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L"' American Waterworks Association J April 1981 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT JAWWA S 73(4)189-224 (1981) American Water Works Association Annual Conference and Exposition Cervantes Convention Center St. Louis. Missouri June 7-11.1981 Another Century of Better Water Quality and Service Groundwater: An Endangered Resource icm nnonei7 C-/er St Louis, the site of the Mar. 29. t88i, meeting that formally established AWVVA, will host the centennial confer ence The theme for this year's meeting is ' Another Century of Better Water Quality and Service " A blue dot precedes articles featuring the theme of this issue. The American Water WorKs Associa tion disclaims responsibility for all information provided by the indivi dual authors published in Journal " AWWA. Vbpa American Water Works Association Executive Offices: 6666 W Quincy Ave Oenver. Colo 80235 Phone (303) 794-7711 Government Affairs Office: 485 National Press Bldg. Washington. D C 20045 Phone (202) 628-8303 Contact AWWA Membership Dept, concerning any problems with receipt of Journal AWWA. Claims for missing issues must be submitted upon receipt of the following issue. A period of 90 days should be allowed for change of address notification. Photocopying Conditions, journal AWWA consents to photocopying of all features in this issue for personal or individual use beyond that permitted by sections 107 or 108 of the US Copyright Law on these conditions*. a If no code appears at the bottom of the first page of a feature, payment .s not required b If a code appears at the bottom of te first page of a feature, a $2 00 per copy fee shall be paid to journal AWWA via Copyr/ght Clearance Center. Inc Operations Center P O Box 765 Schenectady. N v i230t A copy of the first page ol tr.e article showing the code should accompany the payment `.lane cnecKs payable to Copyright Clearance Center. Inc The above consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. '1981 by the American Water Works Association. Made in USA. JOURNAL AWWA (ISSN 0003-1 SOX) is published monthly by the American Wa ter Works Assn. Second-class postage paid at Denver, Colo., and at additional mailing offices POSTMASTER: Send ad dress change form 3579 to American Wa ter Works Association. 6666 W. Quincy Ave.. Denver. CO 80235. $10 of mem ber's dues are applied as a subscription to the Journal; additional subscriptions (sold only to those not eligible for AWWA membership), domestic. 520: foreign, S25. and single copies. $4. APRIL 1981 Vol. 73 No. 4 April 1981 Groundwater: An Endangered Resource Introduction to Theme of Issue Marjgement and Operations 169 Energy Conservation Opportunities in Municipal Water and Wastewater Plants Donald W. Lystra. Ashok K. Singhal. and Philip N. Loud Slow Sand Filter Design and Construction in Developing Countries R Paramasivam. V.A. Mhaisalkar, and P.M. Berthouex Rights and Liabilities of Water Suppliers Arising From Groundwater Pollution Edward I. Se/ig Groundwater Contamination in Connecticut Richard S. Woodhull 170 178 186 188 Chemical Contamination of Aquifers on Long Island, New York August A. Guerrera 190 Research and Technology Trichloroethylene and Methyl Chloroform in Groundwater; A Problem Assessment John C Petura 200 Detection of Trace Organics in Weil Water Near a Solid Waste Landfill 206 Foppe B. DeWaile and Edward S.K. Chian Selecting Polymers for Direct Filtration Hsuan-Hsten Yeh and Mnganka M. Ghosh 211 Conduct and Uses of Jar Testing Herbert E. Hudson Jr and E.G Wagner 218 The Relationship Between Asbestos and Turbidity in Raw Water Richard K. Severson. James Harvey, and Lincoln Polissar 223 Department news Page AWWA Officials 2 Briefs & Bios 4 Conference Information 9 Update 16A Percolation & Runoff 113 Names in the News 115 Law & Water News of the Field Product Information Classifieds Professional Services Meetings-Calendar List of Advertisers 116 117 119 124 125 131 134 NEWS 1 CAPCO JEN 0020618 'V T':'* Editorial : V 2- g Marc.a Lacey Associate Ec*:or Jacqueline LaSasso Associate Editor Mary A earmeiee Activities Editor Gary S Miner Associate Activities Editor Martha Cooper Editorial Assistant Art Jsm Anderson Art Director Sary A 9rougHton S^eryi ''ongw.e Art-sts L sa Fnddie Tec^n.cat \f`ustraior Production Atvm Piofsky Manager Susan Crane Procucr.oo Editor Sandra .Mandeti Composing Coordinator Marketing Mark Abusamra Director Safe's es ~z.er = ~g Manage' Sa'oa'a 5e g~ ev Va'<e: ~g Ccc'c 'atcr .5'3" *`Crv#'Se**3 s Cccrd''a*0' Circulation 53-oa'a "g*ad =ecor-:s Manager Management ra.-d 3 c'esto" E<ec-*ive D-rector =3. a Sc"--e Z~zs. E*ec^* -e - *e:*c' .:sec- a 2- ; E '4:*;' c* ca: Indexing: ''344d >/ r> December reg-'a'-,- o? ~cc ea Se.ence <3 ~e:~nc erg/ -reex 3-c>cg cal Abstracts C^em-ce* Aesfacts S^g nee'-og r.gex Me*s Acs'nacts Ocea^-c Abstracts. Fp i^.uon Atsuaz's Se ected Water Resources Abs^acts an<j Environmental Pe'-cd-cais 3 o' cg'aphy Microfilm edition: For Journal. AWWA subscribers only by University M'CroMms 300 N Zeeb Rd Ann Arbor M-ch . 48^06. by Beil & Howell Co Old Mansf.e'd Rd Wooster. Ohio 44691 and by Gemgrapnix M.crofnm Co 58 Old Soutn Country Rd South Haven N Y T1719 Reprints and Back issues: For any jcursal AWWA article from 1914 to the present or for back issues up to 24 months old. order directly from AWWA Publication Sales. 6666 W Quincy Ave . Denver CO 80235 2 NEWS \ .* ? \ AWWA Officials 5 President Jerome B Gilbert President-Elect Kenneth J, Miller Vice President John H Stacha Treasurer Thomas J. Blair III Immediate Past-President Donald K. Shine . v. T . 'v Section A laba ma Mississippi Arizona Atlantic Canada British Columbia CaliforniaNevada Chesaoeake Connecticut Flor da "awau Illinois Ir.d'ana intermountam Iowa Kansas KentuckyTennessee Mexico M'Chtqao Missouri Montana Nebraska New England New Jersey New York Norih Caro//na North Central Ohio Ontario Pacific Northwest Pennsylvania Puer'o Rico Quebec Pocxy Mountain South Dakota Southeastern Southwest Texas V rgmia West Vi'gmta Wes`ern Canada W'scons.n Director F E MaxeyJr J W 8laha A j MacDonald J A, Wise H H Hyde and W M Whiteside J R. Woods 6 H Ebner G M Dykes Jr E Y Hiraia 0 S Hadden AH Plautz G Anderson E R Baumann K A Mangun JL Huber R Trevino G W H Abbott Jr H E. Snider M E Tuttle R H McLeod FH Elwell D G McCabe JJ Welch J S Goodman Ji E A Huset R A Marchand P M Emery A A Alsing ME Hook J J Mayol J -P Dorion J B Warner R Harrington E L Huie Jr C L Kimberhng J H Stacna F F Eunou H E Cam E Davis j Skorupski Chairman R R Ridgley R L Miller V Zahorski F G Claggett AW Jorgensen HL Whiteley, Jr A R Castorma R W Likins RHP Young R.S Shierry EJ Suthfl T Holzworth P B Hopkins M Simonlon P C Campbell MATicas M RJ Smit J Miller K.Beven D Lees J C Morris E 0 Mullen L.A Mirando H Falls CJ Ahlgren R Miller E A Ladbrooke R L Wubbena R E Harner C.J Martinez J P Lanctot RL Champlln L.L Harms 8 L Webb C R Starr P B Kosub W L Rossie H A Brown FW Catterall A J Derse ChairmanElect or Vice Chairman SecretaryTreasurer J R Von Spreoken J Newman L.E. Orr - G.W. Wells R Barnes W H. Gates A H Krause WG. Mills K.H Beard. W J.Bardin Jr R C Haven J E Kuras D L Tippm W Y Thompson K,J Ficek J E. Sauer C,A Fitzsimmons J.L. Cleasby J H Robinson F C Campbell R Moreno M K M Squiers S Stephens R. Sanks JL Gerlt T W, Knowlton C M Frenz H, Falls G L. Englund RJ Hanhilam.m J.O. Pawley K G.Johnson R.A. Luska F. Gonzalez J.L. Rancourt N Hobbs C W meeker J D Hindman B E. Price M K Tubbs WJ Hunt J R. Cain G D Balacko L Schulze K L. Brink J E Quinn C E Hogue M Monta R T Sasman H W Cundifl 8 P Calkins DJ Alt JL May P. Sumner R. Trevino G 6 E Ohvier J R. Popalisky 0 A Fraser R.G SeidelmanJr. P Janjigian B C Lentz JJ Moran A T Rolan W Lloyd J B Nash Jr J D Pawley J.F Meharry J.B Smith N Sirgado N Filiatrault S H Fonda E Osterberg RT Tmdal F P Moss Jr R G Toler H A Johnson V Wilford M Pardoe J W Schulz Lj.ge Fec'esentir.g AWWA Associate Members RJ OU'WJ McGlmchy'KL Hach X .-r i . ^,, _ Vision /*> v/ fficers Committees Chairman Vice Chairman Genera? Policy Council Standards Council Technical <S Professional Council Water Uhhty Council Distribution Division Water Quality Division Resources Division Management Division Australian Correspondent Kenva Cof'esoondent CH StantonJ H Robinson- W H RichardsonWH Miller* J.A. Roller J M Symons R C. McWhmnie J H Stacha R F Goldfinch S A Sayeed D K. Shine G L. Laverty R P Van Dyke J J. Barr J M. Rasberry A.F. Hess W.R. Inhoffer C A Froman Jr. Staff Secretary D B Preston R R Lamson R R Lamson C. Atkinson J.L Caplto J G.DeBoer G.L. Craft B.D. Haskins Research Foundation Officers Chairman T C Pope Jr ` V`ce Chairman J R Woods Secretary-Treasurer 0 B Preston Executive Director J F Manwarmg 'Members of the Board of Directors JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020619 $ I MEET THE PERFORMERS... ^ In just five years, PRECISION METERS has become the leading manufacturer of multi-jet water meters! We're proud of our accomplishment because it clearly demonstrates product recognition in the Utility Market Place... Maybe it's because of our all-environment bronze design, or our low-sensitivity and wide range selection, from 5/8" to 20". Then, to, we have a unique distribution network and fast response time throughout the entire United States. Why not make PRECISION METERS ... PRECISION METERS, INC. wyootuirr wwanrtoerr mmeortoerr tmhiiss vyeoannri 1A1s1u00bsAidsi,a,orynao'JrtcBelvrtcal-in0'T!aeneddc-oFrIpOo'lrca)atio3n2809 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT, BOOTH NO. 815 Read<>' ln<ruiry Service No. 051 (305)'851-4470 CAPCO JEN 0020620 Briefs and Biosi D.W. Lystra Page 170 Energy conservation opportunities in municipal water and wastewater systems Donaid W. Lystra. Ashok K. Singhal and Philip N. Loud Energy is a budget-intensive item for most municipal water and wastewater systems, accounting for 20 percent of their operating expenses. A study of unit processes at four Michigan utilities revealed areas where energy costs could be curbed. Donald W. Lystra is a graduate of the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor) with BSE and MA degrees. He is currently a senior associate and manager of the energy programs for Ayres. Lewis. Norris & May. Inc. Lystra is a member of IEEE. ISA. and NSPE. R. Paramasivam Page 178 Slow sand filter design and construction in developing countries R. Paramasivam. V.A. Mhaisalkar. and P.M. Berthouex Recent research has been done to improve traditional slow sand filter design and to discover ways to reduce filter cost. This paper describes how filter dimensions can be selected to minimize construction costs and how system reliability and operating flexibility can be increased at little extra cost by building the proper number o` filters. To aid policy makers at the national or regional level and design engineers at the local level, an economic strategy for the design of new plants and future expansions is suggested. R. Paramasivam received BE. MS. and PhD degrees from the University of Madras. He has served as a consultant to the World Health Organization Reference Center for Community Water Supply in The Netherlands and has 16 years of experience in research and development in environmental engineering, including teaching. Paramasivam is a member of IWWA and IAWPC and has been published by Journal IWWA, Journal IWSA, and the Indian Journal of Environmental Health. E.l. Selig Page 186 Rights and liabilities of water suppliers arising from groundwater pollution Edward I. Selig To steer clear of trouble from contamination, water suppliers should test for priority toxic pollutants and learn both the waste disposal practices and groundwater flow systems of their watersheds. There are many strategies that can be used to maintain a healthy drinking water supply and avoid unnecessary litigation. Edward I. Selig is a graduate of Yale University (New Haven, Conn.) with a BA degree, of Oxford University (Oxford. England) with an MA degree, and of Harvard University (Cambridge, Mass.) with a JD degree. He is a specialist in environmental, public health, and energy law, and his clients include both industry and government agencies. Selig is a member of the Massachusetts, District of Columbia, and American bar associations. 4 NEWS Continued on page 6 JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020621 Revolutionary newturnln the AMLOK* nozzle. You demand absolute dependability, ease of operation, and minimum maintenance in fire hydrants. American Valve & Hydrant has devel oped a revolutionary new nozzle concept to seal that performance. The new AMLOK nozzle? Designed and manufactured with exacting precision and furnished on American B-62-B. B-SO-B. and Mark-73 hydrants. Nozzle replacement time is cut dramatically--in most cases to less than two min utes. There is no caulking, threading, drilling, or backbreaking effort. Noz zles can be replaced on site, without special tools or skills and there is noth ing in the waterway to obstruct flow. External lugs interlock with match ing lugs cast on the inside of the nozzle boss. An O-ring gasket provides positive, no-leak sealing. The gasket recess in the nozzle boss provides easy insertion. A special locking fea ture prevents unintentional turn-out. And the new AMLOK design meets all requirements of AWWA C502-80. In short, American now offers hydrants with a nozzle that's totally adaptable, greatly reducing your maintenance costs. It is the nozzle you can turn to. . VISIT OUR EXHIBIT, BOOTH NO. 235 A American Valve & Hydrant A Division of American Cast Iron Pipe Company P.O. Box 2727 Birmingham. Alabama 35202 2Q5/325-7856 fRmmdme htquliy Swvic* No. 003 Patent pending CAPCO JEN 0020622 Continued 'Vo,71 pose -f R S, Woodhull Page 188 Groundwater contamination in Connecticut Richard S. Woodhull Cleanup of the widespread organic contamination of Connecticut's groundwaters may be technologically feasible, but the economic repercussions to individuals and towns is prohibitive. This paper explores the possibility of federal assistance for cleanup programs. Richard S. Woodhull has been with the Connecticut Department of Health Services for 32 years, presently serving as chief of the water supply section. He is a graduate of Tufts University (Medford. Mass.) with a BS in civil engineering and of Harvard University (Cambridge. Mass.) with an MS in sanitary engineering. Woodhull is a member of NEWWA. IWSA, and AWWA and is a recipient of the George Warren Fuller Award. He has been published by Journal NEWWA and Journal AWWA. A.A. Guerrera Page 190 Chemical contamination of aquifers on Long Island, New York August A, Guerrera Aquifers underlying Nassau and Suffolk counties have been classified as the sole source of water supply for Long Island. Therefore, contamination of these underground systems would pose a severe threat to public health. The area has unfortunately been subject to the premature release of information concerning contamination, placing a heavy burden on area suppliers. Not only must they contend with the financial responsibility of cleanup operations but also with consumer fear and distrust. August A. Guerrera received a BS in chemistry from Brooklyn College (Brooklyn. N. Y.) and an MS in sanitary science from New York University (New York, N.Y.). He has twenty years' experience in monitoring the quality of the New York water supply and has served as a liaison to the US Geological Survey and the US Environmental Protection Agency in matching-fund groundwater studies. Guerrera is currently director of laboratories for the Suffolk County Water Authority. J.C. Petura Page 200 Trichloroethylene and methyl chloroform in groundwater: A problem assessment John C. Petura Ample funds have been provided for the cleanup of air and water pollution, but groundwater pollution is just beginning to receive much-needed attention. Contamination of wells is a common problem, but only recently has the technology for removing contaminants been developed. John C. Petura's 13-year career in the water industry has focused primarily on water pollution control, with particular emphasis on the removal of toxic and hazardous substances from water and wastewater supplies. Petura also has an extensive background in the application of activated carbon for removing priority pollutants from water. He is a graduate of Bucknell University (Lewisburg, Pa.) with a BS in chemical engineering and of Drexel University (Philadelphia. Pa.) with an MS in environmental engineering. Petura is a member of NSPE. AAEE. AWWA. AICE. and WPCF. 6 NEWS V- JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020623 F.B. DeWalle Page 206 Detection of trace organics in well water near a solid waste lan'dfill Foppe B DeWalle and Edward S.K. C' Landfills are the primary disposal sites used by municipalities and industries, making the threat of groundwater pollution through leachate migration an immediate concern. A contaminant control program showed that recovery wells can be effectively used to halt plume migration, Foppe B DeWalle received his MS in environmental engineering from the State University. (Wageningen. The Netherlands) and his PhD at the University of Washington (Seattle). Now associate professor at the University of Washington. DeWalle was a faculty member at the University of Illinois and then at Stanford University. '/ H.-H. Yeh Page 211 Selecting polymers for direct filtration Hsuan-Hseiri Yeh and Mnganka M. Ghosh Determining optimum polymer dosage depends on the molecular weight and charge cnaracteristics of the polymers themselves. Standard jar test apparatus is incapable of providing the necessary G values for mixing most polymers. The optimum polymer dosages based on particle size analysis should be favored over those determined by turbidity measurements in traditional jar tests. Hsuan-Hsien Yeh is a graduate of the National Cheng Kung University (Tainan. Taiwanj with BS and MS degrees and of the University of Missouri (Columbia) with a PhD. During his studies at Columbia. Yeh conducted polymer-aided filtration research for both surface waters and electroplating wastewater treatment. He has been published by National Science Council Monthly and is a member of AWWA. ASCE. and the Institute of Chinese Engineers. H E. Hudson Jr, Page 220 Conduct and uses of jar testing Herbert E. Hudson Jr. and E.G. Wagner By simulating treatment plant reality, |ar tests can quickly and economically produce important data that are directly applicable to plant design, modification, and operation. The procedure offers greater flexibility and economy than does the traditional pilot plant for pretreatment, and it has shown excellent scale-up correlations with plant operating records Herbert E. Hudson Jr. is a graduate of the University of Illinois (Urbana) with a BS deg'ee ir. civil engineering He is a member of FASCE. AWWA. and the FA/C. Hudson has been published by Jourr.a. AWWA. Journal SED, Water & Sewage Works, and Journal ASCE. R.K. Severson Page 223 The relationship between asbestos and turbidity in raw water Richard K. Severson. James Harvey, and Lincoln Polissar Many studies have attempted to assess the relationship between waterborne asbestos and cancer. Because historical levels of exposure are unknown, data culled from such studies are not considered viable. This paper establishes a significant correlation between turbidity and asbestos levels, possibly providing a means by which historical levels of asbestos could be ascertained. Richard K. Severson has been studying the relationship between cancer and asbestos in drinking water for the past two and a half years. He is a graduate of the University of Washington (Seattle) with BS degrees in environmental health and mathematics and an MS degree in biostatistics. APRIL 1981 NEWS 7 V CAPCO JEN 0020624. u S3 ! ' Recordall: sized right to deliver more revenue Recordall disc meters quickly pay for themselves by increasing water " revenue. The reason for this is a total!, new approach to meter sizing. In developing Recordall, Badger took into*account recent evidence that household meters have been oversized and a substantial amount of water is used at flows below 2 gpm. Recordall was designed, therefore, to improve accuracy in a "practical'' flow range that closely matches typical usage. With Recordall, you generally have a choice of two or more meters in the same laying length, but with different capacities. That way you pay only for the capacity you need--not more than you need. What's more, you don't sacrifice accuracy and revenue at low flows. As an example: AWWA standards for a %' meter call for 95% accuracy at % gpm and 98.5 to 101.5% accuracy above 1 gpm. A Recordall Model 15 beats that hands down by delivering 97% accuracy at % gpm and 98.5 to 101.5% starting as low as % gpm. Buying "too much" meter wastes water and money. Recordall's new sizing concept gives you a way to size up dramatic savings. For details write to Badger Meter Inc., Flow Products Division. 4545 W. Brown Deer Rd.,Milwaukee, W153223. % * Ryder Inquiry Service Na OOB,**: ~ \ ' CAPCO JEN 0020625 Contents Another Century of Better Water Quality and Service.. Centennial Conference Highlights...................................... Conference Registration ......................................................... Hotel Locations and Rates....................................................... Hotel Reservation....................................................................... Preliminary Technical Program............................................ Exhibitors...................................................................................... Participants.................................................................................. Technical Presentations by Subject.................................... Technical Presentation Abstracts........................................ Seminars Speak to Current Concerns................................ Pre-conference Seminar Program........................................ Exhibitor Highlights................................................................... 13 18 23 26 27 29 45 48 58 66 76 78 81 AWWA Returns to St. Louis .................................................. 100 Centennial Celebrations Catch'Spirit of St. Louis'___ 101 Facility Tours Evoke Images of Mark Twain....................... 102 Gateway City Opens Door of Hospitality to Spouses .. 103 Centennial Competition on Course andCourt...................104 Getting There, Getting Around ...............................................105 Fur Trade, River, and Rail Fix St. Louis' Commercial Role...............................................................................................106 Gateway Arch Frames City of Historic and Modern Attractions..................................................................................108 Nightlife on the Mississippi....................................................... no Dining: From Haute Cuisine to Catfish................................ 112 Southern Summer....................................................................... 112 APRIL 1981 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 9 V CAPCO JEN 0020626 Why deal with several when you gel all these LAYNE- Well Construction Groundwater as a primary or secondary source of municipal water supply is a grow ing trend. And for 99 years, thousands of U.S. cities have relied on the well drilling and well construction expertise of the Layne organization. Layne brings to each job a vast amount of knowledge about underlying formations and geologic conditions. Plus a corps of skilled and trained personnel--hydrologists, engineers, technicians, field supervisors, and drillers. The result is a water well system engineered and constructed for long, economical service. A thirsty city deserves no less. Pump Installation A good pump is critical to a smooth-working water supply system. It must be selected and engineered precisely for the duty to be performed. Whether the application is water well, river intake, or booster service of any kind, a Layne pump is built to do the job. And Layne-Western crews are there to install, test and place it in operation, instruct the customer in its care and maintenance, and provide continuing service. A city depends on it. Offices in these cities: Albany, GA; Ames, IA; Aurora, IL; Bakersfield, CA; Cleveland, MS; Columbus, OH; Dallas, TX; Denver, CO; Garden City, KS; Houston, TX; Indianapolis, IN; Jackson, MS; kansas City, MO; Lake Charles, LA; Lansing, Ml; Memphis, TN; Milwaukee, Wl; Mishawaka, IN; Moses Lake, WA; Norfolk, VA; Omaha, NE; Orlando, FL; Pensacola, FL; Phoenix, AZ; St. Louis, MO; Savannah, GA; Stuttgart, AR; Tempe, AZ; Wichita, KS; Woodland, CA. CAPCO JEN 0020627 contractors, services with one ? WESTERN. Hydrological Services The services of Layne-Western engineers and hydrologists do not replace the services of consulting engineers or superintendents. But they may be called upon to aid in the overall planning of the water supply installa tion to whatever extent is needed. The range of Layne-Western's hydrologi cal services includes: geophysical surveys, electric logging, groundwater model studies, test hole drilling and evaluation, aquifer analysis, and water quality evaluation. Expert advice is also available after the successful completion of the project. A city is never forgotten. Maintenance and Service The Layne-Western approach to service is twofold: Problem-prevention and problem solving. Layne offers a comprehensive preventa tive maintenance program that will help avoid major well and pump repairs. Layne is also prepared to rehabilitate older wells, re storing them to productive levels through chemical treatment or other appropriate means. If breakdowns occur, Layne-Western crews with all the necessary equipment and tools are on call. Day and night. In times of emergency, a city needs fast action. LAYNE-WESTERN COMPANY, INC. 5800 Foxrldge Drive Mission, Kansas 66202 Rudr Inquiry $rvtc No. 035 , CAPCO JEN 0020628 WITH CONCRETE PRESSURE PIPE, YOUR SYSTEM DOESN'T JUST GET OLDER... -*n t U GETS BETTER. Like fine wine, concrete pressure pipe im proves with age. The longer it stays in the ground, the stronger it gets. And no plastic bags or wrappings are needed to resist aggressive en vironments. What's more, the permanently smooth inte rior surface of concrete pressure pipe provides superior hydraulic characteristics. You can trust your concrete pressure pipe system to provide en ergy efficient operation for generations to come. Next time you're considering pipe, consider the future. For total performance, doesn't your system deserve permanent concrete pressure pipe? For more information about the superior per formance of this pipe, write to the American Con crete Pressure Pipe Association, Dept. 10, 8320 Old Courthouse Road, Vienna, Virginia, 22180. AMERICAN CONCRETE PRESSURE PIPE ASSOCIATION 12 NEWS Reader Inquiry Same* No. 001 i v JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020629 AWWA MEMBERS AND FRIENDS: It is with great pride and anticipation that I announce the Centennial Conference and Exposition of the American Water Works Association. It will be held in St. Louis. Mo.--the location of the association's founding 100 years ago--from June 7 to June 11.1981. The technical program, facilities tours and exposition will provide the latest information on a wide range of technical subjects: contaminant control, utility management, laboratory analysis, operator training, and many more. Our ability to improve the quality and quantity of the water we supply will be'further enhanced in meetings with experts from not only our member countries of the United States, Canada, and Mexico but also with others from throughout the world. The centennial conference also will highlight the World Water Decade of the 1980s. The Missouri Section members have prepared an exciting social and recreational program. The banquet entertainment will feature outstanding performers of the music that accompanied the history of AWWA growth, and you will have an opportunity for APRIL 1981 individual entertainment, including a baseball game, shopping, and sightseeing. The conference will be keynoted by an outstanding speaker. These events and many more will make your visit to St. Louis worthwhile. You not only will have an enjoyable experience but also will improve your ability to meet the water service challenge of the next century. Let's help build a stronger association through effective communication between all elements of the industry. Meet us in St. Louis! ANNUAL CONFERENCE 13 CAPCO JEN 0020630 CAPCO JEN 0020631 9L aMea Moe'er Of*sea* 5- m Cu.fc arc Metef Va'ves Only the Mueller System offers you bubbletight valves in sizes from 3/4" to 48" It's the only really complete selection of resilient-seated valves for applications requiring bubble-tight closure. And the only one in which every valve is pressure tested for zero leakage before shipment. Choose from O-ring sealed Orisealr corporation, curb and meter valves for small size piping. Select and specify the Mueller RSGV with its modified wedge disc, full open flow-way and unique seating design for throttling and other tough applications. Or specify the Lineseal III, the better butterfly valve with a unique external operator with one-step adjustment and a body seat ring that adjusts to pressure from either direction. We make them all with proven Mueller quality. And you can get them all, with prompt delivery, from your Mueller Distributor. He's part of the Mueller System and the only one you need to call for bubble-tight resilient seated valves -- in %" to 48" sizes. Contact him, your Mueller Rep resentative or write direct to Mueller Co., Decatur, IL 62525. Each valve is subjected to two hydrostatic tests: one (or leakage across the seat and one (or leakage from the assembled valve V 1 - MUELLER CO. RtKfor Inquiry Sorvico No. 042 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 539 W-8104 CAPCO JEN 0020632 Eliminate * 99 Switch to the Ford Model 77 Drilling Machine. Until now, you>e needed two or more drilling machines to install Vz" through 2" corporation stops. Not anymore. With new I12" and 2" adapter kits, the Ford Model 77 Drilling Machine drills through all these sizes. Eliminating the hassle and expense of equipping your service trucks with multiple machines. Type of pipe doesn't matter either. The Ford Machine easily handles steel, cast iron, asbestos-cement, or plastic. And the Model 77's optional chip flushing feature washes chips through the machine and out a hose. A complete assortment of drills, shell cutters, and special adapters are also available. Simplify your service installation. For more information on the complete Drilling Machine Kit, or on adapters to update your current Model 77. write or contact your local Ford distributor. THE FORD METER BOX COMPANY. INC. P.O. Box 443. Wabash, Indiana 46992 V2" Adapter Render Inquiry Serve e Aj<> VISIT OUR EX^'Li L- V 2" Adapter CAPCO JEN 0020633 News of the Field... Update The .ctesr --ews of whats -aDoenmg m fhe water supply field as reported within 15 days of press time. DATELINE WASHINGTON', D.C.: AWWA SUPPORTS CORSL'CH AND HERNANDEZ APPOINTMENTS. In a letter to Senator Robert Stafford (R-Vt.), chairman of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, AWWA strongly urged confirmation of Anne M. Gorsuch and John W. Hernandez Jr. for administrator and deputy administrator, respectively, of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The letter, signed by Water Utility Council chairman W.H. Miller, expressed the association's opinion that Gorsuch and Hernandez offered the country the dedication, knowledge, and experience to efficiently manage the complex issues inherent in the USEPA. AWWA believes that their legal and engineering talents will provide optimum effectiveness in this key regulatory agency. The letter also noted that both recognized the differences among regions of the nation and the need for greater state and local involvement in control of environmental programs. Confirmation hearings are tentatively scheduled for mid-April. Gorsuch is a former member of the Colorado General Assembly, a graduate of the University of Colorado, and a Fulbright scholar. She has beer, active in environmental affairs for Mountain Bell, the telephone company in Colorado. Gorsuch is a native of Casper, Wyo. Hernandez is a professor at New Mexico State University, a civil engineer, and a long-time member of AWWA. REAGAN DECIDES TO RETAIN THE COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. Although its budget will be cut by more than 60 percent and its staff significantly reduced, the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) will be retained by President Reagan. The administration reportedly considered eliminating the council on the grounds that its functions could be handled by other agencies. Apparently, the decision to retain the CEQ was made to avoid the strong protests of environmentalists. At its reduced size, however, the council will have difficulty carrying out its responsibilities for overseeing federal agency compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act. NEW d5mENICI-M0YNIHAN WATER RESOURCES BILL INTRODUCED. A bill that woulg^euthorize S2.5 billion for water projects construction has been introduced by Senators Doraenici (R-N.M.) and Moynihan (D-N.Y.). The legislation provides a different approach for such projects, establishing state block grants and cost sharing and allowing the states tc select projects and determine priorities. Cost sharing would be set at 75 percent federal funding and 25 percent state. Projects studied by the US Army Corps of Engineers or other water development agencies would automatically be authorized subsequent to a state's certifying that the project has widespread benefits and is the most economical alternative. ' USEPA DISCLOSES PLANS FOR REGULATIONS. The Jan. 14, 1981, issue of the Federal Register contains USEPA's agenda of regulations. There are 183 regulations entries in this document. A large portion, however, are actions required to satisfy agency review procedures In accordance with either statutory or judicial mandates. Two regulations are listed under drinking water, the control of organic l V t y.JStf iM > lV,Mr CAPCO JEN 0020634 I XSc News of the Field... Update chemical contaminants in drinking water by granular activated carbon (GAC) systems and maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for volatile organic chemicals in groundwater. The USEPA proposes June 1982 as the date for the reproposed GAC regulations; January 1981 was the date for the Advanced Notice of Rule Making for organic chemicals. Recent discussions with USEPA indicated, however, that the latter ruling will not be available until early May. The MCLs for volatile organic chemicals in groundwater could even be delayed until the "new USEPA team" is in place and has provided guidance relative to policy and regulations. DROUGHT RESPONSE COORDINATION UNDER WAY. Drought response coordination has been assumed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). That agency has prepared a report, soon to be available, relative to drought assistance programs such as those sponsored by the Farmers Home Administration, the US Army Corps of Engineers, and the USEPA. For information concerning this report, write to Federal Emergency Management Agency, Division of Disaster Response and Recovery, 1725 I St., N.W., Washington, DC 20472. .............................................. AWWA Washington, D.C., office--Cliff Atkinson Jr. Canadian Update DATELINE CALGARY, ALBERTA: According to a report releasee by Alberta Environment, major steps are needed if water supply and sewage treatment facilities are to keep pace with the growth of the city of Calgary and surrounding communities. The Calgary Regional Utilities Study reports that many of the treatment facilities were considered in the study. Factors such as projected demand, source of supply, level of sewage treatment, and cost were used to evaluate the various regional, subregional, and individual facility options. For water supply, the study recommends that the communities of Airdrie, Crossfield, Chestermere Lake, Strathmore, Carseland, Okotoks, High River, Turner Valley, Black Diamond, Springbank Airport, and Cochrane receive their water supplies from the city of Calgary; that Bragg Creek and Redwood Meadows have a joint supply from the Elbow River; that the western irrigation district main canal be used as a source of joint supply for Irricana and Beiseker; that existing facilities at Longview and Cayley be upgraded; and that Blackie continue to be supplied from medium-depth wells. Recommendations on sewage treatment were to link the communities of Airdrie, Crossfield, Chestermere Lake, Strathmore, Okotoks, Black Diamond, Turner Valley, Redwood Meadows, Bragg Creek, and Cochrane to the city of Calgary's treatment and disposal facilities; to improve existing treatment plants serving Beiseker, Irricana, Carseland, Blackie, High River, Longview and Springbank Airport; and to build a new plant at Cayley. V CAPCO JEN 0020635 Better weed control spells better water control. Maintaining irrigation and flood control ditches is an on-going effort That's why so many irrigation and water management districts use Roundup herbicide. Roundup can get those weeds before they choke off irrigation and drainage water. Before the backed-up water overflows, carrying weed seed to spread the problem. Before the trouble involves costly dredging. Just draw down the water from the ditches and apply Roundup to the actively growing weeds. Wait seven days, and then reintroduce the water. Roundup works inside the weed, so there's no residual soil activity. And Roundup is non volatile, so it won't vaporize to harm nearby plants. You can even reseed right away--and that means reduced soil erosion. If you want to get better water control...and save time, money and labor...try better weed control with Roundup. Nothing works like Roundup. FOR LITERATURE CALL TOLL-FREE 1-800-621-5800 In Illinois. 1-800-972-5858. ALWAYS READ AMD FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS FOR ROUNDUP. Roundup* is a registered trademark of Monsanto Company RUP.SP1.104D Monsanto 1981 B*.d.r Inquiry Seruic. No. 041 CAPCO JEN 0020636 Centennial Conferen For the AWWA and its members, the spirit of St. Louis encompasses a celebration of the past and a commitment to the future as the association holds its centennial con vention. June 7-11. in that city The theme of the annual conference-- "Another Century of Better Water Quality and Service"--was selected to recognize AWWA's past 100 years and to look forward to its goal for the next 100. Even the structure of the conference reflects tradition and innovation. This year the conference will begin with the customary exposition opening and meet-and-greet function. The opening gen eral session on Monday will include the awards ceremony in addition to an out standing keynote speaker. From Monday afternoon through Thurs day morning, the divisions and committees of the association will present discussions of emerging technology, research, practical applications, and government regulation. Topics include "Environmental Considera tions and Other Delays.'' "Managing in a Changing Economy," "Small Water Utility Operations and Design," "Better Water Quality and Service Through Training," and "Helen Weren't No Saint." The annual banquet has been moved to Wednesday night, and the conference will end at noon on Thursday with a special lunch featuring a prominent panel. The exhibits will be open on Sunday from noon until 5 p.m and from 8 a.m, to 5 p.m. Monday through Wednesday The evenings have been left free for attendees to enioy the many attractions of the city and the exhibitors' social events. To amplify the theme, the AWWA Cen tennial Committee has planned a number of events and souvenirs On Sunday. June 7 the exposition opening will include a b'dhday party and traditional cake along with period entertainment like ragtime music and German folkdancing. The theme center, located in the exhibit hall, will present a montage of AWWA history and services as well as water industry accomplishments of the past and directions for the future against a Gay Nineties background. Every technical reg istrant will receive a copy of the special centennial magazine, with articles and illustrations highlighting the industry's past and future. Also one of the centennial projects will be a museum display of waterworks equipment and photographs showing the history and development of water supply. Other traditional events will highlight the 18 ANNUAL CONFERENCE conference as well. Three preconference seminars on Sunday will include such timely topics as groundwater contamination, small utility problems, and coagulation and filtra tion. Facility tours of water systems in the St. Louis area will be offered on Tuesday and Wednesday. The popular golf and tennis tournaments will gather contestants for their once-a-year friendly rivalry. The ladies' program features a visit to the Missouri Botanical Gardens, with its famous geodesic Climatron. tours of historic St. Louis homes, and a concert by the Saint Louis Symphony. Optional tours, shopping trips, and a fashion show will operate from the ladies' hospitality center, the annual rendezvous for many at the conference. Known as the gateway to the West, St. Louis is a "jumping in" place as well as a jumping off place. The city offers many diversions: riverboat rides on the Missis sippi, numerous-historical sites, major league sports, the Anheuser-Busch Brew ery, and the city's symbol, the famous Gateway Arch. AWWA conferees can jump into the swing with sightseeing and cen tennial celebrations combined with the best in technical programs. As AWWA's founding fathers could have said. "Meet me in St. Louie!" JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020637 *sisT Itcan't happen here, II sin ill Ii ill I . 111 \ U ,l\ . A l;ii 1 in c- in .111\ i, H n in mi i i \ s picssmc pipe s\ sinii me a il.ilih lends Inn sei ies i il miple.ismil mill ilisi u pi he (Mills. Pipe i osts mone\ ;m<l l;i\im; < nsls e\ eii mule. II niisiiiudilemmeiuilsme used, mi eniiie s\ stem m.i\ Ii;im to lie lepl.K ed, )esiilliiit> ill seM'If 1111.1111 i ( Ip,lied expenses. I lie miswci is In s|iei il\ pel lll.llli lll ili.lleli.il ill (lie tils! p!;i<e. dm lile iton Ii>n die M< Willie III! . I limp.lilies . . . Alliillli< Si,lies Pipe. Me W;me Pipe mid P:u ilii Slides Pipe. Will'll Mill pill pipe llltn llie "loillld. Mill He. v) U'.llll lo see il :t:iin. Hun's somediiim sou ( mi i omit on when sou spe< il\ dm lile liom Mi Wmic Im . ,.***>**; M 'W**V,*` - .inSr". >" - - > ' ' 'V'. .'V-. ,r r. . . . Allmilii Sum s ( ,>%i (ion Pipe PlliIIIpslne \' <A ||'|SI \ Mi Wmu . ! I' on Pi pi Bil mimdi.im M.di.mui Pilcilii Si.lies ( ..isl lion Pipe PloMl. 1 ' I. I i I l "iiii>n i'oundi \ diilinns> Aimisiou. \ 1.tIj.im.i Real*`f lllfjmfy S*-fVM.f No 040 VISIT OUR tXHlBiT BOOTH NO CAPCO JEN 0020638 You only need one good reason logo submersible. Byron Jackson is first in submersibles--and has been ever since 1932. In today's ecology-conscious world, the traditional benefits of submersibles have added meaning. Because the modern Byron Jackson submersible is... Silent. Our submersible pump and its close-coupled, ultra quiet electric motor operate submerged in the pumped fluid (which also dampens noise). The only way you can tell it's running is to read the control panel. So it can be located anywhere --even in the middle of a residential area, Out of Sight. No surface prime movers stuffingboxes. No pumj houses. Everything can be under Vandal-proof, ground. In short. Damage to expensive no sight pollution. pumping equipment is a growing problem faced by water districts everywhere. Putting pumps underground leaves vandals nothing to vandalize. Flood-proof. Floods all across the nation have dramatized the vulnerability of surface-driven pumps. Obviously^ that's no problem with a Byron Jackson^ Submersible since it's made to work under water. Freeze-proof. The "big freezes" of the past two years have revealed another liability of surface-driven pumps. Because they can be installed below the frost line. submersibles are immune to freezing. Great for Crooked Wells. Since we make submersibles that will operate in any position, crooked or deviated wells are no problem. Operate it vertically in primary and booster service--flip it on its side as a transfer pump, or incline it for river water intake. No other type of pump offers such versatility. CAPCO JEN 0020639 Ideal for Deep Settings. Your choice'of many bowl and impeller designs lets the Byron Jackson Submersible adapt easily to any submerged pumping need. It can be set as deep as you have to go. If you're faced with a declining water table, here is your solution. Energy Efficient. The compact, close-coupled submersible is highly efficient in operation. For example, the new municipal water system at Mercer Island, Wash., employs three Byron Jackson Submersibles in conjunction with adjustable-frequency drives and an electronic controller, it is actually paying for itself by saving 16 percent in energy consumption over the noisy, surface-driven pumping system it replaced. Serviced Nationwide. Our submersibles are built to operate unattended for many years of silent service. But should you ever need service, our nationwide network of authorized dealers and factory service centers is on call to meet your installations, parts and service needs 7 days a week. They're backed up by our factory stock of rebuilt replacement motors, ready for immediate shipment. For more information and specifications, contact your Byron Jackson dealer today. Or write: Byron Jackson Pump Division, P.O. Box 2017 Terminal Annex, Los Angeles, CA 90051.