Document 91MzK5oO7X4DXrk9OkY47oEmD

( } I-'.inutes GENERAL fE'sTING Asbestos Textile Institute February 11, 1966 Barbizon-Plaza Hotel, New York, N.Y. PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT G- 3 0 2 In Attendance: AMERICAN ASBESTOS TEXTILE CORP. T.L. Rainey . J.W. Christenbury Win. Maaskant ASBESTOS. CORPORATION LTD . M.P. Carson AC Steele G.F.A. Drink E.L. Alexander (A.C.S. Ltd.) W.Ww Oughtred BELL ASBESTOS MINES LTD. G.W. Smith F.r. Smith Wm.J.W. Smith R. Dodds-Hebron JOHNS-MANVILLE CORPORATION W.S. Hough E.A. Schuman W.C. Atkinson J. Barnett C.L. She elder P.C. Rogers J.W. Axelson CADWALADER, WICKERSHAM ft TAFT P.Jay Flocken (Legal Counsel) ASBESTOS TEXTILE INSTITUTE H.E. Sunbury (Exec. Secretary) CANADIAN JOHNS-MANVILLE CO. . N.W. Hendry GARLCCK, INC. W.L.S. Martucci G.E. Houghton H.K. PORTER COMPANY INC. J.D. McCluer ' A.P. Gouveia D.E. Childers RAYBESTOS-1iAi-JIIATTAN INC. J.P. Wronski J.W. Hawkins R.B. Smith TALLMAN-McCLUSKEY FABRICS CO. J.L. Jlitchell T.C. HcCluskey, Jr. TURNER BROS. ASBESTOS CO. LTD. W.r. Oeckman LAKE ASBESTOS OF QUEBEC LTD. K.VJ. Nelson UNITED STATES RUBBER COl'FANY S J. Peele, Jr. A.C. Link D.T. Austin, Jr. E.A. Norris CASSIAR ASBESTOS CORP. LTD. R. Karson (Ont. Res. Fdtn.) Luncheon Guests Feb. 11. 1966 P.J. Smith - AST)* Headquarters - Phila., Ta. W.C. Hitchcock, U.S. Rubber Company, New York City Mrs. R. I arson; Mrs. J.A. Bettes, Jr.; Mrs. W.C. Atkinson; Krs. E.A. Schuman; Mrs. W.S. Hough; Mrs. W.r. Deckman; Mrs.S.J .Teele,. Minutes I. Vice President Rainey called the meeting to order at 9:30 A.M. and informed the members that President Brown was unable to attend because he was convalescing from a recent operation. Mr. Rainey asked Mr. Bettes to convey our best wishes to I-Ir. Brown. u) Minutes - General Jieeting - continued Page - 2 - 2. I!r. Rainey asked each person present to stand and identify him self and his company affiliation. A most cordial welcome was extend ed to Messers. Martucci and Houghton, representing GARLOCK, INC., who have rejoined the Institute this year. # Mr. Rainey mentioned that the Secretary had received a nice lett er from George F. Jenkins expressing his appreciation for the plaque that was given him in absentia at our last meeting. A copy of Mr. Jenkin's letter is attached to these minutes. 3. The minutes of the last meeting were presented for reading. Mr. Bettes moved that the reading be omitted, seconded by Mr. Hough, and so voted. 4. The Financial Report was presented by Mr. E.A. Schuman.Treasurer. Mr. Atkinson moved that the report be accepted as read, seconded by Mr. Peele, and so voted. The report is attached to these minutes. 5. Mr. F.Jay Flocken, Legal Counsel, discussed several recent de cisions by the Federal Trade Commission on area price discrimination under Clayton Act 2(a), as amended by the Robinson-Patman Act. A summary of his remarks is attached to these minutes. 6. Mr. M.P. Carson, Vice President - Sales, Asbestos Corporation Ltd., Thetford Mines, P9*t Canada, gave the members a very interest ing review of the asbestos mining situation in respect to production and sales of asbestos fibre. Some of the highlights 'in his talk: ' Overall shipments of the Canadian asbestos industry last year were 1,230,000 tons, about 5% below the prior year. However, there was some overpurchasing in 1964 to beat the price increase on No.4 and lower grades. Russia in 1965 supposed to have produced 1,500,000 tons. The No.3 spinning grades of asbestos fibre are in good supply at this time. However, the situation in Rhodesia could affect this in 1966. Some countries have boycotted Rhodesia, but others have not. The situation on long fibres could change. Shipments of Canadian fibre to North America were about the same in 1964 and 1965. Shipments to Japan have been off, caused by a business depression there; this may improve in late 1966. The demand in India has been high for asbestos-cement grades, and Russia has supplied substantial quantities to India. The Canadian producers are now real "busy". New capacity for producing the shorter grades, now .available or soon to be available, promises to meet the ever increas ing demand. ' ' 7. Mr. J.P. Wronski, Head-Physics Section, Research & Development Dept., Raybestos-Manhattan Inc., Manheim, Pa., gave a technical paper entitled: `The Role of Fibers and Whiskers in Reinforcement*. This proved to be a most interesting paper, and was followed by an exten sive question and answer period. By courtesy of Mr. Wronski and Raybestos-Manhattan, the full text of the paper is attached to these minutes. (' 4 , h Vinutes - General Iteeting - continued: Page - 3 - i 8* Mr, Rainey read the letter that President Brown sent to Mrs. M. C, Shaw on behalf of the Institute, following the sudden death of Dr. Shaw on November 12th, 1965, The reply, expressing Irs* Shaw's appreciation, was read. Both letters are made r part of these min utes. Following the reading of the letters. Vice President Rainey asked that the members stand and observe a minute of silence in mem ory of Hr, Shaw, ' 9. The committee reports were given by the chairmen of their respec tive committees as listed below. The full text of their reports is attached to these minutes,. Air Hygiene & Iffg. Committee - W.C. Atkinson, Chairman Sales Promotion Committee - W.S. Hough, Chairman Technical Committee - J.D, I'cCluer, Chairman Fiber Testing Committee - J.P. Wronski, Chairman 10. Vice President Rainey announced that the next meeting of the Institute would be held on June 9th and 10th, 1966, at the BarbizonPlaza Hotel in New York City, 11. The annual meeting in the fall will be held on October 6th and > 7th, but the location has not been settled as yet. This will be the BIG MEETING of the year, and members are urged to bring their wives. Vfe hone to find a location that will be equally attractive to both the men and their wives, (see footnote) 12. There being no further business to come before this meeting, on motion duly made and seconded, it was voted to adjourn. The lunch eon that followed the meeting was made more enjoyable by presence of many wives. Respectfu-lly submitted, hote^ H.E. Sunbury^ -r j"-- Exec. Secret ary''i Subsequent to the meeting, arrangements were competed to hold the October meeting at The Homestead, Hot Springs,^. This