Document 8dwk6DVRe02kQMzd3VXNz0wd

APPENDIX 1. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Exposure to Vinyl Chloride, Federal Register, Volume 39, No. 194, pp. 35890-35898, Friday, October 4, 1974. 2. Vendors' Publications on Analytical Instru ments. Century Systems Corporation, Portable Or ganic Vapor Analyzer, Model OVA-98. Analytical Instrument Development, Inc., Portable Flame Photometric Gas Chromato graph, Model 511. Mine Safety Appliances Company, Model S Monitaire Sampler. 3. Methods of Analysis for Determining Vinyl Chloride in Air and in Resin: Vinyl Chloride, Determination in Air by Gas Chromatography. Vinyl Chloride, Determination in Air by Adsorption on Activated Charcoal and Analysis by Gas Chromatography. Determination of Residual Vinyl Chloride Monomer in Vinyl Resins. Dust, Determination of Total and Respirable Airborne Dust by Membrane Filter Sampling and Gravimetric Analysis. ' if'P ,* L t" >' -- 5 FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 WASHINGTON. D.C. Volume 39 * Number 194 PART II DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety And Health Administration EXPOSURE TO VINYL CHLORIDE Occupational Safety and Health Standards 33890 < RULES AND REGULATIONS Title 29--Labor ployees from a rare liver cancer (angio and abroad. OSHA proposed to revise CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DE PARTMENT OF LABOR PART 1910--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS sarcoma) may have been occupationally related. As a result of this notification and alter consultation with NIOSH. and a joint inspection of the B. F. Goodrich plant by OSHA, NIOSH and the Ken tucky Department of Labor, a fact-find 1910.93a and published a comprehensive proposal (39 FR 16896) on May 10, 1974, to protect employees from hazards of exposure to VC. The proposal called for limitation of employee exposure to VC to "no detectable level," as measured by a Standard for Expocure to Vinyl Chloride ing hearing was announced on Janu sampling and analytical method sensitive Pursuant to sections 6(b), 6(c), and 8<c> of the* Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (84 SUt. 1593. 1596. 1599; 29 U.S.C. 655. 657) Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754) and 29 CFR Part 1911. S 1910.93 of Part 1910 of Title 29, Code of Federal Regu lations Is hereby amended in the manner set forth below, in order to provide an Occupational Safety and Health stand ard dealing with the exposure of em ployees to vinyl chloride. I. Background--(1) Vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride (chloroeihenei. Chemical Abstracts Service Registry No. 75014, Is a synthetic organic chemical made from ethylene or acetylene and chlorine by any of several processes. It Is the parent compound of a scries of thermoplastic resin polymers and copolymers which are widely used for containers, wrapping film, electrical insulation, pipe, conduit, and a variety of other Industrial and consumer products. Vinyl chloride has been made commercially in this country since 1939, and present production is in excess of seven billion pounds per year. The vinyl chloride industry divides into three segments: monomer production, polymer production, and fabrication. Production of the monomer Is a largescale continuous process, involving only a few Arms. There are comparatively few employees in this segment of the indus try, because the processes lend them selves to automation. Vinyl chloride (VC) is used primarily In the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a resin which is produced through batch processing. The conversion of the VC monomer into a polymer or copolymer Is an Incomplete process, I.e., not all of the monomer Is reacted. PVC is fabricated by a variety of tech niques. including extrusion, injection molding and calendering, to form a fin ished product that needs' no further chemical handling. The vast majority ary 30, 1974 (30 FR 3874) and held on February 15.1974. Information obtained from this hear ing. particularly the preliminary reports of experiments conducted by Professor Cesare Maltoni of the Instltuto dl Oncologia, Bologna, Italy, demonstrated that vinyl chloride Induced angiosarcoma In rats at levels as low as 250 ppm, and In other species at higher levels. Experi ments performed at lower levels of ex posure were not completed at that time. Other testimony from medical witnesses and NIOSH. and the results of autopsies, led to the conclusion that the Goodrich workers had angiosarcoma of tlie liver and that VC probably was the causal agent In the angiosarcomas observed. In post hearing comments, additional angiosarcoma deaths were reported among workers who had been exposed to VC in plants operated by Union Carbide Corporation, Firestone Plastics Corpora tion and Goodyear Tire & Rubber Com pany. On the basis of all Information avail able at that time, and the fact that em ployees were being exposed at levels around the experimentally observed ef fect level of 250 ppm. an emergency temporary standard (ETO) was promul gated on April 6, 1974 (39 FR 12341) pursuant to section 6(c) of the Act, as 29 CFR 1010.93q. This standard reduced the permissible exposure level from a celling of 500 ppm to a 50 ppm ceiling, and established other requirements, including, for example, monitoring and respiratory protection. It was expressly recognized that this standard limiting exposures to a SO ppm celling was a tentative, interim standard, and that the whole question of exposure to VC would be considered more fully in the light of additional information, especially the results of experiments which were known to be underway at that time. to 1 ppm, with an accuracy of 1 ppm :fc60 percent. The proposal also called for the establishment of regulated areas and limited access to such areas to au thorized persons. A requirement for monitoring of employee exposures was proposed, along with engineering and work practice controls to be Implemented when exposures over the detectable limit were measured. Respiratory protection would have been required while engineering and work practice controls were being implemented or where exposures exceeded the per missible limit even after feasible en gineering controls were Instituted. In addition, the proposed standard Included requirements for medical sur veillance, protective clothing, emergency Procedures, training, specific protection during maintenance and decontamina tion operations, transportation loading and unloading operations and record keeping. (4) Hearing on the proposal. The pro posal, as published on May 10. 1974, allowed 30 days for Interested parties to submit written comments and to request an informal rulemaking hearing. In formal contacts. with OSHA staff and early responses indicated that the sub ject was of great interest and importance to many persons. Because of the limited time available before expiration ef the six month period provided in section 6(c)(3) of tfae Act for promulgation at a final standard. It was decided to bold a hearing as soon as possible. Accord- . lngly. on May 24,1974, a notice of a bear ing was published (39 FR 18303), setting a hearing date of June 25. 1974. The hearing waa conducted from June IS through June 28, and again from July A through July 11, before Administrative Law Judge Gordon J. Myatt. All partici pants were given the opportunity to pre sent testimony and to cross-examine other witnesses. Persons participating in of employees involved in the VC Industry On April IS, 1974, information and data the hearing were given until August 21. are employed by fabrication firms. Such were presented to representatives of 1974, to file additional posthearing com firms range In size from those with few OSHA, NIOSH, and the Environmental ments, including various items of infor- _ employees and simple equipment to large Protection Agency by the Industrial Bio- motion which were requested during the plants Involving many employees and Test Laboratories, Northbrook, Illinois, examination of witnesses. considerable capital. concerning results of animal exposure (5) Economic and technical impact Vinyl chloride (VC), a gaa at ambient studies with VC. These studies were study. During the hearing, OSHA deter temperature and pressure. Is a chlori sponsored by the Manufacturing Chem mined that additional facts would be nated hydrocarbon, which heretofore has ists Association. Although only pre needed to determine the practicality at been regarded as having moderate liver liminary in nature at that time, these certain aspects of the proposed stand toxicity. The Initial standard, contained results revealed that 2 out of 200 mice ard. Accordingly. OSHA contacted an In In Table' 0-1 of 1910.93, established a exposed to VC concentrations of 50 ppm dependent consultant, Foster D. Snefl ceiling value of 600 parts of VC per mil for 7 hours a day. five days a week, for Corporation, to conduct studies of the lion parts of air. approximately 7 months, had developed feasibility of compliance at various ex (2) The emergency temporary stand angiosarcoma of the liver. posure levels, including those proposed ard. On January 22, 1974, the Occupa (3) The proposed permanent stand by OSHA and others advanced by in tional Safety and Health Administra ard. Based on the demonstrated evidence dustry spokesmen. Snell was also com tion (OSHA) was informed by the Na of VC's carcinogenicity in three animal missioned to collect Information regard tional Institute for Occupational Safety species (rats, mice and hamsters), and ing the economic costs of compliance. and Health (NIOSH) that the B. F. the subetantial probability that VC had This action was announced at the close Goodrich Chemical Company had re been the causal agent in the cases of liver of the hearing, and Judge Myatt further ported that deaths of several of Its em angiosarcoma found in workers both here announced that the record would be kept FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39, NO. 194--FRIOAr, OCTOBER 4. 1974 8 ! r- f145919 fJlES AND REGULATIONS 35891 oT'ii far * ^erieJ nr. \i of Malt-C' l and Bio-Test Labora- may create a carcinogenic hasard. the %i, to .'How in1.'. .; u)r j Moreover. Maitom's investigations amount of exposure which Is hazardous ment in writing on the mudy. On August have demonstrated a dose-dependent re must be determined. The Burgeon Gen 26. 1974, OSHA announced that the pre lationship for induction of tumors <i e.. eral's Ad Hoc Committee referred to liminary study was available and that more tumors occur at higher exposure above concluded that safe exposure levels comments were to be submitted no later levels), including angiosarcoma of the for carcinogenic substances cannot be than September fl. 1874 <39 FR 30844). liver, in rats. The investigations of In scientifically determined. This position On September 13, 1974, OSHA invited dustrial Bio-Test Laboratories have dem is supported by the testimony of NIOSH comments on both the preliminary and onstrated a similar relationship lor at the hearing. Us recommendations for the final study, which was to be received both rats and mice. These investigators a standard of no detectable level, and by on or before September 25. 1874 <39 FR have induced angiosarcoma of the liver the testimony of expert witnesses from 33009). in rate and mice at exposure concentra the National Cancer Institute. <0) Environmental impact statements. tions ol 50 ppm. and uvhamsters at high Several witnesses and persons who sub A notice of intent to file an environmen er concentrations of exposure. Additional mitted comments have taken a contrary tal -Impact statement assessing the im tumors involving other organs, including view and have suggested that man Is less pact of a proposed standard on occu the kidneys, lungs, and skin of exposed sensitive to biologic aberrations Induced pational exposure to VC was published animals, were also observed in frequen by vinyl chloride exposure than experi In the Federal Register on April 24, cies much in excess of control animals. mental animals. Proponents of this posi 1974 (39 FR 14522). The notice invited The incidence of tumors in mice In the tion have argued that if humans were as any person having Information or data Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories investi sensitive as rodents, an "epidemic" of on the environmental Impact to submit gations is particularly pertinent. Of 200 cancer resulting from VC exposures it to 03HA by May 17,1B74. On June 12. mice <100 males. 100 females) exposed to should have already been discovered 1974, a draft environmental impact 60 ppm of vinyl cldorlde by Inhalation for among employees. They also argue that statement was prepared and circulated eleven montlis, 100 died, sixty-four ani the employees In whom tumors have been to all Interested persons. Ten copies were mals died without gross postmortem observed are those who have considerable forwarded to the Council of Environ pathologic examination being performed. employment experience as polymeriza mental Quality <CEQ>. which published Ol the 36 remaining animals for which tion reactor cleaners. Because it Is gen a notice of its filing and availability in the Federal Register on June 25, 1974 a gross postmortem pathologic examina tion was performed. 13 <36 percent) erally agreed that reactor cleaning in volved high exposures to vinyl chloride (39 FR 22975). A 45 day period was al were found with liver tumors (including in years past, It Is argued that the lower lowed for the submission of comments on angiosarcomas), 21 <58 percent) with levels currently found in the workplace the draft statement. On September 5, lung tumors. 9 <25 percent) with skin have not Induced cancer and are there 1974, the final environmental impact tumors, and one with a kidney tumor. fore safe. We reject this argument. statement was prepared and a copy of it According to the 1970 report by the The fact that approximately three- and all substantive comments were sent to appropriate governmental agencies, private organisations, and other inter ested persons. CEQ published a notice of availability for the final statement on September 6, 1974 <39 FR 32350). The submission of comment was Invited un til September 26, 1974. The final state ment and all significant comments have been carefully considered in arriving at the final standard on occupational expo sure to VC. (7) The record. The record in this proceeding Is one of the most exhaustive ever relied upon by OSHA. It consists of pre and post-hearing comments and testimony received at both factfinding and rulemaking hearings, the studies and Inspections conducted by OSHA person nel, the environmental Impact state ments, the economic and technical Impact studies, and all other relevant Information. In all, over 000 written com ments have been received; with more than 200 separate oral and written sub missions made with regard to the two hearings. The record itself exceeds 4,000 pages. Employers, employees, labor unions, public health groups, independ ent experts, physicians, research scien tists, end specialists In many fields have been Invited to submit Information and have made their views, knowledge and experience available to OSHA. The en tire record encompassing these lubmissions was thoroughly reviewed and evaluated in reaching the determina tions set forth below. II. Findings regarding carcinogenicity, exposure levels and feasibility--< 1 > Car cinogenicity of vinyl chloride. The car cinogenicity of vinyl chloride for three Surgeon General's Ad-Hoc Committee on the Evaluation of Low Levels of En vironmental Chemical Carcinogens, the finding of cancer in two or more animal species may be extrapolated to indicate a carcinogenic hazard to humans. Here, such a finding was made In three species that were exposed to VC by Inhalation-- a route comparable to employee ex posure. In addition, there were at least 13 confirmed coses of angiosarcoma of the liver among employees exposed to VC. a particularly significant number In view of the extreme rarity of tills cancer in the U.8. adult male population (testi mony of Dr. Marcus Key, Director of NIOSH. at the rulemaking hearing). The findings of angiosarcoma of the liver in both experimental animals and exposed employees is compelling evi dence that exposure of humans to vinyl chloride induces this tumor. Industry spokesmen, at the hearing, conceded that VC is carcinogenic for humans (e.g. testimony of Dr. McBumey. Rulemaking hearing. 