Document 8VxpNG8b0rdy59yym8knDNEqk

interoffice MEMORANDUM to: Pat Abels, Elise Lozano from: Bruce Carter subject: Additional C-E exhibits date: September 24,1998 ' Attached are copies of articles I received from Pat Hovatter that should be added to the C-E Exhibit list. 1. The Engineer April 4,1930 P. 379 2. The Engineer Jan. 16,1931 P. 77 3. Engineering Jan. 22, 1932 P. 107 4. Engineering Oct. 14,1932 P. 381 April 4, 1930 THE ENGINEER 379 Railway and Road Matters. Notes and Memoranda. Miscellanea. Mpeakinu at the annual meeting of tiie combined corn- Amomo the hydro-electrio installations of Canada tliere The Ranges Canal hydro-ch-ctnc mIiouw*. m lm-h I. (MtuiM that form the London '* Underground '* Railways are eighteen with an output of over 100,000,000 kilowatt- nearing completion, lias i-oat Rx. 74.40.tHXi, group, Lord Ashfield. tiie chairman, remarked that the delays on the railways were tlown to four minutes per 10,000 miles run. That was reconl and waa mainly due to the greater care and attention which had lwen paid to the rolling stock. hours per annum. Steel oaatioga may be considered by some people an a comparatively modem innovation, but tliat the art ts of some antiquity is vouched for by an illustration m tlte current issue of the Edgar A\Un Stwt. In it there are It is estimated the propoeod Pretoria works of the houth Africa Iron and Steel Cor|*oration will -ot 3.50<MhiO. The C'eylou Government is conxideung a scheme oi hydro-efa-trio supply, which will cost Ha. 1.J5.O0.UO0. The annual report of tiie Metropolitan District Railway depicted anvils, gear wheels, hydraulic cylinder*, and an The assembly plant of the Ford Motor Company at Company allow* that in 1020 it carried 1,780,048,037 forth, which were east somewhere about 1873. Norfolk, Virginia, is to be extended to produce an output passenger*, of whom 66,607,032 were booked at workmen'* fare*, aa compared with 1.744.771,980 passengers, including 02,406,809 workmen, in 1928. The average fare per passenger waa, however, l-Old., aa againat l*93d. Tho grosa receipt! were 1.606,638,ae compared with 1,660,328, and tiie net receipt* 641,528, aa against 641,802. Cellulose films are, erconliug to Dr. H. Levinstein, generally good insulator*--a property which has recently opened up new fielde of usefulness for all types. The thin film has been tried in electrical condenser work, and also instead of paper for cable insulation. The results are encouraging and further developments are expected. of 120,'000 care a year. The pithead bathe which have just beet) opened at tlia Parsonage pita, Leigh, of tlte Wigan Iron and Coal Com. pany, Ltd., have cost 11.000. A chemical factory with au annual output of lOO.Oou tons of superphosphate and lOO.ftno tons of sulphuric Answkrimq a question addressed to lum on March The recently iuued Home* Office report on the danger acid is to bo put up at Leningrad. 2uth, as to a train running into a motor car near to employees in the asbestoe industry caused by the Hurton-on-Trent, the Minister of Transport aaul that the inhalation of dust, eraphasisoa, as preventive measures, uecident appeared to have beeu due to lack of care on the " the education of the individual, as in other dangerous part of the driver of tiie motor ear. Proceeding, Mr, trades, to a sane appreciation of the risk, and to )ut Morrison said that under tiie Railway Clauses Act, 1866, personal responsibility in tiie prevention and suppression he aireedy had tlte power to require railwey companies to of dust." The protteecctt!i*on af-ford*ed by respirators was, it ubolish level if necessary crossings, to which Sec. for tiie public service. 7 of He that waa Act applied,: prepared to j ia said, only partial, and there was a real danger use of them might give a sense of false security. that the The Polish Government factory at Kadom t to L equipped foe the manufacture of bicycle*. An uiiiiuhI output of 40,000 machines ia exported. It ia reported that the sodium sulphate deposit* of tluOrmiston district in Saskatchewan are to be exploited by a company which is to put down a plant i-tMitng *oim100.000. considor applications from highway authorities for financial | iiAsistance towards well-considered schemes. Am auxiliary, solid-drawn copper steam pipe on asteamer bunt and the accident waa inquired into by the Board of The Ministry of Transport railway statistics for Trade. The Kngineer-Surveyor-in-Chief explains that December have recently been issued as a Stationery the pipe waa about 23 yean old and had been repaired The uew pit of Amalgamated Anthracite Collieries. Ltd., at Cefn Coed, is approaching the coal-getting stage and will, it is claimed, be the largest anthracite colliery in the oountry. ' Office publication, price 3s. 6d, They show that, compared on two ooeaalons, the last being about 12 yean ago. There IT is announced that the scheme (or the erection of a with December, 1928, there was an increase of 1*9 per had been no indication since that the pipe waa in any way bleat-furnace plant near Teheran, Persia, wilt not bo i-cut. in the number of passenger journeys made, but the defeotive. The local thinning of the pipe wes not of itself proceeded with until the construction of a railway am*.* receipts therefrom decreased by 1*2 per cent,, oombined sufficient to cause the explosion, and it is not known penis has been oompleted. with an increase of 1*9 per cent, in the passenger train mileage. Thanks to an increase of 8*1 par cent, in the tonnage of coal, coke, and patent fuel, the tonnage of the merchandise traffic rose by 6*6 per cent. The freight traffic receipts increased by 0*6 per cent., and the train mileage by 4*6 per cent. The average train load increased from 129} to 13ft} tons, and the net ton.miles per engine Imur from 418} to 426}. There are four lines of way for tiie whole of tlte distance whether, the oondition of tlto material of the pipe was due to its treatment during the repair or iu age. It is advisable that any steam pipes, the failure of which may pause lose of life,should be annealed and tested periodically. In dealing with tbe cause ami prevention of Occidents, in a lecture before the Junior Institution of Engineers, Mr. S. Taylor gave the result of hie own experience and the information obtainable from statistics obtained by inspectors and others under the Factory Acta. In The Standard Oil Company, of California, lias inaugu rated a service for distributing liquefied natural gas, m steel bottles, for domestic purposes, in districts where ga* is not supplied through mama. A MiMIMQ oentre for the higher education of rollicry technical students ia to be erected by the Durham County Gounod Education Authority at West Stanley. It i* estimated that the building wdl ooet 6400. from Eiland to Normanton on the former Lancashire and 1028 over 154,000 accidents, including 953 fatalities, The total quantity of plumbago exported from Ceylon Yorkshire, except for the short length at the west end of were reported from factories, docks, buildings, ko., in during tbe year 1928, of which the latest official figure* are MirfleM Station, where the railway oroaaea tbe river Calder. this country, and these had been classified according to the available, waa 14,346 tons It owt., aa compared with That length of line ia now to be quadrupled under the principal impersonal factors which caused them, and it 12,684 tons 6cwt. for the previous twelve months. Development (Loan Guarantees and Grants) Act. Another would probably surprise an audience of engineers to learn Am order for tome 96,000 tone of coat for tiie Belgian piece of work which, under tho same Act, has been that ovar 108,000, or over 70 per cent., of such accidental State Railway* ha* been secured by e Leeds firm of ttpproved by the Government is tiie widening from two to and 624, or over 50 per cent., of the fatalities, were exporter*. The coal i* to be exported from Humber jxwih four lines of tiie 1} miles between Broadholma signal-box, due to ceusee not connected in any way with the use of and will be delivered between April and September. north of Helper, near Derby, and Ambergate. That work will necessitate the opening out of Alrierwaaley tunnel, which, as it waa completed in 1840, is no doubt of reduced dimensions a# to structure gauge when compared with the requirement* of the present dey. machinery. A oood example of how en exhibit et the British Indus tries Fair may bring a firm business from sources quite outside its ordinary sphere of activity was to be found in the scientifio and optical instrument section at Olympia. A BRjnoa ia to be built over the river Irrawaddy about 9 mil** from Mandalay to the design* of Moser*. Rendel. Palmer and Tritton. The steel work, which will amount to wm* 10,000 tons, will be supplied by Braithweite and Co. (India), Ltd. Or the 93,868 steam-worked trains tliat ran oil the Southern Railway in January last, 66*87 per cent, arrived at their destination on time, 26*63 per cent, were from l to 6 minutes lets, and 6*26 per cent, were from 6 to 10 minutea late. The average late arrival waa 1*32 minute. Whilst that is a very good record, the freight trains An old-established firm manufacturing lights for navi- gation purposes and lighthouse equipment, whose principal exhibit wee a revolving light for a navigation buoy, had over a hundred inquiries for the use of this particular apparatus for advertising purposes, and the head of tlte firm announced hie intention of starting a special depart Tn Belgian Minister of Transport has obtained his Government's approval of tbe plans for the Bngdeu- Neeryaren section of the Antwerp-Lilge canal. The plans make provision for a junction between the existing canal and the new Antwerp-Li^ge canal. made a yet better showing, as of 16,967 traiuarun, 87-6 per ment of hi* business to deal with the new and unexpected We arE informed that tlte pro|>o*al to liuld au Iron- >ent. arrived on booked time and 8-7 per oent. were from demand. These inquiries were in addition to excellent mongtry Exhibition at the Agriculture! Hall, London, N. 1. 1 to 15 minutes late. Equally creditable wee the fact that orders and inquiries from all over tiie world for the firm's this year has now definitely beeu abandoned. The the averege late start from tbe commencing point was produots for their original purpose. organisers, however, are considering the possibility uf only 1*0 minute. The SouiAsm Railway Jaepasia* lor March, in giving the statistic* from which the above facta have been extracted, says tliat fortunately there was very little fog during the month, but lieavy galea caused a certain amount of dislocation and late running. Followimo teste made by officers of tlte Imperial Geophysical Survey Committee, the Tasmanian Mines Department has, says the Iron and Coal Trad* Review, earned out development work in the Dundee district, and the results have borne out what the teste indicated. holding one in the early part of next year. A compact with a capital of 10,000 has been formed for the purpose of growing timber for box wood and wood wool on a site of 4000 aoree within 6 miles of Pretoria. It is proposed to concentrate on pinut intignit, which, it The announcement that tiie London, Midland and Four ore bodice of copper-nickel have been discovered, is expeoted, will produce timber in one-third of the tune Scottish Company is installing colour light automatic and, although this development at the present stage is taken by the seme spooles in Europe. signals on " 17 mile* of double track " between Euston important more from the scientific point of view, further A REQUEST of 50,000 dollar* for au endowed laboratory and Watford suggests that only the two lines that are equipped for electric traction will be automatically signalled. There are six lines of way between Euston and Hushey, of whioh two were provided, partly before and partly after the war, for the electrical services. They are joined at Chalk Farm by two electrically equipped lines from Broad-street arid at Queen's Perk by the Baker* street and Waterloo line of the London Electrio Railways, and at Willesden by two other tines from Broad**treat, vid Hampstead Heath. At Busbey the electrio lines turn to the west leaving the route of tbe main line to the North and go to Croxley Green and to Watford, vid Watford, High-stroot, Station. . '* It was forty years on March 28th since a collision on tiie North British Railway at Charing Cross, Glasgow, in which seven passengers were killed, made history in tail* way signalling. For over twenty years the Board of Trade inspectors had been recommsqding in their reports on railwey accidents that the loek-and-block system should be provided aa a means to prevent collisions. That system, like practically all safeguards, had a drawback j if a train were cancelled and by not going forward did not affect its own release, the signalman waa looked up. Mr. W. R. Sykes met the complaints of the operating department aa to the delays that would result by providing a releasing key. Directly that waa done one of the merits of the arrangement wee gone, as the signalmen could rsleaae themselves. That is what happened on March 28th, 1890. A train was delayed so long m a station, as a result of a work may lead to something of a commercial value. There were no indications of these ore bodies on the surface, but the survey indicated that they would be found, and they were at a shallow depth. The principal instruments used were those of the electro-magnetio type. Smaller ora bodies had been found in the distriot, but tbe Department was unaware of tlte existence of those discovered by the surveys. When the British Industrie* Fair of 1930 closed its doors at Olympia, London, and Castle Bromwich, Birming ham, it waa, says the Boartt of Trad Journal, generally agreed among exhibitors and officials that it bad bean one of the moat successful Fairs over held. The depression in trade in tho country generally did not sffsot attemlanoos, which were the highest ever recorded. Business done was generally satisfactory, all sections of the Fair reporting more business than at the last Fair, and the number of new aooounts opened end inquiries which are likely to lead to buainu in tlte future also compared very favour ably with previous years. A criterion of the suooeee of the Fair is that many of the 2000 exhibitors in London snd Birmingham have already asked for apace, for 1931. Many of them want considerably increased space, and there have also been numerous applications from menu* faoturere who did not exhibit this year. The perils which may attach to temporary engineering works are emphasised by tiie following note culled from the Fitginasrinff News-Rceord of America: A disastrous fire last week in the falsework centering of the Boundary of applied practical hydraulics, to be established at Harvard University, was provided for in tiie will of Clemons Herschel, eminent hydraulic engineer snd Past-President of the American Society of Civil Engineers, whose drath ws* noted in our issue of March 28th. ' It la noteworthy that the veteran oil engine, which we described aa being exhibited in operation at the British Industries Fair, haa now resumed it* usual work. This engine, the Ant Hornsby made, was originally installed at Fenny Stratford thirty-eight years ago for pumping work, and wm subsequently bought by Mr. W. Evans, of Bletohlsy, for timber sawing, and haa been at work there ever sinoe. During the Fair it hod a cumjmrotivo holiday, m it worked utidor light load, but even that i* a trying oondition for oil engines, and we were struck with the imnnthnese with which it ran. Tee principal islands of Greece are to be linked up with Athens and the mainland by wireless telephone and tele graph services, for which (lie Greek Government ha* ordered equipment from Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company. Three of the latest type Marconi atatioua for duplex telephony and high-speed telegraphy are to be erected, one in or near Athens, with duplicate plant, one on tba of Crete, and the other on Chios. A similar Marconi station, but working on telegraphy only, is also to be nt*lUd to exchange messages with ships. The equipment of this station will include a Marconi wireless direction finder for the assistance of navigation. defect iu the Weetinghouee brake, that the signalman, Creek channel spans of tlte Arlington Memorial Bridge Tee Edgar AUtn Ntiot is in a reminiscent vein in its who could not see the train, felt aura that it had gone, and again emphasises the potential danger from fin* which issue (or March and brings back virions of Muahet steel. went to clear the line on hie block instrument. That he exists on almost every construction job. Rarely ie con It is noteworthy that Mushst steel is contemporary with could not do because, the train not having-left, the lock* struction plant equipped with ample fire protection to offset Bn*timer steel. It is reoorded that " the first ingot of and-block held the instrument. He thought, however, the fire haxard. Forma, falsework and temporary works of ` self-hardening ' steel that could be successfully forged (list it had failed, and used hie releasing key to accept a all kinds are largely built of soft wood, and, in addition, wm made at Coleford, in the Forest of Dean, England, by following train, with, aa related, fatal results. Sir Arthur the vast amount of trash and dibrit of all aorta which aeon* , the late R. F. Musbet, in tbe autumn of 1868. The new Yorke, in reporting on the accident, said; '* I have no muletee on every job conatitutee a potential mass of fuel1 steel wm evolved after several months of experimenting hesitation in saying that although * the company has for a damaging fire. In winter construction the neoeessry: in steel alloying, conducted, by the way, with quite anotlter gone to tiie expense ofsupplying this mostuseful apparatus, | use of open salamanders snd canvas protection adds i object in view. Mr. Mushet wished to take out a patent, which, if properly used, would render such an accident1 another element of risk. Tiie heaanl arising from all these1 but I (Mr. R. Woodword) opposed that melhodot telling almost impossible, it has not received fair treatment or < conditions can be greatly reduced by providing adequate, j everybody `how it waa done,' and reminded him of tiie been employed in tbe manner prescribed by the rules." I but not necessarily elaborate, fire-fighting equipment* I patents he had already taken out, and the absence of The W.