Document 8YB7EXQJrmJamLq7X3mLb6Ra

Jr- P-NSC-6 2@ih National Safety omgtess ^ t V ,S t' 'v ^ NATIONAL~$AFETy COUNCIL, Inc. KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI OCTOBER 11 to OCTOBER 15, 1937 Municipal Auditorium Cs j ) 73 7. N*uion*l Sairtv Council, Inc. THE Transactions of the Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress, 1937, are published by the National Safety Council in two volumes. This, the first, contains the general, the special subject, and the Industrial Section sessions. The second volume contains the sessions of the Child Education, Home Safety, Street and Highway Traffic, Commercial Ve hicle and Transit Sections. >-i All industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to members believed to be inter ested chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council mem bers. however, may obtain it upon request. Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, and others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The fol lowing quantity prices are quoted on extra copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume (Volume I), $2 each; 11 copies or more. $1.75 each : copies of the smaller volume (Volume II), 75 cents each. . _ THE Transactions are published as a condensed record of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Tlui> the material herein presented is not a verbatim, report of all the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible, yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts are on hie in the Council's Bureau of Informa tion. where they are available for additional reference. Where illustrations were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also are on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks' m eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent tn the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility for the views ex pressed either in the papers presented or in the discus.-Vmbased upon the papers. .NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. 20 North Wac!<er Drive Twemy-sixth National Safety dished by the National Safety I;, the first, contains the general, industrial Section sessions. The sessions of the Child Education, vghway Traffic, Commercial Yc- he Council automatically receive to members believed to be inter it covers. Other Council mem ttpon request. j it worth while to distribute s to supervisors, foremen, ami cr supervisor.- position who may for reference purposes. The fnlquored on extra copies: 1 to 10 Volume I), S2 each: 11 copies of the smaller volume (Volume -.blished as a condensed record of .'ational Congress. The papers of f the Congress have been edited aneous matter and to abbreviate .-cause of space limitations. Thus .i is not a verbatim report of all . the Congress, but rather an .-.impact as possible, yet without ;:s of any address. The original : e Council's Bureau of Informatiable for additional reference, t: by the speakers to the Council. noil at its Congresses seeks to .utters which are not pertinent t* r which are contrary :-. Council responsibility for the views e\- presented or in the 'i!.-cus?ioti> :iy council, Inc. -ive 12127901 3H.SZ IHZiS mi Council Officers and Directors......................................................... 4 Council Purposes and Policies......................................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members........................................................... 11 Annual Banquet .................................................................................... 31 Subject Sessions-- After Work Accidents............................................................ 33 Agricultural Safety..................................................................... 41 Community Safety Organization............................................ 51 Fire Prevention .............. 59 Health Service in Industry........................................................ 71 Industrial Dusts ........................................................................... 85 Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors.................................... 99 Industrial Safety Lectures.........................................................109 Maintaining Interest in'Safety.................................................141 Pressure Vessels .......................................................................... 157 Safety Fundamentals .................................................................. 173 Safety Inspectors ........................................................................ 183 Safety Training ............................................................................193 Safe Use of Acids................................................................. 201 Aeronautical Section...................................................................... '...211 A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section........................................................ 221 Automotive and Machine Shop--Power Press Sections......... 225 Cement and Quarry Sections.............................................................. 249 Chemical Section ................................................................................. 271 Construction Section............................................................................235 Food Section........................................................................................... 307 Industrial Nursing ................................................................................323 Marine Section....................................................................................... 341 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section....... 371 . Metals Section ....................................................................................... 381 Mining Section................. .401 Paper and Pulp Section.. .429 Petroleum Section ......... .489 Power Press Section....... .535 Public Utilities Secticr. . .537 Quarry Section.......... .557 Refrigeration Section ... .559 .--Rubber. Section--_____ _ .577 Safety Equipment Se:t:c .531 Steam Railroad Meeting Textile Section............... Wood Prccucts Secticr.. Index .................................... 1 : -.\<F5! a-;sO;: aaCi Li La slaSeSv Cl Z&* ms, OFFICERS AND DIRE C. Knollk. HONORARY MEMBERS John c.. Long, . Thg;. H. MacD> Association ok Ikon and Steel Engineers Robert W. Campbell Lew E. Palmer Walter B. Mar 1. W. Millard, i Harold L. Mine Prof. Roceh L. OF FICERS (1937-1938) E. L O'Brien, J: Walter S. Pain D. D. Pennell, President Lew R. Palmer. C. \V. Dexipesv, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer C. E. Petti rone, Harry Gltilbekt, Vice-President for Membership Aleert S. Kkgli Frank H. Harrison, Vice-President for Industrial Safety Lt. Col. Henry . Hon. Harold G. Hoffman, Vice-President for Public Safety A. V. Kouwcdfr Walter S. Paine, Vice-President for Engineering George E. Sanko >&.*> A. V. Roiiwedek. Vice-President-for Local Safety Councils Charles Li. Scot 1 A. W. Whitney, Vice-President for Education 'H W. H. Cameron, Secretary and Managing Director .? Gen. John H. Si; Juke Lee E. Ski c. w . Smith, Sta EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1937-1938) H. W. Anderson, General Motors Corporation J. I. Banash. Past President C. W. Bergi-juist, Past President Walter Dent S'. R. T. Soi.ensten. C. F. Tolma.v, P.I tEC E " e G. Tsave: Or. C . H. Watso Henry W. Boggess, Petroleum Section C. B. Boclet, A.SSE-Enuinccring Section H. W. Boulton. Automotive and Machine Shop Section Harold S. Kuttenheim, The American City Magazine A. V., Whitney, . T. A. V.'.LSON, Te W. . Worth. In: Art:-;. a H. Voi;n" W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. Robert W. Campbell. Past President Robert I. Catkin. Aetna Casualty & Surety Company R. A. Chaffin, Metals Section Lewis A. DeUi.ois. Past President C. W. Df.mpf.sy, Tile Liquid Carbonic Corporation Marcus A. Dow, Past President D. D. Fennell, Coustiitiug Engineer . Jo.io-B. Cii'.S'jN,-AVcsL'sFn Eicct-ric-Company Harry Guilp.kut, The Pullman Company Frank H. Harrison, [utcrnatioiial Harvester Company P. L. G. Hasskarl. Le'uiuli Valley Safety fScmmctU lIon*. Harold G. Hoffman, Governor, Stajeibli^us/.v fers S. B. HohRLLL, Food Section Walter G. King, Past Prc-idcm directo Glo ::: /. Ad \ \is, H. W. A .\'Dk;<so>:. A. I.. . \:\\:.'.tico.\y;i H. ; 3mm:v, Chr J. I. . f, Cm: C \. St. G. /. ri.vikKrr, Mi; If R N - - ": 'A'. IU-ck, c. w. '.'.y.RCQUJST, K. F. J 01:0 Henry 'V. liner,r.- II. E. . jl.T, Soutll 00()1.`:3 T\ :V -,r LW4 :v l** * i*r. i4SS: esssspws? OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS/ Continued iatety c Sarecv (1937-1938). Ur--t Wu. C. Knoelk. .Milwaukee Safety Commission John E. Lonc, Past President Thus. H. MacDonald. U. S. Department of Agriculture Walter B. Martin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council I. \V. Millard. Industrial Cloves Company Harold L. Miner. .E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Prof. Rocer L. Morrison, Street S; Highway Tratiic Section E. J. O'Brien. Jr.. Louisville Safety Council Walter S. Paine. Aetna Life &: Affiliated Cos. Lew R. Palmer, Past President C. E. Pettibone. Past President Albert S. Kecula. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. Henry A. Kenincer, Past President A. V. Rdhweder. Duluth, Missabe fL Iron Range Railway Co. George E. Sanford, General Electric Co. Charles B. Scott, Past President Gen. John H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council Judge Lee E. Skeel, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company find.) Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council R. T. Solensten. Elliott Service Company C. P. Tolman. Past President George G. Traveh. Greater Chicago Safety Council, Inc. Dr. C. H. Watson. Past President A. W. Whitnf.y. National Conservation Bureau T. A. Wilson. Textile Section W. E. Worth. International Harvester Co. Arthur H. Young, Past President DIRECTORS (1937-1938) (jKdkci: J. Adams, Paper and Pulp Section H. W. A xdkr^.-n. Genera! Motor' Corp. A. L. Ahmstkon-, Eastman Kodak Company H. H. Ba ii.ev. Chattanooga .Safer} Council J. I. Banami. Consulting Engineer Caj:i. R.'.'.iKj.u,-irt-.-Eorus'Safety Council 1 ' J* Bakhctt. Mining Section Ernkst W. Pec:<. L'nitcd States Kiri-Ser i'mdnet'. Inc. E. \\. ;??, Western Electric Co. !- K Bi.axk. jwnes & Laucrhlin S:rcl Corp. Mknkv \\ . Petroleum Scotian H. Ia. I*u,t. Swv.th Bend Civic Safety Cuun OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued OFFICERS AND DIRE C. B. Boulet, ASSE-Engineering Section H. W. Boulton. Automotive S; Machine Shop Section F. S. Brown. Standard Accident Insurance Co. W. A. Brown, Saiety Department, Nashville Chamber of Commerce \V. T. BuCKERidce, Employees' Publication Section S. W. Burchiel, Safety Department, Automobile Club of Rhode Island Harold S. Buttenheim. The American City Magazine B. J. Callaghan, Contra Costa County Safety Council W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. RaV Carney, Kenosha Safety Council Robert I. Catun, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. R. A. Chaffin, Metals Section Kenneth B. Colsian, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council .1. E. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Co. Lewis A. DeBlois, Consulting Engineer Jay E. Decker, Mason City Safety Council C W. Dempesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corp. James B. Douclas. The Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Dr. Louis I. Dublin, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. O. M. Edwards. Jr., Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce W. P. Elstun, Public Utilities Section D. D. Fennell, Consulting Engineer D. L. Fennell, Kansas City Safety Council Donald A. Finkbciner, Toledo Safety Council Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Chester C. Fisk, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission Howard B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. Alexander Foster. Jr., Quarry Section John B. Gibson, Western Electric Co. Howard F. Gilbert. Elizabeth Safety Council Otho M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co. W. A. Griffin, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry Guilbert, The Pullman Co. Isaiah Hale, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. C. H. Harper, Refrigeration Section D. T. Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines Frank H. Harrison, International Harvester Co. P-. L.-G. Hasskarl, Lehigh Valley Safety Council R. C. Haven. Commercial Vehicle Section G. T. Hell.ulth, Chicago, North Shore 5: Milwaukee RR. Co. Chas. E. Hill. New York Central Lines ._ Hon. Hakolu G. Hoffman. Governor. State ojKVyy. Jersey -- -- E. C. Holden. Jr.. Marine Section M&hfc.. I I Eserett Hoku. . S. B. Horreu. i H. C. Howsam, . Fred B. Hunt, ' Major Norman R. D. Jewett. S Thomas P. Kear Thos. L. Kellei J. M. Kerrigan. Wm. C. Kxoelk, Wm. S. Knudsen C. L. LaFounta: Millard C. Lefl Barney Levy, J t A. Augustus Lo Thos. H. MacDc Walter B. Mari K. W. Matson, 1 R. A. McArthur Miller McClint I. W. Millard, James K. Miller Harold L. Mine R. B. Morley, h Prof. Rocer L. Ernest Mukhiy. E. J. O'Brien, J Georce C. A. Or Walter S. Paine Lew R. Palmer. David A. Pattot Mrs. G. M. Pelt Charles W. Pel merce C. E. Pettibone. Gen. Georce B. i Arthur Pottert Albert S.-Recite Lt. Col. Henry Bestor Robinson A. V. Rohwedcr Walter Rosend.G. E. Sanford, < .... . r^s^yjy;- ;.;;.: OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued .e Island Lo. Eserett Hoku. Madison Countt Safety Council S. E. Horrell, Food Section H. C. HowsaM, Power Press Section Fred B. Hlnt. Cement Section Major Norman A. Imrie. Columbus Safety Corn: R. D. Jewett. Springfield Safety Council Thomas P. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Ohio Thos. L. Kelley, Paterson Safety Council J. M. Kekricax, Rubber Section Wm. C. Knoelk, Milwaukee Safety Commission Wm. S. K.yldsen. Detroit Industrial Safety Council C. L. LaFolntaine. Great Northern Railway Co. Millard C- Leelek. Child Education Section Barney Levy, Jr., Rochester Safety Council A. Alglstls Low, Brooklyn Safety Council Thos. H. MacDonald. U. S. Department of Agriculture Walter B. Martin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council F. W. Matson, Minnesota Safety Council R. A. McArthlr, Transit Section Miller McO.intock. Harvard University I. \V. Millard, Industrial Gloves Co. James K. Miller. Grand Rapids Safety Council Harold L. Miner. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. R. B. Morley. Industrial Accident Prevention Assns. Pros. Roger L. Morrison. Street & Highway Traffic Section Ernest Murphy, Albany Safety Council E. I. O'Brien. Jr.. Louisville Safety Council George C. A. Opp. The Detroit Edison Co. Walter S. Paine. Aetna Life X: Affiliated C.s. Lew R. Palmer. The Equitable Life Assurame Society of the U. S. David A. Patton. Newark Safety Council Mrs. G. M. Pei.ton. Evanston Safety Council Charles W. Pendock. Safety Div. Milwaukee Association of Com merce C. E. Pettibone. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Gen. George E. Pillsbi ky. I'nited States Engineer Office Arthlr Potterton. Hudson County Safety Council Albert S. Reclla. Industrial Relations Counselors, Ir.c. Lt,-Col. Hen.3.v_V. Reninoer. Lehigh Portland Cement Co. Bestor Robinson, Eastiiay Safety Council V. V. Rohweder. Duluth. Missnbe Xu Iron Walter Eosexbai M. Western Penn:sjlvanii G. E. SxNFORD. C< u.ernl Electric Co> TSSifw OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Co unci Henry G. Schaffner. Erie Safety Council Karl G. Schoeffi.ek. Rahway Safety Council Harky A. Schultz, United States Steel Corp. H. E. Seely, Wood Products Section Earl S. Shartzer, Utica Safety Conned Gen. John H. Sherburne. Massachusetts Safety Council Dr. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Co. The conservation o', lie purpose of the Xationai i: The Council works ^through a continuous ca prevention that is nation Ernest L. Simonos, Xew Haven Saiety Council A. E. Sinclair; Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Section Judge Lee E. Skeel, Cleveland Saiety Council C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company find.) Edwin C. Smith. Blackstone Valley Saiety Council Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. Snow, Construction Section R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Co. E. C. Spring, Lansdale. Pa. Plies to all types of haz: directly or indirectly reac Ration. ? Recognizing that imp: Ftpnditions and the prevt [.diseases in industry are Faccidcnt prevention, the Ktive in these fields. ? The National Safety Eprcfit, non-sectarian, nor George R. Stephens, Saiety Bureau. Buffalo Chamber o: Commerce John Stilwell, Greater Xew York Saiety Council Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer George G. Thayer, Greater Chicago Saiety Council. Inc. Major R. D. Trimble, Richmond Saiety Council Frank E. V'itz, Superior Safety Council Dr. C. H. Watson, American Telephone S: Telegraph Co. Harry M. Webber, Wilmette, 111. Dr. David E. Weglei.v, Baltimore Safety Council S. E. Whitinc, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W. Whitney, Xational Conservation Bureau Howard R. Whitney, Worcester Safety Council X It has approximately 3.' jScnting every stale, in th oi the Canadian provinci &W0 foreign members. In tbership are industrial i ^individuals, public ofnc: Cbcrs of commerce, clubs Elions. About 70 per cent Seems, including the lar-. yhe oil companies, most fjlie United States, the a brand others oi outstanding f Origin and t T. A. Wilson, Textile Section W. H. Win'ans, Union Carbide 5L Carbon Corp. F. B. Winslow, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. E. J. Z.vuft, Saiety Bureau, Duluth Chamber oi Commerce G. L. Zwick, St. Joseph Safety Council fc- The 11istor>* of the C ^vhe first cooperative Sa gtinder the auspices of fclron and Steel Electrica |waukee in 1912. As an ^Congress the Xational ^organized ;n Xew Yar ^members. During the n f.bership increased to 971. ^ These safety pioneer Fgram on the assumptiot ^unnecessary and avoidai ^develop the principles a Mtiake "accident "prdl/cnTTc -g Thc continuous grout! ^expansion of its activiti *neS5 01 thc;e principles. ;.a coordinated program 0 0 017 | wET. Industrial Dusts WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION i October 13, 1937 t i The meeting- was called to order by Chair | man A. 8. Regula. Executive Secretary, In | dustrial Relation- Counselors, Inc., X'cw York City, and Vice-President tor Engineer ing, Xational Safety Council, w-fio intro duced the speakers. What Industrial Dusts Are Harmful? Why? By SENIOR SURGEON R. R. SAYERS Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service While dusts exist everywhere in the at is difficult to establish a comprehensive mosphere, it has been recognized tor cen definition for toxic dusts. Sollmann,3 after turies that workers in certain dusty analysis of various definitions for poison, occupations are less healthy than those not felt that it is very difficult to give a definition o exposed. The number of persons ex which will not be ambiguous in some cases, posed in dusty occupations comprises one but believed that the following covers most of the largest industrial groups. The occu of the points which must be considered in pational diseases of workers in dusty at classing a substance as such: mospheres have been found to be due to entrance of dust into the system by inhala tion. by ingestion, by direct absorption through the skin, by irritation of the skin, or by a combination of the foregoing. fhe suspensions of particulate matter ir. mr have been broadly termed dusts, fume*, snd smokes. Such a classification is neces-arily arbitrary', since the line of dentarenuon between them is not very sharp, atui the chief differentiation is based on the size ot the particles. Investigations by the Pub-:c Health Service in dusty industries' re- "A poison is any substance which, act ing directly through iti inherent chcmic properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when it is applied to the body, externally, or in moderate doses (to 50 Gm.) internally." Some dusts are known to be poisonous, v. idle others, in the concentrations usually encountered, are comparatively harmless. However, it may be stated that breathing dust in high concentration is not desirable. ''ealed that about 70 per cent of the dust According to Fairhall, the damage arising (articles examined were between 1 and 3 from the inhalation of toxic dust may be TMcrons in size, only about 20 per cent were either local or remote, and depends upon 's> than 1 micron, and the median size was whether the material is a protoplasmic poi a microns. Industrial dusts are mainly less son, w hether it is caustic in. reaction, or " lrt 10 microns in size. However, fibrous w hether it is absorbed into.the blood stream iti -'Ee-jsr,-juah-u's-asbestos, have been and carried to other centers which arc in lyE"'*.10 contain particles as large as 200- :urn affected." niircons in the greatest diameter. Crn-t?'Ic' generally speaking, according to V,. ^u:;ts arc more injurious as their 'ben>iC*i* imposition differs from that or It is now well established that exposure to certain kinds of dusts, such as those conmining considerable quantities of free silica, has increased the morbidity and mortality- .^u- uman body, or from the elements of rate-from C^ncJECnry diseases Uw.hi.le_ me- ' 'c [he hotly is normally composed,' it '.allic dusts.iVOfihria&ilead and its compounds.' P>.8SiT' 85 i!j Eli r" i : f1 . :u 'i . C -- r ***^4*.. v*** ,&' f> -* filter S6 Treenly-sixlh X ational Safely Congress have been associated with general systemic poisoning/ Dusts may be swallowed with saliva, water, or food, and direct poisoning has been traced to absorption by this method; other dusts may act as irritants and produce affections of the skin, irritate mu cous membranes oi nose, eyes and throat, often causing inflammatory diseases of these organs.* Some inorganic dusts are able to pene trate the deep lung tissues and arc sufficiently insoluble to be retained there. Some of these may be active in the human tissues, causing definite and permanent in jury, while others are inert and may be retained for years, apparently without seri ous damage; some are gradually absorbed without causing pathological changes.' All inhaled particles are soluble, at least to a small extent. If harmless, cell activity is stimulated so that phagocytes remove the dust. If the solute is toxic, the viability of the phagocyte is affected and an ineffective accumulation results. At the same time, further solute may diffuse into neighboring tissues, setting up an irritation and subse quent fibrosis. The nature as well as the solubility of the soiute is an important fac tor, but of two substances of approximately equal toxicity, the more soluble form causes the greater damage. However, sub stances of such low solubility as silica may ultimately produce extensive injury.* Kettle has stated that harmful dusts, if inhaled into the lungs, may activate a latent tuberculous infection; they may exaggerate an active tuberculous lesion or a coincident infection. If sufficient quantities of a harm less dust arc inhaled, some oi it remains in the lungs and causes a mild degree of fibro sis merely through mechanical irritation, but such fibrosis is never sufficient to inter fere with the function of the lung.1 Some writers state thac while the influ ence of nonpoisonous dusts on health is a debatable subject, abnormally high death rates from bronch:::s and pneumonia are sometimes attributed to chronic exposure to nontoxic dusts. Large amounts oi dust are occasionally found ;n supposedly normal lungs, at autopsy.' According to Drinker, there arc four difrerent types of reaction produced in man by the inhalation of dust. The fir=t and most important are the ; neumoco.-.io-e', such as silicosis and asl;cstc::.:. which cau-e specific lung pathology and often arc followed by pulmonary tuberculosis. The second tv- [ of reaction is caused by toxic dusts like Igj^ ! cadmium, and radium. A third type of rr.ji. i ady follows the inhalation of finely divide { metallic fume particles such as nine oxid,' and is known as metal fume fever. Tl,J fourth reaction, allergic in character, p caused by breathing organic dusts such a, pollen and certain types of pulverized wo^j and flour. In all four cases the sole caus< of the disability may be dust inhalation, bet the reactions from toxic dusts result frorswallowing as well as from inhalation." For various reasons it is difficult to s: up au absolute classification for dust;. Opinion is rapidly changing regarding socalled inert or harmless dusts and further investigation may prove some of them to be injurious. Some dusts may have both j toxic and an irritant action; while on the other hand, the poisoning resulting from ex posure to a dust may he the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into the body. However, the following classification of dusts, according to physical character istics and physiological effect, is used for convenience. I. Organic Dusts Organic dusts arc those which contain carbon, and were originally supposed to come from organized substances derived from animal or plant life. Living dust; come under this classification, and are thought to be of the same order of size as industrial dusts, with which they are fre quently associated. llacteria arc usually be tween 0.3 and 3 microns, e.xccpc in a few cases, such as the anthrax bacillus, which ranges from 1 to 1.23 micron in breadth and 4.3 to 10 microns in length and 10 or 12 microns in diameter. However, it is possi ble that the larger and heavier varieties, like the larger and heavier dust particles, settle due to gravity, and do not remain suspended in the air. hfanv thousands of organic substances, carbon-containing, are made synthetically by chemical processes. such a; dyestuffs, explosives, etc. becce dust* esW-'T-'r local- - y uSUia? Ci: in? ;:=r tertne-- ton lr. ~?ct ieo-4 potstds- s pi.-sn:-:nan dir-f-rtoer. ttp-inaiedec t<: : wetj^rrs : iar. rro rr. cats'-ntg r bus -whet tbe s.ata. flee of rssnsrato CCCT2r.Cdy= ar.c v.'l-iTZ p rrnor.5. 1. XOXLiriXC ORCXXIC DL'STS. A; the name implies, the-e arc comprised c. notifiable particles. may or may no', he inherently toxic or irritant. -but- wUicsh ncvcrtl'.eldBjB&rtnce rH ; -;n the. human orj licr-ic" p.7 thorc to which! ; : ':r-on nrc!or **Vlf 'A 0001,1) industrial Dust. ~I *u r; :;cn. ::on. * : 'ir.c=J ham; itsc*1. poso*; C-ir -! . c - i ?I -w '= i m a ::* i - -v-ii { br-ii: . IC r~T: I ecouie hyper sensitive. uni: resulting . rhinitis, or other disturbances, are -.eluded in this classification. a. To-i'iV and/or Irritant. Toxic or irritant dusts are all organic dusts v. iiicii product untoward symptoms, either systemic or local. Those producing iocai symptoms are usually described as irritant; those produc ing general or systemic symptoms are termed toxic. A dust may be both toxic and irritant. In reported cases of injury or death fol lowing inhalation of dust from organic com pounds. among the chief offenders are paranitraniline. the dinitrobenzenes, chlorodinitrobenzenes. trinitroplienol, and nitronaphthalene. Eye damage due to inflamma tion of the cornea has occurred among workers exposed to methyl violet dust. The dust from paraphcnylene diamine derivatives is particularly irritating and dangerous, causing not only a severe form of derma titis where the dust comes in contact with the skin, but also producing acute inflamma tion of the mucous membrane of the moratory passages.* Toxic dusts may be generated during the handling of powdered dyes and in preliminary dyeing operations, particularly the hydro-extractor process, where particles arc disseminated in all di rections.11 Coal tar and indigo dyes are substances most frequently used. Cases1 of amblyopia have been reported irom exposure to inhalation of. tobacco dust,15 It has been found that inhaled to bacco dust exerts a nicotine action oil the organism fifteen times greater than that produced by the same quantity of smoked tobacco with an equal nicotine content.1' Severe dermatitis is experienced by many workers handling powder containing T.X.T., wnich is used in making high explosives. Ptcric acid, which is also used for this pur- Po^e. requires drying, and in this latter state das been found to produce a dermatitis, vicric acid is also the oldest synthetic or-amc dyestuff.1* Dermatitis occurs among yindlcrs of silk with varying frequency, hails determined that a rash occurring -^mc-rq-Trorkcfs In a silk factory was due to ''A trom siik cocoons imported from A-.rica.'5 Persons engaged in the manufacture of ."''me and quinine preparations sulfur from Phenomena, which occur for the most trt on exposed parts of the body, and "A1 be caused by ingestion or by quinine ausi. or powder form of the preparation, ex erting a direct irritating effect on the skin.1' Dermatitis due to ether vegetable dusts such as vanilla, powdered arnica, pyrethrum, etc., have been reported." Dental lesions, of occupational origin, have been reported among workers in sugar. The gingivitis caused by sugar dust is clas sified as purely mechanical, with laterdeveloping caries. Digestive disorders, respiratory conditions, and cutaneous con ditions (especially of the face) were also found.11 Dock workers, transporters of grain, workers in grain and flour mills, etc. are exposed to dusts during their work. Dusts from cereals may contain many impurities, which may cause an irritating action on the respiratory passages, as well as inflamma tion of the skin. Digestive disturbances, dental defects, diminution in hearing, and conjunctivitis have been observed among millers, and have been attributed to the dusts to which suclt workers are exposed." b.Allergic. Many apparently innocuous substances may produce reactions in per sons of peculiar personal susceptibility. The term '`allergy" is used to describe this con dition of hypersensitiveness or susceptibility, and allergic phenomena most frequently manifest themselves in skin reactions. How ever, they may cause acute reactions else where in the body. When the respiratory tract is involved we have such well known diseases as hay fever or asthma. These diseases may develop as a result of hypersensitiveness to such substances as pollens from plants, horsehair, rabbit's fur, furs, feathers, etc. For instance, furriers, workers in clothing industries w ho are exposed to wool dust, . etc., may suiter from hay fever or asthma." It is unnecessary for the offending dust to reach the depths of the lungs--giant poilens for example are reported to produce their effect after being caught in the upper res piratory passages. Should such an offending substance be finely ground it could reach the alveoli and as a result probably all physiologic reactions would be accelerated.55 In a survey of a plant where resin is mixed, ground, and molded, it was found that SO per cent of the occupational derma- utis there was due itivity to heNamethylcnetctram.'.hSSSfp lormaldclivdg^ contained in the dust^jfjjtihieii the worK*tf&i were exposed.11 Dur^Sfejfirst process^?. r*` 0001; says :;5Wi^%l| -::, \ '- ` // ~:';i ss Tzvcnty-sixth Notional Safety Congress of cotton spinning, cotton-strippers arc ex trichum dermatodes), which is scattered posed to dust arising from cotton husks and when the bark is stripped off. This powdc. debris, which produces a typical form o: is irritating to the skin and mucous asthma/ branes. Mycelia and spores of moulds ar Ordinary wood dust has-been of interest due to its purely mechanical action, but still greater care is required in handling certain kinds, especially woods coming from abroad, because of the essential oils impreg nating them, which when -freed in the dust may afreet the health of the workers con cerned. Some ot the woods capable of causing skin lesions are Brazil wood, satin- commonly found to cause rashes: for in. stance, the black powder coming frora macerated sugarcane stalks. Among basket, makers, the mycelium and spores, in thc form of a white mould (hyphomycctc) from the rhattan cancs used, get shaken out when the canes arc split, hammered, and cut. causing painful fissures to develop on the skin where they alight/* wood, teakwood, cumaru or tonka wood, A form of asthma or spasmodic cough, black ebony wood, West Indian'mahogany, suffered by cotton weavers and known a; Japanese tagayasan, coccoloba, chestnutwood, aspergillosis, has been considered due to in oiivewood. California sequoia, etc. All per halation of spores of a mildew which some sons who handle these woods are no*t in times occurs on the threads.53 In a studv jured, only those particularly susceptible to of silicosis among miners, made by the the substances they contain becoming Public Health Service, a number of cases affected.5* of typical miliary calcification were en 2. LIVING ORGANIC. DUSTS. These contain particles capable of exhibiting the phenomena of life5 (especially the property of reproduction or multiplication), such as bacteria and fungi. They are usually found in low concentrations and are associated with nonliving dusts in the afr. a. Bacteria. One of the most important countered. Unstained smears of those cases examined were positive for fungus, two types of Aspergillus fungi being identified. .All of the subjects but one'were farmers, teamsters, feedmill workers, or residents oi small agricultural towns where grain is marketed. Farmers are exposed to fungi ia threshing wheat, baling hay, or handling various small grains.39 t among these is the anthrax bacillus, which Some other fungus diseases such as actino is contained in the dust from skins, furs, mycosis and blastomycosis are associated wool, and animal hair, horns, hoots, bones, with occupational exposure to dtit. The etc. Thi- disease may occur in two .forms: former occurs among workers handling cutaneous (in which the organism affects >traw, hay, grass, vegetable debris contami the skin), and pulmonary (when it is inhaled nated with mould, etc. Actinomycosis is as in the form of anthrax known as wooi- likely to affect people engaged in commercial sorters' di-ea<e).ir handling, storing, and cleansing of grain Cases of tetanus, reported in connection (grain distilleries, flour mills, grain crush with jute manufacture, were traced to the ing, breweries, and malting hou.