1041). Accordingly. It Is con cluded that VC must be regarded as a human carcinogen, and the probable causal agent of angiosarcoma ol the liver, and that exposure ol employees to VC must be controlled. Additional evidence of tumor Induction in a variety of other organs, including lung, kidney, brain and skin, as well as non-malignant alterations, such as fi brosis and connective tissue deteriora tion, indicates additional oncogenic and toxicologic properties of vinyl chloride, which must be considered in establlsliing control regulations. (Bee testimony and results of studies by Bio-Test Labora tories. Tabershaw-Cooper, Maltoni. NIOSH, and Selikoff.) quarters of those employees with the longest exposure to VC (greater than 20 years since Initial exposure) have not yet been located, makes It impossible to determine the actual number of affected employees. The cases of liver tumors ob served to date have sn average latency period, since initial exposure, of approxi mately 20 yean. If It is assumed that In duction of angiosarcoma Is a dose-re lated phenomenon, and If employees en gaged in cleaning reactors did. In fact, receive larger doses of vinyl chloride, it would be expected that such tumors would be observed earlier for this em ployee population. For this reason, the significance of presumed lower doses cannot be accurately assessed until a longer period of time has passed, as a longer induction period would be expected. Initiation of exposure to chemical carcinogens and Induction of cancer are not necessarily synchronous events. Be cause of the physiologic complexities in volved with carcinogenesis, induction of tumors does not occur in all employees with similar exposure histories. For ex ample. Dr. Bchneiderman of the Na tional Cancer Institute emphasized dur ing his testimony that only about a fifth of longer-term heavy smokers develop lung cancer. Accordingly, the Industry contention that exposure levels have been dramatically reduced since the 1940's is not reliable evidence that cur rent levels of exposure are safe. Some Industry spokesmen also sug gested that the apparent nonrandom distribution of observed cancer in em ployees may Indicate an exposure thres hold for tumor induction, based on varia animal species (rat, mouse, hamster) has (2) Exposure limits. Upon finding that tions In the workplace design or prac been documented on the record by the exposure of employees to vinyl chloride tice and resultant employee exposures FEDERAL REGISTER, VOl, 39, NO 194--FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974 j C'C 9 04 ">g m rn m m m m rn * 35892 RULES AND REGULATIONS (testimony and questioning by Tenneeo e g., testimony of SeUkoff, Firestone, NCI, confident that Industry will continue to Chemicals. Inc.). It has also been em and NIOSHJ do so. phasised that in only 3 ol polymeriza In our view, the demonstration of can (4)Conclusion*. The conclusions be tion plants where employees have been cer induction in humans at a particular low are based on a thorough review and exposed to VC lor more than 20 years level is not a prerequisite to a determina evaluation of all the evidence submitted. have any employees dereloped angiosar tion that a substance represents a can Where decisions .can be based on record coma oi the liver. This argument is very cer hazard for humans at that level. It evidence, this has been done. Where, similar to that raised concerning vari would be Imprudent to assume man to however, factual certainties are lacking ability ol past employee exposure. Al be less sensitive to VC exposure than ex or where the facta alone do not provide though geographic and wortejnracUce dlf~ perimental animals In the absence of on answer, policy Judgments have been eferences may ultimately be demonstrated conchisive evidence. It would also be un made. to be factors In distribution ol angiosar founded to assume that animals will not 7T)ere is little dispute that VC Is car coma. sufficient tn/ormaOao Is unavail develop tumors when exposed at concen cinogenic to man and we so conclude. able to exclude from consideration of trations of VC of less than 50 ppm. However, the precise level of exposure risk those employees in workplaces for Ghould a sufficiently large number of ex which poses a hazard and the question which cases of angiosarcoma have not perimental animals be exposed to VC at of whether a "safe" exposure level exists, been observed.' concentrations of less than 50 ppm, cannot be definitively answered on the It has also been suggested that the Schneidermsn said that It would be ex record. Nor is it clear to what extent absence of cancer in a population of 335 pected that some would develop VC in exposures can be- Icasibly reduced. We How Chemical Company polymerization duced tumors. cannot wait until Indisputable answers employees monitored over a period of 7 (3) Feasibility. There Is virtually no to these questions are available, because years, Indicates that exposure to vinyl dispute that most. If not all. fabricators lives of employees are at stake. There chloride at concentrations of less than are currently capable of reaching ex fore, we have had to exercise our best 300 ppm Is safe. (Bee study by Dr. Cook, posure levels of 1 ppm through engineer judgment on the basis of the best avail submitted at the hearing by Dow Chem ing controls. These employers employ able evidence. These judgments have re ical Company.) However, the group sur well over 95 percent of all employees ex quired a balancing process, in which the veyed did not include all workers who posed to VC. Indeed, several fabricators overriding consideration has been tbe had been exposed, and the missing em are already operating at this level (see protection of employees, even those who ployees included many who had the longer term (over 20 years) exposures. Moreover, the statistically Insignificant size of the sample population decreases the possibility that tumors would be SPI testimony). However. Industry spokesmen have universally claimed that It is infeasible for the VC and the PVC industries to remain below 1 ppm con sistently. using engineering controls. In may have regular exposures to VC throughout their working lives. Based on the available evidence and in view of the above considerations, includ ing feasibility, we believe that employee observed. addition, the Knell study on technical exposures to VC must be reduced to a 1 Dow also presented preliminary data feasibility concluded tlr't a 1 ppm ceil ppm time-weighted average (TWA). We In testimony at the hearing on the pos ing is not feasible for the VC and PVC also believe that PVC and VC establish sible metabolic pathways of VC. The Industrie* with present technology, but ments will, in time, be able to attain that hypothesis presented was that VC may that the VC industry coaid currently at level through engineering controls, and exert its carcinogenic effect by a metab tain lower exposure levels than the PVC that fabricators can do so In tbe Im olite, and that the metabolite is pro Industry. Labor union spokesmen and the mediate future. duced only when VC Is metabolized by a Health Research Group, Inc., however,' In addition to the TWA requirement, secondary metabolic pathway operating have suggested that such a level is at we have established a S ppm celling only when enzymes regulating the pri tainable. (averaged over a 15-minute period) in mary pathway are saturated, as would Since there la no actual evidence that order to prevent exposure of employees be the result at higher exposures. The any of the VC or PVC manufacturers to unacceptable high excursions. From preliminary data indicated the possi have already attained a 1 ppm level or in an operation standpoint, this celling bility at an additional pathway for fact instituted all available engineering level Is realistic because minor excur metabolism of VC in rats exposed to con and work practice controls, any estimate sions up to the celling level are likely to centrations of VC in excess of 220 ppm. as to the lowest feasible level attainable occur on a regular basis. However, the occurrence of angio must necessarily involve subjective Judg m. The final standard--(1) Scope and sarcoma in both rats and mice at VC ment. Likewise, the projections of indus application. Both the ET8 and the pro exposure concentrations of 50 ppm In try, labor, and others concerning feasi posal would apply the standard to the dicates that if a metabolite of VC is the bility are essentially conjectural. Indeed, entire VC Industry, Including manufac ultimate carcinogen, then it must be as Firestone has suggested. It Is not pos turers of VC and PVC and fabricators, generated at lower exposure concentra sible to accurately predict the degree of but excluding employers handling or tions In these species. Although this re Improvement to be obtained from en using fabricated products made from search may be helpful to the thorough gineering changes until such changes are VC. understanding of tbe carcinogenicity of actually implemented. There is no dispute that a standard is VC. it appears that it does not yet offer We agree that the PVC and VC estab required for the monomer and polymer evidenoe which can assist in determina lishments win not be able to attain a 1 industries. However, the Society of Flas- ' tion of sate exposure concentrations for ppm TWA level for all job classifications tics Industry (SPI) and various fabrica employees, or even that such safe ex posures exist. In the near future. We do believe, how ever. that they will, in time, be able to tors (sac testimony of Goodyear, Qen- era! Cable, etc.) recommended that A number of witnesses representing attain levels of 1 ppm TWA for most Job fabricators be excluded from the stand employers have stressed that there is no classifications most of the time. It is ap ard. or that a separate requirement be evidence of cancer, either in employees parent that reaching such levels may re established for them because many iff or experimental animals, at exposure quire some new technology and work them were already at or below the pro concentrations of VC less than 50 ppm. practices, it may also be necessary to posed ceiling level. (See e g., testimony of Firestone, Ten- utilize technology presently used in other The record evidence establishes that neco Chemicals.) The conclusion of these industries. In any event, the VC and PVC at least some employees in the fabricat- ^ witnesses was that no decision can be industries have already made great ing industry are exposed in excess of tbs made concerning risk of exposure to VC strides in reducing exposure levels. (See permissible control limits (See NIOSH at concentrations less than 50 ppm. testimony of Dow Chemical Co., TR 073). testimony, TR 106; Robintech TR 642). On the other hand, the testimony of most expert witnesses, including some in dustry biomedical experts, stated that quantification of a safe exposure con centration Is not possible with the pres For example. B. F. Goodrich testified (TR 1120) that it has reduced average exposure levels In several PVC plants from 35-40 ppm early this year to 12-13 In these circumstances, we believe that it is Imprudent to grant a blanket exemp tion for all fabricators. Therefore, tbe : final standard is applicable to the fabri ent state of scientific knowledge. (See ppm at the time of the hearing. We are cation industry, as well as the mono FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 39. NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTORER 4, 1974 to ucc 04592 RULES AND REGULATIONS .75S`i:: onfl j'o'yn'CT Industries. Employers who, temperature as PVC. lor further pro below the action level, no f arther n, in ' re,', "ubstantially below the ex- cessing. indicates that a potential for re torrng is required unless tne einpn or rvcsu' Hih'."' .rill be subjected to oaly lease of the residue still exists. It ap has reason to suspect that any employee .ninhf'.aJ b.oL-'ns by virtue of the "action pears that the exemption of fabricated is exposed in excess of the action level, level" to be discussed below. products should be limited to Just those or unless changes have been made in Where employers in the fabricating items which will not undergo such mass production; process, control, type of resin, Industry have exposures approaching the heating. Further, the opportunity to etc. permissible limit, they will appropriately demonstrate that exposures are below Where the exposure level, without re be subject to the standard. Employers the action level, and thus, discontinue gard to respirators, exceeds the permis handling or using fabricated products many duties of the standard, provides a sible levels, monitoring must be conduc made of PVC were not inrluded la the more positive control and an adequate ted at least monthly. Where exposures ETS or the proposal and are excluded relief. are less than the permissible levels, but from the final standard. This conclusion (2) Permissible trrportere limit. The greater than the action level, monitoring Is based on the absence of adequate evi standard sets an exposure limit of 1 ppm must occur at least quarterly. dence of exposure to VC In these opera averaged over arty 8 hour period, and a (5) Methods ol compliance. The stand tions. The final standard clarifies the ex celling of 5 ppm averaged over any per ard, like the proposal, requires that em emption by defining a fabricated prod iod not exceeding 15 minutes. ployers immediately Institute feasible uct aa a product made wholly or partly As more fully discussed above, this engineering and work practice controls from PVC which does not require further limit is based on an evaluation of the best to reduce exposures to at or below the processing at temperatures, and for available evidence and on a Judgment permissible exposure limit. times, sufficient to cause mass melting of that the health and safety of employees Where feasible engineering and work the PVC. 8PI and others <cf. TR. 344> must be protected to the fullest extent practice controls will reduce exposures requested that PVC resins with less than feasible. In view of the fact that release below the permissible levels, they must 0.1 percent residual monomer be ex of VC in the VC and PVC manufacturing be Instituted. Where such controls will empted from the regulation now, and processes are variable, the 1 ppm celling not reduce exposures below the permis that the exemption level be reduced to level provided In the proposal would sible level, they must nonetheless be im 0.01 percent In three years. SPt suggested require maintenance of an average level plemented to reduce exposures to the that the exemption of materials with less significantly more difficult to attain lowest practicable level, and be supple than 0.1 percent of 14 carcinogens from through feasible engineering controls. mented by the use of respirators to pro 20 CFR 1910.93p (30 FR 3756) was an Therefore, the exposure limit prescribed vide the necessary protection. There appropriate precedent. The cases are not In the proposal has been rejected. upon, a continuing program of engineer comparable, because no attempt had been (3) Action level. The final standard, ing and work practice controls must be made to set air concentration limits for unlike the ETS and the proposal, pro instituted to reduce exposures to the low the 14 carcinogens. The record did not vides for an "action level" of 0.5 ppm est practicable level. When exposures are Include Information that reliable moni TWA, one-half of the permissible ex at or below the permissible exposure toring and measuring techniques were available. Moreover, the exemption did not exempt airborne traces of carcino gens. The administrative cutotl was pro posure limit. The purpose of the action level Is to minimize the impact of the standard on the employers who have attained exposure levels well below the limits, the program may be discontinued. In addition, a plan for achieving con trol by engineering and work practice methods must be drawn up and be made vided to avotd regulation of materials permissible limit. Thus, where the re available, upon request, to represent about which there was no health haz sults of monitoring under paragraphs atives of OSHA and NIOSH. ard information, and which would have (d)(1) or (d)(2) demonstrate that no We recognize that many employers broadly extended the application of the employee is exposed in excess of 0.5 covered by the standard can not cur regulation beyond the record. Herein, ppm TWA, employers may, in effect, be rently achieve compliance with the per no information was presented to show exempted from some provisions of the missible exposure limit solely by the use safe concentration results from the use standard. For example, fabricators who of feasible engineering and work practice of resins with specific levels. Indeed, the are below the action level are not re controls. The record also reflects broad proposal to change, the level later, when quired *o provide medical surveillance or generic distinctions between the compli Improved technology would permit such to monitor again, unless the employer ance capabilities of the VC and PVC reduction, would seem to Indicate that has reason io suspect that any employee industries. Some industry spokesmen, 8PI has doubts about the safety of . 