--R. Sylcee Company thereupon designed'a cg- by keeping the work free of trash, and by establishing an1 benefit therefrom to himself. I said, * Let us try a secret ojwrative movement which required the man in t!u> signal* i efficient watchman service. The Arlington Bridge fire, for once,' and a secret it has remained for thirty-three box in advance to take part in the release.. j repeats a useful warning to contractors. i years and is likely to remain." April 4, 1930 THE ENGINEER 379 Railway and Road Matters. Notea and Memoranda. Miscellanea. dresstwo at the annuel meeting of tlie combined corn* Auovo the hydro-electric installations of Canada share Txx Ganges Canal hydro-rim'trn- m Item*. wlm*h u panics that form the London ' Utnlerfrrouxid " Railways are eighteen wish an output of over 100,000,000 kilowatt* nearing completion, lies <-o*t Ra. 74,40.000. group, Lord Ashfield. tlie rlioiraan, remarked that the delays on the railway* were down to four minute* per 10,000 miles run. Tint woe a record end wee mainly due to the greeter cere and attention which lied Iwen peid to the hours per annum. Brest. castings may be considered by some people a j a comparatively modem innovation, but thet the art is j of some antiquity is vouched for by on illustration in tits I 1? is estimated the proposed Pretoria work* of the -South Africa Iran end fltcel Corporation will vast 3.5oo.uo0. Txx f'aylon Government ts comudermg auhnme of rolling atook. current issue of the Edgar AlUn News. In it thsre ora hydro-elertna supply, which will cost K*. 1.45.00.UU0. The ennuel report of tlie Metropolitan District Railway depicted anvils, gear wheels, hydraulic cylinders, and eo Txx assembly plant of the Ford Motor Company at Company shows thet iu 1929 it cerried 1,780,948.037 forth, which were coat somewhere about 1873. Norfolk, Virginia, is to be extended to produce an output passenger*. of whom 65,607.038 were booked et workmen's teres. es compered witli 1,744.771,086 passengers. including 02,465,860 workmen, in 1088. The everege fere per peesengrr wee, however. l*91d., ee egeinet l*93d. The gross receipt# were 81.606.A38.eecompered withfl.660.328, end tlie net receipt# 541.688, ee egeinet 8541.803. Cxjxulosb film# are, according to Dr. H. Levinstein, generally good insulators--a property which has recently opened up new fields of usefulness for ell types. The thin Rim has been triad in electrical condenser work, and also instead of paper for cable insulation. The result# are encouraging and further developments are expected. of 120,000 cars a year. Txx pithead baths which have just been opened at tlie Parsonage pits, Leigh, of the Wigan Iron end Coal Compony, Ltd., have cost 811.000. A cxxtncAL factory with au annuel output of tiHl.tNm tone of superphosphate and tOO.Otxl tons of sulphurM- Ahuwkbimo e questiou eddreaeed to him on March Tux recently issued Home Office report on the danger arid is to be put up at Leningrad. 20th, ee to e (rein running into e motor car near (lurton-ou.Trent. tlie Minister of Transport said that the accident eppeeretl to have been due to leek of oere on the pert of the driver of tlie motor ear. Proceeding, Mr. to employee# in the asbestos industry caused by the inhalation of duet, emphasises. as preventive measures. " the education of the individual, as in other dangerous trades, to a sane appreciation of the risk, and to hie Txx Polish Government factory at KaUoiu i to U equipped for the manufacture of lucyclra. An mhiiiimI output of 40,000 machine* i* expected.' Morrison said that under tlie Railway Clause# Act, 1866, he already had tlie power to require railway compacts# to personal responsibility in tlie prevention and suppression of dual." The protection afforded by respirators woe, it IT ia reported that tlie sodium eulpliete deposits of tinOraistan district in Saskatchewan are to be exploited by a abolish level crossings, to which See. 7 of that Act applied, it necessary for the public service. He was prepared to la sold, only partial, and there was a real danger that the use of them might give a sense of false security. company whioh ia to 8100,000. put down a plant i-oatiux oum- uonsidor applications from highway authorities for financial ikvdscence toward# well-considered schemes. Aw auxiliary, solid-drawn copper steam pipe ona elsemar buret and the accideot wee inquired into by the Board of TXX naw pit of Amalgamated Anthracite Colhene*. Ltd., at Coin Coed, is approaching the coel-getting atsgv Tiik Ministry of Transport redwey statistics for December have recently been issued ee a Stationery Trade. The Engirnwr-Surveyor-m-Chief explains that the pipe woe about 23 years old and had bairn rspairod and will, it is claimed, be the largest anthracite colhrrv in the country. ' Office publication, price 3s. 6d. They show that, compered on two ooeaeione, the last being about 12 years ago. There It is announced that the scheme for the erection uf a with December, 1928, there wee an increase of 1*9 per had boon no indioatioa since that the pipe was in any way blast-furnace plant near Teheran. Persia, will not bu rent, in the number of passenger journeys made, but the defective. The local thinning of the pipe was not of itself proceeded with until the construction of railway *rrw* receipt* therefrom decreased by 1*3 per cent., combined sufficient to cause the explosion, ana it ia not known fersi* lias been completed. with an increase of 1*9 per cent, in the passenger train mileage. Thanks to on increase of 8*1 per cent, in the tonnage of ooel, coke, end patent fuel, the tonnage of the merchandise traffic roe# by fi>6 per cent. The freight traffic receipt* increased by 0*6 per cent,, eud the train mileage by 4 6 per cent. The average train load increased irom 1292 to 130} tons, and the net ton-milea per engine hour from 4181 to 428}. Takes are four line# of way (or tlie witole of tlie distance whether, the condition of the material of the pipe woe due to it# treatment during the tepeir or its ego. It ia advisable that any steam pipes, the (aihuv of which may cause lose of life,should be annealed and tested periodically. lw dealing with the cause end prevention of accidents, in a leoture before the Junior* Institution of Engineers. Mr. fi. Taylor gave the result of hie own experience and the informatics obtainable from statistics obtained by inspectors and others under the Factory Acta. In Txx Standard Oil Company, of California, has inaugu rated a service for distributing liquefied natural g*a, m steal bottles, for domestic purposes, in districts where g is not supplied through mains. A taxara oeatre for the higher education of coUwry tashnioal students is to he erected by the Durham County Council Gduaatwo Authority at West 8tanley. It u estimated that the budding will coot 86400. from Eliand to Normanton oa tlie former Lancashire and 1988 over 164,000 accidents, ineluding 963 fatalities, Txx total quantity of plumbago exported from Ceylon Yorkshire, except for the short length at the weal end of were reported from foetones, docks, buildings, kc^ in during the year 1936, of which the latest official figures av Mirfield Station, whore the railway oroassa the river Colder. this country, and these had been classified according to the available, was 14,346 tons llewt,, as compered with That length of Una ia now to be quadrupled under the principal impersonal factors which caused them, and it 13,664 tons 6 cwt. for the previous twelve months. Development (Loan Guarantees end Grants) Act. Another would probably surprise au audience of engineers to leant Ajt order for some 96,000 tons of coal for the Belgian piece of work which, under the same Act, has been that over 108,000, or over 70 per cent., of ouch accidents^ State Railways hoe boon secured by a Leeds Ann of approved by tlie Government ia the widening from two to and 626, or over 50 per cent., of the fatalities, were exporter*. The coal ta to ba exported from Humber porta four lines of tlie l| miles between Broodhoime signal-box, due to nsnees not connected in any way with the use of and will ba delivered between April and September. north of Belper, near Derby, and Ambergste. That work will necessitate the opening out of Aldenraeley tunnel, which, as it woe completed in 1840, ia no doubt oil reduced dimensions aa to structure gauge when compered with the requirement! of tlie present day. machinery. A ooos example of how an exhibit at the British tries Fair may bring a Arm business from sources quite outside it# ordinary sphere of activity was to be found in the sciontide and optical instrument section at Olympic. A xxidox ia to ba built over the river Irrawaddy about 9 miles from Mandalay to the designs of Manors. Reads!, Palmer and Trittoa. The steel work, whioh will amount to some 10,000 tone, will be supplied by Broithwaite and Co. (India), Ltd. Or tlie 93,866 steam-worked trains that ran on the Southern Railway in January last, 66*87 per cent, arrived et tlieir destination on time, 26*63 per cent, were from 1 to A minutes late, end 6*26 per cent, worn from 6 to 10 minutes late. The average late arrival was 1'32 minute. Whilst that ia a very good record, the freight trains An old-established Am manufacturing light# for navi gation purposes and lighthouse equipment, whose principal < Txx ^r*" Minister of Transport hoe obtained iua exhibit was a revolving light for a navigation buoy, Government'# approval of the plana for the Brigden- had over a hundred inquiries for the use of this particular apparatus for advertising purposes, and the head of the firm announced hie intention of starting a special depart- j Naaryaren section of the Antwarp-Lifge canal. Tlie plena moke provision for a junction between the existing canal end the new Antwerp-Li4f* eeooJ. made a yet better allowing, as of 16,967 traius run, 87 6 per moot of hie busineea to deal with the new and unexpected j Wx or* informed tliot the prop**#! to hold eu Iron I'cnt, arrived on booked time and 8*7 per cent, were from | demand. These inquiries were in addition to excellent mongery Exhibition at the Agricultural Hall, London. N. 1. l to 15 minutes late. Equally creditable was the fact iltoi I orders and inquiries from all over the world for the Arm's this year has now definitely beau abandoned. Tin* the average lata start from tb# commencing point was | product# for their original purpose. organisers, however, are roneidering the possibility uf only 1 0 minute. The Souik*m Railtmy isocost** for FolLOwuro testa made by officers of the Imperial March, in giving the statistics from which the above facta Geophysical Survey Committee, the Tasmania* Minee have been extracted, says that fortunately there was very ! Department has, says the /ran aod Cool Trod** Btiritw, little fog during the month, but lieavy galea caused a carried out development work in the Dundee district, certain amount of dislocation and lata running. j and the results have borne out what the testa indicated. holding one in the early part of next year. A cokfaXT with a capital of 810,000 has been formed for the purpose of growing timber for box wood and wood wool on a site of 4000 terse within 6 miles of Pretoria. It ie proposed to oonoeatrete on pirn** tnrigaie, which, it Tax announcement that tlie London, Midland and' I Four ore bodies of copper-nickel have been discovered, is expected, will produce timber in one-third of tlie tunc Scottish Company is installing colour light automatic , and, although this development at the present stags is taken by the soma speoiee in Europe. signals on " 17 miles of double track " between Button important more from the scientific point of view, further end Watford suggests that only tlie two tinea that are work may lead to something of commercial value- There equipped for electrio traction will be automatically i wave no indications of these ore bodies on the surface, but signalled. Titer# ora six lines of way hatwaan Suetoo and : the survey indicated that they would be found, and they Uushey, of which two wars provided, partly bafors and ware at a shallow depth. The principal instruments used A xxquxsT of 60,000 dollars for an endowed laboratory of applied practical hydraulics, to he established et Harvard University, was provided for in the will of Clemens Hereehel, eminent hydraulic engineer and Past-President of the Amerioaa 8ociety of Civil Engineers, wlioae death partly after tlie war, for the eleotrical services. They ora joined at Chalk 7arm by two electrically equipped linee from Broad-street arid at Queea's Park by the Bakerstreet and Waterloo line of the London Electrie Railways, and at Willeedea by two other lines from Broad street, uid Hampstead Heath. At Bushev the olaetrie Imea turn to the west leaving the route of the main line to the North and go to Croxlsy Groan and to Watford, rifi Watford. High stress. Station. It was forty years an Marsh 38th sines n eolllskai on the North British Railway as Charing Qroaa, Glasgow^-in which savsn rsssmgfa ware killed, made history in roll* way signalling. For over twenty yean the Board of Trade inspectors lied been rseommending in their reports on railway accidents that the toak-and-bloek tyiliu should be provided as a means to prevent aoUiaiona. That system, like practically all safeguards, had a drawback} if a train were cancelled and by not going forward dfci not offset it# awn release, the signalmen was locked up. Mr. W. R. .Sykes met the complaints of the operating department as to the delays that would result by providing a rt'Ttsrg key. Directly that was dona one of the merits of the arrangement was gooe, aa the signalmen could release themselves. That ts what happened on March 38th, 1890. A train was delayed so long in * station, aa a result of a were those of the electro-magnetie type. Bmalisr ore i bodies had been found in the district, but the Department woe unaware of the existence of those discovered by the surveys. Wxxv the British Indus!rice Fair of 1980 closed its doom at Olympia, London, and Castle Bromwich, Binningham, it woe, says the Board of Trade Jmimol, generally agreed among exhibitor* and officials that it had been one of the moat suooeaeful Fail* ever hold. The depression iu trade In the country generally did not afleotattendances, which wer* the high*** ever wonted. Business done was generally satisfactory, all sections of the Fair reporting more buetnsaa than at the loot Fair, and the number of new aooounta opened and inquiries which are likely to lead to hnslnsei in the future also compared very favour ably with previous yearn. A criterion of the ruonsss of the Fair ia that many of the 2000 exhibitor! in London and Birmingham have already asked for space, for 1931. Many of them want considerably increased space, and there have also been numerous applications from menufeatures* who did not exhibit t hie year. Tux perils which may attach to temporary engineering works or* emphasised by tlie following note culled from the Mtfitosriay Ntm.Rttord of Amens# t A dieeelroue Are last week ia the falsework centering of the Boundary woe noted in our issue of March SBth. I It ia noteworthy that the veteran oil engine, which we i described aa being exhibited in operation at the British Industries Fair, has oow resumed its usual work. This engine, the Brst Hornsby made, woe originally installed at Fanny Stratford thirty-eight veer* ego for numptog work, sod was subsequently bought by Ur. \V. Evens, of Bletehley, for timber sawing, and has beau at work there ever etnas. During the Fair it had a eoni|rative holiday, os it worked under light load, but evvu that i* a trying eoadition for od engines, end we went etruok with tlu? moth uses with whioh it ran. Txx principal islands of Graeco are to bv linked up with Athena and the mainland by wireless telephone anil tele, graph sendees. for which the Greek Government ha* ordered equipment from Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company. line of the latest type Meraoni station* for duplex telephony end high-speed telegraphy ora to be emitted. on# in or near Athene, with duplicate plant, one aa the island of Crate, and the other on Chios. A simitar Mererxii station, but working on telegraphy only, ia also to be (nttalfrrt to exchange meeiegei with ships. The equipment of will innhide a Msrooat wiralee* direction Anricr for the assistance of navigation. defect in the Westinghouao brake, that tb# signalman, Creak channel spans of the Arlington Memorial Bridge Txx Mifm Allen News ia in n reminiscent vein in ita who could not oca ilia train, felt sura that It had gone, and ogam emphasises the potential ilengsr from Brae which imun lor **--** end faring* boric vi#*ooa of Muehet steel. went to dear the Una on hie block instrument. That he exists on ahnaat every construction job. Rarely is con It is noteworthy that Muche* steel ie contemporary with ,-ould not do because, the train not having-left, the lock* struction plastaquipped with ample Are protection to offset Bmaanr steel- It ia isecrdad that " tlie first ingot of ami-block held the instrument. Ha thought, however, the firs hasard, Forme, falsework and temporary works of * aslf-hanMning' steel that could ba successfully forged that it had failed, and used hie releesing key to accept a ell kinds ore largely built of soft wood, and. In addition, was at Colaford, in the Forest of Dean, England, by following train, with, aa related, fatal results. Sir Arthur the vast amount of trash and dtbri* of all aorta which seen- the leu B* F. Muehet, ix tbs autumn of 1868. The new Yorks, ia reporting on the accident, said * " I have no mulcts# oa every job constitute* a potential mam of fuel tool was evolved after several months of experimenting hesitation in saying that although*the company has for a fir*. In winter construction the nsc--ary ix fttil alloying, oondueted, by the way, with quite anotlwr gone to tlta expense olsupplying this moatusefulapparatus, use of open islwnanriare and canvas protection adds object in new, Mr. Muehet wished to take out a patent, which, if properly used, would render such an accident another element of risk. Tlie hasard arising from all these but I (Mr. R. Woodword) opposed that method of telling almost impossible, it hoe not received fair treatment or conditions can be greatly reduced by providing adequate, everybody * how it woe dona,' and reminded him of th been employed in the meaner prescribed by the rules." but not necessarily elaborate, fire-fighting equipment, patents ba bad already taken out, and the absence of The W.