Document 91oY4Me5QKQ0OYvY9zVD6eEVq

. United States Gypsum Co. UgS Library UgS Chicago The PNEUMONOKONIOSES (SILICOSIS) Literature and Laws of 1934 . International Abstracts, Extracts and Reviews of the Pneumonokonioses and Their Associated Diseases and Subjects By GEORGE G. DAVIS, M. D. Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery, Rush Medical College, University of Chicago, Attending Surgeon Cook County Hospital ELLA M. SALMONSEN Medical Reference Librarian, The John Crtrar Library, Chicago ,, JOSEPH L. EARLYWINE . dHarney at Law, Chicago irvctfiicuv itbvis CHICAGO MEDICAL PRESS (Not Inc.) Canal & Jaclcton Building j, 302 Souch Canal Street CHICACO, ILLINOIS * -'r- " *-Vi. -t ' '5*. V V* * /* ; . -* .* V ratoe* ***:*\zn'r*r - The PNEUMONOKONIOSES (SILICOSIS) Literature and Laws of ` 1934 PART I International Abstracts, Extracts and Reviews :"-'l ' 13 mistakenly classified as "first stage" or "ante- {primary" were really not silicotic at all under the imitations imposed by the law. Due to several circumstances the Company presently found it . self at the end of 1932 with an estimated liability of several million dollars, most of it outstanding. Their honest efforts to co-operate with the law and the government, complicated with inexperi ence on the part of those diagnosing the silicosis stages, brought about situations in which nobody was satisfied, and the details of which deserve wider publication. Finally in 1933 the Act was amended. "Ante-primary" and "primary" classi fications were detailed, compensation was made payable only for disability, which means actual impairment of working capacity; men with only a moderate degree of silicosis were allowed to continue underground work which was the only kind they knew, and which they had been trans ferred from, under the previous Act, to continual discontent*and even misery; the Industry was relieved of unlimited liability in respect of pro gression, by providing that the claimant must make and establish his claim for disability within two years of leaving the employment at which he was exposed to dust, to entitle him to compen sations. To this writer, silicosis is essentially an employer's problem. The reasons for this open stand are interestingly and usefully given. ^ Efforts made in Ontario to allay the dust and combat the incidence of silicosis, also tubercu losis,^ are treated in closing, together with the physical requirements now insisted on for men Undertaking to work in the industry. A rigid initial physical examination, and by the x-ray, eliminates those likely to be susceptible to sili cosis or tuberculosis. ,8* B*>butt, J. W. A Cloth Filtering Separator for Very Fine Dust. 4ter. Artisan. 103': 12-13, Dec. 1934. For all really efficient dust removal, this engineer considers some form of cloth-filtering material \v>- a. > gjfi. --i'. PLAiNiu-ra EXHIBIT 1504 (4, U 14 superior to any number of dust separators oi the cyclone type, no matter with how many gadgets added. Alfalfa meal dust proving a formidable difficulty to one manufacturer, he applied to the Artisan for help, being rewarded by the five very informative, clear drawings of Engineer Baybutt's own cloth separating device together with his no less intelligible and simple accompanying description. A heavy cotton flannel bag was suggested for clearing out the clouds of alfalfa dust, with another bag inside it, if one bag proved insufficient. 19. Beger, P. J. Asbestosis: Particle-Construction. Deutsche Med. Wchnschr. 60: 231, Feb. 9, 1934. Silicosis in all its forms is very like asbestosis. The typical difference appears to lie in the out crop of asbestos particles. They are constructed as follows: asbestos dust is inhaled, is dis solved in the body humors; it is readily decom posed without its needles losing their form. Carbon-dioxide in the lungs frees the asbestos crystalline lattice work of its magnesium and iron ions. Thus the negative valence of the silicic acid supports in the lattice-work, is set free. Absorption of albumen from the body humors takes place. Rontgen pictures reveal the con struction of the particles, step by step, through covering the needles with albumen. Since the albumen molecule, now too much enlarged for the lattice-work, cannot replace the mg. atom, it has to place itself on a needle where electric tension exists. That leads to dissociation of the silicic acid framework of the needle and so to the building up of the particle. The original com pactly filled particles become wrinkled. Ferric oxide