products, asbestos fibers are tightly bound in the tacky product matrix. Airborne monitoring studies reveal comparatively low concentrations of fibers during the application and removal of petroleum-based coatings and sealants. Use of water soluble products is limited strictly to industrial applications. Fiber release from these products has been well documented precluding the need for additional testing. Fire and Heat Resistant Materials: Apparel recommended for testing (see Table 29). Other materials not recommended for testing. Heat shields, splash curtains, and blankets are normally surface-treated to minimize fiber release. Also, they are mostly installed in static applications and therefore are not recommended for testing. Thermal Insulat ion: Recommended for testing (see Table 29). Electrical Insulation: Not recommended for testing. These textile materials are usually concealed or incorporated into internal parts of appliances or electrical wire. Only minor mechanical disturbance is applied to textile material during secondary processing and end use. Gaskets and Packings: Gaskets - Certain gaskets (untreated rope) recommended for testing (see Table 29). Fiber release from surface-treated textile gasket material is expected to be low and only minor mechanical disturbance occurs during ' performance of end use activities. Therefore testing of treated gasket material is not . . recommended. * - - Packings - See discussion below under Gaskets and Packings. 149 X, ^ommended for testing, is often laminated with structural fiber and adhesive by a secondary processor before it is incorporated into an electrical appliance. Only minor mechanical disturbance will occur to the paper during end use. Ure product testing studies should include an analytical technique provides results that are fiber specific and consistent. The technique raast be capable of distinguishing asbestos fibers from nonasbestos fibers and identifying fibers over a wide size range. Of the analytical methodologies most commonly used to determine airborne asbestos fiber concentrations, phase contrast microscopy (PCM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), only the electron microscopy techniques are capable of meeting the analytical criteria requisite for a meaningful product testing program. Phase contrast microscopy is not capable of differentiating asbestos fibers from nonasbestos fibers nor is it capable of identifying fibers less than 5 ym in length with an acceptable degree of reliability.^ Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy offer separate advantages. Upper end magnification and image resolution for scanning and transmission electron microscopes are lOO.OOOX and 250.000X, and 20 nm and 0.4 nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopes provide better observation of surface topography and enable viewing of a relatively large number of fields in a short period of time. Transmission electron microscopes offer superior image resolution and morphological characterization. * Transmission electron microscopes, with selected area electron diffraction (SAEU), are capable of distinguishing asbestos fibers from nonasbestos fibers, and chrysotile asbestos fibers from other (amphibole*) asbestos fibers based on differences in crystalline structure. However, because amphibole asbestos fibers exhibit similar diffaction patterns, TEM/SAEU analysis is not capable of differentiating amphibole asbestos minerals from each other.^2,33 Fiber identification using a scanning electron microscope is limited because electron diffraction studies are not possible. However, a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray (EDXBJ spectrometer can be used for qualitative analysis. p X R is an electron beam microchemical analytical technique that provides semiquantitative elemental analysis of the fiber(s) under observation. Because the fibrous minerals exhibit characteristic x-ray spectrums, qualitative identifications can be made. Transmission electron microscopes can also be equipped with an EDXR spectrometer.30,31 Amphibole asbestos minerals are araosite, crocidolite, and the fibrous forms of actinolite, anthophyllite, and tremolite. 151 It is important to note that some fibrous minerals produce similar elemental x-ray spectrums, thus prohibiting individual identification. Unless the mineralogy of the fiber source is well known, the results of SEM/EDXR analysis should be interpreted with d i s c r e t i o n . ^ ln cases where the fiber source is not well known, the use of TEM with SAED and an EDXR spectrometer can provide accurate qualitative results. The SAED capability of TEM enables differentiation of fibers exhibiting similar x-ray spectrums based on characteristic crystalline diffraction patterns. A transmission electron microscope with SAED and EDXR capabilities is one of the most powerful analytical tools available for airborne particulate and fiber s t u d i e s . ^ f ) 5 I IS 2 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES 1. Cog ley, D. et al. The Experimental Determination of Asbestos Fiber Size Distribution during Simulated Product Use. Prepared by GCA/Technology Division for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C. October 1981. 