(213) 587-6171 BYRON JACKSON PUMP DIVlS10NsX= P.O. Box 2017, Terminal Annex, Los Angeles, CA 90051 Reader Inquiry Service No. 010 CAPCO JEN 0020640 PROBLEMS? HOW LONG HAS IT BEEN SINCE YOU MADE AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF COAGULANTS? Forri-Floc (Ferric-Sulfate) has a substantial advantage since no imported raw materials are used, and being a dry chemical, you don't pay for water. c* Is still a premium chemical usually requiring lower doses than othet ^coagulants, Write or phone for facts about Ferri-Floc and other watt ............. Sfnduding SULFURIC ACID* SULPHUR DIOXIDE* L* SODIUM SILICOFLUORIDE LIQUID ALUM. CAPCO JEN 0020641 W AWWA ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ADVANCE REGISTRATION FORM June 7-11.1981 St Louis. Missouri Enclose the completed form with payment and mail in the seif-addressed envelope no loter than May 25,1981. The special rates below apply to registration received by June 1. On-site registration rates are 10% higher. Your registration will be acknowledgea by AWWA Cancellations or transfers will be accepted until the Conference starts. Registrant and spouse should register on the same form. Suncay Semincr registration should be made on this same form Lunch is included Type of Registration ver-ce< Ncnme^oef Includes Techhicai sessions .. General sessions. . Exhibits . Social functions., Banquet wecnesccv .aflies events . ,aaies fence:vcus So". 'hois S'CO $?0 $'3G 310C kOCies sec $50 sec ->5C c*f Vec Or* v Ore Sun Ore Dev Student vea Dov $32 55 $'.0 $4 $45 S-t $0 54 _ - _- _ _ - ' __ PRINT First Last NAV= I I I I I I I I I I I IIIIIIIIII I I I I I I I I I I I I I IIIIIIII CCVP4'.- I I I I ! I I I I I I I I I1IIIIII ADDRESS tillI1IIII------------------------------- 1-------1------- 1------- 1------- 1------- 1------- 1------- 1------- 1--------1------- 1 CITY I I I I I I I I I I I I II I STATE OR PROVINCE III USE SAME NAME AS ON THE HOUSING FORM =~C\E I I l I I I I I l I I I I I IZIP II1III s=clse i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii ii ii ADVANCE REGISTRATION Technical Sessions & Exhibits Sun-h^r w-fn OCnauet.. ., . ocnaoet Cne Dev Mcnacv on\ 'uesdev omv ........... - Aecnesacv o^iy Crce Ooce' Member Nonmember 5100 AA 70 =A 32 > 32 GA 32 $130 100 45 45 45 AC SO cc GO tC Are vou a member of AWWA? Yes i l iIIla Nob (Member No.) Is vour company a member of AWWA? Yes lilt -i i c Noa (Employees of a member company qualify for member rotes) S'-ae"' ,,ccege ex ^ Laces Program - /. casque* a concuet Exhibit Area Onfy xr .\ec C*~e Dev VonCCV eOD' onlv - \je$ocv exr-bit enty . Aecnesccv exr\o<t cn,\ . Extra Banquet Tickets _a$3Ceo Facility Tour. Scientific Luncheon (Thurs.)...............v 5 -A 80 '.%A 50 10 A 4 .A 4 *A 4 _A __ VA 15 **A 10 CA 9 80 SGA 50 $~A 10 A 4 4 kA 4 -A MA 20 NO 15 OD OCCUPATION (circle one) A Water utility B Contractor C Consultant D Manufacturer Exhibiting E Manufacturer Net Exhibiting F Manufacturer's Representative G Distributor H Educator I Research Lab J Government-Federal K Government-State L Government-Local M Student N Other-- Conference Proceedings................... Sunday Seminars Smo'l woter system problems........ Coagulation & filtration - bock to the basics........................................... Organic chemical contaminants m groundwater.................................... TOTAL 26 PA 50 CA 50 RA 50 SA S-- 52 PO 70 OO 70 RD 70 SO S Make check payable to AWWA in US funds Personal check Company check Date Mail to: AWWA Conference 6666 W. Quincy Ave. Denver. CO. 80235 APRIL 1981 ANNUAL CCNFERENCE 23 L' CAPCO JEN 0020642 CAN THE PIPE YOU SPEOFY STAND THE TEST OF TIME? CAPCO JEN 0020643 Some thin<>s are built to last. And Ameriean Ductile Iron pipe is designed, manufacture. i .aid tested to do just that. Stream! >' M-abilityandeorrosion resist an - a < characteristic's that are built into American Duet ile Iron pipe. It s tou"h enough and versatile enough to stand up to any terrain. Each length is hydrostatically tested (4"-24" sizes at 500 psi: 30" 54 "sizes at 75o ofyield. usually above 750 psi). And larger than nominal internal diameters provide up to S<> extnt How capacity. Its unexcelled lor maintenance free service. All this to meet the unexpected demands of an advancing civilizat ion. When you need pipe that will stand the test oftime. specify Ameriean Ductile Iron. Wh won't leave you hith and diy. American Ductile Iron Pipe Cm pm ale Jlrnriqnnt ters and Pit net pal Plants Hit mmch.tm. Alabama |l,*l:i> : s.,li -i *;.V li. : . ' 1 . D tllas. K.n-'U"< Mine* Va**;k ;!.;!* P'U-e .tad. x ,, jr.i.iio* } t -*-i . k It * ati:>*- :a Itr itt.j!a:-j . \ V.m-* a;<n** .mdlM!*,* .4. \ a.,\,..Tt c.t Ht-.l'tci lii(|iii:y Simvii i` t -S I CAPCO JEN 0020644 Mac No. Hotel 1 Radisson-St Louis 2 Sheraton-St Louis 3 3ei Air Hilton A Molidav inn Riverfront 5 Stauffer's R-verfront Towers 6 Vainoft's Pavilion 7 .Vaytair 8 <.ennox 9 Best Western St louisian 10 Houday Inn-- Market Street ii Rodeway Inn-- Downtown 12 St Louis Ramada Inn 13 Bel Air West 14 Forest Park 15 Chase Park Plaza 16 Quality Inn at Forest Park 17 Holiday Inn-- Clayton Plaza 18 Clayton inn 19 Dameie 20 Breckenndge Inn --Frontenac 26 ANNUAL CONFERENCE SGI 50-56 55 52-62 49-59 50-52 52 41 34-37 35 33 38 38-40 30 30-40 45-65 35 42 48 65 67 OBL 60-66 67 62-72 58-66 62-64 60 49 38 45 38 44 46-48 32 35-45 55-70 37 52 58 75 78 TWIN 60-66 67 62-72 58-66 DORA PERSONS _ 10- - 9 62-64 12 60 6 49 -- 42 5 45 5 38 " 48 6 46 8 35 35-45 55-70 37 2 -- 10 -- 52 -- 58 -- 75 _ 78 6 1 BR SUITE 120 140-220 150-350 100-110 175-225 -- 115-125 55-65 70 -- 75 -- -- - ** 125 150-200 2 BR SUITE _ - 140-150 275-300 -- 250 100-130 "" " - 150 -- NO. OF ROOMS RESERVED 200 500 100 300 800 275 150 175 100 150 200 150 75 100 750 100 90 100 40 150 JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020645 HOTEL RESERVATIONS AWWA Conference Housing Bureau 1300 Delmar Sf. St. Louis. MO 63103 Hotels 1st choice 2nd choice 3rd. choice Anivol Date Time AM PM Names of Occupants i __________________________ 2. 3 __________________________ 4 __________________________ Accommodations Requested Single Double o Twin o Twin Double One-BR Suite TwoBR Suite $. s. s. s. s. s. Send Confirmation To Ncrne_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Co"'DCOy ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Address ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ C tyStateZip Te'epnone A/CNo----------------------------------------------- -Important- 1 Reservations must be sent to the AWWA Housing Bureau on official hodsing forms. Hotels will not accept direct reservations. 6. If accommodations are not available at the hotels of your choice, comparable reservations will be made at other cooperating hotels. 2. You will receive acknowledgment of receipt of your reservation request from the Housing Bureau, but confirmation of your reservation will come from the hotel to which you have been assigned. 3 Be sure to list arrival and departure dates and times. 4 Hotel confirmations will indicate late arrival guarantee and deposit policies. 5. Be sure to list names of all occupants of room. 7. If requested rate is not available, the next available rate will be assigned. 8 Reservations will not be accepted by telephone. 9. Notify the Housing Bureau of CANCELLATIONS. Make CHANGES directly with the hotel. 10. Reservations must be received at the Housing Bureau by May 7.1981. 11. DONT BE A NO-SHOW! APRIL 1981 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 27 CAPCO JEN 0020646 A unique tribute to a once-in-a-lifetime event. The A WAV A Centennial Maqa/ine tells the story of the past, present and future of water Serviee and AWW A. It presents a variety of facts, prognostications. anecdotes and imapeImichim! .all aspects of the industry. There's somethin!! for everyone in the Centennial Maya/ine. Technical people, oovernmenl officals and ordinary cili/cn> wil find the articles both informative and absorbing. The Magazine is sturdily-bound, containin'! over ion paye-s of articles, features, photos and adverlNinj!. It's desiqiie-d in every way to be a compi eheiiMVe and Ions! lastin'! -ouvenir of the Centennial. Technical registrants at the HIM Annual Conference will receive a free copy. Others may purchase copies from headquarters. Special low rates for advance bulk orders make it possible for companies to purchase complimentary copies for their customers. fl :':'= ** r.. ' mTy*' .y-.f.. .V * -\v: A'*~^ "* *' .7' ; . - * llivicvv; t . - yi..- - v'*- _ r^v ^ s' ...*1 v - rH- . . - ' -.**$??< .itfi.. : .. ' - - .... `'*j^$peeE* r*V CAPCO JEN 0020647 1981 Annual Conference Preliminary Technical Program Monday, June 8--Morning 1 ANOTHER CENTURY OF BETTER WATER QUALITY AND SERVICE General Session Chairman: J.B. Gilbert Vice Chairmen: K.J. Miller, J.H Stacha. W O, Lynch, D.K. Shine. T.J. Blair III. D.8. Preston 1. INVOCATION 2. WELCOME 3. OPENING REMARKS--J.B, GILBERT 4. AWARDS 5. KEYNOTE ADDRESS Monday, June 8--Afternoon 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS AND OTHER DELAYS Distribution Division Chairman: P E. Pilgreen Vice Chairman: D.E. Jackson 1. NEGOTIATING FOR INSTREAM WATER-- D.J. CHRISTIANO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL AND REGULATORY CHESS GAME--R.L. WUBBENA 3. PERMIT PROGRAM AS IT AFFECTS NAVIGABLE WATERS--G.R. ROBERTSON 4. INSTALLATION PROBLEMS AND SPECIAL TECHNIQUES OF LARGE STEEL MAINS-- S.T. FLETCHER 5. INNOVATIVE DESIGN TO OVERCOME REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS ON A WATER STORAGE FACILITY--RC. HAVEN 3 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OF THE '80S: PEOPLE AND THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS Management Division Cochairmen: C.A. Froman Jr., K.W. Peltz APRIL 1981 1. EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONS--H.J. GRAESER 2. CHANGING ATTITUDES AND MANAGEMENT STYLES-R BAREFIELD 3. COMMUNICATION AND RELATONSHIPS WITH CUSTOMERS--KA Y KUTCHINS 4. THE REGIONALIZATION PROCESS-- C.R. MORRIS 4 * INTERACTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES (Panel Discussion) Resources Division Cochairmen: F.M. McGowan, W.R. Inhotfer 1. NEED FOR CONJUNCTIVE WATER SUPLIES IN THE DELAWATER RIVER BASIN-- G.M. HANSLER 2. D.W. MILLER 5 WATER QUALITY: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE (Roundtable) Water Quality Division Chairman: J.M. Symons Vice Chairman: J.E. Singley 1. A8EL WOLMAN 2. G.E. SYMONS 3. H.E. HUDSON JR. 4. C.H. TATE 5. V.J. KIMM 6 RESEARCH 1 Research T&P Committee Chairman: P.L. McCarty Cochairman: P.R. Cairo (Continued on page 30) ANNUAL CONFERENCE 29 CAPCO JEN 0020648 (Continued from pcae -9' 1. APPLICATION OF POLYMERS FOR WATER PLANT SLUDGE CONDITIONING--J. T. NOVAK. MOHAMMAD PIROOZFARD 2. INTERACTION OF HYDROLYZABLE METAL AND CATIONIC POLYELECTOLYTE COAGULANTS-RD. LETTERMAN, P. SRICHAROENCHAIKIT 3. SOFTENING SLUDGE TREATMENT: STATE-OFTHE-ART-- D.A. CORNWELL; G.P. WESTERHOFF 4. WATER CLARIFICATION AND DECOLORIZATION WITH THE USE OF REGENERABLE MAGNETIC PARTICLES-- W.G.C. RAPER. N.J. ANDERSON. B.A. BOLTO, D.R. DIXON. L.O. KOLARIK. A.J. PRIESTLEY. D.E. WEISS, N.V. BLESING. P.R. NADEBAUM 5. THE MECHANICS OF AIR SCOUR DURING FILTER BACKWASH--A. AMIRTHARAJAH. R.J. MORRISON. S.R. HOLNBECK 6. HEURISTIC MODEL FOR WATER NETWORK DESIGN-- T.A. RIDGIK; D. T. LAURIA Tuesday, June 9--Morning 7 BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE Distribution Division Chairman: K.D. Duke Vice Chairman: J.H. Wilson 1. SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ON THE DIEMER PIPELINE PROJECT-J.J, KINCAID. D.C SCHROEDER 2. ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF LEAK AND BREAK DATA FOR MAIN REPLACEMENT DECISIONS--D.K. O'DAY 3. STATISTICAL SAMPLING TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING ACCURACY OF SMALL WATER METERS--PENCHIH TAO 4. CASE HISTORY OF ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPE VINYL LINING--AS. WOODHULL 5. AGING WATER SYSTEMS: BOSTON'S APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM-J.P. SULLIVAN 9 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OF THE '80S: MANAGING PERFORMANCE Management Division Cocr.airmen. C.E. Woods. W.H. Abbott Jr. 1. IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH WORK MEASUREMENT--AC. PARSONS 2. MANAGEMENT, INFORMATION, AND COMPUTERS--AS. CARSON 3. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REPORTING SYSTEMS--W.J. HUELSMAN 4. PLANNED MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT-- C.M. BURNEY 9 WATER RIGHTS CONTROVERSIES Resources Division Chairman: F.G. Honeycutt 1. HIGH PLAINS-OGALLALA AQUIFER SERVES MANY MASTERS--JOE MOORE 2. EASTERN STATES TRY TO SHARE WATER-- W.C. WRIGHT. RONNA COHEN 30 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 3. COLORADO WATER RIGHTS ENGINEERING -- G.W. FASSETT 4. EAST (RIPARIAN) VERSUS WEST (APPROPRIATIVE): HAS THE TWAIN MET7-- T.A. CAHILL 10 CURRENT CONCERNS IN WATER QUALITY Water Quality Division Chairman: A.F. Hess Vice Chairman: N.J. Davoust 1. ALTERNATIVES FOR CONTROLLING ORGANICS IN GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES-- J.E. DYKSEN. A.F. HESS 2. COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SURVEY: SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS FOR PURGEABLE ORGANICS AND TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON-- H.J. BRASS; M.J. WEISNER. B.A. KINGSLEY 3. PROCESS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN RECYCLING PREFORMED FLOCS TO THE COAGULATION- FLOCCULATION PROCESS ES. GUPTA. R.K. HAM 4. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT-- R.M. CLARK. R.A. DEININGER 5. MEETING THE OBSCURE STANDARDS THAT WERE--RE. ZEGERS. MELFORD DAHL 6. TRANSFORMING CONCEPTS INTO DESIGNS: THE DENVER REUSE PROJECT--S.W. WORK 11 UNIVERSITY FORUM 1 Chairman: J.T. Novak Vice Chairman: J.F. Ferguson 1. CHEMICAL MODELING OF COPPER CORROSION USING ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES--R.D. HILBURN 2. A WATER CONSERVATION STUDY IN A WATER-RICH STATE--JEFFREY LUTZ. ERIC THARP, J.T. NOVAK. J.T. O'CONNOR 3. FERRIC CHLORIDE AND ALUM AS SINGLE AND DUAL COAGULANTS--P.N. JOHNSON. A. AMIRTHARAJAH 4. EFFECT OF SOLUTION CHEMISTRY ON COAGULATION WITH HYDROLYZED Al (III)-- S.G. VANDERBROOK 5. PILOT DIRECT FILTRATION AND CARBON ADSORPTION TREATMENT OF HIGH-SOLIDS RIVER WATER--THOMAS GAVIN 6. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STANDARD PLATE COUNTS AND OTHER PARAMETERS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS--M.A. GOSHKO. H.A. MINNIGH. W.O. PIPES. R.R. CHRISTIAN Tuesday, June 9--Afternoon 12 SMALL WATER UTILITY OPERATIONS AND DESIGN (Panel Discussion) Engineering & Construction T&P Committee Chairman: G.H. Abplanalp Vice Chairman: J.L. Cobb 1. VIEWED BY OWNER--J.A. WADE JR. 2. VIEWED BY DESIGN ENGINEER--L.S. WOLFE 3. VIEWED BY STATE REGULATORY AGENCY- W.A. KELLEY 4. VIEWED BY USEPA--J.W. HOFFBUHR (Continued on page 32) JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020649 Water meters don't always tell the truth... And some may be robbing you of a great deal of revenue. Free of charge, io help you begin your search for "criminals in your system, a Rockwell representative will help you test a suspected revenue robber, using the ROCKWELL LIE DETECTOR Rockwell portable large meter tester and compute the results using THE ROCKWELL CRIME DETECTION COMPUTER ;Canon Focke! Calculator) . to determine how much revenue you are losing And you keep the computer* to investi gate other revenue robbers in your system. Fust lOOO to participate in a meler test Chances are. at least one of your large water meters is inaccurate...and is costing you a great deal of revenue. Testing is the only effective way to find which meters are guilty Your Rockwell representative--a master detective when it comes to solving The Case of the Missing Revenue--will test a large water meter you suspect may be inaccurate, without cost or obligation He will then use a "Rockwell Crime Detection Computer" (actually an electronic calculator) and a Meter Efficiency Worksheet to tell you how much additional revenue you could get by replacing the meter. If you're one of the first 1.000 to pamcpate in a test, your Rockwell representative will give you the "Crime Detection Computer" to use in future investigations. So don't delay Use the coupon to request a test or more information. Or call toll free 800/245-6486 (In Pa. call 800/892-1018) Do it today Each day you wait may be costing your utility needed revenue Mail coupon to Rockwell International. Municipal & Utility Division. 400 N Lexington Avenue. Pittsburgh. PA 15208 Yes, I want to solve Id like to test a meter Please send more information about testing Please send a product catalog Name _ Company Address__ APRIL 1981 Rockwell International City. ...where science gets down to business -Zip. VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 507 NEWS 31 CAPCO JEN 0020650 (Continued from page 30) 13 BETTER WATER QUALITY AND SERVICE THROUGH TRAINING (Panel Discussion) Education T&P Committee Cochairmen: J.W. Hoffbuhr, M.J. McGuire 1. TEXAS SECTION--KUTCHINS 2. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SECTION-- C.A. LANCASTER 3. MICHIGAN SECTION--J.R. VAN DEWEGE 4. CALIFORNIA-NEVADA SECTION-- ,, M.J. MCGUIRE 5. ILLINOIS SECTION-D.C. RENNER 6. AWWA--R.W. LEIDHOLDT 14 STANDARDS COUNCIL Chairman: J.H. Robinson Vice Chairman: G.L. Laverty 15 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 1 Chairman: F.W. Montanari Vice Chairman: E.A. Merryfield 1. RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN PUERTO RICOJ.J. MAYOL 2. REDUCING THE COST AND TIME OF FEASIBILITY AND MASTER PLAN STUDIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES--H.R SHIPMAN 3. ESTABLISHMENT OF WATER UTILITY INSTITUTIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES-- LA. FRANCIS 4. WOMEN, WATER, AND THE DECADEMARY ELMENDORF 16 UNIVERSITY FORUM 2 Chairman: J.K. Edzwald Vice Chairman: W.R. Knocke 1. SEASONAL EVALUATION OF ORGANICS REMOVAL AT A CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT PLANT-- BENJAMIN GONG. J.K. EDZWALD 2. DIRECT FILTRATION OF STREAMBORNE GLACIAL SILT-- M.D. ROSS 3. APPLICATION OF ION EXCHANGE AND ULTRAFILTRATION FOR COLOR REMOVAL FROM GROUNDWATER--KEITH LOWERY, G.F. MITCHELL. D.O. HILL 4. AN EVALUATION OF AERATION METHODS FOR THE REMOVAL OF VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS--M.A. GOERS. S.A. HUBBS 5. FORMATION AND REMOVAL OF BROMOFORM DURING DESALINATION--NING-WU CHANG, P.C. SINGER 6. GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON PRETREATMENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF TRIHALOMETHANE PRECURSORSK.B.B. CARTER. R.C. HOEHN 7. OZONATION OF A MUNICIPAL GROUNDWATER SUPPLY TO REDUCE IRON, MANGANESE, AND TRIHALOMETHANE FORMATION--RA. STOEBNER, D.A. ROLLAG Wednesday, June 10--Morning 17 EARLY BIRD Management Division Chairman: H.W. Becker 32 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 1. HIDDEN COSTS OF ACCIDENTS--RP. VAN DYKE 18 ANOTHER CENTURY OF IMPROVED OPERATION (Operator's Forum) Education T&P Committee Chairman: R.F. Layton 1. OPFLOW AND THE OPERATOR 2. WATER METER BASICS--M.B. YOUNG 3. TIPS ON PUMP MAINTENANCE- RE. ARASMITH 4. SAFETY AND TRAFFIC ROUTING--RL. BEST 5. CROSS CONNECTIONS: THEIR IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL--D.C. ANDERSON 19 SECTION OFFICERS' FORUM Moderator: A.W. Jorgenson 1. POST EMGM AND WHERE WE GO FROM HERE-RS. LANE 2. DEVELOPING A PROCEDURE MANUAL FOR INCOMING OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN--J.E. KEMPER 3. OPERATOR TRAINING: PROGRAMS AND MATERIALS --B.D. HASKINS 4. TIPS ON CONFERENCE REGISTRATIONRE. UHLENBURG 5. PLANNING A JOINT SECTION CONFERENCE-- RL. WUBBENA, G. MILLS 6. DISCUSSION 20 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 2 Chairman: W.W. Aultman Vice Chairman: W.E. McQueeney 1. AN INTERNATIONAL TRAINING CONSULTANTS CHARACTERISTICS, A VIEW POINT--RE. LAYTON 2. WATER IN A HURRY FOR THE OIL-FROM-COAL SASOL 2 PROJECT, SOUTH AFRICA-- W.S. LEGGE 3. NEW EXPERIENCES OF A EUROPEAN SURFACE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM, ESPECIALLY IN REMOVAL OF ORGANICSMAARTEN SCHALEKAMP 4. NEW DESIGN CONCEPTS IN WATER TREATMENT IN FRANCE--M.R. RAPINAT 21 WATER UTILITY COUNCIL Chairman: W.H. Miller 1. INTRODUCTION--J.B. GILBERT 2. OVERVIEW OF THE WATER UTILITY COUNCIL-- W.H. MILLER 3. WASHINGTON ACTIVITY--CLIFF ATKINSON JR. 4. USEPA'S DRINKING WATER PROGRAM 5. SOLVING WATER UTILITY PROBLEMS TODAY (Panel Dlscuailon) 22 RESEARCH 2 Research T&P Committee Chairman: V.L. Snoeyink Cochairman: P.D. Foley 1. REMOVAL OF ORGANICS FROM WATER BY AERATION--P.R. WOOD, JACK DeMARCO, F.W. CURTIS JR.. H.J. HARWEEN, R.F. LANG (Continued on page 36] JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020651 1 APRIL 1981 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 835 Rodr Inquiry Service No. 046 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 33 CAPCO JEN 0020652 Johns-Mcinville Meets AWWA C950 Now you have every good reason to specify Permastranf 'R-959 V Permastran water pipe from Johns-Manville now meets *AWWA Standard C950-81. That means it can be specified for use as pressure pipe in water distribution and transmission systems in below ground installations. This strong-yet-lightweight pipe is revolutionizing the water distribution industry as engineers, contractors and municipal officials discover how really good it is. Lightweight strength. Permastran is extremely light, com posed of an inner core of PVC wound with continuous roving fiber glass and bonded with epoxy resin. This combi nation of materials gives Permastran exceptional hydrostatic strength. Despite its thin-wall construction, this Class 350 pipe carries a pressure rating of 300 psi. Each and every length is hydrostatically tested to 700 psi and one out of each lot is tested to destruction and must meet a quick burst of 1600 psi. In comparison, a ductile iron pipe is routinely tested to just 500 psi. CAPCO JEN 0020653 Easy installation. Permastran can be installed by hand Quickly and economically Formstance m standard 20-loot lengths, a section ci 8-nc.n Permastran weighs zr-y 9! pcuncs I: can be off-loaded. ca"`ea and paced m the mench incut me use of heavy equipment cost./ cce^atcrs For held fabrica: in 'cf'i.ng more s needed than a ~a''osa.v ccarcice-tipped povversaw Anc J-fvl Rmg-Tite rubber ring joints c^sn tcgethe-' with a simple lever anq seal tign: Keen m m.md. too. that .crge1- 20-fcct lengtns mean fewer joints over a given distance Permastran is not only easier to install but is also less expensive than iron. Tapping is direct. At first glance, the thm-wall construc tion of Permastran would seem to eliminate direct tapping Not true Due to its exceptional strength. 8-inch. 10-inch and 12-inch sizes may be direct tapped using a Hays Seal where operating pressures in a water distri bution system do not exceed 150 psi. Compatible ODs. Size for size. Permastran will connect to any existing cast iron OD fitting. Whether it s the replacement of a section or addition to an iron system already in place.Permastran fits right in. Corrosion. A thing of the past. Permastran is unaffected by rusting, cr galvanic and electrolytic corrosion that can destroy iron pipe. It s resistant to all aqueous soil acids and alkalies. There s no need for wrapping, coating or cathodic protection That sail behind us now High performance. Low cost. While compatible with iron on the outside. Permastran IDs are oversized, making it the pipe with the greatest carrying capacity on the market, size for size The smooth interior carries Hazen & Williams coefficient of flow of C=150 And it will stay smooth for vears of service. This can add up to substantial savings in pumping costs and energy In many applications, smaller diameter pipes may be used to carry the same volume as iron pipes. Take a closer look. When you look at all the facts, it makes sense to switch to Permastran Call your local J-M sales representative or distributor for information on.our total Permastran package including a free pre-installation seminar, installation guides, films, sample staves and a list of installations in your area. Or write Johns-Manville. Pipe Division. Ken-Caryl Ranch. Denver. CO 80217 For export. Telex: Johmanvil Dvr 454404. MSI Johns-Manville The only name you need to know In pipe. Reader Inquiry Service No. 032 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO- 703 CAPCO JEN 0020654 Conunued from pose >2' 2. INTRODUCTORY STUDY OF THE BIODEGRADATION OF THE CHLORINATED METHANE. ETHANE, AND ETHENE COMPOUNDS--R.F LANG. P.R. WOOD. FA. PARSONS. JACK DEMARCO. H.J. HARWEEN. I.L. PAYAN. L M. MEYER. M.C. RUIZ. E.D. RAVELO 3. BIODEGRADATION OF TRACE ORGANICS BY BIOFILMS ON POROUS MEDIA-- RICHARD STRATTON. EUN NAMKUNG. B.E. RITTMANN 4. REMOVAL OF SOLUBLE ORGANIC ' CONTAMINANTS BY LIMEESODA SOFTENING--S.J. RANDTKE. C.E. THIEL. M.Y. LIAO. C.N. YAMAYA. D.E. JOHNSON 5. EFFECTS OF CALCIUM ON THE SPECIATION, ADSORPTION, AND REMOVAL OF FULVIC ACIDS-- B.A. DEMPSEY. C.R O'MELIA Wednesday, June 10--Afternoon 23 POTPOURRI Distribution Division Chairman. J.M Rasberry Vice Chairman. G.O Muller la. AUTOMATION AND INSTRUMENTATION: M2 MANUAL--J.R. DANEKER lb. AUTOMATION AND INSTRUMENTATION: INTERFACE OF INSTRUMENTATION WITH SWITCH GEAR--O.A. BYRNIE lc. AUTOMATION AND INSTRUMENTATION: MASTER METERING--H.D. GILMAN 2. TANK INSPECTION. CLEANING, AND MAINTENANCE 3. WORK MANAGEMENT STANDARDS-- D.L. TIPPIN. G.M. BARRON 4. A PRACTICAL CORROSION CONTROL PROGRAM FOR WATER DISTRICTS-- D M WA TERS 5. MAINTENANCE OF VALVES AND HYDRANTS-- 3 W FRANKLIN 24 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OF THE -80s: MANAGING IN A CHANGING ECONOMY Management Division Ccc-a-'-ne" L .1 Hash. R L Lee 1. ENERGY MANAGEMENT: THREE WAYS TO WIN--5 A RERSSON 2. WATER USE MANAGEMENT--F.P GRIFFITH JR 3. MANAGEMENT'S OBLIGATIONS IN THE REGULATORY PROCESS--C.A. BUESCHER 4. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT--G.S. SALEBA 25 MATERIAL SPILLS HAZARDOUS TO WATER SUPPLY Resources Division Chairman. C H Thompson Vice Chairman R P McHugh 1. SUPERFUND: WHAT?--MB. COOK 2. SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO CLEANING UP-- JA HARRIS 3. EAST BAY MUD HAS THE PLAN--K.B. STINSON 36 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 4. SOME HAZARDOUS TIMES--C H, THOMPSON W.C. WESTGARTH 26 POTPOURRI Water Quality Division =. Chairman: E.W. Bailey .ice Chairman: H.E. Pearson 1. INTERRELATIONSHIP OF BACTERIAL COUNTS WITH OTHER FINISHED WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS WITHIN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS--J.K. REILLY. J.F. KIPPIN 2. BACTERIAL COLONIZATION OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS--B.H. OLSON 3. CORROSION CONTROL WITHIN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS--J.J. COSTELLO 4. ORGANICS REDUCTION BY RIVERBANK INFILTRATION AT LOUISVILLE--S.A. HUBBS 5. EFFECTIVENESS OF POWDERED AND GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON FOR REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS AT NIAGARA FALLS, N.Y.--J.R WESTENDORF. D.R. WEISS. D.L. BADOREK. L 8. SKLARSKI 6. RESPONSE OF A LOCAL HEALTH DEPARTMENT TO THE PRESENCE OF ORGANICS IN THE DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, NASSAU COUNTY, LONG ISLAND. N.Y.-- G.E. DONOHUE 27 RESEARCH 3 Research T&P Committee Chairman: C.R. O'Melia Cochairman: P.L. McCarty 1. DESORPTION OF COMPOUNDS DURING OPERATION OF GAC ADSORPTION SYSTEMS-- W.E. THACKER. V L. SNOEYINK. J.C. CRITTENDEN 2. MICROBIAL ACTIVITY ON GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON: AN ASSESSMENTF.A. DlGIANO 3. GAC PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR ORGANIC CARBON REMOVAL-- P.V. ROBERTS. R.S. SUMMERS 4. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF LEAST-COST FIXED-BED ADSORPTION SYSTEMS USING THE HOMOGENOUS SURFACE DIFFUSION MODEL--J.C. CRITTENDEN. ME TIN ARI. M.C. LEE 5. ADSORPTION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE FROM WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON-- W.J. WEBER JR.. MASSOUD PIRBAZARI Thursday, June 11--Morning 28 HELEN WEREN'T NO SAINT Distribution and Resources Divisions Chairman- J A. Roller Vice Chairman; R.C. McWhinnie 1. REPORT ON AN EARLY WARNING SYSTEM-- PALMER NORSETH 2. MUD FLOW PROBLEMS--L.V. INMAN 3. MT. ST. HELENS' FALLOUT PROBLEMS-- ROGER JAMES 4. PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS OF MT. ST. HELENS' ERUPTION--D.K. SANDER. K.J. MERRY 5. H-DAY PLUS ONE YEAR--D.M. THOMAS (Continuer! on pnec 401 JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020655 No gambling in LasVegas APRIL 1981 Nevada evaded a big gamble many years ago when they first installed Leopold filter underdrains in Las Vegas. They knew that gambling with unproven products could be very expensive. After years of dependable service, and a need to expand their present system, the Southern Nevada Water System is again utilizing a proven Leopold product. This time, it's the Leopold dual-lateral, air/water ilter underdrain. These are precision molded of corrosion-resistant, high-density polyethylene to assure easy installation and maintenance-free service. For over 50 years Leopold's proven products com prise the world's finest "filter package." Write for details. Leopold Company, Division of Sybron Corporation, 227 S. Division Street, Zelienople, PA 16063. SYBRON Leopold Division of Sybron Corporation VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 616 Reader Inquiry Service No. 036 v ANNUAL CONFERENCE 37 CAPCO JEN 0020656 We tried to compile a list of tuberculation problems in cement-mortar lined ductile iron pipe. CAPCO JEN 0020657 more about it, write us. DUCTILE IRON PIPE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION& An association of quality producers dedicated to highest pipe standards through a program of continuing research. Executive Plaza West, 1301 West 22nd Street, Oak Brook, Illinois 60521 Reodor Inquiry Service No. 021 CAPCO JEN 0020658 t,n'%' Universal CLAMP COUPLINGS ... assure quick, low-cost, permanent repairs of leaks, splits and broken pipe Delivered WHEN YOU NEED THEM! Versatile!... for repairing or reconnecting all types of pipe -- asbestos-cement, cast iron, steel, plastic. Single-band for sizes 2-14, double-band for 4-22, triple-band for 24-up. Combines advanced material and manufacturing technology with innovation and decades of repair clamp experience to assure: Less labor, material and equipment cost Less complications in scheduling crew and equipment No need for special equipment or materials Less pipelinedowntime _______ Small excavations 4_ No need for extra pipe No need for line shutdown ENJOY MAXIMUM PREPAR- EDNESS WITH MINIMUM ; - *. INVENTORY ASK for 101 Universal Cast Cou . \ pling Bulletin. f t. * f*\ns @V| WRITE FOR product kit JCM10178 covering tapping sleeves, clamps, compression couplings, expansion joints, and master wrenches. JCM INDUSTRIES, INC. P.O. Box 580 ... Nash, Texas 7S569 800-527-8482 (TOLL FREE) 800-442.8241 in Texas TELEX 732-561-TELESERV-DAL PHONE Toll Free i nmu/OulMLl i o AiiM VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 817 Reader Inquiry Service No 031 'Continued from paue 36) 29 HEALTH EFFECTS OF DRINKING WATER (Miniseminar) Water Quality Division Chairman. J.E Courchene Vice Chairman. R.G. McCall 1. INTRODUCTION TO EPIDEMIOLOGY-- G.F. CRAUN 2. INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY--RA. NEAL 3. ETIOLOGY OF CARCINOGENESIS-RA. NEAL 4. WATER QUALITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE--NATHANIEL REVIS 5. WATERBORNE INTESTINAL DISEASE-- G.F. CRAUN 6. TOXICOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF DISINFECTION--RJ. BULL - 30 WATER TREATMENT DESIGN: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Engineering & Construction T&P Committee Cochairmen. R Goulding, J.V. Miner 1. EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION-- A.R HAMMER 2. PRETREATMENT PROCESSES--J.D GRIFFITH 3. FILTRATION PROCESSES--C.B. HAGAR. D.B. ELDER 4. DISINFECTION PROCESSES-RR TRUSSELL 5. WATER SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE--C.N BOHRER 31 RESEARCH 4 Research T&P Committee Chairman: B.G. Stone Cochairman: R,H. Taylor 1. COMPARISON OF THE DPD-COLORIMETRIC, DPD-STEADIFAC, AND FACTS TEST PROCEDURES FOR FREE CHLORINE RESIDUAL ANALYSES-- W.J. COOPER. N.M ROSCHER 2. IMPACT OF WATER TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES ON MICROBIAL BARRIERS-- EE GELDREICH 3. A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR CHLOROFORM FORMATION FROM HUMIC ACID-- B A. ENGERHOLM. G.L. AMY 4. DIFFUSION OF ORGANICS FROM SOLVENTBONDED PLASTIC PIPES USED FOR POTABLE WATER PLUMBING--K.D. REICH. A R. TRUSSELL. FONG-YI LIEU. L.Y.C. LEONG. R.R. TRUSSELL 5. DISCUSSION ON RESEARCH FOUNDATION FUNDING--J.F. MANWARING * CAPCO JEN 0020659 "ml Trinity Volley uihot ure promi/e. we deliver" Yesterday we made history . . . Born on the banks of the Trinity River in 1924, Trinity Valley is one of the oldest maufacturers of cast iron watermain fittings. Specialization brought many changes to answer the needs of a growing industry. Today we set the pace. We've been the innovators for over 50 years and we don't intend to stop now. Larger, faster trucks deliver on time, as promised. Bigger inventories include virtually any size, type, or shape fitting at a distributor near you. Our staff of professionals is dedicated to help you select the best fitting for your needs. Mixed loads, larger inventories and uncommon fittings make your job easier. The future is you . . . Look to Trinity Valley for new ideas, even better service. Let us know how we can serve you better. Call your distributor or Trinity Valley, you'll find us willing to work harder to help you. Find out why "Our reputation is growing". Mechanical joint watermain fittings. 2" through 24".* Grip-Tite** joint watermain fittings, 3" through 24".* AC water main fittings. 3" through 24".* Compact AC watermain fittings, 4" through 12". Cast iron fittings for PVC pressure pipe,4"through12". Short body bell and spigot watermain fittings, 3" through 20". Flanged fittings.3"through 24". Cast iron fabricated flanged pipe. 3" through 24". , '-S ^1 iron & /teel company P.O. Box 2388 Fort Worth, Texas 76113 Reader Inquiry Service No 060 817/738-1925 V i\\ Member. American Water Works Association `Class 250 fitting in all sizes. Trademark registered by the Griffin Pipe Products Co.. Inc. Division of Amsted Industries. r VISIT OUR EXHIBIT, BOOTH NO. 732 ' CAPCO JEN 0020660 CAPCO JEN 0020661 Ifyouwere startimout today to Lake Mead, you could getallyourpipe fiom one source. L.B.Ibster. As the nati< >n's leading producer of spiralweld steel pipe, the name L. B. Foster carries a lot of weight. And because it carries a lot of weight, it also Cannes a lot of water. That's because large diameter Fosterweld pipe has all the benefits that make steel pipe best suited for water transmission--ease of installation, longevity, reliability, zero leakage. But also because L. B. Foster manufactures it by a unique process, fabricates it to any configuration, supplies it with special fittings where needed, coats and wraps it to any specifications. In addition to manufactured pipe like Fosterweld, L. B. Foster supplies all kinds of stock pipe, i iil country tubular goods, water well casing and pump columns. We are also X< >rth America's most complete supplier of rail and track products, and its leading specialist in piling, foundation construction equipment and highway products. I >oing what makes sense in the market place has always been our basic philosophy. Finding a need and then developing the products i >r sendees to fill it has always been i nu" guiding principle. Ail or which explains the reputation we so proudly bear today. A company that has married creativity with dependability to serve the major industries that sen-e the nation. L. B. Foster Company, 415 HolidayDrive. Pittsburgh PA 15220. FOSTER The world-wide marketing organization specializing in rail, pipe, piling and construction products. Reader Inquiry Service No. 071 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 303 v CAPCO JEN 0020662 We're 100 years old, the world's foremost organization of people who care about drinking water. These centennial coins--one ounce pure silver or bronze--symbolize the wealth of experience and knowledge our members have contributed in a century of service to the public. Join us, won't you? Help make the second 100 years even more productive. Write for free information. V. American Water Works Association .\\ ; 6666 West Quincy, Denver, CO 80235 ( fntcnruti! 1*'' Cat. No. 8027 Pure Silver Medal, $50. Cat. No. 8023 Bronze $7.50 I CAPCO JEN 0020663 ( i 1981 Annual Conference Exhibitors (i ntinnial Exhibitor A^AC 3 C* A'-c'cr Da' ng '"dost' es `"c a s-C^a r-ers v = <e D / Ar-er ca" Cas: -cr 0 pe Co A--e'-cai C ty & Count, - -e'c- 0 09 L c rc D A-e:e< rc -'tt ~c Booth Number 339 515 325 426 505 A1O 9C5 Exhibitor Booth Number ARGO Vaive & r mer Corp 4RA3 Wa:er Meters 03.305' Vet5r ir,Z = 5 3-5-a-3SC= nc 3 -t'c' V`c Co CAPCO P-ce Co ,nc Cac ta- Co"t.ro s Co Car'O" Veter Co Ca'-s C-e-'-ca1 Co C'FEC C'a-v'a- Co C Zf. Zzrz 407 512 345 631 311 231 821 827 532 717 234 839 Exhibitor Booth Number Commerce; Dvmg Service. Inc D FVV Plastics EBAA i'on 'nc Fisner Research Lab Ford Meter 8ox Co L B. Foster Co Foxofcoro Co G-A tnoustries GEOMET Technologies !nc G-^crc-Hili- Amencan *nc 530 430 419 225 136 303 315 803 428 408 Exhibitor Booth Number Girard Polly Pig. Inc 739 Globe Lmmgs. Inc 324 Griffin Pipe Products 519 Co Ground Water 133 Assoc. Inc Hacn Co 824 Harcc Corp too Hat' "ston Corp 232 Ha/s Fluid C'onlrpls 203 Div Hay-va'd Tyer nc 818 Heatn'cpnsjtants ;n.c 548 'Continued on paue46> THEME CENTER & HISTORICAL DISPLAY 241 * 340 >39 ;338 1 349;44Q 347 '4461 345 444. -------! >49 548] 1 1 445 544 549 648 547 646 545 644 1____ .339*438 cm 541 640 539 638 3; 234 -33 232 '3 230 29 229 2" 226 25 224 235 334 233 332 23i 330 229 320 227 326 225 324 tr; 535 634 533 632 531 630 529 628 527 626 525 624 641 740 639 736 635 734 633 732 631 730 629 728 627 726 625 724 MEET & GREET 741 640 739 838 841 940 839 936 735 834 733 832 731 630 729 828 727 826 725 824 835 934 833 932 831 930 829 928 827 926 825 924 93! 929 927 925 o ;-jO * UJ * 22C 29 j< C6 ?4 \ 2`2 20 '09 2C8 C7 206 105 204 0 3 202 22t 32C 2 19 318 2-7 316 O c' ----1 I I 1 O! OCO _3_21 420 . O U21 '520 o in .52H620 O U~JJ 3>9 4ie <n UJ 419 518 UJ <-J/) -J ' CO < 417 516 5 619 617 718 716 2 5 34 415 514 515 614 615 7,4 2 * 3 3*2 33 412! ;4 I 3 512 I 513 612 6,3 712 2H 310 4H .510 511 610 6 f 1 710 209 308 509 608 609 708 207 306 203 302 307 406 1305 404 |303 402 507 606 607 706 721 820 719 818 7,7 816 715 814 713 812 711 810 709 808 707 806 705 804 703 602 821 920 819 918 817 916 815 914 813 912 811 910 809 908 807 906 ENTRANCE n................ r Cervantes Convention Center and Exhibition Hall St. Louis, Missouri 905 903 901 APRIL 1981 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 45 CAPCO JEN 0020664 : ' .`f *:* .`*cj** > Exhibitor Booth Number --. d's-5" e : V-d EG: r: */?/ c 5-'. 2~d -v'c-.:*" -t'C CY 4'? 3,* ' 525 -r3.~yss .2 -- C . ; " G'--e Sa es \ Ged'de <~z~ Sc-s 22: 29 '25 <-ecs E"d "ee's _ = 5 3d.-. 6' "C dCc 0.r 5.0':- zyz D. r '`C - VdGd'a ; V-j 513 "9 5'5 '23 3^4 432 YcV.a^e Vefc-eo" Cco Vrc'd a C;i"~,,r- - 5 E ec:s ''c `.`.dCatOv NC=S 645 235 3'6 528 Y-~ ~r CO 539 Exhibitor Booth Number \S3 -d-s'/es \a-d-n Cc'c '.acL-e A a:?- V-s4*' C: \ ca< .. -a,, o -c 3CV \ 3 '.e 2 - vVa:er S~-. ces S3'ZZ E"d -eer -o Cc-c =a'<e-sc-ra 'a"" =eacczv TecTa''< 639 525 649 5:5 535 122 712 431 53J 3 .:sc-,:~-Des Vc ~es Cz'c 0,a^"t 5 A'd-VSdr3a-es Co nc .;seo" G = d a': Co =0 , = or. --acc -z =-ec s ~z =-e oao Zz --. D, c- g-j.-arj 40 Ccrt'o s -c =-o:ec: .3 Coa: "os VAr-s =-c ca: cs n^o-s-e's -c' Conve-t 0"s P=L inc-str es "o 633 413 227 3'3 3'5 -45 738 313 207 834 S' 2 910 Exhibitor Booth Number "a--'ev Co = av~c''c 'te'- ra: c^a -re =eed \"g Cc R "-oac" =-o: so.rg loc Re L r'da Coen' cal Co Inc Rooe.tecn "-c Pccvive 1 iriernatenal Ron Sea> Vaive Co Ross va.ve Vg Co rc SC'c-'stest '^s:'u~em Co Sc'ac.on G uette Cdr-r-jr.cat'Ons 135 725 807 320 311 433 507 307 708 932 706 S-e- C',er~ ca Cc 5 'z-r -.'3 -e 4 0 S-tSea' -d D v of E~. 'C`-;-d~ Cc'c Sc " e 0 Cocsirjcl on Cc Sp-ag-ve Textron Siarda'd Water Wonts Ec- omen; Co Sian e, H/sraui-c Too's Steel Plate =abt'ca:ors Assn 535 '48 331 710 713 934 735 403 202 Exhibitor Booth Number Superior Ut.Uty Products `r>c TDW Servces no Texmar Co Temcoi Tintometer Co Tnemec Co. tnc Tra'lic Guide Trico Industries 'nc Trinity Va'ley hon S Stee' Co T'o,an Wfg Co Inc Tyle' Ppe Industries Inc U S Pice & Foundry Co U V internal onai Inc Veneer" Mfg Seiscor D-v E H Wachs Cc Wats' & Se.ve' D St-dutO'S z` An-erca Water Soec a t-es Co'o Wate'cos T-ave'se Cty VVauKesna E"d ne D`v Oresse' "'.cysires Weisoacn Occ'e Systems Whee'e' '/`g Coro 425 713 417 330 309 630 334 901 732 220 716 239 415 219 336 5!5 224 607 429 134 9' 1 Easy does it with rugged, dependable Biko pit and floor doors BILCO heavy plate access doors are designed to afford extremely easy operation. They are built for long, '' trouble-free service and equipped with unique compression spring or torsion bar operating mechanisms. Manufactured in a variety of sizes and types for every sidewalk, pit or floor access requirement, for interior or exterior use. BILCO Doors are available in steel or aluminum.* All provide safe, easy operation and the years of dependable service that has firmly established BILCO as the leader in the field of horizontal doors. 'For highly corrosive conditions BILCO aluminum doors are available with stainless steel hardware throughout when specified. [1R THE FINEST IN FLOOR DOORS See us in Sweets or send for catalog with complete details and specifications. The Bilco Company, Dept. AWW 50. New Haven. Conn. 06505 In Canada: Richards-Wilcox of Canada. Ltd . London. Ontario 46 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Reader Inquiry Service No. 007 JOURNAL AWWA v CAPCO JEN 0020665 The right combination Whatever type of PVC pres sure pipe, you can join it with TYLER CLASS 250 CAST IRON WATERMAIN FITTINGS. Installa tion and maintenance problems are solved when you COMBINE CAST IRON FITTINGS WITH PVC PIPE. Ask for: TYLER GRIP-TITE* CAST IRON PUSH-IN JOINT FITTINGS FOR C 900 Cl OD PVC PIPE TYLER CI/PVC CAST IRON PUSH-IN JOINT FITTINGS FOR IPS OD PVC PIPE Both have reliable, longlasting, easy to install, cast iron push-in joints which eliminate the possibility of ovalness and com pression loss over a period of time. Both provide the advantages of cast iron for blocking and the use of metal detecting devices for location purposes. Both are readily available in tees, bends, crosses, reducers -- just about any configuration you may need --in 3" through 12" diameters, and can be shipped promptly from inventory stocks. Put some stability in your next PVC installation by using THE RIGHT COMBINATION! For descriptive literature con tact your Waterworks Distributor or write Tyler Pipe, Box 2027, Tyler, Texas 75710. Telex 73-5410. lyier Pipe SubsiOiary of Tyler Corporation Reader Inquiry Service No. 061 Member awwa c; 1980 Tyler Pipe `Trademark registered by the Griffm Pipe Products Co , Inc. Division of Amsted Industries. VISIT 0UR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 716 CAPCO JEN 0020666 1981 Annual Conference Participants Abbott, W.H. Jr.: utilities dir. City of Ann Arbor 100 N 5th Ave, Box 8647, Ann Arbor, Ml 48107: 8 (Cochtlrmin) Abplanalp, G.H.: vice ores Havens & Emerson 299 7a-<et Si Saddle Brook \j 27662 12 (Chairman) Adrian. G.W.: Ca'.'o"'a v\a!er Service Co Box : '50 San jose. CA S5i:S S2-1 Amlrthara|ah, Applah: assoc prof debt o! cv;l engrg & engrg mecnamcs Montana Stale U'n v Bozeman MT59'17 SI-1, 6-5,11-3 Amy, G.L.:assl prof depl of civi engrg Bldg 72 Room 314B Tucson, AZ 3=721 31-3 Anderson, D.C.: dr of ull-ties C ty o( Gladstone 'CIO N Holmes G acslpno MO 54II3 18-5 Anderson, N.J.: biv of cnenvcai lechnology CS-'RO Box 310 Scu!K Melbourne 3205 Victoria Australia. 6-4 Arasmlth, E.E.: |Ob instructor. Linn-Benton Community College 6500 S W Pacific B'vd Albany OR 97321 18-3 Arl, Metln: graduate stuaent. oeot c' cnen-ishy & c"em.cal engrc v ca" feo--ocg ca. C" v |-o-g"ion Mi 4993' 27-4 Atkinson, Cliff Jr.: deputy exec d'--00.1 a"a-rs. awwa Wasn.'-ctcn DC 2::-45 21-3 Aultman. W.W.: 0"a "-an _a"~es V Montgomery Ccnsu". Enc'S '"c 555= Aa~vSt =asace"a 2A9'-ci 20 (Chairman) Badorek, D.L.: B-y o-r :~c y : end'd States". New Yp-< a: =a-e'=-d'd 5 no = v`ac ny 14214 26-5 Bailey. E.W. Jr.: .'.a--'; . 2d d'a:o Sc "gs Oect c`-esBoxi:;3 1. face 5d' "cs 72 62'52 26 (Chairman) Barefield. R.S.: : ~g 5:est "d :e-i5' assoc d'o` o`end'd T" TV ss-.' - = - a :;5=o'a3dd R; a VO 5542! 3-Y Barron. G.M.: --a "v' a''".e =~a .s: '"a"'pa v\a:er Cect ' Cl. -a a aza 'a-pa =. 