grains are distinguishable; in the final stage of construction rows of these grains remain in which the form of the asbestos particles can hardly be said to continue. Also the asbestos ' needle itself has disappeared. The albumen ions of the covering can work with a valence of 20 PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT 1504(5) j*a*gaa>g IS or more on the silicic acid tetrahedrons. Conse quently the tetrahedrons will be torn out of the silicic chain and scattered through the albumi nous covering. After saturation of the free va lence, electrostatic equilibrium is accomplished; no further reason exists for the agglomerated mass. The albumen is carried off, loaded with its added and probably abundant silicic acid. The ferric oxide remains behind (as a mechanical im purity of the albumen). 20. Beger, P. J. The Destructive Factor in Asbestosis and in Sili cosis. Med. Klin. 30:1222-1227, Sept. 14, 1934: 1258 1261, Sept. 21, 1934. This detailed' discussion is accompanied by 4 Rontgen pictures of lung sections and 2 diagrams of the tetrahedrons of silicic acid and the struc ture of chrysotile, involved in the basic destruc tiveness of these two lung-affections, together with illustrative chemical formulae and reference to 21 authorities. (1) Asbestosis in both theory and practice shows that the silicic acid framework of the as .. bestos needles goes into solution. The damage to the lungs is due to this solution of the silicic acid. The degree of severity of the fibrosis in creases with the mass of the silicic acid dissolved, in connection with the time involved in this solu tion process. According to authorities on occu pations the disease will develop further the longer the silicate is deposited in the lung. (2) In consequence of the co-operation of their covering power and their valence power, the as bestos particles help- to dissolve the silicious framework of the asbestos needles. Solution pf the silicic acid as a purely surface-limited process of slow course, results from delay or omissions in the structure of the particles. Hence asbes tosis comes into existence after silicosis. (3) Dissolved silfJJc acid is the destructive tac- I * *` * :-T' i i- V'J-*-7*' -- / < h < fc i * PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT 1504 (fi) 16 Kinds of quartz as well as total silicates, and the exclusively silicate artificial products, like glass, porcelain and so on, serve as sources for silicic acid. The degree of injury depends on the silicic acid content and its solubility. Solution depends oh the surface limits involved. It is generally slower to appear than in asbestosis. The disease extends over a longer period of time while for degree of severity, irresistibility or other circumstances it is the same as asbestosis. (4) Personal factors are as much concerned in the development of both diseases as the actual predisposing conditions derived from clouds of dust and work carried on therein. The clarifica tion of details in both diseases must be left to further experimental research. j >: *5 , 21. Beger, P. J. Further Discussion of the Particles in Asbestosis. Virchows Arch. f. Path. Anat. 293: 530-539, Oct. 1934. Discussion of controverted points from current views of several writers on the subject, together with experimental results secured by the author, form the body of this article. The following con clusions appear: (1) By tests of opposing statements, it has been ascertained that all particles recognizable in as bestosis, have like properties. (2) Mechanical irritation of the lungs from breathing asbestos dust does not appear to be serious if the symptoms break out after a mildly stimulating action or after the dust has been re moved. ' (3) The injury in asbestosis, as in the ordinary silicosis, is due to silicic acid solution. (4) The asbestos particles speed up the solution of the silicic acid framework of the asbestos fibres. After this the asbestosis advances more quickly and severely than the ordinary silicosis. . (5) In cases where asbestos particles are not constructed or are delayed, the solution of as- fi * PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 1504 m 17 bcstos dust at the limiting surfaces is enough to release disease symptoms. The asbestosis then goes on like a normal silicosis. . 