Document 914w8BGgYqOQ2JEKyamj4DJv6

FILE NAME: AT&T and other Phone Companies (ATT) DATE: 1949 Jan DOC#: ATT005 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Article from Trade Magazine - The Survey SURVEY T U 1 n e Civil Liberties in G erm any-""Arthur Garfield Hays The Common Welfare Alice V. Keliher and others 4O n A ppeal in the Supreme Court' Ted Poston I *v ---------------------------------- y " r ^ --`;TT;r >*vV > ~$'Vy *** X, V ,V < C o f i t i f i t i i t i g ...3 tri ? ?J f '$V; P ts /.'/ s t/tvi/.X A/ .>hvt%* v<VA?irsV-vi Cif.v? <tA/-f>tn-/ MV.t,-,<hJ1/-0f ^t ?-.' j v .:>* irt f r t M \ $3 a year January 1949 50 cents a copy 948 was a mighty big year for additions to th telephone world. Your own particular telephone is more valuable today, millions of calls go through clearer and quicker, because of the many things that have been done to extend and improve service. Yott can call more people, and more can call you. because nearly 3,000,000 Bell telephones were added to the telephone pop ulation --many in vour own community. Long .Distance is faster and there is more of it because r,800,000 miles o f new circuits were added. A total of $1 ,500,000.000 was invested in new Local and Long Distance facilities in !948. We broke all records for the volume of new telephone construction, the dollars we put into the job and the number of tele phone people on the job. We re going to keep right on working and building in 1949 to make your tele phone service a bigger bargain than ever. Amoftg Ourselves T< V.r/ij i SFOOT mwn/QN. see: eaier-^is still oploring die sws of ciiang. O course: J these years as a gniding symM it was drawn by Robert Cairn- Dobson for the cover October 4, 1915, when the page was brought to its prsent size. ft. w?S, Apted a cdttoriaL. 'he caravel of Columbus," sailing into the watets of die New World. B.vtR iN May ;932, The Smeey CAtoucn a story by Katharine Schauh. the serenely waiting death from radium poisoning conirgCied as a painter of wiitdi <m, . This the eciitars called a "poignant argument for far greater safeguards for workers exposed to new chethicaB and Ur compensation iaws (covering) , . . not limited lists of disease, hut any dkabiilty directiy due to oecupariouai hazard.'' Today, seventeen years iater. only sixteen states have such generalized laws though die need, for them Is daily more apparent. Evidence h pro vided in Marion feibinsori's arf.icte on page . 46 trilisg of th hasaeds to human beahh and iife from mysterious e:meer-inducing chemM?: esed in tgssrss! production. LtVO t im e S t o r e y rraoErs iin N o ircrao- ductitm to Miriam Van M'atcrs, now under cltaek by Massachusetts politieteRs; our flrtepdft Springer w%; comes to her As fens on page 55 of this issue. One of tht country's foreroost penologists, Br. 5"a Waters has been an intermittent coiurihtor to Siert-ey pagey since May 1922 hen tve published as a special section her re port bn a natinnai survey of penal institu tions for women-, in the late Twenties when she was referee in the Juvenile Court of Los Angeles she wrote a series of articles an parenl-chiid relationships which later became parts of two successful books. "Youth in Conflict" and "Farents on Prtbafiop.5' 1rs a later article about Edward Hickman., a convicted tnurdercr awaiting hanging in a San Quentin prison, site gainai svldesptead attention for her analy sis of th ingredients of heredity and early neglect that combined to produce a vicious criminal. Gertrude Springer is still known as `'Miss Bailey" to the numerous public welfare workers who in the days of the great de pression Used her "Miss Salley Says---" series of Sarffey articies and pamphlets as bible for client undeiSIandingi Mrs, Springer, whose authorship has by ssu tuciris bse:> limited to the Miss Sailey series, was .managing editor of Surrey Midmonthly from 1938 to 1942. From her plmsant retirement i Cape Cad and hrookbat^ Mass., she occasioriaUy sends us book reviews and other requested sterns, fd bur present statement Mrs. Springer did gates that Dr. Van Vi'attrs' friends are Tcgdy to put up a fight to keep her in lier preseur position, indication that shiv will bs sdrtbirjg to he. rcckoatt! ulih is the Vo!. LXXXV CONTENTS No. 1 T h e Survey for January 1949 Editorial . . . . . . . . .................. P>. tn, K bu'.