Document 8p4GQ3qZnbmX71qLGZeaLJkk

-Dr,C*a)Jiishcf)- rt&risrfc. Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL SEPTEMBER, 1963 (VoL 27, No. 9) INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MXLLON mariTUTi 4400 FITTH AVXKUI FIRBBUBGH 13. PA. 01 132 1868 | ND US TRIAL. HyGIENE FEATURES The attainment of optimum health i* diacueaed inAbst. No. 812. Abat. No. 817 reporta on solar retinitia. Laser photocoagulation of the eye is in vestigated in Abst. No. 818. Abst. No. 823 is concerned about ticks on birds migrating from Europe and Asia to Africa. Abst. No. 828 discusses the continued threat of small pox. See Abst. No. 833 for information on health hazards of selected rocket pro pellants. The acute oral toxicity of reduced iron is described in Abst. No. 838. Abat. No. 852 gives data on the pneu moconiosis study of western Pennsyl vania bituminous coal miners. An environmental dust study of anthra cite minea in eastern Pennsylvania is presented in Abst. No. 853. Consult Abst. No. 860 for aeromedical aspects of a commercial jet operation. See Abst. No. 865 for the ozone toxi city hazard in cabins of high altitude air craft. The responsibility of local health agen cies in the control of ionizing radiation is outlined in Abst. No. 873. Controlling air contaminants in new in dustrial processes is the topic of Abst. No. 877. Information concerning atmospheric contamination in the space cabin is given in Abat. No. 880. See Abat. No. 883 for a comparative study of executive health examinations. Data on launderette waste treatment are given in Abat. No. 892. Foundation Facts THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES for 1963. adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists at their 25th Annual Meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio on May 6 It 7, 1963 appear in this issue of the Digest. A supplemental status report on TLV's for Electromagnetic Radiation prepared by Industrial Hygiene Foundation for the benefit of its member companies is also includ ed herein. Additional copies of ACGIH Threshold Limit Values and the IHF Supplement are avail able upon request. ENGINEERING SERIES BULLETIN NO. 5 -- INTERNATIONAL AUDIOMETRIC ZERO, is being mailed to all members of IHF with this issue of the Digest. The purpose of this Bulletin is to provide member companies with timely and accurate advice concerning a matter currently under deliberation in the American Standards Association Committee S3. The advantage a and dis advantages of replacement of the present American.aftdiometric reference level by the Inter national level are sat forth. A limited supply of this Bulletin is available, and additional copies will be sent to members free of charge as long as the supply holds out. A statement from the minutes of an AIHA Noise Committee meeting at Mellon Institute on September 6 pertaining to its position on this matter is considered of interest and is included in this issue of the Digest with the kind permission of the AIHA. ADDITIONS TO IHF TECHNICAL COMMITTEES: Medical Dr. D. C. Braun, U.S. Steel Corp. 'Dr. R. L. Gibson, Gulf Oil Corp. Dr. R. J. Halen, J ! L Steel Corp. Dr. George Roush, Ethyl Corp. Legal Mr. P. J. Winschel, Reed, Smith, Shaw fc McClay Chemical - Toxicological Dr. J. A. Zapp, Jr., E. I. du Pont de Nemours i Co. 132 1869 28th ANNUAL MEETING -- OCTOBER 23-24, 1963 Programs and registration cards have been mailed to all members. This is your meeting and an excellent program has been arranged. Plan now to be with us and let us have your preregistration card as soon as possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL--A Statement of Policy from AIHA........................................................... i Dr. D. C. Braun Accepts Chairmanship of IHF Medical Committee . . ii Dr. L. V. Cralley Accepts Chairmanship of IHF Engineering Comm. . iii Threshold Limit Values for 1963--ACCIH ..................................................................... v Supplementary Status Report on TLV's for Control of Hazard from Certain Forms of Electromagnetic Radiation......................................................xi News Items..................................................................................................................................... 1 Occupational Disease Statistics.............................................................................................. 2 Coming Events................................................................................................................................ 3 Legal Developments.......................................................................................................... 3 Books, Pamphlets and Notices......................................................................................... 4 Industrial Medical Practice...............................................................................................6 Skin Diseases and Burns............................................................................................................. 11 Chemical Hazards..................................................................... 11 Industrial Dusts............................................................................................................................16 Physical Aspects of.the Environment............................................ 19 Radioactivity and X-Radiation.................................................................................................. 21 Environmental Measurements..............................................................................................23 Preventive Engineering.................................................. -................................................ 24 Community Air Hygiene.............................................................................................................25 Management Aspects......................................................................................................................25 Accidents and Prevention........................................................................................................26 Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................ 27 Index.....................................................................................................................................................29 01 132 1870 Indu stria. Hvgicne Quest EDITORIAL A STATEMENT OF POLICY FROM AIHA The American Star.aarcs Association S3 Committee has prepared a craft of a new star.carc for audiometers and i: currently polling membership of the Committee with imal ceadline tor voting set for October If, 1--.3. The standard reference threshold levels recommended by the Internationa. Star.carcs Organisation are included in this document. This matter was considered at a meeting of-the AIHA Noise Committee or. September c ano the following conclusions were reached. The proposed Standard assumes the following: 1. The ISO standard reference threshold levels represent a more technically sound reference than the ASA-l51 levels. 1. Refinement of the reference will permit improved clinical diagnosis. 3. A change in the reference will have to be made eventually. 4. All deliberating bodies agree almost unanimously that the ISO reference levels be adopted. 5. There are certain practical objections but these are not considered important. 6. Now is the time for action before more complicating factors develop. At the September o meeting, it was noted that: 1. It is not apparent that the ISO standard reference threshold levels are more scientifically sound than the present reference levels: a. The criteria on which the levels were established are not clearly defined. b. Recent published and extensive unpublished data available to the committee were not considered in determining the ISO values. These data suggest that a revision of the ISO standard may be required. L. It is doubtful that the adoption of the recommended levels will result in a significant improvement in clinical diagnosis. 3. There is some doubt that a new reference threshold is needed at this time. 4. Despite published references to the contrary, all interested professional and technical groups have not expressed an opinion. 5. The practical objections are considerable. * On the basis of the above considerations, the AIHA Noise Committee recommends that the AIHA member of the ASA S3 Committee cast a negative vote with an expression of willingness to eval uate new information as it becomes available. * Discussion of proposed changes in Standards for Hearing Testing Instruments, James H. Botsforc, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 4, 334-344 (July-August 1963). 01 132 1871 i. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, I~:3 DR. DANIEL C. BRAUN ACCEPTS CHAIRMANSHIP OF I-H-F MEDICAL COMMITTEE Industrial Hygiene Foundation is pleased to announce that Daniel C. Braun, M.D.. has accepted the Chairmanship of its Medical Committee. He served as its Secretary from 1950*57. Dr Braun received his M. D. degree from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in 193 7. i terned at Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh, and has com pleted a number of postgraduate courses in industrial medicine, hygiene and toxicology at the University of Pittsburgh, Long Island College of Medicine and Columbia University. Dr. Braun was Medical Director of IHF from 1950-57. Prior to that he had been Medical Director for Pittsburgh Coal Co. , serving subsequently a.- a consultant in occupational medicine for Pittsburgh Coal, Westinghouse Electric Corp. , and other in dustrial firms in the Pittsburgh area. After leaving the Foundation, he became Plant Medical Director, Homestead District Works of U. S. Steel Corp. , and is now Assistant Medical Director, divisions and associated subsidiaries of U. S. Steel. Dr. Braun is a former director of the Industrial Medical Association and Past-President of the IMA of the Pittsburgh-Cleveland Area. He is certified in occupa tional medicine by the American Board of Preventive Medicine and is a Fellow of the Am. Coll, of Chest Physicians, Am. Academy of Occ. Med. , Am. Public Health Assoc. . and Pittsburgh Academy of Medicine. He is also a lecturer in occupational health at the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh. 01 132 1872 industrial Hygiene Digest September, DR. LESTER V. CRALLEY ACCEPTS CHAIRMANSHIP OF I-H-F ENGINEERING COMMITTEE Industrial Hygiene Foundation is pleased to announce that Lester V. Crallev, Ph. D. has.accepte the Chairmanship of its Engineering Committee. He has served as a member of this Committee for a number of years. Dr. Cralley is Chief Industrial Hygienist for the Aluminum Company of America in Pittsburgh, a position he has held since 1945. Dr. Cralley received his B.S. degree in chemistry from McKendree College in 1933, and his Ph. D. degree in industrial hygiene and toxicology from Iowa State University in 1942. Durinc the years 1941-45 he served in the Ur..:ed States Public Health Service, Division of Industrial Hygiene with a rank of Captain. Dr. Cralley is a member of the American Industrial Hygiene Association, as well as past president and treasurer. He is also a member of the following organizations: American Foundrymen's Society Air Pollution Committee; American Chemical Society, American Public Health Association, American Society for Testing Materials - D22 Committee; Air Pollution Control Association; and Research Society of America. 01 132 1873 ui. lncuatrid; Hygiene Ducal THRESHOLD LIMIT VALLES n<j)i/ S-ct-*~ Acoptec at the 25th Annual Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental Inoustnai Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio, May o-", 1763 These values should be used as guides in the control of health hazards anc should not Oe el as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent conditions under which : .s believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day aiter day, without ac-erse effect. 'ic values listen refer to tirr.e-weightec average concentrations for a normal worxaav. The amo.r.t o. wmch these figures may be exceeded for short periods without injury to health depends upon a numoer ~.f factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high concentrations even for short per-.oos procuce acute poisoning, whether the effects are cumulative, the frequency with which high concentrations occur, and the duration of such periods. All must be taken into consideration in arriving at a aecisior as to whetha hazardous situation exists. Because it has been recognized that the threshold limits of certain ac.ielvacting substances may not provide a safety factor comparable to that of chronically-acting substar.c-s for which a time-weighted average applies, a C designation or "ceiling ' has been affixed to such al ... s eating that the Threshold Limit Value should not be ex eded. The bases for the C listing is gc.-.n m appendix C. Special consideration should be given to the application of these values in assessing the health hazards which may be associated with exposure to mixtures of two or more substances. A brief discussion of basic considerations invdlved m developing Threshold Limit Values for mixtures, and methods for their development, amplified by specific examples are given in appendix B, Threshold limits are based on the best available information from industrial experience, from experimental studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the two. These values are based on vari ous criteria of toxic effects or on marked discomfort; thus, they should not be used as a common denomina tor of toxicity, nor should they be considered as the sole criterion in proving or disproving diagnosis of s_ = pected occupational disease. These limits are intended for use in the field of industrial hygiene and should be interpreted ar.z ana applied only by persons trained in this field. They are not intended for use, or for modification for _s_(1) as a relative index of toxicity, by making a ratio of two limits, or (2) in the evaluation or cor.tr-.. of community air pollution or air pollution nuisances, or (3) in estimating the toxic potential of continuous uninterrupted exposures. These values are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for revisions, or additions, as further information becomes available. The Committee welcomes the suggestion of suostar.cc to be added to the list and also comments, references, or reports of experience with these materials. RECOMMENDED VALUES (In Alphabetical Order) suiitni Acetaldehyde Acetic Kid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene tetrefiromide T Acrolein Acrylonitrile -- Shin H*' 200 10 5 1.000 40 1 0.1 20 t/M 3G0 25 20 2 400 70 14 0 25 45 takitMK* Aidnn <1.2.3 4 10.10-heiachloro. 1 4 4a.5.8.8a-neiahydro-l .4,5.8dimetheno-niphtnalenei--Shin f *ll>1 alcohol--Shin Aliya chloride CAIlyl glycidy! ether (AGE) Allyl propyl disullide * Ammonia 99*' _ 2 f 10 2 SO + I- Note: The word "Skin" following a substance indicates that the substance can penetrate the skin to contri bute to the exposure and threshold limit value should be reduced accordingly. / Reprinted with permiss m. from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. I 63 Revision. Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of air by volume at 5*C and ?b0 mm. Hg pressure. ** Approximate milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of air. A Numbers, See Appendix A 01 132 157-1 v. Industrial Hygmne Dijcst Sulsiinet ppm* *t/* " Ammonium sulfamate Animates -- Amyi acetate Amyi aiconoi isoamyl alconoli Aflii-ne--$hin An* ***cry anTj aipna naphthyl thiourea) Arse*: Arsme Banum $o:ubie compounds) C 9enzsne benzo1 --5*n Benzid-ne Benzyi emonde Beryinum Boron oxide .. C Boron trifiuoride Bromine .................... Butadiene '1.3*butadienei 2 Butanone methyl ethyl ketone) 2-Butoiy ethanol (Butyl Cellosolve) 8utyr acetate <n-butyi acetate) Butyl alcohol ........................... 10$ 100 5 " -- -- 0.05 -- 25 -- l -- -- 1 0.1 1.000 200 50 200 100 tert Buty Aiconoi C But/iamme -.Burn j^.ciByi ether BGE But.' i mfcactan 3-;e't Butyitduene Cacmium oxide fume Caic.jm arsenate Caroon c-once Carson CSulhde--Skin Maroon mcnoxide Carocn tetraemonoe--Shm Cmoraane 1.2.4 5.67 8.8oc:acmoro-3a4.7 7a-tetra- "ydro-4 7-methanoindene; Chlorinated campnene 60% Cniermatea dipnenyi aiide Cniafne Cn'orme oonde C C-ior ne "ifluenae C Ocroacetaiaenyde Cniorasenzene monocnloropentene! Chiorooromomethane ........ Chioroaipnenyi ;42% Chlorine.)-- S n O o'ooionenyi ;5Ao Chlorine^-- Skin 100 5 50 10 10 -- 5000 20 100 10 -- 1 01 0.1 1 75 200 C Chloroform tnchloromethane) l-Chlorol-nilropropane Chioropicrm Chioroprene 2*chioro*1.3* butadiene) Chromic acid and chromates las CrO ) Cobalt .. Crag 'Ri herbicide 'sodium 2-[2.4- dichloropnenoiy) ethanol hydrogen sultatel ......... Cresoi <all isomers)--Skin ....... Cyanide las CNl--Skin ............... Cydoheiane ............................ Cydoheianol .............................. Cyclchesanone ............................ Cydoheiene ........................... 2.4-0 (2.4-dichloroplMnoiy. acetic acid) ..... ..................... 001 (2.24s (txhlofophanyll. l.l.ltrichloroethane)--Skin ... 50 20 0.1 25 5 400 50 50 400 _ Decaborane--Skin .................... Oiacetone alcohoU44iydroiy4-methyl-2-pentananf) ........... 0.05 50 Oibarane ...................................... 0.1 1.2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene dibromide)............... 25 i Dicworooeniene v Oicniorooenaene Oicniorooittuo'ometnane 1 Oicnioroethane 50 75 1.000 100 15 360 19 0.5 03 0.5 0-2 0.5 80 J1 5 0.002 15 3 0.7 2.200 590 240 950 300 300 15 270 35 60 01 I 9.00C 60 no 65 05 0.5 0.5 3 03 04 3 350 1.050 1 0.5 240 100 0.7 90 0.1 0.5 15 22 5 1.400 200 200 1.350 10 1 0.3 240 0.1 190 300 450 4.950 400 Sept err. 3 e r. . SlllM^4 12-Oicnioroetnane ethylene dichionae. 1 2-Dichioroetnyiene C Oicnioroeriyi ether Oichioromonofluoromethane C 1 lOicninrolnitroetnane Dichiorotetraftuoroetnane Oieiann :1.2.3.4 10.l0-neie- chioro-6. 7-eooy-l. 4. 4a. 5 5. 7 9. Ba^ctahydio ! 4. 5. J dimethanonapnthaiene --Sh m Oietnyiamme Ditluorodibromometnane C Oiglycidyl ether DGE. Dnsobutyi hetsne Dimethyl acetamide--Skm Oimetnyiannme N-dimethyi- aniline)--Skin Oimetftyitormemide 1.1 -OimethyihydrMine--Skin Oimethylsulfete--Skin Dmitrobentene--Skin Dinitrotnluene--Skin Dmitro-o-cresol--Skin Oioiene (diethylene dionde) Oipropylene glycol methyl ether trN fO*thyl 0>p*mtrophenyl thionobenzenephosphonate)-Skin .......................... Ethyl acetate ............................ Ethyl acrylate--Skin ............. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) Ethylamme ............................... C Ethylbeniana ............................. Ethyl bromide ............................ Ethyl chloride ........................... Ethyl ether ........................... Ethyl formate ............................ tC Ethyl mercaptan ........................ Ethyl silicita ............................ Ethylene ehlorohydrin--Skin ..... Ethylenediarmne ....................... Ethylene glycol dinitrete (Combined EGON + NG)-- Skin ...................................... Ethylene imine--Skin ...... Ethylene onde ............. 2 Etnoiyetnanoi CeMosoie 2tnoivetnviacetite Ceiiosoive Acetate Ferpam feme Oimethyl cithiocarba'-ate ferrovanadiu- :jsi Fluoride as F fluorme Figorotricnioromernjne C Formaldehyde Furfural Furfurvi alcohol Gasoline Glycidol r2.3-Eooiy-l propanol) Heotane <n-nigtanei Heiane ihesanei Heianone tmetnyi butyl ketone1 * sec-Heivi acetate Heione .methyl isooutyi ketone' C Mydratme--Skin Hydrogen Dromide C Hydrogen emonde Hydrogen cyanide--Skin Hydrogen Ituonde Hydrogen perouoe. 90% Hydrogen selenide C Hydrogen sultide Hydroquinone C iodine Iron oude tume Isopnorone Isopropylamine Isopropyl glycidyl ether tIGE) MM* 50 200 15 1.300 :n 1.000 __ 25 IOC 3.5 50 10 5 20 05 1. __ __ 100 100 _ 400 25 1.000 25 200 200 1.000 400 100 20 100 5 10 0.2 5 SO 230 _ _ : ooo 5 5 50 500 50 500 500 100 50 100 3 5 10 3 1 0 05 20 -- _0.1 25 5 50 -* zr 4 230 90 ,:co 3 25 75 S60 29 290 35 25 50 1 5 1 15 0.2 360 600 0.5 1.400 100 1.900 45 S70 890 2.600 1.200 300 52 850 16 30 1.2 9 90 'AC 540 ;_5 25 Jt 5 600 6 20 20C 2 300 150 2 000 1 HOC 410 295 41C 13 10 * II 2 14 02 30 21 15 140 12 240 132 187& 01VI. Rttene lead lead arsenate l.noane heiachiorocvcioheune gamma isomer' Utrvum hydride Magnesium oiuJc fumf Maia^ on on-dimethyl dittvopnosonate of diethyl mercaptosuccinatei--Shin 1Manganese Mercury--5*m Ve'c-?y organic compounds*-- Skm Mes.fvi jirte Methoiychlor ;2.2-di-p-methoiy- pnenyl-l. 1. 1-trichloroethane) Methyl acetate Metnyi acetylene Vernyi acrylate--Skm Methyial dimethojymethanei Methyl alcohol .methanol) Methyl oromide--Shin Metnw :eiiosoive 2-methoiy- ernano* -- Skin Methyl teiiosoive acetate ethyiene glycol monomethyl efher acetate' Methyl cmonde Methyl cmotofoim il. 1. 1- trxnloroethane' Mthyicyc(oheiane Metnyicycioneianoi Metnyicydoheianone Methvi formate Methyl liODutyl eiromol methyl amyl alcohol) Methyl mercaptan ....... a Methyl styrene Methylene chloride 'dichloro- methane: . .. Monomethyl aniline--Shin Molybdenum soluble compounds) insoluble compounds) Naphtha xpal tar) Naphtha petroleum) .'Naohthyiamme Nickel carbonyl Nicotine--Shin Nirnc acd p-Nitraamline--Shin Nitrobenaene--Shin ...... Nitroethane Nitrogen dionde ................ Nitroglycerin 'combined EGON + NG--Skin ............... Nitromethane ........ 1-Nitropropane .............. 2-Nitropropane ................ N-Nitrosodimethylamine (Dimethyl- nitrosaminel--Skin Nitrotoluene--Shin Octane ............ Osmium tetroiide . ... Ozone Parathion (0. 0. diethyl-O-pmtrophenyl thiophosphate)-- Shin Pentaborane Pentachloronaphthaltne--Skin Pentachiorophenoi--Shin Pentanone 'methyl propyl hetonei Pentane .. . Perchloroethylene Itetraehloro- ethylenei Perchloromethyl mercaptan Perchloryi fluonoe Phenol--Shin 05 -- -- _ -- -- :9 C5 C 025 .5 --* -- _ 25 _ 200 1.000 10 1.000 200 20 25 :5 5 01 oo: 100 15 610 1.650 35 3.100 260 80 80 25 120 100 210 ISO 1.900 500 2.000 100 470 100 460 100 250 25 100 20 40 100 480 500 1.750 29 __ 5 -- 15 200 800 500 2.000 -- A> 0.001 0 007 -- 0.5 10 25 16 15 100 310 59 07 100 25 25 2 250 90 90 * 5 500 -- 0.1 i___ 30 2.350 0.002 0.2 _0.005 _ 0.1 0.01 05 05 200 1.000 700 2.950 100 0.1 3 5 670 08 135 19 VU, lniftMCt Pneny. g'ycioyi erne' PGE Pnenyihyorazine--Shm Phosdrm 2-carbometnoiyi methyl Vinyl dimethyl nospnate Phosgene carbonyl chloride; * Phosphine Phjspnoric ac c Phosonorus e"Ow Pnosono.'us pentacmonde e`csprr,r- s :"tasuiriee Bh;sonc-js "londe 'ft ac J--Shm P'atmu- Scubie Sa;'s Prooyi acetate P'dOyi alcohol isooroo*1 axonoi P-ooyi ethe' SOO'OOyt ether n-Prooyi nitrate Propylene dicmo'ioe ; C o.cnio'cprcpane s-jpyiene mme--Sum P'opviene onoe Py'etnrum Pyndme Qumone Rotenone (commercial Selenium compouncs as Sc Sodium huoroacetatt 1080'-- Shm Sodium hydronde Stibine Stoddard solvent Strychnine Styrene monomer ohenyiethyltnei Sulfur dionde Sulfur neiafluonde Sulfuric acio Sulfur monochloride Sulfur pentafluonde Sulfuryl fluoride 2.4.5T (2.4.5-Trichlorophenoiy- acetic acid; TEOP ifetraethyt dithiono- pyropnosohatei--Shm Teflon IR) decomposition products TEPP 'tetraethyl pyroohosphatei --Shm Tellurium .................. 1. 1. 2. 2-Tetrachtoroethane-- Shin ......... Tetranydrofuran . .. Tetramtrome thane Tetryl 12. 4 6 trmitroohenyl. methylnitraminer--Shm Thallium (soluble compounds)-- Shm Thiram itetramethyl thiuram disulfide) Titanium dioside Toluene (toluol) o-Toluidine--Skin Tolyiene-2 4ansocy*naie Trichloroethylene T ricnioronaphtnalene--Skin 1 2 3.Tnchlorooropine 1.1.2-Trichioro 1 2. 2-tritluoroethana Tnethyiamme Tnfluoromonooromomethant Trinitrotoluene--Shm .. Triorthocresyi phosphate . . Tnpnenyi phosphate Turpentine Uranium (soluble compundsl (insoluble compounds) /*' 5C t 3:: _ *2 _ _ _ _ -( _ _ :oc *: ; > :6c 84C -OC 982 SCO : icc ; 1 't *c :qc & G1 _ 35C 50 2-4C ;c ; c - __ 01 500 _ 0 05 05 2 900 015 100 s l 000 _ 420 13 6 00C 1 0.025 s 6 0.25 20 __ 10 _ 02 __ * _-- 0.05 01 5 200 1 -- _ _ -- 200 5 0.02 100 _ 50 35 590 8 15 01 5 15 750 22 014 520 5 300 1.000 25 1000 _ _ -- 100 7.600 100 6.100 15 01 3 560 -- 0 05 -- 0 25 01 132 IS7e Ins-i stria! Hygiene Duett SlRlUkCt Vanadium , CIV .0. dust) V O. fume)' C Vinyl chloride (ehloroethylenei Vinvi touiene yvirtar.n 3 a acetonylbenzyl ] 4. nydroiycoumarim Yttrium C Xylene nylon Xyiidene--Skin -- -- 500 100 -- -- 200 5 OS 0.1 1.300 480 0.1 5 870 25 Zinc onde fume Zirconium compounds las 2r) --5 -- kaaioict'vity Far aenmwoia conctntratiom or rMia-notopn a' i' ill u S OtMrtmtnt or Commarca National turaau or Stinoaros. Handbook 69. 'Maaimum OarmiatiDia body Suroans and Maaimum Oamfissibia Coneantrationt or Radi* onuciidas 'n air and <n watar tor Occuoationai Eiooturt." June 5. 1959 aijo. tea u. S Oeoartment of Commarca National Buraau or Standard!. Handbook 59. Otrmitkibit Oust rom Citarnai Sourcot or loniama Radiation.'' Saotambar Za. 1954 and addandum of aom 15. 1959. MINERAL OUSTS Substance m.a.ae.M SILICA Crystalline Quartz. Threshold Limit calculated from the formula %Si0*1- 5 Cnstobaiite Amorphous, including natural diatomaceousearth ................................. SILICATES Hess than 1 % crystalline silica) 20 Asbestos .......................................... 5 Mica .................................................. 20 Soapstone ................................................ 20 ; Talc ............................................... 20 Portland Cement .................................... 50 Miscallamatts Hess than 1% crystalline i silica! .................................... 50 Canverstan factors ; mppcf i 35.3 = million particles per cubic meter - particles per c.c. 3 Millions of MMidts o#r cubic foot of air. bPttb on monitor Simons countoo by lifftt'fiOlt tocfwics. : The pereantato of crystalline silica m the formula is tba Amount determined from airmen* samples, aicept m those njtances >n which other methods have been shown to be jooncebie TENTATIVE VALUES Substance C tert Butyl chromate iss CrO,) --Shin - T Calcium onde Camphor T Copper Fume Ousts 8 Mists 00VP 10. 0-Oimethyl-2.2*dichloro* vmyi phosphate! r Oemeton IR) (Systoi) Endrm r 1.2.3.4710.10.* iheiachloro-6. 7*epdiy-l.4.4a. <5.6.7 8.8a*octa hydro 1.4endo*5.8*dimethanonaphthalene)--Skin Epicniorhydnn Ethanotamwe Graphite r Hafnium 5 3 - 0.1 5 2 01 10 1 01 0.1 19 6 15mppet 05 via t Sabitafaa Heptacnior it 4.5.6 7 8 8a neotaemoro-3a.4.7.7a-tetra- hydro4.7*mettianoindenei T Methylamme ~ Metnyi Methacrylate T C Methylene bis phenyiisocyanate r Mineral Wool iFibergiasi t Naphthalene Oil tmmerall 3-^ropioiactone t Silver f Tantalum T 1.1.1 ZTetrachlorO'2.2.difluoro* ethane T l.l.2.2-Tetrachloro-1.2* difluoroethane 'Tetraethyl lead t Tin iinor|anic compounds! lorgamc compounds as Sm --Shin Mf/M 25 ioo 0 02 _ 10 -- - 75 3! ii: t 50 5 A1 0 05 5 1000 8340 500 4170 - 0075 -2 - 01 Appendix A A1 laaadiat. Because of high incidence of bladder tumors in men. any eaposure, including skin, is extremely hazardous. A' <3*Naehthylaaine. Because of the eitremeiy nign incidence of bladder tumors in morkers handing this compound, and the inability to control e< posures. g-naphthylamme has oeen pronipiteo from manufacture, use and other activities that *n* volve human contact by the State ot Pennsylvania A1 Mtitrasadmathylamim. Because of eitremeiy nign toxicity and presumed carcinogenic potential oi this compound, contact by any route should noi be permitted. A1 Teflon * decoMRexitiRR prtdecto. At least one ioenti fied component ot Teflon decomposition products is eitremeiy tone. Put in the absence of mote complete toncity information and suilable analytic methods, a definite threshold limit value is not recommended at this time; but air concentrations should be minimal. A* 3-PrtpielsctoRt. Because of high acute toxicity and demonstrated skin tumor production m animals contact by any route should be avoided 01 132 1877 Ir.c-itr;^. H.g.r.- EE;,,..; Appendix B THRESHOLO LIMIT VALUES FOR MIXTURES When to 3' nor* "ata-ccus s-crarces are reset; :he*r combined er*ect 'atne' mji ma* cf e-me* nz. cuaHv :-;L c be r.e' y-y. ;-t:e'3'c- In the absence of information to the contrary, tf" effects of the different haiards should oe considered as additive That s .f me Sum : me to'..swing -'ictons exceecs ",in me " 'esc: 3 *-r :* 3"? Mfuie sncuia be cc'i ce'*a as be-ng exceeded 7 'r.cates :ne observed a'mcspner-c ccncentraton ana * me corres ponding :h'sno-'a 'mt See Examoie Ida Except-cs : " aoo.e -jie mat oe -aae when me-e s good aas:n :: ae. e.e '-at me erne' effects cf the different Harmful suostances are not n fact " ' ve. out ndeoendent as wnen purely >ocai effects on : -yent organs of the Body are orcduced o the varous com ponents of the mixture In such cases the threshold limit ordinarily is eiceeded only amen at least one memoer of me senes C or C. etc itself nas a value T T. eiceedmg unity. See Example 1A b Antagonistic action or potentiation may occur with same camomations of atmosohenc contaminants. Sucn cases at oresent must oe determined individually Poten tiating or antagonistic agents are riot necessarily harm ful oy themsei.es Potentiating effects of eiposure tc sucn agents Oy routes ome' man mat o> inhalation is also possioie e g imoioed aicohoi ana .nnaied narcotic rncniorethyiene Potentiation is characteristically ex nioued at nigh concentrations less orooaoiy at low When a given ooeration or process characteristically emits a numoer ol harmful Custs 'umes vapors or gases t vnii fmouentiy be cm. feasible '0 attempt to evaluate tne hararo oy measurement ol a smgie sub stance m sucn cases me miesnolo umn used tor rms substance should be reduced by a suitable factor tne magnitude of winch win ceoenc on tne numoer 'oncily and relative cuantit. y me other contaminants ordi nar.1, present Eiamoies ot processes nn.cn are typicaiw associatea *.m mo or mote harmful armospneric contaminants are *eicmg aufomoo-ie 'eoau O'astmg oamtmg. 'acouermg certain fouhdrv coerations diesei einausts etc Example EXAMPLES ;A-yni**'y case **-'- renen- a ADDITIVE FFFECTS c : A - tenta *s . :. - :: S _ ir 10 5C Threshold ' > vxcesce' b IH0EKN0ENT EFFECTS Air contains 3 ;5 mg m :* n: mg m ot suitjnc ac c 0.15 ,, ,e 0 20 : i-c ' ' Threshold 'imit is no1 exceeded IB Special case when source c` -- i muture jno atmosone'c ccmpos-t'cn j-s-.-e: similar to that of ; g "a' marer.a1 -J -tef : sure ot each comocne"' s m. same a' -"e .be-".': temperature a A00ITIVI EFFECTS 1:: :. -re .1 - A mixture cr t;.a car's f' :h.c"v*. tlv ::c j-c : -*. more-;-- 350 C C C. jci-.t an appncao-e : _C_________ C_ 100 350 7C_ 2C_ 700 ' 700 2C T :c "T ` r.,, - 700 y - 155 ootff IBb General Exact Solution `or Mixtures ;t ff oonents With AdO'ime Effects and C, tm-..-- Pressures (2) C, - C, - - C. - T 12.1) -7- - 7- - ~ T- " 1 By the law of Partial Pressures. 13) C. -- ap,. And by haovlt's law. fA) p, - F, p, ' Comems i3) and IA) to oottm IS) C,-tF,p, Comotnmg (1:. ,21i. and ;Sl. e ootam F,o. ` ; ~ r ' - 'y and sotv-ng 'or T 01 132 187S :x. Industrial Hygiene Pineal Scpterr.sg r. (6.1) T or 18.2) T i--n I i-l i --n s ,-i Fa' Fa' T" F*' 157 r - Thresnoio umit value .r ppm C -- Vapor concentration f BOf" o Vapor pressure of component in solution p* Vapor pressure of Pure component f - Mol fraction of component m solution a - A constant of proportionality Subscripts 1.2. n reiate tne aoove quantities to components 1.2. n respectively Subscript i refers to an arbitrary component from 1 to n Absence of subscript relates tne quantity to tne muture. Solution to be applied nen there is a reservoir of the solvent mature whose composition does not change appreciably by evaporation Exact Arithmetic Solution of Specific Mixture ; Mol wt Density T p" at Mol frac- ! 25*C non m hail-and half solu tion by volume Trichloro ethylene ill 1314 1.46 g ml 100 73mm Hg 0.527 Methylchloroform 12) 133.42 1.33 g. ml 350 125mm Hg 0.473 F,p,e -(0.527) (73) - 38.2 F.p,e -(0.473) (125) - 59.2 T 38.2-l- 59.2 --= (97.4) (350) - (97.4) (350) - 177 36.2 - 59.2 133.8 + 592 193.0 j 100 350 T > 177 ppm (Mott difference in T.L.V. when account is taken of vapor pressure end mol fraction in comparison with stave example where such account is not taken). Harry B. Ashe E. J. Baier A (an L. Coleman Hervey 8. Elkins Bernard Grabois Wayland J. Hayes Jr Keith Jacobson _ Harold N. MacFariand. Consultant 2. A mixture of one pert of .1 paraf.on end two parts of 2! EPh Tu. 0 5. _Cj_ C. C,,. C. -- 2C o.i or " Tm C., - 3C, _i_ iL !?_ 0.1 ~ 0.5 " T, 7C. 3C. 0.5 _ T,, ;. Tm -- -- 0.21 mg m' 1C INDEKNOMT imCTS 1 From naphtha (TIV. 500) containing 1C moie pecent btnrene (TIV. 25i the narcotic effects can pe considered as approximately the same as that of bentene-free naphtha The blood effects can be considered as due (c the oenaene alone. For intermittent expasara. a TIV of 500 ppm mat be used as long as the average concentration does not exceed 25 < 100 - 250 ppm. the TIV 10 based on the beniene content. 2 Owes! engine exhaust contains several irritants, one of which is nitrogen dioxide A limit of 2 ppm NO, has been found to correlate fairly well with the beginning of subiectnre (irritation) effects from such gases, although no subjective effects ere experienced from NO, alone at 5 ppm. Appendix C BASES FOR ASSIGNING LIMITING "C" VALUES* PBWiftX nwtutiM T.LV Fktir T.L.V. fw pen' nr mf/mi S. to ar as Mu. Eimixiii 0 to 1 3 Boron triHuoride (1 ppm) it 3 ppm if tepeatedly en countered for periods of 5. 10. or 30 minutes, may lead to pneumonitis; a "C" listing recommended. .1- to 10 10- to 100 100- to "TOO 2 1 5 Ethyl oenaene >200 ppm at 250 ppm il 'eoeatediy en countered for periods of 5 1 25 or 10 minutes may prove tolerably irritating to the eyes, a "C" listing recommenoeo ho o* Accorfli| to tnt iifliitit'On. or will not canoioaltl lor ortttftfiy I'lftd rivs -Ml C ctinn|; I.tlmi ;M1 TLVt not comma --mm tnit limitation mil poor 4 C Potor* tno nipitanco namo luoimont i oj,,o on nvi.r- tho oicursiom m concontration unoor tno tim i.m.ts mite moy rttult m ai mlolaraOK notation O' enrome or miit'i Pit tmw cnanat. or c: narcotn of tuthc-om ot|rot 10 . ertaao accioont prononon o' matonoiir 'oouce .o', r*: ncy William F. Reindollar Russell G. Scovill Ralph G. Smith Mitchell R. Zavo" Herbert E Stohmger. Chairman x 01 132 1879 industrial Hygiene Digest Septem oer. . A SUPPLEMENTARY STATUS REPORT ON THE THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR CONTROL OF HAZARD FROM CERTAIN FORMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EDITOR'S NOTE:) Prepared by industrial Hygiene Foundation from the sources listed. Not re.atec to American Conicr.-r.ee of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLV s. Microwave: A field power density of 0. 01 IV/'cm. has been widely used 5 as a TLV for microwave exposure. It has been criticized m that there is no provision for zuration of exposure and is thus interpretec to mean for any period of time . Since most biological structures seem, to require exposures of many seconds or minutes to produce measurable thermal e:fect it has been proposed that a new standard incorporating a time factor be set. ' American Standards Association C-95 Committee indicates that such a standard is in preparation .-.c will appear shortly. (4) Infrared and Visible Light: A threshold limit of 0.01 cal./cm." at the retina for any period of time has been proposed, (6*8) based solely on thermal effect. Thresholds have not yet beer, e stablished for pulsed lasers having discharge times of less than one microsecond. (' *) Lasers have a potential capability of producing non-thermal effects (ionization in tissue and blast effects) when pulse times are reduced to nano second (i. e. , 1 sec. x 10*8) levels. <3-7>3> Ultraviolet: A threshold limit value has been set at 0. 5 ai. /cm. " for exposure (of eyes) for 7 hours or less or 0. 1 aiw. /cm. ~ for 4 hours, These limits were set for germicidal lamp installations in 1943.(8. 10) External Ionizing Radiation^11'13*: The limits for external ionizing radiation indicated below are those specifically required by AEC(^) and vary slightly but significantly from those set by the Federal Radiation Council!^* as noted on page 38 of the latter report. (These values do not include natural background radiation or exposure from medical or dental x-ray pro cedures.) Threshold Limit Values are intended for the use of trained and expenencea incustrial hygienists. The differences between TLV's in this case illustrate the importance of obtaining competent technical consultation in the design of facilities and evaluation of expo sure problems. Max,, l 3 wk. dose (rem) Max. yearly dose (rem) Max. accumulated dose (rem) Controlled (restricted) areas Whole body, head and trunk, active blood forming organs, gonads, or lens of eye Skin of whole body (= R dose) Hands and forearms, feet and ankles 1 l/4t 1/2 la 3/9 5 30 75 5 (n- l 8) -- -- Environs Any part of body -- 0.5 -- Not over 3 rem in any quarter of one year. Where n is age in years and is greater than 18. XI. 01 132 1SS0 Industrial Hygiene Digest Sent Jc r. REFERENCES 1. Boysen, J.E.: USAF Experience with Microwave Exposure. J. Occ. Med. 4:!Q2-194, I April 1962. 2. 1 Knaui, C.M.: Industrial Medical Problems m an Electronic Re search Center. Arch. Inc. Health 1':363- 3sb, May 1958. 3. Knauf, C.M.: Personal communication. 4. Ely, T.S.: Personal communication. 5. Johnstone, R. T. , and Miller, S. E.: Occupational Diseases and Industrial Medicine. W. B. Saunders Co. , Philadelphia, 1960. 6. Solon, L.R.: Occupational Safety with Laser (Optical Maser) Beams. Arch. Environmental Health 6:414-417, March 1963. 7. Zaret, M.M., Ripps, H. , Siegel, I.M., and Breinin, C.M.: Laser Photocoagulation of the Eye. Arch. Ophthal. 69:97-104, Jan. 1963. 8. Zaret, M.M.: Personal communication. 9. Luckiesh, M. , and Taylor, A.H.: Production of Erythema and Tanning by Ultraviolet Energy. ' J. Am. Med. Assoc. 