Document 8RpDaBJNymY7Zvk9R6rEGZZb5

^ k- ^ .-**VfVtF^Si^^^ 7 wJJajry- *7 '/ r : --v^ *jtS&h: _ -. *:*.--* r-'*t*>r..;-/.: LABORATORY C\J 3 v)^At4 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA Department of Labor and Industry RALPH M. BASHORE. Secretorv Special Bulletin 42 ASBESTOSIS Part II. The Nature and Amount of Dust Encountered in Asbestos Fabricat ing Plants. The Effects of Exposure to Dust Encountered in Asbestos Fabricat ing Plants on the Health of a Group ofwodw?^.,* nncil^ENT Clip i rfibivi rVG FILE 3| COMMON ^'E ALTH OF rESN'SVL VAX1 A Department of Labor asp Industry Asbestosis Part II. The Nature and Amount of Dust Encountered in Asbestos Fabricat ing Plants. Part III. The Effects of Exposure to Dust Encountered in Asbestos Fabricat ing Plants on the Health of a Group of Workers. by William B. Fi itos, M. D., CW/of InJu.'rrj.i.' Alias Dooley, Ou*mr Jl*LIA L. MATTHEVi, Ph. D.. Chd71>.<t Robert L. Holtz, OiCT.wr GC VMJ INDUSTRIAL hYGJENE SECTION BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS 7~b"0005320"T ASBESTOSIS--Part II. The Nature and Amount of Dus*. Encountered in Asbestos Fabricating Plants. 1 NTkonuCTlfiN In 1934 the Department of Labor and lr.du-tr\ of tinwealth of Peitn>vlvania rrciiwd a rcquc-t for inf--rt::;.;:..-i. relative Pennsylvania. The Department had no data available, and a review of the literature at that time reveal- d a scarcity of ir.f--rm.atior: or. the general subject of asbestos pneumokuniosis. Because of thi> lack of information, the industries in the State were consulted, and their cooperation was obtained to conduct a survey, which would include an evaluation of the hazard from the standpoint of the de cree of dustiness and the * *p1 hysi_ca__l _co_en_lde_v_itii_o_rnc oa_f_n_dt1hee_n_wu_o-1hrk-_ve_er_ss. An that Second line change "lees" to "greater." O Page 24. Third paragraph, first line chang0*eA "t+hreaeW" Atoa. fe"jtwo.k" ers. TOgCUiCl nun j^,***w _ _ McConnell, and Fehnel (66) have recently published a prenininu: v report of a comprehensive survey on this subject. The industry in this State consists mainly of several fabricating plants engaged in the making of asbestos cloth, brake lining, in sulating tape, asbestos rope and wick, and other miscellaneous prod ucts. According to the 1931 Pennsylvania Industrial Directory .61 there are approximately two thousand persons engaged in the manu facture of asbestos products in Pennsylvania. The nature of asbestos dust is such that many of the standard procedures used for other dusts could not be used. Change* in the accepted standard method were required in the collection, count ing. and particle size determination of the dust. In Pan I of thic report (41) the method of collection and counting of dust en countered in this study was described and summarized.* * Stm[-)n of doit taken to plant* for labrlcatinr atbestor product* acre coll-ctm bp modified form of tb* ataodard method. ualot a eC p* n [ 8, p rtsv- aiii.hul a- a mad-uni. Id tbfa medium the partial** ware vail di*trit d aod readilx c.-unt-d tvi,> t. dlatiliad water waa ntlllti-d a* Uia coUeotiac medium atrlomaration orcurrad imm. i:at-!. and mad* countiD* lmpoaalble Dlaparaiot, of tha dual to alcohol la n-.tl A **til.i>E i.;:of at taaat thirty minute war required before counting Tbe partitl- count In ana c't-: field remained conatant al'fr tbla period A modified bolrter if darcril-r.l It It coni-r^m.: of leather atrap*. Id auch a way that tbe fluid Id the Impinyer fiaik it 3 BB 000532) \ cu 1 U\J ,\4 t lVi'li:i:r*; r\ tin <`w!3 i i* *;, mi >.*`j)KTic du*l ^ur:,\ ! - :?. nf j]k ifi:r plant- im'ndid u. ".:. -ni\e_\, general i:.: : v.- >l>t;:ii: -1 C"1mti.!!i; all <; pi.'.nt hegiem. v.rd ri:*r encetuthe gem :;n i * ; tin number am! V ;- : ti-M'.'. \ eurdatn "! v :!-. illumu:;. etc. Til. C'>!k <: m ;: j b.n* -rr: ' ; -r operati";- di; .art im nt. A e !> : -tud;. * rf ea-.va- mah. noting ii. <:* t:i'! tin ii:.v;-i th- ' irk. ap; r.-v:. r> tjnired l *r (..if!. op.-ra: mt.. ami - Mi the pr.ici-- that -an - jilt.- collected would be reji'i-i mi:.;;'.t tin. actual exp-ur* to dust. rWT.VTV - i.ih A-IT.-Tn- Ti. i. uri i.iii it- c<-nr.i."via' --M-e b...--Tv applied t<. a g;r*nUttMi ev..':; Hmi ineral- with a mm ha , mg m c .m- ninu. itbr.i ii- ucture. and p--e-s;:.g n.i.r-- nr U-- rv-t-tance ti tthe aacct)t'i,n'-.;*:, ouf fire aii-'; acid Ti.t ll'.m mm-ral gr-np- ari-: 1. .hltlli'j'!'.} ji:ti--I Mg Fe > 5lO.. 2. Amjihili 'le or Hornblende--Silicates of Ft. Ca. Mg 3. Serpentine--b.21]/.1. Tlu- three type - ed a-ht-t'.i.- "rdtnarih u-. 1 in mam.::;,.-turing are chry-otik . erm id-'bn . and ani'-Ue Crocnlulitc ihluc n-1--t.- a:.: anionite, a tell--tv eir brown variety, of creci*J-*Iiie. but-:. betthe amj'hibnle or hornblende group. The principal source o: the latter two varietie- is. at present. Rhodesia. South Africa. Chr>? " tile. a mineral of the serpentine group, comprise- the hulk 'ab.ut 95'c i of tlie a-hestiof commerce. Only relatively small amounts of crucidi.ilitt and antosiie are Used in comparison to the quar.tttv Ol din nCitile. Tlie princijial source of chn sotile is the Thetford recin:: Can ada. about forty-five mik- si.mtl'. nf Ouehec. The United State- due.not rank high as a producer of a'he~tns. tin dome.-iic output In mg less than three j.cr cent nf thi anmur.t used in it- ashe-tor manu facturing industries (l('*i. X" asbesto- is mined in I'cnnsvIvauia. although, small ami-uni- ha\i been tnum! in serpentine quarr-.efrom time to time. No attempt ha- ever been made to separate the asbestos from the serpentine in the-e quarries. Arm-ma an ': Ver mont supply the bulk of asbestos mined in this counm. T.A1U-1 1-TVl'liM1 A.VAl.Y-l- 0} CURYsi'iTlir rt-n Al." 4** u- NnOoTtEC: OTMH:E3 DOCUMENT DIB FROM PPG FILES ^ . .yi oo r-'u rsrSsus-1 In tlu- Canadian dep<*'it? the cliryiotilf* is found in vein- from one-eighth inch to six inclu- in length. occurring as band- in the MTjii-miiii ruck. TIm mineral i- generally a dark to blacki-h-greer* lustrou? color, although when the fibers are separated ir.t<> fine filaments. they arc while. Tlu filler' are very fine, silky, Soft, greasy and slippery t<i the touch. They cannot be separated into a single fiber like cotton or wool. Chemically, chrysotilt is a hydrated silicate of magnesium with small amount' of oxide.' of iron and aluminum. There art many published analyse' of chryxitile from the Thttford region, and they appear to vary but little. Table I give- eight typical analyser of chrysotib- (9?i. The silica shown in the analyses in Table I does not exi't a* free silica. It is chemically combined with the bases in a complex molecule. Sample.' of du?t collected in the workers* breathing 2one with the electric precipitator (30> were analy zed petrographically and were fuund to contain no free silica.* The chrysotile of commerce is classified in two general grades, depending on the length of the fibers. Crude fiber consists of the hand-separated and -selected material essentially in its native or unfiberized form. Mill fiber includes all grades that are obtained bymechanical crushing of the rock and subsequent mechanical sep aration of the fiber. Crude No. 1 consists 01 fiber whose length is 24 inch and longer; Crude Xo. 2 ranges in length from inch up to inch. Mill fiber includes all fibers less than it inch in length. The spinning quality of asbestos fiber depends primarily on its length. Consequently, the best grade? of asbestos textiles are made from the crude fiber. The shorter fiber? are used in cheaper grades of textiles and in the manufacture of asbestos shingles, paper, plas ter, and cement. Description of Process Preparation--Crude fiber as received from the mines has under gone no treatment other than hand-hammering to remove tht rock from the fiber, after which it is sorted and ?creened. It is received at the plant in burlap bags, each containing one hundred pound?. The fibers must first be separated and loosened to remove rock par ticles. This operation is done in what is known to the industry as a "preparing room" A number of bags, sufficient for on? batch, are opened and dumped on the floor of the preparing room. The fiber is fed into rim-wheel crushers and crushed for about fifteen minutes. These crushers have two heavy rollers attached to a radial axle, and revolve on a smooth surface on which the a'be.