-ooc 4 Civil Liberties in Cierimtay Portrait in Question Marks 12 Arthur G arnruj H ast# 7 G esrge I k r t r :'On Appeal in the Supreme Court" . .T ed Poston 18 A ttack on the Business Cycle , ,.. Beulah A midon 27. Food for Europe, b u t w ith an IP .......... N athan Kciens 26 1 The Angel to theV irgiti: a poem .,. P eoov P onb C hurch 32 The Survey Through the Years---1909-UW9 Apprenticeships for Living K athryn C lose 35 Helping Another Country isn't Easy They Tax Themselves for Fun tiers d'QeiiVtes: a poem Cancer in the Factory .......... E rnest G , G rievin' 39 45 . Farnsworth C rowder 42 H arl W llaro G leason . M a b m n R obinson 46 L etters and Life Report of a Citizen .....................H arby H ansen 50 O ther Reviews . .. 51 T he C om m on W elfare Alice V. Keliher and Others 54 pFR?oNM.iTtt;s and P rojects 58 TRAVEf PR's NOTEBOOK. Copyriglvt. tS?4fc;: h y Siirvcy Associates.; Inc, SURVEY ASSOCIATES, Janet Saisloff 59 Aii ritrhts served. K / 'ji; / 'as C 3 f INC. -try c:>u.} fr- T'ybKcsti ffoe: 4 Norih; Crystal Strict. $fc "*** 9 Editorial 3 frastficsfi ?T-ce: i 2 ' .&st IV Sttt&i W f* Yrfe A N. V. Claiy.aii oj bwtr: josv.ifK P. CHAXtstP-LAt^; vi?c-pcz\de(? q.irw P clmes ir/vrT, A gnp.s B rown LeAch; xccrstrx, A sm Rseo bennxr ft-ii-rd o f dhrrOJfy.: notf -A. Belk. t.,, J>.os B jcnNqfT. ^ ssi.rir | \ lARfy G- v5::R1S<3N. SiTEBV M, H.VKISO#.. :Ri ORif^R. : T i b S f t f i ; F^TOASfli Kir ff y, .H., W li.nvst W . LAN.CA.5-fER, Agnss r.QV/tf L&vCli, .H-* :fc:ifAv lir/s.t- W?. POLSK; WtLLJWK RisKN'WALT! LWBLL Sff5iWY> VMTW W9RiCir .1 p/./L vFTtCv; M&X.toiflff.gdiPsi. GtOBC XfVAiT SSVriU editors? P.SV'r.Ai. -A/K(*>#> :&*IF &SE> B kF.N.NKF, K YTJiPY.fi C.GSf, MiCt/i.f. M. p:AVj.r. Cf)R fcfcf>i:* LOv- j>. S^Rm. Cntrilwiing cfi'itvt.: f H onorary) J ohn P alwcr Gavit. Al.vfK Locfsf.j 'L (i .; ^A*/A CoLCKB l^h-RK, ^SSet. KvfcT,. 0!.>!;<.Y K'Fri.T T. F;f,0'C'.C CO'S: KCLG, riXvilTL S. ^fiLO :L'frrifAf./>H aittf /i?r<-ri>Vfrti> nkvMgi.*ftSAV.Cfio Lee; rrfi-dTfiylo cciitifoj:/ Max.y Stm.W; i:frrj:-cti!ii.i}V? : A ? V 1$S>&2. D ptv PiiTirKVT fr 0 p tr fx m v foLfiRK ^oiiftriS' Cijnv.tiaiiv-if Indcvx iedtcu. Siarapihy rdx. CftT'rti.t sft0-&>hyv Cowcyajv M^Jirslp c. SttVfiy As^is, tte,. nurfifiir 'ii/rjpion Yzp $0. recent fonnatiort of the Friends of the Framingham Reformatory, Larne Brown, chairman, 53 State Street, Rosto-n, 'Nie cotnttsiiteCj which at present consists of about 200 prominent Massachusetts eidsenSj is sending out suirtc 10,(100 letters to per sons, likely to be interested 5 suptaifting Dr. Van Waters, her methods and administration. Ruirsnu i,. NRtwKEOi.E, one or the .to- ! appreciated contributors to Surrey Graphic last yiac, was s icturiousiy Swept into office on the tide of November 2, being elected to the State Senate by the largest vote ever received hy a legislative nimiidate in Ore-.eon. Two years before, he was defeated for the same place, but still rsa aimosf 9,000 votes ahead of any other Democratic eaiididatc in Portland. In 1948 be was ejected to the Oregon House of Representa tives. Although by this time apparently confirmed in iu'v political iodmadons, Mr. Neuberger is not renouncing his career as s writer and is due to appear soon again in the pages of The Surrey. Ok cage 59 Jantt SarLoFf of iftt Sur rey staff makes the first entry in our 'Traveler's Notebook" since die interrop-. tiVio of the war years. Hoping to cuiitiniie thb as a regular Surrey feature, the author .flcumes any cetnmeut from prospective or armchair travelers as to the type of material they arc interested in as well as Siories of their ewri experiences "on the 1f*eii3^'" 3 Cancer in the Factory New rndystfia! processes have sharply increased the danger of occu pational cancer. Whose the responsibility for prevention and control? M A RIO N ROBINSON IT WAS O H U ON CSaqUM STANTiAt EVIDENCE THAT C IVIUZAtion was indicted for the crime of cancer. Now corses conclusive evidence that cancer, in par;: at least, is today a disease of industrial civilization. Modern man is faced with a. tremendous penalty in human, suffer ing for what he achieved in his greatest pride, as though the wrathful God of our forefathers were bringing' ven geance upon man for daring to take nature's secrets for his own. The discovery that hundreds of materials used for in dustrial manufacture contain cancer-producing agents wall mean, in the next few years, many changes and new responsibilities in our personal and institutional lives, Yet the very facts which uncover this new danger in modern living may possibly hold the secret of all cancer. The work that will be done to roll back the threat of. this environmental cancer may turn up the due to the disease from which nearly 190,GOO people each '/car now die. Tire first entry in the roll-call of agents unleashed by in dustrial processes was a mere commonplace. In 1775 a London, physician, Percival Pott, writing