0.1 is exposed In excess of the action level. including SPI (TR. 358-362), recoin-. percent residue lever. Diamond Shamrock In our Judgment, exposures below the mended that a schedule of different per- (Exhibit 143) testified .that there Is no action level. do not present a sufficient missiie exposure limits and compliance direct relation.- They indicate that the hazard to warrant application of the en dates be established for the VC and PVC airborne concentration Is more related tire standard to the many employers who segments of the industry. to the physical form of the resin and are or will be below that level. This view assumes that the ability and the ventilation provided. Also, monitor (4) Monitoring. The final standard, the time required to feasibly reach in ing data from Industry (cf. Exhibits 131, like the proposal, requires that Individual creasingly lower control levels is similar 168,170) and OBHA (Exhibit 151) Indi employee exposure levels be determined. within each industry, but differs mark cate that levels in excess of 1 ppm may This may be accomplished by personal edly between industries. While the record be found in fabrication operations. In or area monitoring. Some witnesses and does suggest that such differences do view of these facts and of the opportunity persons who submitted comments did exist between industries, as noted above, for employers to discontinue many duties not understand the meaning of the term it Is clear that Intra-industry differences upon a showing of no exposures above the "95 percent confidence level" In the also exist. Thus, the ability and time re action level, it does not appear that any proposal. Essentially It means that the quired by each employer to attain lower residue exemption Is either justified or employer is required to take a sufficient control levels may depend upon such necqssary at this time. This course also number of measurements so that the re factors as the climate in which the plant agrees with a number of Industry pro sults obtained are statistically valid. We Is located, the age of equipment, the size posals (cf. TR 660). have modified the proposal to establish of reactors, or the type of resin manu SPI (TR 345), among others, asked accuracy range requirements for various factured or used. (Snell study. Firestone that compounded PVC pellets be ex measurement levels. These ranges are testimony, etc.) empted from the standard on the grounds narrow enough to ensure that a deter Monitoring data also tends to support that the pellets had too low a residue to mination of compliance can be made, and such Intra-Industry variations. (See, cause harmful or measurable emissions. broad enough to allow the application e.g. Dow, Firestone, Tenneco.) While it appears that PVC pellets would of a variety of technologies As noted above, the standard requires have a lower residue level than virgin All covered employers ate required to all employers to Institute feasible engi PVC, the fact that the pellets must be conduct initial monitoring. Where moni neering controls to the fullest extent and heated to a molten mass at the same toring and measuring results are at or to continue to improve and apply engi- FEDERAl MOUTH. VOl. 39, NO. 194--HIDAY, OCTOIH 4, 1974 11 RULES AND REGULATIONS ' ULtli full compliance la if the environmental level is not con trations. In discussions of these findings trolled to the permissible exposure limit, with NIOSH. It has indicated that it is . ..-.tJishcd any deadlines then employees must be afforded respira willing to consider an an expedited basis , uii compliance through engineering tory protection. the approval of air-purifying respirators controls because we are presently unable While exposures In excess of the per for use against VC. Consequently, we to determine when It will be feasible for missible level do constitute a haaard. we have included three types of air-purify most establishments to reduce exposure believe that it la necessary to mitigate ing respirators irf the list of acceptable levels to the permissible level. some of the problems associated with units, subject to the approval of such We also believe that the requirement Implementing a program of respiratory units by NIOSH, The maximum concen that each employer reduce airborne con protection while employees are being tration for which each respirator may centrations to the permissible level, or fitted and trained in respirator use. and be used le based upon our evaluation to the lowest level feasible as soon as while other adjustments which may be of tbe data submitted by NIOSH and practicable win provide for inter-indus required are implemented. Therefore, Goodrich. Because air-purifying respi try and Intra-industry technological dif until January 1. 1076. where exposures rators do not Indicate sorbent exhaustion ferences which do exist, and will avoid are not in excess of a 25 ppm ceiling, or breakthrough of VC, and because VC the setting of separate industry stand each employer must provide each em has no inherent warning properties at ards on the basis of the general situation ployee with an appropriate respirator. levels for which these devices are used, and conditions in each industry, However, employees whose exposures do strict administrative controls will be re (6) Regulated areas. The proposed not exceed a 25 ppm celling, may decline quired for their use. Such controls in standard would have required that regu to use the respirator, in which case the clude a program to assure timely re lated areas be established, that access be employer is not obligated to require its placement of canisters or cartridges and limited to authorized employees, and use. During this adjustment period, em an alarm system to alert employees when that dally rosters or summaries of those ployees will be trained in the uses, pur vinyl chloride concentrations exceed the entering be kept for at least 20 years. In poses and limitations of respirators, and concentrations allowed for the particu objection to these requirements, it was the hazards of exposure to vinyl chloride. lar type of respirator in use. asserted that such control of access was Moreover, each employee will be notified (8) Hazardous operation*. This is a not necessary from a health standpoint. in writing if be baa been exposed In ex new section within the final standard. It Secondly, tt was claimed that these con cess of the permissible exposure limit. encompasses essentially the proposal's trols would Interfere with operations by Where exposures exceed a 35 ppm ceil requirements for maintenance and de preventing access of needed employees or ing, respiratory protection is mandatory contamination but has restated them In non-employees, such as contractors, in light of our judgment that much terms of performance language to allow truck drivers, customers and consultants. greater risks are associated with such greater flexibility for employers to deal The purpose of establishing regulated exposures. with such operations. The intent of the areas in the proposal was to limit the The provisions In the final standard new section is to protect employees en risk of exposure to as few employees as regarding the selection and use of respi gaged in activities that present a risk of possible. This concern is still paramount, ratory protective devices differ from exposure to vinyl chloride in excess of the and thus the limited access feature re those in the proposal. The descriptions of permissible levels. An example would be mains. The final standard amends the atmosphere-supplying respirators have tbe cleaning of a filter where resin con proposal slightly to allow "authorized been revised to indicate more clearly the taining high residual monomer Is persons'* to enter regulated areas. This types of devices Intended, and the maxi trapped. change, tt is frit, will allow operations to mum permissible concentration level for The proposal's requirement for full- continue without undue Interference. each device. Moreover, the number of body, Impervious clothing baa been re The final standard has also Increased the types of atmosphere-supplylns devices placed by the direction to use Impervious tioigth at time daily rosters must be has been Increased. garments suited to the particular situa ^maintained from 20 to 30 years. This At the bearing Mr. Edwin C. Hyatt, an tion and probable extent at exposure. change waa based largely on epidemio Q8HA consultant, made suggestions re Thus, full-body clothing is not always logical considerations. (See NIOSH testi garding the use of particular respiratory necessary, and Is therefore not required mony, tr. 119.) devices. We have concluded that, his sug where less protection Is adequate; Since .(7) Reeptratory protection. The final gestions are meritorious. Therefore, the vessel entry falls within the definition standard, like the proposal, requires the provisions for selection of atmosphere- . of a hazardous operation, the vessel entry use of respirators where employee expo supplying devices follow, closely the rec section of the proposal has been deleted sures exceed the permissible control level. ommendations contained in his testi fi'om the final standard. Industry representatives made a number mony of DPI and H. P. Goodrich) (TR (9) Emergency situations. The defini of objections to proposed requirements with Hyatt's suggestions. (See e.g. testi tion of emergency has been recast In for respiratory protection. They stated mony of SPI and B. F. Goodrich) (TR terms of an unexpected massive release. that the "no detectable level** would ef 85 ff) We had originally omitted air- The main objection to tbe section on fectively require continuous wearing of ' purifying respirators because none had emergency situations In the proposal was respirators fct PVC and VC plants, and been approved by NIOSH for use against that, os the term was defined, many that this Is not feasible because respira VC, principally because they lacked In ordinary leaks or operations resulting In tors are cumbersome, present a safety dicators to signal the expiration of the a small release of vinyl chloride would be hazard, and employees would not use service life of the sorbent.. Hyatt and considered emergencies. This was not them. other witnesses discussed in detail the the intent of the proposed. The final We would agree that respirators have desirability of being able to use canisters standard has been clarified to correct many drawbacks; the proposal did not or cartridge air-purifying respirators, this ambiguity. It should be noted that contemplate them as a final solution. The provided a sorbent could be shown to the written operational plan required by record shows that the FVC Industry par effectively absorb vinyl chloride with an the standard need not be developed for- ticularly may need-several years before adequate service life. Recently, OSHA minor excursions above the permissible plant environmental levels can be re has received respiratory, data from labo exposure limit, and.that such excursions duced so that respirators are necessary ratories regarding the effectiveness of need not be reported. only occasionally. However, we cannot commercially available canisters and (10) Signs and labels. The thrust of the agree that respiratory protection should cartridges for vinyl chloride. These eval signs and labels section is to apprise not be required simply because it is in uations were conducted separately by employees of the cancer and fire haz convenient, may require additional per sonnel. Interferes with production, or may requite extensive retraining of em ployees and restructuring of work prac NIOSH and by the B. F. Goodrich Com pany and submitted to OSHA in post hearing comments. The results indicate that certain presently available `canis ards. No objections have, been raised with respect to informing employees of the fire hazard. However, a number ol ob jections were raised- at the hearing and in written submissions to the require tices. We have carefully considered all ters and cartridges effectively absorb ment that the word "cancer'' appear on the objections, and have concluded that vinyl chloride at relatively low concen all signs and labels. The principal argu- FCDERAl MGISTtt, VOL. 39, NO. JV4--FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4. 