-to? is placed. After the fibers have been crushed and loosened suffi ciently, they are fed into the hopper of an opener or fiberizer. usually of the Saco-Lowell type. This operation serves to further open the fibers. From the opener, the asbestos is discharged onto a rectangular shaker screen where small pieces of stone, foreign material, and some of the dust are removed. The asbestos is lifted from the screen by air suction and conveyed to storage bins. It is then ready for mixing with cotton. TW PfOGZTiphlf nml> Bxrtn.f Lbofiorj, IV; onpf riliTmifipifltniHwp?trrurnognmduprtWf -brboDrr.ta2d. ElsduQA*Uti?o. rx, of thr lDduirl! zjmen Ui - not com M PPG FILES CG Ai^-r^vPgm' * 7 l>' . * - >0vj">fL'*.*r~3 cu Mill fiber, because of the mechanical crushing and separation gist-i! it at tin mine, clot - not require the preliminary pror<-*.-:r.c in the rim-wheel crushers as does the crude fiber. Tin mu. fibvr ifed directly into the Saco-Lowell opener, and irom the:, oi. gl. ci. the same treatment as the crude fiber. Asbestos fiber? when examined microscopical!;, d" n-.t j. the rough imbricated surfaces of other fibers such as woo: They resemble fine polished nutal rods, free from ar.y serrated surfj' eThis characteristic explains the extreme difficulty encountered in attempting to spin a thread of pure a-be-to*. A certain amour: of cotton niU't be added a- a binder inr spinning. The amount added depends on the type of fiber and the u*e tor which the fini-hed product is intended. Table II show* the average amount of asbes tos used in the manufacture of products made in the four plants included in this survey. tabu n- rrwi-Ni agk.s ok asm sro? is various avblstos fbguucis* Maw rial PJhi;! A Flam FJ*:: BC rik( linfnc (wotcl. ................... ................... -- eS'V .. liitulalint Up* .................. ........................................ K' ......---------------------------------- ... K (cEmnctl tiidi yarn --..................... ............... -- Zi GoOt. Sp*c!t Tarn and dotfi ........-- --------Aibeftoi rop and wick ---------------------------------- -- B-W 90 so Yarn and clotb, CndfrariiT* Spec.----------------- -- AiUnoi etiMDli----------------------------------------------- -- -* Brake linina (molded) ----------- ---------------------- -- ~ -- Aebcfio; paper_________________________________ -- - aSTr tnacnetia tsaulatloo ---------------------------------- -- -- Afbmoft sbiDcte? ind luxsbtr ............ *......... .. - - * Compiled irom Information auppht-i! br ibt mantUacturere. 70-:yc so .. ----- 2>S' 90 -- -- -- a-}.' -*0 -- - li t Mixing--Weighed quantities of asbestos and cotton, and usually siome small amounts of card waste, are dumped in alternate layers in a pile on the floor of the mixing room directly in front of the mixing picker. The batch is shoveled into the picker, which is equipped with revolving beaters. In order to secure thorough mix ing. the batch is run through the same picker twice, or through two pickers arranged in series. The mixture is removed by suction to the storage bins to await carding. Carding--Carding is necessary to remove the remaining small bits of rock, and to comb the fibers into a more or less parallel con dition so that they may be spun. A card is a machine with a series of revolving cylinders covered with strips of leather, wound di agonally, and fitted with fine, close-set, sharp steel bristles. A card ing unit, as used in asbestos plants, usually consists of two cards, the breaker and the finisher. The mixture of asbestos and cotton 6 NOTE: THIS DOCUMENT DID GG I`4GI NOT CC?/i FROM PPG FILES | BB 0005324 \ 'S-S5S** ** cu is wheeled in hand truck*- fr* -it- the storage bin1. and fed b\ ha'-J into the feed hopper of tin l.nnl.ir card It i* passed over the re volving cylinder^ of the break* r card, emerging in the form of a Ioom blanket or tub Thi **ir ct'<of flow is then changed thmuph ninety degrees. It tuxt p:i--c- over a camel-back into tbs fini-her card. The fiber i- -tripped fr-*tt: th* la-'. cvlmd'-r c.f the fini-her onto a moving leather apr<*n when a -et of recipr..eating scrapers or rubber- cond' :i'( - it mo- loo.-t ratin';- or "'liver-*' *' unspttn yarn. There r*>ving- art wound on Jong lack spools to be taken to the spinning department The roving? at the extreme end- of the card? cannot be used for spinning purpose- hecau-e of their lack of uniform thickness. These are gathered up as card waste, and. together with waste from sub sequent operation-, returned to the preparing room where the waste is shredded and added to later hatches. Some card- are designed that a fine cotton thread may he in corporated into the rovings a- they are doffed from the card. Thipractice yield1 a stronger roving. In the manufacture of asbestos rope and wick, only one card is used. The rope and wick rovings, which are not subsequently spur., are thicker than yarn rovings. Hence, one carding operation i= sufficicnt. Generally a fiber of shorter staple than that used in textile manufacture is used for making rope and wick. Spinning--The unspun rovings. a= they are doffed from the card-, necessarily have no twist and therefore little tensile strength, h is necessary to twist or spin these rovings to impart the desired strength. This spinning may be done either on ring spinning frames or on a machine called a mule. In the plants included in thi- study all the spinning was done by the latter method. Several of the plants had spinning frames, hut thev were not in operation. The mules had from two hundred and sixtv to possibly five hun dred and fiftv spindles mounted in a straight line on a carriage which is made to move forward and backward. The Jack spools from the cards are mounted on the mule and the ends of the rovings fastened to the spindles. As the spindle1 recede from the Tackspools fa maximum distance of about fifty-four inches * the rovings are unwound. The spindles turn slowly as they recede, to give a slight twist to the rovings. When the spindles have reached the. point of greatest recession they are turned very rapidly, and the yarn spun. When sufficient twisting has been done, the spindle carriage moves hack again in the direction of the Jack spools, cau-ing the spun yarn fabout fifty-four inches') to he wound on the spindles. The operation is then repeated until the spindle- are fully wound with single-ply yarn. The duties of the mule spinner are to remove the spindle? from the mule when they are filled, and to tie the broken ends of the unspun rovings a? the spindle- recede. This last operation requires constant vigilence. because the rovings are continually breaking. Subsequent Operations--The spindles from the mules are next transferred to a spooling or winding machine to rewind the singleply yarn on other types of spools. This is simply a mechanical transfer of the yarn. I 8B 0005325 1 s- -^hr^pL-. -< ^^''b-p?z-iTi&"'" ~TM-t' ; 3&>$&sS&frb^ 2 ^ ^ _, ,.___ ^>JM. ---^ ^_,VjbJl. * -*--t -, ^rvrrVrt^~irnri^f^^~*>r'"^^'*``*a^^ cu These spools are next tikcn to a twisting xnachint where tw-, or three of the single-ply thread- are twisted into one thread For the manufacture of brake lining or packing the yarn may le re inforced with a fine metallic wire This addition i- j.. r'-.r:: ' -V-. ing the twisting operation Th twisted yarn is finally wound on paper spools about six inches long. The twisted yarn may he sold a- such to other manufacturer- or it may he \\o\en into cloth. iapi. or brake lining. or braided it. the same plant. Weaving--Weaving is done on looms in a similar manner t-. the method employed in weaving wool, cotton or -ilk In tin \cta-. ir.p of asbestos tape intended for electrical insulation siiiglc-p!v v am with a very low cotton content is Used. Most tape loom- are con structed so that as many as twelve pieces may be woven at the same time. It is the usual practice in weaving a*hesto- tape to wet the bobbin.- or "cop.-" with water before weaving. The war}' is kept dry. Cloth is woven in much the same way a- insulating tape. Tv.