--R. 8ykee Company thereupon designed-a eo- by keeping the work free of trash, and by estabuihing an benefit therefrom to himself. I said, * Let u* try a secret u|M-reeive movement which required tlie mao in (lie signal- efficient watchman service. Tlie Arlington Bridge Are for once,' and a secret it hee remained for thirty-three box in advance to taka part in the release.. repeats a useful warning to contractors. year* and is Likely to remain." taken under ker tonnage of the total non in the > toonaip of Britain end ilt. but the below thoee (--ng coo* *t per see in v..rtme for lt> there ere of between of each size over 13,000 uotor thipe. i th%t the It or'being orse-power, .( 1.052.000 .dude filtvi.UOO eheft 1*. per set. engine*--otel hone* world. tc Spark." mg before dealt dm dtamed by volt Irani* re. it wae America, arge they ur or over But. the of man in aing flash he turface . he said, mg either a cloud to electrical adaya the mutative mated by u isolated aaooahle m a model car it. ic tographio the sur atione of opinions a of ions a water uti or by t rain ta r over a able tie* lining .**HO uf for the Turns. Friday. metunU moony e chair* i4 toast sod by j Proaiwelling %.U that thoas g con; rgm of ovraaa taApW Untitlt tongtr taken ulding vouoa* Com* d the Ho*` t tptMa< tlu Jan. id, 1931 THE ENGINEER 77 Railway and Road Matters. Notes sad Memoranda. Miscellanea. It is announced that the National Wage* Board will T* number of operatives employed in the cotton miib Tn new free port at Firams. Athena, is to be opened iq start ita review.of railwayman's pay and conditiona of of Bombay during bat year waa 232,067, which shows an April. service on Monday, January 19th* increaaeof 13,000 over 1929. Air aerodrome is to be constructed m Andorra by a Wmxx. aa related in this column on January 2nd, Sir T* average daily production of motor tires in Franca Barcelona firm. Herbart WaUcsr was speaking at a dinner of the staS of tl* Southern Railway general manager's and secretary's wee 14,100 pieces during the peat year. sumption waa about 2,900.000 urea. The annual con Tu cost of extending the piers m New York Harbour, to ennnmmndate 1000ft. liner*, is estimated at l6,0u0.0uu. offios*. he alee caid that tha coat of tha eleetrifleatioa to Brighton would ba about 3,000,000. and, with luck, there would be an elaethcal sanriea to Brighton by tha summer of 1M1 Tn Pacile Gas and Electric Company is adopting a pressure of 1200 lb. per square ineh for the boiler* of its new station a* dan Francisco. Tha three hoibre will have a total evaporative capacity of 600,000 lb. par hour. Tan annual oambral danea of tha Imperial College is to be held at tha Uqkmi, South Kensington, on February 201 h. at 9,30 pm. Tickets may ba obtained from Mr. D. 34. Tombe. Ik view of tha growth of road motor traffic, it would IT is said tha* tha east of hardenreg and tempering Aoconnixo to an anelyab by tha Rnfitutring News* seam that tha lamps on level eroeeing gates should have rock drills by---------of the eWetrioally heated cal* bath Raaard of Amarwa. the state of Vermont expeods most on their visibility improved so as to fused against the gaiee is, on the Rand, lees than one farthing per drilL Thb tha tnaintenanes of roads, with an amount of 37 80 dollars iwmg run into and dsmiged by road vehicles, accompanied amount includes power, maintenance, depreciation. yweoyik. possibly by aa obstruction on tha milway. This remark is prompted by two reotnt accident*--* fatal one at Retford and a remarkable escape at Coppull in Lancashire- which was due to the road being slippery owing to frost. Labour ami supervision* It it claimed tha* tha tank which b being made by Braithwaits and Go. for tha Murree waterworks in the Punish, will ba tha largest prmirl steal tank in the world. Txn Department of Oversea1 Trade Use just issued a booklet of " Hints (or Commercial Visitors to Turkey," which haa been prepared by the Commercial Secretary to HJC. Embassy at Istanbul. KsoM time to tuna we mention the inquiries of the Assistant Inspecting Officers of Railways mlo the mom Mtfrioua Occidents to railway servants* Colonel Mount's annual report for 1929 shows that thoee o(Roars and tha tub*inspecting officers bald 460 such inquiries during tha year. In only 216 of these oaeea was it thought necessary tomake any recommendation m It will be 204ft. by 180ft. by 18ft. deep and will have a ospeeity of sows 2,260,000 gallons. Ix a lecture given to the Royal Sooiety of Arte, Prof* 0. R. Darling said tha* theoretically, 20,000 eubso fee* of air, which represent the eoilsnf at a house of moderate siae, may ba rabid in temperature from fraccing potal-- It appears, from statistics recently issued tn America, that, on tha average, each locomotive of tha Pennsylvania Company consumes nearly 2600 tana of coal per annum. Tha company owns 9100 engines. Tn recent extended fog in the Manchester diatrwt b said ta have resulted in a record in elect nchy general ion. momistion was accepted and in 36 it waa declined* The remaining 12 rasas were still under consideration. Aa far as we dan see, no name associated with British railways appears in tha lies of New Yeas Honours, and Uia only officer of note among thoee overseas is Mr. Percy Rothare, the agentof the South India Railway, wboraeaivea a Knighthood in tha Indian list. Mr. Herbert Morrison, If deg. Fah.--to 64 deg. Fah. by tha heat produced from the combustion of 1 lb. of oofca, and when tha air ie once heated only louse due to cooling by conduction through exposed walk and window* and the entry of fresh air from without bev* ta ba made goad by tha furnace. He also pointed out that, at prmset prism in South London, tha relative amounts of heat obtained from on# peony, worth of fuel are aa follow*Gee coke, 60,000 unite; On January 4th the local power stations produced 2,113,000 unite, which is at the rate o( 770 millions n yeer. It b proposed to construct an embankment U miles long, with aa average height of 20ft., at Ssngyws, Rangoon, with the object of forming an artificial lake to provide potable water for tha city. It ie estimated that (he lake would give a supply of 47 ) million gallons of water a day. tha Minister of Transport, becomes a Privy Councillor, household tool, 67,000; eenioke, 46,000; anthracite, Tn City Council of Edmonton, Alberta, has decided and Ur. Charles Campbell, on# of tha Sub*inspecting 40,000; oil, 11.400; ooel gas, 11,100; electricity, 9416 ta expend 460.000 dollars oa the extension of the boiUn officers of the Railway Department of tha Ministry, is ta ita power plant, and will probably order further plant made a Member of tha Order of the British Empire* Oum contemporary, tha Railing 3ma tha organ of Wsmsa m tha Canadian Engineer. Mr. P. H. Wood, of tha Converse Bridge and Steel Company. 1110--11 ta tha amount of 1,446,000 dollars during 1932-33. Thw eead programme will include a 16.000*kilowatt generator. tha National Union of Railwayman--in ha issue of January the ties of several colours i the paining of bnogea. Tx* aaaminftcmcnt b made that the New England Power 9th, drew attention to tha Cast that during 1929 tha four " l will admit," he say*. " that unices it was dona under Aceceiatba, a subsidiary of the International Hydro* grouped oompeaiee paid more than 639,000 in eonneetleo artistic supervision the eflee* might be terrible. Alas, batria flystsaa. has a construction programme involving with merehandbe carried by goods train and over 166,600 tha span would have to be of graceful outline to start with. aa expaeditai* of upwards of 6} malisons starling. On for consignment* by passenger train which had been lost During tha war tha French painted a number of them oompblba of tha programme, whbh includes the con* or damaged in trenail. It b than remarked that '* We railway bridges in a similar fashion ta tho way ships were atructb* of tha fourth largsst hydro-aleetnc plant in the feel confident that it b only neoeaaary to onoa again draw sarnonflsgsd. A number of colour* war* used ami tha UEJU the Aaaoebtba will have a total hydro-ebetne attention of railwayman to thb important matter in order effect was eartaialy startling From even a chert dialam* capacity ef 467,306 H.P., in addition ta steam-driven pleat that tha figures mentioned above may be substantially away they looked like anything bus a bridge. Tha same of approximately tha seam horse power. reduced during tha year." Tun fatal accident to three trainman at Northumberland Park Station, Tottenham, oa January 7th, recorded, along with tha flaribls eonideal, in our Seven-day Journal on January 9th, waa of a vary unuoual character. Wa may ingenuity by artiste oast cel highwayfaredfeewsuId achieve planing results, particularly if tha design of tha span waa nstheticslfy satisfactory. A variation m eflaet might ha achieved by applying stsiebas it eel, or pomifahr ahimmhim alloy Must* to some of the priseipal merehere. Tn laboratory for eaRytog bb* large reab experiments oa hydreapmetiaii of ooel established at Duisburg by the AO. fOr (Ttemlrnkbverflft--ipj| wad Vcredehmg hm, says tha Im and Cast Trades Jftmm, bean aloasd. This step haa basw found aeoamery, doe ta the feat tha* owing to say that, besides tha eoroner'c inquest, tha circumstances At a reocat meeting of thsFrcoch Anarbmb dm Sciences tha wan* of suitable maferlsb for tha pasta of the pUnt will ba inquired into by Colocal Andersonon behalf of tha in Paris, Mr. A. d'Axaoaval described a new Bflnfgen-ray ixpaaad ta very hi^ pressores these war* vary quickly Ministry of Transport. Wa have reason to believe that, tuba capable of working at 400,000 volte. D wee m 1919 worm eu*. The same trouble haa prompted the I.O. although them are special operating regulations for gun* that Mr. W. D. Pooledgc inventod the type of tuba in Faebmbdm<rie ta eurtad aonakbrably its activity in the powder vane, there are none for patrol We would which tha sleettemb current b produced by cm--on from Arid of hydroganatien of aoaL have it remembered, too, that on September 19tb, 1927, a {Maeeager train ran broadside into a train of thirty petrol tank wagons--fortunately empty--at Plaictow. Tx* Underground authorities always have deserved credit for the attractive design of their posters, and four recent examples deserve special mention, in that they bring home to the pacesnger some of the special features provided for the eeiety of tha trains. These respectively show the " dead man's handle." whereby, *V*nH the motorraaa accidentally release bb control while* running, current is cut of! automatically and tha brakes applied; the tunnel tabpbooa that enables a motorman to A plug in " at any point on tha Una and to with the sub-station; tha automatic train stop, which "trips" tha motor should a signal ba overrun; the escalator safety gear lor stopping it in an emargsoey. An inset shows tha particular apparatus in a larger suds. It b well known that the Metropolitan Railway b oon siderably handicapped in its train service to and from the City lines by tha bottle-neck of only two Unas of way aa incandescent cathode. Up to 1929 it waa considered, says the flaatrieml Basis*, that 200,000 volts waa the maxi* mum which such a tuba could withstand, although Cooledge had already produced a tuba working at up to 360.000 volte and two and three^tego tubas for from 600.000 ta 900,000 volte, while later experimental tubas for pressures up to 1 million volts in fifteen etegsa had bean produced. Mr. d'Arscoval pointed out that all those advances had, howevar, been confined ta research labor*, tones, and that ao far there waa no syatemetb produe- tion of tubas lor 400,000 volte. Tha new d'Araooval inciinieensnt*rathoda tuba b a sealed lingie-erege bulb, Tn official returns rendered to tha Electricity Com* baieoere show that 1160 million unite of electricity were generated by authorised undertakers in Great Britain dwing the month of December, 1930. ee compared with 1049 million unite in the corresponding month of 1929, or an tearsees of * par cant. During tha year ending December list, 1930, tha total amount of electricity g--ted by authorised undertakers wae 10,869 million units, aa compared with 10,394 million unite for tha year ending December 31st, 1922, representing an increase of about 6*6 per cent. which, at a oonataal voltage of 400,000 volte, earn-- 2 Txx Coamarcn'el Secretary to the British Embassy at mtlUanptaea. while with a pnbating voltage of 400,000 Istanbul, Turkey, reports that a revbed draft Bill designed voile it will carry aa average of 2*6 millbmp*-- Thb ta introduce the metric system of weights and measures has been achieved by mounting tha cathode fibmenl baa beensubmitted to the Budget Commission of the Grand within a round aataltie oocaponant, tha air in which ie. National Assembly. The Bill prohibits the use of other by extending tha axhsuattng action, sntiraly withdrawn. mseauree in all oontraets, agreements, invoices, commercial The new tuba b being manufactured by tha flsjffs-Oafloi notices, documents, Ac. A translation of tha Bill and Pikm Company, of Faria, and ta made in leagthe up ta 43*6im, with bulb diameters of from 190 mm. to 1 may be seen at tha Department of Overseas Trade, 36. Old Quasnwtreat, London, 8.W. I (refwanes 22683/26). It between Psker street and Finchby-road. In order to find soma relief, powers were obtained in 1926 to malm a tube railway between Edgwate-road and Willeedea drain, but the line has not bean proceeded with. A letter in Tha; Timas of January 10th makes what, if the --eon. earned would agree to U, would, in our opiakn,provide an excellent remedy against thb congestba, The farmer Midland main line and tha Metropolitan ao-- within 100 yards of each ether at Weal Himpathad, and tha pro* |kmm1 ie to lay in a junstlan at that point which would allow for Metropolitan trains (rum the Otty to run over ita own widened lines up to King's Oreaa and thanes over tha old Midland Railway if fti. Paai'e-roed Junction to Waa* Hampstead. Wa would add, aa eonoberatian of taw near, ness of tha two tiaoe at tha* point, tha* tlmra used to be. and probably still are, aiding* a* Waa* Hampstead for --u--ffng mflfti Tiinrim Iks tin imepaiba Tun Board of Trade export tables far November shew that tha value of tha railway materialsen* oversee* daring the first eleven months of toe ncsasst year waa aa follows; 200 on. Tha dbfae between tha anode and cathode b 40--., and tha diameter of the metallic sleeve 36 mm. 1 Tub t--perstnre of solid* may be celhasted by Uw 1 eye or aeeucmtcly --assured by msecs of a thermometer, thsr--oupls. or optbal pyroraatm. Fla--as. particularly oondom--tia fiernm. prssiat a mere difficult prcblsm,, A flame may, aeaorday ta tha Arnsrisin Bureau sf Mbee, be ba* aaaugh ta malt platinum and yet look fairly eoot ta the aye. Conversely, there are certain luminous aool fleam which will do* bum tha lumd. Thb b hsssum tha rwlietien from flames done not follow the law* whbh apply to solids 1 for example, mush of the radiation from tha ordinary Bunsen type of flsma in in tha mvbihle infra-rad region of tha epeetnsm. In a merited for maaaar* ing flame temperature bring employed at tha Pittsburgh Experiment Station of tha Bureaa, tha fiasco to eolourad yellow with sortmm vapour and tha hUemity of this 1 light eerapared in a spestroeeipe with tha light from a heated solid at known temperature. The work la being1 earned out as one phase of a study of tha physics and: will be recalled that a similar Bill waa introduced in 1926, and again in 1926, without becoming law. AT a recent --sting of the 1926 SeUbre* Association at Capa Town, the oryaabmgsecretary. Captain Edwards, sxplamsd tha tircumatanem in which 29 fieotiish rivetsre who ware brought out from the Clyde to work on the NorthernRhodseis soppar mince returned to Scotland altar tan weeks. He said, assnrrttng to tha ifining sad Mngimsasmg Jmarmot, tlteaa men had come out 0*1 a m<h* treat of 29a. aday. and hid refused to carry it out bocauee certain casual workmen were gsttiag 29s. 4d. a day. They aempUinad Ikat on their arrival at the mines tliey found that though theb earoinga with overtime amounted to 169 a month, casual worker* from Johannesburg eogeged on Urn spot ear*id, with ovsrthna, ns much aa 80 a month. Tha man, whs had not ao-- out under tha ausptoee of tha A--oaielinn. which had merely been aakad to befriend them, said they prefsrred the dole in England to 56 a month in Rhodesia aa long aa there ware man worth less earning mem. . tha corresponding figures fot 1929 and 1929 ace adcUd t* of gissmb somhnsrifm and sTploafea Values Txx Be-- issretaiy gives aotbe that m pursuance of brackets: -- Locomotives, 3,676.679 (0.971,623, have bean obtained for statutory fleam of itiflsrent hb power* under Sea, 47 of tha Workmen's Compensation 3,203,733); rsib, 2,044.646 (0.634,612, 3439,964): mixtmes of air with methane, ethane, propane, butane, Aat, 1916, aa sxtsndsrt by tha Workman's Compensation carnages, 1,726.636 (0.312,269, 0467,299): wagons, iso*butene, athykns, pwytas and butybne, Mubin (flittenaband Ashaatnab) Act. 1930,ha propo-- to makes 3,004.890 (2.270,736. 