13622 23-3 Becker, H.W.: d' d` sa'ei. A,*,yy= 6686 A Gunc, Ave De",er CC 52255 17 (Chairman) Benedek. Andrew: dec: i` d-e-- ca- e"C'd VcVas:e' . "a- :o" C\ =55 4L7 27-2 Bennett, Glen: z ' water & waste d sposai div Fa'~ers Heme Acm.n US Dept of Agriculture Washington DC 20250 S3-5a Best, R.L.: distnbut on mgr. V.ssoun Water Co 11610 Truman Rd Box 382 rospendence VO 64051 18-4 Blair, T.J. Ill: p'es Ke:,e\ G d'ey B'a-r & Woife 1260 Greenbrier S: C-a-es:on Wv 25311 1 (Vice Chairman) Blanck, C.A.: c' o' .vaier ouaMy American Wa'.e' vvc'ks Se'vce Co :~d ' 513 N 99m Sf Fa r-, ew He.ghts. 1L 622CS 27-2 Bleslng, N.V.: Austral" V-ne'a. Development Laos 182 Whence- S: Eas: Penh 6000 Austra.ia 6-4 Bohrer, C.N.: construction consultant 5349 Forest Sp'-rgs Dr D,,nAC0Cy qa 30338 30-5 48 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Bolto, B.A.: div of chemical technology CS<PO = ;x 3" 2 Sumveicourne 3205. Victoria. Australia. 6-4 Brass, H.J.: chief, drinking water qual.ty assess-eM b' C"ce o` Dunking Water. USEPA. 5555 Rioge Rd, C nemnar CH 4525s 10-2 Brynle, O.A.: dir of producuon. C4y Water Be Bc< 2449 5= A-.ouo TX 78206. 23-1b Buescher, C.A.: vice pres --engrg. Continental Wate' Co 5390 Deima' B'vc University C'ty MO 63124 24-3 Bull, R.J.: cnief toxicological assessment br herl -jSE3a 26 W St C a.r St Cincinnati OH 45268 29-6 Burney, C.M.:mgr .operations suocort se'v.ces V;w - a.-;-" .'.ate'Co 92 Sa'gent Dr. New Haven CT 06511. 8-4 Cahill, T.A.: Peabody Coal Co. Box 1981 Heooe'scn xy 42420 9-4 Cairo, P.R.: chief research & development, -water cect City of Philadelphia. 1180 Mumc Service Bldg. Philadelphia PA 19107. S2 (Moderator), 6 (Cochairman), 27-2 Carson, R.B.: controller & c-r of business se'vces Von-ce County Aster Authority Bex 4058. Rochester. NY 14612 8-2 Carter, K.B.B.: cep! of civil engro .v-'g ' a =c /tec" -c -si 5 State v 3!acksPurg. VA 24060.16-6 Chang, Nlng-Wu: research asst., dept, of envir sciences & engrg School of Public Health. Umv of North Carolina Chacel Hill NC 27514 16-5 Characklls. William: dec! o`c-v,'ergrg & e";'d ~-Kr'S" Its V.;"t3-a S'S'eu'n.v Bozeman MT SS7:' 27-2 Christian, R.R.: dec! c* d coo cal scenes D'ee v," . PA 19194 11-6 ace c- a Christiano, D.J.: suce'vsor icno-'angepan- "d Ct. V ; as Bex 55: Sc- ng` e-d VC 658C1 2-1 Clark, J.C. Jr.t sr assoc-ate Temple Barker &Sca"e Inc 33Ha/de" A,e Lex.ngton. VA 02192 S3-4 Clark. R.M.: chie` economics analysis dr-on no water "esearen dv -SE=A C.n.cmnati OH 45268 S3-3b, 10-4 Cleasby, J.L.: prof, dept of civil en.grg. Iowa State Umv 492 Town Engrg Bldg. Ames IA 50011. SI-4 Cllse, J.D.: exec dir. Conference of State Sanitary Engrs. 4351 Garden City Dr Landover. MD 20785. S3-3c Cobb, J.L.: pres Sullivan. Long & Hagerty Box 224 7 Birmingnam AL 4=231. 12 (Vice Chairman) Cohen, Ronna: college of law Syracuse Umv. Syracuse. NY 13210.9-2 Cook, M.B.: deputy asst admmistralor hazardous emergency response WH-5481 USEPA 401 MSI SW Washington, OC 2C450 25-1 Cooper, W.J.: assoc pro!. Drinking Water Research Center Florida Inti jnv Miami FL 33199 31-1 (Cmilimiud on pnnr 50) JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020667 Cun'inu-n pujc j<' Johnson, D.E.: g'acua:e 'esearcn asst. Umv of Illinois. 4123 Civil Engrg 3.og Uroana t5'3C' 22-4 Johnson, P.N.: g's:,,ate 'esearcn asst dept of civil engrg & engrg "'ecra'-ss V.c''i5''a Slate Jmv Bozeman. MT 5971 7 11-3 Johnson, R.K.: e>-:-c sec/ Na Rural Water Assn 15u. jOis D'Arc Duncan DK '2333 S3-3a Jorgensen, A.W.: S' vce pres Lowry & Assoc. 17748 Sky Park Blvd. Irvne CA 927:4 19 (Moderator) Kavanaugh. M.C.: .aires U Montgomery. Consult Engrs. Inc. 2255 Ycaoc o va.'ey "Sc Asm-! Creex CA 94598. S2-6 Kelley, W.A.: cne' a.v of water supply Michigan Dept of Public Health. 3500 N Lcga" St Box 30035. Lans.ng, Ml 48909 12-3 Kemper, J.Eu C.r Of utilities C4y Of Norfolk. Box 1080. Norfolk. VA 23501. 19-2 Klmm, V.J.: deputy asst acmm.slrator for drinking water. USEPA (WH550t Waters.ce Mail B-dg Washington DC 20460 S3-6a, 5-5 Kingsley, B.A.: cremist analytical & .norgamc chemistry dept. SRI Inti. 333 Raver-swccc Aye Merto Pars. CA 94025.10-2 Kincaid, J.J.: P'n eng' Bcy'e Engrg Corp . Box 3030 Newport Beach CA 32663 7-1 Kippin, J.F.: -- c'so otcc.st Salem & Beverly Water Supply Bo. Arlington A,e 3every MA Cl915 26-1 Knocke, W.R.: prof V.rgmia Polytechnic Inst & State Umv Biacxsburg VA 24C6C 16 (Vice Chairman) Kolarlk, L.O.: d.v of c-ernical technology CSIRO. Box 310. South Metcou're 3205 V.ctor a Australia 6-4 Kutchlns, Kay: ccnsuitant 2l6Gardenview Dr, San Antonio. TX 78213. 3-3, 13-1 Lamson, R.R.: dir of technical services. AWWA. 6666 W Quincy Ave. Den.e- CO 89235 S3-6c Lancaster, C.A.: vice pres --sales aormn. Dana Kepner Co. 700 Alcott St Denve'- CO8C204 13-2 Lane, R.S.: mcr of sect on serv.ces AWWA 6666 W Quincy Ave. Qe'-.e' CC3C235 19-1 Lang, R.F.: ass: c.-em.st n ct'em.cai research. Drinking Water Research Center F:cr.ca Inti uow M.ami FL 33199. 22-1, 22-2 Laurla, D.T.: prof, cept of envir sciences & engrg. Umv of North Ca'Oi.ra ChaceiH.il NC 27514 6-6 Laverty, G.L.: o.r of ocerations. East Bay Mumc Utility Dist. 2130 Ade-"e Ca- anc CA 94623 14 (Vice Chairman) Layton, R.F.: o'es Water S Wastewater Tecnmcal School Box 370 \ecs-c VC 54659 18 (Chairman), 20-1 Lee, M.C.: S' e^g' Brow" S, Ca.dwell 30 Perimeter Center East Sute ' a- a-a 3A 39246 27-4 Lee, R.L.: Aat-.-r 2:-- Cty Hall. Mesforp OR 9'5Gt 24 (Cochairman) Legge. W.S.: z~ v"3' -sesen 3ept of Water ``a'S P'.vate Bag *5'5 a-::*.- zk 20-2 Leidholdt, R.W.: \z-iz i v: ects engr `c tra.r r: a-awa 6666 W 2.-;, a... c'2-5 S3-1c, 13-6 Leong.L.Y.C.: ac z< .y-ii'A Vontgcmery.Ccrsu.t Encrs Inc 555 E As-MS-. A'asacena CA91101 31-4 Letterman, R.D.: ass: z'z` dept of c.vii engrg 3,'ac^se Umv 150 ->rcs-a S.-Sdose NY '3210 SI-3,6-2 Liao, M.Y.: C'Stt-M.e -esea'cn assl Umv of lllmc s 4129 C.vii Engrg 3:cc Lt'ca-'a -LS'SCI 22-4 Lieu. Fong-YI:sr rerrsl JamesM Montgomery.Consult Engrs.Inc, 555 E Wainui Si Pasadena. CA S1101.31-4 Logsdon, G.S.: Chief. parl'Cuiale control activities, dnnkina water research d.v uSEPA 26 W Si Cla r Si Cincinnati. OH 45268. S3-2 Love, O.T.: erne* crgan c control exploratory activibes. drinking water 'esearcn c v USEPA 25 W Si Cia.r St. Cincinnat. OH S3-2 Lowry, Keith: env.r hea.tn admin div of public water supoly. Alabama Debt of Public Hea'tn Montgomery. AL 36104.16-3 Lutz. Jeffrey: dept of civ.i engrg. Umv of Missouri. Columbia. MO 65211 11-2 Lynch, W.O.: partner Stearns & Wheler 10 Albany St Cazenovia. NY 13035 1 (Vice Chairman) 52 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Manwarlng, J.F.: dir AWWA Researcn Foundation. 6666 W. Quincy Ave. Denver CO 80235 31-5 Markwood, Ira: div mgr. div ot public water supplies. Illinois Envir Protection Agency. 2200 Chruchill Rd.. Springfield. IL 62706. S3-6b Maxwell, J.M.tsr associate. Economic & Engrg Services. Inc. Box 976. Olympia. WA 98507 S3-5c, 2-2 Mayol, J.J.: exec air. Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Authority. 604 Barbosa Ave. Hato Rey. PR 00923.15-1 McCabe, L.J. Jr.: chief, field studies div.. HERL. USEPA, 26 W. St Clair St.. Cincinnati. OH 45268 27-2 McCall, R.G.: 523 S Fort Dr Charleston. WV 25314. S3 (Moderator), 29 (Vice Chairman) McCarty, P.L.: prof. oept ol civil engrg Stanford Umv. Stanford. CA 94305 6 (Chairman), 27 (Cochairman) McGowan, F.M.: planning & engrg div. Lawler. Matusky & Skely Engrs . I Blue Hill Plaza. Pearl River. NY 10965 4 (Cochairman) McGuire, M.J.: water quality engr. Metro Water District of Southern California. 700 N MorneoAve La Verne, CA 91750.13 (Cochairman), 13-4,27-2 McHugh, R.P.: New Haven Water Co 90 Sargent Dr. New Haven CT 06511. 25 (Cochairman) McQueeney, W.E.tMcOueeney Inti .Box506 Ridgewood NJ0745I 20 (Vice Chairman) McWhinnle, R.C.: Sage Murphy & Assoc. 910 I6tn St Suite 420 Oenver CO 80202. 28 (Vice Chairman) Merry, K.J.t supervisor, operations unit, dept of soc.a! & health services. Water Supply & Waste Sect. Mail Stop LD-11. Olympia WA 98504 28-4 Merryfleld. E.A.: consultant. 2540 S W Whitesice Dr Corvallis. OR 97330.15 (Vice Chairman) Meyer, L.M.: Drinking Water Research Center. Florida Inti Umv Miami, FL 33199. 22-2 Miller, D.W.: Geraghty & Miller 6800 Jericho Turnpike. North Shore Atrium. Syossett. NY 11791 S2 (Moderator), S2-2, 4-2 Miller, K.J.t dir, water engrg. CH2M Hill. Box 22508 Denver CO 80222. 1 (Vice Chairman) Miller, W.H.: mgr. Denver Water Dept 1600 W 12to Ave Denver CO 30254 21 (Chairman), 21-2 Miner, J.V.: pres. Taulman Sales Co. 415 E Paces Ferry Rd NE, Atlanta. GA 30305. 30 (Cochairman) Mlnnlgh, H.A.: dept of biological science. Drexe! Umv. Philacelphia. PA 19104.11-6 Montanarl, F.W.: sanitary envir engr. office cf engrg -c'tice of health USAID. US State Dept. Washington DC 20523 15 (Chairman) Moore, Joe: pro! graduate program ,0 envr engrg Umv of Texas Oallas-Mail Sla BE 22 Box 688 Richardson, TX 75080 9-1 Morris, C.R.: assoc exec ctr Natl Assn of Water Compares 1019 19th St. Suite 1110 Wasmngtcn, DC 20036. 3-4 Morrison, R.J.: oroi engr. CH2M Hill Inc ~C0 Cea'.vate' La-e 3c.se. ID 83707 6-5 Muller, G.o.tars: Cir o' u!:H. es Box 231 Amngxr. TX 760iC 23 (Vice Chairman) Nadebaum,P.R.:Aus!ra'-an Technology Engrg 3. R'ocessmg Bex 4709. Melbourne 3001 Australia 6-4 Namkung, Eun: graduate research asst. oeot cf civil engrg. Umv ol Illinois. Uroana. IL 61801. 22-3 Neal, R.A.: pres Chemical Industry Inst of Toxicology Researcn. Researcn Triangle Park, NC 27709 29-2, 29-3 Nichols, I.E.: San Diego County Water Autnor.ty. 610 W 5th St, Escondido. CA 92025.13-4 Norseth, Palmer: chief engr. Bu of Water Works. 18OO S W 6th Ave., Portland. OR 97201.28-1 Novak, J.T.: prof. dept, of civil engrg. Univ of Missouri. 0066 Engrg Bldg. Columbia. MO 65211. 6-1,11 (Chairman), 11-2 O'Connor, J.T.: prof., dept, of civil engrg , Umv of Missouri. Columbia. MO 65211.11-2 O'Day, D.K.: consult engr. Carpenter Lane. Suite 12. Philadelphia. PA 19119. 7-2 (Continued on page 54) JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020671 The case for Clow AWWA Resilient Two decades of successful cycles prove the valve retains its W0uy V3IV6S.waterworks use has demonstrated the bubble-tight characteristics at rated superior performance capabilities of resilient wedge pressures, even after extended periods of operation. valves over double disc and solid wedge gate The Clow R W Valve, available in 2" through 12" valves -- as well as butterfly valves. The basic design of diameters, meets or exceeds AWWA standards for resil resilient wedge valves also makes them uniquely suita ient seated gate valves C509-80 and is also listed by the ble lor sewage and industrial applications. Underwriters Laboratories per Fire Main Gate Valves Open. C'ow Resilient Wedge (R W) Valves provide 997-6. a smooth unobstructed waterway for full flow. Closed, The advanced design and superior performance of the R W ensures bubble-tight closure at the rated water the unique Clow Resilient Wedge Valve is just one of working pressure of 200 psi. Testing at twice the working many reasons you can come to Clow for all your valve pressure orov'Ces an ample factor of safety. needs. To learn more, return the coupon. The cast ,ron wedge is the heart of the R W Valve. Resilient seating is achieved by permanently bonding rubber to the wedge--a thoroughly proven process which meets requirements of ASTM D-429-73. Simple and reliable, with no moving parts, the wedge construc tion provides trouble-free service. Minimum maintenance is further ensured by a de sign which allows internal parts to be removed through CLOW The Waier Resources People Clow Corporation Pipe and Valve Division. 1050 East Irving Park Road, Bensenville. Illinois 60106 Please send more information about your Clow R W Valve and about your complete line of valves. the top of the valve as well as by a clear waterway which permits mechanical cleaning of the main through the valve. Reinforced teflon washers above and below the stem collar minimize friction during the opening and closing cycles--guaranteeing low torque and easy op eration. Accelerated performance tests totaling 50.000 APRIL 1981 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 839 Reader Inquiry Service No. 016 AW-4-' NEWS 49 V- CAPCO JEN 0020668 i '.'iint/niii'cl from fjoiii" 48/ Cornwell, D.A.: zee'. : - v-c-g M c- ga'- Stale W' - EastLa-sna M.488*4 SI-6. 6-3 Costello. J.J.: - "3'. u" v-jr South Wate- c 'iral or P a'"i 3j3C E .ago _o`.649 26-3 Courchene J.E.: * .'.a'e' 3.5 w Seatle Aater Deot 1509 5 7.A 26'44 29 (Chairman) Craun, G.E.: -r' code"* . ;j,cr *e.d S'.uces div hRl uSEpA 26 W St C a r St Cnc'','at C-1 55266 29-1,29-5 Crittenden, J.C.: ass' u'u` jeci : ., c~g'c Michigan "ecnroieg.cal J- v MOaC-'lc,'- M- A rE; 1 27-1,27-4 Curtis, F.W. Jr.: Dace Cc-rt> Daot cl ?-,,cue HeaHh M. ami Fl 33125 22-1 Dahl, Mellord: public ac'<s c' C-tv of Elgin 15C Dexter Ct E'g-h 'L 63120 10-5 Daneker, J.R.: BlF irdust'-es ,rc Box 217 Wes! Warwick Rl 02893 23-la Davoust. N.J.: Eagles \est La^e No 4 SR 2 3o 5563 E.v M-\ 55~31 10 (Vice Chairman) Deinlnger, R.A.: 0'C` o'erv ' nea:t~ - '. ;r M ca" "--A.'ocr V 4~:C3 10-4 DeMarco, Jack:e` ,'.a:er suoc , 'asea'c- a . C" ca Rasaa'C- A S'a.a co'-ar.i MERL x/SEPA 26 W St C a r S: C'^'-a: 0--' A5263 22-1, 22-2 Dempsey, B.A.: grac-ate siuce"! oapt i'anvr sc^c-s &-""g'd Umv c* \oftn Carolina C"ape: t-f ii kjCa'ciA 22-5 DiGiano, F.A.: pref c`-ervr sc.ences & engrg u.n>v ;i Nc'ih Carc,'''a = .sa-3.-a1 C'aoe'H-1 '-<0 27514 S2 (moderator), 27-2 Dixon. D.R.: civ pf c-em ca' tiicnno'ogy CSiRC Box 3iC Sooth Me Dc,,<ne 3205 V'Cic< a Ausira.;a 6*4 Donohue, G.E.: ceout, c.t aw o'env-r ''aa :r \assa,, County Dapt of -iaa.r 240 O d County Pc M.recia ,\Y ll.'Cl 26-6 Duke, K.D.: c^c'ic se'. ces 3.' C,t, o* "gie.vuca t Va-c-ester B:,3 'Ji,1. .co CA 9C3G1 7 (Chairman) Dyksen. J.E.: p-;* -"d< `,'acc" p"e -re i CO E semc.ve' Or Ja-a-.-: ;-~552 lO-'l Edzwald. J.K.: ssscc pro* dept cfc.vii & envr er-gre Clarkson College - 7e;--'p,cg, Potsdam NY 13676 SI-2,16 (Chairman), 16-1 Elder, D.B.: afg' B acx & Vaa:or' Box 8405 Kansas Oty MO 64114 30- 3 Elmendorf, Mary: .c-;.: 3'".",;co>.:g st :5'-4 i St v,\ S,,!eSC' C,, 2CC26 15-4 Emrich. G.H.: 4*.'. Vac' a5SJ; one .V v.t a. = :rce c K "c 4'.W X -4 '45,5 S2-3 Engerholm. B.A.:-c-c- B-.-.'te C. 2-.3 Vr-a San F'd" 1 sc; CA 31- 3 Fassett. G.W.: j'P = ca C:-'S,,t .`.aE- C'S 2595 . ; 4;s- 9-3 Ferguson. J.F.: j-.-p; e-g'g .'.4 - 11 (Vice Chairman) . _'.\5i""j:pn Fletcher. S.T.: : - y ..a'a- 3, Ct. O' 5t u--S 'c4, S - ' f- . . . V . Co11 2-4 Foley. P.D.: V V . ' ' 35 Sr C a' A ,erP';--,s C`n`.'4V'P4 22 (Cochairman) Francis. L.A.: S' .o-. -'-ss ,'2~us V Vpnigjn-er, C;-s.: E'O'S "C `.'-.:-:-4.( ==;23e''a CA 9;joi 15.3 Franklin. B.W.: -"zr ;_ns;.uC! on 5 "-a.nienance St Lou s County .'rate-Co 633. De-a' 3 .a U"-.e-siv C.ty M063124 23-5 Froman, C.A. Jr.: / cep-es Ga'r-Hcoart Water Ccrp eoCMaC'SonSt Ga'y i.N 46432 3 (Cochairman) Fulton, G.P.: vice pres Achefengr Metcait&Eooy me 60 E 42n.oSt Ne.v Ycrx ,\y lCCl 7 27-2 Gaston, J.M.tch.ef san tary er-grg sect Dept cHealth Se'/ ces 2151 st'.sfi, vVa> Be'keiey CA 94704 S3-5b Gavin, Thomas: g-ao-a'.e stucen-t oept ofcivieng-g NognAestern Cow E-gnston 1L 60201 11-5 Geldrelch, E.E.: cf .e1 -- crcb.c'og.cal trealment pr dr-nkmo water -esearen c v VERl uSEPA 26 W St Clair St Cm.c.nnat, Oh'45268 31-2 50 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Gilbert, J.B.: . ce pres Brown & CalCwe'l '23 S Si'ee! Sacramento 2a 95814 1 (Chairman), 1-3, 21-1 Gilman, H.D.: Greeley & Hansen 1818 Market St SuMe I3o0 =-,:aoe'pn.a PA 19103 23-1c Goers. M.A.: research asst. speed scientific school Umv of Louisville -ru.svite KY 40208 16-4 1 Gong, Benjamin: engr CH2M H:ll 1941 Ro'and Clarke PI Reston VA 223 16-1 Goshko, M.A.: research training asst, envir microbiology aept of E otcgmai science. Drexel Univ. Philadelphia. PA 19104 11-6 Goulding, Randolph: Jordan Jones & Gouldmg, Inc. 2000 Clearv-ew Ave N E Suite 200 Atlanta. GA 30340. 30 (Cochairman) Graeser, H.J.: dir of envir research & development. Black & Veatch 5728 LBJ Fwy Suite 300. Dallas TX 75240. 3-1 Griffith! F.P. Jr.: asst engr -dir. Fairfax County Water Authority Box 1500 Falls Church VA221I6 24-2 Griffith, J.D.: John Carollo Engrs. 3308 N 3rd St Phoenix AZ 85012 30-2 Gupta, K.B.: process design engr. Havens & Emerson. Inc "00 Bond Court Bldg 1300 E 9th St Cleveland OH 44114 10-3 Hagar, C.B.: proi engr Black & Veatch. Box 8405 Kansas C.ly MO 64114 30-3 Ham, R.K.: prof, cept oi civil & envir engrg U"*. Mac son 3232 Engrg Bldg Madison Wl 53706 10-3 -Vsccnsm-- Hammer, A.R.: dir bu o! water supply engrg V':' i"a'.-2;:l 1C9 Governor St. Ricnmond. VA 23219, 30-1 Hansler, G.M.: exec dir Delaware River Basm Ccn-- Bex'360 West Trenton, NJ 08648. 4-1 Hanson, Hugh: chief, program support sect Od'Ce o> D' "* 05 Water USEPA Wasmngton. DC 20460 S3-1 a Harris, J.A.: mgr of envir health & safety Occ oentaiCne" ca Co Box 198 Lathroo. CA 95330 25-2 Harween, H.J.: Drinking Water Research Certer F>or ca my Umv M.ami. FL 33199 22-1, 22-2 Hash, L.J.: mgr. Water Deot. Sioux Fa'ls SD571C2 24 (Cochairman) Haskins, B.D.: dir of education AWWA. 6666 W Q,,rc/A^e Denver CO 80235.19-3 Haven, R.C.: dir of engrg. Washington Sutxi'oan San tary Comm Aroitron Bldg .312 Marshall Ave. Laurel. MD 20810 2-5 Hess, A.F.f, sr prin engr--water treatment Malcolm Prme Inc 100 Eisenhower Dr. Paramus. NJ 07652, S2-7,10 (Chairman), 10-1 Hilburn, R.D.fUniv of Washington FX-10 More Hail Seattle WA 98195 11-1 Hoehn, R.C.: prol dept of civii engrg v rg n-a Poiytec--'"St 4 State Uoiv. BiacKsourg. VA 24060 16-6 Holfbuhr, J.W.: chief drinking water cr USEPA--Reg.cn 3 1869 L ncom St Denver CO 80295 12-4,13 (Cochairman) Holnbeck, S.R.: nydroicgist. water resources 0 / Dec! c `.at^'3 Resources & Conservation 32 S Ew.ng t-e'e^a V7 59620 6-5 Honeycutt, F.G. Jr.: URS Fomest S Conor 5730 Sfen-mcns F.vy Ca. as TX 75247 9 (Vice Chairman) Hubbs, S.A.: research engr, L0u.sv.1ie Wate' Co 435 s 3rd Sf uCu'S/ -ie KY 40202.16-4, 26-4 Hudson, H.E. Jr.: Water & A.r Research Box 1121 Ga resvtle. fl 32501 SI-8, 5-3 Huelsman,W.J.:partner Coopers&Lybrana 1800VS1NW Sote400 ,M Washington DC 20036. 8-3 Inhotter, W.R.: genl supt & chiel engr Passaic Va:ley Water Comm Box 230. Clifton. NJ 07015 4 (Cochairman) Inman, L.V.: dir of public works. City of Longview Box 128. Longview WA 98632 28-2 Jackson, D.E.: vice pres --operations New Haven Water Co. 90 Sargent Dr New Haven, CT 06511 2 (Vice Chairman) James, Roger: dir ol utilities (retired). City of Spokane. C.ty Hall. Spokane WA 99201. 28-3 Jenkins, David: Richmond Field Station. Univ of California--Berkeley 1301 S 46th St. Richmond CAS4804.27-2 tCunlmuud un pai>u 52J JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020669 New ComPIPE is here! Clow put the strength in and took the weight out of large diameter pipe. Reader inquiry Service No 017 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 839 New Clow ComPIPE combines light weight and strength plus other important features you want for your municipal or industrial piping system. With only one-ninth the weight of concrete and one-third the weight of ductile iron. Clow ComPIPE has the strength to withstand ordinary construction practices, earthloading and installation under adverse conditions. Because we incorporate glass microspheres with fiberglass windings over a corrosion liner. Clow ComPIPE is significantly stiffer than other, more flexible conduits. Since'the pipe wall is composed only of glass materials and resin, its cross section is homogeneous. The progressive development of ComPIPE over the last decade and the soundness of its unique design concept has been proven by actual field installations. Light weight ComPIPE is easy to handle, enabling contractors to achieve higher production rates with lighter equipment and at a lower cost. Superior joining systems and field adaptability are also important factors in speeding installation. Clow ComPIPE can be cut in the field in minutes and can be drilled and tapped in the conventional manner. Once installed, Clow ComPIPE's strength and corrosion resistance will provide trouble-free service. Because Clow ComPIPE offers assured high flow characteristics, pumping costs will be reduced. Next time you are considering large diameter water or sewer pipe for your municipal or industrial piping system, look into new Clow ComPIPE. Return the coupon for detailed literature. CLOW Clow Corporation The Water Resources People Clow Corporation. Water Systems Group P.O. Box 196. Lincoln. AL 35096 Please send more information about your new Clow ComPIPE. NAME TITLE: CAPCO JEN 0020670 THE COMPLETE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1980 AWWA WATER UTILITY QUALITY TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE ARE FEATURED IN THIS 420-PAGE PAPBERBOUND REFERENCE VOLUME. AN IMPORTANT TOOL FOR UTILITY CHEMISTS, MICROBIOLOGISTS AND REGULATORY AND LABORATORY PERSONNEL, VOLUME VIII COVERS NEW APPLICATIONS OF METHODS AND TECHNIQUES AND CURRENT ADVANCEMENTS IN WATER ANALYSIS. CONTENT HIGHLIGHTS INCLUDE: . * GnChromotosnpMcTcchnlqumlorControningOrganlcRcmoralUnttProeawM. Health Significance ol Bacterial Endotoxins In Drinking Watar IWcrobtofoglcal Consideration* While Controlling Trthalomethanee . - > New Direction* In Conform Methodology A>be>to Analytic Technique THISCOMPREHENSIVE HANDBOOK IS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE FOR ONLY $7.50 TO AWWA MEMBERSAMD$15.00 TO NON-MEMBERS. WQTC PROCEEDINGS VIII IS AN INVAUJABLEAID FOR BOTH CONFERENCE ATTENDEES AND ALL OTHISSINTERESTED IN SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS IN WATERflESEARCH. ORDER YOURS NOW! Order No. 20154MA Send your order to: OROER FORM Send me _____coDies of i960 AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference Proceedings Vlll Catalog No 20154MA D 7 50 Member 15 00 Nonmember O t am an AWWA member or the official representative of an AWWA Organization Member. Member No Bill Me Members Only Payment enclosed US or Canadian funds Pfease make checK payable to AWWA NAME __ ADDRESS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AWWA PUBLICATIONS ORDER DEPT 6666 WEST QUINCY AVENUE DENVER. COL. 80235 TITLEORGANIZATION_____ _______________ CITYSTATEZIP c^atgc Eety omn totaling >e$ mao $*0 00 ana aoi accc^oan-ea oy tia^ce s-e *c* fanai.rg charge oi 53 00 **' * a*0"ai>cany oe adseo to 0 s :"a'ge 1 "eceisa'y secase o* the e*ira c-er-ca* excess 05 noivea on men COO'S CAPCO JEN 0020672 'Continued from ptw-'Sl Olson, B.H.: ass! ore' p'og'am r soc a1 ecology umv Ca.'fcrma irv.ne CA 9271: 26-2 O'Mella, C.R.: C'C :ect r ;e:grao-, & e"..r e-c-g -coos Hock ns un.-. 3='~C'e V.02'2'3 22-5, 27 (Chairman) Parsons. F.A.:, ass:: 2- -- rg Research Cer-ter F.or ca :nli Jn.y V a~ =. ;3' 99 22-2 Parsons, R.C.: c-~s M ! es "-gm: ;.v -<3 Maynard 5 Co inc 100 CcnsMut.on P'aza -actcrc CT 06103 8-1 Payan, I.L.: Dr-*-z Water Pesea'C" Ce-rte' Fcr.cainti 'Jew Miami FL 3319S 22-2 Pearson, H.E.: xaier cua: :y consultant 176 c a,,sc St Pomona CA 91767 26 (Vice Chairman) Pellz, K.W.: ggnl mg'. G-ealer Lane Cha-es Waier Co 114 W Clarence Si 3ox 1727 Lake Cnar'es lA ''0601 3 (Cochairman) Persson, E.A.: mgr cant engrg C'v East Bay Mumc Ui I ly Dis; Box 24055 Oakiana CA 94623 24-1 Pllgreen, P.E.: P s-fgreen & Assoc Box3146 Montgomery AL36109 2 (Chairman) Pipes, W.O.:cro` Oeo! c' o c eg cats; e'-ce Dre*e. 0- . s"-aae-cn.a aa 191:4 11-6 Plrbazari, Massoud: researen see"! s: :eot : : . e'-g'g -Jn-v o' s u'ca-a 166131 27-5 Plroozfard. Mohammad: d'acuals slucem dec! c`c. ?r'5'g L-iv of Missouri Cc.umoia MO 65211 6-1 Preston, D.B.: exec 3-r AWVVA 6666 W Quincy A.e Denver CO S0235 1 (Vice Chairman) Priestley, A.J.: a v o- c'-em.-ca' tecnnology CSrRO Box 310 Soutn Me ccur-.e 3205 V-ctor a Austrai.a 6-4 Randlke, S.J.rasst prof ofervir engrg Univ of Illinois 3230Civil Engrg Blag b'Cana IL68101 22-4 Raper, W.G.C.ipnn researcnscientist-- water program a v ofcnemical ,.ec,'rO'CCy CSiRO Bo/3'0 South Melbourne 3205. Victoria Australia 6-4 Raplnat, M.R.: p'ca^ct onr-.gr Compagme Gsr.era.e aes Eaux 52 Rue :A- ;w P=r s Prance 75CC8 20-4 Rasberry, J.M.: James F MacLaren Ltc. Apt 3001 No 4 Forest Lane.vay W-Hc.vcaie ON M2N 5X8. 23 (Chairman) Ravelo, E.D.: D'r-fng vVaie' Research Center Ficr.da n'.i u'niv .Miami Fu 33199 22-2 Redman, W.J.: :-a' ng 5, ce". ca:.c~ o'*-ce' c-/ c: xater 5ucc<y m a- :a~ Dec: a- suc.c meat" Box 3CC35 Lans-ng v 45909 13-3 Reich, K.D.: ~ :-:r. .cast ,a~~s M Von'gcmerj Cons-t E~grs mc 555 E wa-utS: Rasacs-M CAgnoi 31-4 Reilly. J.K.: ass: s-ct Sa e-i Be,e'lyV.ate'Supply Ba Ar "aiorA/e Ee.~- . Vi :tj'5 26-1 Renner. D.C.: :.c * - : os : 'age of An..ng:cn -e r:s Vunc.pa' 5 CC 3: S A- --m z- rgten rie gnis IL 6C3C5 13-5 Revis, Nathaniel: ; = : 5-- r c c cgv aec: Oa*=cce`<a: uac Oax - ~\ l~zt. 29-4 Rldgik.T.A.: :-c: a`e"/-'sc e'ces 8-:-''g,a J~-. z` Os-; -a C'=l- - ',C3'::4 6-6 Ritlman. B.E.: ==r. 3-33' 22-3 ; cv.i energ Un / o'no>s J'Pana iL Roberts, P.V.: aec: a' a ..-engrg Stanlcrc-n , Sta'-'c-a J4 343>; S2-4. 27-2, 27-3 Robertson, G.R.: :eo! a- v c.vc'k army cn.e- uS Cc'ps o' E-g-ee-s Was--;:;r oc::3t4 2-3 Robinson, J.H.: 3 acx & veatc'' 3ox8405 Kansas City M0 54tt4 14 (Chairman) Rollag, D.A.: -eac aeot at c vi engrg South Dakota State Urny 3'OCk ngs SD57C07 16-7 Roller, J.A.: S-ct -- .-.ate' a. Dept at Public U:::es 5o* 1 - CD' ~a;cm3 w a 9541; 28 (Chairman) Rook, J.J.: Gemece Pctte'cam Dr.nKirc.va;er:eid.ng Hee' 3cne'weg 25 =as-.bus 25 Pc::eraa~ .Neme: ancs 27-2 Roscher, N.M.: pro* aeot pi c''em,stry Am.er,can unw Washington DC 29C15 31-1 Ross. M.D.: g'aauate stuaent dept of Ovi engrg Univ ct iflano 54 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Moscow. ID 83843.16-2 Ruiz, M.C.: Drinking Water Researcn Center Florida Inti umiy v a~>i ru 33199 22-2 Saleba, G.S.t vice pres .general mgmt & financial planning Economics Engrg Services. Inc. Box 3182. Bellevue WA 98009 24-4 Sander, D.K.: dist engr. water supply & waste Sect. dw o' health Dept o' Social & Health Services. 924 w Sinto Ave Spokane WA 99206 28-4 Schalekamp, Maartent gent mgr. Zurich Water Works warohof 9 3ox 8023 Zurich, Switzerland. 20-3 Schroeder, D.C.: vice pres.. Boyle Engrg Corp. Bex 3030 Newport Beach CA 92663.7-1 Shine, D.K.: dir of utilities. Waler Dept 1155 23th St Wycmmc Ml 49509 1 (Vice Chairman) Shipman, H.R.: consultant, 7108 Edgevale St. Cnevy Chase MD 20015 15-2 Singer, P.C.: prof. dept of envir sciences & eng-g School ol Dub ic Health. Univ ol North Carolina. Chaoel Hill NC 27514 16-5 27-2 Slngley, J.E.: sr research associate Envir Science S Engrg inc Box 13454 Gainesville. FL 32604. SI-5, 5 (Vice Chairman) Sklarskl,L.B.:sr lab technician, utilities cept City o< Niagara Fa'is 1200 Buffalo Ave Niagara Falls. NY 14302 26-5 Snoeylnk, V.L.: prof of envir engrg . dept of c />< eng-g U"v. ; --0 s Urcana IL 61801 S2-5, 22 (Chairman), 27-1, 27-2_ ' Sonlheimer, Heinrich: Engier Bunfe Ins!. Umv of Ka- sr,,~e p;s- Cacn 6380 Karlsrune. Germany 27-2 Sorg, T.J.: chief, inorganic & particulate conlrpi sec. -g .-.ate' 'esearen Civ USEPA. 26 W St Clair St. C.ncmrat- OH 43253 S3-2 Srlcharoenchalkit, P.: graduate student dept o' c -sz-z S,'a:use Umv. Syracuse. NY 13210. 6-2 Stacha, J.H.: asst ar. Dallas Water Utilities iSOCMa- 'a S' Da-as 7x 75201.1 (Vice Chairman) Stevens, A.A.: water supply research USEPA 26 West St Cat St Cincinnati. OH 45268. 27-2 Stinson, K.B.: East Bay Muntc Utility Dist .2127 Ace-ne S'. Oai-iarc CA 94623 25-3 Stoebner, R.A.: civil engr. Black & Veaic.n 1500 Yea::.-, a-e 3x*y Kansas City. MO 64114.16-7 Stone, B.G.: sr vice pres,. James M Montgomery ; E'g-s -nc 555 E Walnut St. Pasadena. CA 91101. SI-7, 31 (Chairman) Stratton, Richard: graduate research asst.. Univ of Illinois 3230 Civil Engrg Bldg. Urbana. IL 61801: 22-3 Sullivan, J.P.: pnn design engr. 8oston Water & Sewer Comm 10 Post Office Square. Boston. MA 02109: 7-5 Summers, R.S.: research asst. dept of civil engrg Sfa^crc Un=v Stanford. CA 94305. 27-3 Symons,G.E.:engrg editor-consultant.86Edgewooc 4,e ua'C'-mort NY 10538 5-2 Symons, J.M.: chief physical & chemical removal c WSRD USEPA Cincinnati OH 45268. 5 (Chairman) Tao, Penchlh: technical research coordinator Hacxensac* Water Co 200 Old Hook Rd. Harrington Park. NJ 07640. 7-3 Tate, C.H.: vice pres. James M Montgomery Consul! E-g'S nc 555 E Walnut St. Pasadena. CA 91101 SI (Moderator), 5-4 Taylor, R.H.: researcn microbiologist. MERL. USEPA, 26 W St CauSt Cincinnati. OH 45268:31 (Cochairman) Thacker, W.E.: research engr. Natl Council of me Pacer Indus!", `or Air ana Stream Improvement Inc Cept of paper science S engrg 'Western Micmgan Umv. Kalamazoo .Ml 49008 27-1 Tharp, Eric: dept of civil engrg Umv o! Missour. ColumDia MO 65211. 11-2 Thiel, C.E.: graduate research asst. Umv of Illinois 4125 Civil Engrg 8ldg Urbana. IL 61801 22-4 Thomas, D.M.: surface waters br.WRD.USGS 415 Natl Center Reston. VA 22092 28-5 Thompson, C.H.: Aeroiet General Corp. Box ',3222 Sacramento CA 95813. 25 (Cochairmani 25-4 Thompson, M.H.: exec secy. Conference of State Samtary Engrs. 1 Deerfield Dr. Troy NY 12180. S3-1b ,`Crintimiud on priiteofi/ JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020673 APRIL 1981 These modern, field proven in struments quickly detect leaks, and locate pipe, valves, boxes and cables. They will save you hours and even days of timewasting, costly searching. If you value increased efficiency and operating economy in your pipeline equipment and sup plies, contact: The Pipeline Equipment Experts JOSEPH G. POLLARD CO.. INC. NEW HYDE PARK. NY 11040 516-746-0842 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 227 Reader Inquiry Service fJo. 050 V ANNUAL CONFERENCE 55 CAPCO JEN 00206740. We are pleased to announce our relocation to new and larger facilities in Houston, Texas. OCEAN VALVES INC. 1304 Langham Creek Drive Suite 450 Houston, TX 77084 Telephone: (713) 578-8834 Request a copy of our new brochure. pinch valves and related products TM OCEAN VALVES INC. 56 ANNUAL CONFERENCE i Tlllt, E.C. Jr.: O B' er 4 Gere Engrs Inc 1304 Buckiey Rc Syracuse \Y 13331 27-2 Tlppln, D.L.: c.f Ta~ca Wate- Dept. l C'ty HalfPlaza Tampa. FL 33602 23-3 _ Trussed. A.R.: sr cnem. st James M Montgomery Consult E"grs me 555 E Walnut St Pasaoe.na CA 91101.31-4 Trussed, R.R.: vice pres. James M Montgomery. Consult Engrs 555 E Wa.nut St Pasadena. CA 91101 30-4,31-4 Uhlenburg, R.E.: dir of administrative services AWWA 6666 W Quincy A/e Denver CO 80235 19-4 VanderbrooK, S.G.: public health engr. div of water orograms. V rg.nia Dept c Healtn 1301 Roseneath Rd R.chmond VA 23230 11-4 Van DeWege, J.R.: supt Wyoming Water Treatment Plant 16700 New Holland Holland. Ml 49423 13-3 Van Dyke, R.P.: gent mar C.ty Water Bd Box 2449 San Antonio TX 73298 17 Wade, J.A. Jr.: vice pres 4 erne* engr California Wate-Sew ce Co Box 1150 San dose CA 95108 12-1 Waters, D.M.: o-es Wate-s Consultants Pro'ess c-ai Ser. ces G'C-c I me 73G' Convoy Ct Suite 110 San QieQO CA 9211: 23-4 Weber. W.J. Jr.: orof cf e-vr & .va!er 'esc-'ces e-crc j- . y Me-can ;6t wa:er Resources Ergrg Bdc I-a a--a-pc V.4St;9 27-5 ' Welsner, M.J.: onysical scientist tec-micat suocort c v C!`'ce o: Dnnk.ng Water. USEPA. 5555 Ridge Ave. Cincmnat. C-r- -5265 10-2 Weiss, D.E.: CSIRO Hq. Limestone Ave Campcell. ACT 2502 Australia 6-4 Weiss, D.R.: engr. Brown & Rod Concourse B'dc t 2200 B=' a-r Houston. TX 77072. 26-5 Westendorl, J.R.: chemist, utilities cept. Ctv c` Vagara Fails. 1200 Buffalo Ave Niagara Falls. NY 14302. 26-5 Westerhoff, G.P.:Vice p-es Malcolm Pirn.e -c 2 Ccodate 3ar< Dr Wnite Plains NY 10602. 6-3 Weslgarth, W.C.: lab acm.n.strator. Dept of Env - C^ad. ;'12SW 11 tn Ave.. Portland. OR 97201.25-4 Wilson, J.H.: mgr -engr. Little Rock Munrc. Water Wc-ks Box 1789 L'ttte Rock. AR 72203; 7 (Vice Chairman) Wolle, L.S.: design engr. Ciapsaddie-Garoer Asscc 3cx 754 Va's-aJtown. IA 50158.12-2 Wolman, Abel: prof, dept of water resources & sa-Mary eng-g 2C9 Ames Hall Jo-ns Hopkins Umv. Batturcre .V0 2:2'c 5-1 Wood, P.R.: assoc, prof Drinking Water Research Cede- Ftoraa-nt: Umv. Miami FL 33199, 22-1, 22-2 Woodhull, R.S.: chief //ate-supplies sect Con-eci Services 79 Elm St Haderc CT06115 7-4 Oep: c `-sa.tn Woods, C.E.: pres .New Ha.en Water Co DCSa-gemD' New^a-eCTC55! ' 8 (Cochairman) Work, S.W.: mgr of quaity ccnt-cl Der.ve- Water Dec; 16C3W :2m Ave Den.er CO 30254 10-6 Wright, W.C.: Stearns & Wneter. 10 Aica.ny S: Ca;en0.. a ,\jy 13035 9-2 Wubbena, R.L.: pres. Economic & Engrg Services Inc Box 976 Olympia. WA 98507 S3-5c, 2-2,19-5 Yamaya, C.N.: asst engr. Murphy Engrg me 224 S .V.ch-ganA/e Chicago, iL 60604 22-4 Young, M.B.: system operations mgr. Metro Water Dist of Southern California. 1111 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles. CA 90012 18-2 Zegers, R.E.: water dir .City of Elgin. 150 Dexter Ct. Elgin. IL 60120.10-5 Zogorski, John: School of Public and Eovir Affairs. Indiana Univ Bloomington IN 47401 27-2 V CAPCO JEN 0020675 Colgon Potable Water Service: the pure and simple solution to well water contamination. When organics contaminate well water, the fastest and most costefficient solution is to call Calgon. In as little as 48 hours, Calgon's Potable Water ServiceSMcan have the existing well producing clean water again. The Calgon Potable Water Service is a complete treatment service using granular activated carbon. Specific organics such as trichloroethane, tri chloroethylene and dibromochloropropane are removed from the well water. Calgon provides everything you will need--the adsorption equipment including installation,- delivery and removal of spent carbon,- water test ing; and ongoing engineering assis tance. All for a simple monthly fee. With no major capital expense. Your search for clean well wafer need go no further than the telephone. Call us at (412) 777-8000, or write to: Potable Wafer Service, Calgon Corporation, Calgon Center, Pitts burgh, Pennsylvania 15200. ' Colgon mokes coibon pure ond simple. SUBSIDIARY Of MERCK & CO.. INC Rodder Inquiry Sorvic* No. Oil CAPCO JEN 0020676 1981 Annual Conference c? Technical Presentation by Subject Distribution AgngWate'S.s:---; = 5 -zz-'.ec^'c'ne Pretie- (7-5) Work = Sta~ea": j (23-3) Automat cr .''suv-e-a'. a' (23-1) Asbestos-Cerne-- 3;e . * -a (7-4) Em/ircm-ental arc Reg-a'". L'ess Garre (2-2) M-Oay P'us One Year (28-5) In-'cvatwe Design to Overcerne Regulatory Consiramis on a Water Storage Facility (2-5) Installation Problems and Special Techniques of La'ge Steel Mams (2-4) Maintenance of Valves and Hydrants (23-5) Mt St Helens Fallout Problems (28-3) Mud Flow P'cbiems (28-2) i! Negotiating for instream Water (2-1) Organization and Analysis of Leak and Break Data lor Mam Replacement Decisions (7-2) Permit Program As It Affects Navigable Waters (2-3) A Practical Corrosion Control Program for Water Districts (23-4) Public Health Considerations of Mt St Helens Eruption (28-4) Report on an Early Warning System (28-1) Special Design Considerations on the Diemer Pipeline Project (7-1) Statistical Sampling Techniques lor Controlling Accuracy of Small Water Meters (7-3) Tank Inspection. Cleaning, and Maintenance (23-2) Education Better Water Quality and Service Through Training: Panel Discussion (13) Cross Connections Their Importance and Con trol (18-5) OpFlow and the Operator (18-1) Safety and Traffic Routing (18-4) Tips on Pump Maintenance (18-3) Water Meter Basics (18-2) Engineering and Construction Disinfection Processes (30-4) Effects of Government Regulation (30-1) Filtration Processes (30-3) New Design Concepts in Water Treatment in France (20-4) New Experiences ol a European Surface Water Treatment System. Especially m Removal ol Organics (20-3) P'etreatment Processes (30-2) Small Water Utility Operations and Des.gn (12) Water System Construction (30-5) There is one designed and priced to meet your most exacting requirements. In a wide range of applications -- high or low flow rates, large- or small-diameter steel or con crete pipes -- companies like Kennecott Copper Corporation achieve accurate, maintenance-free results. NUSONICS'< Flowmeters are low energy users, obstruc;.tionless and have no moving parts. Call or write today for our free catalog on flow metering. ii Process Controls Division 1800 S. Baltimore Ave. Tulsa. Oklahoma 74119 918/438-1010 Management Changing Attitudes and Management Styles (3-2) Communication ano Relationships With Custo mers (3-3) Energy Management Three Ways to Wm (24-1) Es'ablishment ol Water Utility Institutions in Developing Countries (15-3) Evolution ol Management and Organizations (3-1) Financial Management (24-4) Hidden Costs ol Accidents (17-1) Improved Productivity Through Work Measure ment (8-1) Management. Information, and Computers (8-2) Management's Obligations in the Regulatory Process (24-3) Operating and Financial Reporting Systems (8-3) Overview of the Water Utility Council (21-2) Planned Maintenance Management (8-4) Reducing the Cost and Time ol Feasibility and 58 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Reader Inquiry Service No 037 (Continued on page 60) JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020677 There's mere to the MeAwHy M67 than meets the eye There is practical, economical thinking under its streamlined exterior. Check these features: Superior, four-section breakaway flange that snaps off cleanly if hit by car or plow. That you repair on the spot in 30 minutes with no need to excavate buried portion. Ease of operation. Minimun opeaning and closing torque. Minimun wearing parts and bronze seat casing supplied on all hydrants. Seat casing makes removal of internal parts possible at all times due to bronze to bronze contact between seat and casing. Compression valve that eliminates flooding in case of breakage. Easy change threaded in nozzles Operating requirements that exceed most competitive makes as well as AWWA specification C504-64. But there's more to it than super quality in material and workmanship...there's six generations of tradtion to live up to and our people are a proud lot. APRIL 1981 For delails and specifications write to Crane Canada Inc.. Valve & Industrial Division, 5800 Cote de Liesse. Montreal. Que. H4T 1B4 Regional Sales Offices: Bedford. N.S.: Montreal. Que.; Toronto. Ont.: Winnipeg. Man.: Vancouver. B.C. Distributors from coast-to-coast. Reader inquiry Service No 019 t v NEWS 59 CAPCO JEN 0020678 C.*rr:r-j'`(i 'mm jinqe 581 Vaster p'ar Studies n Developing Countries (15-2) "-e aeg.c''ai,:a: on ='bcess (3-4) R,,'a' Wa:' S-ce'y " =u'tc Rcc (15-1) Sow "c 'Aate' LI ! ='coie-'S Tcday (21-5) .35=4 s -< -5 ,>,=:er p'og'am (21-4) Was-if .(21-3) Wale- use Va-ace-er; (24-2) Wor-e- Waie' a"d me Decade (15-4) Research Acscrpt-oh of Carbon ''eirac-'cf'ce F'om Water tv Ac! vates Carbon (27-5) AsDlicat'On of Polymers 'or Water P'ant S'ucge Cond boning (6-1) Biodegradat.on of Trace Organics Sy Biofilms on Porous Media (22-3) Comparison o! the DPO-Color-metnc DPD- Steaa.fac and FACTS Test P'ocecures for Free Chtor re Residua. Analyses (31-1) Cesorction c' Compounds Du'-ng C' eratioi of GAC Acsorpt-on Systems (27-1) Diffusion of Organics From Solvent-Bonded Plastic P'Des Used for Potabie Water Plumbing (31-4) Researcn Foundat.on Fund.ng (31-5) E'fects of Calcium on the Spec at'On. Adsorption and Removal of Fulvic Acids (22-5) cio2?Disinfecting with GAC Performance Criteria for Grgan-c Carbon Removal (27-3) Heuristic Model for Water Network Design (6-67 Interaction of Hydrolyzable Metal and Cat.onic Polyelectoiyte Coagulants (6-2) introductory Study of the Biodegradabon o` me CNormated Methane. Ethane, and Elhene Com pounds (22-2) The Mechanics of Air Scour During F.ite' Backwash (6-5) Microbial Activity on Granular Activated Carbon An Assessment (27-2) A Predictive Model for Chloroform Formabon From Humic Acid (31-3) Preliminary Design of Least-Cost Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems Using the Homogenous Surface Diffusion Model (27-4) Removal of Organics From "Water by Aerabon (22-1) Removal of Soluble Organic Ccnlam.narts ov L.me-Sooa Softening (22-4) Softening Sludge Treatment (6-3) Water Clarification ana Decolonza; on Wm me Use of Regenerabie Magnetic Pa", c es (6-4) Put our experience and nationwide sales/service network on the job for you! When you're ready to install a chlorine dioxide system. Wallace & Tiernan is ready for you. With over 60 years experience in supplying the needs of the water treatment industry, we know your problems... and how to solve them! Our systems have the capacity, control modes, and cost-effectiveness to handle your needs. Standard capacities up to 510 lb. per day. with higher capacities available. Control can be manual, start-stop, or auto matic flow-proportional. W&T Systems generate chlorine dioxide on-site and apply it immediately for maximum efficiency and economy. Our chlorine chlorite acid method of CIO. gener ation uses a dilute hydrochloric acid solution to lower the pH. The process produces a disinfectant with a minimum of unreacted chlorine. Thus there's minimum danger of forming trihalomethanes... important in view of the maximum allowable THM levels recently prescribed by EPA. So when you're thinking CI02. think Wallace & Tiernan. Your colleagues in the industry have been, for many of our products, since 1913. Wallace & Tiernan Div., Pennwalt Corporation, 25 Main St Belleville. NJ 07109. Dept. S-308 (201) 759-8000. WALLACE E.TIERNAN SPEMJWUT Resources Adsorption as a Treatment Process (S2-5) Air Stripping as a Treatment Process (S2-6) Case Studies Involving Removal of Organic Contaminants From Ground.vater (S2-7) Colorado Water Rights Engmeeung (9-3) Development of a National Groundwater Strategy (S2-1) Eastern States Try to Share Water (9-2) East (Riparian! versus West iAoorcp'iative' Has the Twain Met? (9-4) Fundamentals of Groundwater Coma" rat on (S2-2) High Plams-Ogallala Aqu'fer Serves Many Mas ters (9-1) Methods of Containing Contam.nated Ground- water (S2-3) Nature of Organic Contaminants n G'our.owate' and Treatment Approaches (S2-4) Need for Conjunctive Water Supplies .0 me Delawater River Basm (4-1) Some Hazardous T.mes (25-4) Suoerfuod WhaP (25-1) Systematic Approach to Cea--ng Uc (25-2) East Bay MUD Has the P a" (25-3) A Water Conservation Stud, o a Wate'-R-ch State (11-2) Water m a Hurry for the Oii-From-Ccal Sasol 2 Project. South Africa (20-2) Water Quality Alternative for Controlling Organics m Ground water Supplies (10-1) Application of Ion Exchange and Ultrafiltration for Color Removal From Groundwater (16-3) Bacterial Colonization of Water Distribution Systems (26-2) Chemical Modeling of Copper Corrosion Using Electrochemical Techniques (11-1) Coagulant Selection Using Jar Tests (SI-6) Coagulation (SI-3) Community Water Supply Survey Sampling and Analysis for Purgeable Organics and Total Organic Carbon (10-2) 60 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Reader Inquiry Service No 064 (Continued on page 62) JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020679 * -*3 ? * . ~ ' .-. V ,.,'f.s\ * > Y_ - - l j| '< SMI.. *$&r, .'^V&v- -'i *rv- ** * EK>yf.iVl ' /**> "* ,, ZK-? *;.JK," v^!Ujt ^ > r?;. -^- r,<*' * *r*^>'v.i-. .<*&& ..`.S v j- A ;* To paint...or notto paint That isthe question. If you are considering building a steel water storage tank, or are already comparing costs with concrete reservoirs, now is the time to consider painting costs. Over the life of a steel tank, it costs more to paint it than it does to build it Why? Inflation... that's why Natgun Corporation designs and builds precast, prestressed concrete water storage tanks that never need painting. We have prepared a simple chart that allows you to calculate painting costs using whatever inflation rate you think is realistic. Its free for the asking;just write or call. NATGUN Corporation. Teal Road. Wakefield. MA 01880 Telephone 617-246-1133 Texas 8111 Preston Road. Suite 820. Dallas. TX 75225 Telephone 21,4-368-3306 California: 698 Powers Drive, El Dorado Hills. CA 95630 Telephone 916-933-3937 Reader inquiry Service No 043 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO 410 CAPCO JEN 0020680 A Backflow Prevention Devices Protect the Public Safety Against Potable Water Contamination the Sure, Safe Way. For highly toxic fluids in industrial plants, hospitals, mortuaries, chemical plants, and boiler feed and water lines the Reduced Pressure Principle, RP, Device Febco Model 825 1 W-IO". For backflow and backsiphonage situations such as main supply lines, fire lines without chemical additions and food processing installations the Double Check Valve Assembly, DC, Febco Model 805 3 4 10". Meets or exceeds all applicable AWWA standards. Approved by ASSE, USC, IAPMO, SBCC, CSA and LA City. FEBCO SALES, INC. 1446 N. Villa, Fresno, California 93727, (209) 252-0791 A Subsidiary of: Chas M. Bailey Co. Reader Inquiry Service No 022 62 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 'Commut'd from pouf' 601 Corrosion Control W.thm Water 0'Stnbution Systems (26-3) Costs ano Benefits of O-nkirc Water T'eatme'-t (10-4) Design Cons.cerat cns n F'itraticn (SI-8) Determining ard Opbrnizing (SI-7) Direcl Filtration o( Streamborne Glacial Sul (16-2) Effectiveness c` owcered and Granu'ar Ac tivated Ca'ccn `or Removal o< Organic Contamin ants at Niagara Fails N Y (26-5) Ef'ect of Solution Cfem.stry on Coagulation Witn Hydrolyzed AIM 11, (11-4) Et'Ology of Carcinogenesis (29-3) An Evaluation of Aerat.on Methods for the Removal of Vo'at te Organic Contaminants (16-4) Feme Chlor de and "Alum as Single and Dual Coagulants (11-3) F'ltra! on (SI-5) F'occulat-on (SI-4) Format cn ar-.g Remova c 3rd~C""'- Desai nal*on (16-5) Funding Panel DiSCuss-Cf (S3-5) Granular Activated Carbon D'et'ea!"-e."