Document 9127wBjOozRqaBgw22ByO6YNR

FILE NAME: Oil Industry and American Petroleum Institute (API) DATE: 1952 Apr 19 DOC#: API017 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Meeting Minutes & Attendee List - API Medical Advisory Committee 9 9 For Information Only - Not For Publication AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE MEDICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FIFTEENTH MEETING Minutes of Meeting April 19, 1952 Netherland Plaza Hotel Cincinnati, Ohio MEMBERS PRESENT E. Kern Linder - Chairman Marshall Clinton - Secretary W. 0. Armstrong V. C. Baird F. F. Boys J. William Crookshank Kieffer Davis Robert E. Eckardt Kenneth R. Fourcher T. M. Frank E. Richmond Ware C. H. Hine T. J. Kelly M. N. Nevquist James W. Osborn B. B. Reeve John C. Ruddock George M. Saunders Leo J. Wade ASSOCIATES PRESENT E. V. Adams L. C. Beard, Jr. R. D. Bent L. C. Burroughs R . C . Cole Allan E. Dooley R. M. Shepardson L. M. Henderson R. M. Landon K. G. Mackenzie R. C. Mithoff C. A. NeIleon F. J. Sanders GUESTS Philip Drinker A. W. Horton Gordon F. Moore R. W. Pipkin D. T. 3troop Norman G. White - Harvard University - University of Cincinnati Sinclair Refining Company - Humble Oil and Refining Company - American Petroleum Institute - Shell Chemical Company Total in Attendance - 39 API 07102 MAC Minutes MEMBERS a b s e n t Theodore . Allen L. E. Curtis D. M. English Warren F. Kahle associates absent W, R. Argyle J. S. Boy.lan C. L. Brown C. R. Brown L. 0. Crockett R. S. Driver Nelson J. Gothard L. N. Haugen R, C. Page H. D. Wilde 9 Page 2 W. R. Levis E. P. Luongo Robert Bell Lynn Clark R. Miller James E. W. D. W. C. R. J. R. W. H. R. B. F. M. E. Hill Isom Larmer McKay Morrison Price Roaper Watkins I INTRODUCTION OF MEMBERS AND GUESTS In opening the meeting the chairman welcomed and introduced those who had not attended previous meetings of the conmittee. II MINUTES OF FOURTEENTH MEETING ACTION The conmittee voted to approve the minutes of the Fourteenth Meeting as circularized. Ill REPORT OF SUBCOMMITTEE ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS - DR. E. P. LUONOO. CHAIRMAN In the absence of Doctor Luongo, Doctor Ruddock presented the report which is attached to these minutes as Appendix A. (Also included in Appendix A is a copy of letter dated April 3* 1952 from W. L. Stewart, Jr. to members of the National Conmittee on Smoke and Fumes.) ACTION The report was accepted with the understanding that Philip Drinker, with the assistance of members and associates in New York and Philadelphia, would prepare and submit to the subcommittee an out line or information now available on the physiology or atmospheric pollutants of interest to the petroleum industry, a list of major research projects underway and designed to supplement available information, and a suggested program of work which may be desirable concerning the physiologic aspects of air pollutants if, as, and when, money and research workers become available. API 07103 0 mac Minutes 9 ! Page 3 IV REPORT OF SUBCOMMITTEE ON CARCINOGENICITY - DR. M. K. NEWQUIST. CHAIRMAN Doctor Newquist reported on the work of the subcommittee with recommendations as follows: 1. The subcommittee approved the appointments to the Research Advisory Committee as made by the subcommittee chairman. 2. The actions of the Research Advisory Committee's meeting of November 26, 1951 received 100 per cent approval by the subcommittee through letter ballot. 3. The actions of the Research Advisory Comnittee1s meeting of February 26, 1952 have been approved by letter ballot as of this date, with a few ballots still to be received. 1*. The progress reports of Doctor A. W. Horton and Doctor J. J. Phair were received. . 5. A brief report will be made within the next two weeks by the Research Project Advisory Committee to T. J. Sullivan, Chairman of a study cconlttee of the General Committee, Division of Refining, on the past and present activities of the Subcommittee on Carcinogenicity, including future objectives and budgetary requirements. Recommendations: 1. That the Subcommittee on Medical Policies and Practices be requested to promote the improvement of medical records in the petroleum industry so as to provide reliable health data for the benefit of employee and employer and for any health studies which may be made. 2. That the budget of $10^,760, as submitted by Doctor Kehoe on March U, 1952 for the year July 1, 1952 to June 30, 1953, be approved. ACTION The Medical Advisory Committee accepted the report and adopted the subcommittee recommendations. { j -- J I 1 V REPORT OF SUBCOMMITTEE ON FIRST AID - DR. T. M. FRANK. CHAIRMAN Doctor Frank reported that suggestions collected from members were sent to Charles A. Miller. These were studied in detail and the book has now been rewritten