is reported, by those forturate enough to have stayed there, to be a wonderful place to hold our annual meeting, and one that will be equally attractive to both the men and their wives. So - we suggest that you start planning NOV/ to bring your wife to the October meeting, to be held October 6th and 7th,1966, at . the world famous "Homestead", Hot Springs, Va.! H.S.S GEORGS P. JERKINS Knowlton, Quebec November 24, 1965 Mr. H.E. Suribury Executive Secretary Asbestos Textile Institute P.O.Box 239 Pompton Lakes,N.J. 07442 Pear Herb: It will be greatly appreciated if you will express my sincere thanks to the President, Eoard of Governors and members of the Asbestos Textile Institute for the extremely thoughtful gift presented to me in absentia at your last meeting held at Buck Hill Palls. * The illuminated scroll is truly a beautiful memento and while I am far from deserving the inscribed commendation on the scroll, I shall certainly cherish this as one of my most prized possessions. It will always occupy a place in my home where I shall have it as a constant reminder of the pleasant and interesting association with the Institute and all its members, past and present. Mrs. Jenkins and I would have enjoyed nothing more than to have been able to accept your Presidents kind invitation to be present at the Buck Hill Falls meeting, however prior obligations intervened. Please extend my kindest regards to all present at your next meeting and best wishes for the continued success of the Institute. . Yours sincerely. (Signed) GEORGS P. JENKINS ASE2STGS T3.TILS TXSTITDT: Report of Funds January 10, 2SC6 Balance on Hard at Last Report.Sept.9, 1965 General Fund Savings Fund Petty Cash Receipts . $ 2049.05 21323.14 10.44 23532.63 To -Savings Fund (Interest) To General Fund (Eook Sales) 475.05 24-94 Total On Band and Received X jsfrurs entente `. L^gal Retainer (3 months ending 11/30/65) 500.00 l.rgol Travel 70.68 Telephone (4 months) 194.69 Footing Expense (October 1965) 607.12 Fibre Test Manual Expense 598.32 Handbook Expense (3rd Edition) 63-.02 499.99 23882.552 Secretary's Travel 332.00 F.T.C.A. Tax Office .Rent (Two months) Exhibit Expense Exhibit Insurance (3 yrs) ASTH dues (1966) Printing & Office Supplies Flowers (Dr.M.C. Shaw) Petty Cash,vouchers 198-222 Inclusive 21.75 03.52 216.67 155.00 35.00 157.15 25.70 161.59 . 5192.01 Ealance On Hand as of Jan. 10th 20690.61 Funds General Fund (Pank statement Savings Fund Petty Cash r\ind of 1/10/66 1877.40 18798.19 15.02 Tdtal Funds 20690.61 Assets p.s of January 10,1966 General Fund Savings Fund Petty Cash on Hand _` Accounts Receivable (1966 Lues) "" (Book Sales) Postage on Hand ^ Furniture i: Equipment (Nominal Value) Total Assets 1677.40(*) 18798.19 15.02 9250.00 1.00 2.04 1.00 $.29944.65 Inabilities (None) Tet Forth $29944.65 I*-) $1000.00 transferred from Savings to General Fund 11/19/65 $2000.00 " " " *" " 1/5/66 Respectfully submitted, ea sur or Legal Counsel Report February 11, 1966, ATI r*eeting P. Jay Flocken, ATI counsel, discussed several recent decisions by the Federal Trade Commission on area price discrimination under Clayton Act *2(a), as amended by the Robinson-Patman Act, Area or territorial price "discrimination" occurs whenever a seller charges different prices in different geographic areas or markets. Such 'discrimination" is not illegal unless proven to cause the competi tive injury forbidden by the Clayton Act. The standards of proof of such injury have always been a sore spot and the FTC's traditional approach has been responsible for the common criticism that its Clayton Act price discrimination decisions require "soft" competi tion in conflict with the Sherman Act's philosophy of "hard" competi tion; that sellers who compete effectively in the spirit of the Sherman Act are inviting price discrimination charges under the Clayton Act, Kr. Flocken noted that in a series of cases, ending with Dean Milk Co. (FTC Docket 8032), the FTC appears to be shifting away from its old attitude toward territorial price discrimination and to be gradually accepting the viet*;s of what Commissioner Elman calls the FTC's "responsible critics". At least, the FTC is attempting to announce meaningful standards, drawn from the basic antitrust policy of promoting competition. This slow tentative shift after almost 30 years lias been accom- * plished by narrowly divided votes in these recent cases. But Com missioner Elman is gradually forcing grudging Commission recognition of his point of view that competition--not protection of competitors from price competition--is the ultimate antitrust goal. Utilizing J*r. Elman's dissent in the Dean Tilk case, counsel elaborated on Elman's view that the proper standard for measuring competitive injury at the seller level in area price discrimination cases must focus on "the condition of the market as a whole" and that the standard is not satisfied merely by showing temporary diver sion of business, minor losses in sales and profits, or temporary shifts.in market shares. Counsel also expressed doubt that the Com mission's rejection of a defense by Dean bilk--that its discounts were in response to a price-fixing conspiracy among its competitors and that the decline in its competitors* profits resulted not from Dean's discounts but from a decline of prices from a conspiratorial to a competitive level--would be upheld by the courts if challenged.. One pro-competitive result of the FTC's slo\*ly changing attitude has been reflected in the orders issued by the Commission in recent territorial price discrimination cases. These orders have tended to prohibit only those area price differences in vhich the seller's price in a particular local market or its sales from a single plant undercut all the prices of its small competitors in the local market involved. Formerly, typical FTC orders in such cases prohibited area price discrimination inbroad terms and, in the view of some critics, tended to make pricing inflexible and unresponsive to the vagaries of local market competitive realities. tV/I ) Minutes: Air Hygiene and fianufacturing Committee February 10, 1966 Barbizon-Plaza Hotel New York City, New York 9:30 A.N. to 4:00 r.N. Attending: iv-mbers: W.C. Atkinson, Chairman L.C. Williams C.L. She elder . R.3. Smith A.C. Link