112:251 1, 1939. 10. Report of the Council on Physical Therapy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 122:503, 1943. 11. National Bureau of Standards Handbook 59, Permissible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation, 1954; and 1958 Addendum. 12. Report No. 1, Background Material for the Development of Radiation Protection Standards, May 13, I960. Staff Report of the Federal Radiation Council, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. 30 cents. 13. Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 20, "Protection Against Radiation" dated June I, 1962 ( C20. 101 and 2). ol XU. September, lo3 Vo.am. xxvii No. 9 Industrial Hygier.v '.jr.-.*t..4400 Fifth A.er. Pittsburgh, Pd. :9_.: INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature ar.d NV s NTW5 ITEMS 135 Association of Official Agr:c-!t-ra: Chemists to Meet. The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists mil hold its "th <nnu. m etir.g, October 14 to 1" at the Shoreham Hotel, Washington. D.C. The scientists ni: :iii.>> arc ap prove analytical methods for fooas, drugs, cosmetics, feeds, fertilizers, pcsticiaes, <r.c _th. r commodities studied by the Association. Dr. Paul Kirk, criminologist of the University of Ca.i- tornia, will address the assembled meeting October 15, and Dr. E. L. But: of Purdue will 3peak at the annual banquet on October 14. A dav-long symposium on instrumentation has been pianned for October II. There will be exhibits of lab equipment and supplies. Address inquiries to Luther C. Ensminger', AOAC. Box 540, Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington 44, D.C. -- Chem. Eng. News ! 02 (July 29, lQc3) 7 9o Next examinations in Aviation Medicine. The next examinations be the American Board of Preventive Medicine for Certification in Aviation Medicine have been . -unced by John C. Hume, M.D.. Secretary-Treasurer. The examinations will be held at the .imericana Hotel, Bal Harbour, Miami Beach, Florida, on May b, 9, and 10, 19o4. This is immediately preceding and in conjunction with the 35th Annual Meet ing of the Aerc-cuce Medical Association, May 11, Id, 13, and 14. Final dates for fi.ir.g appli cations is Nov. . r 30, l3e3. Requests for information and all applications must be ,er.t to The American Board of Preventive Medicine, Incorporated, Dr. John C. Hume, 015 North Woifc St.. Baltimore 5, Maryland. -- Aerospace Med. 34, oo4 (Juiy I3c3) 31 Bio-Environmental Engineering -- New Career Field Specialty In the future, engineer personnel of the USAF Medical Service will be included m a broad career field specialty designated Bio-Environmental Engineering1' rather than as Sani tary and Industrial Hygiene Engineers . This new designation and broadened scope of professional practice and utilization within the Air Force takes into account the wide spectrum of bio-mecica! and environmental problems associated with U.S. Ai"r Force technology, and operational require ments. The need for engineers with training in fundamentals of physiology and the lie ciences to work with their physician colleagues who have an understanding and capability in the ,,... sica. sci ences is being reflected in increased training and special procurement programs, according to Major General R. L. Bohannon, Deputy Surgeon General, USAF, who said, We are not oniv con cerned with health protection, per se, but also with using the talents of our medical service ngineers in the area of medical electronics, hospital construction, and specialized design operation -- Aerospace Med. _34. odo (July l3o3) 198 Hygienic Guide Senes. The following additional Hygienic Guide Series are now available: Manganese ano Its Inorganic Compounds, Acrolein (Acrylaldehyde, Propenal), Ethylene Glycol Monocthyl Ether 12Ethoxyethanol), and Aluminum and Aluminum Oxide. They are given m the May-June AlHA ij.rr.a (pp. 284-291) and can be obtained from the American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1412' r.-. vost, Detroit 27, Michigan, at 25 cents each. -- Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 24, 284-291 (May-J-n. . * >i 01 132 i8$2 L. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1 o e 1 '99 Booklet Available. 4 A booklet. Eyes in Industry: A Guide to Better Industrial Vision Testing' . published by the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, is available from the Society, lo East 40th Strv :, New York, N. Y. 10016, at 50 cents a copy. Arch. Environmental Health 2- 120 (July 1963) OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE STATISTICS 800 Occupational Disease Statistics. (Cases reported to - * respective Health Departments). Conn. June Pa. July-Aug, Tenn. July Total Asphyxia, argon and nitrogen gases Brucellosis Carbon disulfide poisoning Chromic acid poisoning Dermatitis Emphysema Exposure to lead fumes Fumes (unidentified) Insecticide poisoning Lead poisoning Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis (suspected) Respiratory irritation Silicosis Silicosis (suspected) Silicotuberculosis Toluene diisocvanate poisoning Tuberculosis Totals 5 11 1 1 18 19 1 l 1 1 3 1 l 4 1 3 1 37 11 11 11 5 2 32 l l 1 1 14 l 1 4 i 3 1 1 1 6 61 * Causes are listed as follows: Connecticut: Occupational dermatitis due to plants, poison ivy, 1; occupational derma titis due to solvents, 1; occupational dermatitis due to drugs (including wound dressings and medi cations, 1; occupational dermatitis due to other chemicals: nickel and nickel compounds, 1: syn thetic resins or resin (plastic)compounds, 3; unspecified, 2; occupational dermatitis --other: friction, 1; infection, l. 01 132 1883 2. Industrial Hygiene Diil COMING EVENTS Oct., 1- 4 Oct. 1- 4 Oct. O- 10 Oct. 7 - 10 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 8- 10 8- 11 8- 12 10 - 11 Oct. 14 -lb Oct. 14 -18 Oct. 15 -17 Oct. 15 -18 Oct. lb.-18 Oct. 19 -23 Oct. 20.-23 Oct. 23- 24 Oct. 25- 27 Oct. 25- 29 Oct. 27. 29 Oct. 27- 30 Oct. 28- 30 Oct. 28- 31 Oct. 28- Nov Oct. 29-31 Oct. 30- Nov Animal Care Panel, Los Angeles, Cain. American Council of Independent Laboratories, Annual Meeting, Neo. Water Pollution Control Federation, Joth Annual Meeting, Seatt.c, A t = .n. 13th Annual Instrument Symposium and Research Equipment Exniuit, Nst;ur.a. Institutes of Health, Bethesaa, Md. 7th Conference on Analytical Chemistry m Nuclear Technology. Gat..r.curg. Te.-.r.. American Roentgen Ray Society, Montreal, Quebec, Car.aua Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Denver, Colo. National Plant Food Institute, Northeastern Fertilizer Conte rer. : -, r c ,r. _ Mur..-. Pennsylvania Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 77th Annual Meeting, uhirgtjr., D.C. Society for Applied Spectroscopy, San Diego, Calif. American Society of Lubrication Engineers, 10th Joint Lubrication Conference of ASLE and ASME, Rochester, N.Y. American Dietetic Association, 4bth Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Pa. Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors of America. New York, N.Y. Chemical Institute of Canada, 13th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Canadian Manufacturers of Chemical Specialties Association, oth Annual Meeting and Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 28th Annual Meeting, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh Association of Clinical Scientists, Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. American Heart Association, Los Angeles, Calif. California Fertilizer Association, 40th Annual Convention, San Francisco, Calif. National Agricultural Chemicals Association, 30th Annual Meeting, Hot Spring*. Virginia American Society for Microbiology, 3rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, D.C. National Safety Congress and Exposition, Chicago, 111. American College of Surgeons, San Francisco, Calif. International Symposium on Plasma Phenomena and Measurements, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, San Diego, Calif. Parenteral Drug Association, Annual Convention, New York, N.Y. LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 802 Safety Code Chart on Industrial Trucks. A chart shows in graphic form a comparison of the provisions of the applicable state law* and codes with the provisions of the American Standard Safety Code for Powered Industrial Trucks, ASA BS6. 1-1959. The chart is one of a series which, when complete, will provide comparisons of the provisions of state laws and codes with comparable provisions of American Stand ard Safety Codes in major areas subject to occupational safety and occupational hygiene regula tions. Single copies are available, without charge, while the supply lasts, from the U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, Washington 25, D.C. -- Safety Maint. 12b, 53 (Sept. 1bJ) 01 132 1SS 1 3. Industrial Hygiene Digest Septerr s- r, 803 Air Pollution Controi Bill Approved. ^ An air pollution control Dili ha beer, approx ec b> the House by a vote o: to H. R. 6518, known as the Clean Air Act, gives the Secretary of Health, Education, anc *v. rr.ore power than the 1955 Air Pollution Control Act which it ;? Designed to replace. Secretary HEW would establish a national research program of air pollution prevention anc c^r.troi ar.c a : make grants to help state ana local pollution control authorities, ir. uccition, h \ou.c h*.e a-tr.a- rity to cail conferences on air pollution problems, make recommendations for abating air po...,non ana, when other remcaic# had failed, file suit to force abatement of air pollution, opponents i; tn. bill, who feared that it gave the Fecerai Government too much enforcement power, tries tu get :h- bill sent back to committee but wre aefcated by a vote of 41 to - - Chem. Eng. News 41, - 1 ' A -g. ? . : : i) 80,4 Ohio Weighs Tax Exemptions for Air Pollution Controls. Lawmakers wrangled over whetner industry shoulc be grantee broac tax c;rSi'Sj.jp; for air pollution control facilities. The Senate passea ana returnee to the House for conc-rrvr.ce a bill to grant real estate, personal property, corporation franchise and sales tax exe: :^r air pollution control installations, on ooth existing ana future equipment. As onginaw ppro\ec by the House, the bill provided only a sales tax exemption. The measure touched off a uvclv c:s- pute, with supporters arguing it will help Ohio industry reauce pollution and yet remain competi tive. Opponents contend it.rewards industrialists for doing what they are required by law to ao ;n the first place. Fate of the bill was uncertain. -- Air Eng. 5, 8 (Aug. 1 0o3> 805 Florida Eyes Air Pollution Controls. A new air pollution control law was favorably reported out by the Senate public health committee. The measure would make it compulsory for an air pollution commission to file charge against any industry rejecting a request by the state board of health to discontinue practices that pollute the air. The bill would be enforced by an air pollution commission, executive director and other staff personnel. -- Air Eng* 5, 8 (Aug. I -o3) 80b Interior Wants More Money for Pesticide Research. Secretary of the Interior, Ste .rt L. Udall, called on Congress recently to lift the pre sent 5. b million ceiling on appropnations for research on pesticides and their effects on fish anc wild life. A bill (H..R. 4487) now before the House Interior Committee woula give Interior more < authority to conduct pesticide research. Secretary Udall bases his request for mere money on the ! research report for 1961-1962 just released by the Fish and Wildlife Service. The report calls attention to the glaring inadequacies in knowledge about wildlife pesticide relationships , he says. -- Chem. Eng. News 4_1^, 1Q (Aug. I?, lQoi) BOOKS, PAMPHLETS AND NOTICES 807 Occupational Disease in California, 19bl. State of California, Department of Public Health, , Bureau of Occupational Health. 30 pp. (Date not given). FOR SALE BY: State of California, Department of Public Health, Bureau of Occupational Health, 151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley 4, , California. PR1C E: Not given. This review summarizes lb, 495 doctors' reports of occupational disease from umong over 5 million persons covered by the California workman's compensation law m 19oi. The Pol data summarized here do not ciifer markedly from previous wars and are primarily lor use of the local health departments ana other official agencies in California concerned with the health ot 01 132 1885 4. Industrial Hygiene Quest 3' workers. Among all industry groups, agriculture had the highest rate with '-. '* r-.-u.r:s pational disease per 1,000 workers; followed by construction, o. 4; ar.c rr.ur.cia'c:_r;r,c, Within the manufacturing division, rates fluctuated from II.! reports per i.OCf rubber and miscellaneous plastic products to O.s reports per 1,000 workers ;r. petr . ids. Most occupational diseases fall into the traditional categories oi skin conc;t;or.s, .-p..-.- tory conditions, effects of environmental conaitions ana systemic poisonings. The hacu.": . : frequently implicated m these diseases are poison oak, food products, agricu.t.ral .it.- ....,, . . chemicals gene rally used as solvents. In California, 29, "49 men anc 15, "01 iorr.iT. c' age (18*64) died during 19b0. Only a small proportion of these deaths are finallv ..lass.iied .. to occupational disease. Every death certificate filed during lol with mention oi on-..:-. . was rvviewcu and countea. Since this was a departure from the previous method .. >..r. deaths, the fatality table for 19c 1 is not comparable to previous years. -- A.thur s - 808 Safety m Industry. Mechanical and Physical Hazards. No. 8, Bull, doc. Stat.. L .v r.. ,i , C. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards. 20 pp. (loJ). ~ OR 5 A _ 2 E V o.u.rir- tendent of Documents, L'.S. Government Printing Office, Washington do, D.C. F ?. id Z: . Today, static electricity is not considered a phenomenon which excites mar. - - .t.. It is considered by most people to be a nuisance which causes shocks, unruly hair, ...r,;;ry ...tr.es, or other annoyances. To people who are concerned with industrial safety, it is mar. tr.ar. sr ar.r.u.- ance, it is a hazard which, in many areas, can be dangerous. This bulletin ciscuss .: static -.-.c.- tncal phenomena not as an exhaustive treatise but as a short survey of possible causes and control*. The explanations used'have been simplified and are included to develop a practical basis for under standing and discussion. The generation of static electricity cannot be prevented but its accumula tion can be controlled. The uncontrolled discharge of a static accumulation which results in a spark energetic enough to be a source of ignition is the primary hazard of static electricity. This may be an acute problem if there is the possibility of such an occurrence in a flammable atmos phere. Operations, including paint spraying, tank cleaning, the transfer of petroleum products, grain handling, printing, or other processes in which flammable vapors may be present, must in clude static control as a factor. When and where static electrical hazaras exist are not diffic.it t. determine. The evaluation of the extent of the hazard and the proper control methods requ.re rnor, specialized knowledge and study. 3 09 Safety in Industry, Organization and Administration, No. 4, Bull. 255. L'sir.q injure itat: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards. 18 pp. (lol). FOR SALE BY: -..u r:r.tendent of Documents, If. 5. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. P R1C 2. :5 . r.t>. The safety man should not under-estimate the significance of the statist-..a: aata .,r. :n. injury experience of the company. The Pastis Prologue' could well be the heading n r-. .n-rt and table of injury statistics because past experience, properiy applied, is the guide to i-tur- ,a;.t. activities. The dictionary defines statistics as the science which deals with the collection, classi fication, and use of numenca. facts or data bearing on a subject or matter. Injury statistics rvi;. ct not only the results of the safety program, but also the effectiveness of the saietv organization. This bulletin, one of the Safety in Industry senes dealing with organization and administration, discusses the latitude and limitations of injury statistics and suggest how such statistics can o. utilized as a means for establishing an injury prevention program. Some people .niv r from thv word "statistics" a cold and impersonal array of useless figures as dull and are as Just, o.ch inference can be avoided by thinking ci them in terms of experience. Injury statistics ha., a sig nificant role m accident prevention. 'hey are indispensable for the intellectual ana rr.< thodi.Ui conduct of business, and mass stat. .s are a useful tool because they represent the cjit. experience of many individuals. The records of such occurrences make possible a scientific ap proach to accident prevention. Because past experience, properly applied, is the guide to fetorsafetv activities, this bulletin points the way to the use of such data to accomplish th. dcsir.-i: r- suits. 01 132 1880 3. Industrial Hygiene Digest 5gptetr.Br r. : -- 3 INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL PRACTICE 810 Mental Disorders :n Socially Penned Populations. Isabel McCaffrey, .,,.ne Camming and Ciaire Rucoiph. Am. J. Public Health 5_3, 1025-1030 (July le3). The authors' hypothesis that groups of people applying for assistance from social ser vice agencies have a high degree of association with mental disorders is supported. This associa tion is found not only with organic disorder and alcoholism among men but also with the functions, disorders. The highest degree of association for the functional disorders is found among men *hose problems are associated with role failur . Role failures in women probably are inadequate'.-, represented m this report because of the types . agencies studied. Other types of agencies are suggested for further study. The findings tend to confirm the proposition that one visible socia. sign of mental illness is failure to meet role obligations and expectations. It therefore seems reasonable to believe that we shall be led closer to untreated as well as treated mental cisoraers as we develop more precise definitions of personal failure and social disruption. -- Authors' summary 81 I Democracy and Rehabilitation of the Mentally 111. W. N. Deane. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 9. I (July lao3). Descriptive evidence from a rehabilitation project is presented to support the thesis that ; rehabilitation of the mentally ill, in hospital settings, can be democratic and avoid techniques and philosophies associated with the organization man", "company unionism ', "brainwashing", and "militaristic indoctrination", as well as misguided overmdulgent humantananism. Data on group interview, rational classification of patients for group purposes, utilization of reward and punish ment in order to stress privileges and responsibilities, high expectations for patients, based on the opportunity for gradually more complex decision-making, and stressing of the individual need to the exclusion of efficiency, where necessary, are presented in support of this thesis. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Renews 812 Attainment of Optimum Health. J. M. Mather. Can. Med. Assn. J. j39, ITS-181 (July 27, 1963). The history of the worker in public health is reviewed, his present activities are as sessed, and predictions are made concerning his future role. It is emphasized that the public health specialist is but one member of the total health team in the community. His interdepen dence with other disciplines must be accepted if optimal health care is to be provided. Although prepared specifically for public health workers, this article has direct relevance to the future of the medical profession as a whole. In view of the presept'intense interest m the future pattern of health care in Canada, the viewpoint of a physician with a dual background in public health and medical school administration and teaching is considered to be particularly pertinent. - - Author's abst. 81 3 Ergonomics -- The Study of Man at Work, with Special Reference to the Psychological Factors in the Practice of Industrial Hygiene. R. A. McFarland. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 24, 209-221 (May-June 1963). Many major problems m equipment and workspace design have resulted from the failure to give sufficient consideration to human capabilities and limitations. The effectiveness of any man-machine system depends upon the integration of the biological characteristics of the operator with the mechanical design of the equipment and working areas. The initial phase of a program in human engineering, or ergonomics, should always consist of an advance analysis of the equipment including a survey of the nature of the task, the work surroundings, the location of controls and instruments, and the way the operator performs his duties. The basic data needed in human 0. 01 132 l8' Industrial Hygiene Digest Str p: engineering include those which describe the range of human body sue at rest ar.c :n rr.otiur.. p.p- mechamcal abilities including range, strength, speed and accuracy of motion, sensorv , and human reactions to the physical variables oi the environment. Only by the applicitipr. kinds of data to the design of the workspace, controls, instruments and environment, par. tr.. j. er be assured of maximum comfort, efficiency and safety m the performance of his tasx. ir. .in clusion, it is important to note that the Industrie, hygienist is in an unusually fatcrao.-. z.: assist in the development and application or human engineering in incustrv by virtue hi- background, and special interests. -- Author s um.m.ar-. st-l A Recorsir.g -rgometer. P. C. Petty. Lancet _l, 97o (May 4, 19oi). A new electromechanical recording ergemeter is described. The patient s nar.ocrip is exerted against an adjustable spring via a pair 01 hunoles. The movement of the hanc.ea i> .in verted into an electrical signal which is applied to in ECG machine to provide < perm.ar.-.nt rThe instrument is simple and cheap to construct. - J. Am. Med. Assn. R.-ier n; * ir,-. R . v , dip Management of Fractures of the Hand. P. R. Lips-omb. Am. Surgeon ^9, 277 (April lQo3). The management of fractures of the small bones of the hand is reviewec. Often these fractures are treated as minor injuries resulting in severe disability. Perfect reduction with particular attention to correct alignment and rotation is necessary to restore normal function. When small dorsal fragments are present, a single Kirschner wire passed through the joint is the best means of immobilization. Bandaging must give even pressure, permit no motion at the site of injury, and be non-constricting and comfortable. For severe or multiple fractures of the hand, edema and thereby, stiffness may be prevented by the use of voluminous dressings applied with the hand and wrist in the position of function (grasp of a moderately firm ball of fluffed dressings) until the acute reaction of the injury subsides. This usually takes about 4 days. After that time, all joints that are not necessarily immobilized are kept moving freely. The patient must be seen at regular intervals by the physician. His progress must be evaluated and the restoration of function encouraged until recovery is complete. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews 8 1 o Free Mwttressed Fascia Lata Patches in Repair of Large or Difficult Hernias: A Sixteen Year Expe rience. J. E. Hamilton. Ann. Surg. 157, 925 (June 19o3). Since 1946, free fascia lata patches were used to repair 24 of the largest and most diffi cult hernias. There were no recurrences or operative deaths. Three repairs were done within the previous IB months; the remaining 21 are i to 15 years old. The integrity of the repair was unaffected in 5 cases developing minimal to moderate wound infection. The persistence of sound fascia is attested to both by biopsy and by the fact that 3 patients were reoperated on through the fascial repair with subsequent sound healing. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews 817 Solar Retinitis. S. Y. Shirley. Can. Med. Assn. J. 9, 134-135 (July 20, !9o3). Retinal burns can be produced by direct gazing at the sun. This lesion is caused by the thermal effects of the visible and near infrared rays focused on the pigment structure behind the retina. It is rarely seen, as the normal eye will tolerate oniy fleeting glances at the sun, but is fairly common during a solar eclipse. In the present case a 21-year-old girl was sun bathing June 1, 1963. She stated that several times during the afternoon she forced herself to look di rectly into the sun for a number of seconds. On the same evening she noticed that her vision was blurred and on attempting to read she noticed that parts of the words seemed to be missing. She was seen June 4, and her vision was 20/50 in the right eye and 20/60 in the left. Ophthalmoscopic examination showed that the media were clear, the optic discs were normal, and both maculae were dematous with a cherry red depressed spot in their centers. The appearance of the retina was similar to that of a central serous retinopathy. Her visual fields showed a small central scotoma to 1/1000 white test-object each eye. A diagnosis of solar retinitis was made. The patient was admitted to a hospital and placed on dexamethasone 0. 75 mg. 4 times daily, and bed rest. Over 1 132 18SS Industrial Hygiene Digest Septi-moc r. . a period of Z weeks the macular c ema subsided but the red depressed areas rema.r.ec, sugc- stir.c an early formation of macular hoi s. At present, her vision is 20^30, right eve, end JC, . :: eye. In viewing a solar eclipse a No. 4 densitv filter (or shade No. 10) is recommences; a, a rough test this filter will abolish de readability of print on a oG-watt incancesccnt frostec t..;c:r.. Light bulb. 818 Laser Photocoagulation of the e. M. M. Zaret, et al. Arch. Ophthalmol. cjL 3* (lQi3). The pulsed ruby .as- r (optical maser) was used to produce ocular lesions in rasbits. An energy density of 0. I jouie, .q. cm. in a 0. 5-rr.sec. pulse at a wai eiength cl i milli microns was attained. Immediite and celayed effects were observed. At the site ot the intense , focal image, a small retinal burn was immediately apparent. Gradually, it enlarged as the heat was conducted to the surround ng tissue. The ultimate size of the coagulated area was dependent on the intensity of the Laser b< lm and the degree of retinal pigmentation. By using neutral it-r.c: filters to attenuate the mcider . energy, lesions varying m diameter from l to 0.1 mm. wen pro duced. Histologic examination of the lesions showed typical photocoagulation injury. -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. 819 The Pet an of Hyaluronic acid in Pleural Fluids of Cases with Diffuse Pleural Mesotheliomas. J. S. H*.`..-.gton, J. C. <Vag er and Marianne Smith. Brit. J. Expti. Pathol. 44, 81 -d3 (Feb. I9e3). Hyaluronic acid as isolated in concentrations ranging from 0.01i-0.7Qr :rom the pleural fluids of b histochemically-proven cases of diffuse pleural mesothelioma. In four cases, the concentration increase-: with the progress of the disease, and in one of these it dropped rapidly before death. It was presumed that this was due to gel formation by the polysaccharide. The de tection of hyaluronic acid in the pleural fluid is a useful aid to the diagnosis of diffuse pleural meso theliomas. -- Bull. Hyg. 8Z0 i Epidemiology of Nonbact' rial Pneumonia Among Naval Recruits. J. Am. Med. Assn. _1_85. 911-09 (July 13. 19b3). L. F. Miller, et al. Studies of an pidemic of acute respiratory disease and pneumonia in September through November, 1961, indicated a high degree of association ol Type 4 adenovirus with both diseases. Incidence of the disease was positively correlated with the number of Naval recruits entering training. Routine injection of non - respiratory-disease vaccines accentuated the incidence, wherea penicillin prophylaxis d.d not. The pneumonia rate was highest among recruits from the northern United States, but was not related to previous urban or rural residence. Clinically and epidemio- logically, the pneumonia was similar to that reported previously as having affected military re cruits in the U.S. and the United Kingdom. -- Authors' abst. 8Z1 The Relationship of Reported Coronary Heart Disease Mortality to Physical Activity of Work. , H. A. Kahn. Am. J. Public Health 1058- 1067 (July 1963). Findings that relate physical activity of work to incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) have been disputed. This study addresses itself to this problem by examining letter car riers and postal clems. The findings tend to support the relation between physical activity and ' heart disease. The clerk/carrier ratio was found in this study to be about 1.4 to 1.9 times as ; high a risk for clerks as compared to carriers. This appears to approximate fairly closely find ings for early CHD mortality in bus drivers (1.5 age-adjusted) compared to the more active bus conductors (0.8 age-adjusted). The present study suggests in addition that current physical acti vity may be more c oseiy associated with this differential than is the individual's Life-time average" for physical activity on the job. 8. 01 132 1889 Industrial Hygiene Sue it 5cpt--rr. s- r. 833 Effect of Buffered Lobeline Sulfate on Cigarette Smoking. Practitioner IQQ. o38 (!9o3). J. Merry and G. Preston. Tablets concaining-iobeline- sulfate l mg. magnesium carbonate 135 mg., sr.c tr:ou = .. calcium phosphate IsO mg. cre tested m a clinical trial with 90 volunteer subjects, nospits. staff members. The subjects were inter viewed weekly for 4 weeks. During week i. ai. attempt- to stop smoking unaidec; for week l. the subjects received a placebo. Those who nac not stopp.. . smoking after the s.cona week (o3 subjects) were divided into two matched groups, one continuing in the placebo (33 subjects) and the other receiving buffered lobeline suifate tablets (11 sub ef.j). Th. subjects * re told ail the tablets containec the experimental substance. The nurr.De r j: c;c- arettes srr.uKec each day was rccoroec by each subject. When Che two groups were *n-.v. paring the consumption of cigarettes at the end of l and of 4 weeks, the numoer of cigar, tte a >r..se; was 10. o and 3. 3 for the ' lobeiine group versus 10. c and 8.4 for the placebo group . it was con cluded that while many subjects succeeded :r. reducing their consumption of cigarettes curing the study period, this result could not be attributed to the lobeline. -- Can. Med. -essr.. J. Absts. 833 Mycotic Infections of Animals Transmissible to Man. Am. J. Med. Sci. 3-15. 333-3-1-1 (March 19o3). H. C. Rowsell. The literature is reviewed on mycotic infections common to animals and man. Precise knowledge of the role of the animal in transmission of the mycos s is not available except for the dermatophytes. " The patterns of transmission are difficult to analyze because of the ubiquity of most pathogenic fungi'and the possibility of long incubation periods. "As bacterial and viral dis eases are conquered, the fungal diseases resistant to most chemotherapeutic agents will pose a greater problem. " An evaluation is made of the incidence of the specific mvcoses in animals ana the potential for transmission of each mycosis from animals to man. The mycoses are discussed under the headings of superficial mycotic infections (dermatophytes) and deep mycotic infections (systemic). The mycoses discussed as superficial infections are dermatomycosis, piedra, maduro- mycotic mycetomas, phycomycosis, and aspergillosis. The deep mycoses aiscussed are histo plasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiodomycosis, cryptococcosis, and moniliasis. There are 153 references to the subject. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 834 Occupational Infectious Diseases with Special References to Zoonosis in Agricultural Worl A. Brandt. 2. ges. Hyg. u. lhre Crenzgebiete 9, 33-35 (Jan. 1*403). German. This paper from the German Democratic Republic contains much analyzed statistical information on the incidence of infectious diseases caused by occupation. In the first part of this paper, there is a description and a detailea table of the number of infections sufferea by persons engaged in the care of the sick in I960 and 1981 which are grouped as: (1) medical, (3) nursing and allied occupations, and (3) technical and administrative. The three most frequent infections observed were in the order: infectious hepatitis, tuberculosis, and dysentery. Practicing phy sicians and nursing personnel were chiefly affected. The second part of the paper is devoted to a detailed analysis of notified zoonosis which occurred in people in a large number of different occupations concerned with the care or handling of animals. The number of these reported in fections showed a considerable increase in 1981, compared with 1980, except m the case oi orni thosis, and in 1961 the actual figures were: trichophytosis (438 cases), ornithosis (390), bruc...- losis (133), erysipeloid (133) and bovine tuberculosis (116). This increased reported incidence is stated to be the result of increasing efforts by country physicians to diagnose zoonoses and better care in the field of industrial hygiene. -- Bull. Hyg. 835 Ticks (Ixodidae) on Birds Migrating from Europe and Asia to Africa, 1959-1981. H. Hoogstraal, et al. Bull. World Health Organization 38, 335-363 (1963). The need for imaginative thinking and research in the epidemiology of diseases trans mitted by arthropods is made manifest by new views of the longevity and host ranges of arthropodborne viruses, as well as by other biological and medical phenomena. Among these is the inter continental transport of ticks by migrating birds. During the fall migration periods of 195s, l'-cO, and 1961, 33,086 birds (comprising 73 forms) were examined for ticks in Egypt while en route from Asia and eastern Europe to tropical Africa. Of these, 40 forms, represented by 31,434 01 132 1890 9. Industrial Hygiene D:g--st birds, were tick-infested. The birc hosts, numbering 1,040 (3.3lr; of the tick-ir.fe-tv . ~.r: forms examined), bore l,7olticks. ->r l. o3 ticks per host. Common tick ipec;--a Um.t. :r the birds are enumerated. Ticks are kroa n to be reserviors anc vectors of patr.oc vr j * number of human and animal ciscases m Europe and Asia. Several of the birc hosts ha. i.3.. been incriminated as reservoirs in their summer ranges. Over -0 strains of pathogenic ' r- isolated from these hires nc their ticks in Egypt in the 19ol fail migration periou. Th- , rr.oat aifficult problems in inve stigation* such as this in many parts of the wor.c at-- tixon^rr... ones: the correct identification of oirc hosts, of immature stages of ticks, and of viruses. ! -- Cond. from Pub.:- Hea.th Eng. a2o Survey of Brucellosis in Alaska. B. E. Hur.tlev, R. N. Philip ar.d J. E. Mavr.ur*:. ; J. Infectious Disease 1 12, iOO-lvo (Jan.-Feb. l^oi). A strain of Brucella pathogenic for man has been isolated from the c Rar.c::- r tarandus. Sirrologicat . icence muicat*-s that brucellosis is prcvai- nt arr.or.g the nat..- u-c-. ... of Alaska that are dependent upon caribou for food. Although its ?r* c:- uxor.cr... p . : yet established, the cultural and antigenic characteristics of the isolated organism - -gg-. at r relationship to Bruce.la mi iii*nsis than to either B. suis or B. abortus. -- Pub.ic Kca.th z.r.g. Adj'j. 827 Incidence of Brucella Infection Among Slaughterhouse Workers. H. A. Vaiker.burg, \-t , Ned. Tijdschr. Ceneesk. V07, 45 (March 9, i9o3). The incidence of infection with Brucella species was investigated with the aid of the rapid agglutination test and the complement fixation test in 1,042 workers in IS siaugh* -houses and in 232 aduLts who served as controls. The tests revealed a* significantly higher inc. .-nee i among the slaughterhouse workers than among the controls. The highest mciaer.ce of Brucella infections was found among butchers and workers engaged in the processing of offal (lors), the lowest among administrative and technical personnel ibout 2*e). The incidence in this latter group was about the same as that found in controls, wnereas among veterinarians, meat inspector-. 1 and laboratory personnel the incidence of Brucella infection was I0r;. These percentages shjw that there is a correlation between the incidence of Brucella infection and the extent o: contact with slaughtered animals. - - J. Am. Med. Assn. References anc Review* 828 The Continuing Threat of Small Pox. A. S. Benenson. j Arch. Environmental Health 7, 9o-l00 (July 1963). Importation of small pox into small pox-free areas in this era of jet traw . is prevent : only by effective defense using jennenan vaccination. This is usually applied bv inai'.icua. ph\sicians who then certify to its effectiveness on internationally accepted documents. Because of allergic sensitivity of previously vaccinated individuals to vaccinal protein, most improperly vac cinated individuals develop allergic reactions indistinguishable from those seen in the full, im mune. Vaccination failures can largely be eliminated by4he use of potent, preferably freeze crii-c 1 vaccine, followed by examination, 7 to 9 days later, when successful vaccination shows infiammation surrounding the central lesion. Immediate revaccination of all those showing no actual in^_rrmation results in effective immunity of the maximal number of individuals. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. Reference a and Rv.;< as 829 Diseases of Insects of Medical Importance in Europe. J. Weiser. Bull. World Health Organization 28, 121-127 (1963). The biological control of insects carrying human diseases was first attempted rr.anv years ago, but the results were disappointing owing to the insufficiency of information on itn ecology and pathology of such insects at the time. In recent years, however, increased know m eg-, i of insect pathology and ecology and the development of insecticide-resistance have ic to a r- ... . of interest in this method of vector control. Most of th< '-.cent published work on this ub.