incorporating them all. The editorial work and rewriting has been done by Mr. Miller and his associates, with the chairman of this sub- ~ --------- API 07104 9 MAC Minutes 9 Psge U Two differences In medical opinion came to light. One was in the use of the tourniquet. The other was in the exact technique of the Holger Nielsen method of resuscitation. An attempt was made to resolve these differences. The letter poll from the members of this subcommittee on the inclusion of the Holger Nielsen method was reported as being in favor (all but one) of its inclusion but not as a substitute for other methods. i The only action taken was a vote of thanks to Mr. Miller and his associates, and to the chairman of this Bubcosnlttee for their work in revision of the j o o Jc. ACTION The report was accepted. VI REPORT OF SUBCOMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGICAL REVIEWS - DR. MARSHALL CLINTON. CHAIRMAN Doctor Clinton reported that the remaining nine toxicological reviews which were approved far publication at the April 21, 1951 MAC Meeting have been editorially revised and now await publication by the American Petroleum Institute. The subcommittee voted to recommend that revision of existing toxicological reviews be carried out when advised by Professor Drinker or suggested by members of the Medical Advisory Committee. Professor Drinker will circularize minor changes in reviews, without complete revision, then he deems it advisable. The subcommittee voted to recommend that Professor Drinker be requested to prepare toxicological reviews on the following subjects: ACTION 1. Oil soluble lead soaps. 2 . Effects of Inhalation of oil mists. The Medical Advisory Coemlttee voted to accept the report and recommendations made by the subconmittee. VII REPORTS FOR INACTIVE SUBCOMMITTEES t t The Medical Advisory Comnlttoe received brief Informative statements pertain!rg to the assignments of the follovirg subconmlttees: 1. Subcommittee on Cutting Fluids - Dr. F. F. Soys, Chairman. 2. Subcommittee on Eye Hazards - Dr. Kieffer Davis, Chairman. API 07105 # MAC Minutes I Page 5 VIII REPORT OF CONSULTANT - PROFESSOR PHILIP ERINEER The committee received, from Professor Drinker a brief report which supplemented his discussion of the atmospheric pollutant problem. i \ I n AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS The cosmittee resumed discussion of this subject and requested the chairman to canvass ail members by letter ballot to ascertain the extent to which they are Interested in developing a research program on the toxicology of such hydrocarbons. X NEW BUSINESS A. Report on Appointment and Meeting of a Special Coordinating Committee Chairman Linder Informed the committee on this subject by reading letters as follows: 1. January 2 5 . 1952 from John R. Suman to E. K. Linder. M.D. "The General Cosmittee, Division of Refining, has resolved: 'That the Chairman of the General Cosmittee of the Division of Refining appoint a subcommittee composed of members of said General Cosmittee to review the" past work of said Medical Advisory Cosmittee as it pertains to finished and unfinished petroleum products, and to refinery operations as well as to review work now under way and progress, if any, for future work in this field, and to recommend to the General Cosmittee such stepB as it feels should be taken, together with such mechanism as it feels Bhould be established to secure the best possible results from the standpoint of the employees of the petroleum Industry and the users of petroleum products.' "The General Cosmittee also has agreed unanimously: '...that the Vice President for Refining should confer with the Chairman of the Safety Committee of the Board to determine whether or not a mechanism can be worked out whereby the Medical Advisory Cosmittee can be furnished direct assistance advice of qualified refiners.' "Pursuant to this agreement, V. L. Stewart, Jr., Chairman, General Cosmittee, Division of Refining, has conferred with me. API 07106 t MAC Minutes Page 6 "Possibly the working-out of the mechanism sought by the General Committee would be facilitated and expedited by Joint conference and collaboration of members of the refinery subcommittee, which is to be appointed by Mr. Stewart, and of a special subcommittee of medical committee members which you might appoint. "If such a course of action seems appropriate to you, I would suggest that you communicate directly with Mr. Stewart and tender the services of a special subcommittee of medical committee members which could assist the refinery subcommittee in its review of the past, present and future API medical research program and in working out a mechanism to accomplish the 4 results stated in the resolution." t 4 2. February 1, 1952 from E. E. Linder. M.D.. to