T.C. licCluskey, Jr. X.W. Nelson A.T. Gouveia Johns-Kanville Corp. Raybestos-i anhattan, Inc. ' Johns-i'-anvi lie Corn. Ray best os-1 .'anhattan, Inc. United States Rubber Co. Tallman-icCluskey Fabrics Co. American Smelting & Refining Co. il.K. Porter Co., Inc. Guests: W.r. Declonan Dr. L.J Cralley Turner Brothers Asbestos Co.Ltd. U.S. Dept, of Health, Education and Welfare Absent: H. Walter American Asbestos Textile Bausch and Lomh Automatic Dust Counter There was a short discussion on the Bausch and Lomb automatic dust counter. Hr. Kelson stated that his company had rlaced an order for one of the 40-2 machines and expected delivery in March. All members of the committee will be interested in the results ob tained from the use of this machine. Materials Handling Methods This matter was brought up for discussion relative to loading trucks from ground level. Methods discussed were: Ca) fork lift trucks, and (b) electric hoists, and (c) hydraulic lifts. Advantages and disadvantages of all three were discussed. Host companies have fork lift trucks, but, in some cases, they may be in use elsewhere at the time they are needed for loading a truck. Elec tric hoists are adequate for indoor use but not practical for out..doors. Hydraulic lifts require a permanent installation and lack the flexibility of a mobile unit. Dust Bags for Dust Collectors The relative merits of bags made from cotton. Nylon and lacron came up for discussion. In most cases cotton bags are used. Some companies have experimented with Nylon and vd. th Dacron bags. The concensus was that the cotton bags were more efficient and gave a satisfactory service life. One company reported that examination after 9 years of service showed no deterioration in their cotton bags. uJ "Oust Control fay the TJse cf Oils, etc* rage 2 Host of the member companies have at one time used oils or emul sions, sprayed on the stock, to hold down dust in subsequent opera tions. In many cases it has been found to be of little, if any, value.- Two companies are currently experimenting with the use of a hew substance called Lenospin Anti-Fly SD-5, which was developed by Lenox Chemical Co. Initial results indicate that larger scale runs for evaluation would be worthwhile. This will be renorted on at future meetings. Audiometry . because of the growing number of compensation cases due to loss of hearing, the subject is being given serious consideration by most companies. Detailed urograms are being developed for pre-employment testing, as well as regularly scheduled testing after employment. In addition, all areas of the plants are being tested for noise levels and decibel count. Haximun allowable levels are established and, wherever possible, corrective action is being taken. One company has started issuing industrial earnuffs and requir ing the employees to vrear them in areas where the noise level is above the maximum allowable limits. It was brought out, during the discussion, that there have been four manufacturing companies forced into bankruptcy due to compensa tion awards for loss of hearing, and one well-knov.n steel manufactur ing company has 950 claims filed against it that could run over a million dollars. One of the member companies distributed sample forms showing the results of their noise survey. ''r. Sheckler exhibited and recommended for study a copy of the Industrial Iloise i'anual published by the American Industrial Hygiene Association. It can be purchased for $15.00. Several States already have industrial noise legislation, and it is being considered by others. . This subject will be folloxved up in future meetings. . Environmental Health Survey During the afternoon session Dr. Lewis Cralley joined us and brought the committee up-to-date on the status of the Environmental Health Survey. He stated that the plant surveys in Asbestos Textiles had been completed. The next phase, consisting of analyzing the data, is progressing. In addition, it is their intention to analyze trace contaminants, to determine whether they are present and, if so, still active. They will determine whether there is any radioactivity. ) Minutes: Sales Promotion Committee Asbestos Textile Institute February 10, 1966 Barbizon-Plaza Hotel New York, N.Y. The I'*eeting was called to order at 9:30 A.I*. by the Chairman. Representatives of all member companies were present including >Carloc!c, Inc., except ll.K. Porter Co. ' I!r. Howard Bain, our A.T.I. handbook editor, was present and we reviewed in detail prepared copy for the third edition. 90% of the editorial work has been completed and it is estimated by the June aneeting all of the editorial work and new photographs will be avail able and ready pending approval and availability of new A.S.T.M. specifications. It was decided to not distribute the A.T.I. booklet on Method for Determining Asbestos Dust Concentration as requested by the Air Hygiene & Manufacturing Committee, but to make this booklet available if and when customers request information. The A.T.I. display has been offered to the Franklin Institute Museum at Philadelphia, Pa., for a minimum of six months, maximum period of "two years. No word has been received to date. ,, llr. Peele reported on what appears to be increased activity on the part of A.R. Simon Co., New York City, importers of European and Japanese manufactured asbestos textiles. Quantities during the past three months have increased appreciably. Hr. Peele offered examples of a new type of colorful sales promotion literature being used by U.S. Rubber throughout their entire indus trial textile line. It is thought that a similar type of advertising could be useful for the A.T.I. members in general as a sales present ation piece. Mr. Peele will invite Reis Kapelow & Caldwell, New York City advertising agency, to attend one of our coming meetings. There was a brief discussion of Carborundum Corp. new fiber boronnitride, for high temperature applications. Extremely high price will probably prevent ready acceptance. We referred to our Technical Committee study of weight tolerances of asbestos cloth under A.S.T.M. specifications. In addition, we asked for the Technical Committee's recommendation regarding inclusion of two or more wire inserted asbestos cloths in official A.S.T.M. spec ifications. The