Document 91VmXpm1vQmpZopXLwkgvvLgq

-- -....AS- -v-l-' ---- --T? S / Effects or PCB's ox Pheasants Dahlgren and Linder 315 tivity of Ilctcraliis qaflipac ep with Hhtomo- nas mcleagridis. Lxptl. Parasite], 6 2).) t>J>- 103. --, and Anne M. CiiOte. 1970. Relative importance of young and mature turkeys and chickens in contaminating soil with Histom- onas-bc.iring Iliti-rakis eges. Asian Diseases 14(2):342-04. .... -- ` --, and ------------- . 1971. The ring-necked pheasant (rharianus cplchlcut tnrquaiui) as a host for Hderails gallinarum and HUtnmoruu mclcagridit. Am. Midland Naturalist. (In press.) Phillips, J. C. 1928. Wild birds introduced or transplanted in North America. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 61. 64pp. Received for publication October 10, 1970. si EFFECTS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS ON PHEASANT REPRODUCTION, BEHAVIOR, AND SURVIVAL1 ROBERT B. DAHLGREN, South Dokota Cooperative Wildlife Retearch Unit, Brookings RAYMOND t. L'-'OEt, South Dokota Cooperative Wildlife Retearch Unit, Brookings Abstract: G. k pheasants (Phasianvs colchicus1 were given single capsules weekly containing either 0 or 25 tng pol> chlorinated biphenyls (PCB) for 17 weeks in the spring of 1970. Hen pheasants mated to these cock groups were given single capsules weekly containing 0, 12.5, or 50 mg PCB (Aroclor 1254). Among groups receding PCB, egg production was depressed significantly (P < 0.05), and the number of eggs that were pipped but not hatched was increased significantly tP < 0.05). Even though weekly weight changes of hens, fertility and hatchabilify of eecs, mortality of adults, and eggshell thickness did riot appear to le affected by PCB, total reproduces e success was depressed. Behavior, on a visual cliff, of chicks hatched from hens given 50 mg we*-Uy was significantly different (P < 0.011; more of them jumped to the visually deep side or made no choice < f sides than chicks from other croups. Mortality of chicks from hatching to 6 weeks of ace was sign- :.antly greater (P < 0.01) in the offspring of hens receiving 50 mg PCB weekly, and surviving chicks of this group were significantly lighter (P < 0.05) in weight than other groups at 6 weeks of age. Polychlorinated biphenyls have been detected in wildlife in Europe (The New Scientist 1966, Holden and Marsden 1967, Holmes et al. 1967, Jensen et al. 1969, Koeman et al. 1969) and in the United States (Risebrough et al. 1968, Anderson et al. 1969, Baglcy et al. 1970, Risebrough 1970). This chlorinated hydrocarbon was found as a residue in tissues of both seabirds and land-dwelling species. The induction of steroid enzymes in the liver by PCB has been demonstrated in both laboratory rats (Street et al. 1969) and in pigeons (Risebrough et al. 196S); and 1 Supported jointly by the South Dakota Dcpartmrat of Came. Fish and Parks, U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. South Dakota State University, and The Wildlife Management Institute. ^nce `the capacity of PCB do induce these enzymes is as potent as or more potent than DDT, PCB's have been implicated in egg shell thinning. Sax (1963:596) indicated that the liver of man could he injured by PCB; liver damage has been shown for guinea pigs, laboratory rats, and domestic rabbits by Miller (1944). McCune et al. (1962) and Flick et al. (1965) found that PCB fed to young chickens produced edema and pathological changes in internal organs. The objective of our study was to-evaluate the effects of PCB on reproduction, sur vival, and behavior of pheasants. We are grateful to \V. L. Tucker, Statis tician, Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University', for statis tical advice. This study was conducted with ' DSW 332639 < It \ i IjI STLCOPCB4079215 t 316 Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, April 1971 funds supplied bv the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fi.