<. .t : latcs to findings in North America; comparatively little .r.xormation has hitherto been avdiUbl- .n respect to Europe. This paper, which is based on a survey of the literature ana on thu d~tn_r a 10. 01 132 1891 Industrial Hygiene Digest itC. own experience, presents the results oi research on diseases of insects c: medics. ;mo : r-.w.-.c Europe. Infection with viruses, rickettsiae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa anc nerratuct a ur sed and suggested lines for future European research on bioiogicai control are put ;_r v -- Public Heaitr. E.-.c. .'-.Oats. SKIN DISEASES AND BURNS 9 30 Regional Studies in 5km Cancer, First Report: North '.V'estern Queensland. H. Silverstone. Med. J. Australia , 312 (March I, !9o3|. Examinations and inquiries were made of 194 men and 2 10 women over the .. 1' years. There were 53. 9f; of the men, and 39''; of the women who were found to have Keratoses. The prevalence rates for skin cancer (basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma ) were 11. i for men and 9.5 51 for women. Of the 242 patients with lesions of one kind or another only it (35. ; I had ever received treatment for their skin lesions. In particular, of the 52 patients judg--o to hu . - skin cancer, 33 (63.STO had never received treatment. Keratoses were nearly twice as common among persons who suffered from sunburn as among those whose skin tanned readily. The rela tive risks of skin cancer in the groups appeared to be of the order of 2:1. Men showed a sharpie increasing tendency to keratoses according to the degree of exposure to sunlight received ir. their daily occupations. Skin cancer was found much more frequently among patients with keratoses than among those without keratoses. About one-third of the keratoses and nine-tenths of the skin cancers occurred on the face and neck; the remainder were on the hands and arms. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews CHEMICAL HAZARDS 831 Industrial Hygiene in Retrospect and Prospect--Toxicological Aspects. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 4, 222-22o (May-June 1963). H. F. Smvth, Jr. Much progress has been made in the protection of health and safety through the studv of toxicological properties of materials used in home and industry. It is time that the objectives and methods of these studies be re-examined in the light of broadened concepts for the future. Our techniques and goals must be more precise and better defined to meet the changes oi progress and time. , -- Author s abst. 8 32 Experimental Cancer of the Lung. L. M. Shabad. Federation Proc. 22, Part 11, T331 (fclarch-April 1963). (see IHD Abst. No. 128 Feb. : *-3 ). Experimental attempts to induce cancer of the lungs in animals are reviewed and r - suits presented of successful attempts to induce lung cancer m rats. The technique involved in troducing 9, 10-dimethyl-1.2-benzanthracene once per month intratracheally, as a mixture :r. Ir.cia ink powder (2 mg. carcinogen ana 0.2 mg. India ink). Initial proliferations occurred 2 1/2 months at the site of deposition (as indicated by the India ink); by 5 months, definite squamous ci p..- Tnonary carcinoma was seen. Of '4 rats variously treated, adenomatous proliferations wer mr, in 9, pulmonary adenocarcinoma .n 1, focal proliferations of metaplastic epithelium in 1), me squamous cell cancer of the lung in 21. Metastases were seen in 3 of the squamous cell cine- r cases. Positive results have also been obtained with 3, 4-benzpyrene. The India ink is b.c to function as an adsorption medium, retaining the carcinogen in contact with lung tissue :2,r i period sufficient to permit a reaction to occur. -- J. Occ. Med. Ad-,t>. 132 1892 11. Industrial Hvgi-r..- Dige t y i Health Ka:aras of Se.ect.c Rocket P r:p'.- lar.ts. J. E. Boysen. | Arch. Environmental Health \ (iu:y i`4zl). * Mdnv of the pr-. a:r.t-ci. prcp-..sr.ts anc a\:c;z rs pr-. s.-r.t -r.ui-a. probn.rr.3 >: their high jrser of coxieitv anc th-. hug q-antitiv s -sec. The current concept or cor.ccrr r. cr- at s dCCUup.a. priD.vrr.3 sua-a1, ae sign ir.c proe- :.:a. cecisions must 3v mace o=-:or- tr.-. : -.igprrtT.t ui acec-ate ar.c c.incal cats. The approach z: some o: thv* pr.o- rr * :s uiiwuaaeu. Brit:' re aurr.e or the follow :ng carr.pc-ncs ar-. .r.c.-cec: ch.onr.e t:.:^::;:t, hv;r i ::r.- , .. . - :;rr thv;hvsraz:r.<-, hycroger. pe roxide, n-p rapv; mint* . aikyi ooranr *, r.itr zi.-. r. ::^n.:c' , ir-: o-r. r.. . rv. r.^once. - - J. Am. Me:, A s: r,. Re: e r*.-r.ce * ar.c R ,;<w; o A T j\;c jpathoioaic ot-cu :r. Ar.im.a.a Alter Brie: 5:r..v Expca-r a to H\proper. M. J. Rosenho.tz, et ai. Arr.. inc. Hyg. Assn. J. -4, 233-2oi (May-Junc l^cii. ;t is .;* lv that hyc rag-, r. il-onac (HF) *. apor a;II o*. one or the procucta fo-r.c :r. :r. xhsust furr.es or some or the aQ'.ar.cec missiles. The possibility that rr.en might oc \pcs.. : t: high concentrations or this vapor tor short period- of time has therefore increasec. Similar -\posure to HF vapor may aiso occur in industries manufacturing, using, or storing this ac;c gs*. These increasec possibilities of exposure have created the need for additional toxicoiogica. infor mation to aid in evaluating the hazards and estimating safe concentrations of HF in single, -hert xposures j! men. in this investigation the LC50 va.ues for single exposures to HF vierc four.c to b 470, 2oQ0, 2C40, anc.1310 ppm for rats exposec respectively for periods ot 5, 15, 30 anc -C minutes. Rats, aogs, anc rabbits icf vxposco aiso to concentrations of b*.\ to 50r- of the LC50 values for rats. Signs of intoxication and pathology are described. Renal and hepatic lesions were noted. Human sensory levels may be more sensitive than animal studies in establishing tolerable levels for brief human exposures. 6'35 The efficacy of Ozonization of Water from the North Donets-Donbass Canal for Drinking Purposes. B. L. Yakhier. Gigiena i Sanit. No. 3, 3-14 C"*:}). On the basis of facts and experiments. :a, an attempt is made to demonstrate the ac-isabiiity of using ozone for drinking water treatment and to determine the parameters of ocjmzation for the purpose of designing new ozonization stations. In canal and other surface sourc-. s a ;tn water of low turbidity, ozonization will apparently become the main, if not the only, means of Ast^r tr-atmi-nt without the employment of a large number of generally used expensive and aciici'. nt reagents. As a result of o:. vization, the quality of drinking water, judging by its bacteriologica. ana organoleptic indices, wi.* not be inferior to that of pure natural water. The cost of water ozonization as compared with the cost of commonly used reagents will be 5 to Zor. cheaper. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 336 Nitrogen Dioxide Poisoning, 1. Occupational Significance and Evaluation of Toxicologic Data and Experimental Methodology, R. H. Kooiker, L. M. Schuman and Yick-Kwong Chan. Arch. Environmental Health 7, l3-lo (July 19o3). # - New or recently recognized occupational hazards, such as silo filler's disease, increase the number of situations m which consideration should be given to nitrogen dioxide exposure. Ade quate information on acute poisoning with nitrogen dioxide is important. Experimental data are aiso of value m relation to the unexplored concept of nitrogen dioxide as an etiologic factor ;n chronic respiratory disease. The literature reveals inadequate data concerning the- hazard of uc`n poisoning* Experimental studies are numerous, but the data are conflicting* and comparison of results is difficult. Few reports include sufficient information to permit evaluation of the validity of the reported findings* -- Authors' summary 8 37 Nitrogen Dioxide Poisoning. 11. A New Approach to Experimental Exposure Studies: Methacolog* Using A Static System, with Statistical Evaluation of Factor Variability. R. H. Kooiker, L. M. Sc hum.-n and Yick-Kwong Chan. Arch. Environmental Health 7, 16-32 (July 1 963). In a new approach to experimental exposure studies, a static type chamber ot rvlati. small size is used. The chamber has features for rapid and safe introduction and removal of 12. 01 132 1893 Incustnai Hygiene Digest animals. standardization o: animai activity, and accurate maintenance at t-.-st s-ostar.- _ tration. This static exposure chamoer is suitable and adaptable tor toxicologic st-cic* .r eral. A modified chemicai method is used to determine the concentration oi nitrogen ciovice permanently trapped atmospheric samples. Infrared analysis could not be satistactcri.. acao: i for continuous monitoring of nitrogen dioxide. Flowing samples of the test atmosphere are tinuously monitored tor carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations to studv the ooss.b.e :r.;.-vnc.- of these gases on the toxicity of nitrogen oioxide. Data obtained from ar.ima. exposure experi ments performed with this methodology are suojectea to statistical analysis. A unique -se of stanoara statistical methods for evaluation of toxicologic data provides evidence for the conc.usif that this experimental methodology permits replication of the required experiments, conditions. The accuracy ar.c precision of this reproducibility is such that definitive investigations oi nitrogen dioxide poisoning are possible. This is the first in a senes of reports on investigation* nitro gen dioxide poisoning especially oriented toward increasing the Knowledge concerning .. aspects of silo filler's disease. There are 77 references to the subject. -- Authors summary 838 The Acute Oral Toxicity of Reduced Iron. E. M. Boyd and M. N. Shanas. Can. Med. Assn. J. ^9, 171-175 (July 37, 1963). Evidence obtained in this project suggests that Reduced Iron, N. T IX, a form o: po* tim ed elemental iron, could stand therapeutic reinvestigation as a drug with probably . er. .o toxic.lv. This evidence was obtained from a study of the acute toxicity of reduced iron given ora.iy to al bino rats. The LD50 - S. E. estimated under these conditions was found to be 98. o - 3c. * g. of iron per kg. body weight, or over a hundred-fold that of iron given as ferrous sulfate under the same conditions. Death from these huge doses of iron occurred at a mean standard deviation of 63 i- 33 hours, and the interval to death was inversely related to dose. The immediate cause of death was respiratory failure. Clinical signs preceding death were anorexia, oligodipsia, oligu ria, alkalosis, diarrhea, loss of body weight, hypothermia, and alternating irritability and depre s- ston. At autopsy there was loss of weight in most organs, accompanied by dehydration when death occurred early, and edema when death was delayed. Vascular congestion of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, spleen, adrenals and thymus gland was the dominant histopathologic sign. Toxic signs began to disappear in survivors toward the end of one week, and had completely disappeared at 3 to 4 weeks. The toxicity syndrome was somewhat similar to that seen in delayed deaths produced by much smaller toxic doses of ferrous sulfate. There are 15 re ferences in the bibliography. -- Authors' summary 8 39 Mangamsm in Industry of Electric Batteries. Presse med. _7^, ool (March lb, 1963). F. Lutier. Manganism was detected in 9 men working in 3 factories of electric batterie*. The m r. mixed manganese and were exposed to the pulverulent dust for periods varying from o to 43 month*. Clinically, the patients' toxic condition was similar to that usually observed in manganese miners, but was not as severe. However, the disease was not recognized at its early stage, and diagnosis was made when objective signs (disturbances in equilibrium, gait, speech, etc.) were alreacy pre sent. Six of the patients received edathamil calcium disodium, a chelating agent, in a danv co*. of 3 g, given in 3 intravenous infusions during a pefiod of ? days. These treatment courses -v. r-_ repeated according to the patient's condition. The treatment resulted In the improvement or at least stabilization of the toxic symptoms, but none of the patients were able to resume steaay vork. The toxic manifestations of manganism in the 3 untreated subjects deteriorated within 10 years ana lead to severe infirmity. The importance of early diagnosis of manganism and of measures to prevent inhaling such dust in industry is emphasized. - J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Re... .e * 840 The Determination of Microgram Quantities of Tin in Foods. Mary H. Thompson and C. .McClellan. J. Assn. Offic. Agr. Chemists 4^. 970-083 (Nov. (063). An accurate, sensitive colorimetric method for the determination of microgram quantities of tin has been adapted for us. with food products. The method consists essentially oi a coco, carbamate extraction and selective reduction to eliminate interfering metals, followed bv___or 01 132 1891 13. Industrial Hvgivne D-.ji. it development with phvnyifluorqnu. An v.-nje recovery of 100*". of tin <ids .effectec. Star.Car: | deviation of the means of 1.4 micrograms and an average deviation of 1.2 microcrarrs o=r j quot for color deve lopment containing approximately .10 micrograms of tin v.as obtained .n 1; , samples ranging from -. 1 to .0. 1 micrograms of tin per gram of sampie. -- Public Health Eng. Ao>i>. 441 Renal Function Subsequent to Childhood Plumbism. L. B. Tepper. Arch. Environmental Health *, 7o-o5 (Juiy 19o3). Evidence from Cuc-nsland has suggested that delayed chronic ana often fatal rena; aisease has developed in approximately one-th;ra of persons with a history of chilahooc plumbism. ; It was the purpose of the investigation cescnbed here to determine the extent to ahich renal se] quelae iollow childhood plumbism in Massachusetts. An attempt was made to eiaiuate the current I renal status of loo persons with a history of weil-docutr.entea lead intoxication in childhood more than 20 years ago (1924-1441). One hundred thirty-nine cases (84rO were traced. Detai.ec renal i screening tests were concluded in 42 persons. No convincing evidence of chronic renal disease subsequent to lead intoxication was established. Factors contributing to the dissimilarity between ] the Queensland and Massachusetts findings are discussed. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews 842; Effects of Single and Repeated E . isures of Humans and Rats to Vinvl Chloride. 1 D. Lester, L. A. Greenberg ana W. R. Adams. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 2^4, 205-275 (May-June 1963). Rats exposed 8 hours daily to vinyl chloride at concentrations of 2*. for 3 months and 1 8% for 19 days exhibited changes in liver and spleen weight and in red and white ceil counts. Ex cept m the case of liver, tissue alterations did not accompany these changes. The alterations m ; liver morphology were within the normal range and were not pathologic in character. Because of other facets of the animals' response, such as rate of growth, serum transaminase and hemoglobin, were unchanged, it is suggested that the present threshold limit value of 0.05% need not be lowerec. -- Authors abst. 843 The Action of Benzol in Inducing Leukemia, G. Saita and . C. Vigliani. Med. lavoro 53, 58 i-58b (Oct. lo2). Italian. There were 4 cases of hcmoivtoblasue leukemia among 3o patients with blood disorders caused by benzene who were investigated from 142 to lol in the Clinica del Lavoro. The 4 cases are described: 2 patients died soon after diagnosis in 1942 and 1945; 2 recently diagnosed and treated with steroids and antimetabolites, e.g. , prednisone and b-mercaptopunne, had periods :of remission, possibly due to the prevalence of mic rohemocytoblastic elements, grossly abnormal cells being rare. Myeloid and lymphatic i-ukemia were not found. One of these recent patients was a man who had worked in the same place as the patient who died in 1945. Several workers there had hypoplastic types of anemia, but this man was-not examined until 1949 when his blood was normal. In 1949, benzene was replaced by toluene, xylene, benzine and acetates. His blood remained normal until 12 years after his exposure to benzene ceased. (The benzene concentration had been 10 times the MAC). In February 1961 he developed leukemia and died 14 months later. Findings in the other cases are mentioned: 2 patients had decreased red cells, 5 had decreased red and white cells. 4 had decreased red cells and platelets, 20 had a decrease of all blood ele ments and 1 patient had a Leukemoid reaction. Discussing features of the disease in these patients, the authors state that benzene-induced leukemias frequently begin with a leucopemc phase, pre ceded by manifestations of hypoplasia or aplasia. Benzene probably acts as the initiating muta genic agent and successive mutations give rise to the development of leukemia. -- Bull. Hyg. 844 How Insects Resist Insecticides. J. N. Smith. New Scientist (London) _^6* 144-147 (Oct. 1962). "All terrestrial animals have a set of detoxication mechanisms which can act on a varivtv of compounds foreign to the body. It :s this inherited facility that enables insect populations to oi 132 1895 14. Industrial Hygiene Digest Septcmg r, . - , develop resistance to rr.dssive and repeated attack by an insecticide. They can ohemic .t. r its molecule to an innocuous substance. Greater understandyig of the process is :hv long run, to serve man better than the search tor fresh insecticides. The general theory re sistance to insecticides is developed, examples of various types of resistance are cetai.ed, me techniques for resistance control are described. -- Public Health Er.g. Absts. 545 Principles in Assessment of lr.s--cticice s by Experimental Huts. A. Smith. Nature 1 35 , i71-!7 } (April 15, The .Dj.-ct u: this article is to outline some general principles on msecticice assess ment which hsw.' emerged curing the course of the investigations; these arise from, tna.s m.ace ir. JO experimental huts with different insecticides against Anopheles gambiac over the past 3 .eirs. From these principles it has been possible to predict, within fairly wide .imits, toe ueera.l mor tality achieved from comparatively easily obtained results--such as couid De acquired from, -ccal houses fitted with window traps. -- Public Health ring. Aosta. 846 The Antimetabolite. Imidazole as a Pesticide. R. J, Pence. J. Econ. Entomol. 