meeting adjourned at 3:00 P.H. Respectfully submitted, W.S. Hohgh Chairman u) Tnvironnental Health Survey (continued) Page 3 Dr, Cralley stated that within a year they hone to make a renort on chenical content of asbestos fiber and its relationship to health hazards. He also related that -the Q.A.H.A. has organized an institute for the study of asbestos and its environmental health effects in order to bring a previous study up-to-date, More and more publicity is being given to the health hazards in working with asbestos. The latest, a clipping from the National Observer of 2-7-66, written by John Henderson, M.D., discussed some symptoms of asbestosis and stated that the incidence of asbestosis i.s rising and that 30 years from now it would be much higher. The article stated that "doctors are mystified by the appearance of a rare tissue tumor, mesothelioma, which is found increasingly in asbestosis victims". The increasing number of these articles, apparently being writtei for personal publicity reasons, is disturbing to the industry and points up the need for an impartial survey such as is being made by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Published Pamphlet - "Method for Determining Asbestos Dust Concentration" ' ` In an effort to obtain a wider circulation of the subject pam phlet, the Sales Promotion Committee was asked to consider a plan v/hereby sales departments of the member companies night distribute the booklet to customers. The Sales Promotion Committee, after due consideration, voted negatively. Respectfully submitted, W.D. Atkinson, Chairman . Air Hygiene & lifg, Committee ) I-IINUTES: Asbestos Textile Institute Technical Committee Report February 10, 1966 The meeting was held at Barbizon - Plaza Hotel, New York, N. Y. ATTENDANCE: ' ' Edward A. Morris - V, S. Rubber Co. D. T. Austin - U. S. Rubber Co. G. E. Houghton - Garlock, Inc. ' J. W. Hawkins - Raybestos - Manhattan, Inc. William Kaaskant - American Asbestos Textile Corp. Irvin Barnett - Johns - Manville Corp. J. D. McCluer - H. K. Porter Co., Inc. H. E. Sunbury - Asbestos Textile Institute Ralph Marson - Ontario Research Foundation (Representing Cassiar Asbestos Corp.) Paul J. Smith - A.S.T.K. SUBJECTS DISCUSSED: Revision of Tentative A.S.T.1I. Specifications, preliminary remarks. The Technical Committee has been made the Task Group for revising all the Tentative A.S.T.ii. Specifications, There is an A.S.T.K. ruling that any tentative specification not revised within 5 years of its last revision will be dropped from the Book of A.S.T.r-1. Staadards. Several are in or near this condition: .* D 1571 - 58 T Asbestos Cloth. This has stood over 5 years and had to be revised before the end of 1965. D 315 - 62T Asbestos Tape. D 1918 - 62T Test for Asbestos Content. The above two require revision during 1966 to avoid running too close to the dead line. This work was initiated in November 1965 by the Technical Committee in order to complete D 1571, Cloth, on time. A resume of these early ings wall be given later At the meeting of this date, the discussion itbs on D 1918 - 62T - Test for Asbestos Content of Asbestos Textile Materials. The committee r-?-'4':-. the major part of the day preparing the 1st Draft of a revision. Tni* draft will be circulated to all members of the Committee for their con sideration and possible comments, after which a 2nd Draft may be prepared based on comments. - -1~ 1- BZSDHE OF PREVIOUS 7-iEETINGS: November 18, 1965 at A.S.T.M. Headquarters, Philadelphia, Pa. IN,ATTENDANCE: D. T. Austin J. W. Hawkins ' William Maaskant Irvin Barnett J. D. McCluer H. E. Sunbury At this meeting the 1st Draft of D 1571, Cloth, was prepared using as a starting point a preliminary revision idiich Dr. Shaw had prepared before his death. This 1st Draft was circulated to members and on basis of comments by correspondence a 2nd Draft was made'using A.S.T.M. format of decimal paragraphing with metric equivalents for all U. S. Measurements and Weights. December 2, 1965 at A.S.T.M. Headquarters - Philadelphia, Pa. IN ATTENDANCE: Same group as November 18, meeting plus Paul J. Smith, Senior Assistant Technical Secretary, A.S.T.M. At this meeting a 3rd Draft was made based on some recommendations from Dr. Scroggie and Mr. P. 0. Nicodemus. Copies of this draft were sent to Mr. Nicodemus and Dr. Scroggie for their respective committaed. January 6 L 7, 1966 at Marriott Motor Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia IN ATTENDANCE: D. T. Austin J. W. Hawkins William Maaskant J. D. McCluer H. E. Sunbury Paul J. Smith (2nd day) On January 6th, the committee made the 1st Draft of a revision of D 31!j. Tape, using experience gained on the D 1571 which was assumed to be approved. On January 7th, Paul Smith joined the committee and submitted a letter from Dr. Scroggie on recommended changes in the 3rd Draft of D 157'. The committee spent this day going over these recommendations, must of rhira were accepted, and prepared the hth Draft of D 1571. Exceptions were taken by the committee to some of Dr. Scroggie*s recommendations, V.jt reasons were submitted for each exception taken. This draft was cir culated to all members for approval. The committee was adviced by Mr. Nicodemus that we would have until January 21st, to get copr.es to him for a letter ballot within the A-h committee. 20 copies were sent to Mr. Nicodemus and 10 copies to Dr. Scroggie for thiir respective comittees. Letter ballots were sent out to members of the A-h committee by Mr. Nicodemus. uJ In the nser.tirve, a 2nd Draft of D 315, Tcpe, was prepared based on cosacuti 'ey correspondence fron committee nernsrs. February 9j 1966 at Barbicon - Plaza Hotel - New York, N. Y. . (THIS VliS A SPECIAL MEETING AT 1:00 P.H.,, ONE DAY IN ADVANCE 0? THE REGULAR TECHNICAL CCICHTTEE MEETING.) , 75 ATTHDANCS: Edwnrd A. Morris D. T. Austin G. E. Houston J. W. Hawkins William Maaskant Irvin Bsmett J. D. McCluer H. E, Suribur. Paul J. Smith At this metting D 3l Tape, was again discussed and the 3rd Draft was rads. Ey common consent cf the ccrszittoe, this draft was to be typtd in usual way and copies sent to Mr. Nicodenus cr.d Dr. Scroggie for thiir respective committees. J. D. MoCluer, Chairmen of Technical Committee 3- u Minutes: ASBESTOS TEXTILE INSTITUTE FIBER