22- Bena*y, M. P. ... - Tuberculous Infection and Silicosis. ' Butt. Med. Paris, 4: 5SS-593, Sept. 29, 1934. Current views and authorities on most questions involved in this title, are clearly discussed by this writer. The rare silicotic nodule characteristic of pure silicosis is compared with the common "mixed" silico-tubercular nodule, in respect of anatomic-pathologic characters, pathogeny, the development of their lesions, etiology and clinical signs. In conclusion, the views of Louis Irwine, de veloped in 1929, are sustained in part, as follows: miners' phthisis or silicosis is produced by dust and by tuberculosis. Simple silicosis is a visible fibrosis not accompanied by tuberculosis clinic ally discernible, but in a majority of the cases of silicosis apparently simple, there is a precocious association of latent tuberculous infection. Cer tain unmodified infections occur in a silicotic lung; others, like tuberculosis, take on a silicotubercular aspect. The naturally progressive character of simple silicosis may be attributed to an infectious factor, more particularly tuber culous. " These conclusions are categorically opposed when Irwine adds: "Initial modifications are due to dust and although by itself dust can cause lung fibrosis, it is chiefly important in predisposing lungs to tuberculous infection." On the contrary, the French school, headed by Rist and Policard, think that in order to develop the initial silicotic lesion, the lung must be al ready tuberculous (more or less apparently so); 0ri at least, that dust inhalation and the infection are simultaneous -(Policard). This opposition of v,cw is by no means in vain, since medico-legal consequences of marked importance are involved. lst, Mazel and Doubrow have very lately in- i:; {` v t ' -y.- ' r* ; *'. . 1 * *** # lu. ... - TP? ?! . irir * - 18 sisted on the dangers presented by adoption of the proposed International Labor Bureau Con vention, which in several respects is incompatible with French legislation. The convention an nounces mere hypotheses as if established facts: loc. cit. in respect of Articles 1 and 3; and the con vention considers it impractical to cite industries or operations bearing silicosis risk. The example of Germany shows tuberculosis as rapidly becom ing an official disease of the most onerous char acter, only 26 out of a 100 cases being verifiable. Social demoralization can only ensue when 75 per cent of cases filed are lost. In South Africa where both silicosis and tuberculosis are indemnified, 5,000 are pensioners. 40 items of Bibliography close this discussion. 23. Berger, W. (Munster). Experimental Injury to Nasal Mucosa from Dust. Ztsclir. f Laryng., Rhin., Otol. Theil I: Folio otolaryng. 25: 60-66, March 1934. This original and experimental contribution to respiratory dangers from dust first reviews the recent work of Lehmann on the interception of dust particles by the human nose. He investi gated the disease relations between the different quantities of dust lasting out to reach the lungs and the disposition to silicosis. Great individual differences were ascertained, many noses retained 80 per cent of inhaled dust; others, only 5-20 per cent. In the same person investigated he found a value-constant independent of the dust concen tration or lessened stream of air. He also found an astonishing agreement between lung-dust, and bad dust-interception in the nose. Old min ers without dust in their lungs showed a nasal dust-laying power on an average of 50 per cent; those with "dusty-lungs" averaged only 22 per cent dust-laying power. Lehmann concluded that the nose is the dust-intercepting factor, irrespec tive of dust activity in the lung. Dust intercep tion over 40 per cent protects against silicosis; 4 4 PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT 1504 (qi K Complete Silicon* Hearings. .j".- Hurley, Wis., Miner. Oct. 19, 1934. ; Another series of compensation hearings involv'.`7. jng silicosis was completed at the Court House . on Wednesday afternoon. Nine cases were heard, the complainants all being employees or former employees of the Montreal Mining Co. A1 Flint, a representative of the State Industrial Commis sion, presided at the hearings. U. Cooke, W. E. Silicosis: Modern Views. Bril. }I. J. 2: 87S-S79, Nov. 1934. This paper was presented at a pathological meet ing of the Liverpool Medical Association, held Oct. 25, 1934, and urged reconsideration of the terminology applying in the present numerous conditions included under the title, silicosis. Causative factors were discussed in the light of the recent work of W. R. Jones and W. Tides*;c!l. The effect of the grain-size on SiO solu bility,, the size of lung alveoli, presence of insolu ble minerals i. e. asbestos