5o, 1-7 (Feb. 19o3). Imidazole, an antimetabolite of histamine and nicotinic acid, has been found to be a safe and effective pesticide. The biological effects of imidazole have been evaluated on a meta bolic basis and as a contact insecticide. Reversal of imidazole with histamine, histamine deriva tives, and nicotinic acid has been demonstrated within a biological system. Imidazole, when svnergizea with boric acid, may be employed at low levels to proof fabrics satisfactorily against insect attack. When synergized with 5-amino-pyridine and combined with base oil, imidazole quickly controlled a number of insect and related arthropod species. The effectiveness of imidazole was significantly increased by adding two surfactants to base oil. A hydrophillic surfactant has been found to increase the physiological activity of imidazole without improving the physical properties of the oil carrier, while perchloroethvlene has been found to directly increase lipid solubility. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 847 Human Respiratory and Ocular Irritation Studies Utilizing o-Chlorobenzylidene Maiononnri.e Aerosols. Effect of Particle Size. E. J. Owens and C. L. Punte. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 4. JoJ-Jb4 (May-June 1965). Studies haw been made with humans to determine the influence of one and sixty micron aerosols of o-chlorobenzylidene malor.omtrile on respiratory and ocular irritating effects. Small particles rapidly produce respiratory and ocular irritation. Only 3 of 1 7 individuals could tolerate small particles for as long as 60 seconds. Large particles predominately produce ocular irritation. Of 18 subjects exposed, 15 were able to tolerate the cloud for at least 60 seconds. Large particles increase recovery time from ocular irritation. -- Authors abst. 848 Toxicological Studies of DDVP for Disinsection ofXircraft. W. A. Rasmussen, et al. Aerospace Med. 3A, 593-600 (July 1963). It has been proposed to use (O, O-dimethyl-J,3-dichlorovinyl phosphate DDVP) for the disinsection of aircraft on international flights where there is a hazard of transporting and intro ducing insect vectors of human disease. The insecticide would be used as a vapor at a concen tration of 0. IS to 0.25 microgram/l. for a period of 0.S hours during flight. The greatest num ber of flights involving a need for disinsection on any airline schedule now m effect is 39 flights m 14 days. It is only by accident that any given member of a crew could be assigned to complete maximal schedule, and if he were, present flight regulations would then require that he be off-duty for the remainder of the month. When volunteers were exposed to DDVP at concentrations vary ing from 0. 14 to 0. 33 micrograms/l. in a duplication of the maximal schedule of exposure (3a doses in 14 days), no change related to exposure was detected in plasma cholinesterase or in mea surements of a number of physiological functions. It was evident that if any change were to oe de tected, measurements would have to be made in connection with exposures to ODVP that were more frequent or more intense, or both. When the intensity of exposure was kept the same but the 15. 01 132 1896 Industrial Hygiene Digest Sept-.rr p- r, . *: > frequency increased to twice the maximum r quircc by any airline schedule, there `.vAa * ot plasma cholinesterase activity, but it *as =o small that it reachea a low graae of statist.^ significance during only 3 ot 11 weeks Jt testing. No other abnormality couid be re.Ate-: :o sposure to DDVP, The following functions or factors were investigated: complex reaction ::rr. . airway resistance, near anc aistant visual ai..:tv, visual accomrrodat: - suroscopic :s.^r.. phorias. prism . erger.c* , flick' -r and physical anc necrcuo^ical status. p-pi. peripheral anc c-.r .. -ision. c;.v? . . * Cone, irorr. authors surr.rr.arv 349 Pentach.o r^ph r.o. intoxication. h. Lhp-., -.to... Arch, maiaaies profess i_4, 3LQ-312 (Jan.-March I^oi). French. In ia5J, the senior author and his colleagues reported the first French obe r\atior. s jr. poisoning by chlorophenois (Bull. Hyg. 2_d, 53o (l53)). This paper reports 3 rr.or- cas-. = :r. :or- cst workers concerned with stepping wooa with sodium pentachlorophenate. Th> :;rst casv .v i typical ana the patient recovered. The second patient died, but the features wer*: r.ot puthogr.o* monic. The third patient suif-Ted from an eczematiform aermatitis which c.eared .then r.*- ceases work, but which rccurrec when he worked again with the pentachlorophenate, but was weRtua..v cured. -- Bull. Hyg. INDUSTRIAL DUSTS 830 On the Calibration of Cascade Impactors. Ann. Occ. Hyg. (London) o, 1 (L9o3). T. T. Mercer. Review of the theory oi the impaction process along with the derivation of several equations for evaluation of impactors is presented and applied to the results from several investi gations. Two methods of calibrating cascade impacrjrs are compared. The root inertiai para meter' compares more closely with the theoretical values and is probably more meaningful than the mass medium diameter. Although no method is entirely satisfactory, the use of the effective cut-off diameters in the interpretation of data from unknown aerosols is preferable to the use of the mass median diameter. - J. Occ. Med. Absts. 851 Measuring Dust Concentration m the Industrial Plants of Czechoslovakia. P. Pachner. Ann. Occ. Hyg. (London) , 39 (1963). Standardization was attempted of evaluation of pneumoconiosis-producing dust in inaus- trtal plants in Czechoslovakia. Three counting methods (circular kommeter, slit konimeter, and impinger) and two gravimetric methods (a tube with glass-wool and a Soxhlet thimble) were com pared. Konimetnc methods are not suitable for the measurement of dust concentrations by plant personnel. Gravimetric methods should be used as standard method for measuring dust by super visory bodies, because they are more reproducible and can be used to compare dust over a long period of time. A standard method is needed. - - Cond. from J. Occ. Med. Absts. 852 Pneumoconiosis Study of Western Pennsylvania Bituminous-Coal Miners. W. W. McBride, . Pendergrass and J. Lie ben. J. Occ. Med. 2* 376-368 (Aug. 1963). - The results of radiographic examinations, vital capacity studies, and the collection of personal and employment histones of 9,997 western Pennsylvania bituminous coal miners are pre sented. The findings are compared with those of a previous centr Pennsylvania study. Rocnt- genographic findings were positive in 11 fV of the working volunteer -vho presented themselves for examination in western Pennsylvania. Twenty-five per cent of the roentgenograms of working miners were positive in the central Pennsylvania study. Several possible explanations for the difference in findings are presented. -- Authors summary l o. 01 132 1897 Industrial Hygiene Si jest ^gptcrrbc r. . . > 85 3 Environmental Dust otudy of Anthracite Coal Mines of Eastern Pennsylvania, R. Diakun. J. Occ. Med. 5, 390-403 (Aug. 1963). -- E. J. Baicr a.-.o The results of an environmental study of 24 anthracite mines m Pennsylvania n ;rr- sented. Dust levels in the breathing tone of miners tor various operations and locations within the mines are tabulated, 5ize frequency of the dust agrees with previous studies and indicate that the dust is within respirable limits. Weighted dust exposure is reported m addition to nnt:.i sampling as a means of classifying hazardous operations within an occupation. The extent to *s..r. control measures are employed and their effectiveness in allaying dustiness are induced. Thvr- arc 23 references to the subject. -- Authors summirv 334 Infective Pneumoconiosis. Variable Coal with Constant Tuberculosis. E. J. King. i. 5;.aiingam ano W. Trciella. Arch. Environmental Health 7, 33-4c (Juiy I'^eS). The pneumoconiosis of coai miners may be of simple or complex jort. oimpie pneumo coniosis is not severely disabling and produces no clinical symptoms other than shortness oi breath. On the x-ray film, shadows of reticulation are seen, and large sections of the iung3 of persons who died or were killed by accident show nothing more than a simple focal accumulation of dust in the lungs. When the amount of dust is small, focal accumulations are few, ana no path ology is seen (Grade 1 of simple pneumoconiosis); when there is more dust, foci are more numer ous, and emphysema may be found (Grade 2); when the foci of dust are very numerous, the lung appears intensely black, and focal emphysema may be extensive (Grade 3). On a background of simple pneumoconiosis of Grade 2 or 3 (but not of Grade 1) a much more severe condition of pro gressive massive fibrosis superimposes itself in a proportion of coal workers. This has all the hallmarks of something m addition to, and separate from, the simple pneumoconiosis on which it arises. Clinically, the disease is progressive and finally fatal. X-ray films show large, dense shadows, which may be sausage-shaped, golfball- shaped, and even as big and round as a cricket ball. On autopsy, jet-black rubbery lesions are found m the lungs which correspond to the x-ray shadows. They may be necrotic at the core. Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) in coal miners always occurs on a background of Grade 2 or Grade 3 simple pneumoconiosis and very seldom on a background of Grade 1. This implies that a high concentration of dust is necessary before PMF can occur. -- Cond. from authors' summary 855 A Year of Supplementary Examinations of Apprentice Miners in the Combined Coal Mines in Lim burg (The Netherlands). V. H. Rutgers. Ned. Tijaschr. Geneesk. 10T, 387-397 (March 2, 1963). Dutch. In the mining industry a considerable percentage of the working days lost as a result of illness is due to respiratory disease. Since 1959, all apprentice miners have been examined for respiratory predisposition before they go down into the mine for the first time. A working hypothesis developed in Groningen by One and his associates was followed: asthmatic constitu tion or asthmatic disease is assumed if at least 2 or 3 characteristics out of a certain complex of symptoms are found to be present. Nine hundred apprentices were examined during the first year. Of these, 246 or 27. 3% probably had an increased predisposition. If the apprent: , were classi fied into groups according to the number of positive Characteristics, it was found that the more positive characteristics a group had, the higher the percentage was of absentees as a result of respiratory disorders. There was a significant difference between the number of working days lost by the "asthmatic constitution" group and by the group with no marked predisposition to res piratory disorder. In the latter group, the apprentices with only the personal history positive showed a same loss of working days as the asthmatic" group. This supplementary examination, which is followed up at regular intervals in cases of respiratory predisposition, will make it pos sible to transfer certain persons in time to a more suitable (dust-free) environment. In this way, it is hoped to prevent serious pulmonary disorder caused by harmful exposure during working hours. -- Bull. Hyg. 17. 01 132 1898 Industrial Hvgicnc Digest Septrrr a- r, o5o Medical Aspects of the Esparto Industry. J. G. Dantm. Mcq. y seguriaac trabajo _1_0, l 3-2 l (Oct. - Dec. 1962). Spanish.* The area concerned with the cultivation of esparto grass is m the southeast of 5pa;r.. the people are very poor and conditions primitive. Harvesting takes place in February-March 1 ana again in September. An extensive description is given of the various procecures involves. The actual harvesting, retting and beating of the grass are cone mostly bv women. while the comb ing, which entails pulling the sheaves through a series of metai spikes placec on wooden poles anc 1 involves considerable effort, is done by men. The grass is made into rope, the rope-making i wheel being worked manually by quite young boys. The meoical aspects car. be c :. c e c ir.tc tw : groups: <i) The actual signs anc symptoms; (2) pathogenesis. As regarcs the .witcr me mani festations are very suggestive of ana similar to those in farmer s lung . The com.oers re es pecially exposed to the inhalation of vegetable dusts and in them chronic bronchitis, oenigr. pneu moconiosis. more or less intense cor pulmonale, anc tuberculosis may occur. Pneumoconios.* was found in 50r. of the combers. It is of slow evolution, the final carciac c-jrr.p.ic atior.s ocing due to the extent of the disease. The author used spirometry and apnea time as tests of respirator*.* function and states that x-ray examinations have only a complementary value, the changes seen being similar to those in millers. Prepatellar bursitis is not uncommon in the pickers. Clinics.l*. 2 patients had emphysema, 2 pulmonary tuberculosis, and a number evidence o: some caraiac I condition. -- Cona. from Bull. Hyg. 657 Air Treatment and Dust Control in Investment Founcnes. P. G. Rothery and R. G. Ringer. I Foundry Trade J. 113, 15-25 (Juiy 5, 1962); ibid. 73-77 (July 19, !9o2). ; (Foundry Trade Journal, 17 John Acams Street, Adelphi, London WC2, England*). This paper, which was presented at the British Investment Casters Technical Associa tion's fourth annual meeting, describes the various methods available for dealing with air treat ment in investment foundries. The first part of the paper shows the calculations involved in pro viding controlled heating, ventilation, cooling, and drying and the importance of dust extraction and describes some of the calculations necessary. In the second part there is described the various i types of equipment available to the industry for handling air for heating, air conditioning, and dry ing, and air polluted with industrial dust and fumes. Finally, it is shown how the various technics, processes described are applied to the actual working of an investment foundry. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. a58 Pleural Calcifications Following Dust Exposure. C. Stephanopoulos. , Acta Tuberc. Pneumoi. Scand. *42, 228-232 (192). (Acta Tuberculosea et Pneurr.ologica Scandinavica, Ejnar Munksgaard, Noerregade 6, Copenhagen K, Denmark"). Pleural calcification m two patients is described. One was employed at a brick kiln for 13 years and then for 17 years as a marble worker. The other had worked in a shell factors, breaking casts from shells after removal from the furnace. Neither had a history of chest dis ease before the discovery of th calcification, although the second developed tuberculosis 43 years after the exposure and 17 years after the discovery of the^changes. The absence of a past history of chest disease suggests to the author the possibility of these calcifications having an occupationa. origin. The literature on the subject is reviewed. Smith (Bull. Hyg. 27, I03o (1952)) is quote a as finding 3 cases in 1,278 brick-kiln workers. Calcifications are Localized in the parietal pleura, and the hypotheses for deposition of calcium which have been suggested by various authors are c:s- cussed. - -- Bull. Hyg. * Address not in current List of Periodicals. 18. 01 132 1899 Industrial Hygiene Diji-at PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT svaurr > r. s9 Enviror.rr.ent ;r. Relation to Behavior of Spiders. P. N. Witt. Arch. Environmental Health , 4-iJ (July 1963). The orb web ot certain species of spiders is the record c: a rigid behavior pattern. Variations in the pattern can be observea which are brought about by manges m the environment. The rhythmic J4-hour variation of light and temperature is found to oe the most favoraoic condi tion for frequent web- building. Food deprivation over i and more ce<s affects bocy weight more than thread production and web-building, indicating a probable transformation of oocy constituents into silk protein in emergency situations. Evidence for the importance of spiaers perception oi gravity, surface structure, and vibration in its web is presented. An effort is mace to aecuce from this the clues which the animal obtains from its environment. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References ar.c Reviews 860 Aeromedical Aspects of a Commer-.al Jet Operation. C. J. Kidera. Aerospace Med. 34, o01-o05 (J- i9b3). Ozone monitoring by continuous sensors on 38 flights at various current jet altitudes indicates that no hazard exists. Radioactivity in present day jet operation does not exceed the AEC maximum permissible limit. Jet crew absenteeism is less than piston crew absenteeism. Because of the possibility of clear air turbulence, passengers are advised to keep the seat belts on whenever seated. There is no adverse effect on airborne electronic equipment by cardiac Pace makers. Certain equipment can, m close proximity, affect the output of the Pacemaker. However, the requirement of proximity cannot be met. Passengers utilizing Pacemakers can be flown safely in present day commercial aircraft. -- Author's resume 861 Adrenal Cortical Response m Motion Sickness. E. V. Oahl, et al. Arch. Environmental Health 7, 86-91 (July 1963). Healthy male volunteers, who became motion sick on a rotating tilt chair or during maneuvers in aircraft exhibited a rapid rise in the concentration of free 1 7-hydroxycorticosteroics in their serum. A similar rise took place in most individuals who did not vomit when they were subjected to the same motion. Half of these men admitted nausea. In a smaller number of men, who did not vomit, the serum 17-hydroxycorticosteroid content during and after the period ot motion did not rise above levels which existed before the onset of motion. Onlv one of 11 men in whom there was no hormonal elevation admitted slight nausea. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews 863 Ventilatory Dynamics Under Hyperbaric States. W. B. Wood and L. H. Leve. Arch. Environmental Health 7, 47-39 (July 1963). Ventilatory dynamics maximum breathing capacity MBC), timed vital capacity (TVC), maximum expiratory flow (MEF) were performed on 9 United States Navy deep sea divers anc J submarine and diving medical officers. The performance utilizing first air, : n helium-oxvg- n (80%-20%), as the respiratory medium at various levels of hyperbaric pressu. -p to 15 atmos pheres absolute (atm. abs. ) was compared with performance at 1 atm. abs. An acditional obser vation was made on the same subjects utilizing a 95% helium-5% oxygen mixture at 15 atm. ib:. The over-all effect was that of a marked decrease in all parameters measured ana the bes, topment of an obstructive pattern similar to that of the emphysematous patient. The probable mech anism of the observed alterations through increased work of breathing is discussed. The relation ship of these findings to previous observations on decreased respiratory minute vol.m. (RMY) anc hypercapnia in underwater swimmers is discussed. There are 19 references to tht subject. -- Authors' summarv 19. 01 132 1900 ir.aiistria. He c i - r.'- :. it 35 3 The Relations!: J of Ag-- ar.c Rate oi Acquisition of Flying Time Versus the jum.mlot. ;r :i E..ai :i. Hearing Loss m.ongst Car.aciar. Civi.ian Licensed pilots. J. A..Sullivan, 'A'. E. Hicc m..; W. A. Prowse Aerospace Mcc. o5S-ooi (July 19o3). i She :.y . r the e-stab.:shrr-nt oi the Division of Civil Aviation Mecicir.e oi the D- oart- m- r.t of Natio i. H- a.tr. and '.Ve.far-. oi the Government oi Canada, the authors nr. r- i_-. st- o to iibm.it an mi rrr.ati.i brief setting rorth the requirements tor Otoiaryr.go.ju.oa. xam.ir.aticr. :;r m p.