TESTING COMMITTEE February 10, 1966 The meeting was held at the Barbizon-Plaza ' Hotel, New York. In attendance: J. Vronski Dr. J. Axelson I. Eamett F. Bodycomb G.F.A. Brink D.E. Childers R.Dodds-Hebron Dr. R. Karson J.L.Tucker Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc. Johns-Kanville J ch os-Manvilie ' J chns-Manville Asbestos Coro, Ltd. K.K.Porter, Inc. Bell Asbestos Mines,Ltd. Ontario Research Foundation A.T.I. Consultant Subjects Discussed 1. The new fiber testing manual is ready for the printer. Mr-. Sunbury has received orders from various companies totalling 2?90 complete manuals and 5026 copies cf individual tests. Based on tiie lowest printing bid, this brings the price per manual to $1.71 and the price per individual test to 0.16. Since some members have indicated they may purchase more test manuals than they have al ready pledged to buy and also since there may be a price concession fer the purchase of 3000 instead of 2790 manuals, the committee recommends that the Eoard cf Governors authorize the purchase of 3000 copies of the complete manual together with 502b copies of individual tests. 2. Preliminary data was presented cn two proposed test procedures -- one for the determination of frictional properties of asbestos fibers and the other for the determination of the amount of spicules and unopened fiber bundles in milled fiber. Further test data cn these procedures will be gathered for presentation at the next meeting. Page 2 A two man Task Force was appointed to follow the deliberations of ASTM Committed A-4 in their efforts at revising the presmt ASIM procedure for determining ths magnetic rating of asbestos fibers. The magnetic rating test we now have in our test manual follow? the present ASTM procedure very closely and tbn Fiber Testing Committee feels it should know what changes, if any, will be made in the ASTM procedure so that it can decide whether to make corresponding modifications in our ov/n procedure. The Task Force will keep the Technical Committee as well as the Fiber Testing Committee informed of these developments. Respectfully submitted, J. P. Wronski o) ASBESTOS TEXTILE INSTITUTE 18 November 1965 Mrs. M. C* Shaw 563 Gates Street Philadelphia 28, Pa* Dear I4rs* Shaw: The sad news of your husband's passing was indeed a great shock to all of his friends andlong time associates in the.Institute* I -want to express on their behalf our most sincere sympathy to you in "the loss of your beloved husband, and to your children, 1-larilyn and Jlyril, Jr*, in the loss of their devoted father. . "Doc" Shaw as he was affectionately known throughout the Asbestos Industry, gave unstintingly of his time and talents to the Institute over a period of seventeen years as Research Fellow, Executive Direc tor, and Assistant Treasurer. Itore than any other single individual he was responsible for the success and continued growth of the Insti tute* Your husband was a most capable and efficient administrator of the Institute's affairs, and commanded the utmost respect from our mem- " bers and the entire Asbestos Industry* The fact that you were his only assistant for those many years is known and appreciated greatly* Dr* Shaw's fine Christian character and exemplary personal habits were greatly admired by his associates, and those who knew him best are lastingly enriched by their opportunity for close acquaintance with him* Our Industry has lost a fine individual, and an outstanding authority on asbestos, and he will be greatly missed. I have instructed the Secretary to make this letter a part of the permanent records of the Institute, also to circulate it to the Board of Governors* At our next General Tweeting, to be held in February, I will inform our members of this official action. . You may be sure that our thoughts and best wishes will go out to you and your children on that occasion. Most sincerely, John A. Brown, Jr. - President msg 'U ) Mrs. Myril C. Shaw 563 Gates St. Philadelphia! Pa. 19128 December 2, 1965 Mr. John A. Brown, Jr., President Asbestos Textile Institute P.P. Box 239 75 Center St. Pompton Lakes, N.J. 07442 Dear Mr. Brown: Thank you so much for your letter and kind words about Myril. To realize that Jlyril was so appreciated by all of his associates is a great source of strength and comfort to me. iyril always considered all of you of the Asbestos Textile Institute as personal friends, and he was so happy to once again be a part of the textile branch of the industry. He had marked the dates of the next A.T.I. meeting in his 'date" book and was looking forward to greeting and working with all of you. Please express my heartfelt thanks to the members of the Asbestos Textile Institute for the beautiful flowers sent to Ityxil and for their many expressions of kindness and sympathy to me and the children. Very sincerely. (Signed) Mrs. Myril C. Shaw 1 TECHNICAL PAPJR "THE BOLE OF FIB2BS AND WHISKERS IN REINFORCEMENT" Presented at the General Meeting Asbestos Textile Institute February 11, 1966 by Joseph P. Y/ronski Head of the Physics Section Research & Development Dept. Raybestos-Manhattan,Inc. United States Asbestos Dlv. Wanheim,Pa. About the Author; "Joe" Wronski was graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1940 with a Bachelor of Chemistry degree. He received his Masters Degree in Physics from the same institution in 1947, and did further graduate work in physics at Ohio State Uni versity. He was at Battelle Memorial Institute for eight years working on electro-optical properties of dielectrics, stresses in thin walled pipes, and operations research. Prior to his employment with the U.S.Asbestos Division of Raybestos-Kanhattan he was with the v;estinghouse-Bettis Atomic Power Div ision in Pittsburgh working on problems associated with the construction of nuclear reactors for the Navy. A member of the Asbestos Textile Institute's Fiber Testing Committee for several years he is presently serving as it's chairman. . By courtesy of Mr. Wronski and Raybestos-3-'anhattan,Inc., the full text of his paper is being distributed with the minutes of this meeting. Any correspondence concerning same should be addressed to: Mr. J.P. Y/ronskl Head- Physics Section Research & Development Dept. Raybestos-.Manhattan,Inc. lianheim,Pa. 17545 U.S.A. o THE