! `or :ke Removal of TnhalomethanePrecu'sz's (16-6) Initial Mixing (SI-2) institutional Alternatives (S3-3) Interrelationship of Bacteria' Counts W tn Ctner Finished Water Quality Paramete'S >\ mm D s- tribution Systems (26-1) Introduction to Epidemiccdy (29-1) introduction toToxicccg. (29-2) Low Dosage Treatmem. `.;r 3 rSC: - Cr, (si -9) Market Study on Sma'i Wate- _'-;-at~--:-"t P'ants (S3-4) Meeting the Obscure Standa'os Tnat Were (10-5) Operator Tra'O'ng Panel D scuss on (S3-1) Organics Reduction by R ve'ea-.k '`-trat-cn at Louisv.lle (26-4) Overview of Smatl S,stems Water Treatment Stud'es (S3-2) Ozonation o' a Munic ca'Grou''d'AaterSjop;v;o Reduce iron Manganese aoaTr'oa-c"e:kane For~at on (16-7) R.'ct D reel P ttrat'on and Careen Agsoroton Treatment o< H-g-'-So'ios R ver Water (11-5) Drccess Cons de'et-c-s -n Recyc:-ng Pre'crmed FiodstotheCoadu-at-cn F'occu'a'. cn Pmcess (10-3) Reaction and Strategy Panel Discuss-on (S3-6) Relationships Between Stanaard Plate Counts and Other Parameters m Water Distribution Systems (11-6) Response ol a Local Hea'th Deoartm.ent to the Presence of Organics m the Drinking Water Supbly. Nassau County. Long Island. N Y. (26-6) Seasonal Evaluation of Organics Removal at a Conventional Water Treatment Plant (16-1) Toxicotog'cal P'oblems Associated Witn Alterna tive Methods of Disinfection (29-6) Transforming Concepts Jnto Designs: The Denver Reuse Protect (10-6) Waterborne intestinal Disease (29-5) Water Quality and Cardiovascular Disease (29-4) Water Ouality Past. Present, and Future (5) JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020681 When you put CertainTeed VINYL-iron solid PVC water pipe in aggressive soils, a wonderful thing happens. Nothing VINYL-iron, CertainTeed's brand of solid PVC municipal water pipe, is unaffected by even the most aggressive soils. PVC helps keep construction and operating costs down, too--an important consideration in these times of growing taxpayer concern with municipal services and costs. AWWA C900 C LISTED Approved 1 NSF-pw j VINYL-iron matches cast iron pipe sizes, so it is ideal for expansion as well as replacement of potable water and fire protection systems. Its proven Fluid-Tite'v joints and light weight speed installation, to help you keep on budget. When your pipe and budget stay intact, so does your reputation. CertainTeed VINYL-iron PVC meets the rugged requirements of AWWA C-900, Underwriters' Laboratories, Factory Mutual, National Sanitation Foundation, and I.A.P.M.O. For full information, contact your CertainTeed representative, or us. CertainTeed Corporation. Pipe & Plastics Group, P.O. Box 860, Valley Forge, PA 19482. (215) 687-5000. For product specifications and other technical data, look us up in Sweet's Civil Engineering File. Section 15 12 Ce CertainTeed APRIl'1981 Reader Inquiry Service No 013 NEWS 63 CAPCO JEN 0020682 Put Matts to the test Learn how theWatts air in/waterout 909backflow preventer works. V CAPCO JEN 0020683 .p The principle's simple, but we've used it to solve a complex safety problem. It's the only device to pro vide so much value and so much orotection against simultaneous back-siphonagea, .d back-pressure backflow. Our unique relief valve* is designed around that air in/water out idea. The valve has two channels: one for air, one for water. When the relief valve opens the right-hand channel admits air to the top of the re duced-pressure zone. The channel on the left then drains to atmosphere. Therefore if both check valves foul and simultaneous negative supply and positive back pressure develop, the relief valve stops poten tial backflow. Handles cold and hot water -- as hot as 210 F; specify 909 HW Union endsfor simple installation and removal Simple-to-service stainless steel modular check valves Available with or without strainers Horizontal or vertical installation Ball valve test cocks Compact construction Sizes 3/4" through 10" Tested successfully under ASSE, AWWAand FCCCHR of USC standards for backflow prev enters; exceeds performance and design reauiremenrs of these specifications. TheWa-s 909 Reduced Pressure Backflow Preventer uses the simple-yet-extraordinary air in/ water out concept to offer maximum backflow protection with traditional Watts value. ' *'-** * Ht' **r r~.' ` 9^21* C* Ze C *'*''CCriY A *4 -???-. > .3 4 *< THE NAME THAT PROTECTS YOUR NAME Box 628. Lawrence. MA 01842 (617) 688-1811 Toronto. Canada Soestduinen. The Netherlands Watts Regulator Company Rearter Inquiry Service No 066 V CAPCO JEN 0020684 1981 Annual Conference Technical Presentation Abstracts 2-1: Negotiating For Instream Water. A ut , ty sec ced ts ''ex! source c* wate' acu'C de a s^g i -,ver, Du! dunnc me env'rc,',r*sr'*.a: reve.v -JS =-sn 3"G ws-'e Scr.":e "as a `a' - '`g'**-1! ,, .v qn **Cw m^C'' .Vet-?' CCum De wmtraA'' ~-s pacer cesc'ces ^oa me ^:*-ty dea-* a m me age^cv s insj'ea^ ?`ca Vemodo ogy a~c s^ccess'u'iv reached an ac'es^e^ 2-2: Environmental and Regulatory Chess Game. r^'Ch^ma a^c a~c v.se ce-d es .*.atTf c-a^v sta^crcs ocerato~a' rea^ re--g-j me "--es! cost-e44ect ve lesc'' 04 water system ~*pans or* po;ects tm.en reG- m a c~ess game strategy to "'a-rian me cncmai ?c e:me Too often se"orca'v otec: vesc1 me rc'''r'e*'ta,,s! me''c-g'dA*" ac.ccate orme atd' S'e ~ct ce'**4 ec cr ac<''o*v edcec as ^ f =**o,~'c!3 *d "tea '-"'Cu atd'. accm a ~eA ::s 2-4: Installation Problems and Special Techniques of Large Steel Mains. *a / 2- 5: innovative Design to Overcome Regula tory Constraints on a Water Storage Facility. "~e Ass*' ~r~'' S^r-'Da^Ss' ta'. Cd^^'ss A__ -r-s1'- 'mo *'c~' cc*'S*'^c,"'c ''eecea cctac e .*.a*v' i,d'tdvC*ada-sec,adverseD^c.c '-sc: d g * ^ -a gpc^5'3''ce c4 e*'s rc stance ces s^c e evatec st'oet^es T^e cuo'c opposition 'ec to -n-posit'on c4 reg-atcv constraints by ccs geve^rg fccd'es mat dictated that all 4^tu'e wate' storage `acites v/cu'c be low crr.;e D'SuDsudacetanKS T^roug^meappuca: c'' o4 '^c.,at'-ecesc''ancergree'<Ng v*$SC as acie to c-e'cc^e pc;c cc-ect-ons ana f^g/a:ofv corstra ^ts a^c nas constructed a decora* ve g obe based on me can* as v ewed from a sateAte. mat prov-ees 2 ~*! ga* 3 vl* o* octane wa:er storage 3-1: Evolution of Management and Organ! zatlons. introduced by a bre! resume of me voV`Cr o` uS u'ban coif! cal structure, me soea<e' a c scjss 'me growth of me enterprise c'a,ac:ef she o4 icca* wate' uN't.es Examples ol ,4%e evO'ut on c4 management structures shaped Cv .3' cus cc-.t-cat anc legislative S'tuahons will ce g ven 3-2: Changing Attitudes and Management Styles. t*s pacer 4ocuses upon changing e~o-cvee attitudes anc managerial styles in tne ccr:e~ocra'v se*t*nc a comparison will be ~a:e pe'ween s">a:t anc ia'ce ut it*es ad me pace' a ce closed bv 'me speaker s assessment e^C'Oyee an tuces anc the most acoroor-ate ^a^agenat responses lor the decade of the 'SSCs 3-3: Communication and Relationships With Customers. cc^mu^'cat-cns 3rv reccm.r'o mpfe mportant for a`* water ji t es a^tncrsc te exce 'encemcustomer rra* C^S Ct Customers are Chang.ng--oecom. ''c ~ re z 'ect'v -nvc ved *a uft'ty af4a,rs better ec.`-.tec a^o ^ore ooi'ar conscious Manage- m.j5 ^eve'oc strateg es '0 r"esK emcJoyee d -ct drr'er `'eens w tH fescorsiD ity 4or aua^ty .vate' ser.ee 3-4: The Regionalization Process. Tne cfe* se^a* d'' zr "*, "aces 'me evolution of water ste^s 34,cm me ,r.S'v cua* wen to the regulated >*at-.s "dw `acea cy me industry inciuced >s a c scuss on of tne necess-tv for corservat'on of A3ter resou'ces anc me emcjencies that can be oa-rec through a -arger organization The current 'aws '"at pc-nt toward 'egicn.aiization m seme states are reviewed as are the relationship between me water resources systems and the federal cannng requirements mat exist under current `ecerat law 4- 1: Need for Conjunctive Water Supplies In the Delaware River Basin. Several groundwater supp'v areas <n me Delaware River basin are now stressed to me point where their conunct-ve use with sur'ace supplies is necessary '* no additional growth occurred in these stressed areas conjunctive management of water sup ples st'H s required to prevent further lowering of groundwater tables with the attendant reduction n hew of perennial streams 5-2: Water Quality: Past. Present, and Future (Roundtable). "'e=y.*:'r*, e as water ouai'ty oeveicomems cuf rg m cast 40 centur ies from the SansKM p'ecepts thrcugn *me dsf< ages, to the era cf sa4e A3`er anc ^ccem problems ar.a teenn ques --> a so co~'^e`':s on his own experiences <n me * em since '915 with seme special refe,-ence *c n s act vt es as an AWWA member sect.cn c4* ce' c . s en o"*cer and association o'ficer 5- 4: Water Quality: Past. Present, and Future (Roundtable), m a*' rra 'ac-c"v cnangjng water quaNv rocu aters. wate' sup pliers are faced with tough choices >n complying with current standards, ant'ccat-ng future regu lations. and protecting me hea m cf censure's-- at a reasonable cost T*'e rc:e of eo neer-rG ccns,jua''ts *n evaluating r s-s cere4 is recommending courses of act on s exp creo 6-2: Interaction of Hydrolyzable Metal and Cationic Polyelectrolyte Coagulants. ~*'e ,se c4 cat'onic pciye ectrc-v*es ^ wtn hydrolyzable metal ccacu a^ts sue*' as a u- ~*inum sulfate *s an ~ 'acu a* tec*'- " que This pace*- oescces ,He 'r*s-ts o* 3boratcry studies oes aned to e *~e ^cce of act on cf cc^b ''ed coagu'a^ts a^o *o oe'ineate the ccnd't*c,'s ^z^f t**e use z( co^pmed coagulants >s a `easce trea"^er't a4tematsve 6-4: Water Clarification and Decolorlzation With the Use of Regenerabie Magnetic Par ticles. A new process. whcn uses magnetite 4or the removal of color and turbidity from surface and underground waters, has been developed and a 35-ML/day plant built impurities are adsorbed by generation of a positive cKafae on i-lO-/im magnetite part-cles Sedimentation is speeded up by magnetic 4ioccu!a!-cn TKe maget-te 'S regenerated with sccium hydroxide and 'eused indefinitely without r'vdr0us s.udge pro duction 6-5: The Mechanics of Air Scour During Filter Backwash. Presented >s a theoretical and experimental study of the `ermahon and mct.on (Continued nn pner* fid/ 66 ANNUAL CONFERENCE JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020685 The lowest front-end investment in trihalomethane control may pay the highest dividends. | i I P\ ^r.ii'>!i"lnsij; .i'.o' ....... '.i is a more effective It \ oifre amonp the main , . :: "h :Ume x dun Jilorme in now flump a rilMprobLm.or | .frnkfup water will u c.- c! O ,.\er ~.n. It is an if \ on have continuinp problems " measure'in ." *s\iant for iron with iron, manpancse and off '. .*rv *J a :x::, . c.J reacts much faster tastes. \ou should talk to the than c ine to remove experts in chlorine dioxide. Call .>i; .if ,,hlorinc :s> .-c li controls tastes us or write us. We'll be happv to morinc in the an.i -c. . cased b\ alpae and tell you more about CIO:. and HX if:: vnt pr< u has been tru, phenol lontamination. send you our newest brochure. '!h>u:i :n 'ipmtuanth reduce ( Vic f '!m Water Services "CIO: in Drinkinp Water the :r:!i ilomerlune problem. offers .-. total chlorine dioxide Applications." Fhere .ire other methods, of s\ste:::. It bepins with our course, but chlorine dioxide HU >\i1LI"ss."' packaped CIO; imolves .1 low capital pcner.uor .iikI includes quality investment and modest preen---'' chemicals, plant 0!i W iur Vr.M'. operating costs. I )ividends can po far beyond b.RA compliance. Chlorine siirw '. ..fulytical and control as'i'f.::.,^. ,md continuinp field technua! services. 51 C orporiu- \Xuk!>. *}vtf \\ iindi stave (Ki-rl.md Pirk. WATER SERVICES K irx iv trfOl** APRIL 1981 VISIT OL= EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO 122 Reaoo* Inquiry Service No 047 k NEWS 67 CAPCO JEN 0020686 # 9 cresence ecycJea prS'Cme^ ^ccs 7-1: Special Design Considerations on the l, imer Pipeline Project. 2": a 26-'" a : ' i r. a *- ; ~s C:^s 7*2: Organization and Analysis of Leak and Break Data for Main Replacement Decisions. ra\2*,5f 7-3: Statistical Sampling Techniques (or Controlling Accuracy of Small Water T"e -92-z~ ~~ M'Cv"' 2* I'C'-a ace "*e:er 7-4: Case History ol Asbestos-Cement Pipe Vinyl Lining. - ' 7-5: Aging Water Systems: Boston's Ap proach to the Problem. \ " ?'"9' ; 29' 8-1: Improved Productivity Through Work Measurement. P'dd-2' .:. s -t-spende"! _.Dcn "*'-ae "d . c-a `adtd'S 25* 2" cedc'^arce 8-2: Management, Information, and Compu ters. 4 ~=.~ac-:-' sc2~pa'ed:oapc,c s:_,sng ~aoa;c-"*-:-'*: s^'ts is d-ce a-1 cda'zat cn 2 "c; - .;.<! 7 -- s-i ;ce's: '-g:-* C ~ 9CC9 *Cf *ec^,'0cg/ 8-3: Operating and Financial Reporting Systems. *""? A5'.vr * r 5 me |.rr rn r'.i iS'-AS'-r' f'Gv.sV'v $ V C95 ,v9r9 crec ctac e a! 'a a* .* . `-a ccs'5 7^e C'ean vV*:-' Act a'*: : * zo*' .v'e"1 ^ c ca- =~3 'v7-** a'93 ' ~ 3" 3v 5 w~~ *r* 3"3 ' ; nm cCStS ^ a. r"'.;3c/.-; z SAa^e^ess V ^a^ace- ZZ^Z * '7r'S -- TM*C^S: Iv **'* r'09G *Cf ~r>,,C'' ''sr* a ''~3''339''`t''' CCH'/C'S 8-4: Planned Maintenance Management. ""5 cac*' ^'""wces cr^: creventat-ve --3 ..'at : s a''-, t ao^ks :;=C9' 9*c 2 .vr*. d a1--9^ ~'a '^-''a'-'ce '`av 9*3: Colorado Water Rights Engineering. 7: z'zz: ~=.s a :c~c e^z'-J c~arv set c' a=*9' ' 5--3 a as a'': 3G~' ~ stra`. cn "jes apc crs:es Wa:*r r zvs ^'G^es's ~*js! wcrk - "95* ^"rt' ''os \z ^.a-jate muii't^ce c* ' vs ^''s-ges a'*- /.a*.-?' oa a^c-ss '"a: 3' -r> ~ Aa:v"vS3^';a croects Se.erai case s'os 0-'. ~ 'c 'vcese^ta: ve e^a^o'es of t^ose a^c cor'',,c:s a^o^c sgr cuitura* z ca --5*s `ecera-a,'o state *,,5Gu,aiior's 2'": ''TwS'/t -- *: ca a^o agf,c-`t>.'a' co-"'- Cr : ar s'*gcz:cv'S` c^'o'a.a ace'esources-- ~T- 10-1: Alternatives for Controlling Organics in Groundwater Supplies. Corcer" cv-3' or es" c ~-~`a--a"ts " grojce-vate'S "as ce- .- :c9c --3's S9.-V3 `ac'.crscohere 10-2: Community Water Supply Survey: Sampling and Analysis lor Purgeable Organ ics and Total Organic Carbon. 4 survey "as c=--- 45C .-. i'9' S-CP-'OS " S9v9" ccc-a* :" .*-* ~ v-`;Z'.r ->s rc-c"g s,st9c*s *--'. "eCc r-*--"";-: 1 " 7"c.9'sc"s Sudace a"c ' =e-"-s a:c:-"ted`or '06 ana 73* - - -re*:' .-:. "2.*. *"s"ec 2"e n se~*-:- :2s- s e .v C'-*9e .vs:9rs -*.9'9 co'esteo p'9q-9"s. e*,:J"9"C9 a"d cor"pou".d ccn- C9":'at 2" 2512 ar9 a.a"ac-e (cr p^rqeaD'e "acca'c:" a-s^a: : ;o""cc!-ncs a">d tctai "rpa" c ca'cc" 10-3: Process Design Considerations in Re cycling Preformed Floes to the Coagulation- Flocculation Process. s cacer p'ese"ts the * "c "os c apc'a'.o".-sea e s'.-,p*9s conduc'.ed IP 29t9"" "9 *"9 P9St CrPC9P'jr9 `pr U*. !'2ing r.- *239 '9pre 92 to ;r*e ccacu'aton -'cccoatr" 2'22-2-ss :o """a-ice :s p9r`or- "a"ce >:p. a S2 9<a'" "9P'.,'9 2"ectsand "te'ac: c" * <-.e'a . ac es c" tie process m 10-4: Costs and Benefits of Drinking Water Treatment. Environmental control costs ana >"9-r associated benefits nave come under "C'easmg scrut.ny m recent years in'iationary c'essures ana a growmg'concem as to wnetner --e benefits are worth the cost have caused egu.ated -npustnes and the public to question :".e usefulness ol investing m environmental control measures The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework tor the evaluation ol the costs and benefits ol environmental control and preve"tative public health practice Us ng techn.Ques `cr 'arge-scale data base management, tne costs ana OeneMs assocated with hardness control a'e examined Both the costs and benefits it card'pvascuiar cisease and the costs and cenefits of tecnnoiog'cal modifications are evalu ated 10-5: Meeting the Obscure Standards That Were. A raw water supply that contains banum rad'um 226 and higr levels o' HjS p'esents 5o~e -- n que prcciems Tne cacer escusses crcp'ems c1 Sapp.y. treat"-9nt and me 'es.due c sccsa1 T"e paper a-so d'seusses ,'=:n`9ni m '-`zS andthe`or.Tia!iono*ye:lc.va"n p xate'.n tne t'eatment process tdarg-na' "*e scnprina produces 90 percent -emcval e:` c ency c: Par.um and radium 226. wn c" c'eates a c scosai problem, for the i'me sludge ccnta"',natea wth 'ad.um 226 11-1: Chemical Modeling of Copper Corro sion Using Electrochemical Techniques. The aggressiveness of waters with i-pw aika..mty and "ardness towa'd copper var-es .vith chemical co'ncos:''cn of t"e water 'ee``ec,so`pH total carpcnate. silicate crtc' ce. s..- `ate ana temoe'ature on the ccrros'c* 'a'e o' ccooer nave ceen mvest.gatea to deter"* "e v." c" chemical speces are the most .mooriant ,n controlling cooper corrosion 11-2: A Water Conservation Study In a Water-Rich State. A wate' conse'vatcn preg'amio avo a added cap tat expend tu'es `o' the deve'epment of "e.v 'aw water sources s aes gn.ee to aco y mc'easing-.- st'T.genf imits cn .'.ate' consu.mpt-on Th,s program included a s'jdv tc determine consume' att.tuoes to e/aiu` a'e t"e use c` -n-rpme water cense". ai-on dev ces a"d to study :~e mcac;; =i .vater p- c ng "" censompt-on 11-3: Ferric Chloride and Alum as Single and Dual Coagulants. Stabilty-coaguiation. d ag'a.m.s `or alum and `emc emer ce are com pared empirically checked, and tne conditions under wn;ch each coagulant is useful evaluated. Tne el'ectiveness of combining the two coagu lants m equal molar ratios also ,s explored empvcaiiy man effort to overcome limitations of me inaividual coagulants 11 -4: Effect ol Solution Chemistry on Coag ulation With Hydrolyzed Al (111). This study demonstrates that the control of particle surface charge alone is insufficient in determining efficient llocculat'on when using aluminum salt coagulants Consideration must be given to such solution chemistry variables as pH. anion con centration. coagulant dose, and suspended solids concentration An interpretation of the Smoluchowski equation is presented to define zones of efficient flocculation (Continued on page 70) 68 ANNUAL CONFERENCE JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020687 LETTERPERFECT AWWA Butterfly Valves* meet today's tightest Butterfly Valve Standards...right down to the letter. All the valve companies that produce AWWA butterfly valves' have one thing in common They design, injild and test their valves to demanding stan dards for long term high performance. Cover everything The AWWA Standard C504-80 is com plete1 It covers cast body construction in Classes 25. 75. and 150. Includes general design, from the body to the bearings. Designates materials and their chemical and physical character istics Specifies workmanship_ of a quality permitting interchangeability of all components. Outlines performance tests, leakage tests, hydrostatic tests, and proof-oT-aesign tests Pay off in performance The result --s a truly dependao-e c, fly valve. One that has ga nea waespread acceptance for Me-'ong, bubble-tite shut-off service ano trouble-free operation in water ana wastewater systems and plants In cooling systems of power o:an;s. On the service water and process lines of chemical and petrochemical p!ants Across the process industries Wher ever tough requirements cema~d a tough butterfly valve. Meet needs like yours Think of these uncommonly well quali fied valves in terms of your'fiow control needs on both liquids and gases. Then specify AWWA valves' for long, trouble-free service AWWA C504-80. Tightest standards . toughest valves CAPCO JEN 0020688 11-5: Pilot Direct Filtration and Carbon Ad sorption Treatment of High-Solids River Water, a " v. s'-". " - , fC.. . .,5. '*-? zzz ziz :a. =; ,a*e: S'*" `2 ` 11-6: Relationships Between Standard Plate Counts and Other Parameters in Water Dis tribution Systems. Ca'a "`ar- : r - s~a cc~~'u<M, .vater a-a ,z~z v -r'ea: c^s cetv.-e0 a*e' c^cac a-'c 12-1: Small Water Utility Operations and Design Viewed by Owner. 5 z~ ''ass as^e c ar* * ng srz taces -eau- a* r "/ 'a*-rS a^c "*3 *" ,'"3""-r5 z` outs ce i'ce-s a~c 12-2: Design and Operation of Small Water Utility Systems Viewed by Design Engineer. O* c~ a~c cc-ra: c` .vater :y systems 0 :~r"r3 jc.ve 9sc*3CC:o'00Ccerso,'.s ^~c cs rc'uce eva-uat'Cr* a^c neve'oc^ert c* sc^e^os stc'ace dl.t'c r-c a ,n e~cKa$s or yc-at^ert :c 'a*:,* -a^ca^ese ''-.'c^'-ss ~j'a'^s a-c '2'^"' s*c'ace`cr'-ar ''9c'otact-o*' ; 3cns,ar`t sceec v9'$..3 .arac>9 sceec ngr* St*', ce c^^prg 12-3: Small Water Utility Operations and Design Viewed by State Regulatory Agency. ^ i*". "oxer.**s .r ;ce'a:on 5 a goa . - c ce* :r :* *a:! t es y a*. ~*-s*. Ce ca a~cec r_CC , f A V*3' ? ;c fe Cub'd Ph a -- . ..s r;ss V.j hoe'atc's a'? 12-4: Small Water Utility Operations and Design Viewed by USEPA. S~a: wafer systems -a:* :"= . "a.-.- "ac --cs: b'Cb'ems .n ; -. - A ers A fCUCnths i r -. -..--re' f 'actors '.re ma;or s = ;.; r.v'.'es to deveicc new : `"sf.'s-ia" "eeded a' es S.-.'ce'atqn between fe L.t.t-1 es 'a"s 3`a'ea-ator`, ace^c es sessent-ai 'a s.zcess'.. > ajd'ess f s p'oc-em 13- 1: Better Water Quality and Service Through Traln'ng (Panel Dlscusalon): Texas Section. Trammc .s an mtegrai issue <n water a^a-ty and service As utM.es recocmze is -~pcnance thev D'evce ocDCrtun t'es resulting " setter sa'y.ce -.g-e' -vater ouaMv ana z='eer-c'-e"tea deve'CDment *cr emp'ovees Sec1 an programs succon proper t'am.ng needs sr2'.ss a^d nvo ve"'ent e^aDie a'l utility cersc-e to '"prp.e siv'ts a"0 t-'c.1. edge 13-2: Better Water Quality and Service Through Training (Panel Discussion): The acc<< Vounta n Sect c c"ers operator ''a rmg mrcu-gr- is Ant on Mow program 13-3: Better Water Quality and Service Through Training (Panel Discussion): Michi gan Section. T"e M cmgan Deoartmeni o` Pub'ic -ea I- -as 'egu'atec pubncwaie' suoo. es since '?13 a^c "as nac co~cuiscry ;er:`cal.cr o< .-.ate' ,eat'Y'eni p'a": ooe'alors snce 1942 T'a n ng scecif'cai'v `nr c-ese operators also cacao 2! fa: me anc continues '.odav W4r t-e cassace c! V-c- aan s 3a`e D'iokto Water Act n 19~5 ceo' cat-cno' str'Cu|.cnsySte'"ooeraf-s a so cecame con-cu so'y Tra n -g soec' :a '. t-ese ;ceratcrs A-as ns'-iutec at mat "-e T"scape"e'/ e.vsincselrainir'gc'ogra-'s 13-4: Better Water Quality and Service Through Training (Panel Discussion): Calltornia-Nevada Section. T-e rescons'dily `or O'cv c ng ira.-.r-g to water ut l.t,- personn.e! can Ce 'sted n the `cl.'owmg descending order -d'v'tua .vater ut My aw'VVA sectcn awwa nte'-at pi-a T-e pace' e<c'ores the 'c'es n` Cvdce 2-d ''Si`-tC''S n O'O'.'dng -a n ng fr "'a-acc'-e-t treat--ent aistrBut'on Aater d*2 '. S3`et/ a"; s.stems control A-ev.ewof -e c'd. dec c/ fe Ca'.'orn.a-M'evaca Sec c- s cresemea wifm this `i-ameworK 13-5: Better Water Quality and Service Through Training (Panel Discussion): Illinois Style, "'e .vater coe'a'.cr training program ctfdfec cy toe idmcs Section, AWWA ^as `o owed a s mple `ormat oi identdy.ng fe fa n "C -eed establishing Iraming guidelines, a-d 'S' t'jtmg a fa nm.g program based or mo ppeds at a moderate once to the operator 13-6: Better Water Quality and Service Through Training (Panel Discussion): AWWA. A s"C'* preser'ta`:cn .vM be e ven on tne ro!e ol AWWA to.vards the training o! water plant coe'atcrs f-ough the use of AWWA-prepared mate: ais 15-1: Rural Water Supply in Puerto Rico, `n * 945 f'e ec s at-.'e o'Puerto R co created fe 3j9'*c Rea Apuecuct & Sewer Ac.noritv a c,,p c ccrccra: c" A"csetas-< as to ensure fa: fe ...vjo sane Aou-o nave sa`e v.-ate' a^c vas'e.va:er t'eatme^t One ma.n 'as-, was '0 O'-g .-.ate' tc fe counpys'ce w"e'e cecoe Cte1- ~ad to wa < great c-stances to `me .va!er of cces:c"aoe qua-tv S-nce 5 945 tne ac-or-tv nas ".ested ~orefan si 62 ~ 'iicr anccrc-jc-: sewce to more 'fan a quarter of a m.ihon 'ura: `a-" i-es 15-2: Reducing the Cost and Time ot Fea sibility and Master Plan Studies In Developing Countries. Eupe' en.ee m most aevetoeng coo-t' es snows tnat to complete master p-ann ng a"d `eas b'Uty studies `or water ana sewer age O'P.ects 'eadmg to financial appraisal commonly requires lengthy involvement by tne consultant at substantial cost to himself and the country Tne pape' presents causes for the high costs a"d time reauirements based on experi ences o- `irms ao.a agencies involved m Inter nationa1 contracts cuung the past ten yea's Aprons anq cc.ces `fat can be emc'oyec by gove-nmopig `.nancai nst'tutions ana consul tants *c aved or reduce recurring difficulties a'e discussed 15-3: Establishment ol Water Utility Institu tions In Developing Countries. The establish ment of viable water utility institutions in ae- .e.co ng n.punfes "as cee" a cpn-p-p Qf rie'- "ationa' endmg rs* ivifs 'fe 'World Hea'th Orgamzat m a.nc c -afe'ai lecnn-cai assistacce programs `or more fan4h vea'S Tne decade c1 vater anc san.tat-cn empngj-zes ;ne -?e!) mprovement arc exegnj.;-- - evst-ng wate' u! ->ty organizat cns a-p'or-at on0f ~ew uti-t es T"e author desc bes several asproacnes fat have been attempted .n aeveioomg countries-- some successful ana some unsuccess'ul 15- 4: Women, Water, and the Decade. Th.s pace' pp.rts ou! ^ev rO'es playec by Aomen m "apibona' sccet-es 'eafeo fo Aa:er ,,se a".p management t a:so exs~'nes fe reeo 'or .evolving .vomen -n piann ng anc molement nc decace active es sc fai ef'ect've st'aiecMS can be deve'eped `cr reaching as e`'ect've'y as ccssibte tne goais p` safe water `cr an 16- 1: Seasonal Evaluation of Organics Re moval at a Conventional Water Treatment Plant. T" s cape' e'esems the 'esuits c` a seasons eva'uahcn of a Svface .vate' Subc;. wf. mga'p to "eves o` fcan-z "'a:*ef ?fp '.rfalcmefnane -Tl-Vi C'eC-'SC'S A ;;n.,a, 'onai wafert'ea'.menf ea"' se"a~ ~ed "tc-'-'s of Thv `ormat-on anc remeva's z` ccan ps an. THM precursors fc:uced are cpr'eat cns be tween term lota tums anc su"cga:eca'ame',ers such as nonvo'al'te fola' ega" c ~arcc" UV absorbence and color 16-2: Direct Filtration of Slreamborne Glacial Silt. A pdot Dian: s:ud; Aaspcrauc'.ecn Alaska to Cetenmine tne 'eas b'1', 0* 'emovre slreamborne g'acai s 4 ^smg p -e:: ' trat on The process consisiep o`u vp-ccvp pne 2'elreaf- ment`oiiowecbvcn-,s ca -c-e~ :a ` :cc-'a: ;n and `utra: on 'froegn 'r --ed a ' t-'-'s A'.,-- pesos of 7-20 mg L produced S-CC-'-s?'-' -es^'ls A maximum producl'v : s` ca. so `! 1300 m3 m2', run was achieved a: a -oaoing rale of 5 0 gpm'sq ft (3 4 mm si 16-3: Application of Ion Exchange and Ultrafiltration for Color Removal From Ground- water. on exchange and u.tra- ha: on .vere studied as '.reatmert alternatives 'zr '""aval of nafu-ra'iy occu'r.ng organ c cc c l,~.~ a p'cun.p- "3te' supp'y -ve s'.rprg-case =n.p zre wea<- base an cn exchange's ,ve'e assessed " co'f cafrf anc column "cces Ba:;n ;;,,pes we'e conduced us ng a sr "ed ce1 3 e-'c.v membranes w.r mc.ecu.ar .vec't :^ipf`s ce- t.veen ICOO ana 5CCCC c 16-4: An Evaluation ot Aeration Methods for the Removal ot Volatile Organic Con taminants. A research c'ca'a-" to c-.a'uafe various aeration techniques `or the 'emova' o* face organic nertammants `rom c~'Cr rated Imisned water The proa'a"- ipcudec nvestigat'cns with a countercu"ent packed column, airstnppmg process a cascade process and a dif'used air aeration process Experiments were conducted in a 4-m HOO-mmi diameter by 5-!t (1 5-mt long glass column 16-5: Formation and Removal ot Bromoform During Desalination. Tn.s paper presents the 'esuits of a monitor ng prog'am `cr b'omoform prcduct'on in a desalination pretreatment system and the observation regarding passage of oromc`orm through reverse osmosis membranes Also included are the results of a laboratory investiga tion ot the adsorption ol bromoform n sea water (Cmitiniicri on pane 72] 70 ANNUAL CONFERENCE JOURNAL AWWA v CAPCO JEN 0020689 New Faithful. AWaterous Hydrant. Money can't buy a more faithful public servant. For all of these reasons: Functional-Design Operating Nut. Cast-iron upper section provides necessary strength-for wrenching. Brass lower section assures smooth operation, corro sion resistance. "Slippery" thrust bushing makes for easy opening. Standard or Rocker-Lug Noz zle Cap. Your choice. Rocker-lug cap opens with the same spanner wrench used for hose couplings. 360 Nozzle Section Rotation. Exclusive stainless steel retain ing ring system lets you rotate nozzle section to exact position desired simply by loosening the flange bolts. Hraffic Design. (Optional on Pacer.) Takes the digging out of accident repairs. Specially de signed parts break at groundline. CAPCO JEN 0020690 ("'i.niruni i'1'~0t z-. spt-.ates ca'cp" a"d -s ace cac ;esa "a1 d" s.ste" : 16-6: Granular Activated Carbon Pretreat ment lor the Removal of Trlhalomethane Precursors. "" 5 --=.-- z'~ -c :-;a a " "a 'a:' . "a$: ~i'' p'9''-;at"-9"' "* '"= a . z-~: .v/s a-a-"?a- ?"s~ o - a.a '-."a'O"": `a" ; c:s"? '_,== - z .c-saa e set of "'-'eG-'-C z:"'a ........ as tea a"-a-a"-?a'.'aA ^ - q 2 J-,-, - a- ,,s'-:a ~zze 16- 7: Ozonation of a Municipal Ground- water Supply to Reduce Iron. Manganese, and Trihalomethane Formation. A c c: site. as ;o"duc:ed to m.estgate the `ease tv a< -s "g ~z;"3!sn '3-owed Cy `..fal or -cr removal a* ra" a"tf --a-ga"ese`'cr"a "-"'c pa1d'0-,"p- .ate's-cn . 3" fere's. 9"* D"d`t' "a c-emane ..--a. .eaf'e-t '"9 s'-Cv :9~c"- '-at aca-e 2'`---",t -e . a- aa-;a -e -c" a~a "a-aa-ese * a" 'so-jee a"d `a: -o^ce: oce--a- *' -a a-et-a-e p" 17- 1: Hidden Costs of Accidents. ~-.s paper a s"_sses '"9 a 'act a1-; -3 rect costs o' a a; c9"ts " a" e"d't:p a er: ~anage"'erM tc!"9 ar -a- 1 s ^ss acst-.D'9-.9"t a" acc ao't -a-;-a.e a-e Dc a-s $D9"t "'."9 09.9 ;c- -j.-j--ertat on c a s;,nc sa'ety p-cg-a- a '-as..' " sav "g se-.e'af > "es t.ne 3"; "Cu"ea pacause ; t"e acc 09"ts 18-1: Opllow and the Operator. T"S ces-a-~:a' a sc./sses ":a '0 ~a*e s pocu ar c.f -= a~ "-.e- ""C'e use', *cr t"9 oce'ato' 18-2: Water Meter Basics. T";s cacer pre- s-'-s cases r .'.2:9' --e'.e'ng 're'" a's 'o - "25:" cs a c'cg'3'" ass gcea `cr cce'a'O's to ---a .a- a,,s * .cos a- ~9!9r"d cev ces me" at. ;.--.a---s a"a :'5adsv = a-o oe. oc""e"t3 a-: a" :~e "-a ge"e'at cn p' 18-4: Safety and Traftic Routing.1" scac-' - - a- - a . ,, -.-a .c-9as sa'o -. . A'-'" yz,~!a-'a" c 18-5: Cross Connections: Their Importance and Control. "s-a-' 1 ' z'~z^"'.-za. .,. - ;e - --i.A 5c . r sa--:- a -- --A- aA.9 aceCc-e' a g'a-ea .--i- ; - - o,c o A3t-3' sue- e-si r-. .a--a ca^o ace^c-.' ... -- ; .... - ; -. . ... .< ^ a-sa -55 --a ,-a' Ante' s,cc -a-s ' `:.9 -A=;-.--a -- .-~r~ - S=-9!/ s S "0! .. .. . ......... ,;.,s ;r-at -asceen a9 --,3" ":a .vc-r 9.9" "a'cer :c o'c.9 '."e p'ss-.--` s,co- es 19-1: Post EMGM and Where We Go From Here. ~"e` ve-> ear EMGM naerroersnip recruit"c 'a"rpa ca .-.as a g'eal success Tne asscca: o" '9ccg".:ec a -et ga.n c` ^ear,y 73CO ~9~oe'S - fat : me 'or an 8 oe'cent growm 'ate C,,r --e"'. o-s are 'o <eec c" g'cwrg A-th ctr-cr -ci-kis- o ca~oa-g''s ana to r.crease Cur g'cAt" rate T-e 9"o o' EVGV c-f g ves us a 'e.vsta''.-gpc 't .-.a-ca^c ,,p.vara 'sou' s'cgan a tn scec-a cmshas:s m tie area cl rremce' 'ete-t cr 19-2: Developing a Procedure Manual for Incoming Officers and Committee Chairmen. ~-e o'eseHat.cr-ae!a,rs tne f'eec 'cf a procedure -a'ca `o' sect.onc'hce's arg :or.n.i:es cnair---~e s-ecs n oeve'cD'Cc anc crga^-c'ca me -a--.a co'"''1 are o,t 'ec as .vei a= ne -ate' a *o ce nc uoeo n a "'anua- o' t"1 s tvpe "-e -ses :-.e ""a",a a '' a sc ce cc/e'eo 19-3: Operator Training: Programs and Materials. There are ways o' getlirc around tne " o-e' costs cl trair.T.g Outlined in the pre=e"a: o" 3'e acc'caches cor.cecis. and ma*er a s '-a- sr-cu o ce cons cereo cy sect-ons m =.c- =. ng-- e n-a r nggoaisat'he east ccss Die cost "'a.n ng ccesn t nave to ce e^censivetobe 19-5: Planning a Joint Section Conference. -C n; seC'On meetings D'Ov'Ce an Oppcrtunity tor s-a' "g ceas ano expanding opportunities 'or i-c-e en'-n.gai and esucat'Orat programs The 3't s' 3c -"c a a'C Pac f-c NcrfAesi sections' s,`09sv, lo'SC c "t ;c'`--ence .v.iCe'eceatea ' ' 586 20- 2: Water in a Hurry for the Oil-FromCoal Sasol 2 Project. South Africa. When a .vge sea e o-n'rom-coa' p'oduciion clant was 3-t"or;ec Aati' c 3i.:tac:e quaMy "ad lo Ce "a"sc:''eo 'o t"e ste `rom a new storage 'se'.c' a '.Vo c -""P "g stahors and 37 km of '3"j At" a cacao if c* 15 m3 s--and be ^r''3' ora a r r 2 < 63r5 20-3: New Experiences of a European Surface Water Treatment System. Especially in Removal ol Organics. In the catchment area o' '"a R ,e' R~"e "cst s-A'ace water cants cossess a se.e" 'c '""-stage treatment system ""3 ozone arc GAC ` ter stages show tne g'5='---s' e,-ec: n 'emovmg organic suosiances T"e -'"~c.ai c organic suostances ana halo`or~s ;h'c,gn t"e ozone stage is very good, "owe.' ' c'Oduces a'de.hyces The GAC t'eat~9"i s'age 'educes organics ana "aloforms 3"o oa .se-'"e a ce"vces to vamsn completely 20-4: New Design Concepts In WaterTreat- ment in France. Tn.s oaper presems a survey of ces g- o--cects actually <n use m France to :c' -- ;e :,eat'"9"l scheme of a dunking ate' parycuia' coiogicai ""eans. '3-1 "0 aoooo"' o' tke cyprocjcts accident :c u' o" ao;,st~e"t e"ercy sa/ ngs. networks s.o,' 0" c"oce c' "occuia"! Seme typical -:<="-p es o' "dust' a' acolicaticn are given 21-2: Overview ol the Water Utility Council. *-e vvate' ui-i.'/Counci has the responsibility of ce-.-; op ng 'esccnse and ccmment within the `ra~9A0' o- avwva ppiir.y on legislative and 'egu'atc'. matters erectly a'feclmg water : es T-a ccurcil also nas the responsibility of br"g.ng to !"e attention of ether councils and comm.ttees cf tne association policies and procedures that will make possible better water serv'ce lo ihe public Council committees and feir responsibilities are explained, and legisla tive and 'egu'atory challenges of 1981 are exam.ned 22- 3: Biodegradation of Trace Organic Compounds by Blofllms on Porous Media. Bacterial * ims growing on porous media are r evanl to today's dunking water supply eng nee's These attached microorganisms have ine ability to biodegrade extremely low con centrations ol organic compounds to a predict able concentral on Re""C'.a1an crga" c ce-cw this minimum conce"lra: cr canec S^- r- :an oe achieved by baciena mat employ second;'/ utilization of a compound not cormou! ng tc tne cell's long-term growth 22-4: Removal of Soluble Organic Con taminants by Llme-Soca Softening l me softening is oemonstrated to be e'lectwe o tne removal of humic and fulvic acids tola' orgamc chlorine, and some--but not all--specific chemi cals Removal is affected by pH the compositor, of the precipitate and the iomc comccs-bcn o* me solution Removal mechanisms are dscussed m light of experimental evidence 22- 5: Effects of Calcium on the Speclatlon, Adsorption, and Removal of Fulvic Acids. Cal cium can neutralize pari of the negative charge ol fulvic acid (FA). Extent" ol the interaction between calcium and lour FA frachons has been measured Experiments showlhat mis neutraliza tion affects the partitioning of fa between water and solids, such as Mn02 isoudi CaC03 sc daod FeiOHi3 'amorphous 23-3: Work Management Standards. ~"9 Tampa Water Department s c s'.r cut.cr z . s 0" recently irr.plementec a worn '"anage""9"t system that included deve'Ccment o' se'/ ce levels and performance standards The ce-.e ce ment of these standards formed the `cu""a: 0" for an effective work program 3"d Pudge! "g process Uhiizaticn o' these standards "as helped the division achieve cost savngs and increased efficiency 23-4: A Practical Corrosion Control Pro gram for Water Districts. _"9 pace' cut- "es the parameters o( a a ate' zst'cts cc'-cscn control program lor /a-c-,s 'itites Materia selection, coatings. nh.Pito's arc camod'C protection are discussed Slides o` specific corrosion problems, causes and mitigation techniques are set forth and the caper con cludes by outlining the var-ous `acets e' p'act.cai corrosion control programs lor wa!er districts 23-5: Maintenance of Valves and Hydrants. Valves and fire hydrants are essent ai com ponents of a water system and o"-ce r'S'a''ed. are often neglected until ca:'ed ucor tc ur'chen `or system control ana Ve protect'cn `O' t"9 community. Mamtenance 'ecu-'ements ""u:t c`v as a distribution syste"" ages ~ai< rg a 'egurar systematic valve and f.re n\o'ai'l _a."te"arce program necessary il those ccmporents ='e to perform properly when ine need anses 24- 1: Energy Management: Three Ways To Win. More than ever, today's waterworks mana gers must control costs Escalating energy costs can be counteracted by increasing energyeffectiveness Three specific ways to accomplish this are to consume energy when it is least costly (time-of-day power rales), to consume less energy for each task (efficiency testing, energy audits): and to produce energy rather than consume it (hydroelectric power generation! 24-2: Water Use Management. Water use management at Fairfax County Water Authority Virginia, involves a conservation program em phasizing water management by pricing 24-3: Management's Obligations In the Regulatory Process. Management today m- (Continuud on pnuo 74/ 72 ANNUAL CONFERENCE JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020691 The argument for bolted steel tanks is watertight. Peabody TecTank has 60 years of gasket-and-bolt technology in manu facturing bolted steel tanks for liquid storage--morethan enough to make our product as leakproof as any welded steel tank on the market today. Tanks manufactured by Pea body TecTank are extremely lowmaintenance, thanks to a factoryapplied, baked-on epoxy coating. This thermoset protective surface resists corrosion over three times longer than standard field-applied, air-dried material. For economical liquid storage with complete integrity, Peabody TecTank provides: a wide range of standard sizes: quick delivery: and fast erection by experienced crews. Foundation designs available when necessary. Yes. Peabody TecTank's versa tile tanks comply fully with AWWA D103-80 Standard. Manufacturers representatives located throughout the United States. For more facts about our lowcost. high-quality, bolted steel tanks and a free copy of the AWWA D10380 Standard, call or write Randy M. Irwin. Product Manager, Water & Wastewater Division. PeabodyTecTank South Industrial Park Parsons. Kansas 67357 Telephone (316) 421-0200 TWX (TLX) 910-740-1988 APRIL 1981 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 634 Reader Inquiry Service No 049 V NEWS 73 CAPCO JEN 0020692 Cc-r'-u-r: 'rjr.i : :j*- /o.es me Jrce's:a-o-''5 a"d me control of all `acicrs a-:e:: "d zoerat :ms " recent /ears new e~, 'C"~e"'.a a"c mmsm'e' egsiation nas cmuc-; aoc.- a 'as- r-e.v _ es a-c'ec.itat:cns -a: -a.e a mer ~cac: -cm .vater utilities "rsa-ir -* m s as a* "3a 'ecu-at cns -t -s -iv'a: ~ z.y< 'a-e anac: ve rote in :-e ae.r . a. -ecca! tms affecting zce'atiors T-a c me pace' s !C explain ~e 'egc-aios cacess ="o :o svess me obliga cr. '.''as ~a^a;e"i~: -as 'evex arc provide "p,,t tom s prices? 24-4: Financial Management. Tnis paper covers siraiegies 'or ' nanciai management p.-'r-g cerocs of nflation--frequent rate in creases acce'erated construction, and lignt cpr-trci cf wages and oenef'ts Strategies for ` "anpiai management curing recession times a so are covered--owereo construction costs cecaose o: ccmcett'on generally lew -merest ates rams ces creco'educe unemployment 26-1: Interrelationship of Bacterial Counts With Other Finished Water Quality Para meters Within Distribution Systems. Standard p ate CPunts SPCiexcititeoncinterrelationship a ir. cc .form counts iMFiwnenmeSPC was less :~an 52 organisms, mu ~"e frequency of ccli'prm. sdation was ."dependent of turpidity and 'eec".or,re EncacsJatedk ecs-e -acneumon= f'te'ccao.'er ajjcme'ans aerogenes anc tcacae exmciteo the aoility to survive a free cmc'.r-e res dual of 0 2 mg L or more 26-5: Effectiveness of Powdered and Gran ular Activated Carbon tor Removal ot Or ganic Contaminants at Niagara Falls, N.Y. = ot a"d p.am soaie tr.ais were concuctec using cra~uiar a<'0 pc.voe'ed carocn lo determine :_er e"ec!-veness -n removing organic coola" rams from dr.nkr.g water Parameters exa~ "eo np uoed teta' orgar-c carton tr.nalo~ems"es a~c spec f c syomanc organic cnemi:e s 3;m o'a"^ =' ="d ccwce'ec ca'ccn were s~;w" to oe enec;-e eac" "a. ng ts own 50. amages `O' can a's tuat'Ons 26-6: Response of a Local Health Depart ment to the Presence ot Organics In the Drinking Water Supply. Nassau County, Long Island, N.Y. "-e 5 - res cents o: Nassau J.m-. ->a"c :ece"cem'e'y ongrou.nd- =5 --- :./a . "d water Tiace .ms"; .;~a~-ams .'.e-e ms: `ound n the .-. V-;-- s-op . " ` r `z - :m :~a:: me j.nt: the p'vsem eipe-e'ce "is ru-m carec arc pro- .-.-ernes ee.e '.pe: 'm me "g a m p'cpiem s pap-' e-asm ces "-e ".ercicgv c' me area cm. ;es "S e~* "*: *"v -meet pf cents'" oa"ts t. "esme'esponsesmat -3.e pee" ~aee m `"e s mat-on 27- 1: Desorption of Compounds During Operation ot GAC Adsorption Systems. A .enf.ed mamematcat mpee' was employee to s "mate desorption from carbon beos resulting "0"" a -educ! on in irf'uent concentration ana ec-ce: tion Tneinfluenceo* .-ar.ous parameters-- mass t'a"sfer coe"ic.ents process variables setne'"" capacity a"C s.oce--on desorption was examineo Tne Significance of the two oesc'P! on mechan.sms in procucmg an efluent w.t" a ccncemrat or g'eater tnan r> the .r'luent was evaluated 27-2: Microbial Activity on Granular Ac- tivated Carbon: An Assessment. -"e oresem status of microbial acf.v.ty on granular act-vaiec caroon as a method ol water treatment and `urther research neeos are presented Removal of organics at very lew concentrations such as are `cund -n water sucpt es may occur The support meca 'O' m.icrcp-a. growth, i e. sane grains or GAC can ce an .mpertar.t factor t determining the extent of removal The important question of whether GAC prov-ces an advantage over sano m promoting b ooegradation is aiscussed in detail 27-3: GAC Performance Criteria for Organic Carbon Removal. Performance data from 13 invest gations on tne 'emova1 of total organic carbon by granular activated carbon are com pared In ail cases mere was an mtial break through of 10 percent or more of the influent TOC Tne fractional removal oecl.nefl until a steacy state was reached, on me average after 10 COO bed volumes were treated At steady state to to 4C oercent c! me int.'uent TOC co"-'. "ueo to be remeveo 27-4: Preliminary Design of Least-Cost Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems Using the Homogeneous Surface Diffusion Model. Least-cost aosorber operations were deterrr.mec for adsorbers mat were usee lo 'educe the entoreform formation potential to 100 ,ig'L To mo the teast-cost GAC process configuration, tne total costs 'or single series and parallel aosoroers were determined lor var-ous empty bed contact times Several influent concentra tions and water plant flow rates were used to eva.uate cost reductions that may result from pret'eatment cr .ncreasing water plant size 27- 5: Adsorption of Carbon Tetrachloride From Water by Activated Carbon. Adsorption Dy act vatec caroon nas been snown effective for removal o< many organic compounds from water The performance of this process is strong--, jepe.ndent upon the particular organic compounos m question ano upon a variety of erne' system-soec.iic `actc's The research desc bee t.n.s pace' 'ccuses on eva'uahon of me e"ec'.-. eness c ac: vateo carocn for removal o' carocn `.euaemor oe uom water anc on dent teat or anc quant-hca'.ion cf process vanao-es w ps or cant-mpactso" water treatment =cp- cat PCS 28-1: Report on an Early Warning System. Tne pace' c.scusses tne events that oegan with tne Var 27 >98C eruct-on. of Mt St Helens tne ceve opm.ent c` a vcicanc emergency action p'ar cy me c ty ofPc'tiano Ore anc some of me c ``-emt-es assoc ateo with emergency planning p' vccan-c e'uot-ons as re'aleO to a surface wa:e- supply 28-3: Mt. St. Helens' Fallout Problems. Spo kane ccated some 250 mi 1400 km) northeast of Ml Si Helens was ccvereo with approximately m n 3 mm.) of ash as a result of the May 18. 1980 e'uct.on ol me mountain This paper will soeak of me actions of me city m coping with this problem 28-4: Public Health Considerations of Mt. St. Helens' Eruption. This paper reviews the pub'ic "ea.m concerns investigations and find ings after me eruption of Ml St Helens m Washington state issues, suen as the potential effects cl volcanic ash on water quality, treataoility of asn-iaflen water, and ingestion of water containing volcanic ash. are discussed. 