1974 RULES AND REGULATIONS r> !:, merit advanced aRatnst Its use nos that the term "cancer" or "cancer-suspect agent" scares employees and that in stead. the message should contain In structions on how to deal with the sub stance (TR. 347). We believe that a diluted form of warning will not suffice. We appreciate the concern of employers with the reaction of their employees. But we consider it Imperative that a worker be fully informed, and that he realize the possible risks Involved in his occupation. Coupled with the training requirement in the standard, wt believe that the signs and labels required will adequately in form employees o! the hazard, in addi tion, such signs will warn unauthorized personnel to keep out of regulated areas. The proper application of mast protec tive measures requires an amount ot training and indoctrination of employees that cannot easily be conveyed on a sign or label. Also, the variety of measures that could be prescribed would result in an unwleldly or excessively detailed leg end. Consequently, the required message on signs and labels will not include in formation on precautions, relevant symptoms, etc. The addition of suitable information by the employer would be permitted, providing It does not detract in any way from the required statement. The requirement in the proposal for labeling containers of vinyl chloride has been amended by deleting the reference to the passible hazard of violent polym erization. Very little Information was developed on this hazard during the standard-setting procedure. It does ap pear that this hazard Is essentially under control and that the Are and carcino genic hazards at present are the most significant. Since labeling or placarding that is In compliance with the U.8. De partment of Transportation regulations <49 CPU Part 173, Subpart H) already warns of the fire hazard, only a state ment concerning the carcinogenic haz ard need be added tothe Department of Transportation labels. (fl) Medical surveillance. The princi pal questions that have been raised re garding medical surveillance are the necessity and efficacy of requiring cer tain specific serum enzyme determina tions (SMA-12 series) and the applica tion of medical examination require ments to the fabrication segments of the industry where employees are exposed to lower levels of VC. The objection has also been raised that the specification of tests and procedures Interferes with the ap plication ot advances in medical knowl edge. A particular difficulty In considering medical surveillance Is that the most commonly discussed lesion, angiosarcotna-of the liver, currently cannot be diagnosed until the victim is terminal and. usually, within months of death. Precursor physiologic alterations, which might be reversible, have not yet been directly associated with the lesion. Con sequently. there are no specific diagnos tic tests which can be prescribed which will determine presence or absence of this tumor at an early stage of develop ment. However, most medical witnesses indicated that the medical ties*- ; vo'" are currently the only once -w-e which are useful for medical surveilia..^ (TR 121. Exh. 95, TR 68&-691). Conse quently. the specific blood tests proposed have been retained as a minimum re quirement to assist the examining physi cian in determining fitness of potential employees for assignment to workplaces involving VC exposure. In addition, al ternative medical examinations may be used where the examining physician de termines that they are at least as good as those specified by the standard. The Tabershaw-Cooper study and the various animal experiments suggest that VC may produce a wide spectrum of ma lignant and non-malignant disorders. The general scope of the required medical examination has, therefore, been broad ened to include kidneys, skin, connective tissue, spleen, and pulmonary system, as well as the liver. No additional specific procedures or tests are required, but rec ommendations have been included in the Appendix to assist the examining physi cian. Because of the nonspecific nature of the required medical , testa, it is not appropriate to prescribe timing, or type of followup tests, or to mandate with drawal from exposure based solely on re sults of the tests. Instead, the employer is required to obtain a statement from the examining physician of the em ployee's suitability for continued expo sure, when the examining physician has completed such tests as he considers ap propriate. The employer is required to withdraw an employee only when this statement indicates that the employee may be at added risk from continued VC exposure. As with monitoring, there appears to be no basis for complete exemption of the fabrication Industry from the require ment for medical examination. The rec ord does show fabricating establishments with concentrations of VC monitored considerably above the action level. In these instances, medical surveillance of affected employees will provide baseline data for future evaluation of their health, even if both monitoring and medical sur veillance are discontinued because im proved controls reduce concentrations below the action level. Where exposures are below the action level, the medical surveillance requirements do not general ly apply. < 12) Training. A separate provision for employee training has been added to the final standard rather than including It within the section on emergency situa tions as in the proposal. The new para graph provides for training of employees concerning the carcinogenic hazard of VC, emergency procedures, the need for monitoring end an annual review of the standard. It also provides for training of employees concerning the purpose lor, proper use of, and limitations connected with respiratory protection. (13) Records and reports. The- provi sions for recordkeeping contained In the final standard require the preparation and maintenance of. essentially the same Information required by the proposal. The major change from the original pro- maintenance jen , 'T.a daily rosier . oi anthorized persons for 30 years, instead of 20 years. Additionally, the em ployer is required to maintain medical records for the duration of an employee's employment plus 20 years, or 30 years, whichever is longer. The original pro posal called for only 20 years. This change has been implemented be cause the latency period for induction of angiosarcoma ranges up to 30 years from initial exposure. Therefore, as a mini mum, medical records must be main tained for at least that long. It should be noted that spokesmen for both labor and industry recommended that this change be made. The reporting requirements are not significantly different from those in the original proposal. However, instead of the requirement for reporting incidents which result in the release of VC into areas where employees may be exposed, the final standard clarifies our original Intent by stating that only emergencies must be reported. Also the requirement for filing a detailed, written report within 1$ days has been deleted. It has been concluded that submission, within 24 hours, of an Initial report that In cludes facts immediately available, would ordinarily be sufficient. However, If the OSHA Area Director requests further in formation relevant to the emergency, the employer will be required to furnish such Information. (14) Deleted portions of the proposal. The proposal contained provisions re quiring that shower facilities and change rooms be provided, and that storage or consumption of food be prohibited in regulated areas. We have deleted these provisions because It Is our conclusion they are no longer necessary. Showering facilities are not required because pro tective clothing, where required by the final standard, should protect employees from skin absorption by direct contact with VC and because there is no reliable evidence that VC vapor is absorbed through the skin. In addition, since we anticipate that most employees will not be wearing protective clothing and that employees who wear protective clothing will change such clothing Infrequently, we -are not requiring that change rooms be provided. In addition, we feel that there is in adequate evidence showing that hazar dous amounts of VC can be absorbed through Ingestion. For this reason, the requirement prohibiting the storage or consumption of food In regulated areas has been deleted.. The proposal also contained provisions on maintentance and decontamination, transportation loading and unloading, and polymer handling operations. These requirements are not mentioned in the final standard because attention to these items is implicit in the requirement that each employer reach the permlssable ex posure limit or attain the lowest feasible level. (15) Effective date. In order to ensure that affected employers and employees will be Informed of the existence of these EEDERAl RIOISTER. VOl. J9, NO. 194--FRIDAY, OCTOIEt 4, 1974 35896 RULES ANO REGUL'.nOnS provisions and that employers affected of the operation or because of an acci opportunity to observe the monitor are given an opportunity to familiarize dent In the operation, which would result ing and measuring required by this themeelves and their employees with the in an employee exposure in excess of the paragraph. existence of the new requirements, the permissible exposure limit. (e) Regulated area. (1) A regulated effective date of the amendment to (8) "OBHA Area Director" means the area shall be established where: 11910.93q will be January 1,1975. To pro Director for the Occupational Safety li) Vinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride vide continued protection for employees and Health Administration Area Office Is manufactured, reacted, repackaged, until that date, the provisions currently having jurisdiction over the geographic stored, handled or used; and contained In 11917 S3q are hereby area In which the employer's establish (ii) Vinyl chloride concentrations are promulgated, pursuant to section 6<b>, ment is located. in excess of the permissible exposure 6(c) and 8(c) of the Occupational Safety (9) "Polyvinyl chloride" means poly limit. and Health Act, as *n occupational vinyl chloride homopolymer or copoly (2) Access to regulated areas shall be safety and health standard effective mer before such Is converted to a fabri limited to authorized persons. A daily October 4, 1974. the amendment to cated product. roster shall be mode of authorized per I 1910.93q set out below will supersede (10) "Vinyl chloride" means vinyl sons who enter. these provisions as of January 1, 1975. chloride monomer. (f) Methods of compliance. Employee Accordingly, upon consideration of the (c) Permissible exposure limit. (1) No exposures to vinyl chloride shall be con whole record of this procediue. Part 1910 employee may be exposed to vinyl chlo trolled to at or below the permissible ex of Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations ride at concentrations greater than 1 ppm posure limit provided in paragraph (c) Is amended, effective January 1. 1975, by averaged over any 8-hour period, and of this section by engineering, work prac revision of i 1910.93q to read as follows: (2) No employee may be exposed to tice, and personal protective controls as 6191&9&I Vinyl chloride. vinyl chloride at concentrations greater follows: than 5 ppm averaged over any period not (1) Feasible engineering and work (a) Scope and application, (l) This exceeding 15 minutes. practice controls shall immediately be section Includes requirements for the (3) No employee may J>e exposed to used to reduce exposures to at or below control of employee exposure to vinyl vinyl chloride by direct contact with the permissible exposure limit. chloride (chloroethene), Chemical Ab liquid vinyl chloride. (2) Wherever feasible engineering and stracts Service Registry No. 75015. (d) Monitoring. (11 A program of work practice controls which can be In IT) This section applies to the manu Initial monitoring and measurement stituted immediately are not sufficient to facture. reaction, packaging, repackag shall be undertaken in each establish reduce exposures to at or below the per ing, storage, handling or use of vinyl ment to determine If there Is any em missible exposure limit, they shall none chloride or polyvinyl chloride, but does ployee exposed, without regard to the use theless be used to reduce exposures to not apply to the handling or use of fabri of respirators, in excess of the action the lowest practicable level, and shall be cated products made of polyvinyl chlo level. supplemented by respiratory protection ride. (3) Where a determination conducted In accordance with paragraph (g) of this (3) Hils section applies to the trans under paragraph (d)(1) of this section section. A program shall be established portation of vinyl chloride or polyvinyl shows any employee exposures, without and Implemented to reduce exposures to chloride except to the extent that the regard to the use of respirators, in ex at or below the permissible exposure Department of Transportation may cess of the action level, a program for de limit, or to the greatest extent feasible, regulate the hazards covered by this sec termining exposures for each such em solely by means of engineering and work tion. ployee shall bo established. Such a pro practice controls, as soon as feasible. 0 Detlnutans. <1> "Action level" gram: (3> Written plans for such a program means a concentration of vinyl chloride (i) Sian be repeated at least monthly shall be developed and furnished upon of 0.5 ppm Averaged over an 8-hour work where any employee Is exposed, without request for examination and copying to day. regard to the use of respirators. In ex authorized representatives of the Assis C2> "Amtotant Secretary" means the cess of the permissible exposure limit. tant Secretary and the Director. Such Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupa (ill Shall be repeated not leee than plans shall be updated at least every six tional Safety and Health, US. Depart quarterly where any employee is exposed, months. ment of Labor, or his designee. without regard to the use of respirators, (g) Respiratory protection. Where (3) "Authorized person" means any in excess of the action level. respiratory protection is required under person specifically authorized by the em ployer whose duties require him to a regulated area or any person entering such an area as a designated representa tive of employees for the purpose of ex ercising an opportunity to observe moni toring and measuring procedures. (4) "Director" means the Director. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, or his designee. (ill) May be discontinued for any em ployee only when at least two consecu tive monitoring determinations, made not less than 5 working days apart, show ex posures for that employee at or below the action level. (3) Whenever there has been a pro duction. process or control change which may result in an Increase In the release of vinyl chloride, or the employer has any other reason to suspect that any em ploye* may be exposed in excees of the this section: * (1) The employer shall provide a respirator which meets the requirements of this paragraph and shall assure that the employee uses such respirator, except that until December 31, 1975, wearing of respirators shall be at the discretion of each employee for exposures not In ex cess of 25 ppm, measured over any 15- mtnute period. Until December 31, 1975. each employee who chooses not to wear an appropriate respirator shall be in (5) "Emergency" means any occur action level, a determination of employee formed at least quarterly of the hazards rence such as, but not limited to. equip exposure under paragraph (d) (1) of this of vinyl chloride and the purpose, proper ment failure, or operation of a relief de section shall be performed. use, and limitations of respiratory vice which Is likely to, or does, result In (4) The method of monitoring and devices. massive release of vinyl chloride. measurement shall have an accuracy (2) Respirators shall be Delected from (61 "Fabricated product" means a (with a confidence level of 95 percent) of among those Jointly approved by the product made wholly or partly from not less than plus or minus 50 percent Mining Enforcement and Safety Admin polyvinyl chloride, and which does not from 0.25 through 8.5 ppm, plus or minus istration, Department of the Interior, require farther processing at tempera 38 percent from over 0.5 ppm through and the National institute for Occupa tures, and for times, sufficient to cause .1.0 ppm. and plus or minus 25 percent tional Safety and Health under the pro mass melting of the polyvinyl chloride over ID ppm. (Methods meeting these visions of 30 CFR Part 11. resulting In the release of vinyl chloride. accuracy requirements are available in (3) -A respiratory protection program (7) "Hazardous operation" means any the "N706H Manual of Analytical meeting the requirements of 11910.134 operation, procedure, or activity where a Methods"). shall be established and maintained. release of either vinyl chloride liquid or (5) Employees or their designated rep (4) Selection of respirators for vinyl gas might be expected as a consequence resentatives shall be afforded reasonable chloride shall be as follows: FEDEXAl REdltTEt, VOL 39, NO. 194--KIDAV, CTOSE1 4, 1974 14 ucc 045S25 RULES AND REGULATIONS 05897 `-r-.'pnertc concentration of (vl) The purpose for. and a descrip K#'/I JtlorfaS* Inquired apparatu* tion of, the medical surveillance <1) VtJinown.. or shore >,000 ppm__ Open-circuit, self-contAlned breathing apparatus, pres program; sure demand typa, with full faceplaoe. (vtl) Emergency procedures; (U) Not orerr SHOO ppm____________ (A) Combination typo C cupplled air respirator, pres- (vUl) Specific Information tp aid the aure demand type, with full or ball facepiece, employee In recognition of conditions and auxiliary self-contained air aupply; or which may result In the release of vinyl (Ill) Kotorer 100 ppm--.