- or three-ply yarn is used. Sometimes the yarn is reinforced with metallic wires, generally brass or copper. Either or both the war:- and fill are dry or moistened with water, depending on the use for which the cloth is intended. Brake lining i* woven on looms in the same manner a- tap'- A. = many as eight pieces may be woven on one loom at the same time It may be woven dry or wet. or with the warp impregnated a "dope" solution. This solution is generally a suspen-iot; >>' gi!-'>n:te in gasoline to which other ingredients may be added. Final operations in the manufacture of woven textiles consist of calendering, inspecting and winding of the product-. These opera tions are all mechanical ones, and require no description. Gasket Making--One of the important uses of a*be*t"- cloth is in the manufacture of ring gaskets. In this process, the a-besto1 cloth is spread on the floor and impregnated with a solution of rub ber in gasoline, to which has been added barytes and other pig ments. The rubber-treated ashesto* cloth i~ cut into strip- of pre determined size, and the gasket* formed by hand. They are then coated with soapstone, calendered and packed for shipment. An inexpensive gasket and packing is made by twisting thick rovingintc> asbestos wick and rope. Still other types of packing- arc made by braiding asbestos yarn on specially designed machines. Other Processes Other products containing asbestos are made in some of the plantincluded in this survey. Thr-e product- include asbe-to- paper, in sulation for steam pipes, asbestos cement*, shingle*, lumber, molded brake lining, and cold molded asbestos article.-, generally electrical fittings and household appliances. The fiber used for tbe.-e purposeis of short staple. The percentages of asbestos used in these ar ticles is indicated in Table II. MM M \J U J BB 0005326~7 'zm yc jjSSnft'KSj&c-^^^.C*t*`j!~j^i^^r^ : ry^i; :-wp5j; j \% Ctf Oy.COi Pakti.';.! Si;-; T >} - * imination Cooke anl Hill (22>. in ;i"t' ;-~i< - of a-be-to- W'-rlor-. ha.* found particle- in tin lunp- nn:-string up I* three h*.m-!r.d and ri.\ty micron- ii lenpth \c* rd'a:.'h. in tin* deicrniin.'.t: : ' :' averape particle size- (if :i-l.i -to- dn-t. all fiber-. irre-p< c;- .- :" lenpth. wen- mta-nred Methods of Particle Size Determination--Within rti*i;! vea-- three pcneral met In id* ha-e hern u-e-d f<-r mea-urinp t:. -:ze :' particle' One method, a direct om . invoh e- tin- u-e of tft filar micrometer in-erted in a nticr>--c- >pe tube. mea-urt ment- h-mp made hy movinp the micrometer adin-tment and readinp tin vernier to determine the diameter of the panicle.1 Tin second method, ind ii\ vi one. wa- introduced b\ Greet. r?5 to determine the since been applied to t of T*:iir*i and rubber piptr.er.i- It hu* mea -uren H IM of tin- a\ erapt- -i/r of in- dtmrial duns. In this tin << !. an indirect one. ]>!n ! imicr:pmph- of tin sample are made lan t* rn ' lide-. v. inch are thi n pr. > Ct'd hy a MeTenpticar on a stcrreeeen?5 at a known mapn'ficat'"i'.. ' The images are measured : the averape- size calculated fr. >m these readings. With the third meti the dit'i i?- collected on a mier> >-c- *pe slide, and the imape- pr.di.-Cte d on a pround-pla.-s screen micro-pr*ijecti<>n ap|aratit . an d me a-nrements made. Tin* latter method is the one used in the present Muds. and will be de -cribed more fully in a later paragraph. Nature of Asbestos Dust--The du<t encountered in asbestos fab ricating plant1 j; non-uniform in nature. It i1 seer, to c^:i;: o? three types: particles more or less spherical in shape: elonpated fibers; and cotton fibers. Fipttre 1 is a photomicrograph { dust pr<- (1 C' ^c$\ 1 3 <# 1 \t % \y e \, rT *% .1 1 !p 41 1 11 I * * Uv - vr / / 1 'V ^ /SSvjS ./ V FIGURE 1 PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF DUST-, FROM AN ASBESTOS FABRICATING!^ O DIAMETERS ) a IF 1 \ L, ,41* J"bb"o005327_^ duced when processing mill fiber. The three types can be readily noted. Because of the mm-uniformity of this type of dust, average par ticle size was determined in two dimensons. one at right ang>* to the other. Measurement* were made of the longs-t diamet'rs. which were termed longitudinal diameters, and a second set of measurement* wrn made at right angles to the first, which were termed traneverse diameters. Method of Collection--Samples foT the determination of particle size were collected by the u?e of the electric precipitator (30. Thi* method yielded samples that were satisfactory for direct microprojection and measurement. No intermediate steps for preparing the sample were necessary. The precipitator employed was designed on the principle of the Cottrell precipitator. The air was drawn through the precipitating tube by a small rotary fan driven by a motor, the rate o: flow being measured by a flowmeter. The rate of sampling was one cubic foot (28.3 liters) per minute. The precipitating tube was made of Pyrex glass with an inside diameter of 2.4 cm. A number 1 microscope cover slip. 22 by 70 mm. in size was placed in the precipitating tube directly beneath the central electrode. The dust in the air was deposited electrically on this cover slip. When a representative sample had been precipitated, the cover glass was removed ar.d mounted dry on a microscope slide. A total of sixteen samples wa* collected at various operations, all being taken in the breathing 2one of the workers. Measurement--A micro-projection apparatus with the microscope arranged in a horizontal position was used. Apocfwomatic objec tives. 8 mm. and 2 mm., and a 10 x compensating eyepiece were employed. This system practically eliminated color fringes, gave a flat field, furnished maximum light intensity, and permitted the measurement of the long fibers. The images were projected on a ground-glass screen at a pre determined distance from the microscope. This screen was ruled in centimeter squares to facilitate measuring. A transparent rule was used, and the size of the projected images recorded in milli meters. Accurate focusing on each individual particle before meas uring was accomplished by a remote control attached to the fine adjustment of the microscope by a mechanical sleeve. Predetermined magnifications of 2000 and 10,000 were used, de pending on the objective. Measurements were made according to the method suggested by H. L. Green (56V Using the 8 ir.rr ob jective (magnification 2Q00't the longest diameter? of two hundred particles were measured, all length? less than ten millimeters ffi\e microns) being neglected. The number of field? examined was also recorded. An equal number of particles was measured using the 2 mm. objective (magnification 10.000). and all particles fifty milli meters (five microns) and over were disregarded. Again the num ber of fields examined was recorded. These measurements were used to calculate the average longitudinal diameter of the sample. The method of calculation is shown in Table III. For the calcula tion of the average transverse diameter the same procedure was 1 BB 0005328 ^ ,,5i W *slaJ& 2E- TtS-^l .*-34 A>_ 5E33H& isa*. Hg, jiV %' ESE&sr?^.. iScJsTrt jrpr!r 1 dMKMpi 2gMEjtgh OJ OO ;uI ^',.ti;O^ followed, with measurements Wing madt at right angle- to the Junge-t diameters. TAlll.t 111- KXAMI'I I "> Mi l t *M> IN Till <Al.ft'I.ATI'`N f#J amk.u.i j.itN.,'rnnNAi i.iAMm.h llrrntfl'tH*i--3"*` W r.<-l.|- Macr.lfli kit<>i>--1(>.' iw Fdif I: * 1. fx 10 5 1? .( IS f |4 7.0 i: 7 T* jf 5.0 17 *.? j1t"i * 10.0 *Ai it-.: ]).( & n.;. **4 1*0 w.:. 57 is* IS .5 14 ( 14. t 30 IS- ss 16.0 it.: S 6.0 7 is.: a* 10.0 - 10 f- 40 .( 45 fil.o 43 51.5 45 52.5 47 53.5 50 55.0 55 27.5 60 90.0 tit 1.5 65 r.: C7 32.5 70 5,0 73 36.5 75 87.5 PO 40.0 Ptti 42.5 47.5 l1O1f0* 50.0 S.V0 wo #u>.0 130 05.0 140 7f.0 100 K.0 170 65.0 175 67.5 1W oo.r 100.(1 no 105.0 tv. 11.'. 0 540 120 0 tr. lJi2.fi 30 165.0 370 165.0 Total 51 7 4 w 1 1 1* V1 V* i 1 1 1 6 1 f ) * *: ):< | 1i 11 . ti 4: 5: 5. 11 5 1 6* i i! 3* |* T i 4 4i i Ji 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 3 1 1i SOn .CM' ..W.V2'TW*. ,<r .a--:.sv*- ` .w. ' .V*4`. . (*.* .<uu*. .raw .03:0*. OS.-!' .2^'" ,u.'. :t ,(fo r i. ,<t* .4:*i: .0R3I5 .CM'. .0V<15 .13S>* .ItfTS .t-f. .CR315 .1657: .0231 : .10*00 .0321.'. .06630 .OTA*' ,0663f .0315 ,133.. ..103$2.*W-K* .opsi: .03.ii: .0RM5 .OBBi:.orci;. .05 :r. .M4.`* .(a-i: .cear. .063].'. .4^*l.Sw:-' (l.IM'i v.&: 05..;2,-*#17** 2. Or.:* 0.:4^ " .* e.ti .< 0.397* 0.4475 0.4-4M ' ;< .!! '* V.fi.-s*4 5 2211. o fi** : 0,61 ** 1.25*7, t?'v .6l**t. o.oori: o.Tietv C.*?.7f2 0,T7!