fibers and fusain spicttles in asbestosis and coal miners' lung, and the production of the curious bodies in these diseases *nd in normal lungs were considered. Photomi crographs were shown of potash felspar undergonP metamorphosis into secondary white mica, *<ncite, and coal-measure shale and mine dust demonstrating sericite, and quartz grains pres*nL Badham and Taylor's views on sillimanite as . _ producing silicosis in New South Wales were Presented and their chemical analyses of the Jungs of various workers were compared with ,ung analyses of other observers. Lung sections ** examined by polarized light were exhibited \f . r.CsuI`s of repeating Watkins-Pitchford and oir s work in this' connection, offered. ^^^p'ons arrived at, indicated a balance of Probability, in present insufficient data, for chem- al rather than mechanical action in the several 0rms of pneumoconiosis. Until the silicates * 't-: 1L ? K. .i- -A" ft * . > j* : i. 44 (sericite, sillimanite, asbestos) and silica in its forms of quartz, chert, flint, etc. were isolated in a pure state and investigated as to their plasma solubilities, together with tissue reactions to their presence, no progress in silicosis etiology was possible. Prof. J. Henry Dible discussed the paper in de tail especially in relation to the impressive seri cite views of W. R. Jones. He was convinced that silicosis, arose in other situations than those with only sericite present, an example cited be ing the recently published cases of sidcro-silicosis of Professor M. J. Stewart, in which sericite could not be demonstrated. " Dr. C. O. Stallybrass referred to the radical changes in view-point respecting silicosis occur ring in the last ten years, as largely due to Dr. Cooke's work on asbestosis, Dr. Cooke was also complimented not only as a skilled pathologist but for his exceptional knowledge of microscopy and mineralogy enabling him to deal with this border line disease of science and medicine. Copeland, R. S. Pneumoconiosis. Chicago Herald and Examiner. Nov. 26. 1934. Within recent years adequate legislation and pro tective measures have been provided for the safety of miners and other workers in hazardous industries. For a long time occupational diseases were a menace to the health of the individual. "Silicosis" is one of these formerly dreaded dis eases. . _ When miners are engaged in work on siliceous rock, as in metal mining, coal mining, quarrying or sandstone or granite, tunneling-, excavating, sand _ blasting, stone carving, grinding or polishing, they breathe dust laden with silica. If this dust is inhaled and deposited within the lungs, a severe irritation or inflammation of the lung tissues occurs. Victims of this disorder become susceptible to chronic bronchitis. This soon leads to repeated 7 r 67 removal apparatus to collect the dust from swingframe grinders in foundries, without restricting the movement of equipment, a problem long confronting . foundries. An illustration with description and ex planation, accompanies. In connection with its 1. good house-keeping program, this same company employs a portable vacuum cleaner of the industrial type to prevent accumulation of dust and dirt in its powdered coal plant and other foundry depart ments. The electrically driven unit is used to clean ofT walls, tops of bins, runways of buildings and other places difficult to reach. The walls of the building have been painted white. M. Duit Research-Insurance Company Support. Sat. Undem'. 38: 25; 28; July 19, 1934. One of the three places in the United States where actual research is being conducted on the dust hazard and dust diseases, is Saranac Lake, New York, where Dr. Le Roy Gardner and col leagues have such a Laboratory. The Metropoli tan Life, the American Mutual Alliance have de cided to contribute financially to the support of this Laboratory. The American Mutual Alliance !' already contributing $15,000. The National Lurc.au of Casualty and Surety Underwriters is considering a contribution. Dr. Gardner and his Assistant Director, Donald Cummings held a ational Insurance Conference by invitation at - ,e,r Laboratory. Insurance men in considerable numbers came, representing life insurance, mu . ^ st0L'k insurance; scientists, doctors, . J^chrucians were also present. The state of Wis ; 1 rv^,n. s5n* the members of its Industrial remission, and an Assistant Attorney General. in C j!ar.* ^r' Gardner's work especially' arous- the interest of practical insurance men seems c .