2.947443); whaab and axles. fleas temperatures vary from 1960 deg. Cm*, far methane ta provide for the appointment of a medical board 302.673 (397,690. 696,216): tires and axles, 612.436 to 1976 dag. Cent, for ethytam.. The mixture of gas and to ghre tha nacamary certificates in all cases where com* (669.096, 647,616); chairs and metal shepare. 697,7371 air which givesmai Liam temperature domnet serfsepend penaatien is elai--d for silicoeb or asbestoeb. and to carry (479.073. 827.099): miscellaneous permanent way,: to that wflfeh givee mevimum flame spaed, exeept far cut periodic medical examinsiaoee of worker* employed 906,892 (962,964. 1.227,496); total permanent way, mathins and PUlsbmgh natural gas. For all other hydra* spaciflad prnnimie involvmg exposure to silica 4.624,813 (6.074.812. 6.969.944). The weight of tha! aarhana tested, the mixtures whisk pradasad tha highms 1 dust. Ha further gives notice that he propoese rads exported waa 236.996 tom (301.129 tana. 371,939 flame tsmperstirs contain less aomhuatiblrgaa than those at tha as-- tbsa ta amend tha Metal Grinding Industries tons), and of tha chairs and metal deeper*, 62.603 tana; whbh give tha highmt spaed at flsma, m nsrsmfgi (BBisosb) Bnhi--, 1937, aad tha Various Inductrise (48.000 tana, 83.697 tana). During the month of November of combustible gas m air whbh givee maximum flame tam (SUboab) Sahama, 1928, with a view <1) to provide (or the last tooomotivaa of tha indue of 66,647 were shipped over paratur* b nlittUy on tha rich side ef that required for nertilVietbn fay tha board of oa-- arisog under seas, which included the Argentic, 240,264; India, I exact sombnsi bn ta carbon dioxide and water. Msrimmn tb--ache--a, aad (2) ta extend tha right ta compensation 165,764: South Africa, 44,940. During the eame month eabulaiart temperatures are 40 dag. ta 70 dsg. Cmi. to 1 irk men He farther propo-- to make a schema--to rails of the value of 64,292 yere exported, which included I MgW for the eatiiralert hydroearboas and shoot 100 be cited aa tlw Asbestos Industry (Asbeetosb) Scheme. ill* Argentina, 21.173; Portugi--e Cast Africa, 13,130: i dsg. Cent. Wr^y for the uaaaturatad bydrooarhoao 1231--ta provide for tha payment of compensation by British South Afriea, 3816; Straits Settlements, 3060;, than tha experimental values. Radiation loams aceount employer* of workmen employed in certain processes Australia, 2340 ; and India, 2076. (or tlie lower Tnaasnrart, texeperatures. involving expoeur* to asbestos duet. 1H31 mken under ker tonnage of the total non in the tonnage of Britain and .ilt, but the below thoee * COO' '2 per . ^reea in i engine for Id there are of between of such size over 13,0DO notor shiiis. .a that the >lc or 'being .or*o.power, it 1,052.000 .elude fiitv1.000 shaft l*. per set. euginwr-- total home, world. .ic Spark," nug before dealt ftrat Mained by t/olt trans ire, it was America, arge they u'r or over But, the of man in uing flash he surface , he said, ing either a cloud to electrical adayt the untitative mated by it isolated asonahie u a model ear ft, is tographio the suriations of 1 I* ^ re a tw.u in opinions u of ions n water uts or by t rain ia r over a able lie lightning Evidence. o atmo' methods 'D atmoy night, ating,in mn. -n of the achinery plica of ty, who is inside lectrical ll`OtriCHl `lining I<0111(1 of for the Nona. Friday, ructural umpsny .ie chairlie tooit ised by .a Promiwellmg :cd that H those ng canu-gw of ,turass xsmpW BntuU Manger I Ifcksn adding .e HUM* i Com-nd the R}., n . ViceVntiin i.^TTTo Jan. 18, 1931 THE ENGINEER 77 Railway and Road Matters. Notes and Memoranda. Miscellanea. It is announced that the National Wages Board will Txa number of operatives employed in the cotton mills Txx new free port at Firwue, Athena, is to be opened m start us review of railwayman's pay and conditions of of Bombay during last year wsa 232,087, which chows an April. service on Monday, January 19th. increasa of 13,000 over 1929. An aerodrome ie to be constructed in Andorra by a Wxxx, ss related to this column on January 2nd, Sir Tax average daily production of motor tiree in France Barcelona firm. Herbert Walker was speaking at a dinner of the staff of wee 14,100 pteoce during the peat year. The annual eon- Txx cost of extending the piers in New York Harbour, the Southern Railway general manager's and secretary's sumption waa about 2,900,000 tirea. to accommodate 1000ft. liners, is estimated at 16,000,0uu. offices, he also said that the coat of the electrification to Brighton would be about 3,000,000, and, with luck, there would be an eieotrieal service to Brighton by the summer of 1931. Tax Pacifio Gaa and Electrio Company ia adopting a pressure of 1200 lb. per square inch for the boilers of ite new station at San Francisco. The three boilers will have e total evaporative capacity of 600,000 lb. per hour. Txx annual carnival dance of the Imperial College w to be held at ths Union, South Kensington, on February 20th, at 9.30 pan. Tickets may be obtained from ilr.'D. 31. Tombs. In view ot the growth of road motor traffic, it would It ie said that the eoet of hardening and tempering Accoxoino to an analysis by the Engincrting New*. seem that the lamps on level crossing gates should have rook drills by means of tha electrically heated salt bath Record of America, the state of Vermont expends moat on their visibility improved so as to guard against the gates it, on the Rand, lese than one farthing per drilL This the maintenance of roads* with an amount of 37-80 dalles* toing run into and damaged by road vehicles, accompanied amount includes power, maintenance, depreciation, par capita. possibly by an obstruction on the railway. This remark ia prompted by two recent accidents--a fatal one at Retford and a remarkable escape at Coppult in Lancashire--which was due to the road being slippery owing to frost. labour and supervision. It ia claimed that tbe tank which is being made by Braithwaite and Co. for the Murree waterworks in the Punjab, will be tbe largest preseed steel tank in the world. Tn Department of Oversees Trade lias just issued a booklet of " Hints for Commercial Visitote to Turkey," which has been prepared by the Commercial Secretary to U.M. Embassy at Istanbul. Kaon time to time we mention the inquiries ot the Assistant Inspecting Officers of Railways into the more serious accidents to railway servants. Colonel Mount's annual report for 1929 shows that thoee officers and the sub-inspecting officers held 400 such inquiries during the year, in only 21S of these cases was it thought necessary to make any recommendation; in 167 instances the recom mendation was accepted and in 36 it was declined. The remaining 12 cases were still under consideration. Aj far aa we can aee, no name associated with British railways appears in the list of New Yeas Honours, and the only officer of note among thoee overseas is Mr. Percy Bothers, the agent of theSouth India Railway, who receives a Knighthood in the Indian list. Mr, Herbert Morrison, It will be 204ft. by 160ft. oy 16ft. deep and will have a capacity of some 3,250,000 gallons. In a leoture given to the Royal Sooiety ot Aria, Professor G. R, Darling said that theoretically, 20.000 cubic feet of air, which represent tbe contents of a house of moderate aits, may be raised in temperature from freesing point32 deg, Feh.--to 64 deg. Fab. by tbe beat produced from the combustion of 1 lb. of coke, and whan the air ia onoe heated only losses due to cooling by conduction through exposed walla and windows and the entry of fresh air from without have to be made good by the furnace. He also pointed out that, at present priosa in South London, the relative amounts of heat obtained from one penny worth of fuel ere as follow*Gas coke, 60,000 unite; It appears, from statistic* recently issued m America, that, on the average, each locomotive of tbe Pennsylvania Company cooeumea nearly 2600 tooa of coal per annum. The company owns 6100 sngtnee. Txx recent extended fog in the Manchester district is said to have resulted in a record in electricity generation. On January 6th the local power stations produced 2,113,000 units, which ia at the rate of 770 millions n year. It is proposed to construct an embankment 12 miles tong, with an avsrage height of 20ft., at Ssngywe, Rangoon, with the object of forming an artificial lake to provide potable water for the city. It is estimated that the lake would give a supply of 47$ million gallons of water a day. the Minister of Transport, becomes a Privy Councillor, household coal, 67,000; semi-coke, 45,000; anthracite. Txx City Counoil of .Edmonton, Alberta, hse decided and Hr. Charles Campbell, one of the Sub.inspecting 40.000; oil, 11,400; ooal gee, 11,100; electricity, 3416 to expend 460,000 dollars on the extension of tho boilers offioera of the Railway Department of the Ministry, is units, in its power plant, and wilt probably order further plant made a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Oux contemporary, the Railway Nmtw--the organ of Wxrrxxa in the Canadian Mngtou*r, Mr. P. H. Wood* of the Converse Bridge end Steel Company, suggests to tbe amount ot 1,446,000 doUsre during 1932-33. Thu second programme will include a 16,000-kuowattgenerstor. the National Union of Railwayman--in its issue of January the use of eevoral colours in tbe painting of bridges. Txx announcement is made that the New England Power Oth, drew attention to the fact that during 1939 the four 441 will admit," ha says, 44 that unless it waa done under Association, a subsidiary of the International Hydro grouped companies paid more than 639,000 ia oonnection artistie supervision the effect might be terrible. Also, electric System, has a construction programme involving with merchandise carried by goods train and over 66,600 the span would have to be of graceful outline to start with. an expenditure of upwards ot 5} millions sterling. On for consignments by passenger train which had been lost During the war tbe Freooh painted a number of tbeir completion of the programme, which includes the con or damaged in transit. It ia then remarked that 44 We railway bridges in a similar fashion to tbe way ships ware struction of the fourth largest hydra-electno plant in the feel confident that it ia only necessary to onoe again draw camouflaged. A number of ookmrs were used and the UBA-, the Association will have a total hydroelectric attention of railwayman to this important matter in order effect was certainly startling. From even a short dietanas capacity of 467,300 H.P., in addition to strem-drivsn plant that the figures mentioned above may be substantially away they looked like anything but a bridge. The same of approximately the tame horse-power. reduced during the ooming year." ingenuity by artists on steel highway bridges would achieve Txx laboratory foe carrying o\ai large scale experiment# Tub fatal accident to three treinmen at Northumberland pleating results, particularly it tha design of tha span waa on hydrogenation ot ooal established at Duisburg by tbe Park Station, Tottenham, on January 7tb, recorded* along with the Cerlisle accident, in our 8ev*a-day Journal on January 9th, was of a very unusual character. We may aatbaticaliy satisfactory. A variation in effect might be achieved by applying stainless steel, or poesibty aluminium alloy sheets to soma of the principal members." A.Q. fOr Steinkohlererflftssigimg und Veredelung has. says the Inn and Coat Trod** Uniw, been closed. This step has bean found necessary, due to the fact that owing to say that, besides the coroner's inquest, the circumstances At a recent meeting of tba French Academia dee Scieooea tba want of suitable materials for tbe parte ot the plant will be inquired into byColonel Anderson on behalf of ths in Pena, Mr. A. d'Arsonval described a new Rteigeo-ray exposed to very high presence thee* were very quickly Ministry of Transport. Ws have reason to behave that, tube capable of working at 400,000 volts. It waa la 1913 worn out. The seme trouble bee prompted the I.G. although there are special operating regulations for gun* that Mr. W. 2>. Cooledge invented tbe type of tube in Farbscunduetri* to curtail considerably ite activity in the wder vans, there ate none for petrol tanks. We would which the electronic current ia produced by amission from field of hydrogenation of ooal. ve it remembered, too, that on September 19th, 1937, a l>es*enger train ran broadside into a train ot thirty petrol tank wagons--fortunately empty--at Plaistow. Thb Underground authorities always have deserved an incandescent cathode. Up to 1928 it waa considered, ays the SUcirical Restate, that 200,000 volts was the maxi mum which such a tube could withstand, although Cooledge had already produced a tube working at up to Txx official returns rendered to the Electricity Com missionart show that 1150 million units of electricity were generated by authorised undertakers in Great Britain during the month of December, 1930. as compared with credit for the attractive design of their posters, and four recent examples deserve special mention, in that they bring home to the passenger some of the special features provided for the safety of the trains. These respectively show the " dead man's handle," whereby, should the motorman accidentally release bis control whilst running, current is cut off automatically and the brakes applied ; the tunnel telephone that enables a motorman to 44 plug in " at any point on the line and to communicate with the sub-station; the automatic train stop, which " trips " the motor should a signal be overrun; the escalator safety gear for stopping it in an emergency. An inset shows this particular apparatus in a larger scale. It ia well known that the Metropolitan Railway ia con siderably handicapped ia ite train service to and from ths City lines by the bottle-neck of only two lines ot way between Baker-street and Finchley.road. In order to fln<f 360.000 volts and taro and three-stage tubes for from 600.000 to 900,000 volte, while later experimental tubes for proseurea up to 1 million volts in fifteen stages had been produced. Mr. d*Arsonval pointed out that all those advances had, however, been confined to research labora tories, and that so Jar there waa no systematic produc tion ot tubas for 400,000 volts. Tha new d'Arsonval incandescent-cathode tube is a sealed single-stage bulb, which, at a constant voltage of 400,000 vohs, carries 2 milliampAree, while with a pulsating voltage of 400.000 volts it will carry an average of 2*5 milHamptree. This has been achieved by mounting tbe cathode filament within a round metallic component, the air in which ia, by extending tbe exhausting action, entirely withdrawn. The new tube ia being manufactured by tha Geiffe-Gallot and PUon Company, of Faria, and ia made in lengths up to 43*6in. with bulb diameters of from 190 mu. to 200 mm. The distance between the anode and cathode 1049 million units in the corrssponding month of 1929, or an increase of 9*6 per cant. During the year ending Deoembar 31st, 1930, the total amount of electricity generated by authorised undertakers was 10.869 million units, aa compared with 10,294 million units for the year ending Deoembar 31st, 1029, representing an increase of about 6-6 per cent. Txx Commercial Secretary to the British Embassy at Istanbul, Turkey, report* that a revised