of the curious incidence of scrotal cancer among chimney sweeps, sug gested a connection between, it and the accumulations of soot on the bodies of the unwashed urchins. During the next hundred years, paraffin and shale oils, pitch and tar were added to the list of suspected causes-- this time, of cancer of the skin--by way of medical writ ings in France, Germany, and the .British Isles. In 1895 a medical researcher went to work on cancer of the blad der among workers in the German dye industries. He found the causative agent to be lurking in the aromatic ami:tics--beta-naphthylamiae and henzidinc. in the cobalt mines of Schneeberg, Germany, an occu- * -- B y a recent staff member of Survey Associates who this m onth goes off on her own as a free lance writer. A graduate o f the N ew Y ork School of Social W ork, with experience both in casework and in social work interpretation in Bal timore and N ew York, Miss Robinson came to Survey Associates three years ago to carry a ma jor portion of the responsibility for the Survey Midmoniiily. T o this task she brought a com bination o f technical knowledge in the social work field and a gift for lively expression. T hough her name has disappeared from T he Survey mast head, it will, we hope, continue to appear in the table o f contents. pational ailment called "mountain disease" has, for cen turies, killed three out of four miners. In the early 1900's it was discovered that mountain disease was really lung cancer caused by exposure to radioactive ores. In 1926 a similar discovery was made about miners in the uran ium-radium mines of JoachimSthai, Germany. About the same time, "radium disease" made its appearance among young women workers in the luminous dial plants of New jersey and Connecticut. Thirty percent of them developed cancer of the bones, while a severe anemia, overtook the others at an earlier stage before malignancy developed. Reports from the chief inspector of factories in Eng land in the past three decades establish a connection be tween hot tar fumes in the English gas works and the skin cancer which develops among workers. And in the past twenty years, research here and abroad has revealed, that a number of other industrially useful substances be long in this array of death agents. Since 1924, creosote, benzol, chromates, nickel carbonyl, and asbestos have all been added- to the list, The U. S. Public Health Service is publishing, in connection with a health, report, a chart of twenty-seven agents which attack fifty-two kinds of body tissue, Although nineteen of these correlations are Still filed under "Suspected,"' thirty-three are marked for "Established." I HE STORY OE ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER IS LITTLE KNOW N. Only a small fraction of the thousands of cancer research ers .and clinicians have given it attention. Research, has gone along quietly, gathering- momentum in the last twenty years as evidence began to mount. Today it is a modest but brand new landmark in the long uphill struggle against cancer. Aud it is crucial for this country, since its cause and effect are rooted at the heart of indus trial production. Take Plant X, one of our country's great dye manu facturing industries, situated in a county which has a population of 1<K),6QQ. Plant X employs 1,000 people, ten of whom work deep in the heart of the factory, where dust and vapor by tons are given -off into the atmosphere. Two of the employes. Bob and Mike, have worked in the unit for fifteen and twenty years .respectively. The rest of: th crew have been there six years or less. Mike has been suffering- pain and discomfort for some time, and he goes to see a doctor. The diagnosis is cancer of the bladder. It eaii.be treated but as is often the case with cancer, by the time the symptoms show up, the 'disease is well advanced. Informed by Mike's physician that the cancer may be 46 THE SURVEY Mmected with materials used in the plant, the plant phy- Geology and dittiate were, for the. ges Indore w.r jigvjin examines the rest of the inert on the crew. Bub present one. the two main factors in our envirrn-irnent the r is found to he suffering from the early stages of the. strw could o c a much -dect on man. Rut environment has disease* None of. the other men show serious symptoms. row grown enormously complicated by a myriad <-f Mike's illness drags on for months, ft is proved that chemical and physical agents released by the increase ot y s cancer was-caused by taking aromatic amines itiro his chemical and metallurgical establishments and the intro svstem through twenty years exposure to the