- heric-s and Wildlife. METHODS We used Aroclor 1254 supplied by the Monsanto Co , St. Louis. Missouri. Hens were purchased in the winter of 1970 from the South Dakota Pheasant Co., Canton, and cocks were raised by us from birds previously obtained from the Canton source. Two groups of five cocks each were given weekly either a 00-size gelatin capsule con taining com oil, or one containing com oil in 9:1 dilution with 25 mg PCB. Each cock group was mated with three groups of five hens, in which each hen was given weekly a single com oil placebo capsule, 12.5 mg PCB, or 50 mg PCB. Hens and cocks were maintained in separate cages. Cocks were dosed for 17 weeks from February 13 to June 5, and hens from February 20 to June 12. General care, diet, and maintenance were the same as those described for a dieldrin experiment by Baxter et al. (1969), except that hens in the present study were given a tablespoonful of oyster shells in their food cups once each week. Eggs were gathered from March 7 to June 19 and set weekly in a forced-draft incubator. .Within 36 hours of hatching, chiAs were taken from the incubator, placed directly on a visual cliff (Tallarico and Farrell 1964), and given 5 minutes to jump to the visually deep or shallow side. Chicks from this study and those hatched from a concurrent dieldrin reproduction study were placed together in brooders until they were 6 weeks of age; each bird was then weighed to the nearest gram. Adults were aho weighed weekly to the nearest gram.. Eggshells' of hatched eggs from all 15 weekly egg groups were mea sured, without the membrane, to the nearest 0.01 mm, using a micrometer at three points around the midline perpendicular to the long axis, as described by Dahlgrcn and Linder (1970). Unhatchcd eggs from weekly egg groups 8-15 were broken, dried for 24 hours, and the eggshells, including the membrane, measured. Fertility of unhatched eags was based on a visual inspection for evidence of embryonic development RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effects of PCB on Condition and Reproduction Only 2 hens died from among the 30 hens and 10 cocks under study; both hens had received 50 mg PCB weekly. Analysis of weekly changes of weight of cocks and hens tested by analysis of variance showed no effect (P > 0.05) from the administration of PCB. Flick et al. (1965), who fed 200 and 400 ppm, and McCune et al. (1962), who fed at a dietary level of 100-800 ppm, found that the growth of chicks of the domestic chicken was retarded by Aroclor 1242. The averages of eggs laid per hen per day (Table 1) among hen-treatment groups were significantly different. With the use of an orthogonal test, the rate of egg pro duction among hens given 125 mg PCB weekly was found to be no different (P > 0.05) from the rate c f the control group; but the rate of the 50-mg group was differ ent (P < 0.01) from the rates of the other groups. M. A. Haegele at the Denver Wildlife Research Center (personal communication) found that a single oral dose of 500 mg/kg of Aroclor 1254 given to Japanese quail (Cotumix coturnix) reduced egg produc tion about 50 percent for 7 days post-treat ment, but that egg production was near normal 8-9 days after treatment. The differences among treatment groups in egg fertility were significant (P < 0.05); : .V.