-es. ere.).* raw material, the bacillus having keen found hi the factory dust/3 Diphtheria, tubercu II. Inorganic Dusts losis, smallpox, typhoid, or other bacillusproduced diseases, may result from exposure to infected dusts. Inorganic compounds are ot mineral origin, not requiring a living 'organism to produce them." A number of dusts no: Bacterial sensitization can be the cause of usually classed as toxic may. under some any of the allergic diseases, namely, asthma, conditions, produce untoward effect'? on the perennial, hay fever, urticaria, angioneurotic human organism. Classified under inorgar.i: edema, eczema, or migraine headaches.31 are toxic a:td/or irritant. fibrosis-produc b. Funa:. Dusts containing the myccliz ing. and r.onnbrosis-produciing du-ts. and spores of parasitic fungi give rise ta a. Toxi iT, or Irritant. Toxic dusts annoyance and discomfort. ``Maltster's" itch tho-r* w h::ci; arc inherently toxic when ;/* from the dust alone has been reported. !:: haled, ingested. or otherv. i-c . absorb*. Provence. reeds used for ceilings arc stacked Among t;hose which 'nroduc:c -ysu-mic : / 'hue still wet and undergo fermentation: zoning. me arrcc..;ai.-o. irritant. ,.r? they become covered with a white powder the dii-t * metal- <z dry far.et:- ': the Mucor family: Spor'- ugoKu:  ' ` V 'S'- . - - SO r:n7. c!c. Irritant dusts arc injurious '. y reason oi their strong irritative or corroiive properties. .:cj :: ou: *** :iru i ;> .'.r. ;jC c:: k::c~- Jue .ich ?: :j i ?' 1C r o: r a ;r t .nO'vc : a,5 a rule, inhaled irritant substances im mediately cause a reaction m the upper respiratory iract of such seventy that they are prevented iron reaching the lungs, al though they may cause lung damage by extension of inflammation i the mucous membrane is corroded.' Lime, calcium oxide, and the di-chromates are examples oi irri tant dusts. An inorganic dust may possess both toxic and irritant properties, and the poisoning produced may be the combined effect oi more than one mode oi entrance into the body. Oi the directly poisonous dusts, the most widely prevalent are those oi certain lead compounds, particularly the oxide, carbon ate and tlre chromate. The dust is readily absorbed by the mucous membrane; some dust passes into the stomach and is dissolved by the gastric juice* According to Fairhall, perforated nasal septum is a common occurrence among workers with bi-chromate dusts.* In a study made by the U. S. Public Health Service it was found that continuous daily "1- exposure to concentrations'o chromic acid a*'*:dm. >ri> :\ Cl mist greater than 1 milligram in 10 cubic : i meters is likely to cause definite injury to H ' the nasal tissues.3 It is believed that a i S* similar concentration oi the dust would be equally toxic. ~:;-f4 - In the case oi poisoning from some heavy T - -- t r-l- metals, exposure may be to both dust and vapor. For instance, investigations have mown the safe limit of total exposure to lead oxide dust and fumes to be less than 1.5 mg. per 10 cubic meters oi air, except ior prolonged exposure.3 In exposure to mercury dust and vapor, it was shown that 'Ae incidence of chronic mercuriatism in _., i. -t - i:7 ;-=' creases rapidly with increasing mercury concentration, aitcr such concentration ex ceeds 2.0 mg. per 10 cubic meters.3 Alkalis and metallic oxides are common ?Uses of dermatoses. Lye, potash and me are known to cause irritation to pias- crers, cement-makers, bricklayers, masons, -onecutters, modellers, and metal platers." deration and perforation oi the nasal sep- ici!' oc5ur among workers exposed to the y-*5. 0t". 50<^:i ash; systemic poisoning also ,,;? trm inhalation of calcium cyanimide Cas es of dermatitis, scleroderma and can cer arc reported to have been caused by exposure to dust of arsenic compounds. Certain aluminum saits are skin irritants at-.i aluminum dusts may contribute to the infection oi skin and mucous membrar.es. through mechanical action." b. Fibrosis-Producing Dusts. Ti-.c most important oi these are the inorganic, slightly soluble dusts which cause fibrous changes in the lung tissues, some oi which are seri ous, and some oi which cause little or no disability.' So iar as is known, no inorganic substances other than silicon derivatives cause more than a very moderate degree of fibrosis oi the lung. Moreover, there seems to be no evidence that any other constituent of ordinary dusts can influence so unfavora bly a pulmonary infection.* Although other dusts, when inhaled in sufficient concentrations over a long period of time, have been shown capable of pro ducing a pulmonary fibrosis,' nevertheless, the pneumoconiosis characterized by nodu lar fibrosis has to date been shown clini cally and experimentally to be associated cniv with the inhalation of dusts containing free silica. Since this dust, to exert its harmful action, must enter the finer divisions of the lung, the particle size of the atmospheric dust may bear a definite relationship to the in jurious effect produced. The silica must be present in the air in particles small enough to enter the finer air spaces and of such dimensions that the phagocytic ceils may engulf them. The greater majority of particks found upon microscopic examination of the lung fall within the limits of from i to o microns." Examples of siliceous dusts are granite, quartz, sand, pumice, slate, etc. In a recent study among anthracite miners, the correlations between exposure to dust (which contained silica) and the evidence oi constitutional changes left little doubt as to the etiological significance of the dust in the air breathed. Like correlations were found between the silica exposure and the extent of pulmonary changes.3 When the inhaled dust consists of silica combined with bases, silicates, sortie degree of change in the pulmonary tissue may result. In this respect asbestos dust seems to be unique' among silicates in the prevalence amt se verity oi the disease it causes." Titc chief tli^EpTTDn.between silicosis and conditions dutf3$ simple reactions cattsed by other ditsfejfe- the active proliferative gm. Ob'oi.:. .3-.-J? U- "*'*Z >' A ' 90 Tissutv-si.vth Wit in mi Sufet\- Congress j t reaction in the tissues which results in progressive nodulation. Silicosis, when once established, strongly predisposes tlie lungs to infection, especially with the tubercle bacillus. Chrome interstitial pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema are fre quent complications oi advanced degrees or" silicosis. The relation of the acute respiratory in fections to the reaction due to dusts other than free silica has never been established, though a heightened incidence has often been shown statistically in workers in dusty trades. It is fairly certain that a dust dam aged lung, whatever the cause, fares much worse if an acute infection does supervene upon it.: In a study conducted by the V. S. Public Health Service among marble finishers in Vermont, it was found that marble dust when inhaled in the concentrations found in the examined plants produced a mild, biiateral, linear fibrosis in some cases, but no serious lung changes were noted and there was no disability due to the dust, even after years of exposure.1* c. Nonfibrosis-ProducUm Dusts. These are inert, that is, they do rot cause fibrous tissue to be produced, but may become encapsulated or lie free in the tissues: or they arc absorbed without production or fibrous tissue. Included among them are alundum, coal, corundum, emery. limestone, magnesite, marble, plaster of paris (gyp sum), and polisher's TOugc. Dust Control Engineering and medical c mirol arc the two most important factors in combating die industrial dust hazard, ar.ri arc to a large extent complementary. Engineering Co.i.'ro/. .V Lanza"" lias -tated in a recent paper. is a bade principle in dealing with a fiats; hazard that the dust should be attacked a: its point of origin and thus prevented from being dis seminated into the atmosphere. " After the dust has been spread tliroughv.it the air it is difficult to deal with it. ar/i reliance must he placed on individual prc-tc ttion.Which is never wholly satisfactory. Lanza further cites various methods used in controlling dust. These he reviewed brieriy, -incc a paper dr.g uith the subject of du=t control in rieta. . . ill f.dlow :h:"s program. Dust may be entrapped at its source b- i suction devices and thus removed and col. \ lected. Familiar examples are exhaust hoo<h I in grinding operations, ar.d the devices use^ I ,,!ove =. e-u-ive pound> d in rock drilling. f p.C.UsC-1''---- = Generally speaking, the exhaust vcntil*. ; Mccw-X c tion method, where applicable, is to be prt. i Cl0:*'" .'-'"'"1 t'erred in controlling a dust hazard. Water | phiJ4- w _ * may be used to entrap dust and prevent its | dispersal, and under certain circumstances i- jilicemeuf 0 it may be of advantage to combine the use J W'-h ur a ot" water and the use of suction. Sometimes 1 a cheoc cm a dusty process can be completely enclosed | control in a sealed room or compartment. It must t be remembered, however, that any mechani- \ cal device of this kind offers adequate pro- f tection only if it is properly designed, , installed, and maintained. j w.eai -- - v !c us It hnus " found -..at. injuries ss- A great deal of attention has been given J the subject of individual protection from j dust, and there are mans- tapes of respira- j torv protective devices now available. These j are generally of two types: those which I and me-cuca meat ass's, one o: ~ne prevessssurst The gr-e provide fresh air from an uncontaminated ; to c=-.sm=_ source and those which rely upon a filtering meats- ns rmedium for removing dust from the air breathed. Where the use of such a device is indicated, only one of the tapes approved close --in ease, sew which --is by the U. S. Bureau of Mines should be used. As a rule, it may be said that masks, plcymems respirators, or otlter such protective device should be used only where exposure to the plo>~er.'.' dust is intermittent and brief, or where for - some unusual condition makes a more ade quate dust control impractica!dc." wori Where bacteria or other living dusts in tire air are associated with a process, steri lization methods such as increased tempera vC'-'-i is tots-- P thsusn. ture. ultraviolet radiation, and chemicals like chlorine or other bactericidal substances, may be of use. Pasteurization temperature (about 140 F.) will kill most organisms exerts::' except those bearing spores. Steam disin fection is used for horsehair, and proves to be practicable if the temperature does not exceed 230 F. Wool fibres, however, lose their elasticity by steam disinfection, and the "Duckering" process now used in Eng land includes soaking of the v.col in a form aldehyde solution, and drying in a current of air at a temperature of W>' F.': There are few occupations in which there would be a sufficient concentration c: dead bac teria to cauBijmtoward effect: in man. Ir. the ctJplM :iiust? pKzdpang external Irritation. awgvSinry protective measures may ;_.c,.i.c. th^g^z-m--p,ote....e '.otl.it J|r' ...yvuT? ~.-> : ' " ";Vv . V5i-W /rv-v, _>.,> -et A j'^i1*111iirf',W.WiA'Jwi^ifaz*- `- v .- I .:d iiSt'i'ia! Dusts coggies a:-- "*?rons: :i? wen a> ;--o- waives. .r.irr.cnt j oiiicr coin- :d;- -utr.ds to delay :r diminish the irritant ii ' L -:;o:l. General ru.es tor hygiene and .good :'^.>ekecping shouii also be observed. .a-! re- [ arc:. i-.ir r *-- *curz..: ct! \ me -i -it ! fTMCS t Zi V :;-4 1 nt. : m-2-i i :ty iectm.: t :ro- i V 'It: r.vc | ; i...__ \udicdl Contrc.. Equally important, and .;Piclv interrelated with the engineering ihase. is medical i:prarti5. In sddji: placement of new health of all emr i check on the e: control methods incajvrc of the r.e \ ices. it has been si fouml that tlie fct: i:tjorits and illr.e: nr.d medical cor.: cc:: :r front t. : of rutiab . hese f tr.eiu and period:^ o`ie ot the most : prevention. iho't con^-rr The preemployn \ to determine the `On z. r. .tr.n? r iv.er.tal fitness fer from *. - = air f close the presenn -itch i ciie. reveals ar.v pc> --`vri ^ v.-htch might later : ;e c ,1 ; -.: be i the examinee's c:: plovment in certain or in all types of work. cct:**? device { U should be remembered that such preem- :-o$ure ') d>* h pioyment examinations arc not to be made V. here i y tor the purpose c: eliminating an employee, n r: **e ade-1 but rather for ah:rating him to the type of ork for which he is physically suited. A worker should :e given employment unless proc^s4. sten*j; totally unfit, or unless his disability, even a?ed :em;eri*fl trough slight, w:u`:d cause him to be a haz- ' lira to himself *.r his associates. Further- ial 5-: r.i-ce?- f "re, the pr: -z:\irt t examinations sh` executives and c : of preemployment v, r J - -- "'fin- Aliens, r.r.d t -o v.s w ; .ture i:- no: ^ itowfve: lo^ in fee:: ?r an(l f The purpo? of periodic physical examinations ii = :o secure and maintain r-ydcal fitness; ird thereby lengthen work 'f ans."1* RReeeexxaarmr .r.ation of employees some- Ufe-i :r. Eh!' f oo i ir: ?. form* T in z c urreni k .0 V ` ~.cs results in t 'abilities v/hici * 6 of emplovr ' -national adju: discovery of defects and vere not observed at the *.t. In such cases, an oc:ent should be made to ti:*re u-00l" ^ \ Qv;(ie conmtin -- employment, but remove oi It?.-.: bnc-. of perrr.: nt injury. :> :r. man- [ iucing externf : tnea.-ures ntJ- jj 'live clothi^f : veexaniinat:cr. of employees is required ^lalaww iinn certain o_c_c_u_p_a. ti_o_n_s in _w1hic_ 1h. .t1h. er-i~eil of poij-.r.ous or otherwise ddeteri- substances may result in the contraction of disease.j: Since some occupational dis eases tend to clear up and recur, records of previous occupations should be included in the physical examinations. The frequency of examinations should be determined by the medical director, unless otherwise speci fied by law. Those exposed to known occu pational disease hazards may have weekly or monthly examinations.* "It should always be kept in mind that the basic principle of physical examinations in industry is to keep men on the job and not allow the physical examination to be merely a weeding out process."* References ' Bloomfield. J. J. and DaHaValle. J. V. "Tlie Determination and Conrrol of Industrial Dust." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 217, April, 1935. s Collis, Edgar L. "Industrial Pneumoconio?e. with special reference lo Dust Phthisis." Milroy Lectures. 1915. H. M.S.O-, London. * SoUmann. Torald. "A Manual of Pharmacolocv." \V. B. Saunders & Co.. Philadelphia. 1932. * Fairhall, Lawrence T. "Toxic Dusts and Fumes." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicoiocv, November, 1/36. * Bloomfield. J. J. "The Sampling and Analysis of Industrial Dusts." American Public Health Asso ciation. Yearbook. 1933-36. * Gibbs. \Y. E. "Dust Hazard in Industry." Ernest Bonn, Ltd. London. 1925. ! Air Hygiene Foundation or America. Inc. "Sili cosis and Allied Disorders." Medical Scries. Bulle tin No. 1. Pirrsburch, Pa. April 15.1936. Kettle, E. II. "The Action of Harmful "Dusts." Inst, of Mining and Metallurgy, London, June 14. 1934. 9 "Dusts. Fumes, and Smokes." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva. 1930. 19 Drinker, Philip. "Causation of Pneumoconi osis." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicolocv. October. 1936. 11 "Dyeing." Occupation and Health Series. International Labour Office. Geneva. l30. Lcgge, Sir Thomas. "Industrial Maladies." Oxford University Press, London. 1934. Burstein, A. "Nicotine Action from Inhaled Tobacco Dust." Journal of Industrial Hygiene. De cember. 1927. 19 White. R. Prosser. "The Dermatercoses. or Occupational Affections of the Skin.'* H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd., London, 1934. u Schwartz. Louis. "Skin Hazard? in American Industry." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 215. October, 1934. 'Downing. J. G. "Industrial Dermatoses: Treat ment and Legal Aspects: Review of Recent Litera ture." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, July. 1735. ,J "Occupational Lesions in Workers in Sucar." Belgium Letter. Journal of American Medical Asso ciation. Sept. 10. 1927. Abst. Journal of Industrial Hveiene. I-ebruarv. 1923. }i "Flour Mills.41.-Occupation and Health Series;International Labour Office. Geneva. 1930. 3t Mavcrs. Mav R. "Susceptihilitv to Derm.tctci." The Industrial Bulletin, Albany, N. Y. Feb. 1937. vol. 16. no. 2. * Drinker. Philip, and Hatch. Theodore. "Indus trial Dust." MeCraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., Nov York. 193-5^-*.-- :1 Schwartz.. Bts. `'Skin Hazards in American Industry ParflfTx,-1' V. S. PubHc-Trealtfi-BtfWectn No. 229. Sept. |9K s "Poisonous /Woods," Occupation and Health Scries, Incernr*io*aliLabour Office. Geneva, 1930. f' I ^'Lilly-sixth Aationa! Safety Congress -* Hope. . W. Hanna. W., and SuUybras*. C. 0. "I.-.duscn-al Medicine arid Hygiene." Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London. 1923. f* Brown. G. T. "The Diagnosis of Bacterial Allergy." Southern Medical Journal, Vol. 27. No. 10. Oct. 1934. :s Savers, R. R- and Nferewether. F. V. "Miliary Lun? Disease Due to Unknown Cause. U. S. Public Health Reports. Dec. S. 1930. a "Actinomycosis." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office. Geneva, 1930. r Holland, J. \V. "Textbook of Medical Chemistry and Toxicology," \V. B. Saunders Company, Phila* delphia. 1920. "Bloomfield. J. J. and Blum. W'm. "Health Haz ards in Chromium Plating." U. S. Public Health Service Reprint No. 1245, Washington, J930. * Russell, /ones, Bloomfield, Britten and Thomp son. "Lead Foisonins in a Storage Battery Plant." U. S. Public Heaitit Bulletin No. 205, June, 1933. 50 Neal. Jones. Bloomfield, DallaValle and Ed wards. "A Study of Chronic Mercunalism in the Hatters' Fur Cutting Industry." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 234, May, 1937, ,l Saver?. R. R. and Jones. R. K. "Silicotu Jf., Similar Dust Diseases." National Silicons ra} fere.nce. Washington, D. C.. April 14, 1935. " Savers. Bloomfield. DallaValle. Jones, Drees*er Brundace and Britten. "Ar.rhr.ico-Silicosis ar-,e. Hard Coal Miners." L\ S. Public Health Bulle-,J No. 221. December, 1935. 3 "Middleton. E. L. "Industrial Pulmonary ease due to the Inhalation of Dust." The Lane. July 4 and 11, 1936. ** Dreessen. Waldemar C. "Effect of Inhale Marble Dust as Observed in Vermont MarV< Finishers." U. S. Public Health Service Repnai No. 1630. Lama. A. J. "Control and Prevention of Sill, cosis." Symposium on Silicosis. California Tuber, culosis Association. San Francisco, 1937. u Newouisr, M. N. "Medical Service in Industry and Workmen's Comnensation Laws." American College of Surgeons, Chicago, 1934. ,r "Medical Care of Industrial Worker*." tional Industrial Conference Board. Inc. N> Vork, 1975. The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards By ARTHUR S. JOHNSON Assistant to Manager, Engineering Department, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston. Mass. When out: realizes that control or the dust hazard depends upon the combined contribu tions ot the physician and the engineer, he ap preciates that the solution requires scientific, treatment. By scientific treatment I mean the technical analysis ot the hazard to discover the causes which contribute to injury or ill health, and the development or control meth ods which obey physical law and physiology, pensive methods tor making the air clean are -till in the realm of dreams. Much work must he done to know more about silicosis and more how to make atmospheres safe im-.i-paisivcly. As an accident prevention job, dust control lies almost entirely within the admin istrative responsibility. The control measures are capital expenditures of considerable size. and which will be directed at causes that A plant with a dust hazard is sick, it needs admit ot most immediate and economical an expert diagnosis and scientific treatment, treatment.. which may include expensive major opera That goes tor handling the dust hazard in tions. Home remedies are seldom much good, a given plant. It goes double for acquiring and supervision and employee safety con knowledge to the end that the whole problem may reach ultimate solution. Right note our knowledge of the problem is in big chunks, sciousness alone cannot accomplish anything. There may he observed in countless shops installations for exhausting dust which arc loosely put together and largely empirical. derisivciy called "tin knocker" jobs in which There arc estimates only to judge the mag nitude of the dust health problem, and it is so closely associated with other health problems that a clean-cut estimate of it alone is imixissihlc. We do know that it is great in the aggregate, and tor die individual plant it may he very bothersome and expensive. What actually makes cuartz dust cause silicosis is not known. I: does, so the air breathed fcy workmen must not contain 'Harm ful quantities of respirable quartz dust, Ir.cu- the horsepower dissipated is out of all pro portion to the air-borne dust moved. Tonnage efficiency of material moved may he the proper yardstick for pneumatic conveyors hut if the material to be moved is air. contaminated with nearly weightless particles oi dust, the enure health hazard can lie in the i-.aii ot one per cent oi material not moved. I do no: mean 1i|iLn"less ^ qu.-t jupre--."U j !) was nneinceri^t-jf;cilrsbe r.o goptL(.T;:ere a. re m...r...n-v g- o.wovd. ifeti't'atior.s that .AWv.CcIrtCc U< f-gurt-d at nil hufegrtw like T msfLijr.;;,- 000i r~ - <J rt-` --- J '`N; r> ...y' Industrial Dusts 93 . R. "Silicosis *jJT rial Silicons Co*. :i t4, 1936. ^jg .f. Jones. Drees*? -.co-Silicosis imen ..c Health Bulled suiting freedom from dustiness was so satisSii'factory that efficiency held little interest to -jsyjj,e owner. This is exceptional, however, and 5jrl offer the opinion that dust suppression jobs should be engineered. il Pulmonxr* DiS? 4t." The Uace*^ E?ect of Inhale^^ Vermont Marble Serrice RepnoT Prevention of SiZ^5 California Tuber.^ a. 1937. Serrice in Induitry -, Laws." Amer-- '* 'A dust-suppression installation is a safety device, designed and operated to provide pro jection against possible disease and provide a jTsense of security which must be absolute. Its '"Jjfety is not rushing air and rattling chips but a minimal residual dustiness. There is no more pathetic defeat for a dust control job -than to find faith in its effectiveness so low `that workers must wear respirators to find :l Worker*." 3aard. Inc the reasonable safety that was expected from u(he hoods, ducts and fans. Diagnosis and Control $^Let us examine some of the features by iyiwhich we recognize this dust hazard problem, ''Tearing out the socio-legal aspects. sas :In order to develop more fully the engi neer's place in this dust control program, it 'seems desirable to separate as sharply as we tan the diagnostic considerations from those .1 Liability hich deal with control. In the first comlartment we can place all the analytical com- lents which describe the hazard and its -he air dean are" exposure, the probability of its producing ill Much work must .; health and all the rest of the medical and cut silicosis and^- |l&industrial hygiene facts which make out a :s sate incxpm--\. jase against the existing dust. In the second ention job, dust., ^.compartment place the knowledge of physics ithin the admin-'*' 'J^L-and engineering necessary to plan the dust ontrol measures' U/.control program and so design it that when '.r.siderable size installed its performance follows prediction is sick, it needs tide treatment, %^-that the probability of industrial disease is 2: ^reduced to insignificance. major opera.om much good, ` V/J.- The Industrial Hygienist ee safer.' con- r. Our first feature of interest would naturally -plish anything, *rbe the specific and relative toxicity ot silica. .-oumless shops g|silica-bearing and other dusts which make up fust which are Jtfthe dust health hazard. Much might be said jobs in which 5^3 advantage about the quality and quantity out of ail pro- S^of hazard in many dusts. The acquiring of -.oved. Tonnage .- ^fhis knowledge has been, and must remain a a>- be the proper rrmedical problem. It involves gross and micro- r-'ors but ii the 3grJcopic pathology and x-rays, and experimental itaminated with ^fimals. Engineers do not talk that language. dust, the entire ^.-Industrial hygienists do; they are a happy halt of or.e per. --^combination, half doctor and half engineer, ' /% dust supre=siofl_j. -.o good. There ^ of them are quite capable of handling `` the dust health hazard in all its phases of .investigation and control. For the purpose of hat were never. 'opsy. The rt-jf * discussion I throw their interest in with l< doctors. I want to go so far in my opinion as to state that the engineer should not attempt to define the quality of health hazard in a given plant or industry, nor should he establish threshold limits of safe or permissible dusti ness. This may be debatable, but I shall con tend that the engineer who writes.the speci fications of hazard and dust tolerance is really an industrial hygienist, and is using a verymuch broader knowledge than engineering alone. In the first case the quality of the health hazard is an opinion arrived at after studying all the environmental conditions including the general sanitation, occupational analysis and a scientific analysis of the dust exposures. In the exploration of dust exposures, the nature of dusty operations must be viewed from physical, chemical and mechanical aspects, the determinations of dustiness must be not only counted and classified by particu late sizes, but chemically and mineralogically analvzed. The plant layout must be studied with respect to dust production and distribu tion, and the housekeeping and existing dust control equipment evaluated. The presence ol specific hazards, such as toxic gases, abnor mal temperature and humidity conditions, etc, must be explored for their complicating effect upon the whole picture This is distinctly an industrial hygiene job, and some of the most critical data requires only medical viewpoint. This is absolute in the case of tuberculosis study and the qualifying of men for employ ment. _ So far, not one atom of engineering to suppress dust is involved. It is entirely anal ysis of hazard. The diagnosis must be that the dustiness is hazardous to health or that it is safe If it is hazardous, it must be brought down to a specified residue. If it isn't, leave it alone. On the second point, if the hygienists can not specify threshold limits graduated upward for relatively less hazardous dusts, let the engineer not worry about it. The diagnosis is dust which is harmful and too much of it. The remedy is control of the dust. The engineer designs controls which will produce the lowest practical residual dusti ness. He should not attempt to write his own specifications of threshold limits or permis sible dustiness. This may be an important goal_in the study of dust health hazards. Safe Limits At the prJrjST'tlr&e the: medhat-men and hygienists bfeBcee'. that quartz dost is: sale K3V-- occicf; 94 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress below five million particles. They seem will ing to graduate upward to 20 million tor medium silica and SO million lor low silica percentages. Five million particles is virtually dust tree, and is very difficult and expensive to achieve and maintain. The declaration of safety of the installations must remain in the hands of the medical and hygiene groups in whose hands now lies the responsibility for determining the hazard. We now enter the chapter of our discussion intended to demonstrate that dust control is an engineering job, that it must be given scentific treatment, not guess work, applying engineering methods which are based upon a knowledge of physical law, the behavior oi dust, the performance of air-moving machin ery, etc. Prerequisite Knowledge Let me recite briefly, a few of the things which, in my opinion, the engineer should know to do this job correctly. He must know how to make a survey. Surveys depend upon sampling, and sampling is not a catch-ascatch-can proposition. It involves the place, the time, the frequency, the amount in a sam ple. and the number of samples so that maxi mum, minimum and average data mean some trical phenomena which bear upon dust be-4 havior. ii Those are all principles oi physics which: explain the behavior of dust and upon which'll engineering practice must be based. They-j I must be understood and be taken into account. ;] Dust control is not a matter only of general ventilation; the engineer must study the production as well as the dispersion. The problem | should be analyzed to determine the applies, bility of segregation, enclosure, wetting, local -1 exhaust and general ventilation. In some instances, substitution of non-haz-.'] ardous material, or non-dust-producing oper ations may have specific application, and they should be explored first. This implies plant engineering. I am convinced that many bad --1 installations are bad because plant engineering . was not used. In the designing of exhaust systems installed to capture the dust at the v| points of generation, the physical behavior of . ] air moving toward hoods and in ducts must be known, and that knowledge used. Each system must consist of collection hoods, pip ing, air-cleaning plant and a source of suction. Before selecting a hood for a job the engineer -1 must know dust dispersion by dynamic pro-";I jection as well as dust dispersion by air currents, and design the hood accordingly. 'system. Loss at the jnd loss in the duct, pipe design must ta of the metal and : pressures and erosic The selection of a is a matter of calcPower consumption ble, fans follow cent must know the beha peller type, radial other fan perfor-man. More physics and goes into the air-c: selection of gravitat. method depends upo calculation for any r edge of discharge tr. mination of sizes ot behavior of cyclones, a filter, and if so, w perform, how big it resistance and how tr say nothing of thei relation to cleaning, : items for accurate en ` Apparatus to check thing, so that credibility can be given them. Knowledge Needed For the type of sample involved he must know how to weigh or count respirable dust, The aero-dynamic characteristics of suction as distinguished from large masses of non- hoods appear to be little known because little The E respirable dust which complicate the picture. thought was given to them in designing.': He must know how to observe the sources of thousands of hoods which can be found every dust floods as distinguished from conditions where in industry. All the possibility for Chief S-. of normal dustiness. He must know the entrapping dust and much of the efficiency of Considerable cor.tu: fire sources of dust and the principles involved in the dispersion of dust. He must determine how much dust enters the problem because it is part of the material, and what dust is created in the process by the fracturing of the material. Any less survey cannot tell the engineer what his task of dust control is. To visualize that task intelligently he should know the physics of Brownian motion, laws of resist ance to the motion of particles moving in air, l>oth when the air is in turbulence and for the system lies in this factor. Air velocity, ' static suction, and rate of air flow are zfl related, and they must be known. It is essea- i tial to use high velocity of air in certain type oi exhaust systems to entrap dust projected at high velocities as in the case of a granite -! surfacing machine, and low velocities must be used in others, as in the case of cleaning asbestos fibre of dust to prevent wasting material. Quantity of air and its velocity must be determined, then the piping should be <Je- - past as to just what i tion in the prevention just what is the eng: vious upon even cas two sciences must w their efforts to solve t: . The physician throL . must be able to tell ti are dangerous and w know how those dus . the manner in which t .must be trained in th stream-line motion. He should knowjerminaL 'viyied ttr*take~frittT account the behavior of velocities, movements due to'centrifugal mo air-flow through pipes at low and high veloc- _ sons who are to be ,.dust, and to discover tion ; flocculation and the effects of air motion ities. Where the problem is complicated by diseased, or are pec and the effects of humidification on it. He the large .^articles which go along wits a - dust disease. He mus must know all about the difficulties oi wetting the fine d and what is known about overcoming these into accot 3^m these behave'must be taks,.-"a Pressure losses are very impor- :1 ,first signs ^.exposed to of disease dust, and difficulties. He should know the several elec tant eletr i. in. the design of an exhaust Industrial Dusts 95 Jpon dust Loss at the hoods, loss at the bends', "'Sard ]oss in the ducts must not be guessed at. nvsics whiJJ 'Sgji design must take into account the gage i upon whi'<i' based. 'Thy rbf the metal and reiniorcing .