draft Bill designed to introduce the metric system of weights end measure* has beensubmitted to the Budget Commission of the Grand National Assembly. Tbe Bill prohibits the use of other measures in all contracts, agreements, invoices,commercial books, notiece, documents, Ac. A translation of the Bill may be seen at the Department of Overseas Trade, 36, Old Queeowtreet, London, 8.W, 1 (referenoe 22683/26). It will be recalled that a similar Bill waa introduced in 1926, some relief, powers were obtained in 1926 to make a tube railway between Edgware-road end Willeeden Green, but the line has not been prooeeded with. A letter in Tk* Timer of January 10th makes what, if the oompaniae con cerned would agree to it, would, in our opiaioa!provtde an excellent remedy against this congestion. The former Midland main fine and the Metropolitan come within 100 yards of each other at Weat Hampstead, and the protkmm! is to lay in a junction at that point which woukl allow fur Metropolitan trains from ilia City to run over its own widoned lines up to King's Crass and thanes over the old Midland Railway rid 84. Paul's-road Junction, to West Hampstead. Wa would add, aa oorroboratioa of tha near ness of the two lines at t)4 point, that there uaed to be, and probably still are, sidings at West Hampstead for exchanging traffio between the two companies. Tux Board of Trade export tables for November show that the value of tbs railway materialsent overseas during the first eleven months of the pressnt year was as follows; is 40 mm., and the diameter of the metallic sleeve 26 mm. Tim temperature of solids may be estimated by the eye or accurately measured by means of a thermometer, thermo-couple, or optical pyrometer. Flames, pertieularly noo-Iuxninous flames, present a more difficult problem. A flame may, according to the American Bureau of Mines, be hot enough to melt platinum and jot look fairly cool to tha eye. Conversely, tliere are oortain luminous cool flames which will not bum the hand. This is because tbe radiation from flames does not follow tbe laws which apply to solids; for example, much of tbe radiation from the ordinary Bunsen type of flams ia in the invisible infra-red region of the spectrum. In a method for measur. ing flame temperature Wing employed at tbe Pittsburgh Experiment Station of the Bureau, tbe flame ia coloured yellow with sodium vapour and tha inteoJty of this light compared in a spectroscope with the light from a heated solid at known temperature. The work ia being carried out aa one phase of a study of the physics and and again in 1928, without becoming law. At a recent meeting of the 1820 8sttlers* Association at Cape Town, the organislngeeoretary. Captain Edwarda. explained tha clraumetanoca in which 29 Scottish riveters who were brought out from the Clyde to work on the Northern Rhodesia oopper mince returned to Scotland after ten weeks. He said, according to the S.A, Mining and Mngin**rin Journal* tlieee moo had como out on a cmitract ot 26c. a day. and had rofused to carry it out bocauwi oortain casual workmen were getting 28s. 6d. a day. Thoy that on their arrival at the mines they found that though their earnings with overtime amounted to 65 a month, casual workers from Johannesburg engaged on the spotearned, with overtime, ea much a* 60 a month. Tha men, who had not ooma out under the auspices of tha Awioeiatlon, whieh had merely been asked to Defriend them, said they preferred tbe dole in England to 66 a month in Rhodesia as long as tbera were men worth lets earning more. ,, the corresponding figures for 1929 and 1928 are added in chemistry of gaseous combustion and explosion. Values Txx Home Secretary gives notice that in pursuance of brackets: -- Locomotives, 3,670,879 <3.971,833, have been obtained for statutory flame of different his powers under See. 47 of the Workmen's Compensation 3.203,733); rails, 1.044,648 (2,634.812, 3,338,964); mixtures of sir with methane* ethane, propane, butane, Act. 1926* aa extended by the Workmen's Compensation carnages. 1,726.635 (2.318,209, 2,367,899); wagons, iso-butane, ethylene, propylene and butylene. Maximum (Silicosis and Asbeetosis) Act, 1930, he proposes to make a 3,004.890 (2,270.736, 2,947,243); wheels and axles, flema temperatures vary from 1880 deg. Cant, for methane wih--we to provide for the appointment of a medical board 362,673 (397,680, 696^15); tires and axles, 612,436 to 1975 deg. Cent, for ethylene.. The mixture of gas and to give the neoeessry certificate* in all eases where com (669,086, 647,616); chairs and metal sleepers, 697,737 air which gives maximurn temperature does not correspond pensation is claimed for silicosis or asbeetoeie, and to carry (470,072, 827,089); miscellaneous permanent way, to that wfciph gives maximum flame speed, except for out periodic medical examinations of workers employed 808.89* (952,864. 1,227.486); total permanent way, methane and Pittsburgh natural gas. For all otbsr hydro fat eertain specified praoeeeee involving exposure to siuce 4.624,813 (6.074.813. 0.668,944). Tbs weight of tha carbons tested, the mixtures which produced the highest or asbestos duet. He further give* notice that he propose* rails exported was 236,998 tons (301,138 tons, 371,836 flame temperature contain leee combust)bkgas than those at the same time to amend the Mstal Grinding Industries tons), and of the chairs and metal sleepers, 62,603 tons which five the highest speed ot flame. Tba percentage (8iliooais) Scheme. 1927, and the Various Industrie* (48,000 tons, 83,607 tons). During the month of November ot combustible gas in air which gives maximum flame tem (Siliooais) Scheme, 1921, with a view (L) to provide for the test locomotives of the value of 66,647 were shipped over perature is slightly on ths rich side of that required for certification by tha medical board of oaaee arising under sees, which included the Argentine, 240,264; India, exact oombustwn to carbon dioxide end water. Maximum than* scheme*, and (2) to extend tha right to compensat ion 196,764; South Africa, 44,940. During the same month calculated temperatures are 40 deg. to 70, deg. Cent, to workmen. He further proposes to make a scheme--to. rails of the value of 64,292 were exported, which included higher tor the saturated hydrocarbons and' about 100 be cited as tha Asbestos Industry (Asheetoais) Scheme, the Argentine, 21,173 ; Portuguese East Africa, 13,130; deg. Cent, higher for the unsaturated hydrocarbons 1831--to provide for the payment of compensation by British South Africa, 3816; Straits Settlements. 3080; thsn tbe experimental values. Radiation losses account employers of workmen employed in certain processes Australia, 2340; and India, 2076. , for tlie lower measured temperatuxee. involving exposure to asbestos dust. Jan. 22. 1932.] ENGINEERING. 107- spindk turbine placed well above the waterline. during the twelve months ending June 30, 1930. With regard to air aupply plant* designer! bad been This total waa greater by 118,771 acres than the greatly aaeisted by the closer attention now given previous year's figure. The total revenue derived THE ENGINEERING OUTLOOK. IV.--Tub Motob Ixoustby. to the reduction of loeeea in intaka shafts, Ac. was Rs. 3.02,53,263 and the net revenue, after OmcuL employment statistics do not distinguish Formerly* theee accounted for 50 per cent, of the deducting working expenaaa, was Rs. 1,36^3,889. between the private car industry and commercial total energy supplied to the fan*. The reduction Some idea of the aoale upon which the operations vehicle industry. In Table I accordingly a general of such losses to a minimum waa now-a-day* of were carried on will be grin--t when it is stated summary is given covering the group of industries very great moment when installation# on board that the total length of the main and branch canals centred round the internal combustion engine. might be required to supply 320,000 cub. ft, per of the irrigation works was 4.447 miles, some 1,180 minute agsinat stokehold pressure* of 3} to 4 in. miles of which were utilised for navigation aa well Taeis I.--.VmnStr 0/ Workpmpt* Vmpieyd. as for irrigation purpoaaa; tba length of the distri Exoixeimko SraxoamoisaTrox or Avstmalu. buting charm*t reached the large total of 10,320 On Thursday, January 14, a joint meeting of the miles. A good deal of the report is naturally British Standards Institution and the Standards devoted to particulars regarding the now well-known Association of Australia, was held, the two parties Cauvery-Metur irrigation project. Work on the ,Yar. Motor*, (.yefe* *a Alrnmlt, Xiuubw Iamsv*. Number Uucw P*orS. Number { <wpk>>ad.j 1d4k 1923 100. to the gathering being assembled at the Boiud of main dam at Mstur is shown to be progressing satis ISC* Trade, London, and at Science House, Sydney, factorily ; 310.000 tons of masonry bad been placed in respectively. On this aide, the meeting was, position 00 the dam site during the yeer ending June \m IMS IMS addressed by the Right Honourable Walter Ruoti- | 30,1930, and this bed been increased to 429,000 tons man. President of the Board of Trade, by Mr. Maurice by the end of Deoembsr, repreeenting an average 19*7 ion its Wilson, chairman of the British Standards Institu* tion, and by Sir William Larks, chairman of tba of 1,050 tone par working day. The line from Salem; on the South Indian Railway to Metur waa opened! ism ISM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101.A4O .. 309.340 .. 214.MO .. 224.040 . 33taeo .. 23*.*30 .. 34X410 .. 247.140 .. 231.3 I0.IO* 10.) 43 14,100 21,SOS 10.330 22.013 17.014 40.04? 37.103 173.723 | 1*7.193 ! 200.740 202.431 ! 214.331 , 212.013 l 227.794 | 200.493 I 193.SU JOO-0 100-3 114-3 113* 122 3 121 1 129-S 117 3 110-4 Iron and Steel Industry Committee, while on the other, the speakers were Sir George Julius, chair* man of the Standards Association of Australia. Sir Henry Barraciough, dean of the Faculty of Engineering/University of Sydney, and Mr. C. Ls Haixtre, Director of the British Standards Institu tion, who is at present in Australia. Mr. Runciman pointed out that the development of standardisation in the various parts of the Empire, upon the basis of close co-operation in establishing uniform standard specifications, would contribute to the growth of inter*Imperial trade, while Sir George Julius emphasised the growing realisation of the inter* dependence of the two countries, and the need that Great Britain should further extend her Empire markets. Not the least of the effort* being made towards that end was, be said, the work of the two Standards Association*, which for many years had been studying each other's needs with a view to securing at a maximum efficiency and minimum coat the article or material, which would satisfy tbs user. Failure in this direction on the part of the British manufacturer had resulted in the toes of much possible trade in Australia, while primary producers in the latter country bad equally failed to understand the markets in the Mother Country and had, therefore, found it difficult to meet com* petition from others. This position could only be rectified by a whole-hearted and co-operative survey in April, 1929, and mstariak are now conveyed direot to Metur Dam station. Tba project include# a bydro*l*etrio power scheme, by which it it hoped I to generate 30,000-h.p, continuously aQ the year I round. The insertion into the dam of four rows of |8*ft. 6-in. diameter pipe*, for the purpoae, was begun in November, 1930. We hope to deal with this subject at length shortly. Another important portion of the work of the Department is in connection with the restoration of the derelict tanks distributed over a wide area within the Preeideocy. The total area of land ooming within the eoope of the tank restoration scheme is 102,500 square miles,. which, as will ha scan, is two-thirds of tb* anaof the! Preeideocy itself. Up till the end of March, 1930, restoration works had been oompleted over an area of 83.137 sq, miles, and, in addition, works had bean put in hand, or were about to be commenced, on a further 4,493 eq. mike of land. Consequently, some 86*49 per cent, of the total area comprised in the scheme bad been dealt with by March 31.1930. RBQ9L4T10XS YOB TBB ASBBSTOB IXPtTSTBY. 1 The Home Secretary has issued a pamphlet of regulations relating to the Asbestos Industry, under Section 79 of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, three pages of which are concerned with the respon sibilities of occupiers and one-half a page with the duties 9! persons employed, tbs remainder Hearts rsiau saty to tbs aoatk <X July is scb ysat. As explained in previous articles, the Ministry of Labour figures in respect of 1928 to 1931 are not strictly comparable with those for previous years, in that they leave out of account all workpeople 65 years of age and over, sod youths under 16. Feasibly, an addition of some 2,000 workpeople employed should be made on this account. The adjustment does not, however, effect materially the very decided recession shown in the above table. None of this recession is probably allocable to the, aircraft industry, and a small amount only in the aggregate to the motor cycle and cycle industries. Although there was still a net influx of workpeople into the industry, it waa on a smaller scale than in recent yean, and it waa insufficient to compensate the large increase in the number unemployed. 17m resulting figure of employment is lower than any year tinea 1924, and even allowing for the rapid technical advance in productive processes, indicates a marked decline in production as compared with 1929. Privet* Cart,--The revised figures of private-car production, published by the Society of Motor Manufacturers sod Traders, Limited, in their annual review for the yean up to and including 1928, and the figures for the yean ending September, 1920, 1930 and 1931, are given in Table II. of imperial market requirements and manufacturing being taken up by familiar perambulatory matter. Tail* XL--Output 0/ Car*. possibilities, ao that, as far as possible, those Assuming that brevity is more effective than requirements could be met by products from diffuaeneaa, there is no objection to this. Indeed, within the Empire. It was the intention of the the whole pith of these regulations is comprised in Commonwealth Government to assist in the oonduct the statement that the oocupisr is to provide of the work of the Standards Association of Austr mechanical means for preventing the escape of 1*2* ]... 1039... list... ... 71.30S 1027 ... ... 104.333 ... 110,000 102S ... ... 103,332 ... 193,000 1920 ... ... 102,236* ... 169,300 19X ... ... 171,032* 1031 ... ... 136,201* 9 Year eodi&g September 90. alia. Sir Henry Barraciough stated that in that asbestos dust from tbs various machines Into the The production year of the motor industry is country there were 500 committees with room, and a breathing apparatus for each person from October I to September 30, owing to the neces various aspects of standardisation. That number employed in chambers where looee material it sity of regulating production in accordance with the might appear large, but it must be remembered prevalent, while the persons employed ere to wear asatnal movement of demand and to the impetus (hat they were scattered over a continent the sise that apparatus. If wa regard the lest stipulation given to tba production of new modek by the of Europe, which was divided into six self-governing as bring the moat important, it is because a long annual Motor Exhibition at Olympia, which is held Uk*. Mr. Lo Mabtre uttered a warning to British study of the reports of H.M. Inspector of Factorise at the hgnnitig of October. Since the necessary mauufacturure on Urn mxverity uf adapting their lias cuuviuuai ua that there are few, if any, of tho data have been aveilabk, it has, therefore, been products to thespecialrequirementsof Australia, and methods proposed for increasing the safety of more useful to coliatu production figures m tint added the good advioe that they should visit tbs workman, which theee workmen will not exercise basis of the production year. `Apart from the alight country to see for themsehras, if possible. We the greatest ingenuity to circumvent, when they overlap in 1928-29, this method dues not vitiate commend this advice to oar manufactured. feel ao disposed. That this view is ako held by the comparison, and even in the year of transition little IuxoaTto* Woaxs nr Manias. authoritim k shown by the fact that another diffareoee would be made where the calendar year stipulation animadverts spinet the misuae of, or figures substituted for those of the production year. The Presidency of Madras is --antitlly an agri interference with, any appliance provided in pur TOe decline in production in this section of the motor cultural region, 71 per cent, of its population bring suance of three regulations. The prnn--M covered industry is in line with the decreased employment engaged in tilling the aoiL The total ana of the include the breaking, crushing, disintegrating and noted above, end waa progressive throughout the province is 142^60 sq. miles and over 43 per cent, grinding of asbestos, tba manufacture of asbestos year. Twelve monthly totals, however, show of this, namely, 39,200,000 acres, is under cultiva textiles and insulating mafrisk. and the clearing that since October, 1931, the decline has been tion ; a fair proportion of the remainder is forest of the equipment used for the collection of the duet. arrested. Both as regards the magnitude of the land. The fertility of the soil is greatly increased The regulations are published by H.M. Stationery and the recant improvement, theee reaulta by irrigation, and this has long been recognised by Offioe, as SlztuJory Sui**--d Orders 1931, No. 1140, ere highly satisfactory, especially if comparison ia the industrious Madrasi agriculturist. About a stapriosof2d.net. made with the position of the motor industries of quarter of the sown area is systematically irrigated other countries. Indeed, during some weeks of. and does not, therefore, depend on the adequaoy November, 1931, it waa not impossible that British of the monsoons. For many years past e largo Tax tiaoniaas Hawoat* axn Caaaov Woasa.