ROLE OF FIB$ ERS MD WHISKERS IN REINFORCEMENT J " Paper Presented At ASBESTOS TEXTILE INSTITUTE CONFERENCE February 11, 1966 By Joseph P. Wronski Research and Development Department RAYBESTOS-MANHATTAN, INC. Manheim, Pennsylvania J J THE ROLE OF FIBERS AND WHISKERS IN REINFORCEMENT When I was invited to give a talk at this meeting it wasn't very hard for me to decide on my topic. The subject of fiber-reinforced materials has been of great interest to me ' ever since I joined Raybestos-Manhattan about seven years ago -- not only because we at Manheim are very active in producing asbestos reinforced materials but also because I feel there is a great economic future for fiber-reinforcements. The recent development of strong, inorganic, fiber-like, synthetic materials called ''whiskers" and their use as reinforcements has further stimulated my interest in the whole subject of reinforcements. In looking over much of the recent literature on this whole subject of fiber and whisker reinforcement * I have learned a few things and gained a few insights which I would like to share with you today. I am no expert on the subject. It would take a lot more study and research on this subject than, I have done to come anywhere near being an expert. Even those I would qualify as experts admit that there is a lot they don't understand about fiber*reinforcement. However, they have outlined the basic - engineering principles that govern the physical behavior of fiber- reinforced composites. From these principles they have pinpointed the properties of the fiber and of the matrix in which these fibers are imbedded that are important in establishing the physical properties of the fiber-matrix composite or reinforcement. This is mainly what I want to talk to you about today; -- what are some of the simple, basic principles that determine the physical properties of reinforcements? -- what makes a fiberreinforced material good or bad? In doing so, I hope to be able to show you at the same time how asbestos fibers compare with some of the new synthetic fibers as reinforcements. - First of all -- what are "whiskers" and why is there so much to-do about them? Whiskers are inorganic crystals that are grown under special temperature and pressure conditions. The conditions are such that the growth of these crystals takes place primarily in one direction. They can be grown to a length which ' may be many hundreds of times their diameter. As we will see later on, many materials can be grown in whisker form -- iron, silver, silicon carbide and even sodium chloride, to mention a few. Not all are novel. Silver whiskers, for example, were known to the medieval silversmiths who knew that they could be made to grow by gently heating a scratch made on freshly cast silver. U V 2 hn One whisker material that has received a lot of atten tion lately is crystalline aluminum oxide -- or sapphire. I have a sample of this material which I'll pass around for you to see. The sample contains three different forms of the fiber. The slide coming-up will show you what the. so-called "wool" form of this fiber looks like when magnified a hundred times. Incidentally, from here on I will use the terms 'fibers* and 'whiskers* inter changeably. (See Slide 1 - Appendix) * These "wool" fibers are about ten microns (400 millionths of an inch) in diameter and are up to about 1000 microns, or 40 thousandths of an inch long. Just for comparison, the next slide shows you the old, familiar photograph of asbestos fibers as seen under" an electron microscope. Magnification is 35.000 times. The diameter of the unit asbestos fibers is about 2 hundredths of a micron (less than one millionth of an inch) and is about 500 times smaller than the sapphire fibers you saw. I will point out later on how important this difference in diameter is from the standpoint of reinforcing properties. * (See Slide #2 - Appendix) ^ 1 Many of the whiskers produced to date are extremely strong -- with tensile strengths in the millions of pounds per ' square inch. But their high tensile strength is not the only reason these fibers have created so much interest. They are also light. It is really their strength in relation to their weight that has stimulated so much interest in them. This matter of fiber weight is very important when we talk about using the fibers as a reinforcement. We add fibers to a matrix material --such as resin, ceramic or even metal -- to make a composite that is stronger than the original matrix material. This, of course, is what we mean by reinforcement. The strength of the final composite will be somewhere between the strength of the fiber we've added and the strength of the matrix . material we've used. We can add strength by adding more fiber. But if the fiber is heavy, we are also adding more weight. In this case we may wind up with a composite that has good strength -- . say a strength as good as the strongest steel. But if its weight is very close to that of steel we have gained very little -- and . have proably paid too high a price for what little we have gained. In addition to their high strength to weight ratio many of these new whisker materials possess another important character istic that makes them valuable as reinforcements and that is their high modulus. o 3 This matter of high-modulus brings us to the point where I would like to discuss some of the simple mechanical principles involved in fiber reinforcement and which, I hope, will give us a better insight into the factors that affect the performance of fiber reinforced composites. . * _ The next slide depicts a physical situation which I hope will give you some idea of what we mean when we talk about the modulus of a material. For those of you for whom this is old stuff, please bear with me. (See Slide #3 - Appendix) ' When a force is applied to a solid -- whether the solid is a piece of resin, a piece of wax, or a piece of steel -- it ` ` responds to this force by changing its shape. For simplicity, we can*visualize any material as behaving like a spring. It stretches a certain amount when it is pulled ana compresses a certain amount when it is pushed. Our picture shows a condition of stretching -- or tension. When a load is applied to this spring it stretches a certain amount. The fractional