-c DSW 332640 0 STLCOPCB4079216 s /t Effects of PCB's on Pheasants Dahlgrcn and Linder 317 Table 1. Reproductive tto'iitici from control pheotan'i and p^eaionts given PCI. Tkatmcht Gaocr No. r,ws pen fit:* n.n pAT No. Koos Im i \im Fra i1ILE f.OCI Nij. Percent Ft n i li e (aa#i IIakiicu No. Percent 0-0* 0-12.5 0-50 25-0 25-12.5 25-50 0.621 0.459 0.292 0.335 0.362 0.198 277 220 136 ' 168 179 98 10] 36 128 58 50 37 91 54 71 40 63 64 74 73 87 68 32 64 73 80 50 70 41 65 The tint number is the weekly PCB level given to cocks; the second, thet for beni. Vt iciii.c 1'ippco But Not Hah iild No. Percent 66 29 23 8 18 9 10 18 25 10 16 however, a significant (P < 0.01) cock-hen interaction indicated these results to be of no biological meaning. Hatehability was highest in control groups and lowest in groups in w hich htns had received 50 mg PCB, but the differ ences tested by chi-square were not sig nificant (P > 0.05). Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the numbers of eggs that were pipped but not hatched were found among groups. Apparently, the administration of PCB adversely affected the viability of the embryo at the time of hatching. McLaughlin et al. (1963) injected both 10 and 25 mg of Aroclor 12-42 into chicken eggs and found only 0-5 percent hatehability, growth retardation, edema, and beak de formities in embryos. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in eggshell thickness using analysis of variance, were noted among treatment groups (Table 2). Eggshells from hatched eggs without membranes, laid by control hens, averaged 0.26 mm -- 0.02 standard deviation, and those from all hen groups receiving PCB averaged 0.23 0.02. Eggshells from unhatched eggs averaged 0.32 mm 0.02 for ; control hens, and 0.31 mm -- 0.02 for hens j receiving PCB. Dahlgren and Linder (1970) found the eggshell thickness of pheasants ' to he unaffected by weekly administration of 17 capsules containing 6 mg dicldrin, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, as is the PCB compound. Effects on Chick Behavior From chi-square analysis, it was learned that when chicks were placed on a visual cliff for up to 5 minutes, significant differ ences (P < 0.01) among treatment groups were found in their behavior (Table 3). Among offspring of hens on 50 mg PCB Toble 2. Meosuremenlt of eggshells from eggs lo<d by control pheasants ond pheasants given PCI. * ........... -- i ........ , t \ < -- . WCSKZ.T Ecc Groups 1-7 \Vcro.t Egc Croups 8-15 Tuatmikt Caoor No. Hatched Engl Average Thick ness Without Membrane (mm) No. Hatched fc*us Averace Thick ness Without Mcmbr.ine (turn) \i. t'nh.iti hd EtU Average Thick* nvss With Membrane* (nm ) 0-0* 0-12.5 0-50 25-0 25-12.5 25-50 41 0.25 42 0.24 19 0.24 30 0.27 17 0.23 35 0.23 30 0.24 63 0.32 45 0.23 28 0.31 1 A 0.21 37 0.31 41 0.27 27 0.33 30 0.23 28 0.31 5 0.24 13 0.30 4 TTte fine number u the weekly PCB level in mg given to cocks; the second, that for ben*. * Unhatcbed eggs were measured only from weekly egg groups 8-15. DSW 332641 i j | I : ; j . * STLCOPCB4079217 i r>;s ji ::not of MV/ Mctap-r r.t, Vol. 35, ,\7>. 