-rsonr.t ic- nsed oy tn-. Department oi Transport to fly m Canada. As auciom.etrio mv- sti- gatior.s :i h ring A..-r-- not a r- iiuisit - of the medical examination recuir- s to b. lor.ouct o oi- ar.r.uai.y ty t uartm-r.t oi Transport oi ail .icensec pilots m oroer to o.- permute : to 'aas tie cessa . te j11.. ail such data through cooperation oi ei >.iar. .icer.ie. ui. -- 11 ...... r. tv r. r.g to an e-xtens suoiorr.. trie examination. The furthering oi the accuracy oi the grapr.icu. or - sentation oi he entities oi pilot age, rate of acquisition oi flying time, or total :.yir4 time, arc rther pertir nt factors t vet determined Aith respect to the hearing acuity expressed as ,r. .ce- braic summation of the ..aring loss present in each ear could soon be rea.izec b> c ontir.uat.cn -i the present audiom.etric survey, either as a research program or as an actual requir nt i: me medical ex -.mtnation oi all pilots licensed to fly by the Department oi Transport in Ci:.,:,. i 5o4 Some Effe ts on Human Subjects oi Ultra-High Frequency Radiation. A. H. Frey. Am. J. V cica, Electronic s 3, -la-31 (Jan. - March, L3o3l. (American Journal of Medica: Electron; s, R. H. Donnelley Corporation, -too Lexington Avenue, Nea York. N. Y. 1001T "). Data Acre presented .ehich indicate chat ultra-high frequency radiation can incuce effects at average power densities below the currently accepted hazard limit oi 10 mw./sq. cm. It was found that the perception oi sound can be induced in human subjects, and the possibility oi an effect on the heart was indicated. Limitations in the data were pointed out, but there is no question as to the existence oi the effects. - Public Health Eng. Absts. 865 Ozone Toxicity Hazard in Cabins of HiSi Altitude Aircraft--A Review and Current Program. L. S. . afie ana H. D Estes. Aerospace Med. ^4, 633-043 (July 19o3). Ozone is present in significant quantities in the atmosphere starting above the tropopause ind m toxic concentrations in the stratosphere reaching a peak at about TO, 000-90, COO ie-.-t. The a ibicnt zone concentration varies with geographic latitude, season of the year and meteoroiogic factors. The exact cabin concentrations of ozone in various types of current ec aircraft at di: erent altitudes are presently being studied by the Federal Aviation Agency and will be p.ottec in r- itionship to these factors to determine whether or not an environmental health problem, actu ally xists particularly for aircrews Decause of their frequency of exposure. If, as a result of thes and subsequent studies, it is determined that the cabin ozone content exceeds C. 3-0. 3 ppm for -.gnificant periods of time it will be recommended that some means of destroying or r.-cucmg the zone content below this level be utilized. High ambient ozone concentrations oi 3-10 ppm. are four.d at altitudes of 65,000-80,000 feet through which the supersonic transport will cruise. Th, air used for cabin pressurization passes through the compressors eery quickly, coo quickie to de-troy all the ozone present by adiabatic heating. Unacceptable concentrations of ozone will be pr sent m the cabin environment of the supersonic air transport (SST) unless the use of oe.ic.s su.h as a catalytic filter or some engineering technique for delaying or increasing the dwell time of the ambient air intake through the compressors sufficiently long enough to take advantage oi aciabatic heating to destroy or reduce- the ozone content below 0.3-0. 3 ppm is employed. It is 1 r commended that additional research be performed in the area of time/temp, rature relationships oi air compressors of turbo-jet, turbo-ramjet and other proposed types oi SST to oeeelop adeo aate techniques of ozone destruction. There are 65 references to the subject. -- Authors' summary 866 The Use- of Laser Beams and Their Pote-ntial Occupational Hazard. L. Solon. .nd. Hyg. Rev. 5, 19-36 (May 19b3). Beams of light from LASER (Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Raciatior.) represent a new source of radiant e-nergy in the visible and in the infrared region of the sp< ctr.im. " Address not in current List of Periodicals. 30 Industrial Hygiene Digest 5vpt--rr> . *- i This light is coherent (roughly, in phase> and is highly monochromatic. It is most :ci:;.v pro duced at present by exciting the chromium atoms in an artificial ruby with one or more (lash tubes, although other compounds have been used also. Because of the nature :: :h- ich:, it is highly collimated and large energy densities can be obtained in narrow beams. Mr., .3- ,, have been suggested tor these sources --space communication, high temperature tron accelerators, and biomedical and surgical tools. There are hacards m handling such s;-r- of energy; e.g. , eye damage has been demonstrated in exposed experimental animals. Spec ..or reflective surfaces in the path of the beam create the possibility of inadvertent exposure :i :ru to the reflected beam. -- Public Health Em*. Absts. RADIOACTIVITY AND X-RADIATION 867 Late Effects of Roentgen Therapy Given in Infancy. B. O'Malley, C. J. D'Angio and C. ~. Vawter. Am. J. Roentgenol., Radium Therapy Nuclear Med. 89, 10e7-10?4 (May l0"}). Late complications associated with roentgen therapy of children are discus sec ar.d an illustrative case is reported. The patient was irradiated as an infant and developed, over a period of 20 years, lesions exemplifying three of the major categories of late radiation effects. Growth disturbance was sustained by the vertebral spine, functional impairment by the kionws, and tumor induction by the skin. -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. 868 Radiation Exposure from Luminous Watch Dials. W. Seelentag and H. Schmier. Radiol. Health Data 4, 209-213 (April 1963). (Radiological Health Data, U. S. Public Health Service, Washington 25, D.C. "). In the first (German) Regulations for Radiation Protection, paragraph 11. contains definitions of harmful or dangerous activity concentrations for radiation from luminous dials : r individuals. Recent measurements of wrist watches show a definite trend toward a reduction m such activity. In the case of German-made watches, most have radium amounting to less chan 0.06 and usually only about 0.02 microgram. Radiation dose to wearers of such watches amo-.-.ts to only a small percentage of the natural background radiation. The local dose to the skin of the forearm ranges around a few per cent of the maximum permissible occupational dose. Exceptions, however, are found among watches of non-German manufacture, especially so-called sport watches, which may give a whole body radiation exposure in the order of magnitude of natural background radiation, and local forearm dose up to the maximum permissible occupational dose or even higher. Such watches should not be worn all day, and should at least not be worn at night. Somatic mani festations, such as effects on the blood picture, or local erythema, or pigmentation of the fore arm, do not occur even in the latter cases; when they do occur, it is due to causes other than ;omcing radiation. The average genetic dose from these time pieces to the population appears to be relatively insignificant, according to current estimations; it amounts to only about 1', of natural background radiation exposure. Nevertheless, it should be a basic rule that every artificial radia tion exposure is undesirable unless it is justified, as m the use of ionizing radiation in medicine. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 869 Retention and Excretion of Cesium-137 by Man, M. P. Taylor, J. Vennart and D. M. Ta>.or. Phys. in Med. Biol. 7, 157 (Oct. 1962). Five men had accidental Cs-137 intakes of less than the I.C.R.P. maximum pern: ssibic amount as a result of leakage from radiographic sources. The half-period of body retention if this radionuclide varied between 80 and 130 days. The average daily urinary excretion was 0. s ' of the body burden. It is suggested that this excretion ratio may be of value if it is ever necessary to screen large numbers of people quickly after an accident involving Cs-137. -- J. Occ, Med. Absts. * Address not in current List of Periodicals. 21. 01 132 1902 Industrial Hygiene Dig-.-st v.-ov-rr oe r, 97G Gamma-Ray Spectrometric Determination of Low Concentrations of Radioactive Cesium .r. Water ay a Nickel Ferrocvar.idc Mvthoa. G. J. Mohanrao and Is R. Folsom. Analyst ad, 105-10o (Feb. I9e3). A simple, fairly rapid and reliable method is presented for determining raaioactv. _ cesium in sea water, baseo or, a known mvthoa of concentration. Radioactive cesium, together with microgram amounts oi stable cesium naturally present m sea water, is co-precipitateo * ith nickel ferrocyanide from a 30- to 300-liter sample. After the precipitate ha* settled anc the supernatant liquio has been syphoned off, the nickel ferrocyanide is transferred to a pint con tainer ar.c c jcr.t-c :r. a gamma-rav spectrometer equippec with a 5-inch by 4-ir.ch Nal(TL) crysta. i ana a 35o-channe. puise-height analycer. 5tuo.es with a eesium-134 tracer he.pec to cetermir.e the most favorable conditions of pH, temperature anc concentration ci r-at.nt. The proceaure has been used aboard ship anc m the laboratory since I9o0 for oceanographic survey of racioactive ! cesium, in sea water in concentrations ranging between 0.03 and 0.4 pC per liter. -- Pub.ic Heauth Eng. Aosts. sTjl Radioactivity of Biological Materials from. Brasilian Areas Rich m Thorium Compouncs. E. Penna-Franca and O. G. DeFreitas. Nature 19T, 1063-1063 (March lb, 19o3). Radium-333 was measured m environmental and biological sampie-s collected near the towns of Guarapary and Meaipe, and an unpopulated area near iron Hill. Vegetation samples ir. these locations contained radium-333 at the level of 0.001 microcune/g. calcium and 0. Ol-O.Oe ! microcune/g. calcium respectively. Radium-333 concentrations m some biological specimens and gamma count rates of a variety of samples are also reported. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 373 Survey of X-ray Facilities in Los Angeles. C. L. 5enn, ct al. Radiol. Health Data 315-330 (April 1963). (Radiological Health Data, U.S. Public Health Service, Washington 35, D.C. "J. A survey of x-ray facilities was undertaken by the Los Angeles City Health Department as a part of its responsibility to regulate and control machines and devices that generate lonicing radiations that may adversely affect the health of exposed persons. The survey covered meuical, dental, and industrial facilities, and included fluoroscopic and photofluoroscopic units. Approxi mately 3,100 radiation facilities were inspected to obtain information regarding exposure of patients and operators of the equipment. The factors considered in evaluation of the facilities were: sire 1 of the primary beam delivered to the patient, filtration, direction of the primary beam, operator protection (shielding or separation from the beam and workload), occupancy of ad;acent areas, and assessment of total exposure to individuals or areas. Charts and data are presented inaicatir.g the percentage of facilities that met or exceeded established criteria for safety and efficiency. Recommendations leading to correction of inadequacies and education of equipment operators are presented. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 373 The Responsibility of Local Health Agencies in the Control of Ionizing Radiation. Anon. Report of the Committee on Local Control of Ionizing Radiationotthe Conference of Municipal Public Health ' Engineers. Am. J. Public Health 5^, 1136-1 144 (July 1963). Control of ionizing radiation is necessary for tv. 1th protection. The principles of con trol are similar to other environmental health measures. .s an environmental concern, radiation protection should be integrated with other environmental programs of health agencies. Future use of ionizing radiation will undoubtedly increase manyfold as new applications are discovered. Thus local health agencies have a responsibility to prepare to cope with problems in this field, as in any other environmental condition that has a vital influence on health. Health officers and environmental health.administrators will be negligent in their duties if they fail to recognize their responsibilities in this field. The U.S. Public Health Service has a responsibility for leadership in the coorcination and support of research concerning the health effects of exposures to ionizing radiation. This agency also has a responsibility to stimulate and conduct training for health workers in this iivla. * Address not in current List of Periodicals. 01 132 1903 Industrial Hygiene Due it 5cptc rr 5- r. . Along with state ana local health agencies, :her interested federal agencies (tor examcie, tr.e AEC and the Federal Radiation Council), ec-.ational and research institutions, ar.c ,iC:s, U.S. Public Health Service has a responsibility in setting standards (or health protection. A, state health departments develop an increasing program involvement in radiation protection, in states should plan their activities to involve positively local health agencies. The states sho-.u also stimulate and encourage local participation in this vital new program area. -- Authors s_mrr. 574 Control of Tritium Health Hazards at the Savannah River Plant. W. C. Reir.ig ar.s 11. L. Albenesius. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 4, 276-263 (May-June i9o3). The control of hazards resulting from tritium production at the Savannah Ri-. er Ku-nt are described. Controls in use include radiological engineering techniques folloues ov training of operating personnel, use of protective clothing, control of surface and air contamination, oio- assay, and environmental monitoring. Details indicating the effectiveness of tnese cor.tro. m. j- sures are given. -- A-:hcr aost. 875 Thyroid Carcinoma in Man after Exposure to Ionizing Radiation, A Summary of the F-.ncir.c; in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. E. L. Socolow. New Engl. J. Med. See. 40o-41U (Feb. li, . i I. The prevalence of thyroid carcinoma after exposure to radiation from atomic weapons was studied in matched groups of exposed and non-exposed patients participating in the long-term, investigations of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Biop sies were obtained in approximately 50% of patients with thyroid nodules, without knowledge of the patient's radiation history. Thyroid carcinoma was demonstrated to be significantly more preva lent among patients who were heavily exposed to ionizing radiation at the time of the atomic bomb ings in 1945. -- Bull. Hyg. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS 876 Effects on Animals of Exposure to Auto Exhaust. S. D. Murphy, et al. Arch. Environmental Health 7, 60-70 (July 1963). Rats, mice, and guinea pigs were exposed for 4 to 6 hours to experimentally procured, irradiated and non-irradiated exhaust atmospheres, in concentrations ranging from approximate community pollution levels to 8 to 10 times ambient concentrations. During exposure to irradiated exhaust guinea pigs had increased pulmonary flow resistance and decreased respiratory rates. The respiratory function returned to normal when the animals were returned to clean air. Vol untary running activity of mice was decreased during exhaust exposure. Non-irradiated exhaust was less effective than irradiated atmospheres which contained less photochemical reaction prod ucts. Mortality from severe pulmonary stress (alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) edema) was higher for mice placed in exhaust atmospheres. Rats formed more carboxyhemoglobin (proportionate to CO concentration) when exposed to irradiated as compared to non-irradiated exhaust atmospheres. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews 01 132 1904 23. Industrial Hygiene Dig-.st I PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING i >77 Controlling Air Contaminant* m Xc ir.qustriai Frocriita. A. 3. Brar.ct. Inc. Hyg. Rev. 3, 17-3: (Y.av I^c-I. Nt anc ^hangve mcustriai processes create airborne contaminant* requiring . r.tiiation and ocr.er control rreiser- s. Although more toxic material* are usee >: zr-.at- i .r. r.ea r welding processes, the extent oi hazard is governea by manv other factors anc the r.e-a hcu.-ic.e i may not be appreciably more hazarcous than ordinary "eicmg operations. F.uorice* from *.bmerged arc welding, ozone from inert gas-shielaed metai arc welding, flux cere eiectroce* ieaa welding present new problems, which can be controlled by proper application o: .oca. ex haust ana general ventilation and respirators. The piasma ;et adds a noise problem. Epoxy resins are increasing in use in a wide variety o: applications, creating problems of zermatiiis and ventilation for spraying operations. W-lcir.g and burning of plastic - coated metals repair* close control because of thermal decomposition products. Pressure (without compressec air) spray painting does not eliminate the need for control ventilation in this operation. Radiant heat and high temperatures are serious problems in many industries. "Cool out booths where workers can recover between heat exposure have been effective, and heat shields are used to control raciant heat. Abrasive blasting still presents problems. The substitution of metal grit for sand has introduced a lead problem from small amounts of this impurity. In general, however, new p lems are amenable to solution by judicious application of well-known principles. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 3'8 The American Sanitary Engineering Intersocletv Board (ASEIB). E. Boyce. Am. J. Public Health 3_3, ll-17-llol (Juiv !9o3). The American Sanitary Engineering Intersociety Board has undertaken several studies in keeping with the broad objectives of the board as given in the Articles of Incorporation. These objectives, briefly stated are: (1) To improve the practice, elevate the standards and advance the cause of sanitary engineering. (3) To grant and issue to engineers duly licensed by law to practice engineering, certificates of special knowledge of sanitary engineering or in any field thereof, and to revoke certificates so granted or issued. (3) To receive and act upon applications for such certificates -- to determine by examination, investigation or otherwise, the fitness of applicants for, and the holders of such certificates. (4) To furnish to the public, or to interested organiza tions, lists of engineers having special knowledge in sanitary engineering, as evidenced by certi ficates granted by the corporation, (3) To keep and maintain a register of holders of certificates granted by the corporation, such roster to be known as the American Academy of Sanitary Engineers. 