--- production exceeded the production of the U.S.A., proportion of the irrigation works have beed in the hands of the Madras Governmeet and the annual Vmm. Cuim Coontav. Cutbs. Falkirk, htv* rraatlv publttwd tiw riflith of their aunstive liuk pamphlets in the *' Famous iim sad Cairo* Work* M unw Urn which was than, owing to shut-downs, running 'some 7,000 units per week. Such a-position at ia administration report of the Publio Works Depart deale witk the work of William sad Keary Haworth, certainly unprecedented, and perhaps unlikely to ment of the Presidency shows that 7,380,867 acres of land, representing 18*8 per cent, of the total who were deeifrera sad wood carvers at Cenoa. lUuetratiooa of eeveral outaiaadieg examplaa of their ornamental cervine*, sad of tho oaaltnp made from recur, but it is sufficiently striking to be noticed, and would not have been considered within the copped area, were irrigated by Government works them ia the foundry, are laehaded ia the pamphlet bounds of possibility three yean ago. The new [Jan. 22, 1932. `P to the Marble Arch, ^caba to complete their however, We "lv'nSt.y, Padding- T"ert <* no doubt `he mail, line railway, " they have to contend '"'oinmiaaioner baaed hia o `he fact that conhy vehicle, which are foMoad ia to form a hed, ahould restriction - On any of the main in' m the morning or f ""tabling a single s chauffeur, will be '* dJouhtlesa many of al area, but it is also "y Penetrate into it 'e `heir care at somo heir journey by other >3e who will, in future, " hy motor coacb. e to regulation in this "using moves in this way garages at aubur. = the fint to start ` others, such as the - arc followini/ suit. * AEIK3. diaries since the e engine. has, 1 I engineering, >ents in efiicie eba!- At a re ei wiation '.'o .nch of -`ineeis, Mr. R. changes by a b periods of typi cases chosen w ng pumps and n pointed out tl of. say, 1885, a r engine driving 1 "sing steam "ng about 5j tot fas one of 80-h.] er open-type cot team. Again, u nclosed engine an ere employed. Tl pressure 150 li Jam sets had in the voltage h& lew. at 225 volts ">g with 250-1h "t- The turbirn ,ooti r.p.m. Tlu extraction puni|: Ullifll WM yyjf. Uji U UOOvkw. hing installed, nces supplied by ylinder seta of JSO'kw. output, vibration. In changes had iptocating pump# e hrafc change, in driven indepen. becaine popular before thi* drive However, it the pump seta and the present The turbine* , especially if improvement* *et delivering 1 * steam utructed .1 turbine* __ Pump, et enrfcy a vertical Jan. 22,1932.] ENGINEERING. I07- spindle turbine placed well above the waterline. during the twelve months ending June 30, 1930. THE ENGINEERING OUTLOOK* With regard to air supply plant, deaignen had been This total waa greater by 118,771 acre* than the greatly aaoUtod by the closer attention now given previous year's figure. The total revenue derived IV.--Thi Motor Industry. to the reduction of losses in intake shafts, he, waa Rs. 3,02,53,263 and the net revenue, after Omcui employment statistics do oot distinguish Formerly, these accounted for 50 per cent, of the deducting working expenses, was Rs. 1,36,23,889. between the private car industry and commercial total energy supplied to the fan*. The reduction Some idea of the scale upon which the operations vehicle industry. In Table I accordingly a general of such losses to a minimum waa now-a-dsys of were carried on will be gained when it is stated summary is given covering the group of industries very great moment when installations on board that the total length of the main and branch canals centred round the internal combustion engine. might be required to supply 320,000 cub. ft. per of the irrigation works was 4,447 miles, some 1,1$0 minute against stokehold pressures of 3} to 4 in. miles of which were utilised for navigation as well Talx X.--SumUr 0/ WorkptopU SmpUytd. as for irrigation purposes; the length of the distri Enoinskrino STANDARDISATION xk Austrauu.. buting channels reached tho large total of 10,320 On Thursday, January 14, a Joint meeting of the miles. A good deal of the report is naturally British Standards Institution and the Standards devoted to particulars regarding the now well-known Association of Australia, waa held, the two parties Cauvery-Metur irrigation project. Work on the Year. Uotoct. Cycle* and Aircraft.* Number twuxad. Number Ubew pteyeA Nunibur Employed. India 1923 - 100. to the gathering being assembled at the Board of main dam at Metur is shown to be progressing satis Ittt Trade, London, and at Science House, Sydney, factorily ; 310,000 tons of masonry had been placed in respectively. On this side, the meeting was j position on the dam site during the year ending June 1924 IMS ISM addressed by the Right Honourable Walter Runci* man. Presidentof the Board of Trade, by Ur. Maurice 30,1930, and this had been increased to 429,000 tons by the end of Deoember, representing an average 19*7 iota ISM Wilson, chairman of the British Standards Institu* tion, and by Sir William Larke, chairman of the of 1,050 tons per working day. The line from Salem on the South Indian Railway to Metur waa opened 19*0 1991 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 191.0*0 .. 209.940 .. 214.940 .. 224.040 .. 292JS0 .. 294490 .. 249.410 .. 247,140 .. 291.920 14.104 19,149 14.100 21.909 19.399 22.019 17.914 40.947 97.492 173.722 1*7.165 200.740 202.431 214.931 212.619 227.799 209.493 199.899 too-u 109*9 m-s 119*9 122*5 121*1 129-9 117-5 110-3 Iron and Steel Industry Committee, while on the other, the speakers were Sir George Julius, chair* man of the Standards Association of Australia, Sir Henry Barraclougb, dean of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, and Ur. C. Le Maistre, Director of the British Standards Institu* tion, who is at present in Australia* Mr. Runciman pointed out that the development of standardisation in the various parts of the Empire, upon the basis of close co-operation in establishing uniformstandard specifications, would contribute to the growth of inter-imperial trade, while Sir George Julius emphasised the growing realisation of the inter* dependence of the two countries, and the need that Great Britain should further extend her Empire markets. Not the least of the efforts being made towards that end was, he said, the work of the two Standards Associations, which for many yean had been studying each other's needs with a view to securing at & maximum efficiency and minimum cost the article or material, which would satisfy the user. Failure in this direction on the part of the British manufacturer had resulted in the loss of much possible trade in Australia, while primary producers in the latter country had equally failed to understand the markets in the Mother Country and had, therefore, found it difficult to meet com petition from others. This position could only be rectified by a whole-hearted and co-operative survey in April, 1929, and materials are now conveyed direct to Metur Dam station. The project includes a bydro-electrio power schema, by which It is hoped to generate 30,0Q0*h.p. continuously all the year round. The insertion into the dam of four rows of 8*ft. 6-in. diameter pipes, for the purpose, was begun in November, 1930. We hope to deal with this subject at length shortly. Another important portion of the work of the Department ia in connection with the restoration of the derelict tanks distributed over a wide area within the Presidency. The total area of land coming within the soope of the tank restoration scheme is 102,500 square miles, which, as will be seen, is twothirds of the area of the Presidency itself. Up till the end of March, 1930, restoration works had been completed over an area of 83,137 sq. miles, and, in addition, works had been put in hand, or were about to be commenced, oq * further 4,493 sq. mike of land. Consequently, some 86*49 per cent, of the total area comprised in the scheme had been dealt with by March 31, 1930. Rbqclations vox tor Asscstos Industry. The Home Secretary has issued a pamphlet of regulations relating to the Asbestos Industry, under Section 79 of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, three pages of which are concerned with the respon sibilities of occupiers and one-half a page with the duties of persons employed, the remainder * figures rttsU oaty to tbs wosUi of July la rscb year. Aa explained in previous articles, the Ministry of Labour figures in respect of 1928 to 1931 are not strictly comparable with those for previous years, in that they leave out of account all workpeople 65 yean of age and over, and youths under 16. Possibly, an addition of some 2,000 workpeople employed should be made on this account. The adjustment does not, however, affect materially the very decided recession shown in the above tebie. Nona of this recession ia probably allocable to the, aircraft industry, and a small amount only in the aggregate to the motor oyele and cycle industries. Although there waa still a net influx of workpeople into the industry, it was on a smaller scale than in recent years, and it waa insufficient to compensate the large increase in the number unemployed. The resulting figure of employment is lower than any year since 1924, and even allowing for the rapid technical advance in productive processes, indicates a marked decline in production aa compared with 1929. Private Cora--The revised figures of private-car production, published by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, Limited, in their annual review for the years up to and including 1928, and the figures for the yeanending September, 1929, 1930 and 1931, are given in Table II. of imperial market requirements and manufacturing being taken up by familiar persrabulatory matter. Taste IL--0utp*U 0/ Cart. possibilities, so that, as far as possible, those Assuming that brevity is more effective than requirements could be met by products from diffusenets, there is no objection to this. Indeed, within the Empire. It was the intention of the the whole pith of these regulations is comprised in Commonwealth Government to aaaist in the conduct the statement that the occupier is to provide 1929 1924... 1926... I92S... ... 71.394 ... 110.000 ... 122.000 ... 153,000 1927 1920 1929 1930 1931 ... ... ... ... ... ... 104,053 ... 105.332 ... 10.',250* ... 171,052* ... 150,290* of the work of the Standards Association of Austr* mechanical means for preventing the escape of Year adiag September 30. alia. Sir Henry BazTaclough stated that in that asbestos dust from the various machines into the The production year of the motor industry is country there were 500 committees dealing with room, and a breathing apparatus for each person from October 1 to September 30, owing to the neces various aspects of standardisation. That number employed in chambers where loose material is sity of regulating production in accordance with the might appear large, but it must be remembered prevalent, while the persons employed are to wear seasonal movement of demand and to the impetus that they were scattered over a continent the size that apparatus. If we regard the last stipulation given to the production of new models by the of Europe, which was divided into six self-governing as being the most important, it is because a long annual Motor Exhibition at Olympia, which is held Mtntcs. Air. Lo Muwtro uttered a warning to British study of the reports of H.M. Inspector of Factories at the beginning of October. Since the necessary muimfoutururs on thu iMwoatity o! adapting their luut convinced us iluti tltcro are few, if any, of tho date have been available, it has, therefore, been products to thespecial requireu>cnUof Australia, and methods pn>)>oecd for increasing tho safety of more uauful to cullato production figures on the added the good advioe that they should visit the workmen, which these workmen will not exercise basis of the production year. `Apart from tho slight country to see for themselves, if possible. We the greatest ingenuity to circumvent, when they overlap in 1028-29, this method does not vitiate commend this idvioe to our manufacturers. feel so disposed. That this view is also held by the comparison, and even in the year of transition little Irrigation Woixs ix Madras. authorities is shown by the fact that another difference would be made where the calendar year stipulation animadverts against the misuse of, or figures substituted for those of the production year. The Presidency of Madras is essentially an agri interference with, any appliance provided in pur The declinein production in thissection of the motor cultural region, 71 per cent, of its population being suance of these regulations. The processes covered industry ia in tins with tha decreased employment engaged in tilling the soil. The total area of the include the breaking, crushing, disintegrating sod noted above, and waa progressive throughout the province is 142,260 sq. miles and over 42 per cent, grinding of asbestos, the manufacture of asbestos year. Twelve monthly totals, however, show of this, namely, 39,260,000 acres, is under cultiva textiles and insulating materials, and the cleaning that tinoa October, 1931, the decline.has been tion ; a fair proportion of the remainder is forest of the equipment used for the collection of the dust arrested. Both aa regards the magnitude of the land. The fertility of the soil is greatly increased The regulations are published by H.M. Stationery decline and the recent improvement, these results by irrigation, and this has long been recognised by Office, as Statutory Rides and Orders, 1931, No. 1140, are highly satisfactory, especially if comparison is the industrious Madrasi agriculturist. About a; ataprioeof2d.net made with the position of the motor industries of quarter of the sown area ia systematically irrigated other countries. Indeed, during some weeks ot and does not, therefore, depend on the adequacy November, 1931, it waa not impossible that British of tho monsoons. For many years put a large Tax Bxoraaas Hawonra and Caamox "Woixa.