2. April 1971 Tobl* 3. fc^cwcr cf*e~. cor* Vliuol cbff. of ch'ckl botched rSpo-.on'j g-en PCB. Tat* MUST C f.orp * . n io \ LV I:i: 5 .or No Tii4i !i mi-r n 10 \ 1-C 4LXY Sh 44LOW Si.r NO. VOT JfMrL.sc \V m.iN 5 Misvtes 0-0* 2 35 0-12.5 3 42 0-50 36 25-0 5 33 25-12.5 5 22 25-50 45 s 6 5 15 * 6 Tb? fir**. r.urrih-T : PCB levt-i m mg given to cocks; the second, that for bens. Tab'e 4 Wpijhu ond Survival of offering from control .kc*asonti and pheatorij 0>vn PCB. TreatMIST Group Weicitt AT 6 Weeks (bi No. or ('kicks TO Brooder No. or Chicks Ai.ivb After 6 Weeks Per- cent SenW*VAE 0-0* 396 73 49 67 0-12.5 378 84 49 58 0-50 303 29 3 10 25-0 369 72 50 69 25-12.5 403 50 30 60 25-50 344 40 9 22 Hie first number i- the weekly PCB level m mg given to cocks; the second, that for hens. weekly, 7 jumped to the visually deep side, 11 jumped to the shallow side, and 11 made no choice in the allotted time. This was in sharp contrast to `he behavior of all other groups combined, wherein 15 jumped to the deep side, 132 to the shallow side, and 29 made no choice. Similar beha\ ior chances in pheasant chicks hatched from parents given dicldrin were reported by Baxter et al. (1969). "' Effects on Chick V/eight and Survival The weights of chicks at 6 weeks of age (Table 4) wen tested by analysis of vari ance. There were no significant differences due to the PCE level given to cocks, and no significant coef:-!-t. interactions 1P > 0.05'. However, chicks hatched from hens given 50 mg PCB were significantly lighter in weight (P < 0.03 than those hatched from control hens and from hens given 12.5 mg. Chick survival was determined for treat ment groups during the first fe weeks of age while'chicks were kept in brooders (Table 4). The survival of chicks was not related to whether cock parents, received PCB, but chi-square analysis showed that significantly more (P < 0.011 deaths, occurred amone chicks hatched from hens receiving 50 mg PCB. No difference (P > 0.051 was found between mortality of chicks hatched from control hens and those hatched from hens given 12.5 mg PCB. Apparently, 50 mg PCB given weekly to breeding hens was enough to cause a de crease in the weight of their chicks at 6 weeks of age, and to cause an increase in chick mortality between hatching and 6 weeks of age. Administration of PCB de creased egg production and caused an in crease in the number of eggs that were pipped but not hatched amobg treated groups. Behav ioral changes, on a visual cliff of newly hatched chicks were also effected by PCB. However, fertility and hatchability of eggs, eggshell thickness, and weekly weights and survival of adult pheasants given PCB were unaffected. LITERATURE CITED Avtunsov. D. W., J. J. Hickey, R. W. Risebrough, D. F. HvCHES. AND R K. ClfRiSTENSEN. 1969. Significance of chlorinated hydrocarbon resi dues to breeding pelicans and cormorants. Ca nadian Field-Naturalist 83(21:91-112. Bacley. G. E., W. L. Reichel, and E. Cbomartie. 1970. Identification of polychlorinated bi phenyls in two bald rattles by combined gaslirjiiid chromatopraphv-mass spectrometry. J. A (oc. Official Analytical Chrm. 53(2):251261. Bxter. \V. I... R. L. Linder, and R. B. Dahlgren. 1969. IJieldrin effects in tyvo generations ot penned hen pheasants. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 33 (1):96-102. Dahlgren. R. B.. and R. L. Lindeh. 1970. Egg shell thickness in phenants given dieldrin. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 34' 1 1:226-228. Flick, D. F., R. C. O'Dell, and Virginia A. Childs. 1965. Studies of the chick edema t l i il i i i i i ) \0 STLCOPCB4079218 I Molilvinc Dove Call-c.ovnt Koi tes tuaiuoimup ct at. disease. 3. Similarity of syniptunix pioduci d by fcrdiiii' chluim.itid lupin-mi. I'..-L.ltry Sci. 441 6): MOO-1465. ` Holden, A. V., and K. M al-di v P>67. Organo- cblorine pc<tiiK'r s iii s> a!s and porpoises. Nature 2Km 5122 .':! 274-)276. Hoi-mes, D. C., J. H Simm.'W ami J. Op. Tation. 