879 Operator Protection in Wastewater Treatment Plants. G. E. Browning and J. J. Gannon. J. Water Pollution Control Fed. Jji, ldb-190 (Feb. 1-963). A survey was made m 300 wastewater systems in northern California to determine the health and safety conditions affecting operators. Observations were made of features relating to physical safety, prevention of operator sickness and body infection, prevention of burns, ex plosions, asphyxiation, and poisoning, ar.d the handling oi chlorine. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 01 132 1905 3 4. Industrial Hygiene Digest at ot'- rr. o- r , COMMUNITY AIR HYGIENE 330 Atmospheric Contamination ir. the Space Cabin. R. A. Saunders. Rept. NRL Prog. "-11 (Jar.. 1963). (Naval Research Laboratory, Office of Techr.ica. 5er-. :c-s. Department of Commerce. Washington 25, D.C."). Organic contaminants dispersed in the atmospheres of Mercury spacecraft rr acuroi c by activated charcoal in the environmental control system. The contaminants are .au r r-.co-. .- c from the charcoal m the form of a complex mixture by a process of vacuum, resorption, "he sm.a.. volume of the space cabin and the low concentration oi the various contaminants result :r. the re covery of very small quantities of contaminant mixture. The identification of the components m this mixture and the determination of their concentration m the original atmosphere require the use of microtechniques. The contaminant mixture is separated into its components by means of an analytical gas chromatograph. The individual components are recovered from the effluent stream of the chromatograph with a novel fraction collecting system and their identity is estao- lished by means of infrared and mass spectral techniques. A summary is given of 27 organic con taminants recovered from several spacecraft atmospheres. -- Aerospace Med. 881 Laminar Air Flow for Contamination Control. R. C. Marsh. J. Am. Assn. Contamination Contro * 1. *-11 (May 1963). (Journal of the American Association for Contamination Control. West Coast Publishing Inc., loOS N. Cahuenga Blvd. , Los Angeles 28, Calif.*). The author's conclusions, based on work that has been done at the Sandia Corporation over the past 2 years are: with laminar air flow, control over airborne contamination can be achieved both simply and economically to a point where airborne contamination is insignificant. Operational contamination levels of at least two orders of magnitude lower than that obtainable in conventional clean rooms can be maintained by the laminar flow design. This control can be achiev independently of the activity within given areas. The overall cost of achieving and maintaining air borne contamination control by laminar air flow means will be substantially cheaper thar the cost of conventional means. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 383 Power Plant Using High Sulfur Coal Takes Steps to Reduce Air Pollution. D. T. McPhee. Ind. Water and Wastes 8, 9-11 (Jan.-Feb. 1963). The Montrose steam electric station of the Kansas City Power and Light Company is located in the center of a high sulfur coal deposit easily accessible by strip mining. Dust col lectors and a 350 foot chimney eliminated much of the problem of fly ash removal and sulfur di oxide dispersion, however, for 340 hours each year objectionable pollution of the atmosphere was evident. In keeping with company policy of being a good neighbor, the company is installing two 3 30 ton 95% electrostatic precipitators and a 450 foot stack in spite of the plant location in a re mote rural area. . " -- Public Health Eng. Absts. MANAGEMENT ASPECTS 883 Comparative Study of Executive Health Examinations. H. A. Vonachen and W. J. Roche, Jr, J. Occ. Med. 5. 389- 395 (Aug. 1963). There are as yet too few data available on executive health examinations to permit the development of broad generalizations. Many more intragroup and intergroup studies will have to * Address not in current List of Periodicals. 25. 01 132 1900 Industrial Hvgivne Digest 3,-ptcrr.b- r. be- mace, arc furth-r coni lat ration must bv jivcn to age-group ciffv rencv s ar.c cc:.pa::;r.j. ii.-renct.-s, as well as the effect of health ecucat:on on executive he-a^h maintenance program;. Aside from the- pure statistical analysis of cata gathered from, health examinations suer, as c- s- cr-.bed in this paper, much remains to be sort- to ce'-ulop among business executives a scene orientation toward health maintenance. Too often business anc industrial xecutives, who pw. .art1 sums m taxes to defray the c jst of mane- public health services anc uunatc millions of Ooi.ars to health causes, r.egl- ct th- ir own wii - being. The m- cicai cirector anc his staff must str-.-.e to make the executive realize his rt sponsibility to attain and maintain good health patterns and haQits, and that the more successful and enterprising the xecutive is, the greater gap his cisaoi.if. or c-.ath will Ua>.e. In the .ars of his dealing with the health problems of business xec-ti ." s, :h- .r.uostrial physician has obseriec c-. rtain factors which constitute partiCoIar dangers to this group -- e.g., uncefir.ee working hours; irregular work flow; unc tn- fact tnat such work is not measured m time served, but m goals achie-.ed. The tension associatec with executives' iobs extenos through much of their working day. In this era of qua.:;-,- cjr.trol of manufactured goods, as well as materials and resources, similar guides to h-a.th control most be established ana maintained by executives. -- Cond. from Authors comm- nt 664 The Challenge of Comprehensive Health Car-:. W, P. D- anng. Am. J. Public Health ^2, 20" l (Di e. IVoz). Comprehensive health care is a goal for the American people. It is not a precise tn- tity, but varies according to available r- sources. The author uses the term in the sense of the maximum possible preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative services provided by qualified personnel unaer competent m.idical direction appropriate to the needs of the individual. This country faces the spectacle of great advances in medical knowledge and techniques and a demand on the part of the public for the benefits of expanding knowledge, but whollv inadequate action to provide high-quality comprehensive health care in an efficient manner. Comprehensive ! health care carries a special challenge for the consumers to become knowledgeable and discrimi nating, for labor to extend services through group practice, and for management to work with labor, the health profession, and the insurers to improve efficiency and quality of medical care. ; Every segment of our society has a stake in all aspects of comprehensive health care. It is fortu nate to be able to afford high-quality care. Everything possible should be done to aid rather than impede progress toward the goal of comprehensive health care. - J. Occ. Med. Abscs. ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTION 885 Health and Safety in the Handling of the Newer Plastics and Resins. Part I. Ind. Hyg. Rev. 39-4i (May 1962). E. D. Palmes. With most plastics the toxicity varies inversely with the chain length; the monomers and prepolymers are highly reactive while most finished plastics are comparatively inert. Most health problems arise from the unreacted original materials or from chemical breakdown. Teflon, epoxies, and the polyurethanes are examples. Besides the polyrr themselves, plastics con tain plasticizers, fillers, stabilizers, dyes, and pigments. The ssibility of such materials . leaching out from the plastic must be considered, especially when the finished plastic comes into contact with food. -- Public Health Eng. Absts, 886 Health and Safety in the Handling of the Newer Plastics and Resins, Part II, Ind. Hyg. Rev. 5^ 43-48 (May l^od). L. Orris. Dermatitis has been produced under certain conditions when each new plastic has been introduced. The epoxy resins, the newest of the resins, have produced high rates of dermatitis that are '-specially serious because the aesirabie properties of these resins have brought them into very wide use. The original epoxy resin itself is usually a severe irritant and a strong 0l 197 Ingustnal Hygmnv Digest Septem oc r. INDEX Accident(s) investigating aircraft using injury statistics Agricultural workers infectious occupational diseases Aircraft, use j: DDVP fordisinsection Air pollutants, in a space cabin Air pollution control oy lumnar air fiow m p.eu industries ir. steam electric station 387 309 324 s43 a30 331 o77 332 Diving, ventilatory dynamics Dust control, suppression in investment foundries Dust counting, determination Pennsylvania anthracite mines Dust sampling, samplers cascade impactors m Czechoslovakia Environment and behavior of spiders Ercometer, recording i s5C so i 330 -1 4 American Sanitary Engineering Intersociety Board, objectives 378 Aviation aeromedical aspects of jet operation ozone toxicity hazard boO Boo Benzene, action in inducing leukemia 343 Book(s) occupational disease in California, static electricity using injury statistics 1961 307 303 30Q Brick-kiln workers pieural calcifications in 858 Brucellosis among slaughterhouse workers survey in Alaska 337 Bio Ergonomics, the study of man at non Esparto grass pneumoconiosis in workers Executive(s) health study of examinations Exhaust gases, automotive engines effects on animals Eye laser photocoagulation solar retinitis Formaldehyde treatment of wastes containing Fungus infections of animals transmissible to man -. ] 35r BB3 37o BIB 317 a0 si3 California, occupational disease in 1061 Cance r lung, experimental in animals skin, regional studies Cascade impactor, calibration of Ce stum - 137 retention and excretion by man Cesium, radioactive determination in sea water 807 832 830 850 869 870 Health American Sanitary Engineering Intersociety Board attainment of optimum challenge of comprehensive care executive, study of health examinations B"b 312 334 333 Hearing loss among Canadian pilots 3b3 Heart disease and physical activity b2 1 Hernias, repair of large and difficult ole o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile Hiroshima, thyroid carcinoma after bombing 375 respiratory irritation studies 847 Human engineering Coal miners the study of man at work 31 3 infective pneumoconiosis 854 medical examination of apprentices 855 Hyaluronic acid pneumoconiosis in Pennsylvania 852 in pleural mesotheliomas 319 Coal mines, dust study in Pennsylvania Detergents effect on water supplies waste disposal 85 3 Hydrogen fluoride toxicopathologic study 3 34 891 Imidazole 892 as pesticide 29. 01 132 1910 Industrial Hygiene Digest Sgptcrr 3- ?. Insecticides assessment of DDVP (o, o-aimcthyl-i, i-dichiorovmyi phosphate) use m aircraft :m icaaolc r-'aistancw of insects to o43 348 34b 344 InseCt^y SlseaSeS o: mecicai importance 3^9 Iron, jrii toxicity li reduced 3 30 Liier occupational hazard photocoagulation of eye 300 ol S Leaa ooisonine renal function subsequent to childhood plumbism 341 Manganes. poisoning in battery industry 839 Mesotheliomas, pleural hyaluronic acid in j Motion sickness adrenal cortical response 819 sol Nitrogen dioxide poisoning experimental exposure studies occupational significance 337 33b Occupational disease in California, I9bl 807 Ozone in treating drinking water toxicity hazard in high altitude aircraft 83% 8b% Pentachlorophenol intoxication 849 Phenols, water pollution 889 Plastics, safety in handling 88%, 88b Pneumoconiosis in esparto grass workers examination of apprentice coal miners infective m coal miners in Pennsylvania coal miners pleural calcifications 8%b 8%% 8%4 S%2 8%8 Pneumonia epidemiology of non-bacterial 8Z0 Psychiatry, mental disorders in socially defined populac. > 810 Psychology, rehabilitation of mentally ill 811 Radiation (ionizing, nuclear, x-rays, etc.) health, responsibility of local agencies 873 thyroid carcinoma in Hiroshima 8o R a d i um^xposuTc from luminous watch dials 8b8 Radium-if 3 in Brazilian biological materials Rehabilitation o: the mentaiiv ill -. . Re sms, satwt v i" hanc.mf ? -V Rocket propellants, health hazards -; Safetv :n ir.eustrv stdtle ei-.CtriCltV waing injury statistics 3'? Sno ::L r's ciacdsc Small pox, continuing thr-at of 3 3*;. . , Smoking, effect of lobeline aullate Su.ar retinitis 3-- ^; ~ Space flight, atmospheric contamination in a space cabin 880 Spide rs behavior in relation to environment 8%0 Static electricity 308 Ticks on migrating birds as vectors of pathogens 8i% Tin, determination m foods 340 Toxic oiog y industrial hygiene m retrospect 331 T rauma management of fractures of the hand 3i 3 T ntium control of hazards in production 3 ~4 Ultrasomc(s) effects on human subjects 304 Ventilation m new industries 3*" Vinyl chloride effects of e ,-osure on humans and rats 34i Waste disposal alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) formaldehyde containing from launderettes operator protection phenol compounds thermal pollution of water supplies 3-3 1 8Q0 31 3 889 388 JC-_rav(s^ late effects of therapy survey of facilities in Los Angeles 30* 3"- Zoonosis in agricultural workers 3^4 30. Industrial Hygiene Dijest Septerr.3' r, . > sensitizer. The amines added as hardeners are themselves potent irritants ar.d sensuiz-.-rs. The operations used in producing and processing plastics, v^hich are described, give ampir :pportunity lor exposure, and careful control measures are required. Examples ot cerrr.atitis among consumers exposed to these materials in garments, stockings, hearing aics, anc hats . given. Measures for the control of hazards among plastic producers should include -.-cucation, ventilation, personal protective equipment, and plant cleanliness. -- Fubiic Health Eng. Aosts. 58" Investigating Air Accidents. P. C. Tweedie. New Scientist (London) j_T, 83-oS (Jan. 10, 1963). The qualifications and organization of air-accident investigating personnel arc sescribec. Investigative procedures include steps taken from the beginning of an acciaent to the formation of an opinion of a likely cause. The modern aircraft is now a very large and complicated but ea sily disintegrated structure, propelled at extremely high speeds at great altitude and controiivc bv ad vanced hydraulic and electrical systems. Communication between it and the ground :s at a mini mum. Consequently, many of the methods devised and used by investigators over the years to facilitate determining accident causation can no longer be applied. Effective acciaent investiga tion must depend increasingly upon an analysis of flight information obtained from automatic re corders carried on the aircraft itself. Such recorders, protected against fire and the forces impact, are designed to be recovered with the recordings intact. -- Aerospace Mvo. MISCELLANEOUS 888 Thermal Pollution of Surface Supplies. C. E. Arnold. J. Am. Water Works Assn. 54, 133<i-1346 (Nov. 196). Approximately dOrc of all water withdrawn by industry from lakes and streams m Fvnns. vania is used for cooling. This results in discharge of large quantities of heat to streams ar.c .sk< , Because of meager information on thermal pollution, a committee was appointed to study the prob lem. Municipal governments, recreational organizations, public health agencies, and industry were represented. Regulations to control the discharge of heated wastewater to streams were pre pared. It was proposed that discharge to a stream shall be limited to an amount that could not raise the entire streamflow above 93*F, assuming complete mixing at the point of discharge. De tails of the proposed regulations are given, together with recommendations for their administration. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 889 Investigation of a Small Watercourse Accidentally Polluted by Phenol Compounds. H. Krombach and J. Barthel. Intern. J. Air and Water poll. T_, 39-46 (Jan. 1963). This study of the evolution of a mass discharge of industrial waste waters, rich in phenol compounds and in sulfates, into a small watercourse has shown that the biochemical disintegration of phenols under natural conditions is accomplished very quickly following substantially the same laws of disintegration as organic matter carried by domestic waste waters. In this instance, the toxicity of phenol compounds to the aquatic flora and fauna, at concentrations usually assumea to be lethal, was intensified by a marked lack of oxygen. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 890 Treatment of Trade Wastes Containing Formaldehyde. Anon. Effluent Water Treat. J. 3, 88-89 (Feb. 1963). (Effluent U Water Treatment Journal. Thunoerbird Enterprises Ltd., 140 Cromwell Road, London SW7, England*). A waste treatment plant is described for a factory that produces urea and melarr.ir.eformaldehyde resins with wastes that contain formaldehyde and methanol. Industrial waste water is pumped to a million gallon storage lagoon. The treatment schedule is pre-aeration, settling, Z 7. 01 132 190$ Industrial Hvgicnc Digest 5c ott rr o- r , dilution with cooling water, activated sludge (including domestic sewage), trickling alter, set: chlorination, treatea effluent pona, and final dilution with condensercooling water. Waste s___ b is lagooned. A flow diagram is furnished. Oxygen absorption value of diluted waste before acti vated sludge treatment is 300-400 mg./I, The ailuted effluent from the system is not toxic to fish and is capable of biological purification. Public Health Eng. Absts. ^9 1 ABS and Its Effect on Public Water Supplies. T. E. Dalton, J. D. O'Learv ar.c 5. J. Ciuba. '.Vaier 'A'orKS Eng. 1 1 o, 107, 131 (Feb. 1963). (Water W'orks Engineering, R. H. Donne..c . Co rpo r atior., 4oc Lexington Ave. , New York, N.Y. 10017*). A survey of major surface waters in New Jersev, extenoing from August iC to Scptcr ber 12, 1962, and involving the collection of 53 samples at ranaom sites, indicated that more thar. half ot the samples had alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) concentrations of 0. 1 pprr. or .ei, Or... the samples had concentrations of 0.5 ppm or greater. One river m the southern part ot tnc showed an ABS content of 1.0 ppm, the highe?' ported concentration. -- Public Health Eng. Aost.-, 892 Launderette Waste Treatment System. J. M. Flynn. Water ii Sewage Works 11 0, 63-84 (Feb. 1963). Ground waters in Suffolk County, New York, receive annual waste flow $ of over 130 million gallons containing 300,000 pounas of detergents from 120 launaerettes. The county health department now requires treatment to reduce concentration of detergents and other substances in these flows. A number of treatment units have been tried. These include: pH reduction and air flotation with removal of floating sludge, passing of flow thru a blanket of alum floe and activated carbon with bleeding off of sludge; and pretreatment with activated carbon followed bv application to a vacuum cliatomite filter. The latter procedure when preceded by a clarifier has given promis ing results. Problems of operation by reiuctant owners are difficult to resolve. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. * Address not in current List of Pe riodicals. 01 132 1909 *