^pressures and erosion. to withstand ' >nto accotaf ^jfepThe selection of a fan and its motive power '> o' genenf '--^s'.a matter of calculation, not guess work. :udy the p^ , . power consumption in the system is calcula- The problto 4wtle, fans follow certain laws, so the engineer : the appliy* "^jnu'st know the behavior of axial flow, pro- vetting. lo^f1 tSffpeller type, radial flow, paddle wheel and ;,j'other fan performance. of non-ha? k0:L More physics and engineering calculation during ope? tbyjfoes into the air-cleaning apparatus. The on, and tiy jgshelection of gravitation, inertial or filtration :mplies plan? method depends upon what the dust is, the at many baj recalculation for any methods requires knowl- : engineering' ;>-"edge of discharge througn stacks, the deter- ' of exhaust "^mination of sizes of settling chambers; the dust at the* Misbehavior of cyclones. The use or non-use of behavior oT* yis'a filter, and if so, what type, how it should ducts mat"' 3^ perform, how big it should be, what kind of used. Each" -~resistance and how much each kind offers, to hoods, pip?1 Tjtsay nothing of their proper location with " of suction? .! f iliation to cleaning, accessibility, etc., are all the engineer* Ids;items for accurate engineering determination. namic pro? by air car^ dingly. Apparatus to check the behavior of installa tions must be known and used. Performance cannot be left to guess work. Supplying suffi cient air to be exhausted is part of the prob lem. The same may be said of heating. Do I give the problem too severe a build up? I think not. Remember these two things: 1. You are dealing with hazardous mate rial so small in size and so little of it by weight that it is as invisible as the air that bears it. 2. Physical laws involved in the behavior of dust and air do not permit inexpensive methods of control. I am acquainted with budgets set up for this purpose which amount to more than a quarter of a million dollars, and I know of many where 60 to 80 thousand dollars is involved. - The need for this much engineering is rec ognized by men who know. Already much has been done toward getting the knowledge into handbook shape. Perhaps the best job of this sort to date is "Fundamentals Relating to the Design and Operation of Exhaust Systems" developed under American Stand ards Association procedure. -s of suction_ icause little* designing' und every- ' ihility for -hciency of. r velocity, 'v are all ; is essentain types projected a granite _ :s must be . cleaning' : wasting"' f must be d be de- " havior of jh veloc- cated by mg with " be taken y impor- exhaust The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards By A. D. LAZENBY, M.D., F.A.C.S. Chief Surgeon, Maryland Casualty Co., Baltimore, Maryland Considerable contusion has existed in the recognize the disease when it is fully de past as to just what is the physician's func- veloped. tion in the prevention of dust diseases, and It is not necessarily the physician's func- just what is the engineer's. It is very ob- tion to analyze dust. That is a task for the vtous upon even casual thought_that .ihe--chemist and the petrographer. It is not the two sciences must work - hand in hand in physician's function to count the particles of their efforts to solve the problem. dust in a given industrial atmosphere. That, The physician through his special training in reality, is the function of the engineer. It must be able to tell the engineer what dusts is not the physician's function to devise are dangerous and what are not. He must ventilating equipment for the removal of know how those dusts enter the body and dust, nor even to be more than an adviser the manner in which they do their harm. He as to the means that must be adopted to must be trained in the examination of per render the atmosphere safe. sons who are to be employed to work in The physician nevertheless must correlate dust, and to discover those who are already with his medical knowledge and with his diseased, or are peculiarly susceptible - to- studies oi-the-itidustrial worker the findings ust disease. He must be able to detect the of the engineer. .KgTSgsosis of silicosis, for "St signs of disease in workers who are example. requiref'fioT merely characteristic' ..exposed to dust, and must be prepared to occupational histqrtand characteristky'jihj'siy kt/rA<jtrt.i'%-CT.<' - *- I--. ooei; -o Cement and Quarry Sections Cement Section w Officers 1936-37 r(niral Chairman--Fred B. Hunt, Nazareth Portland Cement Co., Nazareth. Pa. fae-Chairmau--W. I. Worthy. Medusa Portland Cement Co., Toledo, Ohio. "Secretary--A. T. R. Curtis. Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, 111. jTfit'r Letter Editor--Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal. P. Q., Can., '^iigineering Committee Chairman--William Moeller, Lone Star Cement Co., Dallas, Texas. {fyhreay Committee Chairman--M. A. Kofeman, Southwestern Portland Cement Co., Los ^Angeles, Calit. "^tembershi/> Committee Chairman--Henry A. Reninger, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., ^-Allentown, Pa. e/ftitir Committee Chairman--f. W. Kennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co.. Detroit. Mich. - fewram Committee Chitirnnv:--A. H. Slndkkland, Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement ,, Kansas City, Mo. members at Large-- Hsfi-D. Coleman, Missouri Purtland Cement Co.. St. Louis, Mo. y B. Fortltn. Pennsylvania-Dixie Cemetit Corp.. Nazareth, I'a. Y Gordon C. Hutu. (.'niversa! Allas Cement Co.. Chicago, III. Posselt. Lone Star Cement Corporation, New York, Pf. Y. - Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cemetit Corp., Buffalo, X. Y. ! SSf-ri M A. Officers Elected for 1937-38 r&ie'til Chairman--Fred B. Hlnt. Nazareth Portland Cement Co.. Nazareth. Pa. -f^Cha-.nnan--A. C. Sunderland, Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement Cu., Kansas t ::~Sty, Mo. *' A. J. R. Curtis. Portland Cement Assn.. Chicago, 111. / Letter Editor--Jack Dempster. Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal, P. Q. Canada. :`sxV'*,,n"!7 Committee Chairman--William Moeller. Lotte Star Cement Corp., Dallas, Ad', iJ*v Committee Chairu:.:::--M. A. Koffman. Southwestern Portland Cement Co., Los Calit. Connni::ee Chairman--H. A. Renixoes. Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Allen* Ha. t/r rC... - t-ouiMnttee c aairma;:--h W. Kennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co.. Detroit, Mich. ' X ,ri at Large- N` Bu-'tiNKi.i.. Mi.-.-oer: Portland Cement Co.. St. Loth-. Mo. I ML*. R Rtuin, Penns\-i'. ar.ia-Dixie Cement Corp.. Nazareth. l'a. 1 v -""v.v c. Hu L'nivena! Atlas Cement Co.. Chicago. 111. I` " - P. y ,"'I-lt, Lone Star Cxr.cnl Corporation. New \ork. X. Y. kri'M'tu; iavn. Medusa Portland Cement Co.. Manitowoc. Wi-. Great Lake; Portland Cement Corp.. Buttalo. X. Y. 249 f&f p.AA. 000 sonlc similarity of procedure in di(|,c work of any man on any job; but industries employ such different icopic, 'under such a wide variety '^If^circumstanecs. a, id place such a diverk|:^b'e,u'ot"rc"squupireeruviicsuotrsy turpaoinninlgl-.eimn itthatmotirree any supervisory training course lor any par ticular industry lies within that industry. We must go out and see how our job is being supervised now; analyze the procedure of every foreman and supervisor; compare them and select the best; look upon supervision as a process in itself, and see how best to direct So iprehensivc aspects is peculiar to eacn the work of the people. It is a long, tedious, , , Wert J c!ser in. i-'-'iiype of indu;try' .-erniit us __ -lv~Sj; The general treatises on leadership give ":i1 furth>y. ''ivjie:groundwork, but the subject matter "for and costly process, but one which, carried through to completion, will pay dividends in the end. itl- a)l the-: r fht.jj.i: '-st issuni "-S' 'mmeennaarer,' ltSgWj;-.. ;\e3 and the' 'e can also 'v-r-i-ido not seen WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION er cent * `StfSjjfci''-' a>_*de, October 13, 1937 /yW.-v.W >3* Chicago -'..v^VjThe Wednesday Luncheon session of the S^E'Cement and Qnarr>' Sections was addressed Isaiah Hale, Superintendent of Safety, tchison, Topeka and Santa Fc Railroad, ho spoke on "The Common Sense of Safety." The address was substantially the same as another address by Mr. Hale before the Steam Railroad Meeting. The complete paper will be found in the Steam Railroad section of this volume. bisms faring"', eman hisTrert; J of theyob^j o have takjii'v that the hie'} unity and fee!' :>:nj about it.. .ccident on a cuiariy hai-' WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13,'1937 torcman or the work : does and ' "atiling pro- -.only of all . directly or me of super- properly. tv training necessary. ,-y training procedure "J: or voca- tlie tech not.seem ::re is, of Work of the National Silicosis Conference ' ByR. CAMPBELL STARR Assistant Safety Engineer, U. S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards, Washington, D. C. Silicosis is strictly an occupational disease. Medical science lias not reported silica dust as affecting any individuals except those who, over relatively long periods ot time, have worked in an atmosphere where the air "hich they breathe contained excessive con centrations of free silica. The interest of the U. S. Department of baaor in a broad social and economic problem such as this lias ils origin in the Organic '^ct, eiiective March 4, 1913. which created the Department. This act, among other tilings, gives the Department c; Labor the duty "to foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners of the United States, to improve their working conditions, and to advance their opportunities for profit able employment." With this through joint < could be done Secretary of LcJ5e rOs*., - ''L.-'V*T* Td'-* V-. : A-;* ' ,`>y ---uu u. t^. V V 2 .'8 Tieentx-s:,::::i National Safety Congress ington on February 26. 1936 a croup of about 75 men representing leaner; :n indus tries having a silica problem, labor leaders, and outstanding representatives e: '.he medi cal, legal, ar.d engineering pro: .s.-ions. as well as insurance carriers and State adminis trators. Alter considering various phases o the silicosis problem, this group gencraulv agreed that through a pooling of knowledge and a frank discussion through the conference method important advances could be made toward, first, overcoming the hysterical at titude on the part of employers, labor, and others; second, after careful investigation, to consolidate in one place all known data with regard to the preventive engineering methods; third, analysis and recommenda tions in connection with adequate standards of compensation for those workers disabled as a result of the disease. As an outgrowth of this initial meeting, another group, similar in composition to the first conference, but expanded to include some 200 individuals, was invited to come to Washington on April 14, 1936 to cutline ways and means of attacking the problem. After, hearing silicosis discussed from the stand point of the employer, labor, and the medical profession, by outstanding experts in the field, this large group endorsed the confer ence method as proposed, and as a result four main working committee-; were ap pointed by the Secretary of Later witli the advice and consent of the grout to investi gate and report upon the outstanding phases of the silicosis problem. These committees were t (1) Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through Medical Ccttrul, (2) Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through Engineer::: c Control, (3) Committee on the Ect,ramie. Legal and Insurance Phases of \.e Silicosis Problem, (4) Committee on 11ic E - :!atory and Administrative Phases of d c Silicosis Problem. A fifth committee, known a? '..e Correlat ing Committee, was named. I: as under the chairmanship of W. H. Camertn. Managing Director of the National Safety Council, and consisted of the chairman of the tour tech nical committees just mention:.- 1 and two ad visors. one on labor problems and one on mining matters. Jose already permnne:: ieir employment by rca- These committee members served without compensation and gave freely of their time and effort in studying the problem from their respective viewpoints. After nine months of careful and searching study, these commit- tees advised the Secretary ot Labor that, they were ready to report. Consequently,' on February 3, 1937 the Second National Silicosis Conference was called in Washing, ton. At this time summary committee re ports were presented to the Secretary and considerable discussion was given them. 3?;is. The status of the 1.6 used to the hazard of si (Jus by the committees A percentage of workers having silicos partially disabled bee. -and have their dijfic 'plicated with tubcrcu: , The remainder of;! silicosis and disability no tuberculosis. Shortly after this second national confer Approximately 105 ence the Department published, as Bulletin -.but no disability and . No. 13 of the Division of Labor Standards, //'Approximately 900 the summary reports of the four committees' Vsilica dust, but have r, referred to above, together with an abstract S ease. version containing the principal findings and '(.Contrary to popular l recommendations written in non-technical ^.develop. Usually it language. - - - ChPi .more of exposure to sil . The full reports of the committees, comf.'v^ .toTcontract the disca; prising several thousand typewritten pages,;?? 5-fLtave been known to < are row being edited and will go to they-2+ .'period as one and 0'u printer very shortly, tt is expected that?^ tjnder extreme and ur they will be issued in four separate volumes^? `Ttfte other hand, many sometime during the fall or carlv winter. 'under ordinary expose 'than' 30 years wiihoi 'SiNature and Extent of Silicosis trouble whatever that -silicosis. Physicians generally agree that silicosis, J in the iayman's language, is a disease ot the funcs. caused by breathing air containing ' silica dust, in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by fibrous or scar ti;<ue. S;l;ca dust is found in many industrial operations, but the hazard is acute only in yr such industries as metal mining; anthracite mining; quarrying, drilling, and tunneling in. granite, ganister, and sandstone; smelting and refining-; foundries; potteries; glass wor.<3 ;.stone-products industries; grinding: bu.T.r.g; and sandblasting. Of the 49,000.000 workers hi the United Statesronly l,*000.000f or 2 per cent, it is es timated, are in any way exposed to the hazard of silicosis. About half of this number,, or 1 per cent of the total number ot workers in the country, arc exposed to a serious haz ard. atid approximately 110,000 of these haw legree,. .M--edical examfiiaiyj ;' Silicosis : Silicosis can be pre trays: First, by prc. silica dust; second, persion of dust into working area: and to apply the first to ot personal protect: respirators, to prc. e (lust. In carrying cut many agencies mus: Qt the committees 2 employer is called o *nd to spend me;: Work and money v maximum result; i to cooperate a: responsil)ilitv for lnd for using the ment. ^ addition, pfu the disease, irr,lcklitin ., A min preventing 5?, *' - 0001 ............ \ ,> -V *' -' &?, .'CV ^ - ',*y, +.' -",:<X. '+. :)rS.':. ' *'.'* '-.^'r:y :K - Vv; '".* r i 'rr>X.J '**'1 Cement and Quarry Sections t"*,;tfc05C a.:.-.'.-!<iy rermancr.tiv detached from !f"'*J.'pA"i|tcir >) rMion of disabling si:i- -erved withcQ J';royi.' ot their timep rv.us of tlic 1,00(3,000 workers ex- '.em from dni/-?"Iai*ng*v:2*sedlttoc---tohe- hazard of silicosis was analyzed line months of thus by the committees maxing the survey: these commit-', "j jsreentage of the 4,000 to 5,000 of Labor .th'i{>:. ivXVorksr; having silicosis arc completely or Conseeqquuently,'"-;. VjS^partiax:>y ddiissabled because of this disease cond NNaaftornal.. . fW have tlheir difficulties further ctrni- ;d in W\aasshhing.- :^J?plica!ea wiitt.h tuberculosis. committee re' oXA.X;1C remainder of the 4,000 to 5,000 have Secretary and t Nicosia and disability in some degree, but riven them. .".Y!: .^cvr'no tuberculosis. arional confer--' tyjhr; Approximately 105.000 have silicosis, cd, as Bulletin. ' ?;v/6ut r.y disability and no tuberculosis. bor Standards,'": * Approximately 900.000 arc exposed to our committees'/' iSSsFiilica dust, but have not contracted the dis- '-'itit an abstract . ' #* 'al findings and l* i non-technical .'> Contrary to popular belief, silicosis is slow `develop. Usually it takes seven years or ^^lore of exposure to silica dust for a worker committees, _ .,,j-contract the disease. A few cases that Rewritten pages/*. f=Sjhave bi-n known to develop in as short a : will go to die-y; period as one and one-half years occurred is expected that':" Jj&er extreme and unusual conditions. On separate odt?r hand, many workers have labored * early winter, y'ffi&^inder -rdinary exposures to silica for more Htlian f) years without demonstrating any Silicosis ** tToub.'i whatever that could be diagnosed as ysilicosii. jc that silicosis, a disease of the' : air containing rmal lung tissue * tissue. many industrial is acute only in ming; anthracite and tunneling in Istonc; smelting potteries; glass ^series; grinding; "s in '.he United per cent, it is esposed to the ha*-. : o/'`tf;:s number. . nnber of w orkcr? to a serious ha;.'00 of ihc-e have d edict! rwi;:;/"-** rk imiicM':- l" Silicosis Prevention Sir.; sis can be prevented in three general ' ways: First, by preventin'.: tiie creation of silica lust; second. !y preventing the dispersi: of dust into the atmosphere cf a work_- z area; and third, if it is impossible to a:-: y the first two methods, by the u-e ional protective equipment such a< respi.-s. tors, to prevent the inhalation ot the tlust. In arrying out a prevention program, rr.ary agencies must cooperate. In the view of t: committees studying the problem, the e.Tr.-.vcr is called ot: :o do most of the work anc - spend most f rhe inuncy. I'ut l::s vo-,: anti money v;. i never accomplish the max! in- v.im results :::: cooperate a::-. v.<- ti'.O v.nrkof cr.rry ids share s w::'.of the i:i/iiiiy for h dying to control dn-r ro:i.*.! :*f<tu:t;\e eu'.uo- .I'l.;.., pincers, insurance companies, legislators, ad ministrators. and others. The reports of the conference committees on engineering control and medical control recommend specific, procedures for attack ing the problem through those two avenues of prevention. A partial list of these recom mendations follows: Survey the working conditions to deter mine the severity of the hazard and indi cate what needs to be done to decrease it. Secure information on best procedure. Design plant for dust control. Provide building ventilation. Store dusty materials in dusttight bins. Enclose material-handling equipment. Isolate dusty processes. Provide wet methods of operation.-- Water, oil, and other liquids may be used effectively-- ' l. To suppress dust at the point ot origin in such operations as rock-drilling; han dling, pulverizing, and milling rock and ore; grinding metal on grindstones; abrasive-wheel cutting of granite and sand stone. 2. To prevent the redispersion of dust that has settled on the floors, walls, and other surfaces such as in the granite in dustry and in foundries. Design equipment to control dust. Establish good maintenance and house keeping procedure. Provide respirators. fn.-truct the workers. Responsibility of Workers The cooperation of the workers is neces sary if the hazard of siiieosis is to be re duced to the minimum. The worker should realize that the safe practices recommended and the equipment provided are designed to prevent injury to himself and to his fellow employees. The equipment should be used as direct; : and every effort should be made to main::.::: it in good working order. Further more. the worker is frequently in a posi tion to observe faulty emnpmeiit and unsafe pi act:::?. and lie shouM make it a point to repo-: ail ,-i'ch conditions to his supervisor. Statutory .tion tin; pnmarv i I.-: UK- |iri4 ;'h lo die Jiroh :u:d diiu.ruuii.: fa ".VJ s':;:':5/4|L .' I s! !><$& \ ' - '*.'Ui < y .000153 r*1'- [ife.a:,. ' BgPliSi-! LlSr:-if: Kpll 260 / y-xi.v! i'/v Coii'irt'xx oi the hazard, the tact must he recuer.uciit.hat until silicosis has been wiped out. workers who now have the disease, as well as those who niav contract it. must receive workmen's compensation just as do those workers who are injured in accidents. Accordingly, the committees or the silico sis conference were unanimous in presenting the following recommendations: Coverage for silicosis in the compensa tion acts of all States. This coverage should be compulsory. Because of competition between the same or similar industries in various States, the laws, rules, and regulations ot the several States should be as uniform as practicable. Should Be Insured The employer should insure his obliga tion for compensation either through selfinsurance subject to the posting oi ade quate funds, or with an authorized in surance institution. Insurance should not be denied any em ployer, provided the State authorities certi fy that he complies with the State require ments as to proper safe working condi tions, and pays the premiums involved. Workers having active pulmonary tuber culosis and silicosis should be removed trom employment. Such workers should be granted suitable compensation payments and medical care. Workers disabled from silicosis (but with no tuberculosis) should ultimately be granted the same amount of compensa tion as those disabled hy accidental injury. Two years is a reasonable minimum limitation period for filing claims subsc quent to the date of the last exposure. Further Activities of the Department of Labor In carrying out its duty as stated in the basic law, the U. S. Department of Labor lias conceived that there is immediate need tc-r :p.e conversion ot nnov. n tacts jn ,j.n n'ed cal and engineering r-.clds working toward prevention, and in the legal, insurance ar.d regulatory phases looking toward acje citrate workmen's compensation, into a prac tical. readily understood program w hich win adequately take care of the silicosis prob lem. Methods I in its program of cooperation with the As States, the Department of Labor has in cluded a section covering silicosis and sirnilar dust diseases. This breaks down into Safety Dire three main sub-headings: (1) Assistance in The Lyman-Ricl the preparation of reasonable and adequate ' ration operates 22 codes, rules, and regulations prescribing'-' the state. Each methods of prevention; (2) assistance in the establishment of equitable standards of individual unit, foreman and tron workmen's compensation for those em- ' shift. Total annu ployces disabled as a result of the disease;'"!' (3) a general educational program amongState officials, factory inspectors, etc so^ lo 250, with an ay man hours. that they will be equipped with adequate.?? -; All production - knowledge concerning the disease, itsa| dredges, involvim method of prevention, and its proper treat jresult in clcctroc ment under the workmen's compensation drowning, j Although our Follows Two Lines '!..$& 'same as those of record in the yc: This application program, which is jusPanf (gram was "9 los now getting under way has been commencfivfp "jnan hours' expc along two,principal lines: (1) The compiliagts'i ! so many accident of practical information concerning adtual'jc-S Aery .unfavorable dust control installations in typicai siliagt . Compensation Cc hazardous plants, together with approximay^. donee firms flatly tions as to cost, not only of installation, buQ' also of maintenance of tlust control equip--;;, meat in such plants: (2) a program of visual.y. education supplementing the summary and =; tail committee reports of the National Sdi-7 .-osis Conference. It is contemplated that in this field such media as film strips, hntcTM Cities, posters,, illustrated bulletins, etc. w^`-s 11 utilized. Further, in connection with J) -It was eviden -plant looking ou: "haywire," so a s was decided upo 'he following in; First, an old Plant operations . rector, devoting various exhibits of the department, shown; Jt-.; 'Second, all c: various large expositions, trade assacrifice Pass a physical meetings, labor and technical organizahon j- employees passe meetings, etc., it is contemplated that muen;^ cumber were fc factual information will be used, pointu'J ^ tsward ways and means of correcting 1 hazard and of establishing adequate Stan ^ Third, all mu ^de as meek Tuards placed anls of workmen's compensation. parts, 'Jr?*.- ^ Shards bui ** boards' p!ac Railways, !rr,propcr v Fourt!: : ^cn w. frUns, 4 .very employee in oi ti'.eir ability t0 Chemical Section mtortnnate enough cadent in a given Apartment a "Red, placed on the de, He too called his see tl'.e "Red Star" board. The "Red iO Id Star" touches ;:nh in that departa resolves to do his on his board. At roman informs his .nr" records of other ss wonders in lielptl-.at if workers oi _et "Gold Stars" they ought into play two t: pride in individual m.piishment, and the :v thinking. That this -.-ry definite results is at from June JO. 1956. :.iccr-town Plant had .kW.OOO man-hour* .-idea:. Suelt a record tod before. In our been only ono ll)': s in two soar*. safety eh.ainnaa riy educated or . ... e peruse tjc .omit by the 5*3. miter sources ' rations of sa'*'! riiiing in I c api'lwd help * , |.a-s t!-c . worker* -auiy l: :o ,.ri-\ l'* * ^r- " .,i ; **V :--:e in <!*,r , :: - Officers 1936-37 ' Central Chairman--H. L. Miner. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. yici-Chairmnn in Charge ef Program--Ralph L. Rogers, Jr., Tennessee Eastman Corp., ; ;-r"- -Kingsport. Tenn. )? yicc-Chaini.an in Charge ef Engineering--J. J. B. Fl'I.enwider. Hercules Powder Co., .> Parlin. X. J. 3 Secretary--Rai.ph O. Keefer. Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. i Seuri Letter Editor--F. W. Dennis. Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls. X. V. Uembcrshi/' and Publicity Committee Chairman--C. E. Sunken?, Merrimac Chemical Co.. '_y; Inc., Boston. Mass. '.-cVecnpational Disease Committee Chairman--Dr. Leonard Greenisurg, New York State ; C- Department of Labor, New York, X. \. y-Paster Committee Chairman--E. L. Root, Celluloid Corporation, Newark. X. .1. .hStitisties Committee Chairman--R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford. T'Conn. ~-:Utmbers af Large-- cj'y. A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, X. Y. E- F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. D. Kirkpatrick, Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, New York, X. Y. s r. .t/.JoKN Roach, Deputy Ctmmissioncr of Labor. Trenton, X. J. . John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington. Del. Plummer Whf.ei.er. American Cyanaiuid Co.. Linden, X. J. 1 " S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston, Mass. Peter M. Wilson, Matitte-on Alkali Works i Inc.), Niagara Falls. X. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 Chairman--H. L. Miner. E. f. du Fun: de Xemours & Co., Wilinir.utun, Dei. '--(./ijir,,,,,1| ,,, ; i'rooraui--fv.u.PH L. Koceks. Ju.. Tennessee Eastman Cor:-.. Tend. ! nuir.i.j,, ,,, Cliitrae / finuiiicsr-ii,:--Uai.i'm O. Kntnik. Aluminum Co. ot Aukti.t.. Pa. '< > Malk.e. wrierai E'aJ'.rie Co.. NMla Park, Cleveland. 0!:M_ -: . * `-..Vr Edit,,r--\t' v DeNNI.-*. Hooker Electrochemical Co.. Xiairara Fail-;, X. V. liM" '"`i Disease C< . Cittiiruun:--Px. Leonard Orkf.xrcr*;. Xew York ?:i:c '""tent of Labor. L v. York. X. Y. efi a"d Public::- i/i}>utU\' Cii-Jirii',:::--C. E. Skvrkxs. Merrimac Chemical Co. V: -i1--: Cr. ff\v (/;, ' ^ C-. 'JMoir - in--k. C. Stratt*'N. T!:e Traveler? In.-urance Co.. Hart:'?-!. i`]hr.rni --E. L. :v-at, CellulcM Corpora!;',::. N'cvf^rl^X. oooi: r.i equation hazard urakoo"11 but a' '- . fl'j,jill no" give you , *5,'J'*duo n tiizani- in r * cl.emjcal labor,-uor\ iJj'l-U the completion oi ay-*~ test. two defer timaticr method were Hlgijffcsn* oil without ch; 'trained.- The oil reacted kbtf nattriils were k giUa&r/r no particular sir SbaoI lo tliis observation ?W* a day later to estai WSot a further mmiatu S-itWcf but impressive. ` with concentrated icUon bulb when i bursting. the jrjrjwwn was classified asubmitted was *'*feJoahazard in nitrom exposure to danger ___ uj take another i sjpjawwn explosion hazarc Ty fcUfd.-'ctJlulose had bee-, f. tve. ut the laboratory. nitrating acid w: TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION tfeiwrirzi' fUicy.j It had been cust to filter off the at October 12, 1937 r-r twdingly, the same sr.ia :';"' cfeuted with acetone, dr gc- Me liquid acetone, and c Safety in Chemical Laboratories t-W Mpintor. Immediate; |n darted, an explosion oc By A. B. RITTER Chemist, Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Del. Titered the flask. The nit .e%*iR*rtd but did not t: plosion. We, as witnc It is generally accepted that all of the hazards which arise in the several stages of chemical manufacture arc present in the rcscarcli laboratory un a small scale at least. It is also accepted that there exist the ad ditional hazards oi experimental chemical work. How can hot It it pcs be designated in order to help the chemist protect him self and his equipment? We suggest that this be done.by dividing the .hazards into two groups, known and unknown. In the known group we should include the physical hazards, not only as they pertain to machinery, equipment, ap paratus, and temperature, and illumination, etc., but also as they relate to the human body. This known group includes exposure to harm-front physical forces; such as, heat. light, and electricity, ami that physical si which is associated with the human b<wr ad that two workers risdly, one seriously h. 'x-known hazard had - For the dangers in the unknown gf *be explosion probabl;, which the chemist must face, :t is s toee vapor coming iutc gested that they be given the names #***. nitrating acid. which they will probably be classined aft^A their initial display. These term; mi)' ISf*. defined as folio-test' Explosion /mr-vd u posure to danger from a violent expas,*XfJ of gases. l:irc hazard is exposure to tianP^y: front burning or combustion. Toxicity ^ . N'ow let us consul hazard. It was desit- 'olnbility of chlorine ir 'Ue use in chlorinauc rtain base material. ' chlorine and methar ard is exposure to danger from pois01^ dangerous. A cn Perxaiirt . mmiinii hazard is exposuf* *aich was made witiu dangt^^om^tbc tcndencJgXlt^An im.divh thought. Thereupon, to c rc inay be aTfexv- who sfl< *thanol was mcasu err n^s&Rlifirc are thoxe&Sffi are prnS lushing bottle and a err n3&fdr less frctpiemlv. therefore, ` tr. Alorine was bubbled fcW' oooioa |1; V. ' 7T v&SKTprr - -P* *\*r h ?.; > --i>a' -. a A-c^ * J_~ 11^118* payments to injured worke-. more real cost which is (t. and anxiety that results tree eh no amount of money tn Construction Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--\V. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Wash ington, D. C. fkc-Chairman for Hca-ey Construction--R. I. Rkiceix'TH, C. W. Blakeslee &: Sons, Xcw Haven. Conn. I'icc-Clniirinan for hliahteay Construction--i:. I. Rowe, W. L. Johnson Construction Co., Hicksvillc. Ohio. yicc-CItairinan for C. S. Enninecr Defartme-.:--Major Eu.torr VaNDEVA.VTEK. C. of E., Ofice of the Chief ot Engineers. Washington. D. C. 'Vice-Chairman for Dui!,tin,/ Cuurtr.'/c/iui:--Chester W. Wrioiit, Wright & Kremers, Inc., Niagara Falls. X. V. Si-cretarv--Roueut McKinley. General Accident. Fire & Lite Assurance Corf.. Detroit, Mich.' Sacs Letter Editor--G. 0. Gttim.v, Dravo C.rp.. Xeville Gland, Pittslnirgh, Pa. 'Enfinccriui/ Committee Chairman--Thomas a lle, Industrial Indemnity Exchange, San ; Francisco. Calif. Membershii' Committee Chairman.--F. J. Cka.'.'-ei.e, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Bo-ton. Mass. Tester Committee Chairman--S. M. I.alul:.: - :.r.. Civilian Conservation Corjis. Washing ton. D. C. Trjjrjn: Committee Chairman.--V. P. Aiila: X. Xatioual Sand X: Gravel Assn., Washing ton, D. C. 'uaficjfCommittee Chairman--W. P. Cun:-' "The Constructor." Washington. D. C.* halisties Committee Chairman--C. H. Ih..te>:. .innto & Web-tor Engineering Curt'.. Boston, Mass. 1 -ft Cenerat Chairmen-- M. F. Al.-tin. W. E. Wo- ii O.i.. Dvtrcv. .'.licit. Eric.AR X. t Xu t- tini.. Cor.-ul'. r.e Said;. F.t.eineer. San Francisco. Calif. .I"!!X k|S-i'J lit. I'uMic -.-vice F.\ .x t in- O X. I. ' wiioi ..hi: -sj -t. rf'Udrrt ' ' T fj 'vt!*?? ; : : f -I fth .rmSo* \ - ::!;! !i k ! , ;! :.rt!w* !: djjjf* m Tyill! HIW" t-i ||!> !.; !ii; iiliifl i ' tlI.j: 1- 4 a?- Hitisij r=r|Si:M... ;' 3t.m; *: n ; 1 Si ; ;!0f5gp g -iaisii Officers Elected for 193 7-33 < --\V. A. . y'^'-n. i). C. W,;.ir 11Ctii y C Lonn. -fm(- cj,: M-l. S' - .v.vcr; \\ .- | V|U.. V.'..*' , tn.v.':-1 <\r - r,- -iI' 'vncral Conirnct'-r' >ji America, Inc.. \\ a.'h\ Ui.hii.i.L'ii!. C. \V. ljlakoicc vs: S-jii'. Xc\*. (1. Ch'arry T. Camphcil Son^ Co.. ra/.A/W J(.orp> o:1 ' Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress 1'uy-l hiiirnian for Bitihliu.7 Construction--C. H. Elu'K. Stone & k tU'tcr Corp., Coston, Mass. 1 Secretary--Robust McKinley, General Accident, Fire & Life A--i:ra:ice Corp ^ * t Mich. ' Xezes Letter Editor--L. K. Rf.inhakdt. f::riu-trial Accident Commission, Calif. p.. Enmneering Committee Choir mini--Tudma? SuLLU. Industrial Indemnity Exchan-. Frr_a__n_c_i_sc-oI. rC.ail:if.. * hr J been car- r.-erance or " .'.if a job u 'Ll . 2 yClSing o y.Uuf pa>rod\ -c A the type c * out fore/::, c.*> amount Mcmi'crstr.? Committee Chairman--F. I. CuAXDr.M.. Libertv Mutual Insurance Co r it' these me Mass. * ii-iaal payroll Erofjram C<i mm ittec Choir man--John Rcv-ELI. Fk.. Public Service Electric Newark. X. J. Gas fk--t t li fin's ere n0 b,,n ^ p, $100 o Statistics Committee Chairman--E. X. Goi.dstixk, 352 Funston Avc., San Francisco risnni Education Committee Chairman--S. M. Laldkkoai.k. Civilian Conservation Cw^if"" j.of tune. 1 Washington, 1 k C. lavi'ng- a f *oul<l be cc j;e saving ' m A i hazardous : (S-aisation rate i-t diat saving TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 We s<t up for i 's% j[ awards ; rft .