-- production exceeded the production of the U.S.A., proportion of the irrigation works have been in the hands of the Madras Government and the annual Ueaar*. Carron Company. Carton. Falkirk, hsvs rsoantiy published the eighth of thsir attractive little pamphlets m the " Famous Men and Carron Works " senes. This which waa then* owing to shut-downs, running at some 7,000 units per week. Such a-, position is administration report of the Publio Works Depart desk with the work of William and Henry Haworth, certainly unprecedented, and perhaps unlikely to ment of the Presidency shows that 7,380,867 acres of land, representing 18*8 per cent, of the total who war* designers and wood carvers at Canon. Illustrations of several outstanding examples of their ornamental earrings* and of the castings made from recur, but it ia sufficiently striking to be noticed, and would not have been considered within the cropped area, were irrigated by Government works them in the foundry, are included ia the pamphlet. bounds of possibility three years ago. The new I Oct. 14, 1932 THE ENGINEER 381 Railway and Road Matters. Notes and Memoranda. Miscellanea. The L.M.S. ia making experiment* both in England and There are, it is said, 140 million people in the world It is proposed to construct a bridge across the Krishna Scotland with vehicle* equipped to spray weed-killer who listen in to wireless transmission. The value of wire River at Karad, in Madras. over the tracks a* they go along. The weed-killer train consists of an engine, a brake van and a wagon fitted with a large tank and a spray-pipe controlled by a man riding on the wagon. The late Sir Herbert Jekyll succeeded, in 1901, Mr. F. J. S. Hopwood a* Assistant Secretary, Bailway Depart ment . at the Board of Trade, and when the London Traffic less sets in commission is put at 200.000,000 and the cost of broadeasting at 30,000,000 a year. The steelwork of the new sixty-nine-storey Rockfeller building in New York was finished on September 29thTbe first foundation grillages were placed on February 8th. The building covers a plot 636ft. by 200ft., and con tain* 68,800 tons of steel. A BHiriREAKiHO yard ia being organised on the pre mise* of Richardeon, Puck and Co., at Thomaby.on-Tee*. Since tho beginning of 1932 thirty-one new manttfeettiring firms have started business in Greater Vancouver. A wkale oil refinery ia to be pot up at Churchill. Manitoba, by one of the largest soap makers of the world. Branch was formed in 1007 he was made its chief and A recipe for the removal of greasy or dirty finger The new mining and technical college, erected at s coat remained there until he retired, on reaching the age marks from drawings is given as follows m the JCttffineennf of 110,000, towards which a grant of 15.000 was made limit, attheendof 1011. Ntvt-Record:--Pisco sheets of blotting paper over and from the Miner*' Welfare Fund, was opened at Barnsley Speaking of a man who was killed in walking home under the stained portion. Lay powdered magnesia on October 10th. through some siding* instead of by a quite convenient public road, Mr. J. L. M. Moore said in a recent report: 14 Ft > almost incredible that men should take such Tisks, but this regrettable occurrence brings to light the fset that <nmr have done ao in the pa*t in spite of warnings and rule* to the contrary." ' Following our note of August 6th, we ean now Announce that after negotiations lasting twelve years, four trunk-line railway system* in the eastern part of on the stain and under it, then press the blotting paper with a hot iron. When the powder is shaken off the stain will be gone. To blacken brass for templet work, it should, according to C. R. Whitehouse. of Boston, Mass., first be thoroughly cleaned and then heated slowly over a charcoal fire. Care should be taken not to allow the bras* to touch the charcoal or to allow any spark* from the charcoal to como in contact with it, a* this will cause red spots. As soon as A NKW type of the three-motor Fokker monoplane is being produced to enable the Royal Dutch Air Line to ftv in five da)* from Holland to the Dutch East Indies with mails and passengers. Thn Canadian Government propose* to construct a chain of airway landing fields from coast to coast rM Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, Leth bridge, and Vancouver. the United States have been merged into one system the brass has a slightly red hue, dip it into nitric acid and The new bridge which is being built acres* the Danube vnhtcd at 8,090,000,000 dollars (1,900.000,000 at par). reheat It until it is just short of being red. Rub it strongly near Belgrade is 4900ft. long and about 40ft. wide. Ft is The railways are: The New York Central, the Pennsyl with * stiff bristle brush and clean with a greasy cloth. to carry two railway tracks Mid two roadways and include* vania, thn BaUimnm and Ohio, and the Chcaapeako and This gives a dead Mack finish, permanent enough for any seven spans of 530ft. each. Ohio. lay-out work. It is proposed by tho Soviet Government to construct a A letter in The Timet of October 9th suggests that It would appaar from a note in the Journal oj Com- series of power stations on the river* Vytegra, Meta, and railways could find a source of economy in omitting the mere* that a considerable advance in the technique of Lovet, in the Valdai district. The largest would be one lettering " Railway" from their carriages, e.ff., soldering aluminium has been achieved by Mr. E. Jones, at Damyantk, of 250,000 kW. " Southern," instead of " Southern Railway." We may point out in this connection, that Section 121 of the Railway Clauses Act, 1845, requires the owner's name to l>e painted in legible characters on some conspicuous part of the outside of every such carriage to as to be always open to view." A mobile fleet of thirty " warehouses on wheels," for providing emergency or temporary warehouse accom modation at outlying stations, where there is no warehouse >r where the existing accommodation is fully occupied, of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Liverpool. He usee a sharp-edged bit made of steel, which is surrounded by a Bunsen flame. The bit is used to scrape off the oxide film which naturally forms on the surface of the aluminium, and plain tin is applied to the surface of the metal within the flame. It is said that the tinning of the aluminium is quite effective and obviously provides a basis for a soldered joint. Working in cooperation with refinery engineer* of the U.S. Bureau of Mines. O. H. Schoenwatd and O. M. Ford The first potash concentration factory in the U.S.S.R. is being started in 8otikamsk this month. The factory is equipped with the most modem apparatus. Its capacity ia 300,000 tons of potash fertiliser a year. It ts proposed by the British Cadastral and Topographic Air Survey Company, Ltd., of London, to organise m Vancouver a plant for the production of accurate maps. It is said that some 300,000 dollars will be expended on the achems. 1ms been introduced by the L.M.S. Railway in severs! have developed a method of removing hydrogen sulphide A memorandum on " The Industrial Diseases of Silicosis important areas, including North Wales, Leicester, Bristol, Northampton, and Stoke-on-Trent. These mobile warehouses are converted parcels brake vans or passenger from natural gas, based on reaction with lime. Treatment of the gas to remove the hydrogen sulphide was accom plished by scrubbing the gas with a solution of sodium and Asbestosis " has been issued by tbe Home Office (Stationery Office, 3d. net). The memorandum states that 44 respirators ean nsvar be regarded as a substitute for vehicles, and are placed in wayside goods yards with a chloride and calcium hydroxide. The salt solution appre exhaust ventilation." ' railway aiding adjacent, so that freight can be unloaded ciably increases the solubility of lime is water up to a Ownto to the success attending the previous com direct from the wagons. certain percentage, and thus a smaller volume is required petitions, the Institution of Welding Engineer* has The census of railway servants as on March 12th last, to remove a given amount of hydrogen sulphide. The derided to offer again the gold medal of the Institution *hows that there were 697.071 employed a* compared treating plant consisted essentially of a scrubbing device and a prite of 10 10a. for the best paper by a working with 615,902 in March, 1031. a decrease of 17,621. The for contacting the gas with the solution and a aeries of welder on " Improvement* in Welding Practice." L.M. and 8. had, roughly, 7000 less, the L. and N.E. 000. the Great Western 4000 and the Southern 300. in all the railways there were 1330 fewer drivers and 1342 1ms firemen, but as an increase of 1099 is recorded in engine cleaners it would seem that many driver* now rank a* firemen and firemen as put back to the cleaners* grade. There are 1776 fewer permanent way men and 3300 Ipm shop and artisan staff. * The proposals for a National Transport Board came Ivfnrc the Labour Party Conference on October 6th. and rail for mention here because of the opinion expressed b.v many of the speakers that the trades unions should be consulted by the Minuter of Transport before any appoint tanks for making up or settling the treating solution. Pavements and lawns are no longer tom up in Baltimore when the gas company finds it necessary to change the pipe* entering the premise* of consumers. Instead of digging up the old service pipes for their entire length, with considerable damage to streets and yards, the new method involves only a small opening in the paving where the service pipe connects with the main. Tnrough this opening the workmen cut off a 4ft. length of the service pipe. They also disconnect the house end and attach a length of now service pipe at the point of this disconnection. A palling apparatus is then used for pulling the old service pipe towsrd the main, and 3ft. Work has been started on the further development of the Pykara hydroelectric scheme in Madras in connection with a dam across the river near Mukurti, with the object of increasing the storage rapacity. So far the work has consisted principally of surveying and boring, and the results are said to be promising. It is stated that more than 7 mile* of welding are involved in the construction of the new airship hangar at Sunnyvale, California. The dimensions of this structure will be about 1200ft. in length by 308ft. in width by 225ft. in height, and it.will have the world's largest single unobstructed floor area, nearly 300,000 square feet. ment was made to the Board. Among those who supported or 4ft. sections are cut on at the opening in the paving Accoroinq to the Geological Survey of the United the contention that the membership should be left with as the pulling proceeds, while 20ft. sections of toe new State* Department of the Interior, the Federal Govern he Minister and that the appointments be on " appro pipe are added at the house end. This continue* until ment now haa reserved 6,679,761 acre* of land in twenty- priate. grounds of ability." was Mr. Herbert Morrison, the entire replacement ha* been effected.' As much as one states and 447,759 acres in Alaska for future power the Minister of Transport in the last Labour Government, 100ft. of new- pipe has been pulled in this way without reservoir*. These are said to be capable o! producing and the representative of the National Union of Railway- disturbing lawn or shrubbery. 15,000,000 H.P. when economic conditions warrant. men and of the Raitway Clerks* Association. The Asso ciated .Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen, along with the Transport Workers' Union, supported the Amendment, and, in the end, the Conference executive withdrew the proposals for further consideration. Salamanders, lizard-like amphibians, hare been shown to be responsible for the presence of coion bociUi in water obtained, from spring* otherwise free from bacterial pollution. A description of laboratory experiments and Held studies on " Salamander* and Water Hygiene" Tee Polish authorities are preparing a plan for the establishment of a submarine cable connection with the northern countries, so as to be able to get direct com munication and thus avoid the German Tines. The pro posal takes the form of the Laying of a cable from Gyania IN connection with the extension of the Southern appeared in Natural Hittory. Controlled experiments to Bornholm, whenos the traffic would be continued by Company's electrification southwards from Coulsdon to in tbe laboratory showed that one salamander excreted way of the cables which lie between Bornholm and Brighton and Worthing, automatic signals, of the colour- a sufficient number of colon bacilli per day to contaminate Denmark and Sweden. light type, were brought into use between Coulsdon and 237 gallon* of water heavily enough to be considered For the purpoee of hauling pip* acres* the desert for Bnlcombe Tunnel on June 6th. and thenee to Haywards dangefpos for human consumption. It is believed that the construction of the Iraq oil pipe line the Mormon- Heath a week later. The signalling hassinee been extended salamanders act as reservoirs or incubators, and having Herrington Company, of America, has supplied a petrol- to Preston Park, and that section was opened on October one* been infected with B. coli through their feeding driven vehicle with sixteen poeomatic-tired wheels. The 7th. Brighton Station itself is being opened on Sunday habits while away from the spring, continue to excrete tractor unit has six wheels and came* the front end of a next, the 16th. The six signal-boxes there wilt be replaoed them e* long a* there is material is tbe salamander's four-wheeled trailer. Behind there is towed a six-wheel by one central signal-cabin, which will contain a locking stomach or intestines to supply nourishment to the trailer. The equipment will carry 40 tons and has a total frame of 225 levers, the interlocking of which will be bacteria. Autopsies performed auring the summer showed length of 100ft. The maximum speed t* about 30 miles effected electrically, instead of, as for the last ninety a marked increase in the amount of food and the number per hour. years, mechanically. The frame being built by the IVcstinghouse Brake and Saxby Signal Company, and will have the unusual feature of being in three section*-- a central and two side eeetions; the latter are at an angle of 120 deg. to the centre section. This arrangement will give t he signalmen a greater command of the station and is only possible by the interlockingbeing actuated electrically. of colon boei8 la the stomach and intestinal tracts. It is concluded that salamanders play an important rdU in causing oertain water supplies to appear polluted, thus making if difficult to interpret the evidence of contamination. Tee results of investigations, which are given in a Bulletin just issued by the Forest Products Research A new reinforced concrete bridge ia being built across the river Mersey between Latchford and Howley by Merer*. Bolton and Lakin, of Birmingham. The pre liminary work, such as excavating and othsr operations below water and ground level, is now completed, but it wlQ take probably another eight month* before the bridge a ready for opeemg. Tbe whole ef the steel work for the Part of the new signalling at the King's Gross terminus 8eetion of th Department of Scientific and Industrial centering, e., it being supplied by the Pearson and nf the London and North-Eastern Railway, referred to Research, indicate that a quality of home-grown Scots Knowlet Engineering Company, Ltd. herein on September I6th was brought* into use on October 2nd, and the remainder will be opened on the 30th. The work done on the Conner date waa attended with very* unfortunate delays to trains, which conditions were still being felt on Thursday, the 6th. From the explanations given to the Press by the railway company rit would appear that there waa no delay in carrying out the vast alteration, but that the disorganisation mainly was due to a too fine adjustment of some of the electrical ar and to the method employed for working those pine timber, equal to that of good quality imported red or yellow deal of joinery grade, can be produced in this country, but the rate ol growth must not be excessive-- that is, the timber should contain on an average twelve rings or over per inch radius. As no very alow home.grown timber was tested, it is not possible to state whether the choicest grades of the imported qualities can be produced in the British Isle*. On the other hand, where strength is of primary consideration, an average of nine rings per inch radius is permimihle, though the optimum strength Construction work on the Moscow underground is showing fair progress. The first line, which is to connect the Sokolnilnr district with Krimsky-square, has been divided into five sections. Preparatory work is practically completed, the foundations of the house* under which tho subwav is to bs built have been tested, the ground investigated, and drilling is going on at the points where stations are to be situated. Considerable progress has been made in the building of one station. nnections which have one set of points in one line is not reached until the growth has slowed down to approxi ' Tee official returns rendered to the Electricity Com -nrl another ret in a second line, ana where both work mately twelve rings to tho inch. A rate of growth faster missioners show that 922 million units of electricity were together by one lever. There is an eleetria motor at jach then nine rings per ineh, not only means a rapid falling generated by authorised undertaken m Great Britain -set of points ; these usually work in series, but at King's off in strength, but an equally rapid falling off in general during tbe month of September, 1032, a* compared with Cross they were made to work in parallel, and, unfor quality and appearance, and tbe possibility of tbe use of the revised figure of 876 million units in the corresponding tunately, uniform operation did not follow. The incon such timber for better-class work is correspondingly month of 1031, or an increase of 8-4 per cent. During venience to the public was not, however, as great as that limited.