2. Asbestos Information Association/North America. Recommended Work Practice Procedures for Asbestos-Cement Sheet. Submittal to U.S. environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances, in response to Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking: Commercial and Industrial Use of Asbestos Fibers. Docket Number OTS 61005. 3. Intra-Laboratory Memo, Argonne National Laboratory. Asbestos Fiber Measurements During the Nilfisk Power Tool and Vacuum Demonstration, Nilfisk of America Inc., King of Prussia, PA, December 7, 1981. 4. kbdelsperger, K. et al. Estimation of Exposure to Asbestos-Cement Dust on Building Sites. Study supported by the Umwelfbundesant, Berlin, Project No. 10401023/11, by the Commission of the European Community, Project No. 298-781 ENVD, and by the Bau-Berufsgenossenschaften, F rankfurt. 5. Roy, N., et al. Asbestos Product Test Results. Prepared by GCA/Technology Division for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C. . February 1980. 6. Murphy, R. L. et al. Floor Tile Installation as a Source of Asbestos Exposure. American Review of Respiratory Disease, Vol. 104. 1971. 7. SRI International. Monitoring for Airborne Asbestos Fibers: Vinyl Asbestos Floor Tile. Prepared for Resilient Floor Covering Institute, Washington, D.C. December 1979. SRI Project 7988. 8. SRI International. Comparison Testing Monitoring for Airborne Asbestos Fibers: Vinyl.Asbestos Floor Tile. Prepared for-Resilient Floor. Covering Institute, Washington, D.C. December 1979. SRI Project 7988. 9. Sebastien, P. et al. Indoor Airborne Asbestos Pollution: From the Ceiling and the Floor. Science, Vol. 216. June 25, 1982. pp. 1410-1413. 153 10. li.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Support Document-AsebestoaContaining Materiala in Schools - Health Effects and Magnitude of Exposure. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Toxic Substances, Washington D.C. June 1981. pp. 95-98. 11. SRI International. Monitoring for Airborne Asbestos Fibers: Sheet Vinyl Floor Covering. Prepared for Resilient Floor Covering Institute, Washington, D.C. December 1979. SRI Project 7988. 12. SRI International. Comparison Testing Monitoring for Airborne Asbestos Fibers: Sheet Vinyl Floor Covering, Wet Versus Dry Scraping. Prepared for Resilient Floor Covering Institute, Washington, D.C. December 1979. SRI Project 7988. 13. Testimony Prepared for a Public Hearing Before the California Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board. November 8, 1978. Source of testimony unknown. Information provided to GCA/Technology Division by the Johns-Manvilie Corporation, Denver, 00. 14. Venoa, D. K . , and C. C. Middleton. Occupational Exposure to Asbestos in the Drywall Taping Process. Presented in the Journal of American Industrial Hygiene Association. Vol. 41. April 1980. 15. Fischbein, A. et al. 1979. Drywall Construction and Asbestos Exposure. J. American Industrial Hygiene Association, Vol. 40, pp. 402-407. 16. Schneider, T. Asbestos Dust Levels During Work with Cloths Made from Liquid Dispersed Chrysotile. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 15:425. 1972. 17. Gibbs, G. W. 1975. Fibre Release From Asbestos Garments. Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 18, pp. 143-149. 18. Lutnley, K. P. S. 1971. Asbestos Dust Levels Inside Firefighting Helmets With Chrysotile Asbestos Covers. Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 14, pp. 285-286. 19. Sainini, B. S., and A. M. Williams. 1981. Occupational Exposure to Asbestos Fibers Resulting from Use of Asbestos Gloves. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 42:870-875. 20. - Wright, M.D. et al. Asbestos Dust Technological Feasibility Assessment and Economic Impact Analysis of the Proposed Federal Occupational Standard: Part I. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, D.C. September 1978. Draft Report. 21. Liukonen, L. R. et al. Asbestos Exposure from Gasket Operations. Report prepared by Industrial Hygiene Research, Naval Regional Medical Center, Bremerton, WA. May 1978. 22. Hager Laboratories, Inc. Report on Service Number 3910 for Johns-Manvilie Corp. August 21, 1980. Published in Health and'Safety Facts: Mechanical Packings and Gasketing Materials Containing Asbestos Fiber, Johna-Manville Corporation, Denver, 00. 154 34. Fct-i-eU, K. E. e f a l . Evaluation of an SEM-EDS Method u.-utificacion of Chrysolite. Scanning Electron Microscopy/l975 (Parr 11), 1roc cud ings of the Workshop on Scanning Electron Mi--'.,. (ParC Law, LIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL. April 1975. "** Py and the 36. Muggiore, C. J. and .1. B. Rubin. Optimization of an SEM X-rav Spectrometer System for the Identification and Characterization of Ultra.nicroscopic Particles. Scanning Electron Microscopy/1973 (Parf ,, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Scanning Electron MicroscoDv S,,m 1 ' H I Research Institute, Chicago, IL. April 1973? P* ^ "Poaium, 36. Ruud, C. 0. et al. Selected Area Electron Diffraction and Enersv Dispersive X-ray Analysis for the Identification of Asbestos Fiber a Comparison. Micron 7:115-132. 1976. lbers> A 37. Milier J . L. Identification of Selected Silicate Minerals and Their Asbestlfonn Varieties by Electron Optical and X-ray techniques nT , Reporter, Volume 25, No. 3. December 1978. ^ ' Norel-co TI i J 156