*t 3.31.W 4.55*1: 9.]56m> 1.044* 5.3V.W' l-.0U61f? 1.56/iT 5.4**i: *.<C?* >i::` 1.574^ 1.657V` 7.21' 1.4M-6.6l^>* 4.641^7.tc-.*' 2.6177: !.9lO. i-STWr"' .4-'?: 11.9C4< 4.&#i'7 s 4^:; 6.1222:* '. 4 4 r o*. o < 7 <*.7 * 4 0 iv l* SO t: t.2 ! 1V' i: ^.*" m- * *. ; i. ', .*. 7 4t 43 ^_ 40 4' -- Ttit jl r i> r.: i 4' a* j.w : - 4; 0 >4 jr. * ft 1 0> ; 4 44 1 Ii! i *: 1: ti > -; 4` f1a : 4 14 ' 1 4 * 14 _-- V*1 *> -- - ---------- -- -- ----------------------- -- luo. l.**f4'T*` *! Mni**r i:. vi.:1j.` 1 0 L.HCU. ft imrtivl- ii it... rt.: 1 Tr*njii*n*y JW i 1 f. -------------- IS.', x > '.>* |.!m - I f. i > . Athij. D*.n]-i-r *----------------------- *J - ? l.*t irirrorOfNe,^V* A' / V f4 f* V c^ 'v' ; /* 3f. 'J ' nC 6 Ci<0 174.110(2 . Results--Particle size determinations were made on sample? of the dust collected at various stapes in the process of manufacture but no appreciable variation was found. However, there was a marked difference in the average particle diameter of the dust from tht two general grades of asbestos fiber. The calculated longi- 11 r.r .1 A BB 0005329 cu MICRONS p p pp &N U - r--"j /b > > in id Ploys.?,5- J?.IZE FREQUENCY curves for dust from ASBESTOS FABRl GATINGI PLANTS SHOWING PERCENTAGE LESS THAN STATED SIZE. * * NGJTUDINAL DIAMETER, CRUDE FIBER: II--LONGITUDINAL L "uTER. MILL FIBER: III--TRANSVERSE DIAMETER CRUDE FIBER: AND IV--TRANSVERSE DIAMETER. MILL FIBER ^ ii j ; * r* ^ Tvi riLLb BB 0005330 | O, tudinul diameter of the duM from cfrOuu<nJ1<e fiber wa- found o* b* 2 12 micron-. while that of mi!! Slur wa- 1.35 mienm-. Tia:.- r-. diameter? were O.oo mienm- and f45 micron* for crnd` and u d! fiber respectively. The longest fiber observed mea-un-I i-mr hun dred and two microns. " The percentage fre-jm iu it - of the variou --sized partith- v.i-n detenr.imd ior longitudinal ami tran-ver-c diim n-i'.i;-. ;.rt 2 show? the-e value? plotted on Hazcn*? logarithmic pr**hL'-`!:r. paper. The difference in the two type- of du.-r i- further shown by ex amination of Table IV. Three per cent of the crude fiber du-t wa? ten microns or more in length, while only J.7'l of the mill fiber dust occurred within these limits. Twenty per cent of the mil! fil.cr dust was 0.5 microns or les? in length. while only lb'; oi the crude fiber dust fell within this range. TAU1.E IV Sizi. UOWfl NO Jil*TK!l*rTHN i,T A*I;IS7 0* M`-T Sit*- Grout* ifi M.crf*r> Ctu>'i Fttwr Lonriii<l:ril Tr*n*vr* t'uoo i .e.<........................ ..." --....................... 1,0-1 49 ....................... 1.9-1.99 3.0^-.4!' ....................... ..... 3.. ........................... ....... 4ro-(,4'* 4.5-4.P* ........................... ....... ;,o sd<i OV**T ..... *-.*...... *, Im .1^, :.4 5.! c.s 4.5 ".1* 3,7 3.3 2-li 4/` S9.1`.V 5l.0 7.5 3.4 1.5 -- -- -- -- 1*2 Mill Fibtr I.onfi:iM:nal Tr*n*T-r-- *c.-.r, 14.S j.r. 4-C* 4C 2-4 1.7 l.C 2.0 2.0 s.o -f Sv. o.r* ---__ Ditst Concentrations jn the Plants All samples were collected by the modified form of the Grcenburg- Smith impinger (5S) using ninety-five per cent U. S. P. ethyl alco hol as the collecting medium. Dust counts were made according o> the method described in Part I of this report i41). All panicle- were counted regardless of size. Particle- les? than ten microns in greatest diameter averaged approximately ninety-seven per cent of the total. The dust counts for the different operations are shown in Table V. .~ ^ ;I J I ij'-J i 1 1 * 3 3 \jlil 13 1 Jo j'dB**000S33 I . ij .fj,. U -jj ii'ft 111 K&l S'' r" o m -- co o i~ t i\ i j 1 C3 J 11 lOJ t O1 1O1 t U1 1 1w{ 1 Ul J 1 to < !-! i C~~i -- ri JD TAdl.K V. RUM MART OF PUNT CONrKNTRATIPNA IN APUKHTflR FAPRIl'ATtNIl Pl.ANTS Drpirtmrnt UrrupaHon rtnt A l'l*nl H I'lanl O riant J> ---- *------------------ ---------------- -- -------- NiimbfT Million* nf Number Million* of of pari 1H*** p**r of pari Irk* p**r 8* tuple* ru. ft. of air H a topic* rn. fl. n| air Number Million* of Number | Million* of of parti*k* p^r nl ;parlkka pey flamplr* m ft of air Hampk* m ft. of air rrfpnaOon Freilln* R*ro--t^iwfll Opmrr--("milt! Flbrr.......... Fmdlng Mixing Weber- Crude Fiber -.................... Fmllnji Minin* Ilrltrr-Mlll Filter ......................... . Feeding Nrrmilni* Into Khgfcer _......___________ Magging HrirptlbiK* ..................... ................................. Carding Tending Card f'rinl# Fiber ................... .................... Tending Card- Mill Ukr .................................. Repairing veb al bark of Card-Mill Fiber ..... Cleaning Card roll* tby hand card} .............. Cnrdlng 1rk flow grade thU>........ ........................... Weaving Woiln* In till Kiln* Tape (<trr *rp--*rt Dll) Keiilm luaulatlng T|ie (dry warp- dry IHI) . Weailng funlidlng Tape fwrf warp--wet AIM . Weaving Hnlre lining (dry warp dry All| ........ Weaving Urn Ito lining (dry arp wel AH) ........ Wearing Itrafcr lining 1**1 *arp *wr| All) .. .. Weaving riolli (dry warp dry AIM ....................... Weaving 4 ltd It (dry warp drr All) Fan* off .. 1'burring haiina .......................................................... Muir Kplnnln* Hpfnnlrtg -Cruda liber yarn (high grade) ........... Nplmririjr- Mill Atn*r yarn (medium grail**) ......... Hplmithg -Mill ATx*r yarn flow grade* ,, ... Winding--aliigle-ply yam .. ............................ WlnAln* (Apontlnfl \\ Indlng--Ian ply yarn .................................. V'ulrtln* Winding- lliree-pty yarn........................................... Wrrplu* * 'W hi flirt* wurp tin **rp hrtin. .. ... .. .... ., Rtifv and Wlfk Forming rope and wkk ................. . . . ... .. Ring llaakef Forming ring gaakrl* -............... braiding tlmMIni I Inrh turlilll* . Iiriddlng f IniH parking . ... .... 1 flraldlrig | Inrh InMug ............................................... ___ -* 4 , i -- t ! 1 r. i r. -- .... .... JM ^.f fi.n .... ?;.i *.r in t .. Tt * .. A.JMM l.V .... ___ t fn.A-a?.s I-- i fir*.4 t to; .. .1 it.ft 1.4 a i:i n ii T f 4*> n;.4 -l 4 . o.n .# .1 r.r. *i.a .1 i.p ? j n 4470 t l M> h :* ft M .1.7 A tmin a n.T (.; t Mt t.:. a |M*IH - M* W*l.HA 'Tl4.t74 if r. ii t ir< i tft.:' * a U a.0f w".a * * wm W .. _.C- i.; " "tT, . i n I..1 * It II ffM t i* i' ii I `t-ztS&A CO 30237 was made from crude No. 1 fiber. In plant D, when the lowest grade mix was fed into the picker, the concentration was 84.7. Carding--The marked difference in the total dust" count in the carding operation at the result of using different grader of asbestos will again he seen. When the crude fiber mixture is being carded for the manufacture of electrical insulating tape, a concentration of 1.1 was noted. The mixture for cheaper grades of yarn, such as that used for weaving brake lining, is generally made tV-m mill fiber. The concentrations of the dust when mill fiber was being carded were 23.4, 24.3, 29.8. and 80.0. The samples were collected in card rooms of various plants. Occasionally the loose web of asbestos and cotton, as it emerges from the breaker card and pa^es over the camel-back, becomes broken. It is then the duty of the operator to go to the rear of the card and repair the broken web. the task requiring approxi mately one-halt hour per day. It was found in one plan: that the employee was exposed to a concentration of 57.5 during this time, while during the remainder of the day he was exposed to a con centration of 24.3. At intervals it is necessary to shut down the card and clean or "strip" the rolls. This is done by scraping them with a hand-card, which is a brush covered with strips of card cloth. The cylinders are slowly turned by hand at the same time. The dust concentra tion during this operation was 5.5. Sometimes the rolls are cleaned while they are being turned at the customary carding speed. The employes stated that this was a very dusty operation, but it wa< impossible to obtain samples during this procedure. Weaving--The concentration of dust in weaving is dependent on many factors, but principally upon the following: (1) quality of the warp and fill being used; (2) whether weaving is done dry or wet; (3) conditions of ventilation; and (4) nature of the finished product. The influence of the first factor is shown in the weaving of in sulating tape and brake lining in plant C. A concentration of 6.9 was associated with the weaving of tape (made from crude fiber). In the weaving of brake lining made from mill fiber, the count was 27.1. In both of these operations the warp was dry and the fill wet. As pointed out in the description of the weaving process (page 8V weaving may be done either with the yarn dry or moistened with water. The presence of moisture materially decreases the con centration of the dust. For example, in the wet weaving of brake lining the concentration is 6.1. but when it is woven dry the count increases to 27.0. The effect of ventilation is shown in the weaving of cloth in plant D. In this plant, ordinary electric fans were located jut hack of the weavers, so that dust generated in the process would be blown away from the worker's breathing zone. 