W. L. Stewart. Jr. "In accord with Mr. Suman's letter to me, dated January 23, 1932, it is my desire to expedite any action on the part of the Medical Advisory Comalttee which will aid the General Committee, Division of Refining, work out the mechanism referred to in their resolution as quoted. "I am appointing a subcommittee composed of six members of the Medical Advisory Committee, which subcommittee will be prepared to collaborate with a subcommittee of the General Comal ttee, Division of Refining. These liaison subcommittees, I am certain, can discuss and promote a better mutual \ understanding. kr f "Immediately following the November meeting of the Medical Advisory Committee a Research Project Advisory Subcommittee was appointed for the >c f express purpose of maintaining a closer contact with Doctor Kehoe and * associates of the Kettering Laboratory relative to their research on carcinogenicity sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute. A meeting of t this subcommittee and Doctor Kehoe and associates was held on November 26 and another meeting Is planned for February 26. It Is my personal opinion that the November meeting proved of value both to Doctor Kehoe and his associates and also to the Subcommittee on Carcinogenicity. Kiia past meeting, and future meetings, I am sure, will serve their purpose to provide a closer bond of understanding and collaboration In direction of work so as to accomplish the objectives In the least possible time and at the least possible cost. "Inasmuch as there will be available up-to-date information on the research on carcinogenicity at the Kettering Laboratory Immediately following the meeting of February 26, may I take the liberty of suggesting that the liaison subcommittees meet on February 27 In Cincinnati? Should this not be agreeable, or should It be In conflict with previous commitments, we will be quite willing to meet at any other time or place you may suggest. * "The subcommittee, which we shall refer to as the Special Coordinating Comalttee of the Medical Advisory Committee, will be composed of the following members: Kleffer Davis, M.D. Phillips Petroleum Company Bartlesville, Oklahoma API 07107 1 MAC Minutes I Page 7 Kenneth R. Fourcher, M.D. Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) 30 Rockefeller Plaza New York 20, New York . E. Kern Linder, M.D. The Atlantic Refining Company 260 South Broad Street Philadelphia 1, Pennsylvania James W. Long, M.D. Gulf Oil Corporation Port Arthur, TexaB M. N. Newquist, M.D. The Texas Company I35 East 42nd Street New York 17, New York B. B. Reeve, M.D. . Standard Oil Company (Indiana) 910 South Michigan Avenue Chicago 80, Illinois" 3. February 15. 1952 from V. T. Gunn to E. K. Linder. M.D. "Mr. W. L. Stewart, Jr., Chairman of the General Committee, has appointed the following membors of the General Committee, Division of Refining, to serve on the Special Coordinating Committee of the Medical Advisory Committee: W. R. Argyle Sinclair Refining Company 600 Fifth Avenue - New York 20, New York M. Halpern The Texas Company 135 East 42nd Street New York 17, New York Harold G. Osborn Continental Oil Company P.0. Drawer 1267 Ponca City, Oklahoma M. G. Paulus Standard Oil Company (Indiana) 910 South Michigan Avenue Chicago 80, Illinois William Naden Esso Standard Oil Company 15 West 51st Street New York 19, New York API 07108 I MAC Minutes $ i f Page 8 . C. S. Teitsworth Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc. 26 Broadway ii New York 4, New York "Mr. Stewart feels sure that the Medical Doctors will enjoy working with this group, and that the results will he constructive. "These gentlemen have been notified of the meeting at 10:00 A.M., February 27, at the Netherland Plaza Hotel, Cincinnati, Ohio." k. March 11. 1932 from William Naden to W. L. Stewart, Jr. "In accordance with your instructions, as outlined in Mr. W. T. Gunn's letter of February lkth, the Coordinating Committee which you appointed I met with a Subcommittee of the Medical Advisory Committee at the Netherland Plaza Hotel, Cincinnati, Ohio, on February 27, 1952. The following were in attendance: Special Coordinating Committee of the Division of Refining V. 3. Argyje .......................... Sinclair Defining Co. Dr. L. C. Eeard for C. S. Teitsworth .. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. F. H. Holmes for M. Halp e r a .......... His Texas Company D. B. Johnson for H. G. Osborn ........ Continental Oil Co. V. J. McGill for M. G. Paulus .........Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) Vftn. N a d e n ............. ............... Esso Standard Oil Co. Subconaittee of Medical Advisory Committee Kieffer Davis, M.D.................... Phillips Petroleum Co. Kenneth B. Fourcher, M.D.............. Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey) E. K. Linder, M.D..................... The Atlantic Defining Co. M. N. Newquist, M.D........ ........ The<Texas Company B. S. Deeve, M.D...................... Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) D. M. Landon representing James V. Long, M.D.............. Gulf Oil Corporation "At the start of our meeting there were some discussions as to the duties of the two Defining Division committees that were recently appointed to meet with the Subcommittee of the Medical Advisory Committee -- the above committee and also the comnlttee under the chairmanship of Mr. T. J. Sullivan. It was finally felt that Mr. Sullivan's committee was appointed to review the work of the Medical Advisory Committee, but that our committee was appointed rto determine whether or not a mechanism can be worked out whereby the Medical Advisory Committee can bo furnished direct assistance and advice of qualified refiners.' "In our discussion we reviewed the makeup of the Medical Advisory Committee which is composed of medical doctors from the member companies, together with a comparable number of associate or technical advisore. it v&s established that the work of the Medical Advisory Committee la to make recommendations as to medical problems and policies as they pertain to the petroleum Industry and that decisions regarding the recommendations to be made is the sole responsibility of the fully accredited members (M.D.s) of API 07109 ? MAC Minutes I Page 9 the Medical Advisory Committee. Associates have been available to the committee to give advice on matters pertinent to refining and such technical advisors have always had representation on the subcommittees of the Medical Advisory Committee. "After a thorough review and discussions of the workings of the Medical Advisory Committee and its subcommittees together with the associate members or technical advisors, it was unanimously agreed that a mechanism already exists to furnish qualified assistance and advice on problems that pertain to the Refining Division. It was felt that if the member companies continue to nominate competent technical advisors to this committee that there would be no need for any further assistance. "Although it might not have been pertinent to the subject we were commissioned to deal with, your committee did express the thought that consideration should be given to having a permanent committee, such as the committee now working under Mr. T. J. Sullivan, to review the work of the Medical Advisory Committee, and to advise the General Committee on Refining regarding the actions taken and recommendations cade by the Medical Advisory Committee. "At the close of the meeting the group accepted an invitation to visit with Doctor Kehoe and his associates at the Kettering Laboratory where we were privileged to witness the work in progress that is going on for API, as well as work going on for other industries. We not only found it extremely interesting but werj very favorably impressed with Doctor Kehoe and his associates. We were impressed with the fact of his long association with industry problems in general, and we all felt that he is eminently qualified to handle the medical research projects that have been assigned to the Kettering Laboratory by the API. "I trust you will accept the above as a report of the Special Coordinating Comalttee." B. API Certificates of Appreciation for Members of Medidal Advisory Committee ACTION Following discussion of this subject, the committee voted for appointment of a small subcommittee on awards to study and to report reconmendations. ACTIONS - n TIME AND PLACE OF SIXTEENTH MEETING 1. On motion the committee voted to hold annual meetings instead of semi-annual meetings beginning in 1953, with the understanding that such a change should have no effect on the scheduling of subcommittee meetings. 2. It was agreed that subcom&lttees should have such meetings as may be necessary to ensure the circularization of their reports at least two weeks prior to annuel meetings of the Medical Advisory Ccn&ittee. API 07110 1 MAC Minutes Page 10 3. It was agroed that the Sixteenth Meeting should he held in Chicago on Ifcursday, September 25, 1952. The Fifteenth Meeting was adjourned. j- Members, Associates, and guests met informally at luncheon following which Doctor V. C. Baird presented an interesting illustrated talk on the I medical program and organization of the Bumble Oil and Refining Company, Houston, Texas. Those present discussed the company program and gave Doctor Baird a vote of thanks for his contribution to the meeting. Approved: E. Kern Linder, M.D. Chairman Marshall Clinton, M.D. Secretary U-22-52 API 07111 For Information Only - Not For Publication APPENDIX A To Minute of 15th Meeting of Medical Advisory Cosmittee REPORT TO THE API MEDICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE BY THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS Dr. John C. Ruddock - Acting Chairman Full discussion of * n aspects vas entered into hy all members and associate members present. Full recognition vas made of the work being done by the Stanford group, Professor Drinker, and others. It vas thought that a coordination of the results of this work would be of value to the committee and the API in general. A proposal vas moved and seconded and unanimously passed that a sum of money be allotted to coordinate the work and collect the findings of various groups, universities, and colleges that are researching the causes of air pollution - in turn, this information be dispersed to the subcommittee for further study. A discussion vas held as to vho would collect this data - the Subcommittee on Toxicological Reviews, Professor Drinker and staff, or the Subcommittee on Atmospheric Pollutants? At this time an invitation vas extended to the members of this subcommittee to attend the Symposium on air pollution at Pasadena, California, May 5-6, 1952, to be held under the auspices of the Stanford Research Institute. The subcommittee is aware that this is a complex problem, in general, and by no means is peculiar to the petroleum industry. The problem is both local and general. It is a problem that is controlled by geography, atmospheric conditions, night and day, wind and calm,and rain and clouds. The subcommittee is aware also of the Important public relations aspects as veil as technical consideration. These public relations aspects vary in scope from small communities near industrial activities to large'cities'and industrial centers, to counties and states. Basic research should be geared to those aspects of the problem that relate to the petroleum industry, including public relations peculiar to a particular area. The discussion brought out the fact that investigating bodies outside of the petroleum industry are stating"^tactual data, which if unrefuted would lay the major blame for air pollution on the petroleum industry, whereas investigations to the present time are unanimous to the effect that the petroleum industry is responsible for only a small percent. There exists a definite void in knowledge on medical or physiologic aspects of air pollution. Medical societies are already discussing the possible detrimental effects of smog. These discussions have no basis in fact and are merely surmise and conclusions. Before an industry is saddled with unrealistic and unnecessarily costly regulations, factual data must be developed by knowledge gleaned by realistic scientific investigations. The subcommittee concurs in the proposed 8 projects outlined by the Subeosnittee on Smoke and Fumes of the Division of Refining. Such a study should determine vhat consti tutes air pollution or whether smog is merely a public nuisance. When a conclusion is reached it is requested that it he referred to this subeosmittee for further study of the physiologic aspects of air pollutants, which slight he the result of operations or products of the petroleum industry. API 07112 ! APPENDIX A MAC Minutes Page 2 In the interim before receiving conclusions of the aforementioned survey, it vae proposed that each participating company should attempt tc make a survey of its own employee group for the purpose of determining, if possible, the physiological effects of smoke and fumes on these employees. It was brought out in the discussion that employees were exposed to fumes and smoke peculiar to the petroleum industry in a higher degree, more frequently and continuous than any other human group. I The Bubconmittee stands ready, if necessary, to render whatever service and assistance It can in those matters related to the physiologic effects of atmospheric pollution which it may be specifically requested to IiI consider. API 07113 A m erican P etroleum Institute so WEST SOth STREET NEW YORK 2 0 . N. Y. OFFICERS jjC O A T , CHAIIIMAN OF BOARD *,1 P O R T E R . PRRSIDENT April 3a1952 ^ O 0*NELJ" V IC I.PRISIO EN T C-Vt j W A R T . J R .. V ICE-PRESIDEN T , U . j K E N N E D Y . VICK-PRCSIDCNT (N C E R . VICR.PRCBIDINT i ^ m ^KTER JE N N IN S E . t r e a su r e r JL S A U C E R , s e c y , a n d a s s t , t r e a s . !>*. -kEr a l COMMITTEE ^ fT E W A R T . JR ., CHAIRMAN * ALFERN, v ic e cCiH A IR M A N aVlP( . D A T . SECRETART jK iT U (RINSER IIAW (OOKER r .R. BOW LES To The National Committee on Smoke Division of Refining H. BURRUS jithaus and Fumes DIVISION OF REFINING W . T. OUNN. DIRECTOR Gentlemen: ( |,EmOMAN 4 L UA FO RTU N E `*tTCX L A N C riT T il u BH H.UTTON 0 r. LYNCH ItMBCE A. MACHEIS 1MA6RU0CR i u MARTIN .l m a t e e r .