30-1: Effects of Government Regulation. The paper oeals with the effects of government regulations on water treatment plant design: An Overview of the relationship of the deign engineer owner, and state health department are dis cussed and a deeper study ol tne responsibilities of the state health department with regard to plant design and finished water quality is made. 30-3: Filtration Processes. From about 4000 B C. the earliest date of documented water filtration, until the present, the filtration process has gone through a number of modifications but nas retained the basic principle of the passage ol water through a porous medium for the removal of suspended solids Developments m filtration have prompted more efficient solids removal through tne use of coagulants and improvements m media selection, underdrain design, packwashing techniques monitoring instruments, and operational approach 30- 5: Water System Construction: Past, Present, and Future. The caper compares materials equipment, and memecs n tne con struction of water systems past present and `uture. and tne transition :rom wccc pipe to PVC and Ductile iron, iron manual gate vaives to electrically operated butterfly valves from man ual conlrcls to computer control 31- 1: Comparison of the DPD-Colorlmetrlc, DPD-Steadlfac, and FACTS Test Pro cedures (or Free Chlorine Residual Analyses. The recent mooilication of the DPD test pro cedure is compared to the original colorimetric ano the FACTS proceaures Oata's presented on the interference ot tne test proceaures by monochloramine and tricmorarr.ine Curing the free chlorine measurement Color stability and lower Detection limits are discussed for tne procedures 31-3: A Predictive Model for Chloroform Formation From Humic Acid. To assist in meeting the maximum contaminant level, set by !he US Environmental P'btection Agency of 10C /ig/L ol total trihaiomemanes. an empirically cerivep multiple parameter mocel lor the pre diction oi chloroform lormauon has been ceveloped T"e parameters consicereo are total organic caroon entorme to TOC ratio, tempera ture ano pH A good correlation (' = o 93i nas been oDtameo between me measured ano pre dicted chloroform concent-alion 'or reaction times ranging up to 96 hr 31-4: Diffusion of Organics From SolventBonded Plastic Pipes Used for Potable Water Plumbing. Diffusion of organic solvents and other synthetic organic contaminants from sol vent-bonded PVC and CPVC potable water pipe systems was examineo Hign levels ot solvent components from primers and cements anc also chloroform ana carbon tetrachloride were found in water residing for two weeks in PVC and CPVC pipes These levels decreased rapidly but were significant after periodic refills. Solvent diffusion decreased rapidly to low levels during the early flow period of the usage simulation study 74 ANNUAL CONFERENCE JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020693 At yourservice. The New Dresser Style 291 Saddle. Dresser Style 291 Waterworks Saddles make water line hook up a fast, clean, inexpensive operation. And. after the trench is backfilled, you can be confident that the connection will hold up. Dresser gives you plenty of options. Dresser Style 291 Saddles are designed for tapping into all common types of pipes and mains--AC, steel, cast or ductile iron. They are available in a wide range of types and sizes: Single strap or double strap construction To fit O.D.'s from 2.35" to 14.38" Tap sizes include IPTs of V2". and 1 "...and corporation taps of and 1" Coatings available include Red-D-Shopcoat, galvanized or Dresser AL-CLAD...all applied at the factory to assure more effective corrosion resistance. Trouble-free design and construction. Each component of the Dresser Style 291 Saddle incor porates a practical design to speed installation, while the materials used assure high-integrity connections. For ex ample. the strapsVe made of corrosion-resistant Dre with cold-rolled ttWMds for extra strength. The saddfe is manufactured of high-grade malleable iron, R|*mtting it to conform to the exact shape of the pipe. TJjjirefiminates troublesome point loads and stresses^ pipe cracking and failure. Look to Dresser for answers. Dresser Style 291 Saddles are the lightweight, low-cost, long-lasting answer to waterworks service installations. For more answers to water piping system problems on in- , stallations or repairs, contact your nearest Dresser Water works Distributor...or write to Dresser Manufacturing'' Division, Dresser Industries, Inc., Bradford, PAdrt701 Bottom view of saddle shows the position of the specially-compounded Dresser gasket around the tap opening. Gaskets are fieldproven and tested to assure a tight seal. dmd DRESSER. first name and last word in piping specialties. Reader Inquiry Service No. 020 CAPCO JEN 0020694 Pre-conference Seminars Speak to Current Concerns i "6 ! io' " A vV A CcI't'"' -3 '--O'- - Exposition .n St Louis a .1 be set " "ct on again th'S /ear by t^e pocu'ar c'e-cscfe''- ence semtnars--sc~ecdec to beam Sun day June 7 at 9 CO a m Tao o< the three seminars are oe ng spensoreCby the Water Quality D v.sicn Topics to be addressee n this area are 'Small Water System Problems a^c Coagulation and F itraticr,--BacK to Bas.cs " A third semira' Organ c Cnemi- ca Contam.nants -n GrcundAater--T'ans00': arc Removal, s ceng c;soo''sc'ec by me Resou'ces Dvs.cn. anc he Reses'en Tec'nica ad Pro'ess.ona- Ccm- m.,nee O! the total number of water systems in the United States. 85 percent are sma'i systems 'Small Water System Problems" aJ1 oelmeate the results c< a '-980 AWWA survey of these small utilities and then d-scuss strategies for implementing the changes suggested by the survey C` merest to the small-system operator, tne sem.nar aiso has been designed to pi-o vce .nsignt for consultants researchers, ac others Ahonaveastake in the future of sma Aater ut.lit.es --'e moderator will be Robert G McCall `c'mer director of West Virginia's Environ mental Meaitn Servce A trustee of AWWA's Wate' Qua..ty DwiSion he also chairs an ad "oc committee charged with investigating arc de'-r.-ng o'oblems of small system ope'a: cs A pa^e cf speaxers `amiliar with the p'co e^s o` s^a-1 water s/stems will focus d scuss cn on a humcer c! pertinent topics 'nc'ocec are the research needs of small Aater systems their various demonstration projects operator training and certification, anc the regicna:izat;on of small utilities threug'' ccmpined treatment operations and management functions. T"e 'Coagulation and Filtration'' seminar w.ji re-examine the theory and application Ki-V*ER-SFAI.! Bell Joint Clamp For "SLIP-JOINT" Bell and Spigot Pipe Clamp all malleable construction Compression and anenor rings are adjustable to normal pipe variations Gaskets are made of soft gum rubber Bolts--3" thru 12' are ** malle able hook--14' and up are V*," corrosion-resistant M. B. SKINNER PRODUCTS Spiigui Meter Oivisfon of Textron Inc. 35 South Avenue BRIDGEPORT. CONN. 06601 ^pnrujiip TEXTRON In Canada: Sprague Meter Div. of Textron Canada, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont. VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO 934 Reader Inquiry Service No 054 of these two essential processes for con trolling contaminants in drinking wate'' Designers of water treatment plants wll f=ro this seminar valuable, as particular attention will be paid to new deve'ooments and design concepts related to the ccacuiaticn and filtration processes Moderator for the seminar .s Carol H Tate, vice president of James M Mont gomery Consulting Engmeers tnc anc chairwoman of the Water Qua:-ty Division's Coagulation & F'lhaticn Ccmm res E*cens m the held w;>l d scuss sucr' tcc cs as coagulation theory anc ccag j'am 35 ect cn filtration theory anc ~ec a select cn types of filter des.gn arc ` Jrat cn -ate "Organic Chemical Contaminants Groundwater" explores a^c updates a water resource prcbiem mat s currently o( major concern to .nw .vs'.er ncustry rograms aimed at contrc.t-ng these groundwater contaminants are evolving rapidly but often without a thorough uncerstanomg of the problem's magn mce Va-acemert and techmca pe'Sdn'-e- can use tne seminar to become acd-amted A-tn the fundamentals of ground.vater flow transport of organic contarn.nants and treatment for removal. Moderators for the seminar are Francis A DiGianoandDav dW Milter D-Ga^o-sa professor of civil eng ''eer.r.g at the C''iversity of Massachusetts anc cna.rs the Organic Contaminants Committee o` AWWA's Research T&P Comm nee Miller is a principal m me groundwater consu!t ng firm of Geraghty & M Her "~c anc ,s chair man of the GrcundAater Conn uee o* AWWA's Resources O.vSiCn Speakers on the groundwater caret w .1 cover a number of spec.fic topics, inducing adsorption and air stripping as treatment processes, case studies mvoiving removal or organic chemical contaminants from groundwater, and management alternatives for dealing with this problem. Preregistration for the Sunday seminars can be made on the technical program registration form- On-site registration can be completed in the hour before the seminars begin, from 8 00 to 9 00 a m. at the Marriott's Pavilion Hotel Pre-conference Seminar Program Page 78 V CAPCO JEN 0020695 The engineered valve box system with components for virtually any installation Plymouth valve boxes offer you an engineered valve box system that adapts to virtually any installation, new or replacement. The tough, light weight, thermo plastic boxes are easy to install, easy to store, and easier to handle than heavy cast iron. Our patented Poly-Iron" material responds to both dip needles and ferromagnetic locators, so the box is easy to locate, even if the cast iron top is sheared off. Plymouth offers a broad line of underground utility products, includ ing curb service boxes and meter boxes. Call or write for complete details. AMETEK, Plymouth Products Division, 502 Indiana Avenue. Sheboygan, Wisconsin 53081. (414) 457-9435. 1. Cast iron traffic lid for water or gas service. 2. Cast iron risers, in ^ in.. 2'.- in., and 3 in. heights for resurfacing operations. 3. Full flanged cast iron ring. 4. Top section of Poly-Iron plastic responds to both dip needles and ferro magnetic locators. Variety of sizes and adjustable sections provide heights from 20 in. to 93 in. 5. Bottom section has bell bottom with knockouts. Accommodates valves up to 12 in. 6. Optional base fits standard bottom section. Accommodates valves up to 14 in. AMETEK APRIL 1981 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 619 Reader Inquiry Service No 004 V' NEWS 77 CAPCO JEN 0020696 TWO WAYS TO KEEP YOUR 1980 JOURNALS IN SHAPE Back issues of JOURNAL AWWA are a valuable reference. Quality binding preserves your JOURNALS and keeps them organized and ready when you need them. n BIND YOUR JOURNALS Send your 12 issues of the 1980 JOURNAL. The text sections, excluding ads. but with a separately sequenced AWWA activities report section, will be bound in an moigo-blue. washabie. buckrom cover Features include the JOURNAL masthead. AWWA seal, and year stamped m gold on the spine. A personal or company name will be imprinted on the cover on request A table of contents and cross-referenced geographic, subject, and author indices sandwich the text. The result is a handsome, durable, and useful volume. Mail your 1980 issues along with S9.40 includes return postage and handling to: Bindery Corp. of America 4440 W. Roosevelt Rd,, Chicago, IL 60624 BUY OUR BOUND JOURNALS Missing copies of the JOURNAL? Are your copies dog-eared and dirty from use' Don't want to be without your JOURNALS while they're being oound9 Then order a "mint condition" volume from AWWA The end product is identical to the bound volume oescrioeU above, but we provide new, fresh JOURNALS P'ce S18 00 members. $28 00 'ryanes $36 00 no^members USE ORDER FORM BELOW AND MAIL TODAY TO: AWWA PUBLICATION SALES DEPT. 6666 W. QUINCY AVE,, DENVER, CO 80235 ORDER FORM Send me ___ _ copies of the bound JOURNAL AWWA. Volume 72. 1980 Catalog No. 10021HZ Bill me Members only --Member No_______ Payment enclosed U S. Funds--make checks payable to AWWA S18 00 Member S36.00 Nonmember S28.00 Libraries Imprint information______ Name______________________________ Address_____________________________ __ City________ .State. -Zip. 3 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 1981 Annual Pre- i ; Seminar Program i Sunday, June 7 . SI COAGULATION AND FILTRATION: ] BACK TO THE BASICS j Water Quality Division Moderator C H Tate 1. INTRODUCTION--C.H TATE 2. INITIAL MIXING--A AMIRTHARAJAH 3. COAGULATION--J K EDZWALD 4. FLOCCULATION--R.D LETTERMAN 5. FILTRATION--J L. CLEASBY 6. COAGULANT SELECTION USING JAR TESTS-- J.E. SINGLEY 7. DETERMINING AND OPTIMIZING DA CORNWELL 8. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN FILTRATION-- S G STONE 9. LOW DOSAGE TREATMENT FOR DIRECT FILTRATION--H,E, HUDSON S2 ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN GROUNDWATER: TRANSPORT AND REMOVAL Research T&P Committee and Resources Division Moderators' F A DiGiano. D W, Miller. P P Cairo 1. DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL GROUNDWATER STRATEGY 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION--D.W. MILLER 3. METHODS OF CONTAINING CONTAMINTED GROUNDWATER--G.H EMRICH 4. NATURE OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN GROUNDWATER AND TREATMENT APPROACHES--P.V. ROBERTS 5. ADSORPTION AS A TREATMENT PROCESS-- V L SNOEYINK 6. AIR STRIPPING AS A TREATMENT PROCESS-- M C. KAVANAUGH 7. CASE STUDIES INVOLVING REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS FROM GROUNDWATER--A.F HESS S3 SMALL WATER SYSTEM PROBLEMS Water Quality Division Moderator R G McCall 1. OPERATOR TRAINING (Panel Discussion)-- HUGH HANSON. M.H. THOMPSON. R.W. LEIDHOLDT 2. OVERVIEW OF SMALL SYSTEMS WATER TREATMENT STUDIES-- T.J. SORG 3. INSTITUTIONAL ALTERNATIVES (Panel Discussion)--R.K. JOHNSON. R.M. CLARK. J D. CLISE 4. MARKET STUDY ON SMALL WATER TREATMENT PLANTS--J.C. CLARK JR. 5. FUNDING (Panel Discussion)--GLEN BENNETT. J.M GASTON. R.L. WUBBENA 6. REACTION AND STRATEGY (Panel Discussion)--VJ. KIMM. IRA MARKWOOD. RR LAMSON JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020697 THE ERPUSE STOPPER ............ ................... Backflow is the unwanted reverse fiow of liquids in a Diping system But its easily avoided by tne installation cf a backflow preventer Here are a few of the excuses still being used for not installing backflow prevention devices And here are a few excuse stoppers from Watts Regulator u ernes fraationally have been low -aiarc areas But mc.dents of crosszrrrecticn and contamination of the c-c-c water Suooydo occur Hose asc.ratcrs mco.'e-home park develec "eh: s c'ctcgrapnic oarkrooms. a.1." scr er s.stems. extermina tors carv-c .n-npccl adapters and an, ega. p cmg all present potential c':5S-ze"''ect.cnprootems The \: ~ s z-f'cac: and eff.c.ent, availac e n 3 4 and l' and .deal for 'Sta.-a; on downstream from resi de"! a; water meters or at other aepro,ea ccatcns Although hose bib vacuum breakers do protect against outside crossconnections through sillcocks. they don't provide protection of the public water supply from backflow. The No 7 does. APRIL 1981 ; 3 ;c ' ;w orv/enters :to '"S'd'i for It used to be that backflow prevention wasn't feasible for homes because of the cost factor. But this Watts break through provides affordable, efficient protection. And no matter what the cost, you can never afford the damage your recutation would suffer if a backflow orcolem did occur --------s Times are changing State, local and federal agencies are becoming more strict m their requirements for backflow prevention Codes and programs are being updated continually; you should ce ahead of them Th save that =rgtects >cua NAME Ot.v-.~Z-. w 5At S''.'>&M8U Reader Inquiry Service No 067 v excuse =5: "We ve never .-..id -my backflow problems." Maybe you've been lucky for years Statistics speak only of the past, the No 7 offers protection for the future. Water usage is increasing every day, and your risk is increasing right along with it. It takes only one incidence of backflow to ruin a long safety record. Excuse =5: 'A check valve 5 need enough." Some protection is better than none But a single check isn't a backflow preventer When it fails you have no protection. The No.7 is a true backflow preventer, not just a check valve, because it complies with the require ments for back pressure and seat tightness of all backflow preventer standards. It has been tested.certified and listed under ASSE Standard 1024 for Dual Check Valve Backflow Preventers. GPM flow exceeds the ANSI Standard A112.26.2 (ASSE 1003) requirements. The Watts No.7 Dual Check Valve Backflow Preventer. It eliminates a lot of excuses. For complete information on tne Watts No 7 Senes Dual Cneck Valve Backt-ov\ Preventer write Watts Regulator Company 10 Er*ca<'<meniStreet Lawrence. MAC1842 Phone (617)688-1811 NEWS 79 CAPCO JEN 0020698 i If your cash register * were broken,you'd fix it. WP" A malfunctioning largemeterloses revenues day, after day, afterday. If your water system is like most others, some of your large meters are registering inaccurately or not at all. That means you are losing revenue right now -- today. And,you'll continue to lose it every day until those meters are repaired and re' calibrated. Here's where Hersey can put the cash in your cash register. We'll test your large meters and rebuild them to their original accuracy. Where we've done it for others, re* trwnB3BMBW|BPRgysSatf'IT "a1"1' 'r claimed revenues have returned Kkp m i ' dividends many times over. Like to I tT HkjkjjfiU know more? Just circle the readers' service number or write us and gjtef we'll send details. Hersey Products Inc., Field Service,250 Elm St., .. _* juni^d H ' AT I f w ' ' W ' |/fc. Dedham, MA 02026 **" *** \ . PRODUCTS INCW i* Rggor Inquiry Servico No. 028 $$: ta CAPCO JEN 0020699 1981 Annual Conference Exhibitor Highlights Allls-Chalmers Valve Dlv. ceai j'-ng quality rubber-seatec butterfly valves '.o "eel me c*'a"-e''ce o' the 80s Code 22 StREA`.`SEal butte'11/ .a'ves "ev< stanoard -vWVACSC*1 but-emy va've `rpm A.I'S-C^alrrers s zes 3 n 2-i n (cr accve g,c..oa ang -'qe'g'o^r-.a .va;er d st'bo!>cn se'vce Dc'~ea ; sc STPEAV.SEal butte'fly valves a'ger butter- "v valves to Tee! AVVWA C50-1 .n s'zes from 30 n through 72 n arger sizes meet AVVVVA ces gr' parameters Visit Booth No. 515 APRIL 1981 American Cast Iron Pipe Co. See our ao reler to page 24 Featuring the Amercan Cast Iren Pice Co pipe, l-ttings valves, anc Kydrants for the waterworks 'rdust'y An audio-vsua. presentation descr.bes the manu'ac'.ufe test.ng o! Amer.can duct.le ror p.ce pcr American va;ves and hydrants, ohetographs depict manulacture ol American butterfly valves cneCK valves and gate valves as well as the manu<acture ol American's fire hydrants lor water service Visit Booth No 325 Ametek Inc., Plymouth Products Dlv. See Our ad refer to page 77 Featuring POLYIRON r valve and curb boxes. Valve box magnetically 'ocatable. two-piece screw style, thermoplastic .-awe boxes with cast-ron r.ngs ana covers 2-7-h bury Curb service boxes magnetically locatab'e two-piece screw style, thermoplastic curb service boxes 2-7-ft bury Visit Booth No. 619 tCnntinuri! un pme H4] ANNUAL CONFERENCE 81 V CAPCO JEN 0020700 AWWA's complete training package c CHLORINATION PRACTICES AWWA's newly developed CHLORINATION training package with instructional materials provides up-to-date information on chlorination principles and practices. It's prepared for utility supervisors and training organizations who can conduct in-service training programs. The package includes an instructor guide and slides that depict concepts and principles; a 16mm film; slide/tape presentation; reference texts; and student materials. This instructional training program is: Comprehensive: It contains complete coverage of chlorination principles and practices including safety aspects and other important factors influencing the achievement of high performance standards in water treatment operations. Essential: The high risk associated with handling chlorine means that water treatment personnel must have a thorough understanding of properties and knowledge of the chlorination process to ensure more safe and efficient operations. Adaptable: Options are recommended in the instructor guide for conducting intensive one or two day courses. Developed with adaptability in mind, course materials can be modified to focus on local problems and special training needs. Practical: Aside from achieving a better understanding of chlorination, students are provided with hands-on experiences that apply to their everyday work. Affordable: Outside training is costly. With a relatively small investment in instructional materials, chlorination training sessions can be more economically conducted, realizing a substantial cost reduction in training. Reusable: By owning this package, the training program can be conducted over and over again as your needs require. It doesn't take long for the package to pay for itself. L____________________________ k Send in your order now for this special offer! ORDER FORM TO: AWWA Publications Dept. 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, Colorado 80235 CAPCO JEN 0020701 Is available on: The Complete Package for only $645.00 To purchase components separately: Componmit I Instructor Guide: Provides instruction in an easy-to-use, concise format. The guide is 118 pages and conveniently packaged in an attractive, three-ring binder. Two student handbooks also are included. They are: Chlorine Manual, published by The Chlorine Institute AWWA Manual M-20, Water Chlorination Principles and Practices If you want to distribute student handbooks, they may be purchased in quantity from AWWA. 80 Graphic 35mm Slides w/Carousel Developed to supplement the lesson plans for each of the 10 modules of instruction. These visual aids clarify concepts and principles as they relate to specific areas of instruction. TOTAL COST: $275.00 COMPONENT II 16mm Film: Entitled "Safe Handling of Chlorine."produced by PPG Industries. Slide/Tape: Presentation entitled "Chlorine Residual," produced by AWWA. TOTAL COST: $275.00 COMPONENT III References: Handbook of Chlorination authored by George Clifford White and published by Van Nostrand Reinhold. Water Treatment Plant Design, a cooperative pub lication of ASCE. AWWA. & CCSE. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 15th Edition, a cooperative publication of APHA, AWWA, WPCF. Water Quality and Treatment, Third Edition, pre pared by AWWA and published by McGraw Hill. TOTAL COST: $95.00 F ease se^c me toe 'allowing Packages- ORDER FORM COMPONENT l instructor Guide Chlorine Manual M-20 AWWA manual Slides with Carousel COMPONENT II 16MM Film Safe Handling of Chlorine Slide-Tape Presentation Chlorine Residual Order No 1826 MB Packages Requested___ Cost: S275 00 Order No 1827 MC Packages Requested__ Cost S275 00 COMPLETE PACKAGE COMPONENTS I. II & III Order No 1829ME Packages Requested___ Cost: S645.00 8ill Me AWWA Members Only Payment Enclosed U.S. Or Canadian Funds Make Checks Payable To AWWA COMPONENT III Handbook of Chlor ination Water Treatment Plant Design Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Water Quality and Treatment Order No 1828 MD Packages Requested___ Cost $95 00 NAMfc-------- ADDRESS. CITYSTATEZIP_____ Hanc ng Charge Every order totaling less than $10 00 ana rot accompanied by remittance >s subiect to Handling charge of $3 00 which will automat ca` i se added to the orii Tms charge is necessary oecause of the extra clerical processing invoked on such orders V CAPCO JEN 0020702 (Continued from panel}: "c.uces a ou'it-in generator for operating ReadO-Mat'C remote readout Visit Booth No. 345 or tluonoatec dr.nw.rg water doth door ara wailmounted units are almost maintenance free and are designed to be simple to install and operate Visit Booth No. 821 Andco Actuator Products. Inc. csatufng eiectro-macha- ca "ea' and mtary actuators Series 70GCPcs Actuator E'ec- tr c actuators 'nco'pcratng ccston and thrust r~it swishes forprecise "te--ec ate positioning as well as opening-closing aco cations Visit Booth No 906 F.S. Bralnard 4 Co., Inc. ceatur,ng chart recorders that attach to water mete's and record flow versus time with pressure a"c temperature recording options METERVAS~ER,> `cr magnetic drive meters provides st" o-c-art 'ecc'c ng of <!ow passing through any sea ed -eg ste' magnetic water meter METERV 4 3_ER * *or .mechanical crive meters provides st' c or e.routar cnart record of meter flow. Visit Booth No 631 ARAD Water Meter Peatunng full line of domes: : a^o na-n nnes ate' ""ete'S automatc - := centres ar.o accessories noustra 'ca cc't'cs Batching uh-t orese: o-artty c-' .sate- c sc a.eo cy three D'gri ,arge size LED `'St settle s a-tomaticalty ;ocxec-.n once orceess sta-s s~d new-setting ca.nce`ed>o;mmec ate'v -c` -"ext taten standby sa tc" a"d catte'i, cao*uC ; ~e~C'y n case of cc.-.e' `a -'e are -c-ce: v=;~e: : Muth-Jet 2-'2 ~ a"c a-ge-stte A: "-a--ete's 2-12 - cc; c-a-`eatures r-c-CT-cstc'ctect-onruS cate" rcasct'ca 'e~ote quantity a-c 'are-;'-' ca m;'- tc' ~g -"c co-trot V.s.t 3ooth No 512 Butler Mfg. Co., Bolted Tank Group See tu' ac 'e'er -p cage 120 Featu' ng coiteo tanks for tne storage of water cr g -a'ly designee to Amencan Petroleum inst.tute specifications to provide a versatile, c o-cteteiy eak-preof storage vessel They have C'd.e- themselves in more than 50 years of a cespread use Now 3utier offers those same ac, antages for potable water storage with bolted tapirs Duilt to tne new AWWAD103 specifications Visit Booth No. 811 CIFEC Featuring chlo'ine dioxice generator uses a new method with an ennenmert loop that produces pure chlorine dioxide without residual acid or explosion risk Visit Booth No. 717 Badger Meter, Inc. See ocr so re'er to cage 5 fe.atur "g high-speed croe'e--'. a-p Cistr-but on .-TtAcrk tc expeo.te "-ete- :e .e-es to water ut-nt-es ReccroaU 0 sc --ete-s a _ ' ne of disc Aater r"e!ers w th. e t-e' c as: c or bronze hcus.ngs.'orresioe'-'t.a a-occ--rca applica tor's cacao esto t5Cgo~ Eacger compound meters aesigneo to provice r g" accuracy under rap-dty changing flow cooa:!.c-s ~eter register 84 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Capital Controls Featur ng water treatment gas and liquid chlorir.e`eeo equ-o'-ent and nstruments Chlorine gas detector Advance senes 1030 is a compact, e ectronic totaily solid state sensor designed to prpv.de cort ouous sensing of chlorine in air F'uonde saturator the Advance II sodium fluoride saturator has been designed to meet the demand Cla-Val Co. See oor ad. refer looaqe 121 Featuring the finest in automatic control valves for pressure reducing, pressure relief, pressure sustaining. How control, liquid level control electrical on-off control MooeiSOI Wafer Swing Check Valve: this lightweight, space-saving design features low-head-loss characteristics. Spring-assisted closure prevents water hammer. Available in sizes 2-36 in. in cast iron, stainless steel, cast steel Model 100-01 Hytrol Valve, the basic valve for most Cla-Val Co control valves features guided stem, top and bottom renewable seat, one moving part, ease ot maintenance. Available in sizes L-16 in m a variety of materials. Visit Booth No. 234 K'unlinired on puge 861 JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020703 /\ close-up of the lineup: Baroid custom-made trailers for water wells. Recently received a call from a company that was drilling water wells for an irrigation project in the Sahara Desert. They needed trailers to house their men and laboratory equipment under the extreme temperature conditions of Algeria Baroid met the demand: we custom- designed a line of 14 trailer units from the inside out. Built to fit specifications. Each trailer ssas built to be used as a drilling mud labora tory Changes xsere made to adapt each to oserseas specifications for electricity and to proside comfortable working conditions. And sxe switched from svood to alumi num trailers because Baroid ssanted durability -- trailers to ss ithstand the severe temperature fluctuations of the desert. Equipment for well-site testing. You can order a Baroid trailer equipped sxith a complete line of Baroid testing equipment: Mud Balance. Marsh Fun nel and Cup. Full Scale Filter Press and Graduate. Sand Cornell! Set and Water Test Kit. Just about all the chemicals and lab equipment you need to make sour trailer a mobile testing laboratory--one lhai checks drilling fluids and even delects till or gas m water wells. Solid construction for optimum working conditions. We build trailers with durability in mind: all metal frames. galvanized steel sub-floors. vinvl-covered wood Boors, interior paneling and acoustical ceiling tile. Poly urethane foam insulation maintains stable tempera tures inside. Aluminum over pis wood strengthens exterior walls and roofing. Waterproof sides, thermal windows, in sulated doors, air conditioning and heating all help to pro tect sour laboratory equipment. Extras for comfort and convenience. We design the interior to make things convenient. For example, we put a small kitchen wiih a siove and re frigerator. dinette and sleeping room adequate for three per sons in each trailer. And. each has a skid-mounted 220 soil diesel driven generator. You also may choose your own trailer color -- possibly your company s color if you w ish. So. when you need a trailer for your water well testing equipment and crew, call Baroid and we'll custom-design one to fit your special needs. We've proved our capability for 50 years ... now let us prove it to you. Write or call Baroid for more information about our customized trailers NL Baroid P.O. Box 1675 IIIH Houston.TX 77001 INDUSTRIES. INC. (713)527-1100 V CAPCO JEN 0020704 n':i d froin paste 441 Clow Corp. $9~ 32 K SSgSS 49 57 zze `d-gs .a .es ".d'ams arc ;r- access;--v .vaii'.M'-s r-c,,s:',. CZ`.`==E a -:. -me --cc-ccs'.e- - - u'ce-c a~-:t-'c c- Visit Booth No 839 EBAA Iron Inc. ^ea:-' '-cptccuc:s-p',.r-c2'g'Co-c.c r: 'estra <! i" "-ac-a-ca1 c-> --c; e zze vaives a-a : ~:s a-ces s:~; c-ccess c.c c as' c sa:: as a^: ::;."gs z as;coce Vj 'etamer :a-cs "-a".u`ac:u'ed - szes 2-36 n t-'ee s;, as a* 3'9 UL a"c -M '.sieo saves enc-user ' --e arc '"orey o.e' standard `c'ms of ,ct! -5-'a --, E-Z ~ac s~ `-`acc -g -a -e a ro.-.s '-e -e -ac c as-/: ~-a - -"ae' cressu'e Visit Booth No 419 The Ford Meter Box Co. Inc. See -.z e'er:ooage 15 -c a :on-c ete nice ol waterworks brass a a-: t: -'c= -ete'-se't rg cevices ar2 ~v:e'-'eS' pn-e-i TneFc'OD-cep.'CCuCtS --- ", a -sta messs-ee reca rc:a"-ps re ;c,ping system as we.l as a lull ire : due,-~--cn tacpmc saddles The Ford 501 cc-p " g s,s:em uses co.or-coded end r.ngs and :asets .rc'a'e 'terc'argeaKe to cover the c-cacc-s: -a-ce sf 00s n the industry All cast -as are c-,c:-'e rcr and the bolts are ccr-cs ;n-es.stant V.aya' -R 50 Tne Fora Model "a" ,rg machine can be used on all types ol ma - r.e "-ater-ai ana will make laps up through and nc u: ng 2 r One machine dees the work "a: Co.- c.s , 'ecu red two or m0re machines Visit Booth No. 136 Foxboro Municipal Sales, Inc., The Foxboro Co. Featuring Meeting tne Water Control ana Management Challenge of the '80s " VidecSoec a CRT-based operator work station concept that incorporates all the functions necessary to monitor and control the plant Fp* 3 Compute' System a microprocessor cc"-c,,'.-;-' `or c a-t "-entering and control `eatu-es eas,- P'.:g'3~~ op and staoca-d softwa-e cac-ages Visit Booth No. 315 GA Industries, Inc. See cur ac re!er to page 52 Featuring GA Valvecadtp sc.e va c:c 51s Golden-Anaerson. watc'.vc'*s -a .95 stcv control water :evei cont'p- :-eck Cu"-o centrepressure control and a-r 'e'ease valves GA waterworks valves cu"-p ccntro1 c-ec-r water level control, surge ccnt'C a r *e ease ano pressure contrci va ves Visit Booth No. 803 GEOMET Technologies, Inc. Featuring services to icents'y measure, analyze and assess risk of health threats n the environ ment especally those ocsec by contam-nat-on of water sources by :c< 0 zne"--ca's Visit Booth No. 428 Fisher Research Lab., FRL, Inc. r9a:.,r.r,c jrporgrocr.c detectors instruments to ::=:e a"C ;race se'vce Ves p.r.pcinl teaks a~z` '-ccaved-eve' -a -.ePoxes xlTprofess ona ea< cetectc' a~pii'-es toe unoergrouna P'pe- re sounds a~C e ectrcnicaily 'liters out Ois"ac: -g sour.ps TW-5 pipe ano cable locator ccates ana traces uncergrcuno metaitic pipes Visit Booth No. 225 85 ANNUAL CONFERENCE L.B. Foster See our aa 'e'e' ;o page 42 Featur ng la'ge-diameter steel pipe for water lines Fcsterweic pipe four strategically located Foster weld pipe mills provide a wide variety ol wa'I thicknesses, diameters, and lengths Steel pipe systems L B Foster provides the whole P'pe package--pipe special fabrications, pipe coating to meet any specifications Visit Booth No. 303 Gifford-HIII-Amerlcan, Inc. Featuring G-H-A's 35th anniversary of manu facturing concrete pressure pipe-- A Pipe (or Every Water Works Need" Prestressec concretelined cylinder pipe L-301 and preslressed con crete-embedded cylinder pipe E-301 conform to AWWA Standard _C301. in diameters 16 in through 144 in. for water transmission and distribution lines plant piping, etc Pretensioned concrete cylinder pipe P-303 conforms to AWWA Standard C303 in diameters 10 in through 36 in. for water supply and distribution lines sewage force mains, etc. Visit Booth No. 408 (Confinm-rf on paste B8I JOURNAL AWWA f V CAPCO JEN 0020705 RELAX. JAP TOTAL ACTION PROGRAM WATER SERVICE IS ON THE JOB. You can continuously, effectively eliminate taste, odor, color, and toxic organics from your water supply with HYDRODARCO" granular activated carbons, with little or no capital expense. With the ICI Americas Total Action Potable Water Program the benefits are yours, the work is ours. TAP is a complete, custom designed carbon water treatment service that provides: A comprehensive plant review to deter mine the proper grade and amount of HYDRODARCO and the optimum operating conditions to meet your desired water quality Equipment for the installation of HYDRODARCO in existing rapid gravity filters On-site water treatment expertise, 'aboratory analyses and technical and engineering assistance Plus you choose from numerous cotions available that custom design the service to best meet your specific requirements Financial arrangements cars be custom designed. too. Find out all the details in our new bulletin and put your water treatment worries to rest. Call our Purification Sales Manager at (302) 575-3549. or write ICI Americas Inc.. Wilmington. DE 19897. hYdrod*5 Acts Like A Sponge ICI Americas Inc. APRIL 1981 Reader Inquiry Service No 030 ' NEWS 87 CAPCO JEN 0020706 G)n.':n:wi from pi: w- .-ih and motors a'l bronze arc sta-nless steel for max mum cor'cs-cn resistance Visit Booth No. 818 Globe Linings. Inc. Hach Co. See c.m ad re-e' (o cage i <8 ceatur ng products !or water ana wastewater ana1,.sis Puma-Colorimeter''" free cntorme ana vzer `rom Hach Co provides accurate com ruOjS measurement of `ree c^'or re resid.a s .a ace r `cur 'anges mese 'cw-ma.n'e^3,'ce o^-'.^e -nst^-rems `eature 'enable osic' ~e`.erng Dumps se'f-c'ean.ng sample ce 3 a"" a^c controller cacaD'l t es andsp.itcea~ duai-wa-e'ength optics for accuracy and stac -ty A Pym.p-Ccforimeter total enterme ana.yzer is apso available The Ratio~v turb dimeter an exceptionally stable and accurate accratcrynepne'cmeter with digital display can deter"" ne turd-dt,, down to OCt ntu r. both n.cnly colored and colorless solut.ons. it .s available with recorder output and a.r purge. New s'cw-mrough celt accessory permits continuous mon.tor'ng of process streams Visit Booth No 824 Heath Consultants Inc. Featuring wor'dwiae se'wces products a"d instruments for .vater s,s:e"" eax detect.on a"d underground pipe location Hearn Aoua-Scope. a rugged iicrtwe'gnt eect'o-scrc `'u'd eax detector `or abcve-ihe-b'Ouna leak detect on and pinpomt-ng w.th ease a~d accuracy o enable and stationary comcustib!e and tox c gas moni tors. safety monitors and -detectors for protec! on m manholes, vaults p ts. and other con' red work areas Visit Booth No. 548 Hydra-Shield Mfg., Inc. Featuring tamper-proof '.re hydrant cap that can only be removed w.m spec at wench The benefits include fewer caps to -ep'ace because of theft and targe savings a` water mat wcu.d have been lost because c .a1"^ s'" to me hycram The wrench n add ten ;c is cacremevrg sect.ons nas a oemaacr secret *o turn the top valve on me n,cram s e------ates the need for Ure compar es fc ca"v a" e<fra c-ece c` egu pmert `cr m s purpose Visit Booth No 833 tc.s's Visit Booth No 324 Griffin Pipe Products Co. ;-s.r='"C "5 c-: -3' ** n z^p. , 2rz S6' cs . r `rZ^T ? 2*-Cr' Visit Bootn No 519 88 ANNUAL CONFERENCE ~->s! Visit Booth No 232 Hayward Tyler Inc. Featunng in-vne submersible booster pumps Ini.ne Booster Barrel nporporales a submersible Pump .n-tme 'c e m,na|@ cosily pump housing and no-se pdilut.on Sumo submersible pumps JCM Industries, Inc. See our ad. re'er to page 40 Featuring "Bullish On Servce- to a service industry JCM tapping sleeves `abneateo tapping sleeves for all types of p.pe m sizes 6 m and larger can be shipped to mee! ycur 'nstailation reauirements JCM universal clamp couplings lo repair and connect ail types and s.zes of pipe, clamps can be shipped to meet your requiremenl. be 4 emergency or routine Visit Booth No. 817 /Oonlimu-rJ rn pmu* 90/ JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020707 PATTERSON PUMPS When pump performance counts... You can count on Patterson Pumps for dependability, efficiency, low operating costs and easy maintenance. More than 75 years experience goes into every pump designed, built and tested to meet your requirements. A highly skilled work force uses modern manufac turing and testing facilities to produce pumps of unexcelled reliability. Every pump leaving the Patterson plant is individually tested and guaranteed to meet or exceed its specifications. In a growing number of applications worldwide. Patterson Pumps stand for "Progress Through Performance". Call or write to find out how Patterson can fill your pumping needs. PATTERSON PUMP COMPANY A SUBSIDIARY OF BANNER INDUSTRIES, INC. TOCCOA. GEORGIA 30577 TELEPHONE 404-886-2101 Patterson Type "A" horizontal split case single and double stage pumps available in sizes from I'l-'to 54" discharge. Capacities lo 100.000 GPM. Patterson Type "F" vertical and horizontal non-clog centrifugal pumps can be ordered with 3" to 36" discharge. They handle solids up to 8". Patterson Type "G" axial and mixed (low pumps are avail able in sizes to 84" with capacities to 200,000 +GPM. Optional rotating element pull-out simplifies inspection and maintenance. Patterson Type "L" horizontal centrifugal fire pumps are built from 3" x 2" to 12" x 10" with capacities to 2,500 GPM. All are UL listed and FM approved. APRIL 1981 Reader Inquiry Service No 048 I V NEWS 89 CAPCO JEN 0020708 ' pa if HHI /.ate' ~e-e's cs-ze :55a a-: :as--rd- case ij'D'i-e ~ete's 'r'~c:e -ea7 eg -reiers and mernai cacd'CA d-ec< <a./es Kern Model C700 5 3- t'-'Oag- 2 - dpmp.ete compliance Atn AWWA Starca'O c'2n-"' ccy~er cases a,a ace n < =- r a-d 'u-.n s-zes cacM'd/. c-ec< va-.e cci cra. -e'-Pte read.ng cetera <ir". Seres 2CCC ''ursine ! . 'n '--du?'' 22 C'd-ze case ~cce'S lrom 1 - in though 6 n crcac "cw range ow pressure C'op r gn accuracy -ron case models from i , m lo 20 'n Visit Booth No. 139 and field serviceability E ectrcmc turpe prop meter wide flow range and ow pressure "css stainless steel bearing nousing `or rreasdr.-g contaminated liquids, systems may be adapted lo use model "M" or ME" conversion modu'es to provide desired pulse r.o cable ar-ve or 'cca; mecnanical totalization or indication c'ow con troller flow proportioning accuracy of r2 oe'cer* at up lo 4500 gpm can be achieved, `deai Ahe'e fixed rate of fluid is required, system includes electronic turbo prop meter, control valve Aitn actuator, and flow control module Visit Booth No. 924 Johns-Manvllle Corp. Stt 5 7 'i'S' '0 5a;e 34 :ea-_'-g ^e'-as'.'ar- ope meet ng me 'e7^'eme-;s pi awwa Starca'O C950 `O' me .ale' : s-' cm 7- a-7 Pa-s--.ss o'* --a'lets =5'~=s"=-' 7 ;e $ --ace r. cd-c.-g ~.~r- -:s 7' ` ce'c'ass a-c epcxv is-r ; = .C re? a ace - 4 5 3 '0 3-7 . s d-?s g-ed 4c rce-a: ~g c-essm-s : 350 cs 3-7 ~,,s' /.--s'a-c a - ,, 3,_, c.-c.,.-s-. p'essme ; ! 5CC DS` Visit Booth No 703 George Koch Sons, Inc., Ashdee Dlv. =eai-'-g 'emcrai o' '.'--a or-etnanes and Syn:-e!'C o^ames naturally economically Hycro` e' a r-st'.pp.rg system `or removal of tr.halo-et-a-es an.7 syrtr-et.es `rcm aonx-ng water Visit Booth No 125 A.Y. McDonald Mfg. Co. See our ad. refer lo page 119 Featuring underground service line valves and l.ttmgs. also a wide variety of meter setters, valves, and couplings Ball corporation s'oos available from 3-< in through 2 in for use wiin tapping machines or service saddles Angle sail meter valves the Vm and t-m sees -a/e meter swivel nuts.!he 1 '-.--r a-c2-r- sees-a-.e meter `langes Visit Booth No. 432 Kavouras Inc. -g =3737 Cd c-Wea:-e'Badar o'C. des ; . -ea r.ea'.-v -te'-at on --ao-s 7 "c~ me'-a'-~c:- -= 5 y. -i22C-*a:: S-ca-c ---. - - -- -- - '"a o'scse 1 : ; . ..... . 55'3" dda-, 00 ,n . -; -a? ~a *a:as a"; .................... ^ s . Sc 93: Krebs Engineers Featur-g K-ecs cast c espiay mode's of the <CSS a-d KD Water Oesancers Models KCSS. K3 <S-<'ecs Oesancers des.gned specifically `pr !*-e cpr; nuous 'emovai c` sand scale, and othe' pa'CCes from /rater Visit Booth No. 613 Leopold Co., Dlv. of Sybron Fee in ; pace 37 -ea:m-g t-e "s* Leopold S.m.pie< ime of : -si-,,~ema-. pr /.-..on "cudesa'u1!- case --c--.e' /.:- eg fa- ojeater keeping ...a pome-e-ce t"eme Leopold /. : sc a--a- . 5 "'c-e< ~e'.c-' /rtagei920 . -p . i t'a* m ecu t"'5'i a so /. - ce chs- ua.ei a": -`d'--a: 7" -- r.'-3' Leopold equip- ce a.a ac e Visit Booth No 616 Metrotech Corp. Featuring a full fine of uf.i.ty focafcr products including pipe and cable 'ocafcrs ' -e pacers, ferromagnetic locators, valve box locators, and fluid leak detectors, plus accessory items. Model 810 automatic line tracer- new computer-aided instrument has electronic guidance system to accurately pinpoint burned meiallic pipes direct depth measurements are shown on its cg.tal display Model 480 pipe 'ocator :--s `am.ous nstrument is offered in a system aco'oacn w fn oot.onal inductive probes and clamps :c a d -n locating hidden utilities win greater ease Visit Booth No. 235 90 ANNUAL CONFERENCE McCrometer, Dlv. of Ametek, Inc. sea!u' ng a w-de 'arge o' <-0a meters to meet the cemanos o' agr cuitu'e. municipalities, and ir-.dusir. Pressure variances and high tempera ture capaP'i t es E.ect'omc systems available lor ail n-Gde.s Standard parts, standard calibrations. Motorola (nc. Featuring Motorola's MX 300 series HandieTalkie FM Portable Radio and Syntor. the first conventional synthesized FM two-way land mobile unit with industry-leading specifications The Syntor FM two-way radio utilizes a synthe sizer to provide the most advanced method of generating frequencies The MX 300 series harnesses the performance capabilities of mobile radios in a truly portable package Visit Booth No. 816 !Continued on pajje 92) JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020709 STANDARD METHODS for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 15th Edition At a time when environmental laws and regulations are constantly increasing in S'lANOAKU MliTllODS I or iliff likumliiMlion of Wafer and W#lcwtr New sections on special procedures for recovering stressed organisms, and on number and complexity- and compliance rapid microbiological technics. is more and more critical - scientists and technicians concerned with water prob lems can depend on StandardMethods for the most complete, detailed and up-to-date information on accepted methods of analysis of water and wastewater. First published in 1905 and now in its 15th edition, this manual prorides sensitive and precise testing methods and procedures that will give consistent, reproducible and accurate results to meet todav's needs. Thoroughly revised, refinedand updated To supplement Standard Methods, a separately bound Appendix presents Gov ernment methods for water and wastewater analysis referenced in the FederalRegister. No other single source provides this infor mation along with generally accepted methods. Contents (condensed) General Introduction' Physical Examination; Determination of Metals Determination of Inorganic N'on-\tctallic Constitu ents.- Determination of Organic Constituents Automated Laboratory .Analy sis Examination of Major changes in the 15th Edition Water and Wastewater for Radioactivity Bioassay Methods/Microbiological Examination of The International System of I'nits (SI) is Water/Biological Examination of Water Index. used in place of English units, except in a few instances. Published jointly by the .American Public Health .Association. In view of new or proposed OSILA regulations and recent legal actions, greater attention is given to the subjects of laboratory safety and quality assurance. .American Water Works .Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation. Joint Editorial Board: .Arnold E. Green berg. APHA. Chairman, Joseph J. Connors. AWWA. and David Jenkins. WPCF. Some important revisions and additions Emphasis on atomic absorption spectrophotometry as the preferred method of analysis of most metals. Revised sections on BOD. especially nitrification. New section on halogenated methane and ethane derivatives. As stated in the Preface, the methods presented here "repre sent the recommendations of specialists, ratified by a large number of analysts...and as such are truly consensus stan dards. offering a valid and recognized basis for control and evaluation." Approximately 1200pages. Eadiochemistry procedures expanded. New sections on Ra 228 and radioactive Cs anc I V. AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6666 W. Quincy Ave.. Denver. CO 80235 Amcrican Water Works Association/6666 W. Quincy Ave. Denver, Co 80235 StandardMethodsfor the Examination of Waterand Wastewater Catji.ie Vii i<i'>i ;jz Z StO.no Member Z $.>n on Xonmcmher APRIL 1981 Total enclosed S_ N.ime Affiliation. Address Cm Mate C -Zip - NEWS 91 CAPCO JEN 0020710 `K>iTonli:tf.*r(f from po-j*- f l- N OCV Control Valves See cj' r:C to C5C 33 f'g^vcraj^ca-'v xe'aieo c!ac^ac"vactu- atecJ control va ves `or wafer anc wastewater service up tc 7 JO ps tempefatures to 1809P p oe S'zes -rcm \ * n to 16 r Seres 8000 Moat con'onea /a ve ccn/ois *gu c 'eve's n ta^s po^cs a^a s ^ -e.' 'ese'/c rs 'e^cte o-iot ^av ce usee automatic ocefa!*cr s Vy "ycasc wm nc r^ec^a^-ca* cr -lect' ca-' ~zge Ser es 3330Jattucecontrci <a -.es c^e-way or two-way models tor grcuna eve; cont'oi c* water *n etevatea tanks i0to2CC*t operates`ui;y cce" ort cntty c:csec mamta ns-e.e1 v!h.n4 ,r. o'set Domt Visit Booth No 835 Mud Cat Dlv.. National Car Rental Natgun Corp. z r -c 'e'er ,*3 pace 5* v...' ''C a^ce-c a^ete' c'es'/esseo cc^c'ete t rs 3'ec a-'e^e^t `.`ass c'3 `2 ~ 7~. p'->-=3t pres,ressec concrete a ate? o va;e c * 2C6-" z a~e'e' c\ ~ 7-" .