'When the fan* were operating the concentration of dust in dry weaving of cloth forty inches wide was 9.9, When the fans were turned off. the figure rose to 33.3. . e fourth factor, nature of the finished product, also influences the -degree of dusti.'<:;s. Thus, the average concentration en- ; ' 16 ^ ' 7 n;9 "U ILLS W' : rr I'.un "V I BB 0005333 l countered in weaving in-:slatmg tap*, wa* 10.5; that of cloth. 2i 3: and of brake lining. 23.0 The loom.' in time accumulate a great deal of lint. Thi- i* re- moved periodical!} tgunrall} t/nu a week* b\ bat'!:z t'n r with a fle\ihh rubber paddh. Each, weaver chan- hr- v.i: h>or.. the time required being approximately or., half b-.nr per week During this operation the dust concentrate>r. wa> "-1,1. Spinning--The concentration of dust in the mult spinning r^-m depends on the type of asbestos filler used in the making of the yarn. A count of 2.1 existed during the spinning' of yarn made from crude fiber for the weaving of insulating tape A yarn made from a high grade of mill fiber produced a concentration of 5.5. The dust associated with the spinning of commercial grade yarn, the cheapest grade made, was found to he 13.2. These figures 2re tor the mule spinning in plant B. In plant A the average concentration to which the mule spinners were exposed was 23 0. In this plant all operations from preparing to weaving were carried on in the same room. Consequently, it is impossible to state that this con centration is due to mule spinning alone. Other Operations--The minor mechanical operation- mcessar} in the production of asbestos textiles have relatively small c>-ncer.t-ations of dust associated with them. In the winding operation in plant A this was found to be 8.0. Again, this number cannot all be ascribed to winding because of the fact that all operation- were performed in the same room. In plant B. in the twistmg rwm. a figure of 2.4 was found associated with twisting two-ply yarn. Thifigure increased to 4.0 when yarn was twisted three-ply. Warping is a mechanical transfer of the twisted yarn to targe spool.- or warp beams for the looms. It gives rise to very little dust, the concentration being 1.0. Di'st Concentrations in Other Processes In addition to the fabrication of asbesto.- textiles, one of the plants manufactured other products in which the amount of a*best"was considerably less than the amount used in textile*. The*e products included 85^ magne-ia insulation, molded brake lining, asbestos cements, shingles, lumber, and tile. One plant made as bestos paper which contains ninety-five per cent of short-staple rrll fiber. Determinations ol the duM concentrations were m.vh at some of these operations. The result- art shown in Tahh- VII. Other Potential Hazards This survey wa* concerned only with the hazard caused by abestos dust, but other materials that must be considered a* potential hazards were found. These material* are gasoline and benzol in the gasket and molded brake lining department*, talc dust in the gasket room, and lead compound- in the rubber mixing department In the finishing asbestos lumber and tile, additional potential hazards are lacquer solvents and sand front the grinding erations. ' .* 'f * >f**!. ~4 ,'* . -.*?**}." ,_ a- ^ ^ g-f W--ftlai SSfofciii -.....>--.' \ - 7- ^w-\-,, ' V-- ',,*.%** \.f\ %*4 <r,, _?V' ,0 " - " . vL'-i*' - s^gashr >f-2&& --*h*-:. . CU 30239 ' liFSTOSlS--PART III.--The Effects, of Ex*-,s: s. to Dust Encountered in Asbestos Fabricating "" "1` on the ieahh of a Group of WorVt t. ;!*.- physical examination- v. -r< . v4V men. 1<> women , enipl-;'' '** the *1 far: IJ i'i tbi- report. Of tl.o numbe? - r* . \]......rt w t n u.-cd a control N' , : u- -;riv'. ' t" tho.e employed in it-v.iit t. 'i ' '-ir i inpl-; it! Wen cliO'i't. ln'`.v!': tit number fr<>tr. tlti- r . t: - group with expf-uri- uperatifitt at which tin * their age distribute,it " person' listed in . previou1- r- was TP. i l, '( workerincluding . >i us, al-o and to the td. Table i viii iitvTR'iirT;,`N i*\ . MIVKI* Nrur?t--^'f: <**? F.\kimb> ! t : J-: / * ft!'* yty* AT* ftnfi OWf >* 1 1* Tot* *4 4 A:. -t>>sis was found in fourtec. *. ten. 2 women). or '5 j>er cent of the exposed group ' were diagnosed as negative and the remaining three do*. the latter group. >ne individual had previous expo-urt e : which may have been the primary or contributing ca i result, has been clitnbiated from any further consult- . "ases having as- best-*'!' were divided into thc.se *.d moderate pul- monary fibrosis. no advanced c;i>o vt ..uitd. The esti- nation of the degree of involvinen; ! extent of fibrosis seen roentgenol.-g .. ` the amount and i the clinical find- ings. The present, past, and family me,, i'. and pit ious occupational histories were secured from each v. vr P!*t> questions, which might influence the individual'' rrp; in rgr to his subjective symptoms, were avoided in obu ii> chi' . .i plaints. The pre- dominating subjective symptom- a ,-* b group were cough and dyspnea. Other major sub; ' .-i '.; ns were dry throat and frequent colds. One indi\id'-., r v> had no subjective symptoms. 9 M-' "DID j 5 \\J r,V i 1LES I '4!.? | BB 0005335 | -V- 1- ft m 1 Objectively, the major symptom? were again cough and dyspnea Thirteen person? of those diagnosed positive for asbe=t>>?is com plained of cough, and eight of dyspnea. Other frequently elicited objective symptom1 were frequent colds, palpatation. weakness, precordial pain, and pharyngeal dryness. No objective symptoms could be obtained from one individual in the positive gn-up. Occurrence of acute respiratory infections wa> particularly ob served in the pa-t medical hht-iry. Frequent coryza or other upper air-passagt infection.- which did m<; result in a !<-- of tin,-, u: three or more working days, were lined as objective symptoms. Pneu monia during the course of employment occurred in three of the positive and 'even of the negative group. The past medical his tories were otherwise negative except for an attack of pleurisy in one individual of the exposed group diagnosed as negative. Family histories and. in particular, tuberculous contacts were noted. Two workers with asbestosis had roentgenological evidence of healed tuberculosis and negative family histories. Two others who showed evidence of healed tuherculosis. and who did not have asbestosis. also had negative family histories. Physical examinations were made with the workers stripped to the waist. Mean variation' in the present and greatest weight were less in the asbestosis group than in the group diagnosed as nega tive and in the controls. Five-minute oral temperatures showed a maximum elevation of 0.56C. Four persons having asbestosis had an elevation of temperature and eleven in the negative group showed it. Elevation of body temperature in the control group wa- ab=ent. The mucous membranes of the nose and throat of the entire group were essentially negative. The conjunctivas did not appear to be irritated. Tenderness over the antra and frontal sinuses was not found. Deflected nasal septa were common, and diseased tonsils were noted in a few cases. The external auditory canal? did not show evidence of plugging or irritation. Clinical examination of the thorax included inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the heart and lungs. A tendency to increased anterior-posterior diameters of the chest in the positive exposed group was noted. In the positive group the respiratory murmur and vocal resonance were impaired in five cases. Crepitant, subcrepitant, sibilant, and sonorous rales occurred in nine of the asbestosis cases, the two latter tvpes being predominant. The recognition of cyanosis presented a difficult problem. When it occurred the skin had an unhealthy leaden hue. with variations in the degree of intensity in the three individuals in the positive group showing this physical sign. Roentgenological examinations, made of all workers, included fluoroscopic examination, stereoscopic anterior-posterior and ohVqur skiagram? of the chest. In addition to noting gross chest pathology, the movement of the diaphragm was measured in centimeter- dur ing the fluoroscopic examination. Right and left oblique exposures of the chest aided in the interpretation of the films and particularly in the detection of thickened pleura The hila. trunk, and lung marking? of the fibrotie lungs were increased in prominence. In some films the lung fields showed a slight tendency toward beading and nodulation. A small area in the distal third of the lung in one CO 053J7 - s v "itx "~-t<rr->^fl`?