*S e.xPer"1ltfnti> based on the theory that fur 310 0J?1"^es 'n contact with free silica may' :.ni.a roi-'cture counteracting or modifying the ^ur'"s efleas of Silica. ' I'rr:*-er cxlH'r'meilt of Dr. Gardner seeks to de- ,ne whether a person who is silicotic before * > ** * -r , T* * ii:s r 1 u di 'I i: - ;! = os becoming tuberculous is more dangerous than a person tuberculous before he becomes silicotic. 85. Dyson, J. M. . .. Pulmonary Heart Disease in Pneumoconiosis. Am. Heart J. 9: 764-770, Aug. 1935. This paper is concerned with pulmonary heart disease resulting from pneumoconiosis in anthra cite coal miners. * A series of 18 cases of its occurrence in pneu moconiosis is presented to illustrate incidence and symptomatology. The disability and incidence indicate that pul monary heart disease is not a rarity in anthracite coal miners, and must not be neglected. It is urged that pneumoconiosis, because of its great' economic and industrial importance, be more generally considered an important cause oi pulmonary heart disease. No attempt is made to explain why pulmonary heart disease occurs in some cases of marked pneumoconiosis, but not in others equally marked. 86. E. R. H. The Dust-Testing Equipment Migos. Am. J. Pub. Health. 24 : 940, Sept. 1934. The manufacturer of the instrument Migos (Ar thur Goldberg, Praha, XII, Caslavska 3), which is described herein, claims that it may be used for determining the quantity, quality, and density of a (suspended) dust, while at the same time mak ing it possible to register dust tests so that com parisons may be made, and control and super vision of the hazard put on a scientific basis. It is stated that the equipment as described will take 15 consecutive tests at a given operation. In addition to the instrument itself, a microscope must be used for examining the dust fields se cured at tests. I 71 furnace and boiler plant operation, electrostatic methods are recognized as the most efficient for dust or gas removal from air. In the past an impression prevailed that such methods were costly in power consumption; this has been shown incorrect, as the total net power consumption is considerably less in many cases than either centrifugal or water-wash ing methods. Due to effective co-operation of the 5 main companies operating the Lodge-Cottrell pro cess in Great Britain, the United States and Ger. many, with pooling of all patents and experience the electrical power now required averages only \l/2 to 2 kw. h. per million cu. ft. of air, combustion gas or other medium. This equipment is represented by over 3000 electro-filters, and 95 to 9S per cent of the total dust is removed from air or gas, irrespec tive of the size of the particles: This is a highly im portant practical point as removal of particles below 10 microns (1 micron is 1 thousandth of a mm.) is extremely difficult hv ordinary methods. Sir Oliver Lodge is the practical pioneer in this field, his work dating back to 13S3: Dr. F. G. Cottrell, of the Lnited States, Dr. Erwin Moller in Germany asso ciated their patents, researches and experience with those of Sir Oliver Lodge. The British Company was Lodge-Cottrell Ltd., of Birmingham (George ^t., Parale) and London, having developed from die original Lodge Fume Deposit Company. An intelligible description of the Lodge-Cottrell equip ment closes the article. Its basic principle consists in the use of chambers or towers, made, say, of con crete, through which pass the dust or fume-ladened ar or gases. * &Wn,p. pulmonary Asbestosis. Brit-1. Radiol. 7: 281-295, May 1934. o^rt --.Pu!mo,TMry Asbestosis. While the use j 3 i s,os.'n industry can be traced to antiquity, it ^nlv during the last 6 or 7 years that the subject an . m?nriry asbestosis can be said to have received M^rca` attention as a serious industrial lung dis- V- 4 *v V -=* <! v "^ t* 72 The author gives a detailed report on the radiolog. ical and pathological features; the macroscopic and microscopic appearances, and the nsbestosis bodies. He concludes: the disease must be grouped with silicosis as a very serious pneumonoconiosis. The average length of employment in fatal cases is only one-half that of silicosis. A diagnosis, which is most likely to be made during the winter months, when acute respiratory compli. cations occur, must depend upon a combination of factors: (a) opportunities for inhaling asbestos dust; (b) the occurrence of nsbestosis bodies in the sputum; (c) clinical and radiological findings of the diffuse, pulmonary fibrosis commencing at the bases; the characteristic