increase in its length is called strain. When a load or stress is applied to the spring it strains a certain amount. When the stress is doubled the amount of strain it undergoes is also doubled. Triple the stress and you triple the strain, etc. The modulus of this spring is the amount of stress it requires to strain it by a certain amount. In other words, the modulus of a material is a measure of its stiffness. How let's relate this notion to a fiber-reinforced material. The next slide depicts this condition. - (See Slide #4 - Appendix) Here we have a composite subjected to a tensile load. The applied force acting over the indicated area of the composite is the applied stress. Under this stress the material stretches -- or strains. If the fibers are strongly bonded to the matrix, they will strain right along with the matrix. The stress is shared by both the matrix and the fiber. But, if the matrix has a smaller modulus than the fiber -- and this is usually the case -- the fibers will take over most of the load. This situation is shown in the stress-strain diagram. This simple.illustration depicts a most important aspect of the whole problem of fiber reinforcement. It indicates why it is desirable to have high modulus as well as high-strength fiber for reinforcement. Under a given strain, the higher the fiber modulus, the greater will be the portion of the load transferred to the fiber. This is the way we want it -- because the fiber is much stronger than the matrix. The primary function of the matrix material is simply to support the fibers and to transfer stresses to them. o J4 I have tabulated tne modulus values for a few of the new whisker materials along with those for asbestos and glass fibers. These data are shown in the next slide together with other important values pertaining to these fibers. ** : * (See Slide #5 - Appendix) You will note, for example, that silicon carbide whiskers have a modulus about five times and a strength about twice that of asbestos. Because of its high modulus, a silicon carbide whisker could take over a greater share of the load in a composite than an . asbestos fiber could in the same matrix. In other words, fewer _ silicon carbide whiskers than asbestos fibers would be needed to ' take over the same amount of load. In addition, a silicon carbide whisker would support twice the stress of an asbestos fiber because of its two-fold greater strength. However, things are not all that much in favor of the silicon carbide when we look at its strength- to-weight ratio. On a pound-for-pound basis, silicon carbide would actually support only 50$ more load than an asbestos fiber instead of twice the lead. The situation is even more dramatically illustrated in the case of iron whiskers. Here iron, with over twice the strength of asbestos, is 50$ weaker on a pound-for-pound basis. I present this table of modulus values to illustrate how widely these values vary for different fibers. I now want to back up a little and again take up the discussion about the importance of the fiber modulus to the load carrying characteristics of a composite. I think I can do this best by showing you the next slide. (See Slide #6 - Appendix) You will remember that high modulus fibers take over more load than low modulus fibers in a composite. This means that fewer high modulus fibers in a composite would be required to support a load than would be required if the composite were made of lower modulus fibers. The slide you see here shows what fraction of the load on a composite material the fibers take over. As you see, this depends on*the fiber concentration as well as on the modulus of the matrix material. These curves are for fibers in a resin matrix having a modulus of 1/2 million psi -- which is a ' typical value for resins. * The curves are based on highly idealized conditions such as perfect resin-to-fiber bonding, perfect alignment of fibers, and pure transfer of stress from resin to fiber -- no matter how far apart the fibers are. These conditions almost certainly would not' be realized in prartice. Nevertheless, they do provide an insight into what relative performance we might hope to achieve for various fiber-resin composites. You will note from these curves that the asbestos fibers in a composite containing 10$ fiber by volume would support about 30$ of a load imposed on the composite under the idealized conditions I have just mentioned. At the same concentration . v.; 0 5 and in the same resin, glass fibers would support about 70?? of the load. Under these conditions the glass composite would fail before . the asbestos composite -- simply because the resin could not support the greater load imposed on it. - I now want to bring out another imnortant characteristic of fibers that affect their performance as reinforcements. This is the shape of the fiber -- or, more specifically the ratio of the length of a fiber to its diameter. The next siide shows why this is so (See Slide #7 - Appendix) . You can imagine, first of all, that we have a fiber reinforced material that is subjected to a stress -- a tensile stress, say. This stress distributes itself throughout the whole composite. The slide you see here illustrates -- in a highly schematic way -- the stresses acting on a single fiber within the composite. . Essentially, there are two stress systems acting on this fiber. One is a shear stress acting at the interface of the fiber ana matrix and the other a tensile stress acting on the fiber cross section. Y/e might think of the tensile stress as one tending to pull the fiber apart and the shear stress as tending to drag the fiber* back against the action of the tensile stress. Under equilibrium conditions the tensile and shear forces are equal and when we go through the simple mathematics expressing this condition we find that the tensile stress on the fiber is proportional to the inter- . facial shear stress in the matrix multiplied by the ratio of fiber length to fiber diameter. It is this-relationship between matrix shear stress and fiber tensile stress that brings out the importance of the length-to-diameter ratio of the fiber. YJitr.out going into a lot of detail, the situation I have illustrated means simply this: when we use fibers in a reinforcement that are long in relation to