1967. Chlorinated h a: -c a: hens in British wildlife. Nature 2165112 :227-229. Koexmn. J. H.. M. C. Tia N .i \ Dr Blag-w. and R. H. I'E Vos. 1629. C'.'-irimb-d biphenyls ill fi<li. miii'-t ls a11: buds frc,:n the River Rhine and the Netherlands coastal area. Nature 221 (5186) :112&-112S. Jensen, S,, A. G. Jchnfls, M. Olsson, and G. Ottehund. 1S69. DDT auJ PCB in marine animals from Swedish waters. Nature 22-1 (5216): 2-17-250. McCesr. F. L., J. E. Savage, and B. L. O'Dell. 1962. IP dropc ricardium and ascites in chicks fed a cTiloimst.'d hvdrocarban. Poultry Sci. 41(1 ): 295-299. ' McLavc.iii.in, J., )p,,, l.-P. Makuac, M. Jacqlf.une VUcHETT. M.ahy E. Mctciilf.r, and O. G. Firviuoii. 1965. The injection of chemicals into the yolk sac of fertile ecus prior to incuba tion as a toxicity test. Toxicol, and Appl. Phar macol. 5( 6) :760-771. Mii.i.ui, J. V.'. 1911. rath ' gic charges in aniui.ilr, expend to a ciiii.i.ie.i. d rhl i.nited dijsli*u\ I. Public Health Kept. 59( 33): 1085-- 1091. Rim iincii on, R. 1970. Store letters in the wind. Ei.viiX/r.ilient 12( 1 ):16-27. Rt-nmoLC.n, R. W., P. Rifciie, D. B. Plakall, S. G. Hkualan, and SI. N. KmvLN. 1968. Po!> chloririat-d biphenyls in the global eco system. Nature 220: 5172): 109S-1102. Sax, N. I. 1963. Dangerous properties ot indutrial materials. 2nd ed. Reii.h'iid Publishing Coloration, New York. 1345pp. SttvKet, J. C., F. SI. Entry, D. J. V.'agstaff, and A D. Blal'. 1953. Co:,.curative effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and orcanochlorine pesticides in induction ot hepatic microsomal enzyme s. 15Sth Am. Chem. Soc. Natl. Meeting. Abstracts of Papers, PEST 17. TallAium, R. B., and \V. M. Failhecl. 1964. ._ Studies of visual 'Vpth per'.eptinn: an tflect of early experience i n chie-.s on a uu.u Gib. J. Comp, and Physiol. Psychol. 57. 1 1:9-1-96. The New SciEMisr. 1966. Bc-port of a new chemical hazard. (Report on work of S. Jensen. Ill Notes (.11 the News. ) 32i 525 ) :612. Received for publication October 26, 1970. A NEW STRATIFICATION FOR MOURNING DOVE CALL-COUNT ROUTES LYTLE H. BLANKENSHIP, Migrarory Bud Populo'ion Station, Field Station, Tuoon, Arizona1 ALAN B. HUMPHREY, Un-'versity of Arizona, T.ucion DUNCAN MocDONALD, .Vig-otory Bed Popvtotioni Station, Laurel, Morylond Abstract. Trie mourning do\e tZcnr.iibira rnacroura't call-count survey is a nationwide audio-census of breeding mourning dnsr-s. -peccut analyses of di** call-count routes luce utilized a stratification based upon physiographic re-awns c; the hV.:t -J States. An .eiah sis oi 5 years ot call-count data, based upon a stratification using ;*.tcTiti;.I putur^l u gelation, lia- deu,onst. ited that this new stratification results in strata w ith greater homogeneity than the i he-i,: gi.ipii.c strata, provides lowet error variance, and hence generates gre.ilpr precision in the ar.aiyris withan increase in cull-count routes. Error xariance was reduced approximately 30 prrrent for, the cor,t:g ious l nited Stit's. This indicates that future analysis based upon the ness- stratification will result in an increased ability to detect significant year-to-year changes. Management of mourning doves in the United States has been confined essenti dly to the control of harvest by hunting regula- ' Present address: East African Acr cultural and Forestry Rc-s.-arch Organization Nairobi, Kenya. tions ( Ruos and Tomlinson 196S). To guide the sctthig of regulations, sonic measure of tiic dirveiion and mag' nitude of annual change in si/e of population is needed. 1 he eali-eount survey was developed as a ' DSW 332643 t i i | j STLCOPCB4079219