(.MCCONNELL . McCURRY L f I MILLER I . MOORE lullAM NADEN MIW. NEWTON NN C. NIELSON 5 6. OSSORN UL FAULtEN L A FAULUS N . FFARR a.toasts tOGCRSON LLtMEA LH .M E R W O O O LT.aONDREaOER RNtT F O N N E S O R N , III * rmouD ttTATt ;1 TtITtW ORTH ^TRATEN '^L T O U E T T (`HAIO** WERT* t l *UJAMS VOOWARD ll*VNN *-ttM R uN S The program and expense estimate which may be adopted by the Committee at its first meeting in San Francisco on May 13th must be presented by your Chairman to the General Committee of the Division of Refining for approval at its meeting on May 15th. In order to expedite arriving at decisions as to the na ture of the program the Committee should adopt and the amount of money that would be required to finance it, there is set forth below a list of projects suitable for research under Committee sponsorship. In cases where it is anticipated a project may require more than one y ear's time for completion, the estimated cost covers the work of the firs t year only. - Brief sum m aries of the various projects, outlines of the methods of approach which might be suitable, and breakdowns of their estimated costs into equipment and research expense are shown on the sheets attached. The cost estim ates were arrived at with the assist ance of Stanford R esearch Institute personnel and hence should be in the correct order of magnitude. At least six independent research organizations, namely: Armour Research Foundation, Battelle Memorial Institute, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Mellon Institute, The Engineering Research Department of New York University, and Stanford Research Institute are qualified to conduct research on the type projects suggested. Subsequent to the adoption of a program and budget by the Committee in May, it is con templated that a Subcommittee may be charged with responsibility for obtaining proposals from these qualified organizations for research on each project approved for sponsorship. API 07114 National Committee on Smoke and Fumes *- 2 - April 3, 1952 ' The projects suggested, in the order of their probable impor tance, are as follows : Project Estimated Time Required Estimated Cost (1) Development of Analytical Methods 1st year $ 75,000 (2) Hydrocarbon Reactions in the At I mosphere 1st year 75,000 (3) Composition and Origin of "Blue Haze" from Refinery Operations 1st year 65,000 (4) Quantity, Nature and Origin of Oxi dant in the Atmosphere 1 year 75,000 (5) Development of T racer Techniques 1 (6) Composition of Waste Gases from Combustion of Petroleum Fuels 3 months 5 months 10,000 25,000 (7) Conversion of SOg to SOg in the Atmosphere 1 month 1,500 (8) Atmospheric Impurities in Major United States Cities ~ 1st year 6,000 Total $332,500 Any comments will be welcomed regarding these or other proj ects believed suitable for sponsorship by the Committee. WLS, Jr. :m att.-8 Very truly yours, 'V A API 07115 1 * Attachment 1 Development of Analytical Methods Among the substances emitted into the air by oil refineries and consumers of petroleum products are hydrocarbons, oxygenated hydx-ocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide. Heavily polluted air may contain these substances at concentrations of from a fraction of a part per million to several parts per million. The analytical tech niques for analyzing specifically for these substances in the presence of other contaminants at such low concentrations are either non-existent or quite unsatisfactory. The object of the proposed work is to develop specific methods for analyzing for the substances listed above, and to evaluate the methods, using both synthetic and natural industrial atmospheres. Satisfactory methods for analyzing for hydrocarbons at low concentrations (0,1 to 5ppm.) would be most important to the oil industry. Such techniques do not exist at present and will probably have to be developed and improved upon over a period of several years' time. Therefore, emphasis should be placed on the problem of analyzing for hydrocarbons although improvements in techniques for analyzing for the other substances listed above could be undertaken at the same time. Estimated Costs - First Year Equipment Research Total $ 6,000 69,000 $7 5,0 00 API 07116 7 I Attachment 2 Hydrocarbon Reactions In the Atmosphere Relatively little is known about the reactions which hydrocarbons undergo after they escape into the air from automo tive exhausts, filling stations, or refineries. In spite of this, many of the unpleasant properties of Los Angeles smog have been attributed to products of the atmospheric oxidation of hydrocarbon vapors. It is quite likely that unpleasant properties of polluted atmospheres elsewhere also will be attributed to such causes. I uSntduediregso woofultdhebereaecxttiroenmselywhihcelhpfhuyldroicnarebvoanluvaatpionrgs thien aiimrporctaannce of such reactions. Previous experience on this