^i_^ AttU.-^wBre-#*a E;^*. -- --*=- - '*3 V^2 S3** `Uv- --?j\V *-> / * *-> i o 03 `* aL film suggested atelectasis Incrca-ed aeration, such a1- one see = ir. emphysema. occurred in a few caw-. Thickened pleura and ad hesion- wvrt noted hi a few cn-' The average movement ui the domes of the* diaphragm of the pi.-iti\( gr-mp wa- ler- tlian tha: of the negative expo-ed or c-ntr-.1 group- Three of the po-h<\( anel two of the negative- group wtr.i found with rorntgv!;-.logicY evidence- of healer) lulu rcul--.-i-. Furtlur ev ide nce of pYrr.-mary disca-w in four of tlie- positive grouj wa- clubbing of the finger- The occurrence e>f adie-to- tmiliv- and the pre-ence oi B tubercu losis were determined in a single- specimen of sputum obtain* d from each person. Each emph>ye- was in.-trncted in the proper method of obtaining the >putum q>eciincn. and wa- reque-ted to coll.-r; 2 morning sample. An e<|ual v-*h;me -of antiformin wa^- added to each sample. After complete dige-iion of the mucu;, the- mivtu-ewa* centrifuged lor three minute- at approximately 20'' r. p. m and the supernatant liquid decante d JiPtilicd water was added to the solid centrifuged portion, and the- mixture rece-ntrifuged teethree minutes. A drop of the deposit was transferred t-. a micro scope slide-and examined for the presence- of asbestos Indies under both 8 mm. and 4 mm. objectives. DOCUMW 010 WfT~ T4' rrS0M PPG FILES may r?-'**u5vi>r" - tr. FIGURE 3 PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF ASBESTOS BODY MAGNIFICATION 600 DIAMETERS The greater percentage of sputum specimens were- of a wlmi-b color. but a few were muco-purulent. The asbestos bodies were a pale yellowish brown color and varied in size, shape, and number The largest asbestos body found mea-uml 117 microns in lengt1. The bodies occurred singly, clumped, and as fragments. When present singly or in clumps, they presented a bead-like appearance or a dumb-bell shape, with bulbous ends tapering into a narrowstrand at a position midway between the ends. Figure 3 is a i>1-*t micrograph of a single asbestos body. In one specimen an awerage of two or three asbestos bodies o'- fragme of bodies were seen in 21 rr, 4 4 . 7" B B~ 00 0533 8*7 * q\) each low-pov i:t field. while in others. onJy one or two bodie- were found in the entire specimen. Table IX gives the crtirrence of asheso.s b*i.ln' in u single `petitm-n fr*m each person. Merewtther (741 report* that the presence of asbesto* bodies cannot In- taker, at present a* indicating anyth::.g more titan previous exp <-ure to asbestos dut. 'I'lii* is in accord with our finding- tor it will be noted that tiny win found in a specimen obtained from one of the controls who at the time \va- suffering from an acute bronchitis, productive of a muc<-purulent sputum. This worker had been cmploved a- a packer foreman in the magne-ia department for fiftv years. Hi' onlv exposure to asbestos dust was a rare visit to other part of the plant. T.vm i tx oiirmo xM <r .voikstos. jsom> in srcirn Grout' Nuiiiti*? P*tt*sn*s NiatntwT o0d! Total By ot A*l*- NT-)\r* lr' ie> tir*- irU ton* i:\- octro; Hodtf* T 10 1 1 Sf.O O.S 14.:: 4T.* S.v.0 AjtN'Mft* ti n A JC.i 4i.- I. SS r.<* No Spenuiori* ____ ___ ? Ton). .................... ` U ji 4? 14.:; 30.r 4;.' ............. --- ; A single sputum specimen obtained from each individual was stained and examined for the presence of B. tuberculosis. Both direct smears and centrifuged antitorminized specimens were found to be negative. Clinical examination of the heart showed the apical impulse to be displaced in a few cases. Apical systolic murmurs were heard in five of the positive and two of the negative groups. The bio l pressure was determined with a standard mercury sphygmonan . meter. Hypertension, although present in a few cases in each group, occurred only in the older workers. Roentgenological evi dence of enlargement of the heart was not found. However. the cardiac silhouette in two individuals having asbestosis was found to be top normal in size. Electrocardiograms of fifty-six of the workers were made follow ing a thirty-minute rest period during which the subject wa* in a reclining position, while eight were taken with the subject in a sit ting position following a short rest period. The most consistently positive electro-cardiographic finding in *.he enti group was low voltage. It was found to be present in seven ol the positive and 22 Iq--- -- DID GO I4U? Su i 3 l'V< i rVG | BB 0005339 02 3' V 'J -; fl 'wT f^'S"i eighteen of the negative groups, compared with four of the con trol*. Right predominance wa* not present in the tracing* of the control group, hut did occur in two tracing' of individual- with ashestosi* and three of the negative group Left predominance wa* most frequently found in the tracing- of individuals in the ad vanced age group-. Kat? and Slater (h2i found eighty-six per cent of individual- with a second positive wave (if the <J-K-S complex to have changes in the heart mu.-cle. Our findings show that six of the exposed group had a second positive wave of the O-R-S com Oplex; two of these had ashestosis. and four were negative, as com pared with an absence of this finding in the control group The CjO P-R interval was increased in the tracing* of two expo.-ecl per sons found to he negative. --_i A functional test of the individual's response to effort was per \-----Li formed by having him place one foot on a chair and then raise hi* body twenty-five times in thirty second*. The pul*e rate was de termined immediately before and after exercise, and again at the end of a two-minute rest period. The respiratory rate was deter mined immediately before and two minute* after the exercise test. Table X gives the result* of the functional test. Greater variation* were seen in the rate of respiration following exercise in the ex posed group as compared with the control* than were seen in the pulse rate. Individual- with a pulse rate of 10 above the normal GO resting rate, two minutes after exercise, were considered abnormal. tabi.f. X. rr.NcnoNAL TEST OF RESPONSE TO EFFORT Grout- FuW1 ( Bptr*tlon : NuinbrT Prrr-nttr- SumPrr Fir*nur* COSTROL* Ml)r ............ ....... t* ' - segatjtf Mlr .................... ytroil' ................ & u.s 1* M * M .3 4 *,* ARB*T0Rt.S.......... *....... F) ................ 1 *.J V* > Sb,l* * Ful** ri# 10 bot-t normal rttiioc nu two tmoutf* pfirr * Respiratory r*u above oomil tt*tiog r*tr two minutt* lttr rx^rri**. Asbestos warts are thought to be produced by a fiber of asbestos which has become lodged in the skin, largely through the irritation and overgrowth of the horny and malphighian strata (27|. These growths are usually found on the hands but may also develop on the feet. Forty per cent of the exposed group had one or more of these papillomas on their hands. nr 23 T *B8~0005340~J K'outim bl,...d ri-unt- aw', urbmh -t - were made on eacl. individ ual c.vamimd Uait.i'(;l"biii wa- tbierniitied by the Hade:, and Ha"T c<>l`>rinu-tnc m th*and txjirt'i-ctj a* gram- of haem'pi..bin j>i r It*1 ci o; 1m-Snu-ar- for difiYrentia! c-nsvit* were .