radiological findings are probably the most important reliable single piece of evidence in early' diagnosis. The clinical features of the disease indicate that the onset of symptoms usually occurs after some 5 to 10 years of exposure to the dust; the degree of dyspnoea and emaciation, the complexion, the ab sence of haemoptysis and the very scanty expectora tion, are all characteristic features. Inhalation of asbestos dust must be expected sooner or later to produce pulmonary fibrosis, depending upon (a) length of exposure; and (b) nature and concentration of the dust. The histological features of nsbestosis are essential ly' (a) diffuse chronic interstitial fibrosis of the lungs, with areas of acute catarrhal changes, and (b) the presence of characteristic nsbestosis bodies, appearing cither singly or in clumps. The presence of isolated nsbestosis bodies in the spu tum is indicative merely of previous exposure to asbestos dust, and does not necessarily have any clinical significance; if the bodies occur radially arranged in clumps they' suggest disintegration of pulmonary tissue. Pulmonary asbestosis, once established, is a pro: gressivc disease with a bad prognosis; its treatment can only be symptomatic. I The tuberculosis risk in asbestosis must be reckoned -t. 1i T- rf-1 v ^ *' * '** > f J't _. .1 ^ -,v* r- ._ ' - ' V - . ' .* -^ .. ti** ' ,1'* ._ * *"'-'V---fir*? ;.* :rj- * :T-.r . . 1;*;'!i r;-:: .>"- --j >. - * y * ,?iV<- . -^*--' .-'fr*-?'?'*'~vt^./*iir-:--i-".. 73 with, even though time has yet to indicate whether i( i.< less, equal to, or perhaps even greater than that }n silicosis. fl. Epidemic of Silicosis Suits Raging in Missouri. * ' Weekly Undent*. 130: 453, March 3, 1934. ' An epidemic of suits aggregating $974,000 against one company alone, have been filed in Missouri in which the plaintiffs seek damages on the grounds they contracted silicosis while in the employ of the defendant concerns. A. F. Brinkman, a claim adjuster, testified that 45 suits for an aggregate of $^74,000 bad been filed against the Tavern Rock Company and that the company had been informed 200 other suits were contemplated. it Evans, D. W. Dust Control in Traprock Production. l.jcaixutiiuj Eiuj. 28: 361-364, 36S, Aug. 1934. Anyone who has lived near crushed rock plants knows the thick dust they kick up, especially when * hard rock is handled. The Consolidated Stone & Sand Company, due to their modernizing, affords a Welcome relief from this condition. Every convevor, every screen, is completely enclosed in a housing of matched lumber, each housing with a conduit leading to a powerful suction fan with a capacity of 46,000 feet of air per minute. This fan i* the heart of the Sly Dust Arrester system which C'1 n^-v eliminates undesirable working, conditions hut pays dividends as well. This system was in stalled last October on the very justifiable grounds "tat it prevents dust from getting into bearings, and also prevents that dread disease--too prominent in If?* plants of late--silicosis. he suction fan draws dust from all parts of the enclosed screen and conveyor system to a central r!C!' f folds f heavy cloth which catch the dust n,I deposit it in bins for convenient removal. Here 'v" men load the dust into 100 pound bags which fid ready market for filler in asphalt shingles, some uses. varieties of paint, and many other industrial h *%>. r *. Jr~ y i* . 4* .V : ?- ::,k xt.""i^k4 -m -? r L. K- ii it i 74 93. Evans, W. A. Silicosis. ` Chicago Daily Tribune. March 2S, 1934. Two great groups are very much interested in sili cosis. One is the employers who are conducting in dustries in which there is exposure to dust. The other groups consist of the thousands of people who work in these industries. Lawyers and legislators make up another group--one that buzzes around . the other two. The industries, especially interested, arc: pointing of stone and brick houses, sandblasting, foundry work, mills, castings, sand ruining, sandstone work, glass, mining, particularly underground workin quartz [and, in lesser measure, granite], coal mining, asbestos mining, and metal grinding and polishing. The main interest is in exposure to silicates, a sand compound. However, under such names as anthracosis, siderosis, asbestosis, and pncumonoconiosis, are embraced disorders due to exposure to various kinds of dust, some of which contain no silicon or silicates. Organic dusts such as mill dust, flour dust, and cotton dust arc far less harmful. The dust from lime rock, limestone, and