*.ater V'sit Sooth No 410 Visit Boom No 523 Mueller Co. Cco m.__' ~ ^ - - -a ' j s 3"ea* ^c "'e V^ ?r S,s**?*"_. a .*"-s ^^ ^,- ,,a,,.s ...--------- - ,, -e> L NESE^i- ' . .a.es are axa'ace 0 sees-:-" 12 -3 " ^"c ~~'-.z~a-ca O'". ~C o' ` a-'ceo e'-os v^e ?r PSGv 'as e"i sea'eo cate .a .as s-e a.a ac e ~ sees 4-12 r- a-o m --o--3r ^3 -.n{ 4Q y ` ^r'/Zte,Z -''OS Visit Booth No 539 92 ANNUAL CONFEFtENCE Nipak. Inc. z~vs"i - o" ""'siv - g" ~c.ecu.a( .vecm z-'..v~, e-e c ce anc '::rgs Demorsi'ations ... r-g me 'eat-'-.scn'"etnocof ,ommg me c ce \ pa< sa-es staf` .vii explain the sewer 'e'-o.-.a' '-emoc c` s'lDl.nmg N pa< high aens:ty *" g*x ~o ecu'ar .`.eight polyethylene pipe >s `s>;e acason 'esslant and non-corrosve 3 ''ce \ ca* cm.e'C.'e"*:- c ce will ot crack or cc"pce : e ^ates t^e crcoems o' -nhitration C' ex' `t'at on A^en *n use T"e riex'&mty ot the c ce "ai'es s p.in-rg 'or sewer 'estorat'on easy a^J eccnom-cai N oak po'yethylene `ittmgs a v ce -a' et. o' aor catec and machined Mlings a con'cier"ert me N pae po'vethyiene P'pe !ine Visit Booth No 649 Olln Water Services See C:,r ad re<er to page 6' Featuring Olin Water Serv.ces cwcr ne ccx'de cere'ators ana CiC2 appucat'or technology 002 s used for diSTfechon THM control taste co or and odor cont'ol iron and manganese removal in orinking waters DIOXOLIN SYSTEMS' on-site chlorme dioxide generators designed for municipal water treatment applica tions 0lm4010 liquid chlorine dioxide precursor chemical for use with me DiOXOUN * process Visit Booth No. 122 Pacific States Cast Iron Pipe Co. Featuring ductile-iron pme Visit 800th No 122 /(.'mi'iniiri/ mi price H4) JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020711 Water utility line relocated without interrupting flow to paper mill. In Savannah. Georgia, a water utility needed to relo cate a 42-mch line and still maintain water flow to a large paper mill. Using two TDW Stopple" Plugging Machines and a 42ir.cr. permanent bypass. -DV.'Services Inc routed f.:w arcur.d the sue of new ccnstructicn. Tl 7/ Services. Inc pro vides the technicians, the equipment and the capabil ities ic relocate, extend, re pair or replace lines without interrupting service. Using the Stopple Plugging method, they can keep flow going through either tem porary or permanent bypas ses while temporarily plug ging off the section of line being changed. TDW Services. Inc. is the service division of T. D. Wil liamson. Inc., the pioneer and leading manufacturer of tapping and plugging equip ment. Since the early 1950's, TDW has used hot tapping and plugging operations to make pipeline changes with- out shutdown. Our pressure tapping and plugging capabilities range up to 60 inches. Contact one of the follow ing service centers to dis cuss your next job. k :a * EU'FCPE NCPTH ATr.Z.K AND THE MI3DLE EAST V:!;:arr.scn in'etna'icna. Cere Cn3-ssee ce Char.erst-S? S .C0 Brussels Belgium south aff:ca and :he as:a PAc:r:c afsa TOW r C Bex }45 V-sa CK .'4..'. USA Visit our booth at the AWWfl Annual Conference in St. Louis. SERVICES, INC. j lulwidury of T O WILLIAMSON. INC APRIL 1981 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 713 Reader Inquiry Service No. 065 We put our experience on the line. NEWS 93 CAPCO JEN 0020712 <' m;;!i.'i'd from poqi; 921 Parco Engineering Corp. =~a`.u-r "g A-a'.e'-~amr-o' c'e.e--, on Voce' 2= s-'de dd"'ro' -sec a m oa -eac:es ccaa' sav rc =a'cc va'ves :o c-e.en: ..ate' -a~--oe:a-se o' s'-admc a"d stcocnc c-mcs sa".z -.o's- c Or Accc^-ator pro, ces -/o-a-. o -"cer p'ess-'e fcr coerat on c' a*! 'yc'ac ic ,a -es r a cump.ng stat-on Visit Booth No 7'2 Plaunt & Anderson Sales Co., Inc. Peat-r.rg 'eax detection and pinpointing equip ment DETECT-a-lEAK a hignty sensitive elect'on'C nStenT.g device ;n.at specifies the pres ence or absence o< a teak n a general area LOCATE A-LEAK once the presence o! a leak is spec.'.ec by the DETECT-A-LEAK unit, the LOCATE-A-LEAK machine pinpoints the location of the eak lor accurate excavation anc repair Visit Booth No 413 20 in featuring n-line 'epairaD't'ty Visit Booth No. 815 Price Brothers See our ad re`er to page ;33 Featuring prestressed concrete pipe o sizes f 6 in to 144 m and larger Appticat ons .reuse water transmission and distribution tines gravity sewer lines, sewer force mains power pian; piping, industrial cooling lines, and subaqueous outfalls A completely engineerec |omt system simplifies design anc speeds instailaticn Con crete olters unsurpassed corrosion res stance Meets AWWA standards Visit Booth No. 738 Parkersburg Tank, Dlv. of Maloney-Crawford Featuring AWWA D103-80 bolted steel tanks tor bctaoie water storage Parxersburg tanks are .sec " stc'age of cotable Aater arc also m ae'a: on a"d Canficaton orocesses ana are usee n water or nqu'C treatment tacilit-es Proven ces-gns are ava 'able Pom 4GC0 to 858 00C gal e>us accessones 'or specif-c application Visit Booth No 431 ; tie 'j--; m- :c"ta -ment oo -.r - a ; a --;a--`,,e ` 'ewate' in; -a. ; ;; P= CtC,-COateC ~ : b-> 1 a 1 -5"S eccron-ca V ta-cssesava acie'cr t. evce'ier'cec "-As ,a -=---a-;A acescr-r=ssta-t a:-:-, -abc r:"s--rse:ecc<. coat ~g `ou"oa- t o" m-s g- a.s so e A-e" -ecessarv Visit 8ooth No 634 Joseph G. Pollard Co., Inc. Seecu'sc 'e'e to page 55 Featur ng .vate' 'ea< detect-on anc pipe ocatmg eq---pn-ent e'ectronc metal detectors safety, ma-ntenar-ce mete' anc hydrant equipment P'essv'e testing outfit consists of a hydrant flow gauge a 'aucet pressure inspection gauge, a *'vc,a''t c-essure gauge a"dacase Gate valve arc se'vce box <eys a complete seiecfon ol comp ra'.cn tubular and adjustable wrenches are a-.a-apie r. special lengths ana infinite va'iatons Visit Booth No 227 Polly Pig by Knapp, Inc. ceatu' ~g a complete r-e o' ao"-y Pc' `'exib'e p ce me : ea-e's c` super or q-arty at reason ed p- ces ava-'ao e >';rt the originators ol Polly pg' coduots a.a ape n szes ' m through )CS - Cc-s-'t 'actory `o' custom styles to accc--tale ,:-'SPc-o-cat i"s S:\ et-Cwitn pc" `cr *-ow-'."'dud" o' water -a... cc-s-'-c. c- : ea-'-p be'ore putt -z -es mo se-. ce -e--eves cebrs arc sa~o cc.-oesceam;-' -o' e<`c em serveeto er-c ^ser "/b'ppg' a.a ace A.tivar ousoute' cca: "gs 'o' cm c ea~ -g a"3 scac-ng .n tmes a ;"se-.e'e'es:r c'.-ors 'e'"c.es"`-.".cr!;!msa"c cc-p's ,rc~ p pe A3 "-p-oves <-c,v c^a-acte'st cs c' p pe a"C sa ,es " pu""p ng costs Visit Booth No 318 Prominent Fluid Controls, Inc. Featuring metering pumps E'ec'.'omca '/ activated, diaphragm pumps coniro-'ec cy 'low pH. 0 R P . analog s.g"at B-c- ozo" C" orme dicx-ce system designed `or c"-= 'e oe"e'a:.on o` chlorine dioxide cc-cac: caa -eo 0'9plumbed ano simple to oce'a'e Visit Booth No. 813 Protective Coatings, Inc. Featuring protective coatmgs Ma"-'acture' cf moustnai specialty rubte' products a `est.-e rucPer expansion jO'n's 'or o-essu'- p p.ng a"d duct-ng systemsa"c rupee-'m^g oapao t es 'or pipe and Pipe Sitings 3P0C0 240 mooeo expansion ,omt a" ecor-p"- ca- .-.av to --ate D P ng problems c` mo.e~ent . b'St-0" S0-"d vansmitia' anc elect'd ,s s ' *c , =-bbC-' Long to protect o'De a"d o ce ngs aprasion anc cnemica- af-adA Visit Booth No. 207 : **** * i Plttsburgh-Des Moines Corp., (formerly Plttsburgh-Des Moines Steel Co.) Peat-r^ng ~-cce'r' water stc'age in e-evated steei a-is s-a"dpces a-c'ese'.o-s Eevatec steei -a-rs Aa'e-oa' coubiee. esc ds toroso-'enca: ".roc -ar ts'bc'ia' peoesta' spheres and scne'ccs 5-Cono-Pec Grour-d storage tares sta-do ces a-d 'eservo.rs o' sta-da'C oesgn or a m e-pg'i seme-'t suer- as p taste's ano mgs or aestret c ca r.t-rg des gns Visit Booth No. 633 94 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Precision Meters, Inc. See c-' so re-gr :c page 3 Feat--' n.g complete fine c' water meters m sizes -T, i"roug"2C t Water meters-muiti-iet multi,et oes.gn `eatu'.ng m-nne 'epai'ab'lity through preca -crateo cart'-cces Water meters--turbme mutt -ra"ge tu'bme ""eiers `n sizes 3 m through riUkWHtxMuul Public Works Publications Featuring publications, operational hand books. and marketing data on water utilities Of special value ana interest to water works utilities, consultants, contractors and marketers PU8UC WORKS magazine, featuring seve'al articles fContmucrf on /lose 96/ JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020713 The opportunity Don't miss,this unique opportunity to obtain a copy of the nation by nation guide to Water Decade spending plans. To be published in April, 1981. S100.00. Reserve a copy now by sending an order to the address below. The Tmieo Ns-: ms imenational '.V?.:e: Deride .y_r.cr.-d m Nrvemke: ,H. :s influencing v;a:er me .-m.uvirn sector or tory.r.mes v;;ridv.nde .he Direr: ry published by \V::.e V.ene: m collaboration with re ",7;:'.g Heard Organisation cm.ns arnur.d 3 DC pages of digests indicating spending plans and priorities :r. each country The Director/ is to be used by UN representatives ard national governments to monitor progress towards the Decade targets reach entry will includedemographic, economic ar.d social statistics, details of responsible government departments: current stares (coverage) of water and sanitation, actions and projects required, potential for external cooperation; and UN experts' assessment of country's capacity to handle accelerated sector investment. The directory provides a valuable aid to defining the markets for all water and sanitation based products and services Also, the Directory will carry a limited number of advertisements For details of these pages please contact Ian North at the address below. Telford House. PO Box 101 26/34 Old Street London EC1P 1JH England Telephone: 01-253 9999 Telex: 298105 Civils G APRIL 1981 Reader Inquiry Service No. 070 v ' ANNUAL CONFERENCE 95 CAPCO JEN 0020714 .'Continued from pose V4: dealing with wa`.e'wc-<s cce-atcns wit ce on display Public Works `,`.a",,a' secl'or C oescrees seernooes equipmed supplies a-c se-wees-sec -.redes g" const-vetc- :ce-a c- a-o "a -te-a-oe c` wate-we'-s o-cc-a~s a-c c-o acts Visit 8ooth No 834 Publishers lor Conventions, Inc. Reafc--; Vrc-a ~r-e-- ost-cut-g `'ee scoes o- re Come-: o-ee- a '9`9'erce cook o< prco-ct .te-atu-e -sieva-t to re ` eic o* -water Visit Booth No. 812 [oHurigqEgujpn^ AIR WATER WASTE NOISE OCEAN Featuring now water ,,t i.fes car -educe operat ing costs and increase revenues by ourc-asing the proper meter Rockwell water meters and electronic instrumentation' sealed register water meters, compound anc turbo meters, `or water wastewater and 'rogation applications, -emote reading systems ar.c ACT-PAK e'ectromc in strumentation for monitoring, recording anc controlling Mow. Rockwell clamp anc coupling products full circle clamp couplings cast and steel couplings, compression couplings tapping sleeves and saddles pme repair damps, ex pansion |oints `langed coupling adapters Visit Booth No. 507 The Ranney Co., Ranney Method Western Corp. Feavrrc arge-scae .-.ate' neve opre-'! `S' -c-c oa tesa-3 na-s:res re'-csteccnc'"- cai greu-owater a-c s,,r'ace .-.ate' Systems Rainey Ccifecto- Wen ces g-e-3 to extract g-cu-'dwater or ` te- sea.vate' sa-c anc o-a,e acre's -aeac es-a-g-' -c--' 5-cctc 2;~C3"C- a s ~ r =s-'-'-'. S .-ace w ate- "a--:- = a--e. s -.ake sc-ee- = s a-. -= . s: ."o oesg-ec .-.-g erts ee , -tuaw ~a-te- "a-:a Vis t Sootn No 135 Rlmbach Publishing Inc. Pea1.' -g trace publications POLLUTION EQUIPVZ\~ NEWS a bimonthly publication, provides crccoct ofcrmation for specification, purchase, nstatlation. and maintenance of air. water, waste, a-d -ose pollution control equipment. INDUSTRiAl hYGIENE NEWS, including the Science ci Tc*icoicgy a bimonthly publication presenting products -`or --easur ng and controlling employee nea'tn ,n the work environment, products are r.c.oced `or toxicological evaluations related to industrial hygiene Visit Booth No. 320 Roblntech Inc. Rea'.,---g Caste pipe and fitt-ngs for potable wate- a s'- but,on Robmtech's White Knight a p cc- .-. -- `"e < -g s jcinf -oming system PVC c c-_- - c a--etersc`4 6 8 10 and 2 m meeting AWVVA Sia-da-c C9C0 Three pressure classes area.aade 130 150 and 200. each length is -'.c-csta- ca-iy tested at `our frees its rating Visit Booth No 433 Roll Seal Valve Co. Featuring Roll Seal automatic .iqu'd control valves. Roll Seal valve automatic control vaive with only two parts--a stainless steel oody and an elastomeric Imer or control eiement Roll Seal Model 80 pilot control for pressu-e reouc.ng pressure sustaining relief app'icat.ons Visit Booth No 307 Ross Valve Mfg. Co., Inc. See our sa e'er to page 102 Featuring application o'auto-'a! cccd.-oi .a'ves m municipal water systems Sect era - ew of 6-.n pressure reduc.ng valve Visit Booth No. 708 Reed Mfg. Co. -eat.r re o petoc s Pcwe-ec duct ep.pe cutter a r o' --,era,,' caM.- coe'atec Reec rotary cotter Cots c,,ct `e -cop pe 5 n -3J n `aster cheaper safe- Ratc-et S-ear `or cott.r-c up to 1 ' CTS PE?3 toe "g ano sc"ec-ie40 PVC PE arcABS p.pe Visit Booth No 807 96 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Rockwell International, Municipal & Utility Dlv. See our oa e'er lo page 31 Schonstedt Instrument Co. Featuring Model GA-52 magnetic locator, which has proven to be particularly useful for locating objects, such as shut-off valves, manhole covers, hydrants, and other iron ob|ects covered by deep layers of snow and soil The instrument functions by detecting the magnetic field ol the object Ice. snow, water, etc. do not affect its performance. Because the instrument detects the magnetic field of iron objects, it can detect these items at substantially greater range than can convention al metal detectors. Visit Booth No. 932 JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020715 3-2000 Hydraulic Power Unit a single circuit. .O'w-cost power unit capable of operating hydrau lic tools up to 9 gpm BR87 Hand-held Hydraulic Breaker the world's most powerful hand-held breaker ; Visit Booth No. 403 *< Shell Chemical Co. - Featunrg a cisplay of the application for polytuty eoe p-pe ip water service 'rom ihe main to ;ne ~eier PoiybUylene water service pipe is the tcugnesl ^cst aflvancecl water service pipe mace today lightweight -eS'Staot to corrosion jst a-de-ect'o'yl.c attack higher ges'gn stress '3t"c `"a" ocvef''v!ehe costs ess '.'an other c c -g a s Po-.c-t.'epe .s used p nofe '"a" 3c rates a^c s acorovec Dv "-.a or coces ' 5A Visit Booth No 535 Stanley Hydraulic Tools Featuring hand-held hydraulic tools-concrete breakers cement saws, water pumps etc HPI- Steel Plate Fabricators Assn., Inc. Featuring. Water Storage Tanks Can Be Beauti ful Outstanding full color photographs of steel elevated tanks, standpipes, and reservoirs Visit Booth No. 202 (Continued on paste 98/ The New England Water Works Association Announces the Re-publication of Clemens Herschel's Translation of THE WATER SUPPLY OF ROME by Sextus Julius Frontinus Water Commissioner. City of Rome AD 97 Singer Valve -ea:_"'c g,,a c'sc-cts ;ac-<eo cv 'esea'c a"f tv.e cp~^ht s tee' o ct cceratec 'ecuta- =."c cc~": .a ves S-ge'ccc"ec->anc vc-c-c e'ess./ec ~ccecac-` gwo'evente's Visit Booth No 748 / This classic on early water supply engineering and administration which has been nearly lost is re-published by the New England Water Works Association as a service to the profession. Included are the several chapters of explanation by Herschel and an introduction by R.H.-Babcock, PE and James J. Matera. PE. This work, an immortal classic of engineering reporting, should be in the library of every water supply engineer and administrator as well as students of Latin and ancient history. Provides an excellent gift to schools, libraries, and friends. This is a limited edition. Do not delayorder promptly. ORDER FORM THE WATER SUPPLY OF ROME Send to: NEWWA Dept. JAWWA 990 Washington Street Dedham, MA 02026 From____________________________________________ Sparling Dlv., Envlrotech Corp. -eator'pg fi'cwmetering (or tne water industry Senes 550 obstructiomess ho.vrr.eter an ob structor ess. energy-saving f'owmeter with cus tody trar.s'er accuracy of rl percent Senes 103 and 105 propeller flowmeters new propeller howmeter innovations minimize maintenance ano easily interface to state-of-art readouts Visit Booth No. 710 APRIL 1981 Please sendcopies hard cover - @S9.50 Massachusetts Residents 5% sales tax Total Make check payable to NEWWA US funds only ANNUAL CONFERENCE 97 CAPCO JEN 0020716 Continued from page 97J Tekmar Co. See so -e'e- 'o cage 1 <2 =ea!-r rg autcr-aied curgo-aoc-trap concentra tors `or analysis of volatile organic pollutants in water as well as a complete line of ion specific eiectrcces ana cissoivea oxygen meters LSC2 ALS automated purge-and-trap concentrator Mcce! ALS .nterfaced to the LSC-2 permits the automated anatys.s o* as many as 10 water samples tor volatile organic pollutants, utilizing e>ther frit or needle spargers LSC-3 Semi automatic Liquid Sample Concentrator is the newest of tne Tekmar concentrators; the lowcost unit `eatures heated sample lines and valves and an automatic cram, meets all USEPA 'easements for THM and priority pollutant ana yS'S Visit Booth No. 417 Tyler Pipe, Utilities Olv. See our ad. reler to page 47 Featuring pressure pipe fittings and municipal castings for the waterworks and process piping industries Tyler Pipe will exhibit its complete line, including water main fittings for cast-iron, as bestos-cement. plastic, and fiberglass pressure pipe. Hanged fittings and fabricated flanged pipe; valve, service, and roadway boxes; meter boxes; swivel hydrant fittings and adapters. Visit Booth No. 716 U.S. Pipe 4 Foundry Co. See our ao 'e'er to Pack cover Featuring U S Pipe's ductile-iron pipe, which includes bolf.'ess USIFLEXS flexible joint pipe, sizes 4 m through 54 in. for subaqueous ms'ailat'ons and TYTON JOINT 5 pipe, sizes 4 in. through 54 m Also being featured is U S. Pipe's new mecnamcal joint lapping sleeve. HYDRA GATE* valves, senes "S" and"H"fire hydrants, and the new vandal-proof, low profile SENTINELTM hydrant Visit Booth No 239 E.H. Wach* Co. Featuring portable pipe cutting machines and both truck-mounted and portable valve operators. Wachs Model TM-3 truck-mounted valve opera tor: exercise valves from 6-in. to 60-in. diameter safely with the adjustable torque control providing the necessary protection against valve breakage: includes revolution counter. Wachs Model E Trav-L-Cutter: portable milling cutter which cuts 6-in. to 72-in. pipe in the ditch or shop: versatile, durable, safe: either pneumatic or hydraulic driven units available. Visit Booth No. 306 Water and Sewer Distributor* ol America Featuring a rapidly growing organization with 55 member companies throughout the United States. The WASDA exhibit highlights the pur poses and locations of WASDA members through out the country. The most effective way to market water and sewer materials is through a netword of qualified wafer and sewer distributors: local distributors best fulfill the servicing needs of municipalities, contractors, and others. Visit Booth No. 516 Temcor Featurm.g maintenance-free aluminum dome :a-< 'PC's 'remcor aluminum, domes are re cap -3 steel and concrete roofs on new tanks a"C -ese'voTS -n ches across the country ~e"'tcr "as rstanec mere i"an 300 mamte"ai'ce-`'ee cc~e 'oofs ~ ; ear scans up to 300 t ~-e s-nirj* a;ma s a so oemg usee to ppr-p- rcc's a-p "prove e'fc.ency m waste..a:er ,,'ea,,~e"t Visit Booth No 330 Trlco Industries, Inc., Columbian Dlv. Featurmg bolted steel water storage tanks manufactured in accordance with AWWA Stan dard Dl03-80 Bolted steel water storage tank. 29 ft diameter by 48 ft. in tne process of being erected m Ottawa. Kan Visit Booth No. 901 98 ANNUAL CONFERENCE U.V. International Inc. Featuring cast-iron flanges, fittings--flanged. MJ AC cpe. construction castings--manhole frames, covers, grates, curb inlets, etc.; and custom castings, conforming to AWWA/ANSI federal specifications at attractive savings. Castiron valve boxes one. two. or three-piece: slip or screw type, with lids, extensions, round and oval bases boxes accommodate valves 3 in through 20 in and are suitable for trench depths of 10-140 in. Suitable adaptors available to raise valve boxes to new height of pavement and resurfaced streets Curb service, roadway, and meter boxes are of various shapes (e.g. base with arch) and sizes with different lid type. Also manufactured to customer's requirements. Visit Booth No. 415 Water Specialties Corp. Featuring water measuring and control equip ment. propeller meters, transmitters, recorders, and accuracy test facilities. Mainline and Irriga tion Propeller Meter: hermetically sealed register: water lubricated ceramic propeller bearings: easily exchangeable change gears for in-thefield recalibration for different pipe sizes. Indicator-Totalizer-Recorder solid state construc tion providing instant readings from transmitter. Visit Booth No. 224 JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020717 Waterous-Traverse City See our ars. re'e' to page 7t Featuring an extensive tine of hre "ydrants and valves 'nciuding three new products a resilientwecgevaive a butter,iy valve and a "ewdoubied'Sc ,ai'.e Tne resilient-wedge vaive -s a umdue valve .v in a ces gn mal wi'l set fe standarc -or me rest of me "dustry to 'oilow Ti6 5utter`iy .3've 'S nested to make -air.terarce eas.er and iess costly Visit Booth No. 607 Waukesha Engine Dlv., Dresser Industries, Inc. Featuring our line of gas ana d'esel engines from 30 to 2845 maximum ho and engine generators up to 1800 kW per unit ter pumping compressing, and other water treatment applications Visit Booth No. 429 Welsbach Ozone Systems Corp. cealur.ng Weisbach Ozone Systems Coro. a 40.ea'-c 2 co,''carv mavrg ozc-e generst.r.g ana contacting ecuipment `cr water pur1 cat-on. waste/.ater treatme-! cccr control arc chemica- prccess-ng We cHe' complete ozomzahon s_. stems ana extensive experience m a wide ra~ge of aoc'icatiors Welscach ozorators range `'sr accratpry mccels ;c '.nose generating tc-rage cuart: es oe' cay Ser-es n ozeraters cecac e c prca^c rg `-O'" 30C to 20C0 ib of :zc~e a tta, -e.-.'v aacec to We'sbach ime 'or -se - ~u''c-ca' .vater a" waste waier treat~5"t 'Oust'at wastewater t'eat^ert odor cz-fc arc c-e^-,ca p'cc---ss.ng V.sh Booth No 134 Wheeler Mfg. Corp. Fea!ur-ng a complete line of tools lor a wide range ol pipe sizes and materials P'oducts featured will .nclude hydrostatic test pumps, gaso'ire or electric powered, for installation and ma.ntenance ol pressure fines and the 6690 threader lor 3-7-m OD ducMe or cast-iron pipe, wmch converts for steel Visit Booth No. 911 APRIL 1981 Featuring pressure tappirg arc plugging equip ment and internal pipeline cleaning The Stopple! plugging machine plugs the line temporarily while repairs, replacements relocations, or additions are being made_without interruption of service tapping and plugging up to 60-m dia meters Pigs one-piece urethane available, for internal cleaning of lines sizes 2 m and larger Visit Booth No. 713 SPECIFICATION FOR COLD-WATER METERS FOR CUSTOMER SERVICE Sec. 1--GENERAL Sec. 1.1--This specification covers Cold-Water Meters in si/.es -W through 2" for materials and workmanship. Sec. 2--MATERIALS Sec. 2.1--Main Casings, Register Box Rings and Lids shall be made of a copper alloy containing not less than 81% copper. Sec. 2.2--Rotor Spindles shall be made of #516 stainless steel, Sec. 2.3--Couplings and Companion Flanges shall be made of a copper alloy containing not less than 81% copper. Sec. 3--GENERAL DESIGN Sec. 3.1--Size and Perfor mance Characteristics-- shall equal or exceed all the applicable requirements of (American Water Works Assoc.) Standard No. C-708-76. Sec. 3.2--Registers shall be of the magnetically driven type. Sec. 3.3--Strainers shall be easily removable without disassembling the meter. Sec. 3.4--Optical Magnifiers shall be included to enhance the readability of the number wheels. Sec. 4--UNCONDITIONAL GUARANTEE If within 5 years any meter is found to be defective under normal potable water use it shall be repaired or replaced by the manufacturer. EEEEll SEE 12900 S.W.89 COURT, MIAMI, FLORIDA 33176 NATIONWIDE 800-327-4325 Reader Inquiry Service No. 018 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 99 CAPCO JEN 0020718 I AWWA Returns to St. Louis in a - ' Dedication to Past and Future Tho mlernational conference of AWWA will return to its birthplace in 1981 when the worldwide organization will meet in St. Louis. June 7-11. to celebrate its centennial. Headquarters of the week-long meeting will be the new S30 million Cervantes St. Louis Convention Center covering four square blocks in downtown St. Louis The center sits in the midst of a new 16-block convention plaza development containing hotels, shops, restaurants, entertainment areas, and a number of parking garages. It is within walking distance of the Mississippi Riverfront, the famous Gateway Arch, and Busch Memorial Stadium. As early as 1879. some thoughts and challenge us. At .Jones Chemicals, we built our 50-year track record on fast, reliable sendee Hut we re not resting on our laurels We show our winning form on even- deliver." ( Hir 25 plants coust-to-coast make us the world's largest chemical service distribution team, from gallon tugs to tank cars, we deliver promptly and efficiently We're ready in meet your challenges .[ones know;- how critical un tune delivery cun be ( hir track record reflects year:- of service io die water purification industry where on-liinc deliveries arc vital And that's >usi mic of our strengths Call your nearest .Jones plant and make us prove our track record. Go ahead, challenge us. In the long run. our experience gives us the edge Count on loiics. the estab lished leader m the production of high quality commercial bleach and the country's largest rcpacker of chlorine and other ciiviioiimeiital chemicals < >ver fiOO stock varieties of en vironmental and industrial chemicals are available troni Lines --specialty chemicals, too JONES CHEMICALS, INC. CALEDONIA. N Y 14423 J0\BS a GOOD ''Z'ne m ctenmcats *Qr 50 vs 25 plants coast-to-coast serving all principal cities. ALABAMA voo.ie 205- 45"3J' MISSOURI eostu$ 1'4.93" 9' CALIFORNIA U.'p.tas 4C3. 262-3300 T;yrance '2*3 328-6333 FLORIDA i.auJe'da'e 305- 434-2790 JacKSOf'v'He <904- 355-3662 Si Petersburg 894-4*36 INDIANA Beec^ Grove 3'? LOUISIANA Reserve MICHIGAN -504-72' *6254 NEVADA Heoersor' '02' 555 NEW HAMPSHIRE */*rr-r<-rTr>aaCcK 603 4?4 0953 NEW YORK ea-Slon Sc* Csi'p-j rjr'ia U'-ca vestal Afarwic* 519- 355-3^5 536-23H 0:3-6815 315 '32-6151 '29-3443 9i4, 986-H41 V/ar'-)otte V* 253 ,,6'6 SEE THE YELLOW PAGES Reader Inquiry Service No. 033 100 ANNUAL CONFERENCE NORTH CAROLINA Oariotte c7Q4j 377-1571 OHIO 3arbortoo <2161 825-4521 PENNSYLVANIA 'e 814.455-2795 TEXAS M ?uVon (7131 455*1641 VIRGINIA M.noto <8041 633-5066 WASHINGTON Tacoma 206i 572-9030 WISCONSIN Huosoo 7i5i 386-5414 correspondence accut a meeting of "west ern water works administrators" were circulated, but it was finally formalized twa years later. On Mar. 29.1881. when there were fewer than 1000 public water supplies and but a few rudimentary water treatment plants in the United States. 22 men gathered in Engineers' Hall at Washington University, which at the time was on the riverfront in St. Louis, to organize an "American Water Works Association." The purpose of the organization, as stated in the preamble to its first constitution adopted on Mar. 30. 1881. was "for the exchange of information pertaining to the management of waterworks, for the mutual advancement of consumers and water companies, and for the purpose of securing economy and uniformity in the operation of waterworks." The 20 individual and four manufacturer members who were enrolled by the end of that first convention thus formed the van guard of what was to become the largest group of organized professional water supply people in the world. It was not until 1910 that AWWA member ship reached the 1000 mark, and it took another 14 years before that number had doubled. Today. the association's member ship is more than 32 000. and about 10 000 are utility executives. In the early years. AWWA members assembled only once each year to ex change information and discuss the pro gress of the industry. Records of the technical papers presented, and manu facturers'' products exhibited, and business conducted at these annual meetings were published in a single volume of proceedings By the time AWWA membership had grown to more than 1000. however, a need was recognized for breaking up these meetings into separate discussion groups on specialized topics Thus, m 1913. it was proposed that the association establish topical divisions to consider matters of special interest. The first such division was the Chemical and Bacteriological Division (now the Water Quality Division), formed in 1913, At present. AWWA has four functional divisions--Water Quality, Resources. Dis tribution. and Management. An important step forward in the ex pansion of association activity was the formation in 1914 of its first regional section, the New York-New Jersey Section. The Missouri Section was organized and first met in October of 1946 in Columbia. Mo. During the 1968 section meeting in St. Louis, a plaque was dedicated at Washing ton University memorializing the founding of AWWA on the campus and naming the 22 men who started it all. JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020719 P h o to l o u rti-s y o l the M is s o u ri I tis lo iK -it S m My S i 1 m ns The World's Fair in 1904 commemorated the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase. Before water from the Big Muddy could be used for the baroque fountain display in front of Festival Hall, the water had to be treated J.F. Wixford developed a clarification process to turn the turbid water from the Mississippi River into clear cascades. _szz `oa^v tankards, tne rolling Big V jOdy cd-issr'-cr.ea "armonv.the drama ; pe-ra-; cc'-cet t>on--mis is a part of Ihe essence v 5*. Lems 'mat .mi! become the set o- ACS '-981 =e:^r'' ,-g ; :~e o'ace o' ts b-nh for this "stc'c ce ecaton. AtVWA 'S planning scec ai act vi es decor ana exhibits, in acc t o" to an excellent technical program. a state, out colorful and `ast-paced meg-sm s c ar'"ed `or tne ocermg general sess on Bunting and bugles will herald AWWA awardees and a not-to-oe-missed Keynote speaker Haopy b-rtnday. AWWA1 A cake-cutting vii star! of` the expos t-on opening and meet & greet" Attendees will enjoy a 3-ergarter, setting, complete with German `oik cancers, ragtime bands and of course oeer before visiting the exhibits Annual banqueters will don "boaters" and join ,n a barbershop sing-along Song yr cs punted .n a souvenir menu will prompt APRIL 1981 post-gramopnone-era harmomzers Rag time pianists, the Amhurst Sax Quartet and the Ragtime Ensemble wit;recall tne atmos phere ot the r.yerront and the ethnic culture cf the cty O'o a^d new come together in the The^e Center located in the exhibit hall A turn-of-tne-centruy 'centennial village" is the backdroo `or an exhibit of vintage waterworxs eau.pment The antiques, loaned by AWWA members across Ihe country show how far the industry has come over the years. The "village theater" has an exclusive on a new AWWA sound-slide show. The show tells Ihe story of AWWA's past accomplish ments and future goals, and another display of still photograpny gives a concise visual account of AWWA functions and services. Free afternoons and evenings will be what you make them, choose from showboat cruises, champagne dinners, nightlife, museums, brewery tours, sports . . St. Louis has it all. Representatives from the St. Louis Scene will be in the registration area to help with plans and reservations. A full schedule of activities is planned to acquaint spouses with the many facets of St Louis. After the Bustle of downtown, spouses will enjoy a relaxing afternoon at the Missouu Botanical Gardens, followed by a historic homes tour. Also scheduled is a St. Louis highlights tour, ending with a Saint Louis Symphony "pops" concert. Many optional tours and activities can be arranged for those who wish to explore further AWWA's centennial city. As an enduring commemoration of the event, a bronze casting of the centennial emblem will be added to the stone marker already in place at Washington University. It was at the University that AWWA founding fathers met on Mar. 29. 1881. A small ceremony including AWWA officers, board members, and university officials will mark the addition to the monument Every conference attendee will have the opportunity to take home a permanent memento of the centennial A special commemorative magazine will be distrib uted free to all technical registrants. It will be on sale to others at the conference or by mail order. The magazine contains more than 100 pages of articles, photographs, and illustrations recounting the past and commenting on the future of the water industry and AWWA. Other souvenir items can be purchased at the conference or from headquarters. One thing every conference attendee can take with him is the spirit of the centennial. This "spirit" has a lot in common with the spirit of St Louis A lesser known story from the annals of water treatment history illustrates this: At the turn of the century. St. Louis was a twitter making plans for the World's Fair. The centerpiece of the fairgrounds was to be a baroque display of fountains and cascades. This grand scheme had a serious drawback: the only water source was the muddy Mississippi The water department hired John F. Wixford. a genius of sorts with eccentric habits, to investigate the problem. Wixford went to work and soon came up with a new clarification process. It worked like a miracle on the turbid water. Clear, sparkling water rippled from the cascades and quenched the thirst of throngs of visitors. Wixford did his city proud and made an important contribution to purification tech nique. A St. Louis native, Wixford had the pioneering spirit of the gateway city. This spirit of innovation and dedication will inspire AWWA members for another 100 years. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 101 CAPCO JEN 0020720 Facility Tours Evoke Images of Mark Twain Those far-away places with strangesounding names are really water treatment plants for the St Louis city and county water utilities This year the annual conference facility tours will visit Hog Hollow. Howard Bend, and Cham of Rocks water treatment plants. Tuesday and Wednesday. June 9 and 10. On both mornings, tour A will leave the Cervantes Convention Center at 8:30 a m. to visit the Hog Hollow and Howard Bend plants, returning about 1 00 p m. Leaving the center about 1:00 pm.onTuesday and Wednesday, tour B will take m the Chain of Rocks Water Treatment Plant, getting back about 5.00 p m. in time for evening plans. Each tour costs SI 5 and includes trans portation. tours, and a light repast Registra tion for the tours can be made on the technical registration form or at the registra All of the municipal automatic pressure control valves in the water distribution system in the borough of Manhattan have been supplied by Ross In the five boroughs of New York City, over 600 Ross valves are providing dependable water systems operation. You. too. can count on the reliable performance of Ross valves for important operations. Whether your city is big or small. check with Ross for information on Altitude. Relief, Float, Solenoid Operated and Pressure Reducing Valves. Address Ross Valve Mfg. Co., Inc., P. O. Box 595, Troy. N. Y. 12181. Or phone (518)274-0961. Over 100 years of community service ROSS VALVE MFG. CO., INC. VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO 708 Reader Inquiry Service No 053 tion area of the convention center Sunday through Tuesday. June 7-9. The Hog Hollow Water Treatment Plant is a 180-mgd facility of the St. Louis County Water Company. The plant treats Missouri River water with clarification, filtration, softening, and chlorination processes. Built in stages between 1930 and 1970. Hog Hollow has the most modern plant con figuration in the water company's system. The 1970 addition is a single outdoor sand filter basin with chemical feed from an adjacent building; water is pumped directly from the basin into the distribution system The highlight of the Hog Hollow tour is its trace substances laboratory developed in response to the Safe Drinking Water Act and the attendant regulations' of the US Environmental Protection Agency The laboratory uses a Finnigan gas chroma tograph-mass spectrometer to analyze water samples for volatile organic pollu tants. In addition, the laboratory also moni tors for pesticides and heavy metals. The Howard Bend Water Treatment Plant, owned and operated by the water division of the city of St. Louis, is located outside the city limits. The plant treats Missouri River water and is rated at 160-mgd but with the ability to pump 210-mgd from the under ground filter basins and the 5-mil gal clearwell storage. Water is pumped to a 100-mil gal storage facility on tne city distribution system, in addition to sand filtration, the plant utilizes liquid chemicals, like ferrous sulfate solution and liquid polymers The tour will feature the storage area for bulk liquid chemicals. Tour B will visit the Chain of Rocks Water Treatment Plant, a facility of the city of St. Louis water division located on the Mis sissippi. The plant has the capacity to treat 388-mgd of surface water drawn from the Missouri River or the Mississippi or both. The plant's intake on the Missouri side of the Mississippi River draws only Missouri River water; the intake on the I llinois side of the Mississippi draws water from "Or Man River." The chemical treatment basins are located outside and the sand filters inside. It takes from one to three days for water to travel through the plant. The laboratory at Chain of Rocks tests for pesticides, herbi cides. and trace metals. CAPCO JEN 0020721 A stroll through the `arncus geodes.c Climatron al the Missouri Botanical Gar dens. the strains o! the Saint Louis Sym phony. and old and new tnencs at the Ladies' Hospitality Center are only a few of the offerings of this year's dynamic ladies' program at the AVVWA annual conference. June 7-11. in St. Louis. To start off the week, everyone is invited to the opening of the exposition at noon on Sunday. June 7 in the exhibit hall of the Cervantes Convention Center, the tradition al "meet and greet" will feature entertain ment from German and ragtime bands in a beer garden atmosphere, replete with refreshments, from 12 to 5 p m Also at the Cervantes Center, the Convention and V'sitors 3ureau of Greater St Louis will snow two Mrrs on St Lou'S At 2 p m the movie will take viewers on a fast-paced armcna-r tour of St Lou'S and -ts many athact-ons T~e 3 c ~ s^-cw w.ti cetail the ou-'c rg o' a mortem '~a'vei--St Louis Gateway Arch Monday morning, spouses are invited to me opening general session to enjoy centennial entertainment, near the well known Keynote sceaker. and applaud AWWA's winners a: 'he awards ceremonies Tnat a'temccn particioants will depart for a tour of St Louis through the historic South Side ana tne Lafayette Square and Soulard restoration areas, past the large complex of Romanesque and modern buildings of the Anheuser-Busch Brewery. At the Missouri Botanical Garden visitors will see the Climatron with its |ungle of tropical plants, the Desert and Mediterranean houses, and the new 10-acre (4-ha) magnificent Jap anese Garden. To complete the introduction to St Louis, a glass of wine complements a visit to one of St Louis' fascinating and historic homes. APRIL 1981 Another tour of St Louis on Tuesday ^igm-gnis new sights--the Riverfront area with me Old Courthouse, the Old Cathedral. She Gateway Arch, and the riverboats: Busch Memorial Stadium: Union Station; and St Louis University A visit to the New Cathedral will showcase the largest collec tion of mosaics in the western world, which cover nearly the entire interior AWWA sightseers will wind their way through Forest Park, site of the 1904 World's Fair and home of (he Art .Museum, the Muny Opera, the zoo. McDonnell Planetarium, and Jefferson Memorial, and stop to enjoy a glass of refreshing ice tea. After lunch at one of St. Louis' stylish restaurants, the buses will whisk the group to Powell Hall for a special coos concert by the renowned Saint Louis Symphony The tour will return to the Sheraton St Louis m mid afternoon--in lime to reiax oefore embarking for evening engagements On Wednesday, the Ladies Program will of'er oad.cicants two exciting speakers Clarissa Start. St Louis columnist and author of several books, will lecture on the best buys m antiques today In her talk. "We Buy Junque. We Sell Antiques." she will snare what she has learned as an amateur going mto tne antique business and what you should not throw away as "junk" but keep as "junque " The second speaker will discuss "Win ning the Aging Game." Gary Couture, nu trition consultant, is associated with the Julian Medical Center in Hollywood. Calif.. and the Duvendack Medical Center in Huntington Beach. Calif. He is a frequent lecturer on nutrition and health for pro fessional and civic organizations and author of the popular book How to Win the Aging Game. The ladies' program will repeat a success ful innovation from last year's conference-- a special technical session on Thursday morning. This year the session will feature three speakers Muriel Glasgow of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) will present "Water Means Life," a combination of film and lecture about the role of women in the public health aspects of community water supply, especially in underdeveloped countries. Jo Ann Dreas of the sex crime section of the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department will discuss safety on the streets. The third speaker will be Abel Wolman, one of the most respected experts in the water supply industry. Also on Wednesday and Thursday, sever al optional tours will be available at an additional charge, for those who wish to ride to the top of the Gateway Arch, cruise on the Mississippi, visit the estate of August Busch. Grant's Farm: |Ourney to St. Charles. Missouri's first capital, tour three of St. Louis' most famous historic homes: or shop at Plaza Frontenac Throughout the week, the Ladies' Hos pitality Center will provide a special place for new and old friends to gather for morning coffee, a game of bridge, or relaxed con versation. A special memento of St. Louis will be given out at the hospitality room, located in the St. Louis Sheraton Spouses are especially welcome at the closing luncheon, a new feature at the centennial conference. The luncheon will be held Thursday at noon and costs Si 0. The annual banquet will be held on Wed nesday night this year with the traditional passing of the gavel and entertainment. Registration for the ladies' program can be made on the conference registration form or at the registration area in the Cervantes Convention Center at the conference. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 103 CAPCO JEN 0020722 Centennial Competition on Course and Court To ;c avvvv- gc.fers St lou s coe-i the gates c` the c best couhiry c lo /vest of the Mississippi fcr a day of competition and camaraderie The AWWA Certe-'r a- Conference Got; Tournament s screcutec `or Monday June S at the beaut 'til Gten Echo Country Ciuo Buses wi/i eave the Cervantes Convention Center headquarters of the anrual conference at 9 a m in time for a shot-gun start on the course at 9 45 a m Tne Ca'foway system which -s a sconng method cevsec `or got(ers tmo co not r.nc.v t^er `'a-d'cao .v.it be usee Przes .v ' ce a.'.arqec ce-ers can ccants 'e:/r. to tne convent'On center -r rvcahernocn. inctudec tr> the S35 entry fee are trans portation greens fees etectnc cart, and an informal lunch oi not does and nameuroers oeer ar.d sort C'nks at tne Shack on the tom no>e Participants w" be grcupec -n foursomes or. a * rst come `-rst served oasis Pre- registration is pre'ened Put late signups wf be accebtea a: t~e ccnver.t-on center on Suncay June " as :ong as t"ere 'S slut scace ava-.aoie These hanev .vih a 'acquet --ay try tneir skills or. the court at the Cehtenmal Con- `erence '''ennis Tournament on Tuesday June 9 -'om. 9 am to 4 3C pm he South Ha--csn re Packet C ..c .v.t nest AWWA cor'erees n a rc,,ra -oc n ;e-h s touma- --9": B.ses .v. "a.~ cet.veen the cuo S': he Cer.antes Cement cn Center aww A s se.e'ai f --"S 0-' ng -* ZZ-. ~-= cost of Sio cer n; a-scertat on court fees ca s anqp'ces Crmes'ams are weicome tc .se me : w s car = ; 'estaura"t for r-?"-:-sn~e"; ~~e -.cu--ament ,vitl .nc-jae sect-ons for men s s "g es "e" s ocuD:es a^d ivomen's ccup.es Pa"* ng fcr tourhament play is cased c" he .awr. ^e^ms Asscc.ation <LTA' rar.rtir.g systems A excellent. B. gocc and C. fair South Hampshire boasts 11 tennis eourts. 