-a Record: 1-5 We oiler cash The first session was called to order In Kdgar X. G<>ld>tme. consulting engineer, Sr.n xi foreman aft' Francisco, who acted as chairman in ie award. The - absence of W. A. Snow. mA? L/tfian who ca tV'jsdar year wk u? $25 prize is carries lus Awards for No Lost Time Accident Record ur with no rm fat resulting re By R. J. REIGELUTH time. We \ Vice President, C. W. Blakesiee 8c Sons, New Haven, Conn. $25 to meet ' r;man almost f)ur company has always maintained the policy ot trying to make its employees into one large family. We have about forty men who have been in our organization over twenty-live years, and a large number who involved in replacing the injured mafl with another workman, the cu-t involved i?. replacing a broken machine or damaged piece of work; still we all know the.se costs-, exist and when our insurance rate? increase ar.icnt record week by o: to feel that LJ rccognitior -ivc a periect - have been with us over fifteen years, some we get an idea of how those other costs vt To qualify of these men growing up from water boy? mounting up. -it be a rr.a: to superintendents. As all contractors today are seeking means to check the increasing costs of material and labor, we were concerned about a further increase in the co^t of our compen sation insurance. While the insurance costs are only a part of the cost of a high accident record, they are an indication of how those co'ts arc running. Most of us construction men do not record all of the costs of an accident in our cost books and do not know We made a thorough study of what involved in our accident records and lij conferences with two insurance compand who earn* our compensation insurance There were several jobs in our record winvu had opevtftcd without a lost time accident, including various typical kinds of construe* tion work from operating a crushed it00* quarry to reconstructing a bridge on M|kS a pier had failctj!^.^^ We detennirfifefc'Jiiafc the 'Savittg-v^J Syroll at lea?l ice no requ'.r time that yreman in a: ` Oman's rec; -:eSall leaa. `^ge. We to "bat'' }* a. pence: only one Ardent rccu the cost involved in time lo-t by the associ stirancc costs \p<^ncr.)Vave been ated worker? of the injured man, the cost which had a r<^^^bffno lost perform:. Jk.. T li" 000Jea Bl&fe'; PI. fifdi. i i! ij! '*\i 'j!-I :i! mm-fcsnfJj'j;-i!j !i ii. ji Ii*M 290 Yih A <.!t::niui AV/v/v Cy Hour.; c:' ;!:c Day By Body Far; Injurr_*ti By Nature ot Injur>By Genera! Cnu^e By major sub-classifications under Gen eral Cause By Primary Basic Causes By Seconriarv Contributing Causes U\ Feresv: - u Charge By Manner ei Perturmnnee By Aeency i.Maciiine, Material. etc.) Be Part c: Aconey By Methei ,u Contact The figure > may he summarized using days ot tiir.e ost, medical expense, compensation aware. . or other associated data. iuiS11, - at a b-x.v olio"'*; -There it present is breathe hem material. It cm be four, tenpin of sc non law in WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 jllegeti sihct Hf y$ breathed du: The courts a impressed v. Methods for Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified1 By DANIEL HARRINGTON Chief, Health and Safety Branch, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. AVI dusts with especially w lo make tier parative siqr i "It wouid working m rjsl from respir While the hysteria with regard to silicosis and other occupational diseases has largely subsided and this subject is being more care fully considered and soberly judged, it would he poor policy for any employer to maintain that the storm has ended and that he can relax and.rcvcrt to conditions as they were some years ago. The fact is that the plan of paying occupational-disease compen sation is now in its infancy and can be ex pected to grow rapidly. ' At present while all the States of the Union, including the District of Columbia and excepting only Arkansas and Missis sippi, have compensation acts, only the fol lowing make provision for occupational dis eases to some extent: California, Delaware, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina. North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washing ton, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. not on .state m t.hine.; .-i.t.a-umuttec .Lu.oo.ookkss, otf neaa-rr!iv tlic Lmon within the next rive yeevaersnk.-r.dsm&aTtf/...dft'Td.uht.ot.a,l.,.mti.se.e.xxbneeecwcyssohssnio-ic. Wall tlii; situation confronting him, (hebStV; farsighted industrialist who lias the interestC^^-- s 0L` of his organization at heart will start to "put his house in order" imbyrrrr..eedmiaatetc[yi^jgsi^t rmV.mj^hali^r.g.inof possible occupational disease hazards to.hi j-.iWmpensattc employees and promptly applying kno'tviv remedial measures or attempting to devise^ ilarmful efle tssarily co.rr such measures if none exist. Unciuesdanablyrn s of dust are b one of the most important of the surveys to^j. be made relates to dust occurrence. passages as stomach, am While the state dust laws and regulations ->* apply primarily to silica dust and resultan(^tr1.-j . External;;--. eyes, ear:-, i silicosis in.-mar as the health hazard is con- yjj, lie* with tr cerned, tlx- : most familiar with dust occur- ^ definite ha.-- rcnce and ::= possible hazards recognize not jp', only that the breathing ot large quantities of dust of free silica (SiO) is probably . greatest hazard to health likely to be found Moreover where dust is involved, but that not even tlie air ret siiica dust ' harmful to health unless oosty, in : occurs in try finely tlividctl form and i?"e' hmited amt. Silicosis is compensable in one way or an other in California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio. Pennsylvania. West Virginia, and Wisconsin, arid possibly in other States. It will be surprising if comparatively com breathed ti relatively large quantities mor*c5-. able or tr. er less c 'tinuously for a considerable rm-s ' 'ntircly, ar. length of t r.e. Moreover, ninny thoughtful -`Yi ilr-dust c - experts on v.H lianuiulncss are now becoin- * 'risibility r.ing conviusyl it i to he expected that health , "mount in ; will be I.armed when II:t ia.-liiiaann bee-.i.n..g*s- are..r.'vv--Jt. result in obliged to breathe high concentrations of^ r~ bp b',^ >n t: o prehensive occupational-disease legislation is kind of - t more or less continuously. feiWdShti p Drinker, of Harvard, as `liai satic:: 1. TubiisUed by per-.niadon of die Director. U. S. Bureau of Mires. (Not subject to copyright.) nt^fsf ri.t Breveuti' *r> %`s >- - C-(A>Ct;- 96 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress cal findings, but the knowledge as well that the patient has been exposed to hazardous dusts in dangerous concentrations. All dusts when inhaled in excessive quantities may be considered as harmful, but only a few can be regarded as dangerous. From the standpoint of their dangerous properties, they may be divided into three general groups. 1. Those which are dangerous because of their poisonous action, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, and similar substances. 2. Those which cause only irritation in the respiratory tract, resulting in such condi tions as bronchitis or local inflammation; such substances as vegetable fibre, cork dust, flour, starch, and other relatively innocuous organic or inorganic materials. 3. Those which tend to produce fibrosis of the lungs, thereby predisposing to respira tory infections, especially tuberculosis, such dusts as asbestos, silica dioxide or mag nesium silicate. I shall confine my remarks chiefly to dusts occurring in the latter category. It has been generally believed that the harmful effects of dusts inhaled into the lungs depended more upon their physical structure than upon their chemical. It was believed, for example, that silica dioxide, or quartz, was particularly harmful because of its crystalline structure, and the hardness and sharpness of its particles. This concep tion is now known to be faulty. The dusts which cause their damage by mechanical in terference with function are the dusts which are relatively innocuous, whose symptoms are transitory, and which subside upon re moval from exposure to the dust Chemical Effect Is Harmful The disease of particular interest to us today, silicosis, owes its harmful effects very largely to a harmful chemical reaction oc curring between silica dioxide and the body tissues. It so happens that silica dioxide is decidedly a tissue irritant to ihe body, -re gardless of the'part of the body it invades, it causes local irritation, local destruction of tissue, and the replacement of that tissue by scars. Thus, given a dust containing silica diox ide in sufficient concentration, in sizes small enough to permit its entrance to the ultimate air spaces in the lungs, we have a situation which offers danger to the worker. We have no real knowledge as to trm worker himseli, but figures, but as a simple rule, we can adopt; and the public gener. for practical purposes the thought that the ing susceptibility to V. human body can withstand successfully 9 concentration of dust containing 100 per cent -I Complicated 1 silica dioxide in a particulate size less than 10 microns, in a concentration not in excess of 5.000,000 particles per cubic foot. If we. decrease the percentage of silica dioxide?, present in the dust, we can correspondingly;, increase the concentration with comparative' safety. We must, of course;-take into ac count the-portion of the worker's time spent, in the dusty atmosphere. ' To arrive at a rough conception of a safe: atmosphere, we multiply the percentage of free silica in a given dust by the total num ber of particles per cubic foot. If the result, is under 5,000,000 the condition may be con-- sidered relatively safe. If the reshit is over-? 3,000,000 the condition must be regarded as-. unsafe. _ ,-jji; Silicosis per se doe as a complicating is recovers despite tre vidual so afflicted i \abled himself, but a with whom he come: the fellow worker So perhaps the me which the services o trade ate necessarydiscovering and ba: l silicious dust tho ready have arrestee ondly, discovering t posed to dust, pos: whom tuberculous veloped. Bear in mind too that silicosis isessentially-, It is well recog: a disease of great ehronicity. Except in .. ` should be exposed few exceptional instances itwill require:' ' dioxide until he he from seven to thirty years for a worker to 1 physical examinat develop advanced silicosis. It is evident toor :'made and interpr that coincident dusts may either retard tie^f chest It is Iikewi: development of silicosis or hasten it. Recent^ miliar with silicos research seems to indicate that the admixe! exposed to silicioi ture of aluminum dust to a silicious dust: the privilege of fr will greatly inhibit the reaction of the latter"? Cons and x-rays whereas a silicious dust combined with sorae^j to discover the exi alkaline coincident dusts may hasten the de-t but to discover a velopment of silicosis. -- such exists. Much research is now under way in probe1 A man so disea: lems such as this. We havi never learned bo* himself and to a to cure silicosis, but we are learning rapidlj'how to prevent it Our knowledge in this? respect seems to be limited to the removal of* dust from the breathing zone of the worker*? Later discoveries may show us how 10 modify existing dusts with contaminant in contact be rer me emphasize the examination, un'.e properly taken x of gross tubercuic dusts that will render silica dioxide innoco-: It is the functi ous. 5'," * fore, to conduct i . gent manner the Owing to its very great ehronicity, it only the rare case who actually develop*? . tion of air perse la a dusty trade disabling silicosis during his industrial liwjg time. It is realized, of course, that exctpJS *mination shoui . discover and bar tional instances take place, but the coincident *ny person wh< ravages of age usually keep pace with ti*jr culosis in an ac effects of dust, so that much r't the du'^j . posted state. ability usually attributed to silicosis is in fact, actually attributable to other dirjj -? A possible er eases bring orU&(IUcities in Sat wake. Twohmiche^ztfdiive&gnrSeSinIgPpef'lg^t-^.Sinfpdriimviadruyaclsomsupfifee silicosis,$6 peril not onJyejj^tfife'jndusKr*** --infection. It is v. .OOOKdHi ESfr-. --- Industrial Dusts 97 ~ (9 jjjr" himself, but his family, co-vorkcrs silica dioxide is very likely to excite into ve can a,, -ght thip ^cessfujg: rlOOper-jfe the public generally, is the accompany*sasceptibility to tuberculosis. ^ Complicated by Tuberculosis activity a turberculous lesion which may be quiescent or arrested, and once such a lesion is reactivated, the chances of recovery are remote. iz less" >n exS foot, !i=n dio*j jlicosis per se does not kill. Tuberculosis Js a complicating factor of silicosis rarely recovers despite treatment, and the indi- The second problem which confronts the physician at the pre-employment physical ex amination is whether a given individual is, -""Pondu^j. <-0<np*ath( ^e int< 5 time < >n of 4 'ccntage'of total ntiaj.*' f the resni' iay be ai' 'Ult is or? ssarded a? ^jdnal so afflicted is not only totally dis abled himself, but a definite menace to all Vkh whom he comes in contact, particularly fellow worker who may have silicosis. 'SoVperhaps the most important places in which the services of the physician in a dustytrade are necessary are--first, along lines of discovering and barring from exposure to a silicious dust those persons who may al ready have arrested tuberculosis; and secfbcdlv, discovering those persons already ex posed to dust, possibly already silicotic, in fwhom tuberculous infections may have de by reason of secondary physical defects, more susceptible to the development of sili cosis than a normal. Is he suffering from diseases of the nose or upper respiratorytract, such as chronic sinusitis, disease of the lungs or air passages, or obstructions which produce mouth breathing? We must remember that silica dioxide is not dangerous until it reaches the lungs, and that the normal individual retains in the nose and the upper air passages a large quantity of the dust inhaled from the atmos phere. In instances where this nasal reten essentiaSr* xcept in a 1! reqnire worker fa* evident too; retard the it. Recent :he admix-' cious dust 'he latter; 'ith some n the de- x-. veloped. ; It is well recognized that no individual should be exposed to dust containing silica dioxide until he has undergone a thorough ^physical examination, including carefully 4?dJmade and interpreted x-ray films of his chest. It is likewise obvious to anyone, fa~v miliar with silicosis that no person who is i-Sl. exposed to silicious dtist should be denied Y-'the privilege of frequent physical examinaSons and x-rays of the chest, not entirely to discover the existence of possible silicosis, but to discover a coincident tuberculosis if such exists. tion is disturbed, exposure to silica dioxide dust may be dangerous to that individual, where it would not be to another. It is believed that certain diseases of the heart and circulation, of the kidneys, possi bly syphilis, chronic coincident diseases of the lungs, all may render a man more sus ceptible to silicosis than normal. The physi cian at his pre-employment examination must follow certain established criteria in this respect, and bar from exposure to dangerous dusts those persons who through existing disease may be more ready prey to silicosis or tuberculosis. in proli med how 7 rapidly e in this moval of : worker, how to taminant innocu- A man so diseased should, in protection to Re-Examination Needed himself and to all with whom he comes in contact, be removed from industry. Let After the applicant for employment has me emphasize the uselessness of a physical successfully passed his physical examination examination, unless it be accompanied by., and is engaged in a dusty trade, the duty properly taken x-ray films, except in cases Vi the physician is not yet ended. This work f gross tuberculosis. man must be periodically re-examined, first to discover the early appearances of pul It is the function of the physician, there monary fibrosis, but what is even more im fore, to conduct in a thorough and an intelli portant, to detect the early evidences of gent manner the pre-employment examina- complicating tuberculous infection. |`on of all persons who are to be engaged m a dusty trade. The purpose of this ex amination should be threefold. First, to discover and bar from employment in dust. any person who is suffering from tuber culosis in an active, a quiescent or an ar rested state. A man should not be dismissed from em ployment in a dusty trade merely because he has evidences of non-disabling silicosis. Workers in dusty trades, especially stone cutters, moulders, pottery workers, and similar craftsmen, are usually highly skilled, and it seems unfortunate from a social and . A possible exception might be made in economic point nLiY/Ttv to deny them em individuals suffering irom a so'called healed ployment so long xpESjeJ-are physically"3bte"" Primary complex, or a healed childhood in- to carry on. especially since the actual dis . fection. It is well known that exposure to abling qualities oftSilicosis arc in doubt. OCC'KO *1.1 1' I $1" Eft T-fcnty-sixtk National Safety Congress They should be denied employment in a dusty trade if that condition is found at pre-employment examination, but they should not be barred from continuing an employment in which they are already en gaged. Of course, in such instances you, as engineers, must realize that you have failed, because if you had kept the breathing zone of the worker free from dangerous dusts, silicosis would not be present on physical examination. In this work of preventing dust diseases in industry, it should be evident that the closest and most intelligent cooperation between the physician and the engineer is necessary. The physician must, through his knowledge and research, tell the engineer what dusts, or, tor that matter, what other substances used in industry are harmful. He must tell the engineer how such dusts or other materials enter the body, how they leave the body and what they do in their passages through or their residence in the body. Must Make Analyses The engineer must in turn tell the physi cian of the harmful dusts and other sub stances surrounding his workers. He must make chemical and petrographic analyses of the dusts, and other indicated analyses of the atmosphere in the workshop. He must make dust counts and check his counts at regular intervals, conferring with the physician in aa effort to discover whether, in the light of their joint knowledge, working conditions are dangerous. He must develop and install carefully designed ventilating equipment. He must arrange for modification of chemical and other industrial processes, where such modification is possible, and must bend liis efforts toward removing from the danger zone of the worker the offending substance, whatever it may be. Too many engineers construe this function loosely. They pass on to the physician as his responsibility certain functions which es sentially are theirs; such functions as dust analyses, dust counts, .and_similar technical duties:-AJlIoo"often it is considered ade quate merely to install a fan. Industrial ] THU The meeting was called tc Wrabetz, Chairman, Indus: Injurious Effects Ventilating devices in dusty work rooms must be constructed only after careful en gineering study has given a knowledge oi Division of Labor St the physical properties of the air and oi substances polluting it. It is possible to calculate to a very fine point the volume oi- air that must be removed from a given spot to remove the dust originating at that place,. and the engineer must approach his task from just as scientific an angle as the physi-'-. cian approaches his. , The inhalation of metal man cause of illness amor, tional groups. Two very . reactions may result fre containing particulate met pounds: (a) metal fume transitory, non-fatal diseas temporary disability; (b. There is no room in industry for hap-; poisoning, mild, severe, o: hazard methods on the part of either the'; effect. The same occupatic physician or the engineer. 5 produce both reactions, : ..,developing following the - a posure, chronic systemic ; ing later as a result of pr ADJOURNMENT IV.-We may consider met: particles generated- by c _ metal in a gaseous state ' usually accompanied by c: vU There are two chief istics of metal fumes w: relationship to the ease w: he' absorbed: (a) The s ouch finer than atmosph ' averaging less than .5 m: ' ft) they tend to flocculat . theair as dust. The finer ^suspended in the air, t! ii required for them to se coarser dust partic tripped in the upper resp ciliated cells linirv ^kronchi, while the fine if {?fTied to the terminal jgV Here they are tat ---oe n 41 physician in^ Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors n (he light 0; ing condition; -op and install equipment. H{ j not chemical THURSDAY MORNING SESSION 3. where sucj must bend hi October 14, 1937 m the dang iing substance, L i c this functioT f --The meeting was called to order by Voyta ' Wrabetz, Chairman, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, who presided ami introduced the speakers. physician ai ions which es-' ctions as dust m'lar technical .-nsidered ade- , 51 work rooms rr careful en- Injurious Effects of Metal Fumes and How to Prevent Them By ROY R. JONES, M.D. knowledge of Division of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. e air and of s possible to he volume of n a iven spot ' at that place," each his task., L: as the physi-* ;m .stry for hap-' ] of either the"'. ' The inhalation of metal fumes is a com mon cause of illness among certain occupa tional groups. Two very different systemic reactions may result from breathing air containing particular metal or metal com pounds : (a) metal fume fever, an acute. transitory, non-fatal disease causing slight or temporary disability; (b) systemic metal poisoning, mild, severe, or even fatal in its effect. The same occupational exposure may produce both reactions, metal fume fever developing following the worker's early ex posure, chronic systemic poisoning develop ing later as a result of prolonged exposure. cytic cells and are eliminated chiefly by way of the blood and lymph. Sayers and his associates1 found that only about 15 per cent of inhaled particulate matter, such as lead dust from automobile exhaust gas, was retained in the lungs, the remainder passing out with the exhaled air. Drinker and his associates1 and Brown1 made quantitative measurements of fumes retained in the lungs. They found a direct relation ship. between the percentage of fumes re tained and the size of the particle and the density of the fumes breathed. They also showed that slow deep breathing increased We may consider metal fumes as solid the reaction resulting from inhaling zinc particles generated by condensation from fumes. Such breathing should increase the tnetal in a gaseous state. Condensation is percentage of particulate matter retained. .usually accompanied by oxidation. Hazardous Processes There are two chief physical character istics of metal fumes which bear a direct relationship to the ease with which they may be absorbed: (a) The solid particles are For convenience we may place the more common occupational environments which are likely to afford a harmful exposure to much finer than atmospheric Just, probably'' -metal fumes in three large groups: averaging less than'75 micron in diameter; (b) they tend to flocculate and settle out of the air as dust. The finer the solid particles suspended in the air, the longer the time required for them to settle out. Many of he coarser dust particles in the air are trapped in the upper respiratory tract and by the ciliated ceils lining the trachea and bronchi, while the finer particles may be 1. Smelting of ores and refining of metals. 2. Employment at processes handling mol ten metal such as molding, cutting, and welding operations. 3. Salvage and cleaning operations, includ ing the burning of metals or metal covered objects, especially by means of acetylene torch or electric arc. Qrried to the terminal air spaces of the In the, rsLfilass. the ores-or-imetals proosr*'&frS ^ttugs. Here tftey"are takeR1i[TBygne phago- ' essed prc..r_ae__xH,,e source fdt SBgffieneratioH 99 fe 00014- ,-jJ of fumes. Such operations are usually per manent and exposures tend to be more con stant, although as a rule the greatest amount of fumes is generated during tapping opera tions. Likewise, in the molding processes the mol ten metal is the source of metal fumes. In welding, cutting, and salvage operations, the metal fumes may originate from metal prod ucts processed, coated surfaces of the metals, fluxes used, or from the coating or core of the electrode used. Metal Fume Fever A strict interpretation of the term "metil fume fever" does not place it in the class oh conditions termed "metal poisoning.'' The' reaction set up in the body is not directly attributable to the toxic metal, or dependent upon the inherent toxicity of the metal par ticles inhaled. The superficial action of the finely divided metal destroys.the tissues, and the absorption of these altered body proteins affects the individual much the same as typhoid inoculation or the injection of other .Exposure to extreme onset of fever and ch worker awakens fron temperature and chills, lar to the chills and attacks of malaria. A oped, nothing in the w f;ot baths appears it Toward the end of the sweats profusely and of marked weakness, cases some weakness These latter operations may provide ex posure to a greater variety of toxic metals, but as a rule such exposures are to lesser concentrations. Exposure usually is less regular since the operations vary from time to time both as to extent and raw materials used. Atmospheric Concentrations Data relative to the minimum concentra tions of metal fumes which will produce metal fume fever are limited. It is believed by some-that, except in case of the super sensitive individual, metal fume fevers can be avoided by keeping atmospheric concen trations below 10 milligrams per cubic meter of air. Drinker and his associates* suggest 15 milligrams per cubic meter as a safe limit where workers are exposed to the fumes of zinc oxide, provided the fumes of such im purities as lead, cadmium, and arsenic are not also present in harmful amounts. Our knowledge of safe limits from the viewpoint of chronic metal poisoning is like wise meager. Prolonged exposure to lead concentrations in the air breathed should be kept below 1.5 milligrams per 10 cubic meters of air.' In the study of chronic mercurialism among fur cutters* it was found that cases developed after prolonged exposure to at mospheric concentrations varying from .6 to 7.2 milligrams of mercury per 10 cubic meters of air. foreign proteins. day. It is commonly t Metal fume fever has long been recognized as an industrial disease. Other terms com monly applied to the condition are: "Brass founders' ague," "brass chills," "zinc fever,*, or "zinc chills," "spelter shakes," etc. For merly it was thought due to the poisonous: effects of zinc and zinc alloys. Various;' workers in the past quarter century have: shown, however, that it may be produced by; and hot drinks of tea ceed in partially abc taken at the first sign c such as a dry throat the chest. Drinker a: their experimental u show that even exces individual 2 to 4 hoe tered the reactions in : the fumes of metals other than zinc; notably,* -.Examination of 11 copper, magnesium, manganese, and probably- suffering from metal lead. Koelsch* in 1925 reported upon the*, gradual increase in t occurrence ot metal fume fever among em leukocytes which beg- ployees in a copper rolling mill. Vj*. the attack and persist kver has disappe Investigation showed the (nen to be work-;, ing under conditions which caused them td breathe air containing heavy concentrations, of copper dust. The symptoms resembled: "brass founders' ague." In his report be.- quotes Kissalt' as showing that mercury,; nickel, and probably other heavy metals' "hen inhaled in vaporized form caused; symptoms similar to those of "brass found-/ ers' ague." Sj1 Drinker and his associates1* in 1927 te-| *hite blood cells apj waring upon the deg mumty established. This probably acco wteristic clinical obs. are most likely to be a P^od More cases t .r <w the first day - of one or tw '{p condition is f, feting new empio ported that men experimentally exposed tn fumes of magnesium developed the classical^ symptoms oi metal fume fever. .3 ''turning to work at , m exposure. seM* * rU,e' Sastroin: !rfm complained o Clinical Picture of Metal Fume Fever; <r1 exposure has been i The clinical manifestations of metal fu0V_ - ^fhng lhe digestjv Less tKaTTVpef'cent 'of those exposed to concentrations which did not exceed 2 milli grams per 10 cubic meters of air developed fever are or 2 to 12 as follows-: At the end of hours following exposure the daft* to me:iC*L* 7 ta-c`i.1202ia 'hat fumes, the individual notices a dryness oh. ' loxic"? t,3nd cmtinj symptoms of chronic mercurialism, and all the throat in addition to the metallic tasler '. froTM ^stances to- cases that developed under such exposure which most workers commonly experien*; 1 aXKthkairK' as were mild, Canavan and his associates' re during exposure. A feeling of tightness L '~v W vWh'Ch are ported upon a case of chronic manganese the chest, varying with the exposure, ususWy " COnd' poisoning which developed ftollowming exxpp'tfe^jninadxic-aaitees tmhe severity ofi cehmiulls andu f.t,!yjr anTtn ffec's sure to manganese dust, where the concentr^d-jy"w"fiich are to.-folLow.. In mild.aes-tbe ,0 A , .bruj ,2'"? fomes. tion in the atmosphere was from 10 to yidual may ju3t'.i6,'aware of any feber a milligrams per cubic meter of air, 9 to 12 pn^i miy compUujrj&jj? of a chilly sensation, ' ^ cen"t o'f wh' i'c'h was manganese. |-lL,t6wed by sweatin'^ and general weakness- Peril-: ndries" sl>< attacks o poorer 1,.; 00011a i posure to extreme cold may hasten the :e tcrm mjjj. in class'* :son:ug." JjV of fever and chills, but as a rule the brker awakens from sleep with a high !jmperature and chills, which are quite simi- is mot direqC - or depend^ to the chills and fever experienced in Attacks of malaria. After they have devel- die metal pT( " led nothing in the way of extra covers or action of ^ t baths appears to affect these chills, :'e issues, 'oward the end of the attack the individual : body prote^ rests profusely and is left with a feeling the same jJ 1if marked weakness. In the majority of iction of o "biases some weakness is still felt the next :"Is5a>'- [t ;s Commonly believed that hot baths ten reco_ " terms coif o are: "Bra5 "zinc fever* ," etc. For-' ;he poisonous J.vs- Various century have produced by cine: notably, and probably cd upon the r among an-"' -M n to be tvoricused them 10' oncer.trations ~s resembled is report he -at mercury, cavv metals arm caused mass found- ^ujd.hot drinks of tea or lemonade may suc^fceed in partially aborting the attacks, if .7'taken at the first sign of respiratory difficulty -7'soch as a dry throat or tight sensation in ythe chest. Drinker and his corworkers* by .V'their experimental work . were unable to m'show that even excessive "sweating1' of an 'findividuai 2 to 4 hours after exposure al- tcred the reactions in any manner. Examination of the blood of workers ^suffering front metal fume fever shows a gradual increase in the polymorphonuclear .'.leukocytes which begins toward the end of Vxthe attack and persists for some time after "the fever has disappeared. This increase in white blood cells appears to have a direct 'bearing upon the degree of temporary imv munity established. This probably accounts for another char acteristic clinical observation. The workers are most likely to be affected after a vacation period. More cases develop after a holiday or on the first day of the week, after an absence of one or two days from exposure. in 1927 re exposed to the classical The condition is found more frequently affecting new employees or old employees returning to work after a prolonged absence from exposure. As a rule, gastrointestinal disturbances are me Fever metal fume of the day, :re to metal dryness of ttallic taste experience :?htress of are. usually and fever is the indi- fever and nation, fol-akness. seldom complained of except in cases"where exposure has been to fumes of substances affecting the digestive system. For instance, it is well known that zinc coated metals con tain other toxic metals as impurities. The welding and cutting of these release the toxic substances together with the fumes . from the zinc, as well as fumes from certain fluxes which are used. We have no conclusive evidence regarding effects--by--repeated expo sure to zinc fumes. A study of workers in brass foundries" showed that the group ex periencing attacks of metal fume fever were m somewhat poorer physical condition than were those who did not develop fever and chills. Theoretically, those experiencing ir regular exposures and complaining of re peated attacks of fever and chills which leave them in a generally weakened condi tion would, in a measure, develop lessened resistance to acute and chronic infection. Detailed information regarding the pa thology of metal fume fever is not available. A search of the literature at hand fails to show any record of death from metal fume fever, uncomplicated. The illness is of such a transitory nature that most of our knowl edge regarding blood changes is the result of experimental work and isolated case re ports. In view of the fact that zinc is relatively nontoxic, and of the conclusions expressed by Drinker and Fairhall" regarding the hy gienic position of zinc, it is difficult to showwhy chronic illness should result from ex posures producing simple metal fume fever. It would seem, however, that in considera tion of the recent work showing the role played by zinc in the treatment of diabetes with insulin, possibly some investigation should be made to determine if exposure to metal fumes capable of producing metal fume fever may not affect the endocrine system, especially in persons with some metabolic disturbances, such as potential diabetes or thyroid dysfunction. "Differential Diagnosis Metal fume fever may sometimes be over looked, unless the physician considers occu pational environment. The condition may simulate attacks o: grippe or bronchitis; or. if in a malarial region it may be mistaken for a fresh attack or a relapse from a former attack of malaria. Careful study of the blood will aid in diagnosis: those suffering with grippe or bronchitis seldom show the increase in white cells usually found present in persons suffering from metal fume fever, while those with malaria usually show the organisms present in their blood. The dura tion of symptoms is usually less in the case of metal fume fever. However, it is not uncommon to find per sistent rales upon examination of the chest several days after an attack. However, in persons with grippe or bronchitis, these rales fWffiStmlly a&socjaXeiD.vjjith a elevatigfe^RtjStperatureJiwIijrajps not found V : persistfjpjSajSinetal fume'"Jfegfr, uncompli-j catetl. ra&Ipfve exposure p'roducine metal" 0001 14* :.y' siir Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress fume fever may be followed by attacks of toxic, the possibility of poisoning from in.' speaking, there are no sit bronchial pneumonia, as a result of pul haling fumes generated in the processing 0J poisoning from metals w monary irritation and infective organisms any metal should always be given considera to other causes. For this commonly present in the respiratory tract. tion. While zinc itself may be relatively' always a matter of differ Metal particles are not the only injurious substance present in fumes generated by some industrial processes. The use of an acetylene torch in a space with poor ventila nontoxic, it is seldom used in industry m r.f form free from toxic substances such as; lead, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, and many: others. --------.