-taiind with Wright's stain and 2<J cell' studied micr-e-c*-: :ra:!y using a 2 u.iu. oil iinmtr>i..ii *.l>jicti\i Practically no chanpi was c>h.'ir\ed in the blood picture oi the three groups. Comparable as crape variation' did not occur in either the erythrocyte or leuco cyte count. In two individual- with moderately advanced pul monary fibrosis, the total leucocyte counts were 10.800 and 11,400 with corresponding increases in the percentage' ut polymorpho nuclear leucocytes. Changer in the percentages of other types of white cells were not observed. Urine specimen' were collected from each worker at the time of physical examination. Specific gravity . albumin content, and the pre-cnee of sugar were determined and a microscopic examination made of a centrifuged portion. Urinalyses were essentially negative except for a trace of albumin in four of the positive and thirteen oi the negative exposed groups, a? compared with two of the control- A brief summary of the clinical findings of three asbesto* md! workers and the accompanying illustration? (Figures 4 to 7 inc are presented to show the two stages of asbestosis encountered m this study. Case number A*S73i--Whin male: aged 30 years. Chiei complaints--Cough, Objective symptom.---Occasional frontal headache (2) Epistaxis rare (3) Dry unproductive cough (4) Coughing attacks precipitated by strenuous exer cise. Past Medical History--Usual childhood diseases. Traumatic orchitis. 1934. Occupational History--Began working at 16 years of age. Milkman, 2 year?. Mult spinner, worsts d mill. 2 years. Ice man. 3 year. Mule spinner, a-bestus fabricating plant. 9 years. Physical Examination--Apparently healthy adult male. Height 62 inch-.Weight 122 pounds tgreatesi weight 122 pound? >. Skin clear. No c>an?s-' Asbestos warts on both hands. Ful> rati before. immediate!) alter. an', two minutes after exercise. 4, 3(>U. 72. Respiration rate immediate!;, be fore and two minutes after exercise. 20. 22. Chest, normal sha{* : i*rcussion normal; breath and voice sounds normal; sibilant and -on mu.rales both bases. Heart, apical impulse. 5th interspace mid-clavicular tuv-. no murmurs. Blood pressure 134 90 Fluoroscopy--Diaphragmatic movement, right dome. 2.5 cm.; left dome. 1.5 cm. X-Ray--Thoracic cage is negative. The trachea is in the midlme. The cardiac silhouette is within norma! limits oi siae. The arch of the aorta is no: widened. The domes of the diaphragm art somewhat irregular on the left side but fair!) irregular on the right. The pleura appears to be slight!) thickened on the left side, and is more clearly shown in thv oblique view. In the right apex there is possibly an old healed tuberculous process giving the appearance of ar. apical cap. Tie hila are increased in prominence The trunk narking* and linear markings are increased in prominence. CG I'r | M f-.Q v 24 ) |v. *i i yyi V ; r.:V'1 CU [ ^ < SB 000531(7*" -------------------225. -*"**'- ,.' j.-fV LW'1 *?*.-' *5SiSg*i *- "`i.*, '_#*,J^-*f3^5-' ij3Sf1'**,-li`'^ - , 'tS*f"-e CU ' > ,' \ Q "1 1*1 Ou / Electrocardiogram--Cardiac rate 72 P-R interval 0.16 second. Voltage 4 mm. Diagnosis--Asbestosis. slight. Case Number 447--\Vhiu m^b ; aged 47 years Chief Complaints--(1) Cough: (2i Shortness of breath Past Medical History--Usual childhood diseases Gonorrhea. 1922 Occupational History--Farmer until 29 year- of age Laborer steel -a-, 2 years. Laborer grain mill. 1 year. Preparation room asbestos mill. 1: years. -7VV '7*, S**Sr. *t-r?.~; -Vfc:*4,iK-r-.>vv* ;.'_ji' j^^-V ^^saaiBfe C 30245 functional exrrrit-e ir<t. "*. 11^' 7'- Re-pirati-m rati heinrt an*! :w n.r utt: after functional tM< Ut u-\ 14. If Kl'r<f pn.-nuri l.*4 *' Fluoroscopy--Piaphracmatic cxcur-i..t.: riph: d'>m(.. 1.7 cn;.: lei: dorm 2 c err. X-Ray--The thoracic capt i` mpawt. Tht trachea i- in lit-, mid- T1 . cardial sill- u-1: i- v-it'-" n'-rm.d line- Th- then-- of th* diap'-'aprr art repular Tht hila and trunV. mat limp- art in-rsa-td i:. j.- "tfr:. * Tht lunp mar's-tip* art a'- i:i-r-;<v.c ::: j.- - . * Electrncard' 'pram--Carriia ran W' P-K interta? f .! st-i.>'l mm Low toliapt c: at! L'-K-.' compiiM- Diapnasis--AshestOJis. moderate. Yidtap- 3 ? TAf'LI XT petM M'l AM' f'T \ SH}-Tf.1 > WJ7H HH-ATI'W 30 0<\['I'ATloX H'ty ti.\. ( ViK.tV't AM. yrAJt- vF ITS ' =!'' Oiri:iitit>r. Ai-r c Co.-. - tracer V oV ! - parti- -- Trisn Totut twr .t :t 0! Nur. Per ; !M*,fcur< f'.\r>TT'> * S*rvt* Slight * Adr*n<"*. fici-ihtf. <L.* 44 5* ' ll-l* V--50 o\*r ? Tot*; 2 s J 14 .* .. 5 1 1S 1 1 -- 1 -- ** 5 ** f. --- 3 CO tturm n.t lr .57 C*--5 0-H ;--is Total 3 4 4 5 4 1- S _. r I *-- 1 r, r -A -- -14 r. 1 .... - 44_ The principal factors now thought to deterinine incidence at:.' degree of the pneumonoconiose? are nature and concentratitm ot the dust, length of exposure, and individual susceptihiliiv. The in- r.r,' r. n - .'jp, ' s:.<. :.ati.'rr-',-i *^L^v?g&--- - , *%-**'.r^'iJrOi' ",TS-w ^Xr- ~ - "** * A,wil rt } fri">* i cu 3024S fi it j , > of a-D -: t. *.!. r*!.v :, t** occupa:i**r.. rot, *?:"..-. tin dn-T. and It iipth ` ' ' \T,,>'iiT( i;> lb* fift`--i\ person. i \:.r* -| l)i - study is indie.'!?* d i* T;d!* XI CiJ.vi.*n-h tin- # v;:?............ ... Mich rel.v-\< ' -m.'i!' <;r**t;! pT* ..i- rh* f**rn.:it;**r of '* * clu-ion- a- t** the in?:::*i;i< **i tie -* factor- X**r i- i: p..-. V. f-..: on- t - :*?.*'-* t-> wax-my:: -;.h c * 'r ' * .'. t**- *it:-i in tin air J i ' i \ er. tin rt -ii!i` <: t!.:- u * -? -j _? the in-t't --it\ *>;' a n !-it ?: ;. *.f th* dn-t t..* <-t.t:; * ; : opt ration-. '!. *m ii in rr; II *>' tin- -tub; . ul.tr*. th. r. i- t :.? : :: .- expo.nr* t>* hiph c*<irt-t::r;.T *t.~ S"v v \kv ill. Tie. C"i:c* j`*tr:* t " ?* du~' in a-D.-to- fabric:.::?:.. j.Il: dpend- prjmnnb on tin pradt- of a-b*--;**-; ;?*::! n!*<r l*-;\ * - ri-f .hijjli'T c* -net ntrati* *n than crude fiD r (iteration- arrang'd ::. d*Crea-mp i oneentratv't; **.' d.t-t ar* pn panupc cardin;:. v.e.v-:.;. -p;: ilinp. tvi-t mp. winding, an*) v. arpittp <2> Tin ;imt:".*i' ^*;.*"* < h --.re *** a-ht-i..- dus* is s-t;.*..b ?*. - diameter-. I**ii";mditial and tran^ver-e. (3* I'etr*'graphic trr.ab -e- of dv.-t tnc**ur.ured in a~D *- catinp plant- collected in the worker.*' breathinp zone *h* * it t*. c**ntait, tv tree silica. 4 i F'ltirteen. nr 2W of fitt\*?x worker- employ*-! it? v t. - tilt dt partniem- of a-he-to* fabricating plant- in Penn-.'1. an:a ha ! hr'th clinical and roentj^c-mdomical evidence of afhc*ti'<'?- Acknowledgment.* The Tlepartment of Labor and Industry of the Commot'.'' ealth <: Pennsylvania wislie- t* thank the manaLrt-"i*-nt aw! or;-' *-- ** the plant> studied for their cooperation and interr-t wlticb madi the *ncce>< td this study pc-s-ible; Dr. H. K rancoa-t an*: 7?- F. T' T'enderjrra-- of the University of rcnn-> Ivania. ulv*-i itr.erprt tion- t*f the film* have been u-ed : Dr. Cl. \V Grier tin- er-iv. of I'itt-buroh. tor hir interpretati*>n. a--istanot. and adxiee in tb.*- ii**I.,ffic{il stttdy; Dr. J. E\an- Schetith. Fieri ta'-' **f t`r-. Pennsylvania Department of Welfare, in extendin': t-* tin Dcp.'.rt- ment of I-abor and Iivlu-try the facilitie- **f hi- detem:'-. . ?. . Dr C. A. Laubach. roent"enoh*L'ist and cardiob.yi-t of thi \`>*rr'-; -". State Hospital, for duin" a lar^e maioritv of tbc X-ra' v**rk. an ! bis technician- for the routine lab*.rat.*ry c-Xiiiiiir.a:i**:i-: Dr 7 I> Heard and F>r A B. Fuller *>f the I'ni'er-ity of T'iita*;-1 Dr. C. C. AN ohVrili of the l'imer-it\ of Penn-v Iv ania. n*r t!;-. :r a.-- sistance and imer[>retatiun of the cardiogram-. Bibliogradiy J. Amiante Hyp. du trav.. 1 :]91-1Q2. 1930. 2. Anderson, H. N .. and Clark. G. L.r Application **f X-ra> - in the Classification t*f Fibrous Silicate Mineral- Ci'ininonlv Termed Asbe*to* Ind. and Enp. Chcm.. 21 :24-933. 192u 28 'O 5 i v->* j t i J ! ,L5 c: M4f2 | BB 0005345 | ggil ___ r.vrx.jT <52 .' " -~4&*Zg : r0e*i *&*fr CD302o0 3. Auribault: Notes sur 1`hypiem et la securio' He? nuvrierdan- It? filature? et tis-ages d'amiante. Bull de 1*1 n~|. du trai.. j.. 130-133. !<* 4, Baader. E AA'.: Akl"-v-< mi: AA'arzenhildunp Munch*-:: mod. AA'chnschr.. 79:85. 193' 3. Bepcr, P. ].: Vt-ber flu A-P -:-.?i? K'*rj.ercben Arch.. 296:280-353. 1033. A'ire'- 6. Bepcr. P. I.: Mure on A-be-i"-:- Bodi*-, A'ire! Are' . 2' 330-33 134 Ab-ir . J. hid Hyp. 17:33. ]33 7. Beger, P. ].: Injurious Factors in Asbe?t->';? and S:!'i--?:- Med. Klin , Sept 14. 1 34. j. 1258-1261; l'*33-'37 Ab-tr . J. Ind. Hyp.. 17:33. 1933. 8. Beintker, E.: A?bestusi = . Arch. f. Gewcrbepath. u. Gewtrbehyp., 3:343-338. 