7 raquet bail courts, and locker room facilities complete with saunas m addition to tne bar and restaurant Inor/iaual ar rangements can be made to play racquet ba'l Curing conference week Preregrstration is preferred, but late registration will be set ud in the convention center on Sunday and Monday. June 7 and 8. as tong as mere is available space 104 annual conference AWWA Centennial Conference Golf Tournament Mail to: D.J. Costello AWWA Golf Chairman American Foundry & Mfg. 920 Palm St. St. Louis. MO 63147 Please make checks `$35 per entrant - payable to AWWA Golf. Handicap Calloway System Yes No Name Organization. Address_____ Telephone. Name and address of others in foursome: 1 AWWA Centennial Conference Tennis Tournament Mail to, R.C. Matthews AWWA Tennis Chairman US Pipe & Foundry 5750 W. 95th St.. Suite 206 Overland Park. KS 66207 Please make checks S10 per entrant payable to AWWA Tennis. Name _______ _____ ___________________________________________ Address. Telephone . Organization. Circle the appropriate designations: M/S A--excellent M/D B--good Name of doubles partner. W/D C--fair JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020723 ^Getting There, IgjGetting Around ransportation in St. Louis will be no problem (or AWWA conferees June 7-11. The handy shuttle buses between hotels and Cervantes Convention Center will be provided by AWWA again this year at no cost Conference attendees can also take advantage of the free transportation pro vided to all AWWA social events, facility tours, ladies' activities, and the golf and tennis tournaments. Getting from Lambert-St. Louis Inter national Airport to downtown can be man aged m an airport limousine for S5.50 ($10 rounctripj A one-way cab ride over the same route runs from SI8 to $20. plus tip. Public transportation around the metro politan area is the Bi-State Transit system, wmch charges a basic fare of 50c and 10c for each transfer Bi-State's bus service is exceptionally usable, as the more heavily traveled lines operate 24 hours a day. seven days a week. Convenient and eco nomical connections can be made between hotels, downtown, shopping areas, sports facilities, city parks, meeting halls, or cousin Fred's house on the north side, American Airlines, a top-rated domestic airline among frequent travelers, has been chosen as the official carrier for AWWA's 1981 centennial conference in St. Louis. American has one of the country's largest route systems, reaching most ma|or air ports. and offers conference attendees the services of its highly sophisticated reservat'ons system Amer.can's information system can give you anything from `light times to the time and p.ace of the banouet It all centers on a toil tree numper--800-433-1790 (in Texas. can 800-792-11601. T"-s number connects you with a special ly t'a'red con, ent.cn specialist with immedi ate access to corference-related informa tion, as well as other travel services. And not cnty will these agents take care of t-cketmg ana scheduling on American, but they will find tne least expensive fare available on any airline and confirm a reservation for you. American can remind attendees of hotel accommodations, make arrangements for shipping meetmg-reiated freight, and an swer a host of questions about AWWA's conference events. Given American's reputation for thorough ness. AWWA conferees should have noth ing but smooth sailing--or flying--to St. LOuis m June. APRIL 1981 MEET THOMPSON-HAYWARDS HUGH ClIFT. AWARDED THE 1976 FULLER AWARD FOR M1SSISS1PP1ALABAMA BY THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION. It's not often that a supplier is awarded the coveted "Man of the Year" award by the American Water Works Association. To Hugh Clift, and to Thompson-Hayward, the fact that he was chosen by the people he serves makes this award doubly meaningful. As a company, we're proud and grateful. Hugh has been active in AWWA since 1954. He was instrumental in establishing the Water Works Short Course in 1955. A week-long certification course for water works operators, it is held each year at Mississippi State University. Enrollment has grown from 35 to 200 a year. In 1961, Hugh was also responsible for organizing the first district water works meeting in Mississippi. He later established four more such meetings. So today, Mississippi water works personnel meet at five different locations monthly to discuss areas of concern. A former Thompson-Hayward branch manager in Jackson, Miss., and now a consultant, Hugh works closely with water works personnel in Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi. Says Hugh: "They tell me they look upon me as a friend, instead of a supplier. And that's the way I want it to continue." As a company, so do we. When you need chlorine or other water treatment chemicals, we hope you'll turn to Thompson-Hayward. It's the company where you'll find people who do a little more. People like Hugh Clift. THOMPSON-HAYWARD CHEMICAL COMPANY . SOKTH African philips P O Box 2363. Kansas City. Kansas 66110 8-4866 Reader Inquiry Service No. 058 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 105 v CAPCO JEN 0020724 Lcca'.ea on the banks of the Mississippi R <er. Si Lems is a city steeped in historic Uacihon its beginnings go back to a wintry cay m 1763 when French fur trader Pierre Laclede Liguest and his 14-year-old deputy Auguste Chouteau notched a grove of trees on the riverbank. Developed as a trading post, the site so impressed Laclede fiat he remarked it "might hereafter become one of the finest cities in America " The small village was officially born the following February when the young Chouteau directed a party of workmen in laying the foundations of the settlement for the French monarch. Louis XV. 106 ANNUAL CONFERENCE And it was Laclede himself who laid out the town m neat'y squared off grids, care fully setting aside several open areas for public use. One of these was a site for the first log church, built along the riverfront in 1770 On approximately the same site, the Cathedral of St. Louis now stands. Built in 1834. the church has been designated as a National Museum and has been decreed a basilica by the Vatican. In 1775. the "shot heard 'round the world" was barely heard in the provinical village of St. Louis, and the Revolutionary War was viewed complacently as an almost foreign clash Because the village was technically under Spanish rule during the last years of the Revolution and because Great Britain and Spain were drawn into open warfare, "Spanish St. Louis" became an attractive target for attack from British Canada. Recognizing the danger, the towns people began to build a fortification around the western edge of St. Louis. On Jun. 26, 1780, an advance party of the British contingent attacked the village. About 40 or 50 persons caught outside the fortification were killed, but the British were turned back. St. Louis was never again under fire. When Thomas Jefferson negotiated the Louisiana Purchase in 1804. it set off JOURNAL AWWA t l' CAPCO JEN 0020725 The Old Cathedral 'right was decreed a basilica by the Roman Catholic Church in 1961. The National Museum of Transport belowi features more than 200 historic trains, cars, buses, streetcars, trucks, and other forms of transport. speculation that opened up the West. St. Louis became a funnel, pouring explorers and pioneers into the uncharted expanse. II was from this bustling young city that the Lewis and Clark expedition set out to explore the Missouri River water route to the Pacific Ocean. From St. Louis, many pioneers pointed their covered wagons westward--toward the Rockies and beyond. Some settlers, however, abandoned their ambitions and decided to stay on the banks of the Mississippi. In 1804 the Mississippi River was narrow and swift, ana the channel was about 75 ft >23 mi deep A hign limestone bluff marked the sncrelme at the present location of the Eacs Br age and sloped gently southward. The r.vedront rose m several terraces G'abuai.'y a sand bar began to form on the ti'irois s;ce causing the over current to cut a.vay a: tne Missouri S'oe Dykes eventually ve'e built to protect tKe endangered settle"ent and it was Major Robert E Lee who ate' s-oe'v.sed the Channel work. 3y 516 the population of St Louis was 30C0 and residents were steadily pushing cut tne tcwn s western boundaries. The steamooat era began m earnest when in 1617 the first steamboat, the Zebuton M. P.i<e. puffed its way up the Mississippi from Louisville. As the river traffic increased, so did the size of St. Louis. The city quickly became an important hub of commerce. In 1822. it was incorporated as a city with a mayor and nine aldermen. St Louis' location at the geographic center of the country has always been of utmost importance. At the heart of a naturally bountiful land and strategically located near the confulence of the Missis sippi and Missouri rivers. St. Louis has APRIL 1981 grown steadily in the past because it was simply the logical center for activity, A thick natural deposit of limestone provided a quarry for building material, and nearby clay fields were used as raw material for bricks and terra cotta. The 1830s were marked by growth and prosperity The decade also saw a large influx of German and Irish immigrants escaping political upheavals in their home lands. The year 1849 proved to be a disastrous one for St Louis. A great fire destroyed 15 city blocks along the riverfront, and that same /ear a serious cholera epidemic took a toll of tnousanos This led to the eventual draining of the large Chouteau's Pond, as is pollution was thought to be a source of the oisease Its valley became the site of the railroad lines and yards. Civil War years brought hardship and suffer,ng to St Louis. Although the city was never d'rectiy in the conflict, the war divided many families and stopped river traffic from the south--which severely depressed local business Tne city's 'lagging economy eventually got a snot m the arm with the coming of the railroad era. The construction of Eads Bridge in 1874 extended a rail link between the east and west that helped to initiate the golden era of railroading in the late 1800s. Although the railroads gave new impetus to the movement westward, they also has tened the demise of the steamboat days. The final extension of the boundaries of St Louis occurred in 1876 when the city separated from St. Louis County. During the 1890s, the north-south axis of the down town area was Broadway, and along this street the first of the skyscrapers changed the look of downtown St. Louis. The in troduction of the elevator resulted in the design of more and more high-rise build ings. although they would hardly be recog nized as such today. One of the more renowned of these early skyscrapers, the Wainwright Building, was designed by Louis Sullivan and still stands at 7th and Chestnut streets. It was during this era of growth that many US industrial giants recognized the value of the city's location. St. Louis was viewed as a trade link to the expanding West and as a source of raw materials and foodstuffs to be exported to hungry consumers in the industrialized East. Many corporations planted their roots alongside the Mississippi permanently The city became the world's largest producer of beer, shoes, stoves, wagons, and many other products. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 (the St. Louis World's Fair) firmly established St. Louis as a world city. It was the greatest single event in the city's history, attracting about 2 million visitors. Prompted by the centennial of the 1804 Louisiana Purchase, the fair was concentra ted in the 1400-acre (570-ha) area of Forest Park. The tangle of wilderness slowly blossomed forth as a garden of palaces and lagoons. It opened Apr. 30, 1904, to a crowd of 200 000. The intervening years have been filled with the triumph of expansion and progress, undercut with the disaster of two wars and the tragedy of the depression. Today the 63-story Gateway Arch stands as a proud reminder of St. Louis' key role in the nation's history, as well as a tribute to the brave venture westward. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 107 V CAPCO JEN 0020726 Gateway Arch Frames a City of Historic and Modern Attractions St Louis, the Historic starting point of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, has evolved into a bustling, friendly metropolis located in the heartland of the nation With almost 90 million people within an easy day s drive over superhighways, the city hosts ever-increasing numbers of visitors annually Although St. Louis saw the beginnings of westward expansion, it wasn't just a "gate way ' For many, it was the new country Many ethnic groups settled here, forming a ceiigntful oiend of customs skills, and cu.ture mat were to give the city its unique (,avcr ana personality =rcm the beginning '.he m.ghty MiSSiSSipi ras c.a/ec a <ey rc;e .n ;ne c.ty s develop- ne-t -ccayS: st^e rat on's bus es! n a"c pen waterway connections to ''b^str a. eerie's -n 20 states C.e' ccx-r.g :~e Mississippi s me mag- nJ'cent 630-ft >lS4-mj stainless steel Gateway Aren As the nation's tallest man made monument it is a stunning tribute to the early picneers and westward expansion An intriguing set cf elevators moves horizon tally and then vertically in transporting signtseers to the top of the arch, where an observation deck provides a breathtaking view of the the surrounding rivers and cityscape. An underground chamber beneath the arch houses a museum of westward expan sion Exhibits focus on the period from the early 1800s to the 1890s and tell the frontier story in the words of the history makers themselves--Lewis and Clark, Thomas Jefferson, and the unnamed settlers, miners. 108 ANNUAL CONFERENCE ana soldiers who battled the wilderness Looking down on the levee from the arch, one is struck by the number of vessels moored on the river. The gleaming, silver Aam:ra` is the world's largest river excursion boat, with five decks for dancing, music, and signtseemg. The Sergeant Floyd, the US Army Corps of Engineers' bicentennial over towing boat, has been converted into a floating museum depicting the work of the corps The Hue* Finn and Samuel Clemens. replicas of 19th century steamboats, take nostalgic visitors on narrated harbor cruises The Gc aenrod S^onboat. the last of the great Miss'ssippi River showboats, is a reg stered National Historic Landmark of'er.ng comic melodrama and vaudeville performances The Robed Lee and Ser/e anpe me feature gourmet dining, but if you are >r tne mooc for fast 'ocd. you can board the world's first floating McDonald's-- an authentic replica of an 1880 sidewheeler boat in me shacow of Eads Bridge is the historic riverfront area called Laclede's Landing It contains the oldest buildings in St. Louis, some of which date back to the mid-1800s In this nine-block area, asphalt has been carefully peeled away from cobblestone streets and gaslights rein stalled on the sidewalks Seasoned ware houses have been converted into an engaging mix of bistros, shops, restaurants, and nightclubs Gazing west from the arch's pinnacle one sees a city with modern skyscrapers, new hotels, and other buildings under con struction. However, a closer look reveals a number of historic structures in their original state--testimonials to a city with pride in its heritage. One of the first buildings noticed will be the Basilica of St. Louis. King of France, more commonly known as tne Old Cathed ral. The oldest cathedral west of the Mississippi, it stands on the original church site chosen by the city's founder. Masses are held daily, and a museum is located in the church basement. Nearby is the Old Courthouse, scene of the pre-war slavery trial of Dred Scott. The lawyer defending the slave and his wife was R M Field, father of the famous children's poet. Eugene Field. The poet's fully restored home is located a few blocks south of the courthouse and. like the courthouse, is open to the public A few blocks from the cathedral and courthouse is 50 000-seat Busch Memorial Stadium, home of the baseball and football Cardinals. The stadium also houses the St. Louis Sports Hall of Fame, which depicts the city's sports history through murals, films, trophies, and memorabilia. To the west on Market Street is Union Station. This mammoth structure once served 300 trains daily; it is being renovated as Union Center and will contain a hotel, restaurants, and an entertainment center. Just across from the station is Aloe Plaza with its famed Milles sculpture group. "The Meeting of the Waters." The fountain, which signifies the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, is one of the most photographed attractions in the city. JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020727 1 World-renowned Forest Park is located m midtown and is easily accessible from downtown and outlying areas. Here are located a number of nationally known attrac tions--the St, Louis Zoo, the Art Museum, McDonnell Planetarium, the outdoor Muny Opera the ^^ ferson Memorial, the Jewel Box floral conservatory, and the Steinberg Skating Rink. The zoo has won national acclaim for Big Cat Country, a 1.5 acre (0 6 hectare) natural outdoor home for lions, tigers, and other big cats. Forest Park also boasts large picnic areas, boat rentals, bicycle rentals, an archery range, a rugby field, three golf courses, handball and tennis courts, and even a fly casting dock. Visitors should allow plenty of time to savor the pleasures of this outdoor smorgasbord. Farther out from St. Louis is Lone Elk Park, where visitors can drive leisurely through the 405 acres (164 ha) and enjoy the herds of bison, elk. deer, and Barbados sheep that roam freely throughout the park. The Missouri Botanical Garden, one of the most remarkable botanical gardens in the United States, is also a 'National Landmark. It contains the famed Climatron and the country home of founder Henry Shaw, in addition to its vast collection of horticultural exhibits. The newest attraction is the Japanese Garden, the largest in North America. It contains 13.5 acres (5.5 ha) of lakes, several waterfalls, an authentic Japanese teahouse, a dry garden, stone lanterns, and traditional Japanese bridges. The Museum of Science and Natural History in suburban Clayton features many fasc.natmg exhibits, including a unique earthquake simulator machine that allows v sitors lo experience an earthquake in an .ntens.ty of their own choosing at the mere push of a putton The National Museum of T'ansport in western St. Louis County t-aces the history of transportation in St. Lou'S ana features locomotives, railway cars automcciies. streetcars, buses, and more. Beer-lovers will not want to miss taking a tour of the Anheuser-Busch brewery with its `amous team of Clydesdale horses and century-old buildings. Tours are free and include a sampling stop in the brewery's hospitality room. The Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra nas a year-round season and is recognized as one of the outstanding orchestras in the Umtec States The orchestra performs 230 concerts yearly, including a series of free outdoor concerts. Six Flags Over Mid-America, the Mid west's largest amusement park, is only a short drive from St. Louis At Six Flags you can rce the world-famous Screamin' Eagle APRIL 1981 roller coaster or the newest thrill. Sky Chuter--the world's tallest parachute |ump. Six Flags has sidewalk artists, skill games, comical costumed characters, spectacular shows, picturebook landscaping, celebrity concerts, and thrilling rides. St. Louis is a shopper's paradise. At Plaza Frontenac, Neiman-Marcus and Saks Fifth Avenue are under one roof, along with 60 other exciting places to explore. A visitor to West Port Plaza can browse through the many studio shops, try his hand at the ancient art of brass rubbing, watch a glass blower, and then shop seriously for Scandanavian glassware, gourmet foods, jewelry, or fashions from around the world. St. Louis is also justly famous for its large number of moderately priced ethnic res taurants, each with its own specialty of the house. Italian. German, Polish, and other cultures of an earlier era have retained their distinctive flavor here. This gives the city a refreshing cosmopolitan atmosphere that still includes midwestern hospitality and friendliness--otherwise known as the spirit of St. Louis. Cut the Cost of Ozone in Holf More Efficient Ozone Generation Utilization of Heat Recovery Elimination of Cooling Water FIGHT THE HIGHER COST OF ENERGY. DON'T OVERLOOK OZONE DEFORE YOU TALK TO GRIFFIN. Griffin Technics air-cooled, high frequency ozone generators provide continuous trouble free operation. The air-cooled design allows for up to 65% energy recovery in the form of heat. This warm air could be used to heat a room, an entire building or a particular process de pending on the size of the ' generator. Eliminating the need for ., '"cooling water and Its associated ' :'* piping; Both'sides of the electrode'-.: >;are cooied-for-efflclent heat. r;s ---------- `--*''' ' T-,''- . 7 ,: ' -*' _ ../^Vv'^0'^^TH^-'^yW**TdW^tete'reilablllty, with'T^f CALL-(-2--Q- 1..).7...7..8. *..2. S3^^w^|^iuttrbretitom*Hc ozone doeege^M rs rti TECHNICS-cortMMiiQtt v' -4 G#neretorj^:heye-e 10:1 turndown^ ^r4"ntUot<nd4tffer^an extremel/.toany Tpperetfngeoetfte. 7.1 KWHffltOj). ^^WWtfWe'WfUtttzattonof aheif ^jf^Teeemy eystemi'opsrttUtgcosta are T.;M^Hi*ffEQjinrsdfafenet 65%. 4t<YVe. r:t\V -k*., Raadar Inquiry Sarvic* No. 026 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 109 CAPCO JEN 0020728 Nightlife on the Mississippi The first three nights of the annual conference. June 7-9.-have been left open and--in an effort to allow more flexibility for conferees--AWWA is offering an attractive variety of social events on those nights. These optional tours provide attendees with an opportunity to mix and discuss business or pleasure on a casual basis. If you would like to do some socializing wmle sampling what St. Louis has to offer, use the coupon on page 111 to make reservat.ons for these tours and mail directly totneSt Louis Scene lnc.l49N Meramec St St Louis Mo63105 The tour company will afso have a reservation desk in the 'eg'stration area of the Cervantes Conven tion Certer Sundaythrough Tuesday of the conference. GoldenrodShowbotl--Sunday. June 7. and Tuesday. June 9. 615-11 -00 p.m.; S23 25 (cash bar). Enjoy a merry evening of oldstyle entertainment on board the Goldenrod--last authentic showboat on the Mis sissippi. Sample spirits and tap to ragtime in the memorabilia-filled bar. then move to the captain's dining room upstairs for a sump tuous buffet. Downstairs in the theater, you can escape into laughter watching old-time melodrama and fresh young vaudeville acts, join in an old-fashioned sing-along. or savor the nostalgia of watching favorite movie stars in classic movies of the silent era. 110 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Royal Dumpe Dinner Theater--Sunday June 7. and Monday. June 8. 7:15-11:00 pm. S23.50 (cash bar). Spend a hilarious evening at the Royal Dumpe Theater, a 16th century dinner theater complete with strolling minstrels, serving wenches, and a cast providing raucous, riotous entertain ment in a zany atmosphere. Dinner is served during a show that thrives on audience participation. Champagne Twilight Tour--Sunday, June 7.6:00-8:00 p m, $17 00. What could be more pleasant than sipping champagne while seeing the sights of St. Louis? Each bus will be attended by a tour guide, as well as a bartender serving hors d'oeuvres and filling glasses. The tour will wind its way through the historic Riverfront sectionpast showboats and sternwheelers. You will see the Old Courthouse, the Old Cathedral, and the mammoth complex of Romanesque and modern buildings of the Anheuser Busch brewery. Then you cruise through Forest Park--past its Art Museum. Muny Opera, and Zoo--and end up viewing the fascinating architecture of Union Station and St. Louis University. Baseball Game--Sunday. June 7. and Tuesday June 9: 6:15-11:00 p.m.: SI 3.50. Take part in America's favorite pastime at Busch Memorial Stadium with some excit ing major league baseball. The St. Louis Cardinals' opponents will be the Los Angeles Dodgers on Sunday and the San Diego Padres on Tuesday. Moonlight Dinner Cruise--Monday. June 8. and Tuesday June 9. 7:00-11:00 p.m.: $23.75 (cash bar). Aboard the Tom Sawyer, a replica of a 19th century sternwheeler, you can sit back and enjoy cocktails and a buffet dinner as you watch the banks of the Mississippi glide by. Later, strains of ragtime might rouse you from your thoughts and have you singing and dancing to this timeless American music. Wild Times Corral--Monday. June 8. 7:00-11 00 p.m.; $26 00 (cash bar). Don your western garb and get ready to really eat--barbeque ribs, chicken, pork steaks, homemade pie. and more--at the Wild Times Corral overlooking Forest Park. After you have had enough of eating, you can loosen up and have a good time with some down-home country western music, per formed by Jay Thomas and the Country Express. See reservation form, page 111 JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020729 Optional Tour Reservations Transportation, guides and admissions are included in all tours and activities. Meals are included in 1,2,5,6.7.8 and 9. Buses to evening activities depart from Cervantes Convention Center, front entrance. Arrangements will be made to bring you to the convention center and return you to your hotel after the event. Pick up reserved tickets at the tour desk in the registration area at the convention center Tickets will be sold during registration hours on a space available basis at the tour desk. If fewer than 40 persons respond to any event, that event will be cancelled and money refunded in full. Tour Date No. Persons Cost Total Amount 1--Goldenrod Showboat 2--Royal Dumpe Dinner Theater 3--Champagne Twilight Tour 4--Baseball Game 5--Moonlight Dinner Cruise 6--Royal Dumpe Dinner Theater 7--Wild Times Corral 8--Goldenrod Showboat 9--Moonlight Dinner Cruise 10--Baseball Game June 7 June 7 June 7 June 7 June 8 June 8 June 8 June 9 June 9 June 9 _______________ :___ ___________________ Name Home Adress_____________________________________________________________ Hotel_______________________________________________________________ Please enclose check or money order to; The St, Louis Scene. Inc. 149 N. Meramec St. St. Louis. MO 63105 $23.25 23.50 17.00 13.50 23.75 23.50 26.00 23.25 23.75 13 50 AT LAST! A valuable new guide for the water lab! "Guidelines for Selection of Laboratory Instruments'' (AWWA Manual M-15--Catalog No. 30015JL) Developed to clear the air on the confusing subject of instrument selection, this concise, straightforward manual provides much of the necessary information to plan and implement testing required by the Safe Drinking Water Act. Contents include: Incubators, Specific Ion Meters. Turbidimeters. Amperometric Titrator for Residual Chlorine Analysis. Spectro photometers. Gas Chromatographs, and much more THIS MANUAL CAN SAVE YOU MONEY. ORDER YOUR COPY TODAY! Send Order Form to; AWWA Publications Dept. 6666 W. Quincy Avenue Denver, Colorado 80235 APRIL 1981 Send me_______copies of GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF LABOR ATORY INSTRUMENTS Catalog No. 30015JL $4 75 Member' $9 50 Nonmember I am an AWWA member or the official representative of an AWWA Organization Member. Member No _______________________________ Bill Me (Members Only) Payment enclosed (U S. or Canadian funds). Please make check payable to AWWA NAME____ ADDRESS TITLEORGANIZATION CITYSTATEZIP 'Hjnatmg Charge Eve'y order totaling less than $10 00 and not accompanied by remittance <s Subject to a handling charge ot $0 00 which wilt automatically be added to the bill This cnarge s necessary because ot the extra clerical processing involved on sucn orders ANNUAL CONFERENCE 111 V CAPCO JEN 0020730 J Dining: From Haute Cuisine to Catfish in 1904 at me World's Fair. St Louis ntroduced Amer-ca to me 'ce cream cone arc rot pcc But :cng before 1904 good `cod ceco~e ar. r-.portar.t part ot life in St Lou s Tren as now seme of:he more interest- ng ana en;ovabie emmg scots are those .v1'e,e authect-c `ore gn p'snes are served n me zestful at^csonere of the many ethmc grouos that settled m St Louis St Louis also has excellent steak houses and places specializing m fresh seafood You can find hush puppies and fried catf.sh--served just as they were on riverboats. or home-made pastas as good as anyone's Italian mother makes Visitors will find that St Louis' restaurants have enough variety and style to suit rust about everybody's taste and budget The following list is just a sampler Angelo's "On the Hill." In the heart of the Italian Hill section--which fairly bristles with Italian-named restaurants. Angelo's SDecializes in veal and restaurant-aged steaks and also features steaks, seafood, and an outdoor palio Located at 5226 Shaw Ave. open Monday through Saturday for lunch and dinner: closed Sunday. Dominic's. Continental cuisine featuring white veal, home-made pasta, and home made desserts. Served in an atmosphere of crystal chandeliers, oil paintings, and can dlelight Located at 5101 Wilson Ave.: open evenings Tuesday through Saturday. TheTehpar LSC-2 Concentrator meets or exceeds all EPA requirements forTHM & priority pollutants. '* 4-c Trap And now... add our new model ALS Automatic Sampler and run up to 10 purge and trap samples automatically. The Tekmar LSC-2 is an auto matic ourge and trap concentrator which will allow your GC or GC MS to oetect and quantitate purgeable orgamcs ;n industrial and drinking waters Completely Automatic Oper ation. The functions of purge, desorb. GC program start, sample drain, and trap bake are all handled auto matically by the LSC-2. Interfacing capability, built into every LSC-2. allows operation as master or slave to your GC or GC MS sys tem. or operation under computer control. The Tekmar ALS Increases Sample Capacity. The Model ALS interfaced to the LSC-2 permits auto mated analysis of as many as ten water samples for volatile organic pollutants, accommodating either frit or needle sparge samplers. Since its introduction, the LSC-2 has gained wide acceptance in the field. From early indica tions the same is true of the Model ALS Automatic Laboratory Sampler. Call our Toll Free 800 number for information, or check the reader service listed below. Tekmar TEKMAR COMPANY PO Box 37202 Cincinnati. OH 45222 tB00) 543-4461 In Ohio call collect (513) 761-0633 Telex No 21-4221 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 417 Reader inquiry Service No 057 Anthony's. French cuisine and seafood with continental service. Reservations, coat and tie required. Located at 10 Broadway: open Monday through Saturday for lunch and dinner Catfish and Crystal. Specializes in steak and seafood served in a pre-Wctcnan at mosphere entertainment provded Located downtown at 11th and Locust: open for lunch and dinner Monday through Saturday Hannegan's Restaurant and Pub. Fea tures Irish stew for lunch, and porterhouse steak for dinner, served in a political memorabilia decor Located in Laclede's Landing at 719 N. 2nd St. open for lunch and dinner daily. Eisele's Black Forest. German and Ameri can cuisine, with mus e and dancing Located at 3126 Cherokee St., open for lunch and dinner daily, Saleem's Restaurant. Lebanese cuisine, featuring shish-kebab of beef lamb, marin ated chicken or beef dishes Entertainment provided Located at 3170 S Grace Blvd . open for dinner Monday through Saturday Southern Summer St. Louis enjoys one of those all-American climates with four distinct seasons Sum mers are generally warm but sustained periods of extremely hot weather are rare Although the average temperature for June is a very pleasant 74eF (23CC). summers there are humid--so light clothing is a must for daytime sightseeing. However, because downtown St Louis is right on the Mississippi River, evening hours can sometimes be cool. It is wise to carry along a light iacket on those late nights out. in case the temperature does take a slight dip. Evening dress in St Louis tends to be more casual in the summer, but those partaking of the night life should be aware that some restaurants and clubs may require a jacket and tie. V CAPCO JEN 0020731 Theme introduction Groundwater: an endangered resource The increasing scarcity of potable water--the most precious of all natural resources and this planet's vis vitae--is a much greater problem for mankind than the gradual depletion of oil and gas, coal, and other minerals. Since the earth's water supply is constant--the same microscopic molecules of hydrogen and oxygen continuously change form as they proceed in the hydrologic cycle--"new" or "more" water cannot be expected, only "recycled" water. Because the largest available source of freshwater is underground, groundwater contamination is becoming one of the greatest threats to civilization. Everything that touches water affects its quality in one way or another. Most groundwater pollution is caused by the disposal of liquid and solid wastes, on or into the ground. The most common source is leachate from improperly designed septic tanks or cesspools, but possible groundwater pollutants are limitless. Advances in various agricultural and industrial technologies have brought with them many liabilities. Agricultural causes of groundwater contamination in clude fertilizers and pesticides. Municipal and industrial sources include leaking sewers, oil and gas tanks and pipelines, and wastewater injection wells. The last two decades in particular have shown that deep-well injection of liquid wastes has become common practice among the chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Groundwater can also be polluted by such natural APRIL 1981 causes as excess mineral content or intrusion of saline water. Natural mineralization, which results from the slow erosion of rock in the aquifer, usually increases with depth, and in highly mineralized aquifers, water is no longer potable below a certain depth. Salt water can easily invade freshwater aquifers and deteriorate the groundwater. Although salt water in trusion does occur in inland aquifers, usually caused by underlying saline water, it is most common in coastal aquifers. If freshwater is removed from the aquifer faster than it is replaced, saline water generally infiltrates the aquifer; if less water is withdrawn, the salt water will eventually be flushed out by freshwater. It is a slow process, though, and artificial or induced recharge is sometimes utilized to attack the immediate problem. The use of reclaimed water to recharge the groundwater aquifers artificially so that barriers will form between the fresh and salt waters is becoming an important tool in nonpotable water reuse; it cannot, however, be con sidered a dependable method of obtaining potable water, as too many problems, such as the fate of synthetic organic contaminants, have not yet been solved. Although it is almost impossible to eliminate ground- water pollution altogether, the growing awareness of the importance of underground water resources is resulting in an effort to reduce groundwater pollution and to prevent further contamination. --JEL STAFF 169 V CAPCO JEN 0020732 MAIMAGEMOSTT AI\D OPERATTCHMS Energy conservation opportunities in municipal water and wastewater systems Donald W. Lystra, Ashok K. Singhal, and Philip N. Loud Municipal water and wastewater systems have been shown to be the largest energy consumers in local governments. By studying unit processes at tour utilities in the state of Michigan, the authors were able to pinpoint several areas in which sizable energy savings could be realized. Municipal water and wastewater systems are heavy users of energy, not only directly through the use of electricity, natural gas, and other fuels but indirectly through the use of large quantities of chemicals pro duced by energy-intensive manufacturing processes. A recent study by the US Office of Water Research and Technology showed water and wastewater systems to be the largest single component of energy consumption by local units of government, averaging about 25 per cent of the total municipal energy use.' Moreover, recent utility rate studies have shown that the direct energy costs of water and wastewater systems account for fully 20 percent of their total operating budgets. In 1979 the energy administration of the Michigan Department of Commerce sponsored a study to identify ways in which energy could be conserved in existing water and wastewater facilities. The objective of the study was to identify cost-effective energy conserva tion measures that could be implemented statewide at Michigan's 1100 municipal plants. These systems account for 2 percent of all electricity and 0.5 percent of all natural gas consumed in the state. The consulting firm of Ayres. Lewis. Norris & May, Inc., of Ann Arbor. Mich., was retained to perform this study. The study methodology consisted of three phases: energy audits to identify energy conservation opportu nities (ECOs) at four study sites: analysis of the ECOs for cost-effectiveness: and extrapolation of the results to identify the potential for statewide energy savings in water and wastewater facilities. Phase 1: The energy audit An energy audit has been defined as a critical examination of an energy-consuming facility for the purpose of identifying energy conservation opportuni ties. Because water and wastewater facilities had no; previously been the subject of comprehensive energy audits, the firm conducting the study found it necessan to devise an audit methodology appropriate to facilitycharacteristics. Because of the overall complexity of water and wastewater facilities and the various technical special ties represented by their processes and equipment, the audits were broken down into smaller components. This made'it possible to create specialized audit pack ages that could be addressed by team members from appropriate technical fields. The following subsystems were identified. Treatment system--all processes and equipment used to purify raw water or wastewater and render it suitable for drinking or for discharge into the receiving waterway Capacity control system--equipment used for pumping water or wastewater at various points in a treatment process to maintain sufficient pressures and flows to meet the system's the quantitative demands Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system (HVAC)--equipment that provides the control for the internal environment of buildings, including the build ing envelope itself Electrical systems--equipment that distributes electricity to plant loads and provides artificial illumi nation for the interior and exterior of the facility An auditing team composed of five to seven technical specialists in civil, sanitary, mechanical, and electrical engineering, as well as architecture, was created to perform the energy audits at each of the four study sites. The auditing procedures involved a review of existing documents and records, site visits, operator interviews, identification of ECOs, analysis of ECOs, and reporting. Audit team members were instructed to look for ECOs in the following general areas: changes to opera tional and maintenance strategies; equipment changes (i.e., same function, different device): design changes (i.e., different function, different device); and relaxa tion or modification of design standards. 170 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS 0003-150X/040170-08S02.00 1981 American Water Works Association V' JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020733 1 Regardless of the age of the equipment, pump operation is the largest consumer of electricity in a water system. Performing an energy audit to determine pumping performance and efficiency levels could point the way to significant savings for the utility. APRIL 1981 D.W. LYSTRA ET AL 171 CAPCO JEN 0020734 General auditing guidelines. The overall objective of the energy audit was to identify cost-effective ECOs. Although it was impossible to identify the exact proce dure for discovering ECOs. it was necessary to set certain general guidelines for the team members. 1. Audit team members were instructed to identify ECOs that could be applied to existing study sites rather than setting design standards for new facilities. This guideline eliminated from consideration certain sweeping changes such as modification of treatment modes, site layouts, or building design. The ECOs had to be cost-effective as retrofit measures to existing facilities, as opposed to alternative "new design" approaches. 2. It was stressed that audit team members should not look for cost-saving methods not directly related to energy consumption. The study excluded, for example, strategies that would reduce labor costs, unless there was also a linkage to the consumption of electricity or fuel. ;j. There was to be no "prescreening" of ECOs. Team members were not to make premature judgments about the cost effectiveness or engineering feasibility of potential ECOs. Rather, members were to propose ECOs having a reasonable chance of being cost effec tive. Detailed economic analysis would be undertaken later as a separate step. 4. Many ECOs had compound effects that were impossible to identify. Improving the efficiency of a pump motor, for example, would be interactive with an ECO that resulted in less use of the pump. Rather than trying to separate the potentially compound effect of two such ECOs. it was decided to present each ECO as a separate item. In some cases, however, the joint effect would be less than the sum of the separate effects. 