-----.___ (It) Mot orar 2S ppm....____...... (B) Type C, supplied air respirator continuous Sow type, with full or half facepiece, and auxiliary self-contained air supply. (A) Combination type C supplied air respirator de mand type, with full facepiece, and auxiliary' self-contained air supply; or (B) Open-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece, in demand mode; or (O) Type c supplied air respirator, demand type, with full facepiece. (A) A powered alr-purtrying respirator with hood. helmet, full or half facepiece, and a canister chloride; and (lx) A review of this standard at the employee's first training and indoctrina tion program, and annually thereafter. (3) All materials relating to the pro gram shall be provided upon request to the Assistant Secretary and the Director. (k) Medical surveillance. A program of medical surveillance shall be insti tuted for each employee exposed, with out regard to the use of respirators, to which provides a service life of at least 4 vinyl chloride In excess of the action hours for concenratlons of vinyl chloride up level. The program shall provide each to 3B ppm, or such employee with an opportunity for (B) Oaa mask, front- or back-mounted canister which examinations and tests In accordance provides a service life of at least 4 hours for with this paragraph. All medical ex concentrations of vinyl chloride up to 2S ppm. aminations and procedures shall be per (v) Mot over 10 ppm__________ ____ _ (A) Combination type C supplled-air respirator, de formed by or under the supervision of a mand type, with half facepiece, and auxiliary licensed physician, and shall be provided aeU-contalned air supply; or (B) Type C supplied-air respirator, demand type, with half facepiece; or (C) Any chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge which provides a service life of at leaet 1 hour for concentrations of vinyl chloride up to io ppm. without cost to the employee. (l) At the time of Initial assignment, or upon Institution of medical surveil lance; (I) A general physical examination shall be performed, with specific atten tion to detecting enlargement of Uver, (5) (1) Entry Into unkown concentra tions or concentrations greater than 30,000 ppm (lover explosive limit) may be made only for purposes of life rescue; and (ID Entry Into concentrations of less than 36,000 ppm, but greater than 3,600 ppm may be made only for purposes of life rescue, firefighting, or securing equipment so as to prevent a greater hazard from release of vinyl chloride. (6) Where air-purifying respirators are used; (I) Air-purlfylng cannlsters or car tridges shall be replaced prior to the expiration of their service life or the end of the shift In which they are first used, whichever occurs first, and (II) A continuous monitoring and alarm system shall be provided where concentrations of vinyl chloride could reasonably exceed the allowable concen trations for the devices In use. Such sys tem shall be used to alert employees when vinyl chloride concentrations exceed the allowable concentrations for the devices In use. (7) Apparatus proscribed for higher concentrations may be used for any lower concentration. <h> Hazardous operations. (1) Em ployees engaged In hazardous operations. Including entry of vessels to clean poly vinyl chloride residue from vessel walls, shaft be provided and required to wear and use; (3) Protective garments shall be pro vided clean and dry for each use. (1) Emergency situations. A written operational plan for emergency situa tions shall be developed for each facility storing, handling, or otherwise using vinyl chloride as a liquid or compressed gas. Appropriate portions of the plan shall be Implemented In the event of an emergency. The plan shall specifically provide that: (1) Employees engaged In hazardous operations or correcting situations of ex isting hazardous releases shall be equipped as required In paragraph (h> of this section; (3) Other employees not so equipped shall evacuate the area and not return until conditions are controlled by the methods required In paragraph <f> of this section and the emergency Is abated. (J> Training. Each employee engaged in vinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride operations shall be provided training in a program relating to the hazards of vinyl chloride and precautions for Its safe use. (1) The program shall Include: (I) The nature of the health hazard from chronic exposure to vinyl chloride Including specifically the carcinogenic hazard; (II) The specific nature of operations which could result In exposure to vinyl chloride in excess of the permissible limit and necessary protective steps; spleen or kidneys, or dysfunction In these organs, and for abnormalties in skin, connective tissues and the pulmonai-y system (See Appendix A). 01) A medical history shall be taken, including the following topics: (A) Alcohol intake; (B> Past history of hepatitis; (C) Work history and past exposure to potential hepatotoxic agents. Includ ing drugs and chemicals; (D) Past history of blood transfu sions; and (E) Past history of hospitalizations. (ill) A serum specimen shall be ob tained and determinations made of: (A) Total bilirubin; (B) Alkaline phosphatase; (C) Serum glutamic oxalacetic trans aminase (SOOT); (D) Serum glutamic pyruvic transam inase (SOFT); and (E) Gamma glustamyl transpeptidase. (3) Examinations provided in accord ance with this paragraph shall be per formed at least: (i) Every 6 months for each employee who has been employed In vinyl chlo ride or polyvinyl chloride manufacturing for 10 yean or longer; and (II) Annually for all other employees. (3) Each employee exposed to an emergency shall be afforded appropriate medical surveillance. (4) A statement of each employee's suitability tor continued exposure to vinyl chloride Including use of protec (1) Respiratory protection in accord (11) The purpose for. proper use, and tive equipment and respirators, shall be ance with paragraphs (c) and (g) of this section; and (U) Protective garments to prevent skin contact with liquid vinyl chloride or with polyvinyl chloride residue from vessel walls. The protective garments limitations of respiratory protective devices; (Iv) The fire hazard and acute toxic ity of vinyl chloride, and the necessary protective steps; obtained from the examining physician promptly after any examination. A copy of the physician's statement shall be pro vided each employee. (5) If any employee's health would be shall be selected for the operation and (V) The purpose for and a description materially Impaired by continued ex Its possible exposure conditions. of the monitoring program; posure, such employee shall be wlth- nOEtAl REOISTER, VOL 39, NO. 1V4--HIDAV, OCTOBER 4, 1*74 drawn (iob possible o'- ' tor,i (ii) The msDbw *4 emwteyeex tn each chloride. i-hUu-u warning, regulated area during normal operations, (6) Laboratory analyses for all bio- lnfm aiUcn or lnstrueUan. including maintenance. logtcal specimens Included In medical (m> Records. (1) All records main (2) Emergencies, and the facts ob examination* shall be performed In labo tained In accordance with this section tainable at that time, shall be reported ratories licensed under 42 CFR Part 74. shall include the name and social secu within 24 hours to the OSHA Area Di (7) If the examining physician deter rity number of each employee where rector. Upon request of the Area Dim - mines that alternative medical examina relevant. tor. the employer shall submit additional tions to those required hy paragraph (2> Records of required monitoring information in writing relevant to the <k)(l> of this section win provide at and measuring, medical records, and au- nature and extent of employee exposures least equal assurance of detecting med , thorized personnel rosters, shall be made and measure* token to prevent future ical conditions pertinent to the exposure and shall be available upon request for emergencies of similar nature. to vinyl chloride, the employer may ac examination and copying to authorized (3) Within 10 working days following cept such alternative examinations as representatives of the Assistant Secre any monitoring and measuring which meeting the requirements of paragraph tary and the Director. discloses that any employee has been <k)(l) of this section. If the employer obtains a statement front the examining physician setting forth the alternative examinations and the rationale for sub stitution. This statement shall be avail able upon request tor examination and (I) Monitoring and measuring records shall: (A> State the date of such monitor ing and measuring and the concentra tions determined and identify the Instru ments and methods used; exposed, without regard to the use of respirators tn excess of the permissible exposure limit, each such employee shall be notified In writing of the results of the exposure measurement and the steps copying to authorized representatives of <B> Include any additional informa being taken to reduce the exposure to the Assistant Secretary and the Director. (1) Stour and labels, tl) Entrances to regulated areas shall be posted with leg ible signs bearing the legend: C4NCD*fioiracT Agent Asm Aornotiao Personnel Onlt tion necessary to determine individual employee exposures where such expo sures are determined by means other than Individual monitoring of employees; and (C> Be maintained for not less than within the permissible exposure limit. (o) Effective dates. (1) Until Janu ary 1, 1975. the provisions currently set forth in f 1910.93q of this Part shall apply. (2) Areas containing hazardous oper ations or where an emergency currently exists shall be posted with legible signs bearing the legend: CiHcu^nmx Amm n* Tin Axes ftoncnvM BouiFMaNT BcotuaxD Atmtoeuxs FUUSNU OHIT 30 years. (II) Authorized personnel rosters shall be maintained for not less than 30 years. (Ul) Medical records shall be main tained for the duration of the employ ment of each employee plus 20 years, or 30 years, whichever is longer. (3) In the event that the employer (2) Effective January 1, 1975, the pro visions set forth in $ 1910.93q of this Part shall apply. Appendix A--Bdpplementaet Medical ISIEOSMATIOM When required teste under paragraph (k)(l) of this section show abnormalities, (3) Containers of polyvfnyl chloride resin waste from reactors or other waste contaminated with vinyl chloride shall be legibly labeled: ceases to do business and there Is no successor to receive and retain his rec ords for the prescribed period, these rec ords shall be transmitted by registered the tests should be repeated aa soon as prac ticable. preferably within 3 to 4 weeks. If tests remain abnormal, consideration should be given to withdrawal ol the employee from contact with vinyl chloride, while a more Contaminated with Viim. Chumids Cances-Suspect Aceht (4) Containers of polyvinyl chloride hall be legibly labeled: Pounsn Chloude (o* Hum Name) Con tains Turn esusnb ViMTL CBtnDi b a CAMcna-euapECT Aaairr mail to the Director, and each employee. comprehensive examination Is made. individually notified In writing of this Additional tests which may be useful: transfer. A_ For kidney dysfunction: urine examina <4> Employees or their designated representatives shall be provided access to examine and copy records of required monitoring and measuring. (5) Former employees shall be pro tion for albumin, red blood cells, and ex foliative abnormal cells. B. Pulmonary system: Forced vital capac ity, Forced expiratory volume at I second, and chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior, 14 x IT inches). vided access to examine and copy re C. Additional serum teste: Lactic add de <61 Containers of vinyl chloride shall be legibly labeled either: (1) Vurn. Cgiaaun. gbtnsMEi.Y ruKEAiu Qai Dmu PirasusE CAHcm-SuarEcx Aourr or (U) to accordance with 49 CFR Part 173. Bubparl H. with the additional quired monitoring and measuring records reflecting their own exposures. (3) Upon written request of any em ployee, a copy of the medical record of that employee shall be furnished to any physician designated by the employee. (n> Reports. (1) Not later than 1 month after the establishment of a reg ulated area, the following Information hydrogenase, lactic add dehydrogenase Isoenzyme, protein determination, and protein electrophoresis. D. For a more comprehensive examination on repeated abnormal serum teste: Hepatitis B antigen, and liver scanning. (Secs, e and a. M Stat. 1690, 1699 (39 BB C. 655, 057): Secretary of Labor's Order No. 13-71, 30 FRB7S4) legends: shall be reported to the OSHA Area Di Signed at Washington, D.C., this Ut Cancm-SuspccT Agent applied neat the labor or placard. (6) No statement shall appear on or rector. Any changes to such Information shall be reported within IS days. (1) The address and location of each establishment which has one or more day of October, 1974. John Stcndck, Assistant Secretary of Labor, near any required sign, label or instruc regulated areas; and |FR Doc.74-33170 FUed 10-1-74:3:64 pm) FEDERAt tEGIITCS, VOL 39. NO. 194--FtJDAY, OCTOIEl 4. 