problem has shown that two lines of attack have been particularly fruitful. One involves studying the rates at which the reactions occur under various conditions. The other involves the study of the chemical and physical nature of the reaction products and any undesirable effects they may produce. i A start has been made along these lines by studying the mechanisms and products of the reactions of certain olefins with ozone and nitrogen dioxide. However, this has been merely a start and the effect of light, especially when other impurities are present, is almost unknown. I It would be the objective of this work to determine the fate of hydrocarbons in the open atmosphere and measure to what extent they may constitute a nuisance.' It is proposed that the experimental approach would be a continuation of the work that has already been started on the study of mechanisms and identification of reaction products and evaluation of nuisance effects. Estimated Costs - First Year Equipment Research Total $ 6,000 69,000 $75,000 li^j API 07117 1 Attachment 3 Composition and Origin of "Blue Haze" from Refinery Operations Based on work that has been done thus far, it is believed that "blue haze" is a mixture of air contaminants. The haze contains particulate matter of a size range that causes it to have a bluish cast under some lighting conditions and to appear reddish-brown under others. Its emission is associated primarily with those operations that involve the combustion of fuels containing sulfur. The emission of "blue haze" is common to practically all petroleum refineries and in some areas repre sents a considerable problem. In order to develop means of reducing or eliminating "blue haze" from refinery operations, it is first necessary to know its composition and nature. In order, that this knowledge may be gained, a program such as the following should be carried out in several of the principal refining areas at the source of emission of the haze-producing materials: 1. Measure the particle size by collection and optical measurement or by photographic colorimetry. 2. Determine the chemical composition by collection of the haze and use of gross chemical analysis and the chemical micrurgic technique. 3. Measure the ratio of sulfur trioxide to the combined sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide concentrations at each emission source. ' 4. Compile detailed data on combustion conditions, nature of fuel burned (including ash content), and correlate data with quantity and nature of haze produced. Estimated Costs - First Year Equipment Research Total $ 5,000 60,000 $6 5 ,0 0 0 API 07118 Attachment 4 Quantity, Nature and Origin of Oxidant In the Atmosphere Past research has shown that hydrocarbons and other materials in the atmosphere may be oxidized to create other substances that are not necessarily emitted directly to the atmosphere as the result of human activities. These reaction products may be damaging or noxious when present in sufficient quantities. In Southern California the atmospheric oxidation is caused by the presence of relatively high concentrations of oxidant, largely ozone, that is present in the atmosphere during periods of smog. On the other*hand, studies in New Mexico and elsewhere in the United States do not show periods of high oxidant concentration that typify the Los Angeles situation. The program outlined here is designed to determine the chemical composition of the oxidants present in the atmosphere, their concentrations under different meteorological conditions, and whether they are present naturally or as the result of human activity. Continuous measurements of ozone and oxides of nitrogen should be made in several industrial and rural localities. It is suggested that two typical refining centers be selected (one in the East or Midwest and one on the Southern Pacific Coast), and that two typical rural areas in the same geographic areas as the refinery centers be used as controls. In addition to the continuous measurements at ground level, measurements of total oxidant should be made vertically to an elevation of 10,000 feet at one refinery location and one rural location under various meteorological conditions. It is estimated that this study can be completed in one year's time. Estimated Costs - One Year Equipment* $27,000 Research 48,000 Total $75,000 * The total estimated cost for measurement and other equip ment is $40,000. About $13,000 worth of the necessary equipment iB available at S t a n f o r d R e s e a r c h Institute. It is assumed in calculating the above coBts that airplanes can be supplied by one or another of the petroleum companies. API 07119 ) Attachment 5 Development of Tracer Techniques In many cases of atmospheric pollution It Is desirable or necessary to know the amounts of