lime seems to be far less so. At one time special stress was put on the number of dust particles in a cubic foot of air. the size of the particles, and the sharpness of their edge. These qualities, while still thought to be of some impor tance, are not considered as determining as they were once thought to be. However, we still stress the importance of small particles, as against large, ones. Opinion now is toward the chemical properties of dust. The theory is that it acts much as does lead. It does most of its harm when it goes into solution. Like lead, it is thrown out of solution and deposited in certain parts of the body. Later it is absorbed and secreted. As is the case in lead poisoning, the progress of the disease, silicosis, does not stop at once when expo '> h A* 4' -.-, ^-CiUat J'* - r.j Tr-*-'-''v^c*- *k- i-C'**z; .. * *v*- * "*:* ';'?.* *a,y I7*rc ttnr - .-- *>^';t- T**- *--*.-.-Ji>;^^^r. '&k~ - ' ' -w?* ^ -T^iLiSwi_- 75 sure to dust is stopped. It may go on during the per iod of subsequent absorption and excretion. The harm done in silicosis is done to the longs. It causes the fibrous tissue of the lungs to thicken up. Breath . ing becomes rapid and difficult. In time, extra work . is thrown on the heart as well as on the lungs. The * heart beat, as well as the breathing, becomes labored. Eventually the digestion suffers. In many cases the ground work is laid for consumption and the pneumonias. JL Evans, W. A. Silicosis. Chicago Daily Tribune. May 23, 1934. The most interesting of all the newer industrial diseases is silicosis. In the aggregate, in all the world, a billion dollars is being sought through the courts as damages for silicosis. We hear of suits for an aggregate of thirty million dollars in one state alone. The disease is not on the list of those that come under the compensation act and, in conse quence, suits for damages have become the principal racket of the times. Probably nine-tenths of the suits are fakes, but they must be vigorously and expensively fought. When a large verdict is awarded a very small part of it reaches the person who alleges that he has been harmed. Certainly ninety per cent of all awards in and out of court fjocs to racketeers. Rut there could not be so much smoke without some nre. There must be genuine disease caused by dust, *nd it must do harm, and there should be just comPcnsation. On this point there is no question among honest men, whether they are employers, employees, - r lawyers. r-. ^ fairer way to compensate those who are injured just be found and racketeers must be eliminated. ^.Urthcnnore, a way must be found to prevent the jscasc, and when found it must be employed. ^ealth departments are engaged in studying the Question of prevention. ^wenty years ago it was thought that all rock dust rl: t V t1 >s if .* t. * \ S' . T' V-iL-- ri. %- ; m . 'its ,ti V ' --- t * 11 'i j ri ' ;* . .3 . ri PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT | 1504(18) jr - - - fftJi n '' x 5l i i; H I--I *Vi I- *I 1i 'I I' 76 caused it. An investigation made hv Hayhurst in Illinois proved that lime rock dusts did not. - The next theory was that it was caused by exposure to dust that contained sand, or silicon and silicates. Now comes Dr. W. R. Jones with a theory that it is caused by only one kind of silicate. This is a sili cate of aluminum and potassium. The crystals that cause it, he thinks, are very fine fibers. The ten dency to fiber arrangement of crystals we know best in the form of asbestos. And one of the better known forms of silicosis is due to exposure to asbestos and is known as asbestosis. Dr. Jones thinks the presence of very fine fibrous crystals is responsible for much of the harm. The particular chemical substance responsible is known to geolo gists as secondary mica. In his investigation he found that in mining fields where there was much secondary mica in the dust the workers had a great deal of silicosis. In other fields rich in other forms of silicates and silicon in the rocks and dust there was little or no silicosis. Silicosis is a disabling disease, but it is not fatal until after it has been present many years. It lays the foundation for consumption, and tins secondary disease causes a good part of the deaths among sili cotic subjects. Dr. Jones secured a fair number of autopsies on persons who had died either from silicosis or sili cotic consumption. He examined the lungs for peculiar appearances due to secondary mica. He also burned these lungs and weighed the. ash and searched for fiber crystals of silicate of aluminum. He found them in quantities great enough to con firm his theory'.' If it is found that he is correct the field is still further narrowed. Every time we narrow it we concentrate attention on the cause and increase the chance of finding a method of prevention. 