dust and ejection of air pressure tools, U comes as a shock to real Vapors, hut be is not eligible for compensation, Few iste that danger lurks in the materials used fur prover State compensation laws a re written so that a new occu- production, transportation, communication, lighting, best Batiort-cotmected illness like this can be recognized unless ing"--in. short, almost all the trappings of modern life specifically written into the law. T he company makes which we have considered ss contributing to our safen, a private settlement to care for Mike during his line, comfort, and convenience... and for his dependents afterward. en~ if Plant X disregards Mike's tragedy and tails to find z Jffs way to protect its workers, the experts predict nine out it of vn-u.T ts ssyown1 about envebonmrnt V, cak> 'ng of ton of the men needed in this unit or operation will., cer has bc.cn learned in the past twenty years. This may 926 after a certain period of exposure, develop cancer--and have hem because the very nature of Its origin delayed ao- ail in the bladder. it; most dramatic appearance until the industrial age was the if the plant, mistakenly puts its total effort into protec well advanced. Those who know medical history point >ng tion of the two men in this most exposed spot, without out, however, that the first clues appeared seventy-five of taking account of the possible danger to others in the years ago almost simultaneously with Pasteur's discover; era plant at large, and in the. surrounding community, it may of bacteria and other animate disease-producing agents. na save the nine or ten in the vat rooms, hut will still have The ensuing battle against infectious disease absorbed (icy to reckon with the probability of cancer developing in the medical world and. except for scattered research in forty or fifty other members of the plant population and various countries, the clues were not followed up uttri! ng- in a hundred others out in the county. the earlv 1920$. the the thsBiie} (crgstiic! tied be- cheoecot (inorganici sisals i! etCj physical agent*. sjrffin sii .ave ilth rith .ack ee.n *d " WJrchhas last it is hill itry, d us ina is ten here iere-. the rest has and : the with icnse y he VS? chart uf the .major known cctujuticmai cancer-producing agonis, from "Environment! Cnceri\ 'ey Dr, W C. Hueper, National Cancer institute. Paierai Security Agency, U S. Public Health Service. Copies from Supt, of Documents, U. S'. G w n m n t Printing Office, yVasbingsoi, 0 . Price 30 cente JANUARY iS-IP One of tbs handfui of. medical men who began work sn th problem st that time was Dr. W, C, Hueper, then a recent graduate of the University of Kiel, and as sistant physician in a municipal hospital in Berlin. Be coming interested in the high incidence of lung cancer among these Berlin patients., he began research which brought him to the department of pathology at Chicago's Mercy Hospital in 19.23, and on to a four-year stay in the cancer research laboratories of the University of Penn sylvania medical school. It was here that he made fur ther progress in the study of bladder cancer among work ers in dye industries, which is probably the earliest work in this country on this occupational cancer. Today, after another fourteen years of research in the DuPont Industries and. the William L. Warner Com pany, he. presides over the environmental cancer Section of the U. S. Public Health Service's National Cancer Insritute. Currently, this section consists of eight research ers working alternately in a modest laboratory at George town and a busy office in a rambling temporary building overlooking beautiful countryside at Eechesda, Maryland, A soft-spoken, gently humorous man of middle age. Dr. Hueper has two ambitions : to reach every worker employed in die last twenty years in "exposed" operations of industries using materials known to contain cancer agents; and to help this country mobilize, itself to roil hack the threat of environmental cancer before it gains any more headway. As chief of this section of the in stitute's cancer control branch, which was set up last May to "investigate into extrinsic causative factors of human cancer," he faces one of the most significant and crucial public: health jobs this country has known to date. NBUSTKi I W f HAS JNitj.VfiUlAtV ATTACK ON'OCSCOMTIOKAt cancer which is being carried out in Memorial. Hospital's Sloan-Kettering Institute, in New York City. Headed up by Dr. William Smith, a Johns Hopkins medical school: man who has worked at cancer research for ten years, these laboratories service some of our largest chemi