* The investigation has clearly brought out that the first nine months of 1932 up to the end of September at Waterloo in May, 1892, when the opening of a new home-grown Scots pine timber grown in different localities the total amount of electricity generated by authorised signnl-lmx led to the London and South-Western Company varies considerably in weight and ranges from 25 lb. undertakers was 8632 million unit*, ss compared with the i-uing a notice warning the public 'to be prepared for to 46 lb. per cubio foot at a moisture oontont of 12 to 16 revised figure of 8058 million units for tho corresponding iMava and when many inward trains did not travel nt. The report can he obtained from H.M. Stationery period of 1931, representing an increaaa of 574 million further than Yauxhall. ` i, price 5a. net. : unit*or7*l percent. Oct. 14, 1932 THE ENGINEER 381 Railway and Road Matters. Notes and Memoranda. Miscellanea. The L.M.S. is making experimente both in England and Tmim are, it is said, HO million people in the world It is proposed to construct a bridge acme# the Krishna Scotland with vehicles equipped to- spray weed-killer who listen in to wireless transmission. Tne value of wire* River at Kared, in Madras. over the tracks as they go along. The weed-killer train consult* of att engine, a brake van and a wagon fitted with a targe tank and * rpray.pfp# controlled by a man ruling on the wagon. The late Sir Herbert Jekyll succeeded, la 1901, Mr. less ssts in eommisrion is put at 200,000,000 and the cost of broadcasting at 30,000.000 a year. Tin steelwork of the new sixty-mne-etorey Rockfelter building fa New York was finished on September 26th. The first foundation grillages were placed on February A SNirsaxAXtira yard k bring organised on the nremires of Richardson, Durk and Co., at Thomaby-on-lW. Sure* tho beginning of 1932 thirty-one new menu* factoring firms have started business in Greater Vancouver. F. J. S. Hopwood as Assistant Secretary, Railway Depart* 9th. Ths buildmg covers a plot 535ft. by 200ft., and con* A wxalx oil refinery is to be put up at ChureWU. mrnt, at the Board of Trade, and when the London Traffic tains 58,000 tons of steel. Manitoba, by one of the largess soap makers of the woriri. RratirU tree formed in 1907 he waa made its chief and remained there until he retired, on reaching the age Imut.attheendof 1911. A esctts foe the removal of greasy or dirty Anger Tits new mining and technical collexe* erected at a cost marks from drawing* is given aa follows tn the ffnfincmnf; of 110,900, towards which a grant of 15,000 wae made .Vttre-ffecord:--Place sheets of blotting paper over and i from the Miner*' Welfare Fund, wae opened at Barn*ley Speakino of a man who was killed in walking home under the stained portion. Lay powoered magnesia! on October 10th. '' through some sidings instead of by a quite convenient public road, Mr. J. L. M. Moore said in a recent report: " It is almost incredible that men should take such risks, but this regrettable occurrence brings to light the fact that imc hive done so in the past in spite of warnings and rules i to the contrary." Focaowcno our not# of August 6th, wa ean now1 announce that after negotiations lasting twelve years, j four trunk-line railway systems in the eastern part of on the stain and under it, then press ths blotting paper | with a hot iron. When the powder k shaken oft ths stain. will be gone. i To blacken brass for templet work, it should, according' to C. R. Whitahouae, o! Boston, Mass., first be thoroughly 1 cleaned and then heated slowly over a charcoal fire, i Care should be taken not to allow the braes to touch the charcoal or to allow any sparks from ths charcoal to como I in contact with it, as this will cats*# red spots. As soon as A hew type of the three-motor Fokker monoplane w being produced to enable the Royal Dutch Air Line to Ay in five days from Holland to the Dutch East Indies with mails and paasangere. The Canadian Government prupocre to construct a chain of airway landing fletda from coast to roast rid Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, Leth bridge, and Vancouver. the United States have been merged into on# system I the brass has a slightly red hue, dtp it into nitric acid and Ths new bridge which is bring built serose the Danube valued at 8,000,000.000 dollars (1,600.000,000 at par).! reheat it until it k just short of being red. Rub it strongly near Belgrade is 4900ft. long and about 40ft. wide. It w The railways are: The New York Contra), the Pennsyl* I with a stiff bristle brush and clean with a greasy rlnth. to carry two railway tracks arid two roadways and mchntr* \Hiiia. the Baltimore ami Ohio, and the Chesapeake and This gives a dead Mark finish, permanent enough foe any seven spans of 530ft. each. Ohio. lay-out work. It k proposed by the Soviet Government to construct a A Mrrrn* in Th Tinut of October 6th suggests that It would appose from a note in the Journal of C'om- cries of power stations on the riven Vytegra, Meta, and railways could find a source of economy in omitting the ewres that a considerable achraooe in the technique of Lovet, m th* Valdai district. The largest would be one lettering " Railway" from their carriage*, .?. soldering aluminium has been achieved by Mr. . Jon**, at Damyanak, of 350,000 kW. ``Southern," instead of "Southern Railway." Wa may point out in this connection, that Section 111 of the Railway Clauses Act, 1846, requires tbs owner's name to l* painted in legible character* on some conspicuous part of the outside of every such carriage so as to be always of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Liverpool. He uses a sharp-edged bit made of steel, which is surrounded by a Bunsen Aarae. The bit is used to scrape off the oxide film which naturally forma on the surface of the aluminium, and plain tin k applied Ths (bet potash concentration factory in the UJI.8.R. k being started in Solikamsk thk month. The factory is equipped with the most modem apparatus. Its capacity k 300.000 tone of potash fertiliser a year. pen to view." I to the surface of the metal within the flame. It is said A Mostcc fleet of thirty " warehouses on wheels," for i that the tinning of the aluminium k quite effective and providing emergency or temporary warehouse seeom- obviously provides a bask for a soldered joint. modation at outlying stations, where*there is no warehouse ! Womowo in ookiperation with refinery engineers of the <>r where the existing accommodation is fully occupied, U.8. Bureau of Mines, O. H. Schoenwaid and O. M, Ford It k proposed by the British Cadastral and Topographic Air Survey Company, Lt<L, of London, to organise m Vancouver a plant for the production of accurate mean, lt k eaid that some 900,000 dollar* will be expended on the scheme. line been introduced by the L.M.S. Railway in several have developed a method of removing hydrogen sulphide A wmoeayptm on " The Industrial Diesarea of Sllieoek important areas, including North Wales, Leicester, from natural gas, based on reaction with lima* Treatment and Aebeetoek" has been treued by tba Home Office Bristol, Northampton, and 8tok*-on-Trent. Theee mobile warehouses are converted parcels brake vans or pamangar of ths gas to remove the hydrogen sulphide was accom plished by scrubbing ths gas with a solution of sodium (Stationary Office, 3d. net). Th* memorandum states that " respirator* can never be regarded ee a substitute for vehicles, snd sre placed in wayside goods yarae with a chloride sod calcium hydroxide. The salt solution appro* exhaoee ventilation." railway siding adjacent, so that freight can be unloaded ciably increases the solubility of lime in water up to a Ownre to the eucoere attending the previous eotn- direct from the wagons. certain percentage, and thus a smaller volume k required petitions, the Institution of Welding Engineers he* The census of railway servants as on March 17th last, to remove a given amount of hydrogen sulphide. The decided to offer again the gold medal of the Institution Mtow* that there were 697,971 employed aa compared treating plant consisted essentially of a scrubbing devien and n pries of 10 10*. for the beet paper by e working with 615,902 in Mareh, 1931, a decrease of 17,621. The for contacting the gas with the solution and a aeries of welder on " Improvement* in Welding Practice." T..M. and S. had. roughly, 7000 less, the L. and N.E. 6000. the Great Western 4000 and the Southern 300. On all the railway* there were 1330 fewerdriver*and 1342 lrs firemen, but aa an increase of 1099 t* recorded m engine cleaners it would seem that many drivers now rank a* firemen and firemen aa put back to the cleaner*' grade. Thera are 1776 fewer permanent way men and 3300 !e*a hnp and artisan staff. * The proposals for a National Transport Board came before the Labour Party Conference on October 6th, and pMI for mention here because of the opinion expressed hv many of tho speakers that the trades unions should be consulted by the Min inter of Transport before any appoint* tanka for making up or settling the treating solution. Pavsxxnts and lawns are no longer tom up in Baltimore when the gas company finds it necessary to change ths pipes entering the premises of consumer*. Instead of digging up the old service pipes (or their entire length, with considerable damage to streets and yards, the new method involves only a email opening m thepaving where the service pipe connects with the main. Tnraugn thk opening the workmen cut off a 4ft. length of the service pipe. They also disconnect the house end and attach a length of new service pipe at th* point of thk disconnection. A pulling apparatus k then used for pulling ths old service pme toward the main, and 3ft. Woax hae been started on the further development of the Pykara hydro-electric scheme in Madras 2a connection with a dam across the river near Mukurti. with the objeet of increasing the storage rapacity. So far the work, has consisted principally of surveying end bonng, and'the result* ere *aid to be promising. It ie stated that more than 7 miles of welding are involved in the construction of the new airship hangar at Sunnyvale. California. The dimensions of this structure will be about 1290ft. in length by 308fl. in width by 325ft. in height, and it will have the world's largest aingk unobstructed floor area, nearly 300,000 equal* feet. ment was made to the Board. Among thoea who supported or 4ft. seotiona are cut off at the opening tn the paring Accoxonro to the Geological 8urrey of the United the contention that the membership should be left with aa the pulling proceeds, while 20ft. seotiona of tba now States Department of the Interior, the Federal Govern (hr Minister and that the appointment* be on " appro* pip* are added at the house end. Thk continues until ment now has reserved 6,579.781 acres of land in twenty- priate grounds of ability," was Mr. Herbert Morrison, the entire replacement has bean effected. Aa much aa one states and 447,758 scree in Alaska for future power the Minister of Transport in the last Labour Government, 100ft. of new pips haa been pulled tn thk way without I reservoir*. Theee are eaid to be capable of producing and the repreeentative of the National Union of Railway* disturbing lawn or ahrubbery. 115,000,990 H.P. when eeonomk conditions warrcat. mm and of the Railway Clerks* Association. The Aseo* riated Society of Locomotive Engineer* and Firemen, along with the Transport Workers* Union, supported the amendment, and, in the end, the Conference executive withdrew the proposals fnr further consideration. In connection with the extension of the Southern ffAbaxcAwons, to be reeponeibk lixard-Uk* amphibians, have been shown for the presence of o*k* bmcilU n water ; i Tn Polish establishment authorities are of a submarine preparing a plan for cable connection with the the obtained, from springe otherwise free from bacterial , northern countries, so ee to be abk to get direct com- pollution. A description of laboratory experiments and i montoatiow and thee avoid the German Tinea. The pro- field stadias on "Salamanders and Water Hygiene" i ppaat takes the Iona of the laying of a cabk from Oydaia appeared in Nahtcof History. Controlled experiments i to Bornholm, whence th* traffic would be continued by Company's electrification southward* from Coukdon to in the laboratory showed that one aelaaaadsr excreted way of the cables which 11* between Bornholm and Brighton and Worthing, automatic signals, of the colour* a sufficient number of colon bocitU per day to contaminate Denmark and Sweden. light type, were brought into use between Coukdon and 227 gaUoaa of water heavily enough to be considered Foa the purpose of hauling pipe eeroae the chase* for Balrombe Tunnel on June 5th. and thsnoe to Haywards rlingfifeea fee human coMumptfen. It k believed that the constresttoo of the Iraq ml pip* lb* th* Harmon- Heath a week later. The signalling haa since been extended ealamarider* act aa reservoir* or incubator*, and having Hampton Company, of America, hae supplied a petrol- to Preston Park* and that section wae opened on October ones bans fadeeted with B. cell throegh their feeding driven vehicle with sixteen pocumath-tired wheels. The 7th. Brighton Station itself k being opened on Sunday he bits whffa away from the spring, oonttaua to excreta tractor unit has etx whash and carries the front end of a next, the 16th. The six signal-boxes there v& be replaced them so long aa there k material in the salamander*# foor-wheekd trailer. Behind there k towed a eix-wheri by one central signal-cabin, which will contain a locking stomaeh or intestines to supply, nourishnit to the trader. Tho aqaipasent will earry 40 tons snd has a total frame of 225 lever*, the interlocking at which triQ be bacteria. Awl opaki performed annex ths summer showed length of 100ft. The maximum speed k about 30 mike effected electrically, instead of, as foe the leal ninety a marked ameases in the amount of food and dm number per hour. years, mechanically. The frame k being built by the U'estinghouse Brake and Saxby Signal Company, and will have the unusual feature of being in Usee sections a central and two aide seotiona; the latter at* at an angle of 120 deg. to the centre section. This arrangement wifi give the signalmen a greater command of the station and k only possible by the interlocking beingactuated electrically. of ask* ftariflf In ths stomach and talariInal track, it k concluded that salamanders ptey an important rtls in eeariag weilek water suppbae to acpier polluted, thus raakaeg H difficult to interpret the evidence of oentamanetfen. Tan rreufta of investigations, which are given 2a n Bulletin juet honed by the Forest Products Research A wsw rebfcreed concrete bridge k being took scroee the river Heresy between Latehfovd and Howky by Mane. Bolton and Lakh, of Birmingham The pre liminary work, sock aa excavating and other operetbae below water tad ground level, k now completed, bat it will take probably another eight months before the bridge m ready for opening. The whole of the steel work for the P \kt of the new signalling at the King's Cross terminus Section of the Department of Sekatlfie and Industrial centering, he., k Being supplied by the Prerene and of the London and North-Eastern Railway, referred to Research, indicate that a quality of home-grown Soots Knowles Engineering Company, Ltd. herein on September 16th, was brought into use on October 2nd, and the remainder will be opened on the 30th. The work done on the former data waa attended with very unfortunate delay* to trains, which eooditioae wrre still being felt on Thursday, the Pth. From the explanations given to the Press by ths railway company it would appear that there was no delay in carrying out the va*t alteration, but that ths disorganisation mainly wm due to a too fine adjustment of some of the electrical rar and to the method employed for working those pine timber, equal to that o( good quality imported red or yellow dial of joinsiy grade, can be produced in this oountry, but the rate of growth must not be excessive that k the timber should contain on an average twelve rings or over per inch radius. Anno very slow home-grown timber was tested, it k not poseibk to state whether the chciceet grades of tba imported qualities can be produced in the British Isles. On the other hand, where strength k of primary consideration, an average of nine rings per inch radius k pecmueuble, though the optimum strength CoaeiapcTios work on the Meeoow underground k hewing fair progrem. The first lb*, which k to connect tba Sokctniky iTlatrirt with Krimeky-eqoare, has been dividedintoflvsmirttone Preparatory workkpractically completed, th* fooiulettone of the houses tinder which the eubwav is to be built hav* been tested, the ground investigated, and drilling k going on at th* point* where etalbne are to b* actuated. Considerable program hae been made th* bnikling of on* station. nnnrctions which have one set' of points in one line is not reached until the growth has slowed down to approxi Tmm official returns rendered to the Electricity Com- and another set in a second line, ana where both work mately twelve rings to tho inch. A rats of growth fester mkriooere show that 922 million unit* of electricity were together by one lever. There is an electrio motor atreaeh then nine rings per inch, not only means a rapid falling generated by authorised undertaker* in Great Britain wt of point#: theee usually work in aeries, but at King*# off in strength, but an equally rapid falHng off in general daring tba month of September, 2932, as compared with Cross they were mad# to work in parallel, and, unfor quality and appearance, and tba poaribillty of the use of the revised figure of 875 million unit* in the corresponding tunately, uniform operation did not follow. The taeon- such timber for better-clam work is correspondingiy month of 1931, or an Increase of 8*4 per cent. During venieueo to the public was not, however, aa great aa that limited.* The investigation has dearly brought out that the Aral nine monDw of 1932 up to the end of September at Waterloo in May, 1892, when the opening of a new home-grown Soots pine timber grown in different localities the total amount of electricity generated by authorised 'tpnal-lKiK led to the London and South-Western Company varies oonetderebly in weight add ranges from 291b. undertakers wm 8832 million usHa. aa compared with the wiling a notice warning the public to be prepared for to 45 lb. per cubic foot at a moisture content of 12 to 15 revised figure of 8088 million unita (or th* corresponding delay* and when many inward trains dki not travel percent. The report ran he obtained from H.M. Stationery period of 1931, representing an increase of 574 million further than Yanxhatl. Office, price 5. net. unite or 7 I per rent.