their diameter (have a high I/D ratio) then we can use a matrix material with a lower shear strength than we could if the fibers were short in relation to their diameters. This can be a very important consideration in designing a fiber reinforced composite. In developing a fiber reinforced material ve might be forced to use a matrix material having a low shear strength. In this case we would want to use a fiber-with a high length-to-diameter ratio in order to exploit the 'full strength of. our fiber. Otherwise, the reinforcement might fail under load due to shear failure of the matrix long before we exploited the full strength of the fibers. As you knew, the unit, or ultimate, asbestos fiber has an extremely small diameter. Although I have never seen any figure on what the average length of the ultimate asbestos fiber might be, I have estimated from some of the published strength data that the ultimate length might be on the order of 100 microns -- or about 4 Thousandths of an inch. If so. this -.could snake the length of the ultimate asbestos fiber about 5,COO times its diameter. The next slide shows how this length-to-dianeter ratio compares with that for other fibers. -* (See Slide #8 - Appendix) The data on the other fibers was obtained from scattered sources. One source will give one value and another will quote some other value. However, I have chosen values that seemed typical to me. # If each of these fibers were used as a reinforcement in . some kind of matrix material and we wanted to exploit their full -' strength -- that is, we wanted the fiber to faiD*under load before the matrix material failed in shear -- then the minimum shear strength of the matrix material we would have to use is that shown in the last column. We can see from these figures that asbestos fibers, if they could be reduced,to their ultimate dimensions in a reinforcement, would impose very small shear strength requirements on the matrix material. Graphite and sapphire whiskers, on the other hand, would have to be incorporated with a high shear-strength matrix in order to fully realize their strength potentials. There is yet another factor concerning fiber-fineness that is important. This has to do with the stresses that are built up around the ends of fibers imbedded in a matrix. ' The next slide illustrates what I mean. (See Slide #9 - Appendix) The fiber you see is a sapphire whisker imbedded in a birefringent plastic. The plastic, with the fiber in it, is stressed in the fiber direction. Because of its birefringent nature, the plastic produces different colors (interference fringes) in those areas where the stresses are different. The blue areas you see near the ends of the fiber represent areas of high stress and the yellow coloration along most of the length of the fiber . represents about half this stress. The bluntness of the ends of the fiber accounts for most of the high stress concentration at these points. This means.that composites reinforced with fibers having large diameters and blunt ends could fail under load much earlier than small diameter fibers because of the high stress concentrations produced at their ends. Also, you may notice that . the high stresses at the ends of the fibers extend a short distance along the fiber length. For fibers with a small length-to-diameter ratio this would mean that the high stresses would extend over an appreciable fraction of the length of the fiber. This, obviously, would also be bad from the standpoint of reinforcement. . ' There is good reason for all the efforts being expended these days to develop high-strength, high-modulus fibers for * reinforcing purposes. Whoever can come up with a composite that has all the strength properties of the best of our present metals but with only about- a third or a fourth the weight would be in a position to reap tremendous economic rewards. As an example of what can be achieved in the way of fiber-reinforced materials, I give you the following figures: the theoretical tensile strength of a sapphire-whisker reinforced resin containing 50 resin by volume is about 1.4 million psi -- or about four or five times the strength of the finest steel. And this composite would be only about a fourth as heavy as steel. Using asbestos fibers opened v to their ultimate dimensions, a similar analysis shows that a theoretical tensile strength of about 700,000 psi is possible; -- and, again, the weight of the composite would be about a fourth that of an equal volume of steel. * It's doubtful that fiber-reinforced composites will ever achieve these theoretical strengths. But there are reports that composites with strengths well above the 300,000 psi strength of fine steel and with densities well below that of steel have already been developed. Cost and difficulty of fabrication are two of the main reasons why quantity production of such composites is being held back. The current cost of whiskers and other high strength synthetic fibers is very high. The next slide shows you some typical cost figures for such fibers. {See Slide jflO - Appendix) However, as you can see from this table, it is anticipated that _ within the next ten years the cost of these fibers will drop by an appreciable amount. On a cost--per-strength basis these fibers in the future may well present a serious challenge to asbestos fibers. * Asbestos shouldn't have to take a back seat to any of these synthetic fibers. When reduced to its ultimate dimensions, asbestos has a tensile strength estimated to be about 1,500,000 psi, a length-to-diameter ratio that is probably much higher than any of the synthetic fibers now have or will ever have, and, finally, a modulus that compares favorably with many of the synthetics. But the exploitation* of these excellent properties is going to take research -- vigorous and imaginative research; the kind of research now being done by the producers of synthetic fibers. And if we are going to compete with them in the field of reinforcements, we are going to have to learn a lot about the nature of the interaction of asbestos fibers with various matrix materials -- the principles that determine the bonding of asbestos fibers to other materials. I think the rewards will be worth the effort. Joseph P. V/ronski i10 a r r i: :i d i v 3 >iae vj *N >