1974 NEWS Century Adds Chromatographic Capability to their Portable and Fixed Organic Vapor Analyzers , rRrwEC*OcRhDaSr*t . COLUMN VALVE CENTURY MODEL OVA-98 PORTABLE INSTRUMENT WITH CHROMATOGRAPH ADAPTION & STRIP CHART RECORDER ADDED AS SHOWN. Now for the first time a portable, continuous sampling Organic Vapor Analyzer which also has gas chromatographic capability is available in our OVA instrument series. And the most exciting fact of all is that this new analyzer, including the strip chart recorder, still maintains the lightweight portability and reliability features which are characteristic of all OVA'S. This unique instrument permits not only the detection and quantitative analysis of potentially hazardous vapors but also an ''on-the-spot" qualitative analysis within minutes, depending upon the components under analysis. Elaborate and timeconsuming laboratory analysis is now significantly reduced because a compact, unique, gas chromatograph system is built right into the instrument. After location of potentially hazardous vapors, using the stan dard quantitative sample survey and analysis methods describ ed in the brochure "Century Portable Organic Vapor Analyzer", simply depressing the Column Valve will "switch" the chromatographic system into operation. This diverts a portion ^>f the vapor sample through the column for senaration and [ibsequent readout on the strip chart recorder At the same Yme. a charcoal filter is switched into the sampling system to reduce the hydrocarbon background during analysis. When the Column Valve is depressed, an immediate negative reference indication is printed on the strip chart recorder which establishes a "starting time baseline" for the chromatographic analysis. Subsequently, each component ol the sample exits from the column into the detector chamber after its respective retention time. Each produces a peak on the logarithmic strip chart recorder and on the hand-held, logarithmically scaled meter. Examples of typical analysis recordings of the linear time versus logarithmically scaled vapor level are shown in this brochure. Column selection for specific applications is facilitated by the availability of interchangeable columns, which can easily be changed by simply loosening two swagelok fittings. In addition to standard columns, which are designed for most standard in dustrial applications, special custom columns can be provided to customer specifications or the customer can easily provide his own column. In summary, employers concerned with the safety of their employees can now rapidly determine the ppm composition of potentially hazardous gases within minutes after the "heart and extent of the problem" is determined. Give the OVA with column and recorder options a close look it's at least one state of the art level ahead of any instrument available for industrial hygiene or air quality control applications 17 ' iC1'"': 045928 Vinyl Chloride Benzene Toluene Note that time base is linear but hydrocarbon level is log scaled tor measurement of low level trace elements. TYPICAL OVA PRINTOUTS SHOWING CLEAR COMPONENT SEPARATION CENTURY Portable Organic Vapor Analyzer uec 04592C 19 CENTURY Portable Organic Vapor Analyzer protects you and the environment INTRODUCTION A completely portable Or ganic Vapor Analyzer (OVA) is now available to detect and measure hazardous gases found in almost all industries, including manufacturing, petro-chemical, and natural gas transmission and distri bution. The Century OVA is a highly sensitive instrument designed to measure trace quantities of organic mate rials in air. It incorporates a hydrogen flame ionization detection system which has similar analytical capabilities to those utilized in gas chroma tographs. The flame ioniza tion detector is an almost universal detector for organic compounds with the sensi tivity to analyze for them in the parts per million range (V/V) in air in the presence of moisture, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon ^lioxide. rThe instrument has broad application, since it has a continuous, chemically re sistant air sanfpling system and can be readily calibrated to measure almost all organic vapors. It has a single loga rithmically scaled readout from 1 ppm to 100,000 ppm or with lower maximum level, if desired. Designed for use as a portable survey instrument, it can also be readily adapted to fixed remote monitoring or mobile installations. It is ideal for the determination of many organic air-pollu tants and in-the monitoring of air in potentially con taminated areas. The unique feature of the instrument is its complete portability which enables an entire facility to be surveyed rapidly and thoroughly. When vapors are detected, the continuous sampling feature enables the origin of those vapors to be readily traced and corrective action initiated. In most cases a qualitative analysis is not justified until the presence of potentially hazardous vapors is detected and the source of the vapors is determined. If, after locating the source, the vapors or mixture of va pors cannot be readily identified, a sample can be taken and a qualitative anal ysis performed on standard laboratory equipment. How ever, location of the vapor source will many times reveal the type of vapor and the concentration level can then be read directly, by simply changing the instrument cali bration to the predetermined setting for that particular vapor. The OVA thus enables a comprehensive survey of an entire facility to be performed rapidly and economically in contrast to ineffective and costly spot sampling techniques. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The instrument includes a detector chamber where the organic vapor being analyzed is introduced into a small hy drogen flame. Air sample is drawn into the instrument at a constant rate of nominally two (2) liters per minute through a chemically resis tant line and pump. The oxy gen in the air sample is used to support the small hydro gen flame. Flames characteristically have electrical conductivity due to the presence bf electrons and ions generated from the burning fuel. When even trace amounts of organic material enter the hydrogen flame, car bon-containing ions are formed and the electrical con ductivity increases signifi cantly. This change in con ductivity is measured and the output is directly related to the concentration of organic materials. The exception to this phenomenon is carbon monoxide and carbon diox ide which evidently, due to their structure, do not pro duce appreciable ions in the detector flame. Thus, other organic materials may be analyzed in the presence of CO and C02. An electric field in the cham ber drives the ions to a col lecting electrode which causes a current to flow into a pre amplifier that is proportional to the ion collection rate. The rate of ion generation is a function of the quantity and structure of the carbon com pound present in the sample. The ionization current is am plified in a logarithmic electro meter preamplifier, the out put of which varies as the logarithm of the input. This logarithmic feature enables measurement and readout of ionization rates over a range of up to five (5) decades (1 to 100,000) without range scaling. The output signal from the preamplifier is fed to the signal conditioning and con trol circuits for subsequent readout and alarm signalling. A fuel handling system in cluding storage tank, valves, . regulators and gauges is in corporated to maintain the small hydrogen flame jet in the chamber. The instrument response is read on a hand held meter assembly or can be read out utilizing the exter nal monitor signal. An audible detection alarm is provided which can be pre-set to any desired level and which has a freauency modulated tone which varies as a function of the signal level. The standard instrument includes an audi ble flame out alarm, battery test indicator and internal electronic calibration. The internal electronic calibration provides reference signals which are used in conjunction with a panel mounted gas selector adjustment to readily change the instrument calibra tion from one gas to another. Since the response of the in strument is dependent upon the chemical nature of the material being analyzed, it is necessary to calibrate the de vice with a standard sample of that particular organic vapor. However, the approxi mate response of the instru ment to hydro-carbons or compounds containing halo gens, oxygen, or nitrogen can be estimated from the structure of the compounds and utilization of empirical data. The internal electronic reference signals are provided so the operator can readily recheck the instrument re sponse from the point of ion collection to the read ut meter. 1 :f;r 045931 21 APPLICATIONS (1) Measurement of most toxic organic vapors present in industry for compliance with OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) requirements. (2) Survey of gas distribution and transmission lines and equipment for compli ance with OFFICE OF PIPELINE SAFETY (OPS) requirements. (3) Various measurement and monitoring applications in the air pollution field. (4) Leak detection in gas handling equipment. (5) Detecting explosive-level gas conditions in indoor and outdoor locations. (6) Measurement of methane in underground mines. OfHER TYPICAL USES (1) Controlling and monitoring atmospheres in manufacturing and packaging operations. (2) Mudlogging, gas and mineral exploration. (3) Leak detection related to volatile fuel handling equipment. SPECIFICATIONS Sensitivity: 1 ppm (methane) Response time: Less than 2 seconds Readout 250 logarithmic scaled meter, various scales in the range of 1-100,000 ppm. External monitor connector. Sample flow rate: -Nominally 2-liters per minute. Fuel supply: 75 cubic centimeter tank of pure hydrogen at max. pressure of 2300 PSIG, fillable while'in case. . Primary electrical power: Rechargeable and replaceable battery pack, at 12 VDC. Service life: Hydrogen supply and battery power -- 8 hours operating time minimum. Size: Side Pack Assembly 8%" widex 11%"long x 4V deep. Probe/Readout Assembly -- variable Weight Side Pack Assembly ~ less than 9 pounds. Probe/Readout Assembly -- less than 2 Pounds, Operator requirements: One man, one hand operation. Detection alarm: Frequency modulated audible alarm. Can be pre-set to desired level. Flame-out indication: Battery test: Pickup fixtures: Probe: Umbilical cord: Filtering: Side pack case: Standard accessories: Frequency varies as a function of detection level. Audible alarm plus visual meter indication. Battery charge condition indicated on readout meter or battery recharger. Variety Of types for various applications. Telescoping adjustment over 8 inches or probe can be completely removed from Readout Assembly. Five (5) feet long with connectors for electrical cable and sample hose. In-line disposable and permanent particle filters and optional activated charcoal filter. Molded high impact plastic case with carrying handle and shoulder strap. 1) Instrument carrying and storage case. 2) High pressure fuel filling hose assembly. 3) A.C. Battery charger. I ' ucc 045933 LITHO IN UJ MODEL 511 FLAME IONIZATION PORTABLE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH COMPLETELY PORTABLE RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES SELF-CONTAINED, REFILLABLE GAS SUPPLY ON-SITE ANALYSIS LOW POWER CONSUMPTION LOW WEIGHT -- 40 lbs. ISOTHERMAL OPERATION TO 175C ON-COLUMN INJECTION INTERCHANGEABLE FID-EC-TC DETECTORS USES GLASS OR METAL COLUMNS The Model 511 Portable Gas Chromatograph is a completely self-contained instrument. Con taining rechargeable Nickel-Cadmium batteries and a ref(liable gas supply this instrument may be carried fully operational to the sampling area and operated immediately upon arrival. The availability of three interchangeable detection systems allows the selection of the appro priate detector to perform virtually any isothermal gas chromatographic analysis. Accessability to the column and detector compartment is readily accomplished by the removal of the lid assembly from the instrument. Located on this lid assembly are the column, injector, detector, heaters and associated feed back circuits. For operator ease, all electrical connections are made through a mating plug. Incorporating state of the art electronic design, the Model 511 Portable Gas Chromatograph may be powered from a 110 volt source or from the self-contained Nickel-Cadmium batteries. The batteries are capable of powering the instrument for a minimum of 8 hours at oven tem peratures of up to 200C before they must be recharged. While the batteries are being re charged the instrument remains operational and may be used to perform additional analyses. Where external gas supplies are available, they may be used with the instrument in order to conserve the gases located in the power pack. 23 APPLICATIONS ...emane, Total and Non-Methane Hydrocarbons p4p5m The use of valving systems allows the analysis of Total Hydrocarbons in one mode of oper ation and the separation of these materials in the other mode. Utilization of the back flush valve after the methane has been determined flushes all of the other compounds back into the detector where they can be measured if desired. Organic Solvent Vapors The determination of the various individual compounds present in an air sample is an im portant analysis in the Environmental Health and Industrial Hygiene areas. Since the Model 511 separated the sample into its individual compounds it is possible to determine the con centration of each chemical. i4 a MNtZ*C*M4C HOW TO ORDER Model 511 Portable Flame Ionization Gas Chromatograph including rechargeable Nickel-Cad mium batteries, recharger and lecture bottles of all gases required for detector operation. Also includes a 6 ft. x % inch column packed with 10% DC-200 on Chromosorb W HP. Fittings provided on power pack for recharging lecture bottles to high pressure. Consult Price List for instrument and accessory prices. ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT, INC RT. 41 & NEWARK RD., AVONDALE, PA. 19311 PHONE: <215)-268-3181 All Prices FOB Avondale, Pa. PB122 7/73 Printed in USA Data Sheet 08-01-01 Model S Monitaire Sampler Application The Model S MonitaireTM Sampler by MSA provides the necessary vacuum for sampling atmospheres which may contain certain toxic and combustible gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, and mists. Description The Model S Monitaire Sampler is a rechargeable-battery-operated dia phragm pump which supplies a vacuum source for many atmospheric testing devices including filter paper holders, charcoal tubes, impingers, and numer ous MSA portable gas detection instru ments. Flow rate is adjustable. Pump can be clipped to a worker's belt so that a continuous air sampling can be made over several working hours. The Models pump features a dual valve assembly: a sample valve controls the sample flow directly, and a bypass valve controls bypass air which may enter through the center of the stem. The bypass valve permits the pump to operate efficiently by compensating for sample-flow restrictions. Low sampleflow requirements or highly restrictive sample devices introduce a pressure differential which must be reduced. The bypass valve introduces atmospheric air directly into the pump, reducing the pressure differential; the bypass may be partially or totally closed at higher sample rates. Proper bypass settings are specified in the instruction mate rials that are part of the Monitaire Sampler Kit. A tube fitting on the exhaust side of the pump permits use of the Monitaire Sampler for pressure operations. The battery charger has two charging rates to charge the Model S pump over night or over weekends; fully charged battery will run the pump continuously for up to eight hours. The Model S Moni taire Sampler Kit includes: selfcontained batteryoperated pump, battery charger, instruction man ual, pump mainte nance card, and attache- type carrying case with room for accessories. ucc 045936 25 Data Sheet 08-01-01 Approvals and standards Sampling pump has USBM Approval No. 2G-2239-2 as "permissible" for methane/air atmospheres. Factory Mutual approved as "intr'msicatifysafe" for Class I, Division I, Groups Cand D hazardous locations. Specifications Pump' Type: diaphragm Dimensions: 216 in. x 5 in. x 5-in. Weight: 31 oz, including battery Battery and perlormance: 6-volt rechargeable battery, 8-hour continu ous operation on full battery charge Flow indication: 0 to 10 scale Maintenance: (1) valve stems should be cleaned periodically by removing valve and blowing with air; (2) flow-tube assembly is easily removed and replaced: (3) pump and charger should be stored in container when not in use Battery charger Dimensions: 2V in. x 3 in. x 4V6 in. Weight: 12'/2 oz Power source: 16-hour rate for over night charging, 64-hour rate for week end charging Ordering information Catalog numbers 459660 . 