effluent that may, or does, arrive at a given point from one or more sources. This Is particularly Important where there may be multiple sources of air contamination. Methods of tracing the course of effluents after they have been emitted from a stack are fairly well developed and most of the necessary equipment is available. However, on an industrial basis, the methods as they now exist are untried. The tracer technique presently proposed would consist of ejecting into the atmosphere readily identifiable finely divided solid material near some source of suspected emission. Such particles would be collected at those locations where it is suspected that pollutants may be carried. The particle size of the tracer substance would be selected in order that the particles would, for all practical purposes, follow the laws of gas diffusion and would not readily settle. Particles less than one micron in diameter should be suitable for this purpose. More than one suspected source would be evaluated simultaneously by employing different types of particulate matter. The methods developed should be usable over a distance of five miles or more. It is estimated that this project can be completed in three months of working time. Estimated Costs - Three Months Equipment Research Total $2,500 L I oo $10,000 API 07120  Attachment 6 I i \ A ! I 1 Composition of Waste Gases from Combustion of Petroleum Fuels Much of the man-made contributions to air pollution arise from combustion processes. Since the petroleum industry is a large consumer of fuel, it naturally contributes substantially to the polluting materials in the air over the cities where refineries are located. A large fraction of the total contaminants in the air will come from one of three sources: combustion of petroleum fuels, combustion of non-petroleum fuels, and combustion of wastes. The study ourtlined here is designed to provide information on the kinds and quantities of gaseous materials emitted to the atmos phere from various typical unit combustion, processes used by the petroleum industry, and its customers. Adequate data on many of the gaseous constituents of gasoline and diesel exhaust gases now exist. Some additional information on the content of acetylene, aldehydes, organic acids, ammonia, and oxides of nitrogen is needed. In addition, complete information on the composition of gases from oil and LPG burners (both household and industrial) under various operating conditions is needed. It is estimated that this phase of the work can be completed in five months' time. . Estimated Costs - Five Months Equipment Research Total $ 1,000 24,000 $25,000 API 07121 Attachment 7 Conversion of S02 to SO3 in the Atmosphere It has been claimed by air-pollution control authorities and others that sulfur dioxide emission to the atmosphere later results in the formation of sulfuric acid aerosols that obscure visibility. Although considerable work has been done on this subject in the past, there still exists considerable disagreement among investigators as to the extent that sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide oxidation occurs in the atmosphere. It is understood that active work is in progress at the University of Illinois and at the University of California at Los Angeles on this problem. It is proposed that the current work be thoroughly investigated, and that no experimental work be planned until the results of the present work have been reviewed. Work now under way could be reviewed and reported upon in less than one month's time. Estimated Costs - One Month Equipment Res earch Total None $1,5Q0 $1,500 > Attachment 8 Atmospheric Impurities In Major U. S. Cities Several of the major cities in the United States and Canada have, within recent years, undertaken new programs to investigate the impurities in their atmospheres. Cleveland, New York, Pittsburgh, Detroit-Windsor, and Los Angeles are among these cities. The important substances sought for have not been the same in each city. A compilation of all the results obtained, and the test methods used, for all the cities having an active investiga tional program should be of considerable help in comparing one area with another, in establishing a ''normal" impurity of air over industrial cities, and in defining areas of ignorance where further work is desirable. This work would consist mainly of correspondence with investigators active in the field combined with visits to those cities where major studies are being undertaken. The result of the work should be a report each year, assembling all the data available, assessing the trends in municipal investigations, and reviewing any new analytical or sampling methods that might be developed. Estimated Costs - First Year Equipment Research Total None $6,000 $6 ,0 0 0 API 07123