95. Exhaust Code Committee Urges Representation of All Interests. Safety Eng. 68: 212, Nov. 1934. The Exhaust Code Sectional Committee of the American Standards Association was organized * ft .V ' . ''L--- ' - -- -- 1 -: v?-.. '***?; >:\Yy*.*. rW^ .*5s , -. , . ..,T...*'.'"7.* ' . .. V s. `c1l-- ' , V-r' ^ *. v * ' *. * * - * *:v ^r - . ___ _ ____^ V" ~v; ri ,.v . . "'*. 5C> %:- ***. /*_; -? - ^ T'V-T** ** _.- . > #v~ -: * ; -4^V.. ?*v^` V/'- r > ; "%*-' - V".-T '. . ~i ~i ~rt I l it --1!TM.--! jJPvwv' *==aOsK--w!?e??if3cSiii*i3iiisfKcM?!5S23^KI:;5-Vsi- SUBJECT INDEX (Figures refer to abstract number) A Abrasive powders, 43. Abrasive soaps, 35; 43; 32. Abrasives, 239. Acid, silicic, 2; 19; 20; 21; 131; 132. Agalite, 43. Aiken dust counter, 152. Aiken koniscope, 152. Aillmanite, 43. ' Air masks, 112. Alabama coal mines, 34S. Alexander dust extractor, 367. Alkali, 239. Allied Steel Casting Co-, 207. Aluminum oxide, 110. American Bar Association, 39. American Public Health Association, Committee on Pneumo coniosis, 313; 390. American Standards Association, 95. American Steel and Wire Company vs. Dever, 336. Amorphous silica, 314. Anderson-Armpach dust determinator, 152. Anthracite coal dust, see coal dust. Anthracosis,.6S; 76; 164. Anthracosis, silico, 6; 315; 361. Apparatus, see filters, equipment, safety devices, appliances, res pirator hoods, fans, determinators, counters, masks,, ventila tion. Apparatus, safetv, 4; 13; 18, 25; 28; 29; 32; 40; 45; 46; 62; 77; 78; 79; 82; 239 ; 348; 357. Appliances, 4; 13; 46; 62; 77; 78; 79; 82; 83; 92. Asbestos, 14; 15; 43; 68; 107; 287. Asbestosis, 7; 14; 15; 19; 20; 21; 44; 68; 71; 76; 90; 193; 209; 245; 309; 328; 360; 361; 379; 3S5 ; 386. Asbestosis, First American Stud}' of, 44. Asbesto-tuberculosis, 104; 385. Ash, 246. Association Casualty and Surety Executives Convention, N. Y. sec Conventions. - Associations, 41. Atmospheric contaminants, sec Dust. Atmospheric dust recorder, sec Dust. m- ! K---I |ri l ! a M ? ei \ i r* 458 B Banting Institute, University Toronto, 171; 200 ; 201 * 344 Bath tub industry, 286. '` Baybutt dust filter, 18. Belgian coal mines, 164. ' Blake, W. vs Sterling Steel Casting Company, 67. Book reviews, 27; 66; 210. . Brass, 127. Brick dust, 81; 327. Brinkman vs Tavern Rock Company, Mo., 91. Bronchiectasis, 364. Bronchiogenic carcinoma. See Carcinoma. Bulmer air mask, 112. Byssinosis, see Dust, cotton. c Calcite, 246. Calcium hydrate, see Hydrated lime. Cancer, see Carcinoma. Carbide, 43. Carborundum, 246. Carcinoma, 6; 70; 138; 142; 172; 330. Carcinoma, bile duct, 138. Carcinoma, bronchiogenic, 6. Carcinoma, colon, 138. Carcinoma, larynx, 142. Carcinoma, lung, 70; 138; 172; 330. Carcinoma, prostate, 138. Cement dust, 41; 81: 103 ; 229 ; 246 ; 2SS; 302. Ceramic industry, 2S6. Chamotte workers, 131; 359. Chert, 35; 55; 134; 188 246 ; 352. Chicago Claim Association, 40. Chicago Malleable Castings Company, 207. Clays, 43. . Clinical silicosis, 305. Cloth screens, 82. Coal, anthracite, 12; 43; 68; 246 ; 302. Coal, bituminous, 43; 68; 246 ; 302. Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York City, 219, Columbia University, Research Council, 346. Comfo-respirators, 46. Compensation, sec Occupational disease compensation. : ` Conferences, 51; 84; 165; 166. Congresses, 335. . Conioses, 159. Conventions, 177; 179; 389. Copper, 43; 203. * . . < FNEUMONOKONIOSIS Oil Davis, George G., Salnonsen, Ella M. and Earlywine, Joseph L. The pneumonokoniosea (silicosis) literature and laws of 193^ International abstracts, extracts and reviews of the pneumonokonioses and their associated diseases and subjects. 1935. ii i i it * > SILICOSIS Davis, George G., Salmonsen, Ella M. and Earlyvine, Joseph L. The pneumonokonioses (silicosis) literature and laws of 193^ International abstracts, extracts and reviews of the pneumonokonioses and their associated diseases and subjects. 1935. Pneumonokonio sis I iI i t 4 - PLAINTIFFS { EXHIBIT I 1504(24) Davis, George G., Salmonsen, Ella M. and Earlywine, Joseph L. The pneumonokonioses (silicosis) literature and lava of 193^* International abstracts, extracts and reviews of the pneumonokonioses and their associated diseases and subjects. 1935. Pneumonokoniosis Silicosis