458475 456059 996097 996338 459662 93385 459182 457629 Model S Monitaire Sampler Kit, complete with pump, charger, maintenance card, instruction manual, and carrying case Pump, Model S Battery charger Maintenance card Instruction manual Carrying case Flow-tube assembly, 0 to 10 range Battery pack, replacement Calibration check unit for sampling pumps 92944 456243 456242 456228 456226 456246 625412 449347 459743 457392 Dust and mist collection accessories Holder assembly, filter disc Holder assembly, respirable dust, complete with cyclone and sampling line assemblies Holder assembly only, , respirable dust Cyclone assembly only Sampling line assembly Kit, supplementary parts, including: 1 press/pry tool for 2- or 3piece aerosol filter holder (456223) 1 brush (625416) 1 tweezer (625417) 3 screens, stainless steel support (456224) Holder, aerosol filter, 2-piece; pkgof 12 Holder, aerosol filter, 3-piece; pkgof 10 Coupler, sampling line; pkg of 3 Coupler, stainless steel, for aerosol filter holder sampling with cyclone assembly 457391 39642 39643 Coupler, plastic, for pre weighed cassette sampling with cyclone holder assembly Balance, filter weighing Carrying case for balance 459003 459004 459054 Charcoal sampling tubes and accessories MSA Charcoal Sampling Tubes, mercury vapor, pkgof 12 MSA Charcoal Sampling Tubes, organic vapor, pkg of 12 MSA Tube Holder 93470 93495 Impinger test accessories Connector assembly for Midget Impinger flask Tubing for TDI or MDI flask Note: This Data Sheet contains only a general description of the Model S Monitaire Sampler. While uses and performance capabilities are described, under no circumstances should this device be used until the instructions, labels, or other literature accompanying the product have been carefully read and the precau tions therein set forth followed. Only they contain the complete and detailed informa tion concerning this product. /VISA MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES COMPANY 400 PENN CENTER BLVD.. PITTSBURGH, PA. 15235 At your service: 76 branch offices in the United States-, MSA CANADA, Downsview, Ontario (Metro Toronto), Halifax, Montreal, Winnipeg, Saskatoon. Edmonton, Calgary, Vancouver: representatives in principal cities of the world, cable address--"MINSAF" Pittsburgh ala Shest 08-01-01 Printed tn (J S A 748 (t) VINYL CHLORIDE DETERMINATION IN AIR BY ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CHARCOAL AND ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 15-MINUTE SAMPLE 1 PURPOSE AND LIMITATIONS This paper describes a procedure for measuring the exposure of personnel to vinyl chloride in the working environment. The method describes the preparation of standards which will determine vinyl chloride in the range of 9 to 90 parts per million by volume in air, based on a 15-min. sample at a flow rate of ioo ml per minute. Lower or higher ppm ranges can be determined by preparing additional standards to cover the range desired. (Vinyl chloride can be determined to at least 0.05 ppm by volume in air by this procedure, using more dilute standards.) 2 PRINCIPLE The sample is collected by passing air through a glass tube containing activated charcoal which adsorbs any vinyl chloride vapors present. The vinyl chloride is then desorbed from the charcoal by carbon disulfide extrac tion and analyzed by gas chromatography. 3 INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS Chromatograph Column 'Column temperature Injection temperature Detector Carrier Hydrogen flow rate Air flow rate Sample size Retention time AID (Analytical Instrument Development, Inc.) Portable Chromatograph, Model 511, or equivalent chromatograph, with flame ionization detector. Six-foot x 1/8-inch stainless steel packed with 10% di (2-ethylhexyl) sebacate on Chromasorb P, 80/100 mesh, NAW. 100C isothermal T1V0TX0'UVXC "" " ~ ~ 11 ----------------flame ionization detector helium or nitrogen 23 cc per minute 133 cc per minute 2 pi solvent flush technique 0.5 minute (adjust carrier flow until vinyl chloride elutes at this time) l*Note: If this column is used in a conventional chromatograph, ,, better separation of vinyl chlo~r'ide~ from other "I'ight . boiling impurities will^e'obtained'"b'y^operation oi 7 the column* oven near ambient temperature t'30C. The AID portable chromatograph cannot be used at ambient , temperature without modification since the heat from Tthe flame "ionization"'detector-will' cause'"the temperat'uro . in the column oven to rise to 60 to 70 C._______________ 29 Alternate Column - Better Resolution Instrument Column Detector Column temperature Detector temperature Injector temperature Carrier gas Air flow Hydrogen flow Sample size Approximate elution time Hewlett-Packard 5750 gas chromato graph - dual column, or equivalent, 25-foot x 1/8 inch stainless steel packed with 25% by weight 75% CO880/25% Tergitol E-35 on 40/60 mesh rescreened Chromosorb P. flame ionization 40 to 100C at 4C per minute 125 C 125 C helium, 30 ml per minute 350 ml per minute 30 ml per minute 10 pi 6.5 minutes 4 REAGENTS AND APPARATUS a) Personal sampling pump. MSA Model G or Bendix Micronair, Insert an in-line orifice made from a cut-off and restricted (pinched) hypodermic needle in the sampling line to the pump in order to obtain a 100 cc per minute flow on these pumps. b) Hypo-Vials, 15-ml size, Cat. No. 12911; Neoprene septa, Cat. No. 13233; alumina seals, Cat. No. 13214; and hand crimper, Cat. No. 13212, Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, 1llinois. c) Carbon disulfide, spectrophotometric grade d) Activated charcoal, Cat. No. 560-26, Barnebey-Cheney, Columbus, Ohio e) Soap film flow meter, 10-ml size f) Stop watch 5 PREPARATION OF THE ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION TUBE a) Prepare the activated charcoal by placing the charcoal on a 40-mesh sieve and wash with demineralized water until no visible fines appear in the washings. b) Dry the carbon in a drying oven at 110 c until dry and free flowing (overnight). Store in a screw-top, glass bottle until needed. c) Cut 8-mm O.D. x 6-mm I.D. Pyrex glass tubing into 6-inch lengths and fire polish the ends. d) Insert a Pyrex glass wool plug two-thirds of the distance into the glass tubes. The longer section of tubing will be designated as the primary end, while the shorter side of the tubing is the back-up end. ) Pack the tubes with the activated carbon, using a length of 60 mm in the primary section and 35 mm in the back-up section. Retain the carbon with glass wool plugs, f) Seal the tubes with a red rubber septum or parafilm until ready for use. 6 SAMPLING PROCEDURE a) Remove the seals from the charcoal tube and attached the back-up section to a portable pump by means of a length of 1/4-inch Tygon tubing. b) Set the flow rate at 100 ml per minute through the tube with a calibrated rotameter. (NOTE: The.lO-ml soap bubble flow meter can be used to obtain a more precise reading of the air flow through the tube if desired). c) Record the time the air sampling was started and the time when the sampling is completed. A 15-minute sample may be taken with this system.' d) After sampling, recheck the flow rate and reseal the ends of the charcoal tube. Return the tube to the laboratory for analysis. e) Record the temperature and barometric pressure at the sampling site. 7 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE a) Make a small hook at the end of a piece of wire and remove the glass wool plug from the primary end of the charcoal tube. Make sure that no charcoal particles adhere to the glass wool plug. b) Pour the charcoal into a 10-ml glass-stoppered volumetric flask and cool the flask and carbon in a wet-ice bath-J. c) Pipet 3 ml of carbon disulfide (CS2). into the cooled flask and stopper securely. (CAUTION: Carbon disulfide is toxic and should be handled under a hood.) d) Agitate the flask periodically for at least 30. minutes. > Solvent Flush Injection Technique. This injection technique is designed to eliminate difficulties arising from blowback or distillation with the needle of the microliter syringe. f) Flush a 10-pl syringe with CS2 several times to wet the barrel and plunger. g) Draw 2 pi of CS2 into the syringe and remove the tip of the needle from the solvent. Withdraw the plunger an additional 0.5 pi to separate the CS2 from the sample with a pocket of air. h) Dip the needle into the sample solution in the volumetric flask and withdraw the plunger until the air bubble between the solvent and the sample has passed the 2-pl mark on the syringe. i) Remove the tip of the needle from the sample solution and adjust the volume in the syringe until the meniscus of the air bubble rests on the 2-yul mark. Remove the excess sample solution from the tip of the needle. j) Pull the plunger back an additional 0.5 pi to prevent the sample solution from evaporating from the tip of the needle. k) Inject the entire contents of the syringe into the chromato graph. l) Measure the peak height and determine the vinyl chloride oontent from a previously prepared calibration curve. 31 8 CALIBRATION CURVE a) Pipet 10 ml of carbon disulfide (CS2) into each of five 15-ml hypo-vials. Cap the vials with the Neoprene septa and aluminum seals, using the hand crimper. b) Place the hypo-vials in wet ice to reduce the vapor pressur of CS2. c) Cap one of the valves on a steel sample cylinder containing vinyl chloride with a 1/8-inch Swagelok tubing nut which has a chromatographic septum installed in the nut. d) Insert a hypodermic needle through the septum on the cylinder, open the valve and allow the vinyl chloride to vent through .the needle for about 10 seconds to purge the air from the system. Remove the needle. e) Using the appropriate gas-tight syringe fitted with a number 27 gauge hypodermic needle, insert the needle through the septum on the cylinder and allow the pressure of the vinyl chloride to displace the volume of the syringe. Flush the syringe two times to remove any air which may have been trapped in the needle. f) Into the respective hypo-vials, inject 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 cc of vinyl chloride from the syringe. g) Shake the hypo-vials for one minute to put the vinyl chloride in solution. These standards will contain 56, 82, 133, 260, 515 pgm of vinyl chloride per ml. (NOTE: These calcula^ tions are corrected for the dead space in the gas syringe needle. The cold CS2 solutions in the hypo-vials are under slight negative pressure. Measurements have shown that the dead space in the syringe needle amounts to 0.04 cc, and 0.02 cc of this volume is pulled into the hypo-vial by the negative pressure.) h) Allow the standards to warm up to room temperature, then inject these standards into the chromatograph using the procedure described in Section 7, paragraphs e through k. Shake the hypo-vials each time just prior to withdrawing a sample. i) Plot peak height versus micrograms of vinyl chloride per ml. 9 CALCULATION A y 3 v 24 5 --L~-x -gg''g''-- * vinyl chloride, ppm by volume at 25C and 760 mm A - ugm per ml of vinyl chloride read from calibration curve L - total liters of air sample (flow rate x time) uoc 32 045941 VINYL CHLORIDE DETERMINATION IN AIR BY ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CHARCOAL AND ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 4-HOUR SAMPLE 1 PURPOSE AND LIMITATIONS This paper describes a procedure for measuring the exposure of personnel to vinyl chloride in the working environment. The method describes the preparation of standards which will determine vinyl chloride in the range of 9 to 90 parts per million by volume in air, based on a 4-hour sample at a flow rate of 28 ml per minute. Lower or higher ppm ranges can be determined by preparing additional standards to cover the range desired. (Vinyl chloride can be determined to at least 0.05 ppm by volume in air by this procedure, using more dilute standards.) 2 PRINCIPLE The sample is collected by passing air through a glass tube containing activated charcoal which adsorbs any vinyl chloride vapors present. The vinyl chloride is then desorbed from the charcoal by carbon disulfide extrac tion and analyzed by gas chromatography. 3 INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS Chromatograph Column Column temperature Injection temperature Detector Carrier Hydrogen flow rate Air flow rate Sample size Retention time AID (Analytical Instrument Development, Inc.) Portable Chromatograph, Model 511, or equivalent chromatograph, with flame ionization detector. Six-foot x 1/8-inch stainless ste packed with 10% di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate on Chromasorb P, 80/100 mesh, NAW. 100C isothermal lb6dC flame ionization detector helium or nitrogen 23 cc per minute 133 cc per minute 2 pi solvent flush technique 0.5 minute (adjust carrier flow until vinyl chloride elutes at this time) 1 -/Note;_ If this column is used in a conventional chromatograph, better separation of vinyl chloride from other light " , boiling impurities will ~be obtained by operation oi 7the column oven near ambient 'temperature -30C~. The AID portable' chromatograph cannot be used at ambient" _ temperature without modification since the heat from T'the flame ionization detector'~'wi 11"c'ause~"the "temperature .in the column oven to rise to 60 to 70 C, 33 ucc 045942 Alternate Column - Better Resolution Instrument Column Detector Column temperature Detector temperature Injector temperature Carrier gas Air flow Hydrogen flow Sample size Approximate elution time Hewlett-Packard 5750 gas chromato graph - dual column, or equivalent. 25-foot x 1/8- inch stainless steel packed with 25% by weight 75% C0880/25% Tergitol E-35 on 40/60 mesh rescreened Chromosorb P. flame ionization 40 to 100C at per minute 125 C 125 C helium, 30 ml per minute 350 ml per minute 30 ml per minute 10 pi 6.5 minutes 4 REAGENTS AND APPARATUS a) Personal sampling pump. MSA Model G or Bendix Micronair. Insert an in-line orifice made from a cut-off and restricted (pinched) hypodermic needle in the sampling line to the pump in order to obtain a 28 cc per minute flow on these pumps. b) Hypo-vials, 15-ml size, Cat. No. 12911; Neoprene septa, Cat. No. 13233; alumina seals. Cat. No. 13214; and hand crimper, Cat. No. 13212, Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Illinois. c) Carbon disulfide, spectrophotometric grade d) Activated charcoal, Cat. No. 580-26, Barnebey-Cheney, Columbus, Ohio e) Soap film flow meter, 10-ml size f) Stop watch 5 PREPARATION OF THE ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION TUBE a) Prepare the activated charcoal by placing the charcoal on a 40-mesh sieve and wash with demineralized water until no visible fines appear in the washings. b) Dry the carbon in a drying oven at 110* C until dry and free flowing (overnight). Store in a screw-top, glass bottle until needed. c) Cut 8-mm O.D. x 6-mm I.D. Pyrex glass tubing into 6-inch lengths and fire polish the ends. d) Insert a Pyrex glass wool plug two-thirds of the distance into the glass tubes. The longer section of tubing will be designated as the primary end, while the shorter side of the tubing is the back-up end. e) Pack the tubes with the activated carbon, using a length of 60 mm in the primary section and 35 mm in the back-up section. Retain the carbon with glass wool plugs. f) Seal the tubes with a red rubber septum or parafilm until ready for use* 34 6 SAMPLING PROCEDURE a) Remove the seals from the charcoal tube and attached the back-up section to a portable pump by means of a length of 1/4-inch Tygon tubing. b) Set the flow rate at 28 ml per minute through the tube with a calibrated rotameter. (NOTE: The 10-ral soap bubble flow meter can be used to obtain a more precise reading of the air flow through the tube if desired). c) Record the time the air sampling was started and the time when the sampling is completed. A four-hour sample may be taken with this system. d) After sampling, recheck the flow rate and reseal the ends of the charcoal tube. Return the tube to the laboratory for analysis. ) Record the temperature and barometric pressure at the sampling site. 7 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE a) Make a small hook at the end of a piece of wire and remove the glass wool plug from the primary end of the charcoal tube. Make sure that no charcoal particles adhere to the glass wool plug. b) Pour the charcoal into a 10-rnl glass-stoppered volumetric flask and cool the flask and carbon in a wet-ice