---------- ' - metal poisoning can onl careful consideration of; occupational history, me-, and laboratory findings. tion has resulted in incomplete combustion of the gas and the liberation of carbon monoxide gas. Doig and McLaughlin1* reported upon an illness affecting welders of galvanized metal, using an electric arc. The men complained of lung irritation so severe that their spu tum was often blood-tinged. Investigation showed this to be caused by excessive con centrations of nitrous fumes generated by the processes. X-ray examination of the chests of several in this group, who had been employed for many years, showed changes thought due either to the prolonged irrita tion caused by nitrous fumes, or possibly to the fumes of silica inhaled. The electrodes used were silica-coated. Chronic Poisoning by Metal Fumes It is generally recognized that the most Following the initial attack of metal fume. While laboratory find fever, because of the temporary immunity portant factor in diagne which they develop, workers may continue relied upon as the sole under conditions which caused the attack and not suffer a recurrence. It must be - Prevention of Metal borne in mind that these very conditions may afford exposure to other toxic metals which While the responsib have cumulative effects and later lead to ay health hazards associau chronic poisoning. If atmospheric concentra fumes of toxic metals - tions of the fumes are kept below those _ the employer, effective capable of producing metal fume fever in the.T hazards can only be sei new worker, the chances of chronic poison- f . .. h"*eaarrtt5ead ccooooPpce'r?attIion" ootf ee ing--bby tt he toxic metals present as impurities f ' are definitely reduced. On the other hand, however, these im~f._ " purities may be present in amounts sufficient to lead to chronic illnesses later, although 1 the concentration of fumes has never pro-" the State, and other r agencies. Three fund most to actual preventic housekeeping, supportec trol of hazardous proc medical supervision. duced metal fume fever. 3 ;.Sjv Good Hous serious exposures to toxic metals in industry occur in occupations where the worker breathes air contaminated with these poison ous substances. It is true systemic poisoning by metals may develop in an acute or sub acute form, as a result of massive exposure. However, the vast majority of such cases are chronic, caused by frequent and pro longed exposure which leads to an accumu lation of the toxic metal in the body. Poisons entering the body by way of the lungs, to be eliminated must be taken up by the blood and lymph. When present in the blood, they are carried to all parts of the body. Poisons taken in by way of the mouth may ncj.be. absorbed but be passed out with the feces. If absorbed, it may be trapped in the liver and returned to the intestinal tract in the bile, and eliminated with the feces. Some, it is true, may be transferred by the blood to distant organs. Most heavy metals and Clinical Picture of Chronic Poisoning We think of good by Metal Fumes plying to clean floors The symptoms produced by poisoning from metal fumes will vary. Some metals affect chiefly the nervous system, others they lining of the blood capillaries, while others exert most characteristic injury upon they blood-forming organs. Generally speaking, the clinical picture of metal fume fever, regardless of the metal : responsible, varies only in severity, while* that of metal poisoning per se varies with? the particular metal fume inhaled and with ^ the degree of exposure. For example.; massive doses of lead fumes inhaled may^ produce such acute conditions as lead enceph-j alitis and severe gastrointestinal compb'S cations; while continued exposure to smaller. concentrations will cause such chrome? materials, tools, and pr maintained in good ord and no overcrowding 0 and materials. All thes sen the concentration c atmosphere, but seldo processes so effective not escape into the ger. room. From here the; may contaminate the 1 the workers. So gener , is a factor in goc The provision of ad' --*ie*r's~n prerequisite.- lions lockers and shonecessary for the sat .; Processes. changes as anemia, lead palsy, and chrome^ pp As ^ rujc Swepjng : their salts are true protoplasmic poisons. nephritis. after regular wo Some, such as iron and zinc, are more com Exposure to heavy concentrations of atef.S mon constituents of body tissue. The action' cury vapor leads to acute nephritis, saliva-^] of these toxic metals is generally cumulative tion, and diarrhea, while the more commofl_ and no immunity, temporary or permanent,... Jjidustrial exposures to but slight concent!*- * n '1 more thorough ,*what is more imp n?* k subjected "^spheric contaminan may be established if exposure is ` 'fTB.lwiS' will eventually produce the typie* . sufficient concentrations. Pgymercury trer- br-"aqd;'psychicWS!{|j5 ch*f" methods. If vacut. accumulated du Because of the fact that metals arc 1 v/hcteristic of chrortjcrmercur&iisn^'Stricwl %.. <;=! yS.s*fcly removed. 8 0001-15 '' -vy . in.,. .rf.1 rr msMrnm 291 ) ' using . `oir.pen. 'lata. .0. > every * c years. :im, tiie' - interest '.cdiately studying -.Is to his' r known .o devise tinnably, "vcys to wlatious .luitant is COMoccurizc not dieio: 'dy the found t even : less it nnd is ntore ierable tghtuil :.-cc;n(waicii 2S ;-.re ot at-y ProchhirCoiPii;;* ' ^}i has expressed the considered opinion ... kur-=> 0f outstanding dust experts ns 0f ^ c ' > follow i: 1: 'Tlicro is no satisfactory medical answer t pre-e:>'- ,0 this, question. but the engineer ?. nn;<inc a bad mistake it he lets men ?vbreathe heavy dust concentrations of any ''-i-material. It no other reason for dust control 6;- can be found, then one should read tran- *r,vJcrip(S of some of the recent suits at com- ^"'mon law in which fantastic damages for '--alleged silicosis were granted to men who iCbreatiled dust containing little or no silica, u'The courts and compensation boards arc not ^impressed with subtle distinctions between iyi'dusts with 10 per cent dnd 40 per cent quartz, ^especially when medical experts are reluctant i-dto make definite statements as to the com- hVparative significance of such differences, i-y "It would lie well to realize that men ;viworking in dusty trades suffer far more h^from respiratory troubles of all kinds than ym'ijo men who work in clean air. Tiie evidence .'that excessive dustiness of any kind is harm;k8ful is bevond argument." m t -should also be remembered that the ^inhaling of dust is by no means its only ^fcfrazard in industrial work that may require Compensation payment; and even here the ^harmful effect of breathing dust is not nee* `^cssarih* confined to the lungs, as some kinds 'vpf dust arc known to have detrimental health Keffect on die nose, throat, and bronchial . passages as well as (indirectly) on the heart, stomach, and possibly other internal organs. Externally, dust may cause injury to the eyes, ears, and skin; and some dusts, in con tact with the perspiration, arc absorbed with definite harm to the luxikh of the victim. Dust Cuts Visibility Moreover, heavy concentrations of dust in the air reduce visibility materially. Obvi- ously, ir, industrial occupations in which but limited amounts of natural light arc available or jn which artificial light is used entirely, any decrease in visibility due to air*du*;t concentrations (and the decrease in visibility may, under some circumstances, , smoinr. to 75 per cent or more) is likely to 1 resul t r. materially reducing efficiency and 1 in the more frequent occurrence of ac* : civien accompanied by an increa.-c in comi Pcu>:um.n commitments. >."ne dust* (coni. 1 *:iK, a.u:n:nt::;!, ;ind score* of other*, min; 'mi;m.n r.o:nv.:::<-rn!) :i:'c exmo-dve and many arc subject to spontaneous cdfnbustion with consequent hazards to healtfi, 'Safety, and property. Many dusts have detriments] el ects of various kinds on property as distin guished from persons. Machinery, growing vegetation, animals, dwelling houses, and other types of property are damaged by dusts, and compensation of some kind often is obtained from industrial concerns through damage suits or otherwise. From the viewpoint of respiratory harm fulness. it is generally stated (though actu ally knowledge on this point is by no means certain) that the particle sizes of dust (such as that of free silica) that affect health ad versely upon entering the lungs are those that are less than 10 microns in size, different persons having different ideas as to what the maximum may be--10 microns or 8 or 6, and some say that the harm really is done by particles less than 2 microns in size. As against this, it is stated that fibers of as bestos dust as long as 200 microns have been found ir: the lungs of men, and that undoubt edly these.1 long asbestos1 fibers exerted at least some detrimental effect. Since a microti is only about one twentyfivc-lhousandtli of an inch, or much smaller than the naked eye can see,1 it is usually as sumed that the larger dust particles that can he seer. Posting in air, and which settle out relatively fast are not harmful to health. Certainty, this is not so, as the larger par ticles that float in tiie air (some of them 100 or more microns in size), if present in considerable quantities clog the air passages to the lungs, some of which have agencies that un ier ordinary conditions intercept dust particles before they can reach the lungs and this clogging then allows tiie smaller and probably mo-t dangerous dust to enter the lungs unimpeded. A common-sense opinion as to what con stitute; an atmosphere so dusty that dustpreven::::: action should be taken is that any atmosphere in which dust can he seen by the t axed eye is too dusty, not only for health I n: also, at least in many eases, for safety ar.ti efficiency. !: the visible dust is elimina: much of the invisible or probably most i.t.r.uerous dust will unquestionably ivc a'.-. been removed and very likely the ]mzarcis -much- mini-1 been rembtSi; it ryieme conditions or tf. to make more in- 0001C0 iricate in: estigaticr.5 as lo the occurrence of invisible 'ius;, using the impingcr, konimetcr. or oilier instruments; but unless litigation is in etTcc: or threatened, those intricate studies are rclativeiv unimportant it the visible dust is eliminated from the air ot working places. Prevention Is Best Manifestly, it dust is not produced, it can't get into the air or become harmful other wise; ar.d some relief from dust troubles in industry can be achieved by using con struction. practices, processes, or equipment that tend lo eliminate dust formation. In designing and equipping the places in which employees must work, the forwardlooking industrialist will be wise to prevent the making of dust or to control it if it must be made, by using machinery, methods, processes and construction with dust-climinating characteristics rather than those that produce or spread dust, even though some additional expense in construction or opera tion may attach to the dust-prevention fea tures. The emphasis now being placed on dust in its various phases and the expense which dust may cause make it almost im perative that in the future much more thought be given to dust prevention and handling than has been given in the past. For instance, processes or practices that produce excessive dust should be discarded for others that produce less dust, or they should e isolated somehow, such as by housing them tightly in a separate part of the plan; or using them at times when the least number of persons would be exposed to them or when there is ample time to remove the dust from the atmosphere of the working places. Fuch installations or practices must be operated efficiently at all times, however. Commrr. sense should he used in handling a dust control device or method; certainly it is foolish to use an elaborate exhaust system to take :he dust out of part.of an establish ment ar.d then exhaust the dust-laden air at such p::nt or in such manner that it will be taken ir.:o the same or some other part of the establishment or into an adjacent ore throng.; doors and windows. If dust must be formed, several effective methods are available to prevent the dissem ination of dust into the air or into places where i; may cause trouble. Among these are we: methods, such as wet drilling in i st.ead. ot urv. . drilling, wet crush . inst<aii ot cry crushing, wetting or washing <j0.ln j.au be done, and h-.- > , r wet drilling. doors, walls, ana rock faces. In general tht use of water in industrial processes anq othcrsvisc is one ot the most effective avaii- Good Venn able aids in the prevention of air (lustiness, even though in some cases wet drilling does Ventilation is pro give off some dust. Notwithstanding j ijit-control practice growing tendency in some quarters to decry retries, though it the effectiveness of wet methods, up to now -ethods in others. the use of water is probably our best defense jilted effectively, against dust dissemination, especially in min ;rom the air or it ing and tunneling. tt?t so diluted as Dust-exhaust devices, such as hoods, traps' ^unless to worker-, lor drilling, etc., have a definite place in dust control, particularly in surface plants and ` operations. Under some conditions exhaust- -lit dust haiards iading spontaneous -ay enhance Uazaru systems. when well installed and kept in re tome instances. In pair and operation, not only remove dust but . should be induced I. also more than pay for themselves in dollars and cents value of recovered dust. It costs approximately $7,000 to install such a device r iu a surface plant processing one of the: ja others forced or sore effective, this a underground wor temperature air du metals, and the value of the dust recovered' daily averaged about $25. In addition, the,-' trater or other cond iition of surround: device kept the air of the plant as well as"? To obtain really the surrounding walls and other surfa'cey*' such work as tunne. practically free of dust. 'difficult usually bee. On the other hand, the use of dust tripsV.. ..opening is driven ins in dry drilling, while definitely applicable to 7 certain types of surface or near-surface^ in. pairs as in coal Hows in one opening rock-excavation work, has not been found.;, applicable to general rock-drilling practice us oated air in the oil ' ibout by dust may underground work. sons for this, some There are several rea-_; of which may be over-. ' openings in many ing operations ot r. u come in time. - - A standing the vu suggestion will raisu Some types ot rock cannot be drilled dry for believing that in with any degree of effectiveness, and as yet _ be definite dollars a the available types of rock-drilling traps arc ' parallel-opening syst not workable with wet drilling; if dry drib'. ventilation, health, e mg can be done, the traps ordinarily will do vantages, were used a good job of removing the dust from onH-- one-opening system, ing, but this will leave the rock surface: vantages and hazard, (top, sides, and fioor in many cases) dry. ^ j real advantage the tr subsequent operations (blasting, mucking, j been customary. timbering, hauling, etc.) will throw into tn{ . ^ air dust certain to be created in large Qu4^ . I Dry drilling is ur. ties by the other processes. The dust thus . work in mining, tun thrown into the air will settle on dry s"r ; it continues to he u faces, ready to be thrown into susPeI!:lc.1 : United States; eer subsequently by any or all activities. Dm- allowed at all, it Vi traps arc somewhat cumbersome, especia.. au3er tu ist drills c when used in tiic more or less coutui , u-c ot up-to-date d-. places in mining and tunneling. j Wet drilling as il*j5sdust Uapsapith dy drillii^ij^ i ^-*tes. with water Vfegplicobility for 'ifse in sur'ftqT'njv"' drill steel by i: cfate operations where dry drtl1 ' ls under fire C: G0Q1G1 Construction Section 293 c'. crusmng ir^, , t . - or was|dng doil t aces. In general*1l rial processes ^ "- - 'rt:U jQ|10 im[ have numerous advantages drilling, especially in very cold .imonosot cffe".ctdi,v'u""'eesStubiei sc" f. Good Ventilation Needed es wet drilli n? (16^' J-'YV-'i'.'VVeennttiilation is probably the most effective Not\vithstandIagVv .j'dl/n' t control practice available for many in me quarters to 'dectr^ :Maosmiwj. though it ranks second to wet methods, up t0 no* - ^methods in others. Where ventilation can be ably our best defehj, - /Applied effectively, dust can be removed :on, especially in ^ fiiUrom tile air or its concentration can be ib-kept so diluted as to render it practically . such as .. hoods, tjajjv" '^'harmless to workers; ventilation can mini- ' definite place in dtut ' ^rpuae dust hazards of .almost all kinds, inU surface plants anT' v&luding spontaneous combustion, though it ic conditions exhaust" iwtnay enhance hazards of dust cxplosibility in tailed and kept in re- '[-''"some instances. In some cases ventilation only remove dust but [f should be induced by exhaust methods, but themselves in dollars "ig others forced or blowing systems arc the overed dust. It costs yh"more effective, this being particularly true o install such a device- 'I tijin underground work in places having high- roccssing one of.'tlit"1.' ^'temperature air duo to rock or dripping of the dust recovered' bitwater or other condition, such as rapid oxi $23. In addition3lill''JXlfdafion of surrounding rock or timber, t thiice pnlant as wweelll'ls'iE!"'. hiUn'To obtain really effective ventilation in is and other surfaces' *6visuch work as tunneling and metal mining is 5t" ^'difficult usually because ordinarily but one . '., the use of dust traps ^opening is driven instead of having workings definitely applicable (6 : "Jjml'pairs as in coal mining, where fresli air :rfacc or near-surface." '^pflqws in one opening and return or contamik, has not been founds '-yriSted air in the other. Conditions brought uck-drilling practice in" "'about by dust may force the use of parallel 1'liere arc several rea-" -openings in many tunneling and mctal-min- f which may be over- - ing operations of the future, and. notwilh.. . standing tiic violent objections this ; cannot be drilled dry bcciivencss. and as yet rock-drilling traps are t drilling ; if dry drilltraps ordinarily will do mg the dust from drillavc the rock surfaces mi many cases) dry, and us (blasting, mucking, tc.) will throw into the suggestion will raise, there are good reasons for believing that in many cases there would be definite dollars and cents savings if the" parallel-opening system, with its numerous ventilation, health, drainage, and olher ad vantages, were used instead of the present - one-opening system, with numerous disadvantages and hazards and with about its only real advantage the fact that its use is and has fiecn customary. created in large quanti- Dry drilling is unquestionably the dustiest ccsscs. The dust thus work in mining, tunneling and quarrying, and will settle on dry sur- >t continues to be used far loo much in the rlirown into suspension United States; certainly, if dry drilling is cr ail activities. Du?1 allowed at ail, it'should .he done only with cumbersome, c; cccialb' auger twist drills or with the simultaneous more or less confine" U5C ot U|)-Ui-tht!c du-i trap-. tunneling. vs with, dry dril'iv.g have ior u.-e in surface ar m:i v. here dr" driihnd Wet drilling as practiced in the Unhid tales, with water forced or drawn tiiroucb. lit e drti! Steel hv means of comoresicd a.,'. ts vow under fire a, producing relatively large quantities of dust even though the ma terial floating in the air usually is wet; some of this criticism is undeserved but, some of it is legitimate. The trouble is due largely to the fact that the holes arc collared or started dry and, in some cases at least, arc drilled dry for several inches after starting, and the dust created by this dry starting im pregnates the usually stagnant air ot the ordinary underground-tunnel or metal-mine working place for much if not most of the working shift. In some cases the driller drastically limits the amount of water sent through the drill steal and, while nominally drilling wet, the actual practice is closely analogous to dry drilling with compressed air, which flows through the drill steel and forces out of the drill hole and into the air of the working place undue quantities of water-entrained dust or particles. In some cases when the drill is out of repair, the driller allows far too much compressed air to flow through the drill steel. When present types of wet drills arc used properly, the dust from drilling can be kept within reasonable limits, and this is actually being done by numerous alert and conscien tious mining and tunneling companies. Some companies in the United States and Canada arc experimenting with rock drills that do not allow compressed air lo go through the drill steel but require the water to be forced through the steel by its own pressure; such drills arc said to produce less dust than the usual types in which water is sent through the steel hv compressed air, but the .practica bility of the newer type.of drill is question able and it has been used relatively little in the United State; or Canada. Must Use Judgment However, air dustiness can be kept well within safe limit; if modern types of wet drills are operated with care and judgment in collaring wet with plenty of clean dirt- free water; if the drills arc kept in good re pair; it the rroportioti of water and compressed air flowing through the drill -tcel are adequately regulated: if the ex- kau.-t from the 'trill is presented from im pingin'-', on nearby dusty surfaces of muck piles, floors, wall;, or timber; thereby throw ing dust ...... iaqy.j**j~ _ t"'1 huoii.--a; tasible. the dKBfiS'.'uT upper holes is rc- . tted to a n:::p-dSupdfl:upper holes, whether r.*:? ' *' '*- ' V i:Vt-' `-liftfASf.v t ?-:i .j^". ... . V .' .- .,*. . t 294 7\v<:/f/v-.ri.rfA Xational Safety Congress drilled dry or wet, are relatively heavy pro ducers of dust in the air of working places. Xext to dry drilling, blasting causes more finely divided dust to be thrown into work ing places than anything else; and, in addi tion to throwing violently into the surround ing air immense quantities of finely divided dust, blasting with the heavy charges of ex plosive required in many mining and tunnel ing operations also impregnates the surrounding air as veil as the muck piles with considerable quantities of poisonous gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and, in some kinds of rock, hydro gen sulphate and other dangerous sulphurous fumes, practically ail of which occur in such quantities and percentages under some circumstances as to asphyxiate persons who may breathe them or to cause serious illness, often of a more or less permanent character. Many persons who have studied the inci dence of dust disease are of the opinion that the breathing of even small quantities or percentages of extraneous or hamxul gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, etc., inflames or other wise adversely alTccts the respiratory organs, especially the lungs, and makes them much more easily and readily susceptible to harm from the breathing of dust particles. Past blasting practice most certainly must be modified and reformed if the employer is to avoid heavy penalties in compensation and other .charges cue to the Inclusion of legislation on occupational diseases (one be ing dust disease) in die laws of the various States. If at all feasible, blasting should be done at the end of the working shift or on an olT shift, and the dust- and gas-laden air should be removed or. thoroughly diluted before the men return to work. Ventilation ,K of course, an essential agency in cleansing the air where blasting has been done, but in addition m ventilating the place it'sliou/f he thoroughly wetted (walls, floors, roo: or top, timbers, etc.) be fore blasting is dor.c. and a water blast should be kept in effect during and after the blasting; the region diouid be thoroughly wetted upon return :o the face region after blasting, and the muck pile should be kept well wetted at all times while loading it out. as the water not only tends to niiav the dust but also either absorbs or otherwise aids in the dilution or elimination of harmful or poisonous gases from blasting, v. ..:d: usually ding lo the blasted material. In general the larger the quantity of ?j. feasible, in . du^t-tigb. plosive used, the more finely divided structures, the tightno blasted material, the more heavily the air maintained; ledges or impregnated with dust and smoke, and tl* dust may lodge and greater the quantity of poisonous gases thrown into the air by at the places; hence, methods should be u$q ment, should be chang which will tend to reduce the quantity c trinity for such accu: explosives used and of gases and dust pro. cannot be done, such duccd. In this it will be found that the u* cleaned periodically by of stemming or of some types of biasticr washing down, or by plugs now available will more definitely cos- being a relatively poor.- fine the explosive; hence, increase its tfi. employed only when as ciency and reduce the quantity of explosin as possible are prescr used and also reduce the amount of poisoo kept as free of dust :. ous gas produced and possibly reduce tb by washing them u iih violence of the blast and its tendency k ' air for the working pi. produce dust and disseminate it into tk . from dusty sources. surrounding air. 'Physical examination And it would be well for users of expl* ' portant part in the dri sives to investigate types of explosives tk:. . harm from dust in ir are known to give off minimum quantitiej '.controversy has been of harmful .* on detonation and to . them that their cftcctiv them; also tl* elimination of the use'? nullified. Unqucstiona: fuse and tl?c s titution of electric blasti? ployed in an industr; would aid in r icing the amount of poison ."dust.may be found in ous gases fro have been lick: blasting. Explosives iWj - * idly examined by a c n storage too long or ifci vious to employment, r have been stored under unfavorable con reveals the presence c ditions as to moisture and temperature, ah the person should not likely to give oIT maximum quantities ( especially true it tub* harmful gnccs if they detonate at all; hei*r At six- or twclvc-mnn utmost care should he taken in the storav* son in dusty industry of explosives and to *ec that they are r- rigid physical examine held in storage too long before being u-c*f shown to be dcvclopin transferred to nondus: Respirators Available is available.`Handling Dii#t respirators of various types are^T available for use in cxccssivclv dusty atni'*' plicres, and vihilc they arc cumbersome^ Safe Practi. have numerous features that make ~ undesirable for constant wear througlic-^ i working skirt ("though they can be ^ $ readily for several minutes at a time), <'o give adequate protection to against dust but give e>:cntia!ly I tion against cither poi-or.o;is or aphVN:^l.'g f My perso mainly to \ . Mge bttib '"to these u Dust respirators ;!d blwe* ns being temporarily u-cf'.il for cmereri only, whereas protection for \\ orker? - River no *.n<1 rip-rap lht U. S. C, dust should be more *ub>-fantial. What might be designated a.o-o-d ^j*c. . .ri(ige c! V'Slnvay hr keeping1 has a definite place in y their f0 ,, u,sty materials should l)C.st.rLri. ^containers fir fens tl|lStr/, r---sv te.-t&Suding the bttndJiug of d1**/' y "Pen tired; B,Rlver wo pll"t and 'be carffed-wn. % i 0001G3 . i*" Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors 103 rom iB. ssing of 'siderj.' : iitlVcly O' in i such as i mao; ir: si fucie .munity ontinue attack iust be ;ns may s which sd to a -.centra those r in tie poisonsurities se immcieat though :r pro- omng isoning metals ers the others n the Speaking, there are no signs or symptoms of' Engineering Control 'poisoning from metals which can not be due & other causes. For this reason diagnosis is 'always a matter of differential diagnosis and -jietal poisoning can only be established by Careful consideration of ail factors, including roccupational history, medical history, clinical .'and laboratory findings. ' It has been found practical to exhaust, locally, most processes generating metal fumes so that the toxic fume is trapped at its source and does not gain entrance to the workroom atmosphere. This is done bymeans of hoods or enclosed processes. Spe cial hazardous processes can usually be iso While laboratory findings arc a very im lated in the plant, thereby making potential portant factor in diagnosis, they can not be exposure of all employees unnecessary. "relied upon as the sole evidence necessary. Both local exhaust and enclosed methods Prevention of Metal Fume Poisoning are more effective if special attention is given to general workroom ventilation. Dis '.While the responsibility of controlling health hazards associated with exposure to fumes of toxic metals rests primarily upon the employer, effective elimination of such hazards can only be secured by the whole posal of fumes trapped by enclosed proc esses and local exhaust or isolation methods requires that attention be given that such wastes do not contaminate the air drawn into the work places by general ventilation. hearted cooperation of employers, employees, Medical Control the State, and other regulatory' inspection agencies. Three fundamentals contribute most to actual prevention. They are: Good housekeeping, supported by engineering con trol of hazardous processes, and intelligent medical supervision. Adequate medical supervision entails spe cial care in the placement of workers, and should not be aimed at the selection of only super-men, since it is practical to make work places safe for the average man. Individuals with serious kidney, respiratory, or other Good Housekeeping systemic diseases should not be placed where they may be exposed even to minimum con We think of good housekeeping as ap centrations of toxic fumes. plying to clean floors and work benches; materials, tools, and processes arranged and maintained in good order; adequate lighting, and no overcrowding of work places by men and materials. All these will do much to les sen the concentration of toxic fumes in the atmosphere, but seldom is the control ot processes so effective that some fumes do Where processes are known to be poten tially hazardous, an important check on the efficiency of engineering control is gained through regular periodic examination of workers. By this practice, in many instances, not only will evidence of absorption be de tected before serious injury has resulted, but an opportunity is afforded to correct control not escape into the general air of the work measures so effectively that the workers room. From here they may be inhaled, or showing early signs of absorption may safely may contaminate the bodies and clothes of continue at their regular jobs. Routine rec the workers. So general workroom ventila ords of illness should be kept. tion is a factor in good housekeeping. Any abnormal rate.of absenteeism due to The provision of adequate washing Jaeili-- -illness'among an occupational group, regard ties is a prerequisite. Under-certain condi less of the diagnosis reported, should call tions lockers and showers for workers are for special investigation to determine if there necessary for the safe operation of many are any environmental conditions aggravat processes. ing the primary illness. As a rule sweeping and cleaning should be done after regular working hours. Not only can a more thorough job be accomplished, but what is more important, other workers will not be subjected to any increase in' at mospheric contaminants occasioned by clean ing methods. If vacuum or wet methods are used, accumulated 'dust is more effectively and safely removed. Personal Protective Equipment If proper attention is given to the three fundamentals mentioned--good housekeep ing, medical and engineering control--only specific and unusual emergency exposure will call for the pRjSKtzm*of MISQnal protective equipment.\ : *':- The masks or rqjijsti:qrs provi'dedvSvorkr r ;-si,, fXr. 'i I 00014 f; : -I oity-sixth National Safety Congress ers who must necessarily be exposed to metal fumes should be of special construc tion and adapted to the processes and ma terials used. The United State Bureau of Mines14 has, after testing, approved certain types of masks for workers exposed to spe cific metal fumes. No filter type of respirator capable of pro tection against toxic metal fumes has been submitted for approval. While two or three filter type respirators have been approved for protection against lead dust, the use of which may in a small way reduce the hazard of fumes, they cannot be relied upon for full protection. Filter type respirators approved for protection against nuisance and pneu moconiosis-producing dusts will not protect the user from toxic fumes. Several of the hose-line or positive pres sure type masks have been approved, but there are certain limitations to their applica tion which make them impractical for use in sme kinds of work. Substitution In a vast majority of cases, resort to substitution is an impractical method of eliminating health hazards due to metal fumes. The raw materials used usually have special application. Furthermore, substitu tion is often a dangerous practice, even though it is practical. Instances may be cited where the substituted product has proven equally as dangerous as the one it replaced, the only difference being that less was known at the time concerning its toxic properties. Bibliography * Experimental Studies on tie Effects of E:hv| Gasoline and Its Combustion Products. R_ ji Sayers, A. C. Fieldner, W. P. Vane, and B. C. H. Thomas. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Monograph .\o. 2. 1927. * * Quantitative Measurements of tie Inhalation, Retention and Exhalation of Ousts aod Fumes b* Man. I. Concentrations of SO to 450 mg. per cubic meter. P. Drinker, R. M. Thomson, and Frim, I. L Jour. Ind. Hyg., Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan. 1928. 2. n. 50' Same as Concentrations below rag. per cubic^ meter. Brown, C. E. Jour. Ind. Hyg., Vof 13. No. 8. Oct. 1931. Studies in Dust Retention. JIL Factors involved in tie Retention of Inhaled Dusts and Fumes by Man. Jour. Ind. Hyg., VoL 13, No. 9, Nov. 1931. Metal Fume Fever. IV. Threshold Doses of Zinc Oxide. Preventive Measures and Chrome Effects of Repeated Exposures. P. Drinker. R. M. Thomson, J. L. Finn. Jour. Ind. Hvg., Vol. 9. No. 8, 1927. Lead Poisoning in a Storage Battery Plant. Public Health Bulletin No. 205, June, 1933. A study of Chronic Mercurialisra in the Hat ters Fur-Cutting Industry- Public Health Bulletin No. 234. 1 Chronic Manganese Poisoning. Report of a Case with Autopsv Findings. Canavan, M. M.. Cobb, S., Drinker, C. K.: Arch. NeuroL and Psychiat., 9:270- I Metal Fume Fever. Koelsch, F. Jour. Ind Hyg^ Vol. 5, p. 87, July, 1923. ^ Ueber das Giessfieber und verraodte cewerbliehe : Metaildampfinhalations-krankieiten. Kissalt, E. V Ztschr. f. Hvg.. 1912, 71, 472. * . ** Metal Fume Fever. UL The Effects of Inhal- ^; *ng Magnesium Oxide Fume. P. Drinker, Thomson. Vt Rj M.t Fin*., J. L. jour. Ind. Hyg.. Vol. 9, No. 9, ;i II Health Hazards in a Brass Foundry. Public Health Bulletin No. 157. ^ " Zlne in Relation to General and Industrial .- Hygiene. C. K. Drinker, L. T. Fairhall. Public \ Health Reports, Vol. 48, No. 32, Aug. 1933. ' u X-Ray Appearances of tie Lungs of Electric -* Arc Welders. Lancet, April 4A, .1T93.6D, po.ig77a1n.d A. I. G. McLaughlin. u List of Devices for Respiratory Protection Ap 6roved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. W. P. Yiat ureau of Mines Information Circular No. 6918. Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and Their Elimination By P. B. RASTELLO, M.D. Ternstedt Manufacturing Division, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan ? The industrial physician is responsible for the health of all employees in his plant, in so far as their health may be affected by their occupations and their environment Consequently he must be familiar with the various jobs and conditions under which the men work to know definitely the associated health hazards. He must work closely with the safety, maintenance, chemical and pur chasing departments to keep himself in formed on changes in methods and materials that may influence those hazards. -g Thus fortified, the physician occupies 1J strategic position in the hospital, as the effl* $ ployee invariably comes to him first withal complaints which he may associate with his jj "gjijrw^vhich are,.jat a-flature that wttpfijSip) invesil^tioa which may lead t: tffiS-iJji-sebvery of an'.'iinfcealthy condition- js8j;'of the processes which may be pected of involving a healtli electro disposition of metal, metal for plating as well as d ing operation, and in the tre -vage material after plating, chemicals are used, such as ; alkalis, metals and salts, and r offensive fumes and vapors While it is true our prime in; the injurious fumes and va; also interest ourselves in the offensive types, since they r worker's mental attitude, givi satisfaction which in tum ira efficient work. Poison is commonly intros body by three routes, ingestic mouth, absorption through tb lation through the lungs. In our greatest hazard lies in ; route; the ingestion and sh are of lesser importance. Fumes and vapors, such a may enter the respiratory' trai ' and produce local reactions throat and lungs, while others . cyanic acid pass through the producing any local symptom.blood stream. , Skin absorption is importar. with the coal tar derivatives, ene and xylene and the pctrole as carbon tetrachloride and tr Since these are all volatile, occur by inhalation as well as Ingestion Is Ra Ingestion of poison by moud and is usually the result of s - dent However, in the lead ' industry, rigid precautions mi prevent the ingestion of lead have been deposited on the , body of men while working amg tanks. In general in all clectroiyt respective of the constituen only two gases are liberated, anode and hydrogen at the * anode efficiency is alway ^aihode efficiency relatively further fact that the gases ; Nation of two hydrogen uie fas from, the anode is ^Pared with that at the catho Tbe amount of oxygen an jas such, is of no cc 000147 American Society of Safety Eugineers--Engineering Section Officers 1936-37 '' CflicraJ Chairman--D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp., Xew York, X. Y. Irayict-Chairman--C. B. Bollet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. ''Spite-Chairman--R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco. Calif. '^Secretary--W. Dean Keefer, Xatior.ai Safety Council, Chicago, 111. -- Uembcrs at Large-- Cvwt Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New York, X. Y. . eSyiC B. Auel, Westingiiouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. . I. Ba.vash, Consulting Engineer. Chicago, 111. E. W. Beck, L'nitcd States Rubber Products, Inc., Xew York, X. Y. vimivH. R. Bixler. Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., Xew York, X. Y. (Metropolitan : ifri*?'' Chapter) i v^E. W. Bullard. E. D. Bullard Co.. San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) -- i^gToH- F. Gilbert, American Cyanamid Co., Linden, X. J. (Xew Jersey Chapter) ; Nh^-Roy M. Codwix, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia. Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) M. Graff, Xatioual Bureau of Casualty St Surety Underwriters, Xew York, X. \. - cssS*H. J. Griffith. Jones & Laugh:::; Steel Corp., Pittsburgh. Pa. (Western Pennsylvania nsfe-C Safety Council Chapter) McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison. Wis. .J. M. Kerrigan. United States Rubber Reclaiming Co.. Inc.. Buffalo, X. V (Xiacara Ccylr Frontier Chapter) P; E'erett F. Kinc, Lever Brothers Co.. Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) JcjUF-J"01*-'* E. Lichtfoot, The Koi : Coal Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. Sfi-a.' *! Lloyd, Xational Bureau of Standards. Washington. D. C. con-:;: Public Service Corp.. Milwaukee. Wis. iard ! hi Company of California, San Franci-co. Caiif. urui; Plate Glass Co.. Fittshurgh. Pa. Vrtz ' v-a Secretary--\\\ Dean KcErF.it. Xational Safety Colt.;;:. Inc., Chicago, Ill, Members c.: Large -- m-. Engir Cyril Ainsworth. American Standards Association, Mew York, X. V. J. I. Eanash, Consulting Engineer. Chicago, III. E. \Y. Heck, United States Rubber Products, Inc- New York, X. Y, n E. \Y. Bullard. E. D. Bullard Co.. San Franci=co. Calit. (San Franci<cn o.;~ 'a Charles l). Faklin. Consolidated Edison Co. of X. Y., Xcw York, X. Y, Cliapter) Spools ot - f..ence ot ear. rt eduat^" r. ^er^!'one'-' H. F. Gilbert. American Cyanatnid Co., Linden. X'. ,1. (Xcw Jersey Chapter) .rvt Rov M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia (Wj-Jn-fL *t1diddinscoot vgeoredtarth H. J. Griffith, Jones S: Laughlin Safety Council Ciiapter) Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western PennnSyff ^us'aafielVtyPsoitrednat r R. McA. IvEOwy. Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Everett F. Ki.nc, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) 'ilfebSS'accidetiH.. .^^btate the second. Thosias E. Ljchtfoot, The Hoppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. M. G. Llovd, Xational Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. J. E. Lose, The Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, X. Y. X. B. MacHose, Eethleiiem Steel Co., Lackawanna. X". Y. (X'iagara Frontier H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pom de Xemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Geo. F. Prussinc, L'nion Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. A. S. Recula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.. X'ew York, X. Y. "^T-t the term eng oHKdlW There is n iejnniust go to cot --gj*' Nevertheless. ^^'-fSups the place w - oSbihow to design ^t 1 the t A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Mina ^He^eteleaarrnnss ty D. L. Rover, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp.. Xcw York, X'. Y. J Pensions from his G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co.. Schenectady, X'. Y. -Jg; Tftir later in practice J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington, Dei. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, Hi. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., X"ew York, X'. Y. JVndom. - my j\' ;dr. U Vhtr. we remember frees thirty years age R. F. Tkalner, Buick Motor Co.. Flint. Mich. . fra mint inspection S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. ys&b&ttt was little to inc William P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. '* be of protessic - ^ Today when you 1 iiS Cseeumulated data on >fy, engineering of ' ol standards, its e b east admit that to ab WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 s'- - jh this world of ma .'twined to the college c Jeparailel example, ele. .wit-beard of before lit ~'*J '-dd years, it has throt The annual meeting of the AS3EEngineering Section of the Xational Safely Council followed a luncheon and convened with D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation, Xew .York City, general chairman, presiding. All reports had been mimeographed, and copies were dis tributed at the luncheon. A report of the address delivered at the meeting by Elmer A. Holbrook, dean o; the Schools of Engineering and Mines, Univer sity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., v. hi be found elsewhere in this record. tle, accumulated date The re; ort of the nominating corr.nicn `-''is of such importan. was presented by C. W. Smith, diainHi "gle human mind ca: Other members of the committee were X C: whole field. S. Regula. S. E. Whiting, Dr. M. G. L'l* and R. F. Thalner. The committee's In*,v. Think again of thost omcers,. as elected, will be found in I taftty, mostly in the section of the Congress Transactions. *- l'h'g. metallurgical a -lowly it felt its way. EnOgitnheeerr^se-ssPioonrstiosnpoinncslourdeedd bthyostheeon I L-background. T Use of A^rtandustriarDQstt;"''Pre^4f&sat`on- S"B \ easels, pj%cdustnal Fumes, Vapors,"(,, jja'tcty Training," Gases and "Siinl [r.spectorg'aY.tl Sl*oh\ic background. acceleration, T^kjof safety have 000141) -If. Construction Section 295 l quantity oi ex. -iy divide cnviiy thc aj.'' feasible, in dust-tij::t compartments or <;rucuires, the tightness of which sliouid be - ciintr.med; ledges or surfaces on which smoke, and &. - dust may lodge and accumulate, to be rioili gases I-: should be eiol. j th.e quantitv , . thrown truo the air by some shock or movccent, should be changed to prevent oppor- tenity for such accumulation, or, if this vs and dust'pr* cannot be done, such suriaces should be mul that i|-e B j cieaned periodically by vacuum process, by :yncs of hlauln, washing down, or by sweeping ('the latter rc definitely coo! . being a relatively poor method, and should be increase its tS. - ' ^ployed only when as few of other workers tity of exploit :- as possible are present); floors should be * nount o f pouoo. 'e-k kept as free of dust as possible preferably ;ihly reduce tl;t, bv washing them with water; and, certainly, its tendency i0 'd'air for the working places should not conic :iatc it into the '" from dusty sources. A-i Physical examinations should play an im- users ot exp'o. ; ;'portant part in the drive to minimize health i explosivesJhj; V.'tfcarm from dust in industry, but so much imum quantities tv-l; controversy has been aroused because of ation and to use [W-them that their effectiveness lias been largely i. of .t.h.we _usJVe oi fC'n'.T.sliified. Unquestionably, every [icrson emf electric blastinj fr^i5'0!'^ ln an industry where considerable .mount of poison- may be found in the air should be rig- Explosives that examined by a competent doctor pre- too long or that {-'Ti^n'ous to employment, and if the examination ifavorable ect f (Wrfiva!s the Presence c: respiratory trouble, I "temperature it K'. -tf: person should not be employed; this is ium quantities oi `V.V.especially true if tuberculosis is indicated. mate at all; hence .---At six- or twelve-month intervals every per- ;cn in the stoczge "r- son in dusty industry should submit to ar hat they are not rigid physical examination; and if disease is fore being uses shown to be devclopirr. the victim should he transferred to nondusty employment if such si table is available. 'Handling p hysical examiu tions in a manner fair to the worker as weil as to I he employer should be worked out, and it must be admitted that to date this lias not been done at all adequately. Prevention oi dust disease is chiefly an employer responsibility he should shoulder willingly, not only to safeguard the health of persons in his employ but also to relieve his firm bf the heavy financial burden likely to be thrust upon it by compensation or legal authorities, should employees become af flicted with dust disease ; and when one takes into account how little is known as to the cause of the disease and how to relieve it if it is incurred, it would seem to be the acme of common sense to do anything practicable to reduce the dust content of the air of places where employees must work. This does not mean that the employee should not help himself, as it is manifestly as much to the interest of the employee to avoid dust or any other occupational disease as to avoid haying accidents. However, information as to 'occupational disease (including dust dis ease) is not readily available to the worker in understandable form, and the employer should carry on an educational campaign to inform his safety and operating officials about occupational disease matters and to have them transmit the information to the workers so the latter can cooperate whole heartedly in trying to eradicate these dread diseases from industry or at least control them to a far greater extent than lias been dene. f ( i V d j >tis types are c.r* * . cly dusty j cumbersome '.:v. that make '.'t:: j ear through-1: J cy can be u2rr t * at a lime). t**' J ;inn to v.e?-'er- j .tiaity no Pr'/`e':' or a<phy>::afa"T j m Id be rey'-'2"- ! i for emeryu '-''-1' < workers a,V'r` j -.link ; u<i "yeed . are in di:-`. mid be :' :n>:. duur r- : of d:'-"' ` * Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment By E. A. ELANPIED Safety Engineer of Kansas City Bridge Co., Kansas City, Mo. My personal expen r.ce has been confined mainly to work of r; ver improvement and bridge building. Our records arc divided I.".:*, these two classes. ?.iver work consist: o: driving pile dikes *'i rip-rapping rive: * anks, generally for L'. S. Government, -ridge clnssiheatua: ,-covcrr rash :: V'-.vay bridges ot t. : heavier tvpe indud- their foundations. : *vit ''pn.cujv.aiic'' and 'y-.n dredged." t'ver work, bcnicr :* \.:-ry (Sue by !; and wi'.i a In.' . p'jrt.'ur.ui.c " t: i - skilled labor, differ: complicated bridge '-.died and semi-.^ki hazards. The bridge clnssin c'ection and founds .-y.-cial I a;:."inis r.:ui ; sub-divided into jver v. ork hr.< been trie subject of ex- ; vc research r.'.cr.z accident prevention s by :i:e U. S. Corp<^T^::c:neers and t oi the fatalities drowMff3|J[J|5^' ud *.:`cty Tk' fiirc'v^tjfctfyd.e'Wn. ; /e !.<.:: bv uad^' . MX Industrial Nursing Section handy man about the' :es into the dispensaij, Kyje'compensation for industrial disease we shall eventually arrive at fairer, more -Jjjty at a time when new legislation is equable adjustments. of a fine itching- raj nurse notes the condition the work. He states he . o years and has been tf 'i work. He has been ou, :k ends, but does not thinic :d to poison ivy, although" not know what it looks EL ut at present but will belac >on. The nurse knowsj of tpon the drafting inquiry finds rtohoaat ia.Y\S' &T ? enacted so rapidly, but most of the imjt industrial slates now compensate June or all of the conditions which can [Itributed to occupational diseases. Some "blanket coverage for all such condi' while others name specific diseases or ESfic occupations. There have been in- gees to both employee and employer, but 'time and increased study of conditions The Industrial Nurse finds herself today in this arena oE changing policies and evolu tionary social adjustment. It is her privilege to be one of the connecting links between employee and employer. If she is the type that commands the respect and trust of the men and realizes her responsibility to them, she will likewise be most valuable to her employer. k is to carry blue prints im. A new process has beta ilue printing within the.'jaS' The Nurse's Part in the Sickness Prevention Program n is given routine preliminaq' By PHOEBE BROWN, R.N. cl ition is submitted to the., Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. rival, and when, next day _ s much worse, the diagnosis' nehed. The 'doctor makes' anges the man's job, the'coS up, and the nurse desire .. ping to steer the case into "tEr! :ls. Had she not known somfyj' ature oi contact dermatitiiTof/p i the work, and had she .no! Vi. proper authorities in the draft; 5 .c case might have become' e the doctor saw it, and it ' :n into disability and compen- ie extent to which the nurse enters into Vsickness prevention program depends i the type of industrial medical service fiained. ime industrial plants maintain a nurse .rily for their Employees' Benefit Assoion, and thus her work is chiefly that of fare. She administers not only to the .bers, but to their families as well, at a fine opportunity she has to influence employees and their families to a ler understanding of good health and :ter living. For after all, the problem of vnee oi occupational diseases is : overlooked now that so much in the press on the subject, proximatcly JO million people loyed in the U. S. at the pres: these, about 15 million are ndustry. A statement is made . S. Public Health report that :d we are spending five billion -.lly for compensation and other injuries and occupational dis- ->;' . oniy a small percentage of this IjMkness prevention concerns not only the in dividual employee, but also his family, ^3-To fill her place successfully in such a yProgram the nurse must recognize one basic ^ynnciple--she must be a humanitarian, and 'iftjardless of the problem_confronting her must give relief "through aid or counsel, ^whichever the case may be. She must have ij*now-ledge of the personnel she serves, their SJtodes of living, their idiosyncrasies, their SSktnilies and environments. By keeping her **r. to the ground constantly she learns of jy"cir problems so that she may then solve ""lem. tor occupational diseases, while 1 Naturally a knowledge of the community .:m a much higher figure. Bid oward a reversal of this. Aco' een controlled to a great exted - cost is decreasing, while occo*.-- ed is vital, for often through construc- criticism-jhe is able to elevate the health ij.ltandards through better sanitation and civic JPnde. tases. though probably not certainty receiving a great deai_ on than heretofore. Perhaps a better conception of the sickness yPtevtntion program in connection with welii^re w-ork mav be had by actual case anal- Not long ago I was called to the home of an employee who had been reported sick at frequent intervals during the past two years. He was underweight, nervous, and irritable. On my first visit he was confined to bed and vomiting excessively. His wife informed me that he had attacks oi this type periodically. He would not have a doctor, because his doctor did nothing for him except give him a prescription that cost too much and tell him to be careful wha: he ate. While in the attack he was careful enough, for he ate nothing for two or three days; but as soon as the illness was over he went back to his old diet oi meat, potatoes, plenty of spices and relishes, copious amounts ot coffee, two packages of cigarettes a day, plus a goodly amount of beer each week-end. At one time the doctor had said he should have an X-ray of the stomach, but he com plained that this would cost him $40 which he couldn't afford, and anyway he couldn't get away from work when he wasn't sick. I finally made him realize that he was losing much more time and money being ill every two or three months, losing four or five days at a time, than if he were to find out just what did a:': him and then do some thing about it. I took him to a clinic which was conducted on a part-payment basis, and complete ex amination was made with X-rays and blood work. After he was wwagjij^ed of the neces sity of a proper diet. flecks becathnCss frequent, he gained Itttgkfiind waia^much ;'r.:cs to state how many states no* 338 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress HM In another instance an employee's wife had undergone an operation at a local hospital. Visiting her later at home, I learned that she was recovering satisfactorily but that there were desperate financial troubles. The hus attention through bulletin boards, masr| -fA high frequency meetings, news items and personal cov[ 'and fatigue is otte: tacts. : - .'ventilation, suggest; 3. By advising and assisting the etac ing or protective eq- ployee in securing correction of physic^ hazard. band earned 92 dollars a month. There were defects and social maladjustment i -j^It is quite true t! seven boys in the family, the oldest 18 and The following case is an example: 3 seats a real probler unemployed. Questioning the children, I dis covered that one, aged 12, was graduating from school but did not even have a gradua-tion suit. His father couldn't afford it be cause he was paying $5 weekly on his wife's $90 hospital bill. He was taking care of the An employee had repeated attacks ol rheumatism and-had- beefVadvised by ti(V 'family physician to have his teeth extract^ but he did not know where he would get the necessary dental fee. ; sickness prevention ' timee and frequen; lost through sickne results. . I wish to quote a ' reports of disabling doctor's bill by doing some repairing and We had introduced a plan whereby oI employees in 1936 a cleaning in his office. employees were allowed dental services, i^| years. This report After discussing the problem with the em special cases, through the Welfare Assodi- vision of Industrial ployee. I visited the hospital authorities. tion. If an employee were a reliable woit5i Institute of Health Hearing the story and realizing the effort man and had been with us for more than si?] _ K. Brundage. the man was making, the hospital gladly months, we had an opportunity to investfA discounted $30 from the bill. Payment of gate his financial condition. If he were hod5t| Respirat the remaining $30 was made by the Em ployees' Welfare Loan Fund, and this is turn was deducted from the employee's pay check at the rate of $2 a week. The total cost to the Welfare Association was slight, but the gmehthsiisvritneiniecbmgruedutdoemihnut,atrcisvhhteieasnmrg'gwwpealaho.syoedTmgeihifsvfewiecnefduinelatewnntetiidsrmoeetsrendatweaselrsesurtctearoaebrgdleoilsanhweaditenognE?SJ:_faJiioet_afnT.atchuretebeeodrfrcefuoilsllornpseimrissasotosoitfrnyotl1: render this service, for they were not onJlffcF^'feS ^ assistance and feeling of security given this employee was immeasurable. But let us leave this type of program and turn to the industrial nurse who serves chiefly in a first-aid department and very sure of their accounts but were also increis'j ing their practice by developing new contacts This employee as well as many others; ^.respiratory disease higher incidence ra: 1935. profited by the plan. The frequency oi 1936 (15.1 cases per seldom contacts the family or the home of The following are only a few example! V.'cent higher than the the employee. How does she best serve in a of a nurse's function in an industrial health yper 1,000 men) and sickness prevention program? program: . . ,3 >;.fot 1934 (10.1 case: Here, again, her knowledge of the person nel is indispensable. She should review the personal record of the employee with the A sudden increase in the number of ad lete's foot cases indicated that someone i a carrier and was spreading the germs in t y Useless, tie rate fo: y .-low the average rati five-year period." employment manager to obtain a better un derstanding of the individual. This should be followed by a study of the employee's job; where he works and under what con ditions, especially sanitation; the product manufactured and the raw materials it is made of. There the nurse may obtain valu able information as to latent hazards that eventually- may-affect the health of the em ployee, oftentimes recognized too late to cure effectively. From this and a study of past sickness she maps her program of prevention as follows: 1. By suggesting better working condi tions, such as improved illumination, sanitation, housekeeping, ventilation, and use of proper and adequate protective equipment. 2. Education of the employee to higher health standards. This requires constant shower rooms. A suggestion to the sweep brought the condition under control wh( proper spray and foot baths were install# The use of corners by employees place to expectorate was effectively solfl by painting white triangular areas in corners and providing cuspidors conta ing a disinfectant, thus reducing the spr# of diseases from respiratory infections-J r In another instance three employees * the same department made regular trr the first-aid station for aspirins each ' Reviewing their personal record cards,, dicated normal health and habits. AW the department revealed inadequate andt ing lights. A proper survey not oll/l rectatL-pffie condition from a PW stanfiSjmt^fut likewise increased produ to .L-ir-vl e...x.t.e..n..t...tIh,,a.t:;va'2tjjp!irTsdrr survey majejlrbqghout theyldnK"/' Another develop >was an inc: fv/tases oi bronchitis y936 this disease o> yyS^r..o^hsl-oe-`vse per 1,000 mer it; average ir ^1935. The tnc Isi^pwx and tonsil Kir* higher than ir sigl* for pneumonia Per 1,000 me: ?`e for 1933 ( IP. turn exceed ras 1929. Amor k&n:Is of the Me the *a: WL36,14 compar cent" ` diseases < 0001 (it; Industrial Nursing Section oards, -rsonaj FA high frequency of indigestion, nausea . * fatiguc `s ^ten traceable to improper Sntilation. suggesting proper air-condicion- or protective equipment to eliminate this the ___ ot" Pbysiqfi lent. irardrj( js quite true that such a program pre- sample . attacks'^ tJ a real problem in selling the idea ot Kjckness prevention to executives--but paFtience and frequent reference to the time ised by Host through sickness .will eventually bring -'h ext vould gKthe'^ Kresults. Wrl wish to quote a few paragraphs from the whereby cu3 ports of disabling illness among industrial Jpioyees in 1936 as compared with earlier ! services, n *: ftyears. This report was released by the Di:are Assccj. "i Fyfsion of Industrial Hygiene of the National liable *etf.-t EInstitute of Health and compiled by Dean ^ore than '-* in Brundage. y to investj. " he were ten- Respiratory Diseases - establishes . ier to one of assured rert ? tal care at j'* were glad to '* ere not only "/ : also increase 7J ' new cocnea. ] ..The respiratory group of diseases ac counted for most of the increase in the incidence of illness in 1936. With the exception pf tuberculosis of the respiratory system and ^diseases of the pharynx and tonsils, each jjtespiratory disease sub-group occurred at a higher incidence rate in 1936 than in 1934 or Ii935. many oierTf gr The frequency of influenza and grippe in few examples iustrial health SU936 (13.1 cases per 1,000 men), was 19 per fjEeent higher than the rate for 1933 (12.7 cases S^per 1,000 men) and 50 per cent greater than l|l.for 1934 (10.1 cases per 1 ,C00 men). Never- :mber of ith- theless, the rate for 1936 was 4 per cent be sorneon i TO llow the average rate (13.8) 1. the preceding - germs the five-year period." 3 the sv "per control -hen ere ins -;ed ;y "Another development o' an unfavuiablc nature was an increase in the number of 7 cases of bronchitis, acute and chronic. In :ployees n i :tive!y ;;!ved areas i:- the iors cc:-tainng the s;rcad infectic: nployees from gular tff :s to .is each 1week. ord care z in.its. A t: to uate and i!arnot only CQf' a proi:ical ed procc:tion -.r survey was . 1936 this disease occurred at a rate of 4.8 cases per 1.000 men which was 41 per cent ' Above its average incidence during the years 1931-1933. The incidence of diseases otjhev pharynx and tonsils in 1936, although 4 per s', cent higher than in the preceding five-year f? Period, was below the rate for 1933. The is rate for pneumonia (all forms) in 1936 (2.6 j cases per 1,000 men) was 13 per cent above .. the rate for 1935 (2.3 cases per 1,000 men), and in turn exceeded the rate for any year since 1929. Among the industrial policyq holders of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, the death rate from this disease in--;936-nt'`compared with 1933 increased 5 ?' Per cent." - .- ft'.- Other diseases of the respiratory system. including diseases ot the upper respiratory tract, showed a sizeable increase in fre quency in 1936 as compared with all the former years. Most noteworthy in the rec ord since 1921 is the dozvmvard trend in the new cases of tuberculosis of the respiratory system. The incidence has decreased from 1.9 cases per 1,000 in 1921 and 1922 to .8 cases in 1936." This is an excellent indication of the effectiveness of educating the child and the adult. . "Rheumatism, acute and chronic, which showed definite improvement in 1934 and 193S (4.0 cases per 1,000 men) as compared with earlier years increased to 42 cases per 1,000 in 1936. This rate was below the fiveyear average. Diseases of the organs of locomotion, except diseases of the joints, oc curred at a rate of 32 cases per 1,000 men in 1936, which exceeded the rates for 1933, 1934, and 1933, as well as the average for 1931-1933." How frequently and to what extent sick ness among employees is a factor in causing lost time accidents is often revealed when a thorough investigation is made of all inci dents leading up to the accident; such facts properly presented enable one to improve plant conditions for better health. A good share of the sickness prevention program is education. Few employees, for example, realize that they have more leisure time than they have ever had before. The cmplojce should be taught to use this with discretion. Today we practically have a na tional 40-hour work week, and allowing at least 36 hours for sleep, we find the employee has 72 hours left out of every week to use as he wishes. Does he spend his idle time disastrously, thus adding fatigue to an already fatigued body? To safeguard against this you masfind it worthwhile to afford him recreational facilities, stimulating in him a desire for hobbies, home ownership, or any other activities that may enable him to spend his time more profitably. Plan a definite program of Better Health talks during the winter months. The National Safety Council and leading insurance compan: provide excellent material for thes pons"**I*Oar- -state and national healt nentsiire glad to furnish valuable i bn frqysf charge. it. 0001 (i? II !c/ Safety Congress y . i timely health topics are csctL':. Arriciesu' piant magazines arc tar reachirr. and envelope inserts dixcufidn" heni::: topics]?*-. r proved beneficial. " Marine Section \Y;1/\T - Officers 1936-37 Central Chairman--E. C. Holden. Jr., United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., N'caa York. X. V. yitc-Chairman (In Charge of Posters and Slides)--Robert F. Hano. Standard Oil Co. ot v; J., Marine Dept., X'erv York. X. Y. yUt-Chainnau (In Charge of Publicity)--\Y. E. Steavardson, Colomhian Steam-biip Cu.. Xctc't ork, V". ^ yitl-Chairmait (For the Pacific Const)--Albert O. Pecc. Union Oil Company ot Calif.. X Wilmington, Calit. ^Secretory--Carl F. Vandkk Cllte, Admiralty Attorney, New York, X. Y. '-r,Y<a>i Letter Editor--Henry Blackstone, United States P. & I. A genet-, Inc., San I-'ran' cisco, Calif. JEtgisteering Committee Chnirmnu--B. C. Edwards, Atlantic Cult and West Indies Siearni jhipCo., Xew York, X. Y. lumbership Committee Chairman--E. \Y. Fiskf.. I a., Soconv-Yacuum Oil Co., Inc.. Xew jfjYork, X. Y. tl^fiipram Committee Chairman--Byron O. Pickard, Pacific Coast Marine As-ociation. San t^franrisco, Calif. .K.iiftSutirT Committee Chairman--Benjamin H. Sei.f, Travelers Insurance Compam. Xew *jYrk,X. Y. CffteVtdaring Committee Chairman--F. C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers Association, .tan -isFrancisco, Calit. (Members at Large-- -TX.Flank E. Ames, Lakes Bros.-Kipiey Steamship Co., Xew Orleans, La. -i'S y-- F. Btccs, Xavy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, 1). C. Ei-ackton, Erie Railroad Co.. Jersey, City, X". J. Fiank H. Cocan, The Delaware. Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co.. Xcv. 'i r.. ;d- x. Y. pv - Criser. Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co., Mobile. Ala. .r-aU 't'S"IY ' Heidokn. Standard 0:1 Co. of X'. T,, Marine Department, Xew York. X V S- Henter. The Atlantic Rcaning Co., Philadelphia. Pa. F. Jones, Gulf Oil Corp.. Xew York. X. Y. - .,,3j F- Kava.v.ach. Grace Line. Inc.. Xew York, X". Y. i f.*tV?* C. L.alrie. Lago Petroleum. Corp.. Maracaibo, Venezuela. ' ' Ia-ckenrach. American Bureau of Shipping, Xew York, X. Y. . ^ McGrath. John W. McGrath. Corp., Xew York, X. Y. - ij Fetf.r>kn, X'eupnrt Xe". - Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co, Xew York. X' \ . , ' Froum, 1 Broadway. X'ew Y ,rk. X'. Y. f: -.. V1 K- Kw.