cal industries. New materials are tested for carcinogenic agents before they are put into production. And with the help of an advisory committee which includes en gineers and industrialists, practical methods for control ling these lethal agents are worked out. Both of these experts agree that: occupational cancer is by far the most significant part of environmental can cer. Though it accounts for a small percent of cancer cases in the total population---industrially-caused bladder cancer, for instance, represents only 0.2 percent of all blad der cancer in the country--it is on the increase. Further, it is estimated that fully 90 percent of the known en vironmental carcinogens never existed in dangerous con centration until industrial processes brought workers into close and constant contact with them. The U. S. has not yet fully acknowledged, medically or legally, this risk to industrial workers. In other coun tries, there is legal recognition of a half dozen industriallyused substances as producers of skin cancer, radioactive materials and chromates causing lung cancer, of aromatic, amines causing bladder cancer. Largely because of the lack of published scientific data, the majority of industrial management here is uninformed of the existence of 46 the threat. Some skepticism remains in the minds of cautioiis researchers about certain suspected materials, and there is also a naturally retarding factor for industry in the prospect of undesirable publicity, cosily rebuilding, extensive precautionary measures, and much more strin gent government regulations, Experience ori the Sloan-Kettering project has shown that in some cases, plants are able to narrow down the use of dangerous materials to a few plani units. Some times workers can then be protected by as simple a de vice as wearing gloves, or by installing a ventilating sys tem over storage bias where chemicals are kept, In other eases, the necessary changes in plant production run into real money. Dr. Smith tells of one company which, upon receipt of his laboratory's report went to work on a blueprint for plant reconstruction that eventually cost a million and a half dollars. D H ueper sees the .m v s if n o N anns oontroc eros-em as one of sanitation. "Good housekeeping," he says, can accomplish a good deal. This includes taking care that cancer-causing materials are not carelessly exposed, en closing pipes to do away with crevices and to provide a fiat wall surface that can be hosed down regularly and easily. Besides providing masks, gloves, and respirators for workers, certain types of plants can diminish danger by heightening smoke stacks, and using electric plants which arrest the cancer agents from fume and smoke so that they can be washed away. Other kinds of plants can handle the problem by instituting a closed type of manufacture, that is, a system whereby workers will not need to cme in contact with raw materials from the first to the final operation. The plant physician emerges as an important figure in industry's struggle to protect its workers against these lethal agents. If he is able to detect and treat cancerous and pre-caneerous lessons, he can arrest the danger before it grows to unmanageable proportions. Dr. Hueper tells of a recent incident when a plant physician reported three cases of cancer of the nasal sinus--a rare affliction. Further study showed six cases of the malady in the same operation of the plant, with exposure of from six to twelve years to a suspected carcinogenic agent. Though the specific factor has not yet been nailed down, this doc tor has undoubtedly saved many future employes from unnecessary painful and lingering deaths. The plant physician also shares with management the responsibility for steering an employe who shows any symptoms of cancer into another and unexposed part of the plant. To have, reassigned Rob to the same unit of work in Plant X after diagnosis would be, as Dr. Hueper puts it, "signing his death certificate, except for the date," Labor also has a special job to perform in this pre vention and control program. Considering the general dread of cancer in our generation, workers strangely re sist using protective devices such as gloves and masks. Doctors complain, too, that workers fail to follow medi cal advice, and avoid the regular examinations which are considered necessary during a short period of exposure to a carcinogenic agent. The job f educating workers to respect the dangers under which they work thus be comes an important item on organized labor's agenda. The legislative implications are many. Medical experts THE SUR VEY