bath. c) Pipet 3 ml of carbon disulfide (CS2) into the cooled flask and stopper securely. (CAUTION: Carbon disulfide is toxic and should be handled under a hood.) d) Agitate the flask periodically for at least 30 minutes. e) Solvent Plush Injection Technique. This injection techniqu Is designed to eliminate difficulties arising from blowback or distillation with the needle of the microliter syringe. f) Plush a 10-jil syringe with CS2 several times to wet the barrel and plunger. g) Draw 2 jil of CS2 into the syringe and remove the tip of the needle from the solvent. Withdraw the plunger an additional 0.5 ^il to separate the CS2 from the sample with a pocket of air. h) Dip the needle into the sample solution in the volumetric flask and withdraw the plunger until the air bubble between the solvent and the sample has passed the 2-jul mark on the syringe. i) Remove the tip of the needle from the sample solution and adjust the volume in the syringe until the meniscus of the air bubble rests on the 2-yul mark. Remove the excess sample solution from the tip of the needle. j) Pull the plunger back an additional 0.5 ^il to prevent the sample solution from evaporating from the tip of the needle. k) Inject the entire contents of the syringe into the chromato graph. l) Measure the peak height and determine the vinyl chloride content from a previously prepared calibration curve. uc 'IA >S44 35 8 CALIBRATION CURVE a) Pipet 10 ml of carbon disulfide (CS2) into each of five 15-ml hypo-vials. Cap the vials with the Neoprene septa and aluminum seals, using the hand crimper. b) Place the hypo-vials in wet ice to reduce the vapor pressure of CS2. c) Cap one of the valves on a steel sample cylinder containing vinyl chloride with a 1/8-inch Swagelok tubing nut which has a chromatographic septum installed in the nut. d) Insert a hypodermic needle through the septum on the cylinder, open the valve and allow the vinyl chloride to vent through the needle for about 10 seconds to purge the air from the system. Remove the needle. e) Using the appropriate gas-tight syringe fitted with a number 27 gauge hypodermic needle, insert the needle through the septum on the cylinder and allow the pressure of the vinyl chloride to displace the volume of the syringe. Flush the syringe two times to remove any air which may have been trapped in the needle. f) Into the respective hypo-vials, inject 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 cc of vinyl chloride from the syringe. g) Shake the hypo-vials for one minute to put the vinyl chloride in solution. These standards will contain 56, 82, 133, 260, 515 pgm of vinyl chloride per ml. (NOTE: These calcula tions are corrected for the dead space in the gas syringe needle. The cold CS2 solutions in the hypo-vials are under slight negative pressure. Measurements have shown that the dead space in the syringe needle amounts to 0.04 cc, and 0.02 cc of this volume is pulled into the hypo-vial by the negative pressure.) h) Allow the standards to warm up to room temperature, then Inject these standards into the chromatograph using the procedure described in Section 7, paragraphs e through k Shake the hypo-vials each time just prior to withdrawing a sample. i) Plot peak height versus micrograms of vinyl chloride per ml. 9 CALCULATION A x 3 x 24 5 ' ~ L~x 62.& *"~ " vinyl chloride, ppm by volume at 25C and 760 mm A - ngm per ml of vinyl chloride read from calibration curve L - total liters of air sample (flow rate x time) 36 Mil tittfdL' DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER IN VINYL RESINS 1 PURPOSE A procedure for determining the amount of residual vinyl chloride present in vinyl resins is described. The resin is dissolved in a solvent and the vinyl chloride analyzed using a gas chromato graphic technique. The method is applicable for use with poly(vinyl chloride), vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers and other vinyl resins in which there are no volatiles which interfere in the determination. 2 EQUIPMENT AND REAGENTS Gas Chromatograph, Hewlett-Packard (F and M) Model 5750 or equivalent, equipped with a hydrogen flame ionization detector. Tetrahydrofuran, reagent grade. Balance with accuracy to 0.10 gram. 2 SAMPLE PREPARATION Prepare the sample for chromatograph injection by dissolving the test resin in tetrahydrofuran (THE). Weigh 9 grams of THF into a suitable vial. Add 1 gram of the resin to be tested to the THF. Resin addition should be made as quickly as possible. Cap the bottle and place it on a can-roller to attain complete solution. When complete solution has occurred, the sample is ready for injection into the chromatograph. 4 INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS Instrument Hewlett-Packard (F and M) Model 5750 (or equivalent) equipped with hydrogen flame ionization detector. Column Six-feet by 1/8-inch stainless steel tubing packed with Chromosorb 102, 60/80 mesh. Temperatures: Column Injector Detector 100C for 4 minutes, manually increased to 250C 100C (maximum) 300C (flame ionization) Sample Size 4 Microliters Flows: Helium Carrier Gas Hydrogen Compressed Air 25 cc/rainute 20 psi at cylinder head. 40 psi at cylinder head. 37 4 (Continued) Elution Times Vinyl Chloride Tetrahydrofuran 2.8 minutes 6.3 minutes 5 CALIBRATION Prepare solution mixtures of varying amounts of vinyl chloride in tetrahydrofuran to cover the expected range of concentration. Obtain from the chromatograph scan the area percent of vinyl chloride for each sample of known monomer content. Prepare a chart plotting the area percent vinyl chloride versus the known weight percent vinyl chloride to establish the relative detector response of the vinyl chloride with respect to tetrahydrofuran. 6 CALCULATION Determine the area percent vinyl chloride from the chromatograph scan for the resin solution to be characterized. Multiply this figure by 10, which converts the data to area percent vinyl chloride based on resin weight. Using the chart developed with the cali bration samples, read off the corresponding weight percent of vinyl chloride i* 38 3 .0 0 1 0 Area P ercent 0 .0 0 2 0 0 .0 0 3 0 0 .0 0 4 0 0 .0 0 5 0 DUST DETERMINATION OF TOTAL AND RESPIRABLE AIRBORNE DUST BY MEMBRANE FILTER SAMPLING AND GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 1 PURPOSE This procedure has been written to conform to recommended methods of sampling for dusts as published by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (1) and the American Industrial Hygiene Association. (2) 2 PRINCIPLE Total dust concentration is measured by drawing a known volume of air through a preweighed, 37-mm polyvinyl chloride membrane filter, sampling with the top cover of the filter holder removed (open faced). The filter is dried by means of vacuum and reweighed to give a measure of the dust concentration. Respirable dust is measured by using a 10-mm nylon cyclone ahead of the membrane filter to remove the larger or non-respirable dust particles before they reach the filter. The filter is treated the same as described for total dust. The table below gives the theoretical deposition of the dust particles. Aerodynamic diameter (pm), unit density sphere Percent passing cyclone 2 2.5 3.5 5.0 10.0 90 75 50 25 0 3 APPARATUS a) Personal sampling pump and charger, Model G, Part No. 456252, Mine Safety Appliance Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., or equivalent. (NOTE - Earlier models of the Model G pump were not equipped with a pulsation damper. If such a model is used, then the pulsation damper kit, MSA Part No. 449614 - should be ordered and installed before taking dust samples.) b) Cyclone and holder; Part No. 456243, MSA holder assembly complete with cyclone and sampling line assemblies. c) Filter holders for 37-mm filters; 2-section, Catalog No. M000037PO, 3-section Catalog No. M000037AO, Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass. d) Backup pad for 37-mm filter, Catalog No. AP1003700, Millipore Corp. e) Polyvinyl chloride membrane filters; 5.0 y. pore diameter, Vinyl Metricel, VM-1, 37-mm diameter, Catalog No. 60714, Gelman Instrument Co., Ann Arbor, Mich. f) Vacuum desiccator (use with a safety shield to contain glass fragments in the event of implosion if a glass desiccator is employed). g) Mercury manometer h) Analytical balance capable of weighing to the nearest 0.01 mg'i) Vacuum pump - capable of reducing pressure in the desiccator to 5 mm of Hg. j) Cellulose bands; 2-section holder part No. 625415, Mine Safety Appliances Co. 3-section holder - 41x25 mm, No. 28, Walter H. Jelly and Co., Franklin Park, Illinois. PREPARATION OF FILTER a) Place the VM-1 polyvinyl chloride filter into the vacuum desiccator and reduce the pressure to 5 mm Hg. b) After 15 minutes at the 5-mm pressure, allow the desiccator to return to atmospheric pressure. c) Make sure the balance is zeroed before weighing. Holding the filter by the edge with tweezers, place it on the balance pan and record the weight to the nearest 0.01 mg (W^). d) Insert a backup support pad into the bottom section of the filter holder. Carefully place the weighed filter on the support screen. e) For total dust sampling (3-section filter holder), place the middle and top sections on the bottom section. Press the sections together firmly until the outer edge of the filter is tightly held against the backup support pad. f) For respirable dust sampling (2-section filter holder) place the top section on the bottom section and press firmly. g) Insert the red and blue plugs into the inlets of the filter holders and slip a cellulose band from the storage solution over the outside of the holder. Allow the band to dry thoroughly before using. 5 RESPIRABLE DUST AIR SAMPLING PROCEDURE a) Remove the red and blue plugs from the 2-section filter holder, and insert the filter holder into the cyclone holder assembly, make sure the filter face is pointing downward toward the cyclone. b) Clamp the filter holder securely into the cyclone holder, so that the O-rings are held tightly against the filter holder seats. c) Clip the cyclone holder assembly on the shirt collar of the employee. Attach the sampling lines from the cyclone to the inlet of the portable pump. d) Adjust the air flow through the cyclone by turning the adjusting screw on the pump until the flowmeter ball on the pump is centered on the red band on the flowmeter (1.8 liters per minute). If samples are to be taken for respirable coal dust, then the recommended flow rate through the cyclone and filter is 2.0 liters per minute. This can be obtained by adjusting the flow on the pump until the flowmeter ball is centered under the orange band on the flowmeter. si 42 u4595Q e) Place the pump on a belt around the employee's waijc< Record the time the pump was started. f) At the end of the working shift, stop the pump and record the time. Note: respirable dust samples need a minimum of 4-hours sampling time to provide enough sample to obtain an adequate amount of dust to weigh. g) Carefully remove the sampling assembly from the employee. Remove the filter and holder from the cyclone assembly and replace the red and blue plugs. Do not invert the cyclone assembly during this time as the larger particles of dust from the cyclone can fall onto the filter to give an erroneous weight gain. h) In the laboratory, split the cellulose band at the junction of the top and bottom section of the filter holder. Carefully pry off the top section. i) Place the bottom section containing the filter into the desiccator and reduce the pressure to 5 mm Hg for 15 minutes to dry the filter. j) After the desiccator returns to atmospheric pressure, gently lift the filter out of the bottom section of the filter holder by using a small rod through the hole in the bottom section. k) Check the zero setting on the balance to make sure it hasn't changed from previous weighing of the filter. Grasp the edge of the filter with the tweezers and reweigh the filter on the balance. Record the weight to the nearest 0.01 mg <W2). l) Clean the dust from the cyclone body before the next use. 6 TOTAL DUST AIR SAMPLING PROCEDURE a) Take a 3-section filter holder which has been prepared according to the directions in Section 4. Slice the cellulose band at the junction of the top section and center retaining ring. b) Remove the top section and the plug from the bottom section outlet. Attach a piece of tubing from the bottom outlet and connect the other end of the tubing to the Model G MSA pump. c) Adjust the air flow through the filter by turning the adjusting screw on the pump until the flowmeter ball on the pump is centered on the orange band (2.0 liters per minute). d) Place the pump on a belt around the employee's waist and clip the filter to the shirt collar of the employee with the face of the filter pointing down. e) Record the time the sampling pump was started. f) At the end of the working shift, stop the pump and record the time. g) Carefully remove the filter from the employee. Replace the top cover and the plug in the bottom outlet. h) In the laboratory, split the cellulose band at the junction of the bottom section and the middle retaining ring. Care fully pry off the top and middle sections. i) Place the bottom section containing the filter into the desiccator and reduce the pressure to 5 mm Hg for 15 minutes to dry the filter. 43 ''.A j) After the desiccator returns to atmospheric pressure, gently lift the filter out of the bottom section of the filter holder by using a small rod through the hole in the bottom section. k) Check the zero setting on the balance to make sure it hasn't changed from previous weighing of the filter. Grasp the edge of the filter with the tweezers and reweigh the filter on the balance. Record the weight to the nearest 0.1 (Wg). 7 CALIBRATION OF MSA SAMPLING PUMP a) Assemble the apparatus as shown in Figure 1. Tape the cap on the gallon bottle with vinyl electrical tape to insure a tight seal. b) Start the pump and adjust the flow until the ball in the flowmeter is centered on the red band (1.8 liters per minute). APPARATUS FOR CALIBRATION OF MSA PERSONAL SAMPLING PUMP Buret Figure 1 44 r\4$952 c) Moisten -the interior surface of the buret withsoap " : solution. 4) Dip the end of the buret into the soap solution to start a bubble moving up the buret. . :j. e) With a stopwatch, measure the time in seconds that it takes .. for the bubble to move from the zero graduation mark on the buret to the 1000-ml mark. f) Divide the time in seconds into 60 to obtain the flow rate in liters per minute. g) Repeat the determination, centering the flowmeter ball on the pump on the orange band (2.0 liters per minute). h) A wet test meter may be used in place of the soap-film buret if desired. 8 CALCULATIONS a ) Resp j rab le dus t (W2-Wl) x 10 -v p ^ /p ^ ^ respiraobile odust coonncceennt tration in milligrams Simper cubic meter (mg/li^) Flow rate in liters per minute through the cyclone and filter sampling'time in ^nute-"-:^;--'irrr.- r'-rr'- ' .......,, ; *i * Initial weight of the polyvinyl chloride filter in ~.r ' .. V'.-" ,, ...y; . .;. .--v ^ :> ^ Final weight of the polyvinyl chloride filter in grams . | calculation except to report the value I as total dust concentration in mg/M . (F - flow rate in 1 -liters through the filter) .: r'Vs'**r;'%*v. rc&S&fX al^Afp ^-7;x -~r;: > - r; *4 ucn " 045.95' Sircfe,'r.w-- " ' 4$ u Nunior 194 <iSSSLBf* PART 11 X. IT --ia:*<i--..rf. . v:*V- -. . <, V .. ** .F t. y* - ,* .! * * A/ * ji V*` "i DEF^^T^Oi# r; LABORS; ^:5r;;: *. * `.^v-; - \ "M-vilr-srv; t'"T r&wr *--T .V--f" i'iv-." :25 * . .t >*..'... . t **'. /.it,: Occupational Safety And - -; V' Health Administration , ^ *%#, 1 *i! <* S * , ' r' 7*-<- EXPOSURE TO VINYL ^-"CHLORIDE/" i' ... * *' .V*-*-w.7. V ` ^ , '* -V * fV*. * ", . .... Occupational Safety and . Health Standards - 5( uCC : 045954 cisii