1933. 9. Beintker. E.: Asbr?tu?i? Bodies. A'ireh Arc!:.. 33: 537-83. 1934. Abstr.J. hid Hyp.. 17:33. 193?. 10. Bowles Oliver: Asbestu---P-itm -tic and Foreign Pepo-it?. U. S. Bur. Mine? Ini. Circ. No 0790. June. 1934 11. Bridpe. J. C.: Asbcstosjs. In: Ann. Rep of the Chief ln-p of Fact for the Year 1Q28. p 95. H. M. Fiat. On.. Lon don. 1929. 13. Bromley. J. F.. Wood. AY. P>.. El!man. P.: Piuuun-n c>>!::---:--A Discussion. Part I--Silioi-d-; Part 11--Pulm-ona-? Asbestosi?. Part III--Pulmonary Asbrst<-sis. Brit J. Radiol., p. 262-395. 3934. Abstr.. T- Ind. Hvp.. 16:1023. 1934. 13. Buttner-AA'obst. \Y. and Trillitzsch. C.: Die Berpttach-lungr (asbestosis) und wa< der deutsche Artz von ibr wi?-e:t muss. Tuherkulose. 11:11-14, 1931. 14. Cirkel. Fritz : Chrysotile Asbestos, Its Occurrence. Exploita tion. Millinp and Uses. Mine? Branch Bull. 69. Canada Dcp't of Mines. 1910. 15. Clynes: Asbestosis and Silicosis. Brit Med. J.. 1:37, 1931. 16. Cooke. AY. E.: Fibrosis of the Lunps dm t<> Inhalation >! Asbestos Dust. Brit. Med. J.. 2:147, 1924. 17. Cooke. AY. E.: Asbestosi?. Brit. Med. J.. 3:1624-1025. 137 18. Cooke, AY. E.: Pulmonary Asbestosis. Brit. Med L. 2:585. 3928. 19. Cooke. AY. E : Ashesto? Dust and Curious IL'dir? F**i:nd :r: Pulmonary Asbestosis. Brit. Med. L. 2:578-5f'cl. 13U Abstr.. J. Am. Med. Assn.. 95:1431. 1930 Ab-tr.. I. hid Hvp.. 12:34. 1930. 20. Cooke, AA*. E.: Asbesto? Dust and Asbestosi* Bodie? from Lungs of Asbestos AA'orkers. I. State Med , 39:544-548. 1931. M..- 5: ' 29 : -a -. : ',) Ki\ i i .........pon rij po I' k/ i Uu'.iii,. i i \ <>J jl i i i vJJ i (L Lw r.rj 1-413 l 8B 0005346 | 21. 0>i>ke. \Y. HI : Si lie*-Anthracosi.s Presenting Curious P.'*dk Similar to Th'-se in Asbestosis. Brit. Med. h. 1:656-657, 1932. 22. Cooke. W. E.. and Hill. C. F.: Pneumokonkisis du< t>* A*, best.- Du-t .1 R`<\ Mit-r S.c.. 47 2232. 1927. 23 Cooke. W, E. and Hill. C. F.: Pneumokoniosis Cau-ed If. AsbcM.- Dust. Brit Med. J.. 1 :8Xj. 1927. 24. Cooke. \Y. E.. MacDonald. S.. Oliver T.: Strange B-dieFound in Asbestos Workers. Lancet. 2:130-137. 1920. 2?. Cooke, \V. E.. and Hill. C. F.: Further Observations on Pul monary Asbe-tosi.-. with Special Reference to Asb'-sto? Dim and Curious Bodies found in the Lungs. 1. Ro\. Micr. Soc., 50:15-19. 1930. 26. Davis. C,. G.. Sa!mon-en. E. M.. Earlywine. J. L.: The Pneu- monokonh.ses (Silicosis). Bibliography and Laws. Ind Medicine Inc.. Chicago. 1934. 27. Dewirtz. A. P.: Warts from Mineral Substances. Roussky Vestnick Derm. 1 2243-247, March, 1930. Abstr., 1. Ind Hyg.. 13:125. 1931. 28. Dher-. V.: Amiamc et asbestose pulmonairt. La med du trav.. 2:147-172; 187-209. 1930. Abstr.. I. Ind. Hvg.. 13:49. 1931. 29. Donnellv. Pulmonarv Asbestosis. Am. T. Pub. Health 23:1275-1281. 1930. 30. Drinker. P.: Alternating Current Precipitators for Sanitary Air Analysis. J. Ind. Hyg.. 14:364-370, 1932. 31. Drinker. P.: The Size Frequency and Identification of Cer tain Phagocytosed Dusts. J. Ind. Hyg.. 7:305-316. 125. 32. Effect of Asbestos Dust on Workers' Health in Ashe=to Mines and Factories. Labour Gaz.. 12:761-762. 1911-112, Ottawa. 33. Ellman.P.: Report on Cases of Pulmonarv Asbest.--i-. Pn>c. Roy. Soc. Med., 24:526. 541. 699. 1930-1931. 34. Ellman. P.: Chest Diseases in General Practice. London. H. K. Lewis. 1932, p. 116. 35. Ellman. P.: Pulmonarv Asbestosis, Lancet. Feb 4, P33. p. 252-253. Abstr.. J.' Ind. Hyg.. 15:43. 1933. 36. Ellman. P.: Pulmonary Asbestosis; Clinical. Radiological and Pathological Features and Associated Risk of Tuber culosis Infection. J. Ind. Hyg.. 15:165-183. 1933. 37. Fahr, T.: Asbest-pneumokoniose. Aertzl, Yercin. March 3. 1914, Hamburg. 38. Fahr. T.: Asbestosis. Klin. Wchnschr.. 11:1114. 1932. 39. Feil. A.: Asbestosis in Asbestos Workers: Professional As bestosis. Presse Med., 39:1931, 1872-1874. SC 2 30 NOT C r r; Usvi J BB 0005347 | .. ---- - t>rOp. o. ; -" 1 ^ 40. Feuerj-tack : Leber da Yerhahen de? Ephhels der LungehiT*" ^ vc'*lrn bei der fibri-e Pneumonia. Gottingen, Prci--schnfi. IStiJ. 41. Fulton, \V. B.. Houtz, R. L.. Dooley. A., Matthew;. J. L : Asbcsti>;i?. Part ]--Tlte Collection and Counting of As bestos Dust. Spec. Bull. 37, Pa Dept. Labor and Indu1try. 1934. 43. Gardner. L. U.. and Oumming-. D. E.: Studu- "it Experi mental PncuniokonioMs: Yl. Inhalation oi A-lDust; It' Effect upon Primary Tuberctih.-i- lnfnti-r. J. Ind. Hyg.. 13:65-81. 97-114. 1931. 43. Gerbis, H.. and Ucko: Leber Asbestosis der Lungen. Yer. f. inn. Med. z. Berlin, Sitz. v. Dec. 7, 1931. 44. Gerbis. H.. and Ucko: Asbe.-t'-si? of the Lung. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., 58:385. 1933. 45. German Work on Pulmonary Asbestosis. Lancet. 3:92-93, 1932. 46. Gloyne, S. R.: Presence of Asbestosis Fiber in Lesions ot Asbestos Workers. Tubercle, 10:404*407. 1939. 47. Gloyne, S. R.: Reaction of Tissues to Asbestos Fiber, with Reference to Pulmonary AsLc.-tosi-. Tubercle. 11:151*153. 1930. 48. Gloyne, S. R.: Method of Staining Asbestosis Bodies Found in Sputum of Asbestos Workers. J. Ind. Hvg., 13:85-86, 1931. 49. Glovne. S. R.: Formation of Asbestosis Bodit.-. Tubercle. 12:399*401, 1931. 50. Gloyne, S. R.: Presence of Asbestosis Bodies in Faeces of Case of Pulmonary Asbestosis. Tubercle, 12:158-161. 1931. 51. Gloyne, S. R.: Asbestosis Body. Lancet. 1:1351-1355. 1932 52. Glovne. S. R.: Infra-red Photomicrographs of Asbestosis Lung. Tubercle, 14:208-209, 1933. 53. Gloyne. S. R.: Morbid Anatomy and Histology of Asbestosis. Tubercle, 14:455-461. 493-497, 550-558. 1933. Abstr., T. Ind. Hyg.. 15:127-128. 1933. 54. Gordon, B.. Jr.: Asbestosis. Pennsylvania Med. L, 35:637639, 1932. 55. Green, Henry: A Photographic Method for the Determina tion of Particle Size of Paint and Rubber Pigment-. J. Franklin Inst., 192:637-666. 1921. 56. Green, H. L.: Some Accurate Methods of Determining the Number and Si2e Frequency of Particles in Dusts. I. Ind. Hyg., 16:29-39, 1934. 57. Haddow. A. C.: Clinical Aspects of Pulmonary Asbestosis Brit. Med. J., 2:580-581, 1929. 31 4 1 ; ;uj 3 NCi CJlvicFROM PPG FILES CA i'475 - -, --r'; - --~ ,, :; -?i-!>.-;^-<0^VZ^ ^'".t-!" T!~. . * ",. - * .g--7 _ a -r- -\ * *^'* *;VV"`J* j J- -t -s- ---- "?-. _ '> --: . J'\2* *'-." f Q " * -' nt .riVi _,. Ot';* i CU *.3 58. Hatch. T.. Warren. H . 1 rinker. p. : Modifie d rm fi f the bn i nburg-'-no; i. Imp:u.ger fi*r Fie Id r -e, with a Mi. !' of it- (,>p..r;ating Oh ir;,i1!i r:-;; n. ~. J. Ind. H,p Ot* * 14 .3 :-3:i. 1932 59. Hatch. T. and l'o-d . b I. : fjUIi ntit ation of Imp: r.ger Dust Satr:ph- b;. J >ark 1' lel Mia r* *.cop .1 In-1 11) /. P ' 1 / * 191. 1934 60 lltiltzni ar,i). 1 .: Die Kir. y v* ' h - . \-b(- itlb'1- Zet.t :a!bh f. G. \\ it! <e hv g.. 8 .225- 22-.. 61. Indu-trinl Director}-- P*31 Edition. J';i Dcp'l *-f Interna! Affair-, Harrisburg. 62. Katz and Slater: The Second Positive Wave of the Q-R-5 Complex. Arch. Jnl. Med.. 55: X-i. ]. Jan. 1935. 63. Kettle. E H.: Inter-titial Reaction- Cau-ed li\ Varjou- I >u~t~ and their Influence on Tuberculous Infection-. J. I'ath. and Pact.. 35 :3f*5-405. 1932. 64. Knopf, A.: The Quantitative Determination of Quartz i"Free Silica"; in Dust.-. U. S. Pub. Health Report.-. 48:183-19u. 1933. 65. Kruger, E.. Rostu.-ki. 0.. Saupe. E.: Asbestu-i.*. Arch, i. Gewerbepath. u. Gtwerbehvg., 2:558-590. 1931. Ab.-ir., J. Ind. Hyg., 14:144, 1932. 66. Lanza. A. 1.. McConnell. W. J.. Fehnel. S. \\\: Eff*-ct; of the Inhalation uf Asbestos Dust on the Lungs of Asbestos Worker.-. A Preliminary Studv. V. S. Pub. Health. Re ports. 50:1-12. 1935. 67. London Letter: Pneumonoconiu.-is Caused by Asbestos Dust. J. Am. Med. Assn.. 89:301, 1927. 68. Lovisetto. D.: Asbestusi, In: Studi sulla pneumaconiosi in Italia. 1930. p. 115-132. Istit. I'uligr. dello Stan.-. Rome. 69. Lynch. K. M. and Smith. W. A.: Asbesto.-is Bodies in Sputum and Lung. J. Am. Med. Assn.. 95:059-661. 1930. 70. Lynch. K. M. and Smith, W. A.; Pulmonary Asbe-tosis. 11. Including a Report of a Pure Case. Am. Rev. Tubcre.. 23:o43-ooO. 1931. Abstr.. J. Ind. Hyg.. 13:241. 1931 71. MacDonald. S.: Histology of Pulmonary Asbestosis. Brit. Med. J.. 2:1025-1020. 1927. 72. Merewether, E. R. A.: Occurrence oi Pulmonary Fibrosis and Other Pulmonary Affections in Asbestos Workers. 1. Ind. Hyg., 12:198-222, 239-257, 1930. 73. Merewether, E. R. 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