-t'-O.onx., .SSimin-cHla.-irr Xavieatit .. Xew York. X. Y. J ttniiKY, Standard Oil C of "alii.. Richmond. Calif. 'IRa.mm Black Diamond Sw.nii'lup a'o.. P:er l\. Wcchaw ken. X 341 J!i' : hi r- `i ih ; j:iV 016i) 'V4?x'c/: c:: ;A-A'?v jjftil'i: tea, Ifr sH ji;=; *,3H? i: :f u!l' ;;?j &H : 'SSfiiHn-: llteiA ;! ; 1^1!'.i -..T'-.m1- . iiU:v!a & & ?;! feii ' ,S|.N :V;[\ 342 Tsocutx-si.fth Xatiuna! Safety Conigrress H. L. Seward. Vale University, .Yew Haven, Conn. ll-7.. A. J. SinT-i. Marine Oliice oi Ameriea, Xew York. X". Y. Arthur M. Tooe. Consulting Marine Engineer. Xew York. X. Y. C. E. Taylor. Federal Cargo Line?. Xew Orleans. La. J. H. Tn':i:. Xew \ork State Merchant Marine Academy. Xew York, X. Y Elliott Vandeya.vter, Office of the Chief of Engineer.-, Munitions Eld'' qq ^ -'Unc?!*'.*! L. H. Westdvhl, Dollar Steamship Lines. San Francisco, Calif. A. O. W'uLL, General Petroleum Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island. Calif. John Wright, American Export Lines, Xew York, X. Y. . Q, [VKAKL>. dr*0*KOVLX. TY -:.-A..(e To V. so:-!:- -- Whhanim. ulac 5' vL rcewm<d. Yale v I. Cmith. M-arme j__ kr.KENSON. X'e tf. E. STE-ARUS3>h ,\CTHL'K M. Toot- L' t 11. Tom'- ^w Y' ` VI.mok H. IL ' AL L 11. Westoahl F W..,A0. Woli. Genen Officers Elected for 1937-38 i Jons' Vricht. Avne General Chairman--E. C. Holden, Jr., United States P. S: 1. Agency. Inc., Xew York, FA Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Posters and Slides)--Rodcrt F. Hand, Standard Oil X. J. Marine Dept., Xew Y'ork, X. Y. X' Vice-Chairman (in Charge of Publicity)--Harold T. Hakdinc, Marine Progress, SeiS York, X. Y. ' TT Vice-Chairman (l:or the Pacific Coast)--Alrert O. Pecc, Union Oil Company of Cfe Wilmington, Caht. ' Secretary--Carl F. Yandek Clute. Admiralty Attorney. Xew York. X'. Y. Xc:es Letter Editor--Henry Blackstone, United States P. A I. Agency, Inc., San Frwtv The opening session cisco, Calif. 2vjj .V if Byron 0. Pickar 5wnsliip Assn., Dan . Engineering Committee Chairman--Frank H. Cocan, The Delaware, Lackawanna si chairman of the Western Railroad Co., X'cw York, X`. Y. TV Membership Committee Chairman--E. \V. Fiske, Ik., Soconv-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., SrTy York, X. Y. ' . gjg Program Committee Chairman--\V. P. Btccs, Xavv Department Safety Eng., Washing^ D. C. w The A Statistics Committee Chairman--Benjamin* H. Self, Travelers Insurance Company, York, X. Y. Stevedoring Committee Chairman--Frank E. Ames, Lykcs Bros.-Ripley Steamship New Orlcan?, La. --PSBf President. Ar. Members at Large-- C. F. 1`i.acktox. Eric Railroad Co., Jersey, City, X. J. Thomas Blau, Grace Line, Xew York, X. Y. Logan Ckesap. fithnpnn StcamMiip Co.. Xew York, X. Y. \Y. C. Gauultt. 1'ittsburgii Steamship Co., Cleveland, Ohio. F. C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers Assn., San Francisco, Calif. T. M. Gki.-kk. Alabama Dry Duck and Shipbuilding Co., Mobile. Aia. Hf.nky J. Hhidoun, Standard Oil Co., ui X. J.. Xew York, X. Y. John S. Hixti.k. The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. J. G. Johnson. Sinclair Navigation Co., Xew York, X. Y. Wn.t.Akd F. Jonhs, Gull Oil Corp., Xew York, X Frank C. Lal*rie, Lago Petroleum Corp., Maraca . The advancement o twilit of an endless tig It is amusing attitude toward - "M y'-e eighty years a- published in tl y-d N'aval Chronicle ^ ybich it v. as tk tor loss of 'hr, h Teetotali-m--'.In stead of rum ; ^ The presence o1 . other women; Insanity-; J. H. Low., Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Co.. ' '-1 : Jr'y, V i'l X/Y-  V**' ;.y**Jt-$ -.^v......?. *`VVC-V'S*-.3s ll u *XY>YilX . m ismk -W' Marine Section York. X. Y. us Bldg.. \Y aihir.g'-t ;. Calif. j i Ll'CKK.vh \ch. American Bureau ot Shipping, Xcw York. X joHs MoGii\ri{. John W. McGrath Corp., Xew York, X. Y. BvkoS 0 P!ck.\hL). Pacific Coa?t Marine Allocation', San Fraucijcu, Calif, j p Konkv. The Te.\a> Co.. Xew York, X". Y. X . j ^ Ramsey. Standard Oil Co. ot Calif., Richmond. Calif. ^ Schramm. Black Diamond Steamship Co., Pier K. Weehauken, X. J. l^'H L. Seward. Yale University, Xew Haven, Conn. %n~K J- Smith. Marine Office ot America, Xew York, X Y. R* Sorenson, Xew port Xew? Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co.. Xew port Xew?. \ .dX \y E. Stewakdson*. Colombian Steamship Co., Xew York, X. Y. TM-Arthcu yj Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer, Xew York. X. Y. Y- j j-{ Tomo, X'cw York State Merchant Marine Academy. Xew York, X. Y. SvMM0R H. B. Vaughan, Jr., Corps of Engineer?, War Dept., Washington. I). C. H. Westdahl. Dollar Steamship Lines, San Francisco, Calif. %&*`K 0. Woll. General Petroleum Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island. Calif. VX'John Wright. American Export Lines, Xew York. X'. Y. . Inc., Xew York. X. Y nd, Standard Oil Cac; Marine Progress NY* * S.rre* v--b** Oil Company ot GW .%vr#=\- TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 k. X. Y. ' Agency. Inc., San FrJ- ?*** opening session was called to order ifitEyren 0. Pickard, Pacific American 11Vre Lackawanna *< i a' An.. San Francisco. Calif., prochairman ot the section. Captain E. :uum 0:'. Co., In... C. Holden. Jr., United States P. and I. Agency. Inc., Xew York City, general chair man of the section, submitted a review of the vear's activities. Safety Er.c.. M as -Kipicy gteanu U.I I ..Ala V. `.via. The Advancement of Safety in the American Steamship Industry Ey R. J. BAKER .^Ptesident. American Steamship Owners' Association, New York City *i .'^H^ntent of safety at sea is the .111 {ndlcss process of trial ami Afsaiini amu`i`n" to compare the present ,;..t e ,mvard safety with the one of iVfe I*','',' -'cari ?o. a; indicated in an -H iW'.``n-Led in the "X'autical Magazine * ..^ . hror-,d(- of London 1S56. :5-nfor.,..'l's: 'leciared thru t,-._. 4v i, Ml `:ali.ln_.! P* at arc : chief f Sf^or riini. ....... " r.tc, * . <^#>+t+ v.*%r.,;*c"cnc; "l the captain'.' : ;e and A Drunkenness and revelry; 5. Mutiny and insubordination; 6. Discord and dissension: 7. Xo devil being on board : S. The devil having been let loose. Today our reliance on aicty a: 'Ca X placed in the resuits of the navigation lav.? of the country; the ice patroi; study o: ice ami current conditions; load line and .tow age reguiaitcns; removal of derelict1; in stallation o: safety dev the best available tire it lion a;T^raf.:<: constrwide:', will enable an ^;>^r 0. '-C- C .i-Y J*} y-.-r > *&rsri V mmH; SBi!: Si>fU'- : Ic; . i. m: i 1% A !,!:: |;1 4 *1 1 'i is , * t ; J -k B !::! M . SSfoilrf:, m L. : llHl!!: ilrli1 A. fe*:T Ijfft;;-; 4:-: *?*'.* l .1. &$?*;!. St4 WV:: T;. <-.: v-M.r:-'. Witional Sa;et\ G F. A. LaL'Ckman. ;c Steel 0- Chicago. U1. T. I'l. McKlnney (rc::rW), Ca r:: t- : c -1 f 11 nrn > >: c u I CM. Citivaeo. !!!. 1). V. Medalie. itucruW Iron Cc rv . Chicago. HI. JuM.v O'K'jLuK. Bethlehem Steel Cv . Sparrow * Point. Md. C. S. Phillip.-. K'cutc Copper \ Bra", Inc., Rome. X. V. Frank Rowe. \\ hetli::u Steel Cor?.. Portsmouth. O. A. C. Scni'LTZ. Buc\ ru--Eric Co. ?o. Milwaukee. Wi*. H. J. Si'OF.ker, The Your.gsiow n Sheet and Tube Co.. Ea-t Clucavro, Ir.d E. J. Sterner. Bethlehem Steel Co.. Bethlehem, Pa. I. A. Yoss. Republic Steel Corp. Cleveland. O. i. r Officers Elected for 1937-38 General Chairman--R. A. Chaffin*. Continental Steel Curp., Kokomo. Itid. Vice-Chairman--Meu. E. Trammell. Republic Steel Corp.. Alabama City. Ala. Secretary and Xews Letter Editor--H. J. Griffith. Jones & Laughlm Sled Corn.. Pitts* burgh. Pa. Contest Committee Chairman--Rop.f.rt L. Schmitt. Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville. Ky. Enuinccriiuj Committee Chairman--W. T. Filmen. The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co,; Youngstown, Ohio. Foundry Committee Chairman--Ikvin A. Brinkman. Mackinto.'h-Kcmphiil Co.. ?in>*' burgh. Pa. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. R. C. Excel. Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland. 0. Membership Committee Chairman--Fred E. Warn, Pittsburgh District, Carnegie. Illinois A Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Foster Committee Chairman--H. H. Kf.nrv, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland. Ohio. Pronram Committee Chairman--R. K. Fkkc.csdx, Republic Steel Corp.. Cleveland. C Publicity Committee Chairman--John O'Kmlkk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Po:r. Pail:ei:y Car Puilders Committee Chairman--P. J. Brand. Pullman Standard Car facturing Co., Pullman. Chicago. Statistics Committee Chairman--H. 1. Spokrer, Tlic Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. Chicago. Ind. Members at Lanje-- C. M. Allen, The American Robing Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio R. A. Beyer, Central Tube Co., Ambridge, Pa. - J. A. Coltkix. National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. C. ?. Ckaiumii.e. Bclden Manufacturing Co., Chicago. III. H. M. Crucuan, Inland Steel Co.. Eatt Chicago. Ind. J. E. Cl'U.iney, Bethlehem Steel CM., Bethlehem, Pa. C. A. Biaxchl H. H. Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. H. \Y. Dark. Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Dlwdore. Beloit Iron Work' Co., Beloit. Wis. IL T. Dye, Republic Steel Corp., Warren, O. E. A. Ei.US. Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling. \Y. \\ Earl Pyixk, Camemc-libuois Steel Corp., Chicly E. F. Blank, loncs & Laughlih Steel Corp., Piits___._ The S' eral Cha The ceded iranaa ^ponsi fnattrt or coi cess i the mi 0001 3aa&-SSGSSa&s ssass ti-KSiSryPf Mctais Section j p Gathckcm, Grcr.: Lakes Steel Corp, Ecorse. Mich. 0 F. H.'KU-V. America:; Car and Foundry Co., Xew York, X. Y. '5 E Hawkes. MacW'.-.ue Company, Kenosha. M i., pi G. HennLL. The Youuystonu Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, 111. \V A. Jakvis, Chase Brass S: Copper Co., Inc.. Waterbary, Conn. a ri', F A. Lalerman. Republic Steel Corp., Chicago, 111. r r.> B. MacHose. Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, X. Y. m T.. T pi. McKexney. 2342 E. 73rd Street, Chicago, III. (Retired) D. V. Medalie, Intcriake Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. C.S. Phieui'S. Revere Copper & Erass, Inc., Rome, X. Y. C E. Ralston-, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co,, Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank Rowe. Wheeling Steel Corp., Portsmouth, O. A. C. Schultz, Bucyrus-Eric Co., So. Milwaukee, Wis. J. A. \"oss. Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. 1m; Ala. k-v 'led Corp., Pitt>.ecl and Railway TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 cct & Tube Co, -.phill Co., Piiti- <_-ve!and. O. Carnegie, Illinois . Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio, arrow > Point. M-1 tinrc.1 Car Mane- A Tube Co.. Ea*i The session was called to order by Gen Rolling Mill Co.. Middletown. Ohio, who eral Chairman C. M. Alien. The American introduced the speakers. Safety as a Morale Builder By ROY W. KELLY Chief, Personr.e: and Training Division. Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D. C. The maintenance of ir.: lie is readily conceded to be one of the x aior objectives of management. Whether : e executive is rcsponsible for building k :`.motives. making mattresses, managing a G ivcmment bureau, or commanding an Arm; division, his success is dependent in Iarc* : upon keeping up the morale of his associat: All of us tend to be ir. iuenccd by. and to !c upset am; kept in a n a-t unsatisfactory Iramc of mind by un.-a: .`factory living or forking conditions. I f v.: want high morale, must expect to pay c .: iructive attention such mailers as waa s. hours, working Editions, basic causes r grievances and ^plaint*. improvemem*. : sanitation, eiim:~3t:on of unneccssarv :aisc. and proper eating. lighting. and Vc~. iaiion of the work ;ace- Perhaps no other causes contribute re to lowered morale ' -.an a feetinu of in'ecUrhy in one's occu: a* mi. fear as to the future of one's earning power and doubt as to opportunities for advancement and for satisfying achievement. These are all recognized as matters prop erly belonging in the fieid of personnel ad ministration or labor management. They arc mentioned merely for the sake of point ing out that safety is an integral part of this functional field. Organization for accident prevention and the maintenance of the safety program, if they are to contribute to im proved morale, must be planned and carried out with a view to their direct relationships with tiie.-c other osentirb human factors in management. This is a point on which there i- much diver-ity of opinion as well as practice. Nevertheless, the experience - f many or ganizations tends .to indica program cannot hope to how v. ell planned. ur.:\^5 - ,-4&V' v Canpress t: rc>yoi:d to the controL, and % -;spousiu:i::y tor keeping the up^ ft. ::ag vendition--lienee the ncce^ Mining Section organized maintenance crew to or such equipment. The only cxce* i is the craneman who may have lir^E Officers 1936-37 nsibilities as to the inspection, lubr>f 7.::d adjustment of his machine, C. \Y. Gibbs, Harwich Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburg::. Pa. General Chairman--L. \\. GtVib' bs, HarwicK Lon Ja-nuB.-- ARRUTt T' .Vc- s^ce! CCnorrr>pi oration Sub- n otlier machine operators. irhead traveling cranes, gantry crj-. trolleys and various types of hot rise a class of equipment which req^ .1 attention from the standpoint ofj, on and preventive maintenance. Dm yice-Chairman in Charge of Health--Lee Lo.yg, Clinchfield Coal Corp.. Dante, Va. Cliarge of Membership--Ancus D. Campbell 'M'clTmyr-e DPo,rc,,ulipni'ne. Mutes. yict-Chairnuiii in ----- ,,Sttctdri.l,arSychaunmd aXcchteers, OLnett.t,eCr aEndaditao.r--Daniel Harrington, United States Bureau of Mines tzards of falling material, whether q aterial. broken parts of the equipmqE PoWstaesrhaingdtoSnli,dDe.CCo.mmittee Chairman--I. J. Foroes, United States Bureau of Mines, Pitts ads dropped due to failure of med; \ . every precaution must be taken; ; prbougrrgahm, PCao. mmittee Chairman--U C. Campbell, The Hoppers Coal Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. this class of equipment in good repi;; publicity Committee Chairman- M. R. Bcoo, The ~Exp'losives' rE'~ng"in--eer, tWvitilmmlnineg-ton., DD>el. s been found desirable to supple/rt i ark of the foreman and repainr.? -W. W, Adams, United States Bureau of Mines. Wash- .d with the proper maintenance of set Statistics Committee Chairman u.cnt by the u<c of Crane Inspector. ington, D. C. crane inspector goes over all eqwJ MemTbheorsmaast LAalrlgeen--. Chiei Coal Mine Inspector, State of Culorado. Denver. Colo. :n derail, recording all items of a atf al or electrical nature which need ac or replacement. This survey prta double check and docs not lessen: J. \V. Alt, Caiumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet. Midi. P. M. Arthur. American Zinc Co. of Tennessee. Mascot. Tenn. Fred E. Bedai.e. Consolidation Coal Co.. Fairmont, \Y. Ya. egree the responsibility of the abort Johs L. Board'aan. Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte. Mont. :ncd foremen and repairmen. Copf :se reports are forwarded to the $: endent and foreman involved, as wt Maurice Coulter. Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. H. T. Harrer. Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhil), Tcnn. the Plan: Safety Department hoc tomrr.cndcd repairs or alterations mtt: H. C. Hf.nrie, Plteips Dodge Corp., Bisbec. Ariz. Rush X. Hoalir. Coal Mine Section. Pennsylvania Compensation Rating & Inspec posed 0:. either by being carried fe '.ion. or :y being rejected for can* inspect:..n covers cleanliness and or'S of 11*.c equipment in the interestc red fire hazard and increased safe: -aiors r.,' : repru'rmen. Safety equ:p| -uci: a- '-.nders, fire extinguisher- ^ beds, gongs, warning light'( vtc:i>iou cords, gear guards etc *[ !. Loose or scrap material on d-d' tion Bureau. Harrisburg, Pa. C. F. Keck. Jamison Coal Corp., Greensburg. Pa, Thomas E. Lichtfoot. Tite Hoppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. \Ym. Ci, MetZ'.er. Kuti-cn Coal Co.. Scranton. Pa. D. V. D. 0. Moffat. Murray. Utah Ci opper Co.. Salt Lake The I_'nion Pacific Coal Co., City, Utah. Rock Sprint:-, \Yy, R. B. Paul X eiv Jcr sey Zinc Co., Xew York, N'. Y. John Ti Ryan. Mine :Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. approa-:' or runways is not to*;t Loose, vorn or broken parts an# i and r. mmencied for correction. L. T. Ficka. = ,, Jo.-c John Tkfavf.f.f Hoc,-. -.nonhave h nr! v h; q cend intervals of one to t"`* found mmcietu for aver-! hi mere attention given [ worked cranes. L'nusis-s or failure? of parts rn^i ( for the inspector to m3^ j report? w he:; requested- ; l ( Gent'ri}l Chxiinmi- kir.-'Ch'unrii'un-- Canada. Officers Elected for 1937-38 f. J. SvaRETT. Oliver Iron Mining Co.. Duluth. L -Nt. Okichrield Coal Cor\\. Dante. Va. = Z- Campbell. McIntyre Porcupine Mine**. 401 On:.. r ,'i: * b-. f i` ;i>! - 402 7 \ ,;:;y-sixth Motional Safety Congress l icc-Clhimn-i" 1 1 t- slu. The Hoppers Coni Co., Pittsburgh, p3. Secretary <ri;r N . I >'' \\'asl:in"i. -n. 1 ' 1 Poster and ' mum burgh, P;i Editor-- 11 will Harrixctox, United Plate; *p*,u,- ,,Ci'j Clitiirinitn -- I. J. United .State- Hur-uan of i, * -e.r> a"iCr ' :V, ,11C If tk Publicity Co":` nif- 1 he- M. K. IVnn, The Explosives Engineer. W i!min**tr Statistics ( '' ington, 1.'. i \Y. Adams, United State? Bureau 01 rA T* L Ml-*s \vi "`-hho^U--'tn. na.- Members at I ^ arc h; Thomas- ' m t Im i i_oal Mine Inspector, State of Colorado, Denver, Colo J. \Y. Ai i. t .ilmin t ,4: Hccla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. P. M. AI.-tin i.-. American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot, Tenn. ^ A^rtfu^ i<' lnrc --. When a mim vrkm8 on",; Fred E. Ini""- Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, \Y. Ya. ^ pur worxe JoM.v I.. I'oM.im \.v. Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Eutte, Mont. Mal-rio tin min. Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. C. VC. (Inn:-., Il.n uiek Coal & Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. H. T. H tm t n. Tennessee Copper Co.. Copperliill, Tenn. H. C. Ill N.-.n . 1 'helps Dodge Corp.. Risbee, Ariz. Rush X. Ih'-ne. Coai Mine Section. Pennsylvania Compensation Ratina & T,,, lion Ru'.t.m. H.ini.-: urg. Ta. .; C. F. Khk. I.imi"'ii Ccal Corp.. Greens burg, Pa. A Thomas l' 1 n im ooT. The Hoppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 5 -?x* 000 sta' jnffkcf realize ^gasitttion ' *!ity. Each c reyKt comm : bor that "sue : ^ daily, or These : Ulcerated-- Ai, Sr! If yot Miea among tf William G Mi teixii, Hudson Coal Co.. Scranton, Pa. D. D. .Mon u. I'tali Copper Co., Sal: Lake City, Utah. V. O. Missw. The Union Pacilie Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyo. R. B. I'u Xe>v Jersey Zinc Co.. Xe'v York, X. Y. ; A t t.e basic ; Mtn are: Sup . {Cm. It is r .4 {fwdplcs. Hi sf nch day's John- T. R\ v'\ Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. L. T. Sick > S' Joseph Lead Co.. Bonne Terre, Mo. Toiix Tin " s. Honiestake Mining Co.. Lead, S. D. i. wti, due to l f'ean must st ` faulty conditi ' previous shif ; f'ace, or any ouaitinccs. : . nting. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION The efficic- October 12, 1937 Mambrdizing , are built up The session eral Chnirmr. Th Safe:; No person v two ways of a wrong way methods is lv.efficiency. I f economically : ore cannot ho . ,s vudluvl '.o order by Gc:> and Coke Co., Pittsburgh. Pa., \'ho \\. Uiihr-y Marwick Ova- duced the speakers, . are adopted arc easily sup k-e employe- Relationship of Safety to Efficiency in Mining m '`Mien an eir. f-e seldom is Prom my ; By JAMES K. RICHARDSON 'he standar n<:P an org: Uitector. Climax Molybdenum Company, Climax, Colorado proving und here can be r*.:: the lives of the employees tmhe sys<el<1 , w>rk--*. right way r.r.i abandoned. Unquestionably the latter thous "AO believe jfeident risi 5-very task i\*:c .-.heme of , u'!c.-:::r. of safety -r.i v be extracted in i- abandoned. I: the has often been overlooked. ~~ L:f :o\vcver, overlook the fact ;at aavtliing w* cills or maims men is morally wrong. - thermore, it ooj^aress or method tears "fk enough s notice so , ^coming i knows he r %r-d endanger::*.: machines it is EStyMJOt c;'?l^TciTT' Petroleum Section Officers 1936-37 Qtnera! Chairman--A. W. Breeland, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. yice-Chairman--A. J. Martinson, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. Vwr Letter Editor--J. H. Brou n, Tide Water Oil Company, New York, N. Y. Engineering Committee Chairman--E. D. Murphey, Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp., Tulsa. Okla. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. Y. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston. Texas. Paster Committee Chairman--H. T. Makkee, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Program Committee Chairman--R. B. Roarer, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston. Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--Glenn Byers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Mo. Statistics Committee Chairman--J. W. Myers, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. Atlantic Division Chairman--R. L. Simpson, The Texas Company, New York, N. Y. Croat Lakes Division Chairman--F. R. McLean, Socony-Yacuum Oil Co.. Inc., While Star Div,, Detroit, Mich. Gulf Division Chairman--D. B. Hiatt, Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Company, Fort Wort:-.. Texas. Ilitf-CoiihMcnf Division Chairman--Kraus EaRhart, The Texas Company, Tuba. Okla. Pacific Division Chairman--L. K. Butler, Union Oil Company of Calif.. Lo= Angeles. Calif. Rocky .Uomitafii Division Chairman--B. Y. Osborn, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Ca-pcr, Wy .. Past General Chairmen-- R. W. Blsck, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth. N. J. R. S. Bonsib. Standard Oil Co. (N..!.), New York. N. Y. Y R. Currie. The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco. Calif. C. L. Hightower, United Gas System. Houston. Texas. G. 0. Lockwood. The Empire Companies, Bartlesville, Okla. Geo. F. Pressing. L'nion Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. R. B. Roater. Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston. Texas. E. I. Senne. Socony-Yacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York. N. Y. C. W. Smith. Standard Oil Co. find.}, Chicago, 111. D. J. Wallace. Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. -ccrctjiy--H N. Blakeslec. American Petroleum Institute, New York. N. Y. Officers Elected for`1937-'38 Gf'teral Chairman.--II. W. Bulglss, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. --J. K. Dhows*, Tide Water Associated Oil Co.f Xew York, X. Y. * Letter Editor--F. R. McLean', Socony-Yacuum Oil Co., Tin .yfrhTiijY r"ir. T` Detroit. Mich. +sy 0C0177 490 Tii'ciity-sixtli Xatioiial Safer: Congress Euaiueerira Committee Chairman--E.~ D. MuRPHEY. Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp.', Tuba Okla. Health Committee Chairman--P. E. Keegan", Shell Fetr.'ieum Corp., Houston, Texas. Pror'-am Committee Chairman--A. \V. Breeland, Lore Star Gas Co.. Dallas, Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--1. L. RtstNCER, Magnolia Petroleum Co, Dallas, Texas. Statistics Committee Chairjnan--J. W. Myers, Standard Oil Co. (X. J.). New \ork, X. V. I'isual Education Committee Chairman--C. A. Miller. The Texas Co.. Houston, Texas. Atlantic Division Chairman--L. C. Wooqbridge, Socor.-'-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Xcw York, X. Y. Great Lanes Division Chairman--R. T. Hexdersox, Standard Oil Co. oi Ohio, Cleveland. Ohio. Gulf Division Chairman--\Ym. Grant, JHumble Oil i Refining Co., Ba\ town, Texas. ifid-Contineut Division Chairman--I. D. McCamey, /?_. The Carter Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. I'aeif.e Division Chairman--C. T. Nobmanx, Shell Oil C;.. San Prancisco. Calit. Rocity Mountain Division Chairman--R. 0. Traylor. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Casper, Wyoming. Past General Chairmen-- R. W. P.LACK, Standard Oil Co. ot X. J., Elizabeth. X. J. R. S. Eoxsir., Standard Oil Co. (X. J.), New York. X. Y. A. \V. Bkkei.axd, Lone Star Gas Co.. Dallas, Tcxz-. \'. R. Clruie. The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. Donovan. Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Sau Francisco, Calif. C. L. Hightower. United Gas Pipe Line Co., Houston. Texas. G. 0. Lockwood, Cities Service Oil Co., Bartlesville. Okla. Geo. F. Pressing. Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. R. E. Ro.\rER, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. .1. Sexne, Socony-Yacuuin Oil Co., Inc., Xew York, X'. Y. C. W. Smith. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 1:1. D. I. Wallace. Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Secretary--H. X. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Institute, Xew York, X. Y. That titer accident c.v. classed as clout: of the cue to pond oi arbitrar:u aoc:iia the uju.catr.e riirfcr a: ti:e home, o: hazardous c plant, it highway or From the there can he ing a greet: worker a v. giving a gr a tnodern. Trouble is trievablc lo.* question she --the qucstb ish things d It docs ^ brought to oi accident: ot. but at U piecemeal t: causes that It is altogct. 'veil organk appear on t: MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 11. 1537 The session was called to order by Gen- Gas Cl. Dallas, Texas, who introduced d;t cral Chairman A. W. Ereeland, Lone Star speaker; and directed the discussion. It is read legislation : efficient. T outstanding Nation. M deed be sp< ^en. But ;p-d based -object. Aside ire Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safety entering ti. just what c. By HENRY W. BOGGESS accidents c. industry's t Superintendent of Safety, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company, Tulsa, Okla. ttcogr.izcd During ln36 111,000 American citizens died in accident?. Sixteen per cent, or 1S.C00 of them, me: death while employ ed at occupations from winch they earned their livelihoods and so arc cailcd industrial fatalities. The remain ing 93,000 accidental deaths arc broadly re ferred to as public fatalities; at least, they were non-occupational. The ratio of public to industrial deaths ' more thin six to one. It is obvious that w* broads;: need for safety is outside and n within the ranks oi industry. Whether r/v industrmhas^ny responsibility tor these Pu"' or ov-.sfflJg&ccTtlents, -wheitter'-or not R : I One crit n'.Aeical _ 'shlrhi so n h the resu Anttrican resear within Csfflknver the ability to prevent an) p ,,e 0 them, i^wTRuestion. ' -T^'i et w' :lif * .1 -M. X. V. Insurance Co., Boston, Public Utilities Section Mfg. Co., Pullman, ' & Son; Hinge Mantj. cloit, Wis. it. General Electric Co, uy of Cleveland, CleveCar Mfg. Co, Pullman, III. . aikervihv. Out, Canada. u him;:',' nil! be fotiml luinc. Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--John I. Barada, The Laclede Gas Light Co, St. Louis, Mo. yUe-Chairman for Telephone and Telegraph Interests--W. P. Elstun, American Tele phone and Telegraph Co, Xew York, X. Y. yici-Chairman for Gas Interests--E. P. Durfee. Consolidated Edison Co. oi X. Y,, Inc, Yew York, X. Y. yice-Chairman for Electric Interests--\Vm. H. Brow.v. Northern States Power Co, Min neapolis. Minn. Secretary--H. A. Ptolemv, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, III. Srees Letter Committee-- D. C. Duncan, Chairman, Appalachian Electric Power Co, Bluctield, \V. Ya. P. L. G. Hasskarl, Pennsylvania Power Co, Allentown. Pa. Tames D. Hall. Atlantic City Electric Co, Atlantic City, X. J. E. R. Kroit, Union Electric Light and Power Co, St. Louis, Mo. E. S. Liciit, Xcw York State Electric & Gas Corp, Geneva, X. Y. D. E. Woods. Central Power Light Co, Corpus Christi, Tcn. Engineering Committee-- \V. H. Mulligan, Chairman. Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto. Out, Canada. A. A. Kmnoe. Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver. Colo. Paul R. Kuhn, Penn Central Light & Power Co, Altoona. Pa. John P. McCann. Xcw England Power Assn, Boston, Mass. W. J. McVav, Consolidated Electric and Gas Co, Xew York. X. V. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. Hart E. Fisher. Chicago Rapid Transit Co, Chicago, III. i'isual Education Committee Chairman--C. L. Hmktjwek, United Gas System. Houston. Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--R. S. Metzger, The Toledo Edison Co, Toledo, Ohio. Membership Committee-- H. W. Lueck, (Chairman). Commonwealth Edi?-,n Co, Chicago, III. Harky Berman. Consolidated Cas & Electric Co, Baltimore. Md. M. T. Caster. Lincoln Telephone and Telegraph Co, Lincoln. Xt-br. K. P. XnvES. Central Maine Power Co, Augusta. Maine. E. A. Rust, Erie County Electric Co, Erie. Pa. H. E. Ftu:nr>. Appalachian Electric Power Co, B'.uehehl. W. Ya. R. Steele. Oklahoma Cas cad Electric Cempa:;; . Oklahoma City. Okla. aa do Elec: ricidad. Program Committee Chain;;: C. H. Dins MORE. \ Wis. Statistics and Contest Comm, Alliance. Ohio. Chairtna -Cm \x: its S. Bowden. Cdtio Public Service Co, Shecio! RepresettUtlhes--W. Va. (E. E. I.) Charles J. Cuwi.ut. C:: Cation. Buchanan Apv'c. ,-b.ian Electric Power Co, Welch. W. a::. Acci.iv at Fre-. :::ion Committee. Am t SsiV; - : 00017  .yru'^'-"V v_ ............ <5>:~ V%**5>5tV ;;' >. ''F: ' x'X^. it';.-? -. xpc*L~j- -- W: ' d-W .v-X:.g' * I ' ^ ^ > - y. 1-- '-y.-^ | -'-' -r' Tivcntx-sixih Xclioual Safety Cnur/rcss E. 5. Beaumont. The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co.. Chicago. I'.!. C. E. Eoulct, Wisconsin Public service Corp., Milwaukee. Wis. G. A. Doelles, The Dayton Power X Light Co.. Dayton. Ohio. Tames B. Douglas. The Philadelphia Gas Works. Philadelphia. Fa. Roy M. Godwin. Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Fa. E. J. Kit eh, Philadelphia Company. Pittsburgh. Pa. Wills Maci.achi.ax, Electrical Engineer, Toronto, Ont.. Canada. C. E. McCulloch. Bureau of Safety. Chicago. III. George Orr, Detroit Edison Company, Detroit. Mich. F. M. Pepper. Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Chicago. III.. C. J. Rutland, Texas Power Sc Light Company. Dallas, Texas. C. E. Scott, Bureau of Safety. Chicago, III. J. L. Vaxdecrift, The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co.. Washington. D. C. H. F. Webis, West Penn System. Pittsburgh, Pa. Officers Elected for 1937-38 General Chairman--W. P. Elstl'X, American Telephone & Telegraph C... Xew 'lore. X. V. I'iee-Chairman--E. P. Dukkee. Con>olidatcd Edi?on Co. of X. V.. Inc.. New- \ ork. A. I. Secretary--H. A. Ptolemy, Public Service Co. of Xortlicrn Illinois, Chicago. Iil. .Veter Letter Committee-- D. C. Duncan, Chairman, Appalachian Electric Power Co., Blucfieid. V H. H. Berman, Consolidated Gas, Electric Light & Power Co. of 11a more, Md. Ya. s ttore. Eal'.i- S. C. Dickinson. Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco. Calif. E. R. Kropp. Union Electric Company of Missouri, St, Louis. .Mo. W. I. McVay. Stone & Webster Service Cdrp, Xew York, X. Y. P. K. Stiles. Compania Cubana dc Electricidad, Maximo Gomez Xo. 1 . -artado 1R-V Habana, Cuba. D. E. Woods. Central Power X Light Co., Corpus Christi, Texas. Program Committee Chairman--R. S. Metzcer. Toledo Edison Co., Toleti Cltio. Publicity Committee Chairman--C. H. Dinsmoke. Wisconsin I'ower X Lie.".: Co.. Madi.-oo W'is. ' I'ismtl education Committee-- H. \V. Lueck. Chairman. Commonwealth Edison Co.. Chicago. III. E. S. Miner. American Telephone X .Telegraph Co., Xew York. X. C. X. Rakestraw, The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., Cleveland. r. to. - Engineering Committee-- W. H. Mulligan, Chairman, Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Or Ont, Canada. o, Toronto, E. C. Bookman. Virginia Electric X Power Co., Richmond, Va. C. H. Davis. Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, 111. J. D. Hall. Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic Ci P. L. G. Hasskarl, Pcnnsx ivania Power X Light Paul R. Kuhn, Pcnust Ivania Edison Co., Altoona j F. MeC wn IgHN P- MeV Jh Comm:::. ill. ...yrsinf ( u; p ;. Hanlo W. H. Euov \I. T. Cast: R. A- Edw: A. A. Klin E. S. Lick7 C. E. McEr E. P- Xoye H. E. She: J. R. Stee: Sljislies and Co.. Alliance Ce'.meHors t'P John J. B E. S. Ef.s C. B. Eoi G. A. Do: James E. Roy M. C E. J. Kre Wills M B. B. Mi George ( F. M. P: C. J. Ri C. B. ? H. F. V Ife.-uf Ref c.;. G L. M. S jr.grcss f F. McCabe. Duqucnc Light Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. .;cago, 111. John ? McCann". New England Power Service Co.. Boston, Ma>*. ce. W'ii. ^,-j/i/i Committee Chainv.au--Dr. Hart E. Fisher. Chicago Rapid Transit Co.. Chicago, . Ohio, ' IIL .elphia, Pa. .. Pa. Xtmb'.-rs'r.ir Committee-- E. J. Hanlon-, Chairman, Peoples Gas Light S: Coke Co.. Chicago, III. \V. H. Brown, Northern States Power Co., Minneapolis, Minn. . Canada. j[. T. Caster. Lincoln Telephone and Tcelgraph Co.. Lincoln, Xebr. R. A. Edwards. San Diego Consolidated Gas & Elec Co., San Diego, Calif. A. A. Huxge, Public Service Co. ot Colo., Denver, Colo. E. S. Licht, Xew York State Electric S: Gas Corp., Geneva, X. Y. Texas. G E. McBride. Northern Indiana Public Service Co., Fort Wayne, Iud. . E. P- Noyes, Central Maine Power Co., Augusta, Maine. hone Co.p Washington, D. C H. E. Shedd. Appalachian Electric Power Co., Blucneid. W. Va. J. R. Steele, Oklahoma Gas S: Electric Co.. Oklahoma City. Okla. Satisfies and Contest Committee Chairman--Charles S. Bowden-, Ohio Public Service Co, Alliance, Ohio. (nnciiers (Past General Chairmen)-- 7-38 & Telegraph Co., Xew Yc s. JoRN J. Baraua, The Laclede Gas Light Co, St. Louis. Mo. (1936-1937) . -E. S. Beaumont. The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co, Ciiicago, 111. (1930-31) C E. Bollet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp, Milwaukee. Wis. (1932-33) t' X. V.. Inc.. Xew York. N. em Illinois, Chicago, 111. G. A. Doelles. Dayton Power & Light Co, Dayton, Ohio (1931-32) .'James E. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co, Philadelphia, Pa. (1916-17) Rov M. Godwin-, Philadelphia Electric Co, Philadelphia. Pa. (1935-36) r Co.. Blucneid, W. \*a. Power Co. ot Baltimore. IL* E. 1. Kreh, Philadelphia Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1934-35) ills Maclaciian-. Electrical Engineer, Toronto, Out.. Canada (1919-20) . B. E. McCulloch. Bureau of Safety, 20 X. Wackcr Drive, Chicago, III.'(1925-26) i?co. Cal: LouK M". rk. X. Y. :o Goir.cz Xj. 1 Apartaiia! Geosce Opt, Detroit Edison Co, Detroit, Mich. (1926-27) , M. Pepper. Illinois Bell Telephone Co, Chicago, 111. (1933-34) .. C. J. Rutland, Texas Power & Light Co, Dallas, Texas (1927-2S) *7 4. Scorr. Bureau of Safety, 20 X. Wachcr Drive. Chicago. III. (1917-159 H. F. Wr.nn. West Penn System. Pittsburgh. Pa. (1925-29) Tex;-. iisou Cu.. Toledo, Ohio. :i Power X Lie!;; Co.. -!/eic! Representatives-- . C. 1. Gefveut, Consolidated Edison Co. of X. Y, Ir.c, Xew York, X. Y. (A.G.A.) ^ M. ShaD'.ltt. Georgia Power Co, Athens. Ga. (E.E.l.) iucago. Tii. Xew York. X. Y. ; Co.. Cieveiand. Ohio. o: 0:::ar:-. T ' \" : TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 .m NX 11 Quarry Section . Officers 1936-37 :;'Citrol Chairman--Alexander Foster, Jr., Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ?Piice-Chairman--Russell Rarey, The Marble Cliff Quarries Co., Columbus, Ohio. ^Secretary and Xczes Latter Editor--X. B. Sipe, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. ' festtr Committee Chairman--H. F. Yottep., The General Cruslicd Stone Co., Easton, Pa. iPtblieily Committee Chairman--J. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, %Statisties Committee Chairman--W. \V, Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines. Washington, D. C. ^timbers at Large-- V. P. Ahearx, National Sand and Gravel Assn., Washington, D. C. WiLUAir H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. 0. M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. S. Walter Stauffer, National Lime Association, Washington, D. C. A. L. WoRTtiE.Y, The New Haven Trap Rock Co., New Haven, Conn. Officers Elected for 1937-38 }~Gnint Chairman--Alexander Foster, Jr., Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. .jVste-Chairmah--Russell Raxey, The Marble Cliff Q uarrtes Co., Columbus, Ohio. ;3fmtary and AYtes Letter Editor--X. B. Sipe, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. nfyster Committee Chairman--H. F. Yotter, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. jrtiliciiy Committee Chjirtnan--1. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, M&C. ' Wifalufc C mmittee Chairman--W. W. Adams, L'. S. Bureau ot Mines, W ashington, D. C. yirrj a; Large-- P- Ahearx, National Sand and Gravel Assn., Wa'hingt'Ui, D. C. .A William H. Baker. J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa, 0-M. Graves. The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. S-V, alter Stauffer, National Lime Association, Wa'hir.vt&n. D. C. !- V.orthex. The New Haven Trap Rock Co., New riueen, Conn. Section met jointly with, the iugs will be ; ..ml ~cct:r,n. A record oi the proceed- litis volume. 557 249 0C01 Safety Congress Safety Equipment Section ' Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers $ho Exhibited at the Twenty-Sixth National Safety Congress and Exposition ~<s> JHELL itER i- Kansas City, Mo., October 11-15, 1937 y r- ` Exhibition Hall--Municipal Auditorium t; 'ICANIZER j timwc dial. mu. lime *mus6_ 0 SPftme -Jane Protection Equipment Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. A>, Gas Masks. vjivertising Displays, !ne., Covington, Ky. ' rVSafety Education Materials in Display Form With Moving Messages. Ida Casvialtv & Furctv Co., Hartford, Conn. -7 Safe Dr iving Tests. Safety Educational Films. liiAloe Co., St. Louis. Mo. Part III. When cure time is up, timecycV 'ey'first Aid and Hospital Equipment. culator (9) turn; air pressure into 1= Aetrican Abrasive Metals Co., Irvington, X. J. i 1) dosing direct acting valve (7), alsod* ay Safety Treads for Walkways and Safety Gratings. lower inlet of three-way diaphragm > .Wrian-LaFrance and Foamite Industries. Inc., Elmira, X'. V. ' wiiieh shuts air pressure from air-o -.fire Protection Equipment. ) ami vents air from reverse aeM -bsencan Mutual Liability Insurance Co.. Doston, Mass. pliraem valve i~) causing this vahf *> A Insurance. Workmen s Compensation, Property Damage and Genera. Automobile. Aatdcan Optical Co., houthhruige, Mass. art IV. As steam is exhausted fromft* Head and Eye Protection Products. ter r.tvl the j-rcisurc has reduced to o'can Safety- Tank Co. Kansas City, Mo. t 13 ot. on dim itraum valve Sfr-`t `.'Automotive Fuel Suppy Tanks. i wiil puii lv!t oi up, ar.d heater iic opened. XcU. fa) Tendoa on spring tjusted either to raise or to lowered1- Inc., Chicago. 111. ", Auxiliary & Emcw.icy Stretcher First Aid Equipment. Trainc Control Corp.. St. Paul. fcJ*WK Actuated Cmurol Equipment ... factor. (h) .Steam ii.nc itas two valves, on*** c with air pre-fare and the . `her w tit air off: ::xt ^UanuiVtiiriiw Co.. Rw-k T-Unu!. 1!!. ia ^pcctiou awl Correction Equipment. "C"T Product* Curp.. Sr,1;;:-, Eemi, I mi. ; iVC Equipment. yivaiu & Jy-V'on. I;v:. Kailas City, Ml. HeaiK T;u:k- .i;C Pressure c'`ey WC>. ii--.vAukce. U W Wa^him* Emm :r.\\^0e G^CPmC an<l Wotne ;; R Rrownc'M'an..';-:"- ' ami S penni Pur'-v .- ii (i ;ris . Mi" Vf ! life mu- Inis. m 8PJ- I . ir SSe. ,jn fef lb:- ;; pm lift-kl >s - w:i I lit*: WM lit Wit'" 3S2 Twiitx-si.vth Xaiiunul Safely Cuih/rc.<.< R. H. Buhrke Co.. Chicago, HI. Safety Equipment for Construction and Maintenance. E. D. Bullard Co., San Frnncifco, Calit. Personal Protective Equipment. Eurroughs Wellcome & Co.. (U.S.A.), Inc.. Xeu York Cii>. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment.. Champion Brake Corp., Chicago. 111. Hand Brakes for Freight Cars. Chicago Eye Shield Co., Chicago. HI. Head, Eye and Respirator}- Protective Equipment. Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonauanda, X. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety HoUts. H. S. Cover, South Bend, Ind. Ke.'pirators and Safety Guggle*. Crouse-Hinds Co.r Syracuse, X. Y. Traffic Signals and Floodlight*. Xf. E. Cunningham Co., Pittsburgh, I'a. Safety Steel Stamps and Type Holder*. Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Iuc., New York City. First Aid and Industrial Safety Equipment. C. H. Dockson Co., Detroit. Mich. Head and Eye Protection. DoMorc Chair Co., Inc., Elkhart, Ind. Posture-Health Chairs for Office and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. Parking Meter Equipment. Donald F. Duncan, Inc., Chicago, III. Parking Meter Equipment Eagle Eignal Corp., Moline, 111. Traffic Signals. Electronic Control Corp., Detroit, Mich. Electronic and Photo-Electric Equipment. Elliott Service Co., Xew York City. Promotion of Efficiency and Safety. Emerson Drug Co.f Baltimore, Md. Bromo-Seltzer. Employers Mutuals. Wausau, Wi>. Fire and Casualty !n>urance. Workmen** Cumpvn>ation. Enameled Steel Sign Co.. Chicago, HI. Day and Night Steel Reflecting Signs. Fairway Laboratories. Tnc. Belleville. 11). , Anti-Fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablet' and 1 li-pui'ine Equipment. Harley-Davidson Motor Co.. Milwaukee, Wis. Police Motorcycles and Accessory Equipment. Hercules Friction Grip Co., Kansas City, Mo. Brake Dressing. Hild Floor Machine Co.. Chicago, 111. Electric Floor Scrubbing Machines and Vacuum Cleaner*. Holcomb Safety Garment Co., Chicago, 111. Industrial Safety Clothing. Hoot Products Co., Chicago, 111. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governor*. ... mH;: 000i84 Huntington Disinte Hynson, W i Mercur i Indian Mott | Police Industrial C Industr Industrial S Assoett Internatiouat Safety Junkin Sat Power Juvenile \S Automi The Karpat Park! Keystone . Visual Walter Kick Fire Kim hall S Indus Lehigh Sa Leathe Liberty M Autorr The Lima Xon- Lumbcrmc _ Autom Macwhyte Wire The Mart Dust McCloske Bomb B. F. McC Safet; Metropol Lite Michigan T raff Milhurn Prcati Mine Sa Safe Modern "3 Weld Murray S ; Plaice tm Safety Congress umtciiaucc. ' York Ci t upinunt. X. V. -k City. upcnsaUou. ''Ii-l' a.id I 'i'|.cii-in- liquij-nK-irt. Licaner*. Safety Equipment Section jjjntington Laboratories, Inc.. Hur.cmgton. Ind. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. Kvnson. Westcott & Dunning, Inc., Baltimore. Md. Mercurochrome First Aid Antiseptic, Thantis Lozenges. Indian Motocycle Co., Springfield. Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. - industrial Gloves Co., Danville, III. Industrial Safety Clothing. Industrial Safety Equipment Assn., Mew York City. Association of Manufacturers of Industrial Safety Equipment. International Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Safety Shoes. Junkin Safety Appliance Co.. Louisville, Ky. Power Press Guards. Juvenile Wood Products, Inc.. Fort Wayne, Ind. Automobile Safety Seats for Children. The Karpark Corp., X'ew York City. Parking Meters. Keystone View Co.. Meadvillc, Pa. . Visual Safety Tests. Walter Kiddc Sc Co.. Inc., Xew York City. Fire Protection Equipment. Kimball Safety Products Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. Industrial Safety Clothing and Supplies. Lehigh Safety Shoe Co., Inc.. Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston, Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole Sc Heel Co.. Lima. Ohio. X'on-Slip Soles and Heels. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co.. Chicago. III. Automobile. Compensation and General Casualty Insurance. Macuhytc Co.. Kenosha. Wi.v Wire Rope and Braided Wire Kope Sling'. The Martindale Electric Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. McCloskey Torch Co., Toledo. Ohio. Bomb Shell Torches and Truck Hare-. B. F. McDonald Co.. Los Anselc?. Calif. Safety Hats and Respirator*. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Xew Y* rk City. Life Insurance. Industrial, e::. Michican Malleable Iron Co.. Detroit, Mich. Trariic Stop Sioms. Milburn Co.. Detroit. Mich.. Protective Creams for P-ever.iion of Occupational Skin Disc -Mine Safety Appliances Co. P:*.:?Lureh. Pa. Safety Appliances and Fir*: Aid Mater-.ai*. Modern Engineering Co.. St. Louis. Mo. Welding Torches and Safety Goggle*. Murray Safety Sling Co. Irtc...Pittsburgh. Pa. Plated Wire Rope Slinu*. 5S3 5S4 Tzeeuly-sixlh Xaiional Safety Congress National Bureau of Casualty &: Surety Underwriters, New York City. Safety Service. Casualty Insurance. National Safety Council. Inc., Chicago. III. Posters, Bureau of Information. Research and Education DiviCun. G. H. Packwood Manufacturing Co.. St. Louis, Mo. Soaps and Cleaning Compounds. Pamhcr-Panco Rubber Co., Inc., Chelsea, Mass. Safety Soles and Heels. The Patent Scaffolding Co., Chicago, III. Safety Ladder; and Scaffolds. The Phister Manufacturing Co, Cincinnati, Ohio. Fire Protection Equipment. Protcctoseal Co, Chicago, III. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Puhnosan Safety Equipment Corp, Brooklyn, X. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering Co, Grcensburg, Pa. Interlock Systems, Potential and Phase Detectors, Insulator Testers. Recce Wooden Sole Shoe Co, Columbus, Nchr. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rich Signs Corp, Wichita, Kans. Highway Reflecting Traffic Markers. Rockwood Sprinkler Co, Worcester, Mass. Fire Protection Equipment Rose Manufacturing Co, Denver, Colo. Industrial Safety Equipment. Safeguard Electric Co, Inc, Brooklyn, X. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering. Alfred M. Best Co, Inc, New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. The Safety Equipment Service Co, Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and Ail Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Co, Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. W. H. Salisbury & Co, Inc, Chicago, III. Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices. Shepherd Safety Shoe Corp, Chicago, 111. Safety Slices. The Spencer Turbine Co, Hartford. Conn. Industrial Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collect ion Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Co, Chicago. III. Industrial Safety Equipment. Slonckousc Signs. Inc, Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. The Strauss Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts. Safety Hats, and Foot Guards. Sugar Beet Products Co, Saginaw, Mich. Industrial Soaps. The Surety Rubier Co, Carrollton. Ohio. Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Ruhbcrr^adustrial Equipment. The Surty Manufacturing Co, Inc, Chicago, III. Dust Counters. Exhaust Units, Safety Guards and S-W Supply Co, Girard, Kans. Highway Railroad Signals. ongrcss York City. ion Division. 'Ulator Testers. City. eport'. pmetu. iiipnK'iil. Safety Equipment Section leeway Signal Co.. Oklahoma City, Okia. Safety Signal Equipment, frijtic Boy, Inc.. Canton, Ohio. School Zone Trarhc Waning Signs. '.'United States Steel Corporation Subsidiaries, Pittsburgh, Pa. !; Steel Products and Cement. 'flahleft Products Corp., Brooklyn, N:. Y. \ Industrial Surety and Fire Protection Equipment, leaver .Manufacturing Co.. Springfield, III. . Automotive Testing Equipment. 'iVest Disinfecting Co., Chicago. III. Products for the Promotion of Industrial Sanitation. Vestern Union Telegraph Co., Kansas City, Mo. t: ' Communication Service. JVills n Products, Inc., Reading. Pa. % Personal Protective Devices. I| : $ * 5S5 Textile Section Officers 1936-37 Qenerat Chairman--T. A. Wilson", Xorth Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh, X. C. yiec-Chairman (In Charge of Program)--E. A. Roberts, American Mutual Liability in surance Co., Atlanta, Ga. yiec-Chairman in Charge of Membership--Wallace Gill, Jr., Collins and A1 km an Corp., Philadelphia, Pa. Vetfj Letter Editor--P. M. Camak. The South Carolina Industrial Commission, Columbia, ; s. c. Secretary--E. M. Salley, American Enka Corp., Enka, X". C. Engineering Committee Chairman--Harvey Saul, L". S. Finishing' Co., Pawtucket, R. I. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. R. McCalluii, South Carolina Industrial Commis sion. Columbia. S. C. Jltntbers at Large-- E. V. Aliirechtson", E. I. du Pont de Nemours S: Co., Richmond, Va. H. R. Cory, Deacon Manufacturing Co., Swannanoa, X. C. Charles H. Eames. Lowell Textile Institute, Lowell, Mass. Russell T. Fisher. Xational Association of Cotton Manufacturers, Boston. Ma.--. G. H. Geroke, Sibley-Enterprise Manufacturing Co., Augusta, Ga. D. J. Gi.AZEHRnoK", Kendall Co.. Walpole, Mass. M. W. Heiss, Proximity Manufacturing Co., Greensboro, X. C. Walter Humphreys. National .Association of Woolen Manufacturers, New York City. R. J. Jexntnxs. Lanett Cotton Mills. West Point, Ga. A. S. Johnson", American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. R. J. De LaMeter. Bigelow Sanford Carpet Co.. Inc., Amsterdam, X. Y. Carl E. Lindemeyr, Forstmanr. Woolen Co.. Passaic, X. J. A. F. McGarr. Simmons Co.. San Francisco, Calif. Forrest H. Shueord. North Carolina Department of Labor, Raleigh, X. C. Officers Elected for 1937-38 | Ce'NtTtf/ Chitimnin--T. A. Wji.nin. Xortli Carolina Industrial Cuntnhs.'ion. kulciuh. X. C. ! I'icc-Ckitirwitii in Cinir>t,` tit /Jrw :r.:m--E. A. Roberts, American Mutual Liabi:::; l:i! surancc Co.. Atlanta. Ga. 'kV-C7,7:rni<M i/f Chornc of Men ershif*--W. R. McCalll'M. South Carolina l:i'iu*:::al Commission. Columbia. S. C. Letter Editor--Fk.n/.i.k P\r* W*. C. Bradley Interests. Columbus. Ga. 'totisties Committee C ii.iinn.m-- L. \ TiiNxiN-as Lanett Colton Mills. West Point. G.\ n/ LjrrfC-- Csiaklf..* H. Eami>. Lowell Tc- .Ic Institute. Lowell. Mass, M. \V. Hr.iss. Proximity Man: factnrinu Cu.. Greensboro. X. C| i Frank E. Moukis. Liberty M.: nsurance Co.. Boston. Mast 'W .MUULwjjk'tff'WAWWWWMii.eiasw rcss rintendent made his rounds cncver lie observed a so{, die floor he picked it up, .he time and the department round and handed the bott|t Unless the overseer could ee who was responsible fQr >t!e on the floor, he was y it constantly in his hands die shift. .quired to acknowledge pub; of his department to ob. ith respect to placing these containers provided, it was : every overseer had, in his fashion, discovered a way the guilty employee and thus to this unsafe practice, nple of what may be done to ccurrence when the overseer s job seriously is found in a mill in eastern Alabama ximately two and one half .urs per year which, for the 1, 1934 to January 1, 1933 its with a frequency rate ot period January 1, 1935, to :6, had 18 accidents with a : of S.02, and for the period :6, to November 1, 1936, had th a frequency rate of 4. En:iot satisfied by this progress, ent designated the month ot i "No-Accident" month. They :ul in achieving the record -ing the month of November. their campaign through the ember. At the time this paper on. the plant has operated ap:ao and one quarter million 11hour a single lost time acci- orted. Wood Products Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--Harry J. Kelley, American Seating Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. yici-Chiiirmim--William Haggerty, Edward Hines Lumber Co., Hines, Harney Co., Ore. Secretary--M. C. Goodspeed, General Electric Co., Erie, Pa. pietes Letter Editor--H. E. Seely, The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co., Chicago, III. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. H. Lee, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Rockford, 111. Membership Committee Chairman--S. T. Dibsdale, The J. G. Brill Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Potter Committee Chairman--R. L. Woods, Fisher Lumber Corp., Memphis, Tenn. Program Committee Chairman--Nils Jukll. Hayes Body Corp., Grand Rapids, Mich. Publicity Committee Chairman--Roland Jones, The Surty Mfg. Co., Inc., Chicago, III. Statistics Committee Chairman--F. A. Pollock, Lumbermens .Mutual Casualty Co., Chi cago, III. Members ot Large-- R. C. Bark, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co.. San Francisco, Calif. F. W. Bkal'N, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. E. Ross Karra, Grand Rapids Safety Council, Grand Rapids, Midi. Louis W. Kerherg, Mengei Body Co.. Louisville, Ky. J. A. Plrov. Michigan Mutual Liability Co., Detroit, Mich. Officers Elected for 1937-38 Qcncrcl Chairman--H. E. Seeley, The Brunswick-Balke-CoHender Co., Chicago, III. Vice-Chairman--/. H. Lee, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Rockford. 111. Secretary--M. C. Gooospked. General Electric Co., Erie, Pa. \ezcs Letter Editor--S. T. Dirsdale, The J. G.Brill Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--R. L. Woods, Fisher Lumber Corp., Memphis, Tenn. Publicity Committee Chairman--Roland Jonhs, The Surty Manufacturing Co., Inc., Chi cago. III. Statistics Committee Chairman--F. A. Pollock, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chi cago. III. AfrwrVrj at Large-- R. C. Barr, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co.. San Francisco. Calif. F. W. Braln, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. E. Ross Farka. Grand Rapids Safety Council. Grand Rapids, Mich. L-it.'is W. Kekukro, Mengcl Body Co., Louisville, Ky. J. A. Pl'KOY, Michigan Mutual Liability Co.. Detroit. Mich. K\rky J. Km.lky. American Seating Co.. Grand Rarul>. Mich. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October II, 1937 Tr.e *e<icn \va< called to order bv Gen- Seating. Co.. CfBStJiapids, Micit., v.ho in- ' airman Harry I. Kelley, American troduced the spJa^ri. -- 611 it OCOicll 612 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry By J. G. SISSMAN Director of Research, Surty Manufacturing Company, Inc., Chicago, III. The best protection against fire in wood problems fall into several groups. Dust may working plants is dust control cleanliness, impair the value of the product by marring which means keeping the air dust-free, pre its finish. Furniture factories and cabinet venting the accumulation of litter on floors, makers suffer most from this nuisance. Dust benches, and tools, and guarding against the may cause,.accidents by making the footing accumulation of dust on oily. moving-part-7Undeftain, by hiding obstructions on or de- where friction ..will-readily raise the tem fects in floors or the exact location of knives perature to the burning point. An adequate and cutting edges. Dust of any kind in the dust collecting system is the best protection eyes is a nuisance and a dangerous nuisance. against wood-shop fires. Nuisance dust, like fire hazard dust and ex Remember, a dust collecting system itself plosive dust is adequately and satisfactorily must be designed with this fact in mind; controlled by ventilation. fire as well as air and dust can be carried Wood working dusts, with the possible through air ducts. exception of a relatively small amount of The fire hazards in wood plants are well known. A study of such hazards, made by the National Fire Protective Association which published a report in 1932, gives a full analysis of some 1,700 fires in wood working plants and shows the proportion of danger in different parts of the plant and the ratio of fires of dust origin in compari son with others. abrasive material which they contain, are bulky. There must be continuous removal of wastes of manufacture to leave room for men, machines and work in the plant. For many years this was the only aspect of the case considered. Broom and shovel methods, which once were standard in the wood work ing trade for removal of wastes, were sufficient and would still be sufficient, but, the presence of other hazards of wood dusts . The explosion hazard also has been carer complicate the problem. Broom and shovel fully surveyed. It is present when dust is methods are no longer acceptable. Moving sufficient for combustion to be instantaneous over a considerable area. Explosion hazards, like fire hazards are best controlled by ven tilation which precludes the accumulation of air is the one effective means of disposal of wood wastes because it does so in a satis factory manner and because it fits into the scheme for guarding against other hazards. dangerous dust in plant atmosphere. The material so collected is frequently Fire danger is present in wood working usable either as fuel within the plant or is operations whether performed in open sheds salvagable and saleable which helps reduce or totally enclosed buildings. Explosion substantially the cost of safeguarding the hazard is increased with enclosure of the plant. This is the only phase of the dust process in closed buildings. Bulletins 562 control problem which shows a direct profit and 617 U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau The others are an immediate charge on the of Labor Statistics, and several pamphlets industry which must be met as part of gn* of the National Safety Council contain com- eral overhead. They show their profit in "plete safety information for prevention of directly in the prevention of injuries to dust explosions. They sum up the collected, men and the saving of the_cost_o injury^_ classified knowledge in this field and point to industry. '-- out the close linkage between fire hazard and explosion hazard and show that either may be the cause of or the consequence of the other. These bulletins in conjunction with the rules or laws effective in your own state for removal of dust and gases,- will enable The last of the quintette, according to my classification, is wood dust as a health haz ard. This quint has several characteristics: effect of wood dust on the human system; effect of abrasive dusts on the human syv tem; effect of dust or materials other than you to work out a campaign against the haz-^_ wppd "or abrasive used in place of wood or ard of dust explosion. ination wrthJit.on. .the humanly* . The nuisance problem in woodworking let of from the plants also requires dust control. Nuisance > system. -.- -5 , Wc of sii innoc quant dust i The York Adelai ship b< ease is wood the du fespira workin are not more si Studies present not beer, tail ove: statistic working there is by the hi Wc:ulosis. In the death rat of the r. standard .150; stone wood wor facturers is a true p rag trades as compar obvious th raental to 1 0001 jrcss mm Wood Products Section 613 * 'rfy Products Industry jr.vVood dust is "riot dangerous in tlie sense cabinet makers do not rank well. Other w ood jjf silica or lead dust; but wood dust is not workers seem to occupy a middle place. 'innocuous. Any dust inhaled in sufficient Dust in wood working trades is therefore iy, Inc., Chicago, 111. ^-.-Ji!ijiiantities is detrimental to health and wood a definite hazard to the health of workers .to several groups. Dust may" e oi the product by, marring niture factories and cabinet nost from this nuisance. Dust dents by making the footing iding obstructions on or de- -r the exact location of knives ges. Dust of any kind in the .ce and a dangerous nuisance, like fire hazard dust and ex- adequately and satisfactorily entilation. :'.~ :ng dusts, with the possible i relatively smail amount of rial which they contain, are must be continuous removal anufacture to leave room for and work in the plant. For is was the only aspect of the 1. Broom and shovel methods, re standard in the wood workremoval of wastes, were suffiuld still be sufficient, but, the other hazards of wood dusts e problem. Broom and shovel no longer acceptable. Moving effective means of disposal of because it does so in a satiscr and because it fits into the warding against ether hazards, al so collected is frequently as fuel within the plant or is ! saleable which helps reduce the cost of safeguarding the ; the only phase of the dust fS,(ust is not excepted. and of particular significance in the impetus |^The industrial bulletin of the state of New which it gives to diseases of the respiratory hyork- for July, 1936, contains an article by system. `Adelaide Ross Smith in which the relation Of less actual significance, but of consider ship between wood dust and respiratory dis able interest because it is seldom considered ease is set forth. Dr. Smith points out that as a hazard to wood workers, is contact with fjrood working is a dusty trade and while woods or wood dusts which are poisonous. ithe dusts are not primarily siliceous, more Bulletin 616 issued by the U. S. Bureau [respiratory disease is found in the wood of Labor Statistics, also the Handbook of *irorking plants than in plants where dusts Labor Statistics, 1936 edition, contain two Ve not present. She suggests that perhaps interesting references to poisonous woods. more silica dust is present than is suspected. The first of these, which appears on page ^Studies to determine which of the dusts 350, refers to an outbreak of dermatitis in 'present in woodworking are dangerous have a wood working plant employing 100 men. not been made, at least not with sufficient de- As a result of contact with Brazilian wal '.taiJj over-a long enough period of time. But I ^statistical evidence definitely places wood 'Iworking.in that class of industry in which tjlhere is some exposure to silicosis, as shown nut wood dusts, 11 cases, a rate of about 10 per cent developed dermatitis of varying severity which, in some cases, incapacitated the man for several weeks. The inference % the high mortality from pulmonary tuber was that a large measure of tolerance of culosis. toxins in that particular wood can be devel '"In the study made by Oliver, in which the death rate of the agriculturist from diseases of the respiratory system was taken as a standard or 100, the rate for potters was IISO; stone quarriers 261; cotton workers 244; jirood workers 238; masons 213; wood manu facturers 202; and bakers 177. If this figure is a true picture of deaths in the wood work ing trades due to respirator;.' diseases, 238 is compared with 100 as the standard, it is 'obvious that wood dusts are definitely detri mental to health. oped.. An extensive account appears on page 354 of the same bulletin. It is a reprint of a bulletin issued by the International Union of Wood Workers for September-Octobcr. 1931. This bulletin states that there are many woods, particularly those grown in the tropics, which contain active poisons. The actual number of cases reported is relatively small. This is due to the slow ac tion of the dust and the fact that many physicians are not familiar with occupational exposure or the resulting disabilities, and so Reports from the Registrar General of do not associate the illness with patients' m which shows a direct profit, j England and Wales, show the same general trades. c an immediate charge on the h must be met as part of gent. They show their profit inhe prevention of injuries to saving of the cost of injury the quintette, according to my is wood dust as a health haznt has several characteristics; d dust on the human system; asive dusts on the human sys: dust or materials other than '.sive-used in place- of-wcod or n with it on the human sys: dust resulting from the finishon the human system. .situation. Under the English system wood workers are rated at 103 per cent, compared *ith agricultural workers who are rated at .9 per cent Woodworkers rate 339 comI Pared with the general population rate of I'-lffl.. In the case of cabinet makers the rate J s higher, perhaps because more dusts other I Sian wood dusts are present in the atmosj there they breathe. One hundred and sevJ9ty-eight trades are listed in this report, lifted from 1 to 178. Under the heading respiratory tuberculosis'' cabinet makers I'jjte 117, other wood workers 81. Under I , bronchitis" cabinet makers rank 121, other } Vood workers 64. Under "pneumonia" cab let makers 51, other wood workers 28. Ex[ opting under the heading of "pneumonia," The most frequent symptom ot wood poi son is dermatitis which may be slight or severe. Other effects may be palpitation of the heart, shortening of breath, or dizziness. Such symptoms also come from inhaled dust. Repeated contacts do not confer a tolerance of these poisons; in fact they may make one super-sensitive, so that working on ordinar ily harmless woods causes a re-occurence of incapacity. The toxic substance occurs as volatile oils or alkaloids. Quite a number of woods are enumerated. It is the good fortune^Atlie^vood.working trade to be able largelrafStind aside from the most serious dust MWfcfilsizJ he problem. of silica dust, since s<^pfcjjijfcre is littteai-. 000191 614 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress show that silica is a substantial danger in They are dangerous. In addition to health the wood working field. This is true despite hazard, these finishes add to the fire and the reference to the report of Dr. Smith. explosion hazard of the wood working plant. White that danger is slight at present, it is Acetone and acetates, ethylenes and alcohols a growing danger, due to the use of ex are the principal toxics which enter the new tremely high speed sanding devices for finish finishes. Descriptions of "these ingredients ing operations, using siliceous material as will be found on page 337 of Bulletin 116 abrasives, and to the growing use of products previously mentioned. of non-wood origin in the woodworking shops. Many of the panels now being worked It appears that, from the point of view of in wood shops contain high proportions of health hazards, these conclusions can be asbestos and other silidous minerals. Where drawn: (1) Wood dust is dangerous to this is done, the worker may be exposed-to- -health and increases the incidence of respira concentrations~of' silica dust sufficient to tory disease. (2) Dermatitis is a result of present a definite hazard. It is well to make contact with woods of tropical origin and occasional survey of your plant to determine their dusts, and will follow exposure. (3) exposure continuous or intermittent. Silidous materials are a factor in the high While perhaps finishing operations are not properly a part of the woodworking operation they do occur in so many plants that their existence should be pointed out. Changes in the stains, paints or other finish incidence of pulmonary diseases in the wood working plants. (4) New materials, particu larly those having appreciable silica content, present new dangers which must be carefully guarded against. (5) The new surface fin ishes, to a large extent replacing the ing coatings causing lead poisoning lessen lead pigment paints, obviate one danger and that hazard compared to 20 or 23 years ago. introduce new dangers of their own. The nitroceilulous and pyroxylin finishes which are displacing paints, are distinctly Dust then presents five different problems dangerous. Volatile materials comprise to the wood working trade. A good ventilat about three-fourths of the mass, which is ing system will solve all five problems, re then thinned by the addition of other vola ducing dangers in four instances, and in the tiles to several times the original volume. fifth reducing direct costs. . Good Housekeeping in Woodworking Plants By JAMES C. WILSON 'ir. Is e: job? : quires know i running Vice President, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Company, Chicago, III. Chicago, 111. raricos ing lun keeping Good housekeeping is and always has been A complete and efficient dust collecting muse o one of the most important features of a system is a basic necessity, and once installed *orking successful manufacturing program. Funda mentally it is the outstanding feature if considered in its broadest terms. It includes not only a sensible, intelligent handling of sales, accounting methods, packaging and shipping, but, more specifically, production methods and the habits of the men engaged in production. It seems obvious to us that when a new plant is being designed or when an old one is being rebuilt, the plans should include and provide for good housekeeping through the following details: it must be serviced constantly to retain its y Why efficiency. The removal of all waste mate Probleir rial from floors and around machines is * j* so i full-time job requiring definite assignment "just ha to a.clean-up crew. cr t!Onec In laying out the machine setup, Incident housekeeping requires an intelligent pis -tonsider der which the machines are grouped soj -Niisatio the progress of stock being processed jnvporta: : there is a continuous flow towa Jtless h ..vith rro.baiJracking. .kfoducti iy-:pf the dderepfonts, the-^^^ yiirhich is ed and nefciiachines have ^^^ ,,J1 >id by i Eg?.! OCOIXi