5. In some instances it was found that plant opera tors had recently implemented ECOs on their own initiative. It was decided to include these ECOs. rather than to ignore them and lose their potential benefit, noting that they had been effected prior to the study. The total impact of these previously identified ECOs amounted to approximately 3 percent of the overall energy conservation identified in the study. Description of study sites. Four Michigan sites were selected for site-specific investigation: two municipal water systems and two municipal wastewater systems (Table 1). It was felt that these sites were sufficiently 172 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS varied in terms of age. size, and type of treatment to allow the ready extrapolation of findings to other municipal facilities in Michigan. In addition, all four systems employed relatively complex treatment pro cesses so that a variety of equipment was available for study. Energy consumption characteristics of study sites. All four facilities relied primarily on electricity and natural gas for their energy requirements. One. the Ann Arbor water system, consumed a relatively small amount of fuel oil for miscellaneous process and building heating requirements. Electricity was typically used as the energy source for motor drives and illumination, whereas natural gas was used as the energy source for building heat, water heating, digester heating, slu lee incineration, and chemical pretreatment. The Am rbor water treatment system was again an exception, employing a large amount of natural gas for engine drives on remote booster pumps and a recalcination system. There was no apparent seasonal pattern in the con sumption of energy in the two wastewater treatment plants studied. The water treatment plants exhibited approximately a 30 percent increase in natural gas consumption during the winter heating season and approximately a 12 percent increase in electricity con sumption during the high water usage period of March through August, as compared to the period September through February. The breakdown by energy source of total energy consumption at each study site is given in Table 2. The breakdown of energy consumption for each site within the four functional subsystems is shown in Table 3. In general, about half of the total energy requirements for the water facilities was for pumping, whereas more than half of the energy used by the wastewater facili ties was for treatment equipment and relatively little was for pumping. The energy consumption and energy cost per cubic metre of water treated at each of the four facilities between Fall 1978 and Fall 1979 is given in Table 4. Phase 2: Analyses of ECOs for cost effectiveness The total number of ECOs identified at the four study sites was 93, ranging from 21 to 26 per site. Tables 5-8 list the ECOs for each site, and Table 9 summarizes the energy conservation potential of all four sites. As the JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020735 I tables indicate, the individual ECOs varied widely in terms of conservation potential, implementation costs, and payback periods. In general. ECOs offering the greatest conservation potential in the wastewater facil ities related to sludge handling and disposal and aera tion system modifications. ECOs offering the greatest conservation potential in the water facilities involved the improvement of pumping efficiency. The ECO having the greatest estimated conservation potential involved the reduction of fuel requirements for sludge incineration at the East Lansing wastewater treatment plant through the addition of a sludge dewa tering system. This ECO was projected to reduce the natural gas requirements for the incinerator by almost 8.5 x 10 nv (3 X 10" cu ft) annually, currently worth about S90 000. This ECO was also the one having the greatest estimated implementation cost, SI.2 million. Many ECOs cost little or nothing to implement and, therefore, had virtually instantaneous payback periods. These included operational changes, such as the prefer ential operation of the most efficient pumps or reduced aeration blower use. and low-cost maintenance items, such as the installation of weatherstripping or the modification of gravity turbine units. The ECO having the most dramatic cost effective ness involved lowering of the water level in the equal ization basin at the East Lansing wastewater facility, thereby reducing the backpressure on aeration blowers with an attendant lowering of drive horsepower. This ECO. costing nothing to implement, was projected to save o41 000 kWh (2.21 x 10' kj) of electricity annually, currently worth about S20 500. At each site several ECOs were identified for the HVAC and illumination systems. Many of these ECOs proved to have significant energy impacts and cost lit tle to implement. One reason for the relatively large number of HVAC and illumination system ECOs may be the unusual occupancy patterns of both water and wastewater facilities. Many interior areas in these facilities, while receiving only occasional inspection visits from operators, have HVAC and illumination systems apparently designed for continuous occupancy. Several ECOs involved the recovery and use of waste heat: sources of waste heat that were examined included aeration blowers, incinerator exhaust heat, transformers, calciner systems, and wastewater in fluent. APRIL 1981 Two ECOs involved what could be classified as resource recovery or alternative fuels. At the Big Rap ids wastewater treatment plant the use of digester gas as a fuel for building heat was examined, and the use of dewatered sludge as a fuel for electric generation was examined for the East Lansing wastewater facility. A number of ECOs at each site involved architectural changes to the buildings, such as improving insulation or replacing roofs or windows. In general, ECOs in this group tended to be costly and to have long payback periods. One ECO is worthy of specific mention because of the significant indirect energy savings attributable to it. The reduction of lime feeding at the Ann Arbor water plant, while offering substantial direct energy savings due to reduced calciner operation, was also projected to have important indirect energy savings based on the substantial energy requirements for the manufacture and transport of lime. Recent figures from a report by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)' identified the amount of energy required for the manu facture and transport of various chemicals used in water and wastewater treatment facilities. In the case of lime (calcium oxide), the energy requirements for production alone were estimated to be 6396 kj/kg (5.5 x 10" Btu/ton) for fuel and 600 kWh/ton (2381 kj/kg) for electricity. Categorization of ECOs by implementation cost. The aggregate ECOs were broken down into three catego ries: those costing less than S500 to implement, those costing from S500 to S2000 to implement, and those costing more than S2000 to implement. The statewide energy impact and the cost for implementation of each category were calculated. Many of the ECOs in the first category could be implemented for no cost, whereas the cost of others was low enough to be within the regular operating budgets of most plants. The 24 ECOs in this category would create energy savings totaling over 1.05 x 10"' kj/yr (10 X 10* Btu/yr) worth S118 000, while requiring a total implementation cost of only S2360. The aggre gate simple payback period for the ECOs in the catego ry is virtually instantaneous, 0.02 years. Total energy savings represent 5.6 percent of current consumption and 16 percent of the total identified conservation potential. The second category of ECOs, those having an imple- f V D.W. LYSTRA ET AL 173 CAPCO JEN 0020736 r TABLE 1 Sites selected for energy conservation study Study Site East Lansing Big Rapids Ann Arbor Marysville Design Capacity ML/d mgd 66 (10 0) 9 ( 2.41 169 (50 0) 57 (ISO) Service Area Population 105 000 16 500 110000 9300 TABLE 3 Breakdown of energy consumption by functional sub-sysfems-percent Study Site East Lansing Big Rapids Ann Arbor Marysville Capacity Control System 6 3 43 49 Treatment System 72 53 40 3 HVAC System 14 31 9 32 Electrical j Svstcm | Miscellaneous 4j 6I 2( ; 4 2 l TABLE 2 Energy consumption fay fuel type at eacb study site-percent Study Site East Lansing Big Rapids Ann Arbor Marysville Electricity 47 46 42 69 Natural Cas 53 54 55 31 Fuel Oil 0 0 3 0 TABLE 4 Energy consumption and energy cost of water treated at each facility between Faii 1978 and Fall 1979 Study Site East Lansing Big Rapids Ann Arbor Marysville Energy Consumption per mJ k//m* Siu/mif go/ 6.1 x 10* 3 9 x io* 4 0 X 10* l 6 x 10* 21.9 X 10" 14 0 X 10* 14 2 X IffS.74 X 10* Energy Cost per m` per mil gal 5 035 $02ii S019 $013 S133 $96 573 S49 TABLE 5 Energy conservation opportunities at the Ann Arbor water treatment pfant Protected Annual Energy and Cost Savings Electricity Energy Conservation Opportunities Amount kVh Cost 5 Preferential operation of the most efficient rjw water well pumps Installation of more efficient variable-speed drives improved maintenance of pumps Elimination of soda ash feed* Reduction of lime feedmgt Cleaning of boiler Rocoverv of waste heat from calciner Reduction of outside air Conversion of fuel oil burner! Improvement of roof insulation at Barton pump station Replacement of sealant on exterior doors Installation of weatherstr.ppmg on exterior doors Retuverv of waste heat from transformers Increase in conductor Sizei Installation of high cfficicncv motors <\i:r*`<r,on of plant power faitor'* Correction of mo'o: circuit power factors Installation of eicctric metering*'! of stjr.obv generator a on-peak cogeneration unit!* Possibiht. of small-scale hydroelectric development at i visting manii ipal damSS F-plj-**rr.ent of .r.candescent fixtures with low.wattage forest ent fixtures Replacement of incandescent lamps with s*lf.bal1asied metal halide fixtures Ri placement cf recaleination building lights Replacement of pipe gallery lights Replacement of manual switches with time.out switches Installation of night lighting system Total 154 400 346 400 1633 65 900 46 '50 32 000 45 :oo *9 800 13 500 5120 41 500 12 140 l 106 543 5400 12300 59 517 2310 1706 6620 2980 2800 473 179 1460 425 98 370 Natural Cas Amount m cu ft 7193 254 000 Cost $ 690 7996 9S 580 37 184 25 204 6457 4531 835 2673 282 400 3 375 000 1313 000 890000 228 000 160 000 29 500 94 400 760 9110 3550 2400 615 430 80 255 Total Amount 1 X 10' 8lu X 10* 268 254 556 1553 6 4692 1385 939 241 0 169 31 100 175 527 1471.5 56 4447.2 1313 890 228 0 160 295 94.4 166 907 660 Cost S 690 5400 13 060 59 517 18 040 3550 2400 615 3406 430 80 255 1706 8820 3000 Implcmen* tation Cost S i) Simple Pnback Period veurs 0 62 000 26 250 0 0 1400 0 1750 6000 7800 300 1200 17000 15 2 2Q 0 0 04 0 28 17 18.1 0J 47 to 0 100 000 2000 H 07 3200 00 167 657 6 626 300 17 890 306 287 49 19 151 44 11875 290 272 46 175 142.7 41.4 11 2S5 8 2980 2600 473 179 1460 425 131 278 10 400 2200 2500 1600 2720 850 466 250 33 08 53 89 19 20 * Much of the large monetary sav mgs from this ECO is not due to direct energy savings but rather to the reduction of soda ash purchases. The secondary energy savings possible by reduced soda ash production and delivery* were not quantifiable in the scope of this study. `Additional energy savings from this ECO are 25 057 L (6620 gal) of number 4 fueloil, worth $6620. Secondary energy savings are also realized through reduced lime production costs. !Only the implementation costs and energy cost savings are listed for this ECO because it involves switching from ooe fuel type to a less expensive type; no actual energy is being saved. (Because the energy that could be saved through this ECO and the cost to implement the ECO are both dependent on the extent of implementation, these estimates were not included. "The energy savings from this ECO are unquantifiable However, the reduced penally chjrge and implementation costs can be reasonably estimated. rt,\n implementation cost is given for this ECO. but no estimates of energy savings or cost savings are given because they could not be estimated with any accuracy. The fact that this ECO could save both energy and money, however, is not questionable. UOnly the implementation costs and energy cost savings are listed for this ECO because it involves switching from one fuel type to a less expensive type. Actual energy savings are minimal and difficult to quantify. I (Because the implementation costs of this ECO are so variable, all values for this ECO have been excluded from this table in order to avoid distorting the total values. V 174 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS i v- - JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020737 TABLE 6 Energy conservation opportunities at the East Lansing wastewater treatment plant Projected Annual Energy and Cost Savings Energy Conservation Opportunities Electricity Amount kWh Cost S Natural Gas Amount m` cu ft $ Total Amount / x 10* Btu X 10* Cost s tation Cost S Simple Payback Period years Installation of more efficient vanable*speed drives SS 500 Preferential operation of most efficient taw sewage pumps 6000 Monitoring of pump efficiencv* Reduction of fuel requirements for sludge incineration Recovery of incinerator exhaust heatt Bypassing of tertiary filters* Modification operation system 196 000 Lowering of water level in equalization basin 641 600 Cleaning of boiler Reduction of HV-2 use 25 200 Reduction of outside air Recovery of waste heat from aeration blowers Installation of water source heat pumpsj Installation of insulated glass Recovery of waste heat from transformers 111. 000 Increase m conductor size" Correction of motor circuit power factor** Replacement of standard fluorescent fixtures with 40 200 !i,w-wtuacc fluorescent fixtures Replacement of incandescent lamps with self-ballasted 97'XX) meiat haiide fixtures Replacement of mercury vapor fixtures with high-pressure 43 500 sodium fixtures Replacement of manual switches with time-out switches 106 500 Total j i 535 400 1780 200 12 700 20 500 810 3713 1290 3130 1550 3470 49 143 827 000 29 200 000 200 22 67600 30 807 41064 13 395 126 205 4191 2583 1450 000 473 000 4 527000 148 000 91 200 4350 1420 13 560 440 273 1426 2310 1530 590 4776 156 3135 962 416 145 3524 175 391 1016 382 35 889 200 107 663 46 529 189 4 20 5 29 200 1780 200 67 600 27 000 0 1 200 000 15.2 0 13.7 1351 5 2189 8 t45Q 559 4527 148 2971.6 91.2 395 9 12 700 20 500 4350 2230 13 580 440 300 27.1 3713 70 800 0 300 0 7700 0 75 000 11 195 37 000 S6 0 0.16 0 057 0 250 41 10 137 2 134.1 16S.S 370 3 44 101 1290 3130 1550 3470 157 106 3240 3170 2520 1760 1 440 385 25 l.l 16 05 `This ECO is unquantifiable within 'he scope of this study so no values an* given for costs or savings. TThc energy sav mgs associated with this ECO are estimated }t was beyond the scope of this study to estimate the implementation costs: therefore, all values fur this ECO were omitted. rather than inflate the total energy savings for all ECOs relative to implementation costs. tAnnua! totals cannot be estimated for this ECO because it applies to only certain periods of the year. {Because this ECO involves changing from one heating source to another, only the total savings in (J) Btu was given. "Because the energy that could be saved through this ECO and the cost to implement the ECO are both dependent on the extent of implementation, these estimates were not included TABLE 7 Energy conservation opportunities at the Big Rapids wastewater treatment p/ant Projected Annual Energy and Cost Savings hn**vy Conservation Opportunities Electricity Amount kWh Cost S Natural Gas Amount m cu ft Cost S Total Amount [ x 10 8tu x io~ Cost S Implementainin Cost S Simple Pavback P-nod v*urs R. auction ut lift pump speed R.*du<'ion of blower iteration ' n- fine buhbie .j< ration f.ffusers US-r of l.gestiT gas vuar heeding -A .pgesiers Seduction it sludge trucking* St id.:i> jticn of final offiuent supply pumping m.ng oi inner ..Wa.jj'.on u! nighttime setback controls Redye lion of vmpefature m storage room Mudsfii jtson ot gravity turbine* Re-j.ii tion of outside air v* ! j>v jiuejrr t(4$ `Ae.iihvrstriupmg of double-door astragals Km Insure ot existing main entrance Recovery of waste heal from transformers Increase in conductor sizet Replacement of incandescent fixtures with low-wattage fluorescent fixtures Replacement of incandescent lamps with self-ballasted metal halide fixtures Replacement of mercury vapor fixtures with high-pressure sodium fixtures Replacement of manual switches with time-out switches Total 4000 JO TOO 111 J00 114 000 12 300 40 200 48 127 6131 20 150 426 908 160 1228 4500 6160 492 16t0 1910 245 800 171)75 16 992 52 250 600 000 1845 000 1800 553S 1190 10 478 3852 2648 19 937 "W6 524 187 42 000 370 000 136 000 93 500 704 000 270 00Q 18 500 6600 126 1110 410 280 2120 aio 55 20 115 704 4 085 600 12 266 14 111 400 633 1947 138 553 44 190 143 99 743 285 20 7 44 145 173 22 73 5985 13 6 104 8 179 8 600 1845 U0 5 525 6 42 370 136 93 5 704 270 185 66 41.9 137.2 164 3 209 68.8 5673 1NJ 1228 4500 1800 5535 1175 6160 126 1110 410 280 2120 810 55 20 492 1610 1930 24S 800 260b6 1U) 0 10 000 0 1)0 000 0 270 U(X) VWO 2(X) 120 4600 9000 70 1020 4920 2940 490 770 280 192 980 0625 0 2 J2 0 27 l 0 0 43 48 45 0 49 1.14 22 Ul 13 51 10 18 3.1 035 The energy saving associated with this ECO is 38b8 L (1022 gall gasoline, worth S1.175. based on a cost of Sl.lSSgal. Because ihe energy that could be saved through this ECO and the cost to implement the ECO, are both dependent on the extent of implementation, these estimates were not included. APRIL 1981 D.W. LYSTRA ET AL 175 CAPCO JEN 0020738 r "\ TABLE 8 Energy conservation opportunities at the Marysvii/e water treatment p/ant Projected Anm.jl Energy and Cosi Savings Energy Conservation Opportunities Electricity Amount kWh Cost S Natural Gas . ` muu nt m- cu ft S Total Amount 1 X 10* Btu X HT S tation Cost S Simple Payback Period years Op'imum use of storage PMorcntiu! operation of the most efficient pumps Improved maintenance of pumps Operatiun of pumps during off-peak hours* Reduction of chlorine feed* Increased use-of treatment instrumentation! Cleaning of boiler Installation of nighttime setback controls Conversion of dehumtdifier from oil- to gas-firedl Replacement of older building roofs Replacement of other roofs Removal of skylights Correction of vertical gaps Insulation of walls Replacement of windows installation of weath^rstripping Reiover. of waste hat from transformers Increase in onductor size** Installation of hiah-efficiencv motors Installation of electric metering?* Replacement of incandescent fixtures with low-wattage fluorescent fixtures Replacement of incandescent lamps with self-ballasted metal halide fixtures Replacement of mercurv vapor fixtures with high-pressure sodium fixtures Replacement of manual switches with 'nne-oul switches installation of night lighting system Total 53 500 7630 115 500 17 soo 14 800 73 700 4420 3180 14 678 22 600 349 128 2020 290 4350 137 281 650 1310 2850 167 120 555 852 13 632 193 40 416 6599 9062 11894 11413 96 1977 1467 312 1396 233 000 320000 420000 403 000 3400 59 800 51800 11000 49 30(3 650 900 tiro 1120 95 195 145 31 138 44 216 1 561 300 4359 246 338 443 425 4 74 55 12 52 62 125 272 16 12 53 81 2905 182 6 26 1 394 2 0 0 233 320 0 420 403 34 69 8 51 8 11 49.3 58.4 1188 258 4 15 1 109 50 1 771 2753 2020 290 4350 187 281 650 900 2530 1170 1120 95 195145 31 uy 650 1300 2850 167 120 555 852 20 5205 0 0 6750 0 0 600 4000 - 5200 34 200 . 34 200 700 400 12000 900 800 6500 50 000 10 500 1090 1240 800 600 170 480 0 0 16 0 0 09 44 2.1 29 2 305 73.7 2.1 82 8 290 58 too 38 2 17 to) 14 0.7 'There is no direct energy savings realized from this ECO. but there is a direct energy cost savings. ?Thcre is no direct energy savings possible from this ECO. but there is a direct energy cost savings attributable to reduced lime purchases. tVo values for costs or savings are given for this ECO because they are unquanttfiable within the scope of this siudy. iThere is no energy savings associated with this ECO. only a cost savings as a result of changing from one type of fuel to a less expensive one. Energy consumption is unchanged. "Because *he energy that vvould be saved through this ECO and the cost to implement the ECO are both dependent on the extent of implementation. *hise .tim.iti's were not included "No estimates of energy savings or tost savings are given for this ECO because they could not be estimated with any accuracy. The fact that this ECO could save both energy and money, however is not questionable. '''uiH Site Hast Lansing B.a Rapids Ana Arbor Marysville 7 >tai TABLE 9 Summary of energy conbervation potential at four study sites Electricity Amount kWh a 49 X 10* 154 X 10* 3.99 X 10* 1 25 X 10* 123 X 10" 1 525 400 426 906 1 108 543 349 126 3 419 979 Cost * 49 143 17 075 98 370 13 632 178 220 Proiocted Annual Energy A Cost Savings Natural Cas Amount m- cu ft Cost S 1016 382 115 704 187 657 44 216 1 3t>3 959 35 889 200 4 085 600 6 626 300 1561 300 48 162 400 107 663 12 268 17 890 4359 142 178 Total Amount k/ 46 527 5985 11 874 2904 67 290 Btu X 10* 44 101 5673 11255 2753 63 782 Cost $ 157 106 26 066 131278 20 520 334 970 Implemen tation Cost S 1440 385 192 980 466 250 170 480 2 270 095 Average Simple Payback Period year 92 74 J6 83 68 TABLE 10 Estimated annual energy conservation and cost-savings potential in Michigan water and wastewater systems Type of Treatment Plant Wastewater Water Total Electricity Amount ft Wh x 10* 96 94 190 Cost S X 10* 34 35 69 Natural Cas Amount CU ft m* x ur 56 1979 18 642 74 26Z1 Cost S x 104 6.1 1.8 7.9 Total Amount i X 10* Btu x ur 2434 1016 3450 2307 963 3270 Cost S X 10* 9S 53 14 8 VJ 176 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS v JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020739 mentation cost ranging from S500 to S2000. would create energy savings totaling more than 4.22 x 10" kj/yr (4 x 10'' Btu/yr) worth S18 757. while requiring a total implementation cost of S20 480. The aggregate simple payback period for the 19 ECOs in this category is only 1.1 years. Total energy savings represent 2.2 percent of current consumption and 6 percent of the total identified conservation potential. The third category of ECOs has implementation costs exceeding S2000. Generally, an expenditure of this magnitude would require some form of capital plan ning on the part of municipal administrators. In addi tion, the technical complexity of some of these mea sures would probably require the involvement of pro fessional engineers as consultants. The total energy savings possible from the implementation of 37 ECOs in this group is about S2 250 000, creating an aggregate simple payback period of 11.0 years. Total energy savings in this category represent 28 percent of current consumption and 78 percent of the total identified conservation potential. A portion of the total energy savings for the study sites is attributable to reduced electricity consumption. Approximately 3.4 x 10" kVVh/vr (1.22 x 10'" kj/yr) of electricity could be saved by implementing all ECOs at all four plants. This represents 14.3 percent of the total electrical consumption of the sites and would reduce electricity costs at the sites by about S180 000. The rest of the energy savings would come from reduced natural gas consumption. The aggregate natural gas savings from all ECOs at all four sites is estimated to be about 1.36 X 10" nr (48 X 10" cu ft/yr), which is 58 percent of the total present natural gas consumption of the sites. The total implementation cost of all identified ECOs is estimated to be $2 270 000. The estimated total energy cost savings of S335 000 annually leads to an aggregate simple payback period of 6.8 years. On a per-site basis the aggregate simple payback periods ranged from 3.6 years for the Ann Arbor water system to 9.2 years for the East Lansing wastewater system. In summary, the ECOs identified at the two wastewater system study sites would result in an estimated average electricity saving of 16.0 percent of current usage and an estimated average natural gas saving of 83.7 percent of current usage. The ECOs identified at the two water system study sites would result in an estimated electricity savings of 12.4 percent and a natural gas savings of 32.8 percent. The figures shown in Table 10 indicate the potential statewide energy savings, if it is assumed that the study sites are repre sentative of municipal water and wastewater systems throughout Michigan. Conclusions Based on the information acquired from the study, the following conclusions have been identified. 1. Municipal water and wastewater systems in Michigan rely almost entirely on electricity and natural gas for their energy requirements. The reliance on each of these two energy sources is roughly equal. 2. The major component of energy consumption in water systems is electricity for pumping. The major components of energy consumption in wastewater sys tems are electricity for aeration blower drives and APRIL 1981 natural gas for sludge heating and incineration. There fore, these areas offer the greatest opportunity for conservation. 3. No obvious relationship exists between the size of a water or wastewater facility and the efficiency with wL'~h it consumes energy. 4. Each year the 1100 municipal water and wastewater facilities in Michigan consume about 1.4 x 10" (6.12 kj) of electricity at a cost of $50 million and about 1.2 x 10 m' (4.3 X 10" cu ft) of natural gas at a cost of S12.5 million. This accounts for about 2 percent of all electricity and about 0.5 percent of all natural gas consumed in the state. 5. It is projected that municipal water and wastewa ter systems in Michigan could reduce their electricity consumption by about 14 percent and th'eir natural gas consumption by about 60 percent through the imple mentation of cost-effective conservation measures. The annual savings in municipal energy costs would be approximately S15 million, 6. Approximately 16 percent of the total identified energy-saving potential in water and wastewater sys tems can be achieved through operational and mainte nance changes costing less than S500 and having an average simple payback period of less than one month. 7. Significant energy conservation opportunities relating to HVAC and illumination systems exist in municipal water and wastewater facilities because of the unusual occupancy pattern in many areas of the facility. 8. Municipal water and wastewater facilities have significant indirect energy impacts as a result of their consumption of large quantities of chemicals produced by energy-intensive manufacturing processes. Acknowledgments The authors thank Ashley Grant, superintendent, Marysville water treatment plant: Ken Kelly, assistant superintendent. East Lansing wastewater treatment plant: Harvey Mieske, superintendent, Ann Arbor Water treatment plant; Dale Schlosser. superintendent. Big Rapids wastewater treatment plant: and Joseph J. Screnock, project manager. Energy Administration, Michigan Department of Commerce. Funding for this study was provided by the Michigan Department of Commerce. Energy Administration, and financial sup port was provided by the US Department of Energy (DOE) (78 EPCA) grant No. EW-78-45-0037. References 1. An Explanatory Study of Possible Energy Savings as a Result of Water Conservation Practices. NTIS No. PB-260 490. Prepared for the Ofce. Water Res. and Technol.. Washington, D.C. (Jul. 1976). 2. In-house rate studies: Ayres, Lewis, Norris & May, Inc. 3. Energy Conservation Opportunities in Municipal Water and Wastewater Systems. Michigan Dept, of Commerce, Energy Administration (May 1980). 4. Wegner. G.M. et al. Energy Conservation in Municipal Waste water Treatment. USEPA. EPA 430/9-77-011. Washington, D.C. (Mar. 1978). Donald W. Lystra is a senior associate. Ashok K. Singhal vice president, and Philip N. Loud sanitary engineer, all with Ayres. Lewis, Norris & May, Inc., 3983 Research Park Dr., Ann Arbor. Mich. 48104. D.w. LYSTRA ET AL 177 V CAPCO JEN 0020740 Slow sand filter design and construction in developing countries R. Paramasivam, V.A. Mhaisalkar, and P.M. Berthouex Sand filtration is an important unit operation in the purification of surface water supplies. It is usually achieved by either slow sand or rapid gravity filters. Because slow sand filters require a larger area than rapid filters, a general misconception prevails among decision makers that they are expensive. This is not, however, always true, and for many small water supplies, slow sand filters are appropriate and cost effective. Millions of people are living in thousands of villages without safe drinking water. These villages are in countries with financial resources that are strained by competing demands for transportation, electrification, education, and health services. Water supply is a capital-intensive utility, and the meager resources available for it must not be wasted on overdesigned facilities or on choice of technology. The guiding factor should be to supply water to the greatest number of people, with optimal use of funds. The design should be realistic and adequate for the intended service. As far as possible, materials and equipment should be manu factured or be available locally, and they should be matched to the skill level of operating and maintenance personnel. Slow sand filtration The appropriate technology for purification of sur face water supplies for villages and small towns is often slow sand filtration, which has many advantages. It provides a single-step treatment for raw water with turbidity not exceeding 50 ntu. It improves simultaneously the physical, chemical, anti biological quality of raw water. It is simpler to implement than alternative technol ogies. as operating costs are low and based on labor rather than energy or chemical inputs. It is reliable. There is no machinery to fail: treated water quality does not decrease even when raw water quality changes rapidly: construction is so simple that prefabrication may be possible: and the technology has been "tried and proven" for many decades. Basic design considerations Design period. An important decision in planning a new water supply system concerns the design period. The stick marks the proposed location of a public water tap in a village near Nagpur, India. The man standing behind it owns the nearest house. He and the designers are debating the relative importance of public access, drainage, and other considerations that will determine the final site of die tap. The villagers participate in the decision. 178 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS 0003-150X/'81 /040178-08S02.00 1981 American Water Works Association V' JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020741 The single major constraint in the provision of water supplies in developing countries has been inadequate finances.' When money is scarce and interest rates are high, long-range investments are less preferred to investments that bring immediate benefits. This paper illustrates that since there is very little economy of scale in slow sand filter construction, the design period should be short: for example. 10 years. This will help to optimize the long-term investment in water supply and will allow the available money to finance more new projects immediately. Design population and per capita supply. The popula tion to be served during the design period has to be estimated by considering all the factors governing the future growth and development of the community: transportation, agriculture, electrification, education, and health services. While several methods are avail able for population forecasting, no single method will be uniformly applicable to all situations. It has been recommended-' that there be a minimum requirement of 40 Lpcd for rural communities where the supply is only through handpumps or central standposts and 70 Lpcd when house service connec tions are contemplated. The recommended per capita rate also varies with the size of population: <10 000 (70-100 Lpcd). 10 000-50 000 (100-125 Lpcd), >50 000 (125-200 Lpcd). The per capita demand multiplied by an estimate of the future population gives the total design volume. When considering the design of slow sand filters, it would be more convenient to convert the daily required volume to a design flow Q, the quantity of water to be treated per hour rather than per day. because the daily requirement of water may be treated over a period of 24 hours or just a few hours, which is common in small plants. Thus, for a given daily output, the size of the plant depends on the duration of filter operation. Rate ot filtration. The traditional rate of filtration adopted for normal operation is 0.1 m/h (2 gph/sq ft). Pilot plant studies have shown that it is possible to produce safe water at a rate of 0.2 m/h or even 0.3 m/h. Of course, at these higher rates, the interval between filter cleanings is shortened, but the treated water quality does not deteriorate. The 0.2-m/h rate is consid ered a maximum desirable rate during those periods when some filters are out of service for cleaning or repairs. If only two filter units are built and the normal rate is 0.1 m/h. the overload rate with one unit out for cleaning will be 0.2 m/h. which is acceptable, but the minimum number of units should be two. The recommendation deviates from the general prac tice in many states in India of providing one extra unit so that the overload filtration rate is kept to 0.1 m/h. A design that does not allow even occasional overload seems to increase the size and cost of the facility unnecessarily. Continuous versus intermittent operation. Given the daily demand, the size of a plant is governed by the effective duration of filter operation. Pilot studies' have shown that intermittent filter operation is not desirable. A short time after startup, the bacteriological quality of filtered water deteriorates and becomes unaccept able. Because the purification process is as much biological as physical, the biological organisms do best APRIL 1981 TABLE 1 Over/oad and average filtration rates Number of Fillers 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 7 7 7 10 10 10 V -------- Number of Operating Fillers 2 1 0 3 2 1 4 3 2 5 4 3 7 6 5 10 9 6 - 1 Filtration Rate m/h 0 100 0200 0000 0100 0 ISO 0300 0100 0,133 0 200 0.100 0.125 0.166 0 100 0.116 0.140 0 100 0111 0 125 ---J when conditions are nearly steady. Further, continuous operation over 24 hours obviously requires an area only one third of that needed for intermittent eight-hour operation. The savings in filter construction can pay for storage reservoirs and additional operators. Number of filter beds. To ensure uninterrupted produc tion, a minimum of two filter units should be built irrespective of the plant capacity. Three or more units may be required because the size of each unit cannot exceed certain maximum practical dimensions, or three or more units may be desired simply to gain flexibility and to reduce overload on the filters that are operated when one unit is out of service for cleaning or repairs. Table 1 shows the average and overload filtration rates, depending on the number of filters. For a given area, the cost of filter media and underdrain is practically the same for any number of filter beds. However, when the number of beds is increased, the cost of construction will increase because of increased wall length. The extra cost to be paid for higher flexibility and reliability is only a fraction of the cost of the least flexible acceptable design, which has only two filters and may often be judged a good investment. It can also be shown that the total cost of values, piping, and control weir chambers does not necessarily increase with an increase in the number of filter units. Filter shape and plant layout. Filters may be circular or rectangular. Circular filters are not economical except for very small installations. For a 100-m- plant with two filters, the diameter of each filter would be about 8 m. Two rectangular beds would have dimensions of about 5.77 m x 4.33 m. The common wall of the two rectan gular units may offset the inherent structural advan tages of the circular shape. Rectangular filter dimen sions have been determined so that the wall perimeter for a given area is minimal (Table 2). Arranging the filters in a row maximizes the number of common walls and facilitates construction, opera tion, and maintenance. Filters arranged symmetrically in blocks on each side of the inlet pipe can also be attractive. Local topography and the placement of pump houses, storage, and other facilities will probably be important in determining the layout. The total area R. PARAMASIVAM ET AL 179 CAPCO JEN 002074.2 i r I M) JII !() 1<*J 'it l *tl VII MX) Mm !2U) .till !. nh M - `1 ;h :u IK) 1! 14 ?i 11 ;> IJ in .11 iKJ uO 2! 10 21 SO 21 (to 20 m 1] W) It, VI Two Units Breadth in 4.13 6 12 ",>0 8hb ill bO 12 24 11 "<t ; >*) u> 20 r jj 18 ms 20 22 2.1 ?o 27 40 Pcrinu'lcr 14 b2 48 'k <>000 69 24 H4<)0 4702 :oo >0 12000 L'lW) 118 bO 14700 r.4 80 11.9 80 IH<! hO 219 00 TABLE 2 Oplimu/ size of filler uni! for a von area Length in 5 00 "07 H tW 101X1 12 24 14 14 r>88 l" u 18 70 JO (1) 21 21 22 3b 24 SO 2" .18 11 (>2 Hiree Pmls Breadth Perimeter m 1.10 1 b7 5 71 O hO 8 10 9 14 10 41 11 4) 12-14 11 20 14 00 14 75 18 18 18 10 20 87 40 00 5b 58 b9 20 HO 00 97 '12 11.1 12 12b 40 1.18 48 149 bO 160 00 1b4b0 178 88 106 00 219 04 232 96 Length ni 4 47 6 J2 7 74 8 94 10.90 12 64 14 13 15 48 16 72 17 87 18 96 19 98 21 90 24 47 28 26 Knur Units Breadth m 2 bO 3 95 464 S 58 6 84 7 90 8 01 9 67 10 45 11.17 1185 12 50 1368 15 30 1766 Pefimeler n 44 70 b.1 20 77,40 89.40 109 00 12b 4(1 141.30 154 80 167.20 178 70 189 60 199 80 219 00 244 70 282 60 Length m A 18 5.77 7 07 8.16 10 00 1154 12 90 14.14 tS 25 16.12 17 31 1824 20 00 22.35 25 80 Five Units Breadth m 2 45 3 47 4 24 490 600 692 7 74 8.48 9.16 980 10.38 10.95 12 00 13.41 15 48 Perimeter m 48 96 69 24 64 84 97 92 120 (X) 138 48 154 80 169 70 183.12 195 84 207 72 218.88 240 00 268 20 309 60 TABLE 3 msI ;;i !;uho:\ r/p>-es' fur a area un</ number of anils VI :ki :o 2<m 4< 111) *rill m) "00 `Ml MI :>Yk1 :.'*< I'.II 2*1*1 ' vs . 1 tills 2r 4 I.J 'KW ; "no 10*1 4*H III tin ;|'. 114 jr 414 2"H 4<XI 118 6*2 (VI (X)2 !*(8 "HO 4 18 2 16 I i.mr: 0J4 Hill '* s 5; o ippr.\.m iv!\ R-. H Indian Rupees three foils , 40 UK) i)7 240 Ml HX1 111 MX) I'WIHIb JIH 400 247 lM 288 9 14 I2lrt"2 .171 2(X> 411 "1*. 411 '*><1 111720 h4012 (W4 188 ('`iir * mis 42 '180 *1 204 *> b!8 120 918 1.T 198 21.040 211 I41I 2'itt 2 111 140 104 <81 H0 421072 4b(8Kb V44 8 m rf.4 4"H V`5 'W2 Five fmls 41 407 74 467 100 HVJ 125 814 PI 400 228 9.14 2b 2 lb 10b 729 149 178 191 b29 4 < UK) 474 "62 lib H4X) 1.77 874 H"6 472 V TABLE 4 <1Percenfaue increase in cos; o* uvo units when *ivvn number of filter units is pnvic/cd for u given area Area m 50 100 150 200 WO 400 ,VX) bOO 700 000 XJO 1000 1200 1500 2000 Three Units percent 0 23 b68 6 10 SbO 501 4 42 4 05 3.78 344 1J9 3 24 3 13 2b8 2 65 2 34 R (e of Post Increase Four Units percent 1545 12 90 11 44 10 49 904 8 29 7 hi 7 12 6 72 6 36 b IN 5 85 5 42 4% 4 39 Five foils pen en( 2195 18 37 16 33 14 91 1108 11 80 10 87 10 17 1 56 9 08 H 68 0 11 "74 7 07 b.26 of l.md covered by filters is not a factor, as it is virtually the sjmi' regardless of layout. Depth of filter box. The elements that determine the depth of the filter box and their suggested depths are free board CM) cm), supernatant water reservoir (100 (.ml. lilter sand (100 cm), supporting gravel (30 cm), and underdr,image system (30 cm), with a total depth of 270 cm. The use of proper depths for these elements can reduce the cost of the filter box considerably. It is general practice to adopt a total depth of 3-4 m for the filter box. but use of a 2.7-m box depth will reduce the cost without adversely affecting efficiency. Choice of filter sand and gravel. Undue care in the selection and grading of sand for slow sand filters is neither desirable nor necessary. Use of builder grade or locally available sand can keep the cost low. Similarly, rounded gravel, which is often quite expensive and difficult to obtain, can be replaced by hard, broken stones to reduce cost. Economic considerations Minimum filter cost. The cost of a filter excluding pipes and valves is made up of two components: the total cost for floor, underdrains, sand, and gravel: and the cost of walls of the filter box. 180 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS This cost in general is C = k%A + K,,P (1) where A is the total filter bed area in m-\ P the total wall length in m. the cost per unit area of filter bed, and K., the unit length of wall. For rectangular filters with common walls, the prob lem is to minimize C subject to A = nib and P = 2 nb + / (n + 1) (2) where n is the number of filters, b is the breadth, and 1 is the filter length. The term KaA is constant for any value of n and any filter shape. Hence, the minimum cost solution is the solution that minimizes P. which is n+1 (3) (n + 1)1 2n (4) The equation for b, when rearranged, shows that 2nb = (n + 1)1, or the condition for minimum filter cost is to have the sum of the lengths equal to the sum of the breadths. It can be shown that this is true whether filter JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020743 .jv Two slow sand filter units were recently constructed in the village near Nagpur. The underdrain collection structure is at the base of the unfinished filter box at left; the unit at right is more complete, with sand, inlet, and stilling well. units are arranged in a single row or as blocks on each side of a central gallery. The general expression for the minimum cost is found by substituting Eq 3 and 4 for Eq 1. C = K y-\ + 2K,, (v 2A (n + 1)) (5) A detailed cost estimate based on 1979 prices (in N'agpur. India, and excluding contractor's profit) for various materials and items of work has shown that the filter bed cost per square metre is Indian Rs.350 and the wall cost per metre length is Rs.570. Therefore. = 350 and Kp = 570. the specific cost function (Xagpur. 1979) written in terms of area A is C = 350 A + 1140 (v 2A (n + 1)) (6) Table 3 gives the costs for filters ranging in total area from 50-2000 m-'- At 0.1-m/h filtration rate and 24-hour operation, this size range corresponds to a range in production of 120 m'7d to 4800 m7d. With a per capita supply at 70 Lpcd, this would serve a population range from 1700 to 68 000 people. A large percentage of villages and towns in India and other developing countries fall within this population range. The cost of operating flexibility. The percentage APRIL 1981 increase in cost with reference to the minimum of two filter units is shown in Table 4. The table of costs shows that the number of filters can be raised from two to three by spending roughly 2 to 8 percent more money. Building five units instead of two costs roughly from 6 to 22 percent more. The smaller the total area, the greater the additional cost for building more than the minimum of two units. However, it would not be wise to build more units for small areas, as the unit size would become too small for practical construction. Too many filters would also demand greater attention from the operator. If it is assumed that for a given filter area, the increase in cost to provide a given number of units (against a minimum of two) will not exceed 5 percent (based on the cost equation C = 350 A + 570 P), the lower limit of area A can be worked out for different values of n. Based on this information and the cost figures given in Table 3, the number of units for a given area, and the cost thereof, have been worked out and presented in Table 5, which can serve as a ready reference for a design engineer. It can be concluded that there is no significant cost penalty for making the number of filters greater than two in order to gain reliability and operating flexibility. R. PARAMASIVAM ET AL 181 CAPCO JEN 002074.4 TABLE 5 Cost of filters for optimum number of units Afj m Ml mi uu 00 too >4 Ml >411 "m Ml imu Util 1V11 jui) " Number of 1 nils 2 2 2 t ) 1 1 1 J t I t 4 4 Cos! of Fillers 17 2)4 r.2 <XW ltd 7(1) 10*1 4(>B m)8to jh 4ttn 247 048 JHH 9.14 IJ`1872 r i 200 411 7|(i 4") >0 i7l 720 hM 478 HM 082 x< t x - :r x- - 3x Figure 1. Model definition for initial construction and expansion in the case of linear growth in demand, with an unsatisfied demand at time zero Traditionally villagers transported water from the river Now. water flows into the collection well (the structure on the left) from an infiltration pipe buried in the riverbed, from there, it is pumped to the slow sand filtration plant. Economy of scale. A general cost model for the filter beds i.<m be written C = K(A} (7) where A is the total area of the filter beds. K(A) is the cost per unit area of filter bed construction including walls, and u is the exponent that represents the econo my of scale factor. The cost data given in Table 5 have been used to determine the parameters K and a of the function by the method of least squares. Slight changes in the unit cost of filter bed and box wall, from the values of 350 and 570 used to derive Table 5. do not significantly change the value of the exponent a. The resulting equation is given by C = 1218 A"(8) where A is square metres. Hence, the cost per unit area 182 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS of slow sand filter is seen to be Indian Rs. 1218, and the economy of scale exponent is 0.857. If the exponent were 1, the cost would vary in direct proportion to the area of the filter. If the exponent a is small, there will be little additional cost for building a larger unit. If a = 0. the cost is independent of size. Large economies of scale are associated with small values of the exponent. Until the exponent decreases to about 0.6 or 0.7, there is no economic incentive to overdesign. Thus, very little saving is accomplished by increasing the size of the project in order to provide service over a long time into the future. Construction staging and expansion In developing countries, the major problem in pro viding public water supplies has been insufficient funds. The planning problem is to find the optimal design period that minimizes present and long-range JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020745 KiifeiJ costs. It is important on national and international levels to bring safe drinking water to as many people as possible in the shortest time. The available money must be invested wisely. It would not, for example, be wise to invest money in overdesigned treatment plants by building treatment capacity that would not be used for ten to twenty years, unless the extra capacity could be provided inexpensively. In this section, an argument is made for building the initial plant smaller and planning for rather frequent but smaller expansions, which is contrary to traditional practice. This recommendation is based on an econom ic analysis of current construction costs for slow sand filters and on the balance between a lower cost yield per unit of capacity in large plants, against the cost of interest on money tied up in unused capacity. The problem simply is to find the design period that mini mizes the total long-range cost of the treatment facili APRIL 1981 ties. The solution to this problem has been published by several engineers, including Lauria.'1 The problem is solved by finding the design period that minimizes the present value of construction costs required to keep the system at a capacity that meets the demand over a period of time from the present into the future. The present value P of an amount of money F to be spent in n years, given a time value of money of r percent per year (interest or discount rate), is P = F/(l + r)n (9) This is equivalent to the amount of money that could be invested today at a return of r percent per year, in order to have the amount F when it is needed after n years. It is important to account for the time value of money in this way, not only because some agency may actually have to pay interest on it but also because money R. PARAMASIVAM ET AL 183 CAPCO JEN 002074-6 invested in one project is unavailable for investment in an alternative project that may have a real value to the economy of r percent per year. Because of government subsidies, the actual interest rate paid on a loan may not be the correct discount rate to use in determination of a sound investment policy. In today's economy, a discount rate of 6 percent per year is very low, and a discount rate of 12 to 15 percent per year may not be too high. Lauria' has fitted an approximate model to the exact solution to the problem of building a new plant and then expanding it as needed in the future for the case where the demand grows linearly, that is, at a constant increment'(not constant percentage) each year, and where the demand will always be satisfied. The new plant must satisfy an existing, unmet demand of the people already in the village and must also serve the village for some time into the future. In Figure 1. the initial, unmet demand is labeled D,,. and the length of time the first stage will serve is X,. At time X,, an expansion goes into service. The expansion is of capac ity XD and is adequate for X years. A second expansion of the same capacity is needed at time X. + X years, and so on into the future. The size of the initial stage is D,, + DX,, where D is the annual increase in demand (for example, m/d per year). The exact solution to this problem" can be found by using Lauria's approximate solution x,,, = 2--.6 (-1------a-)---1 + 0--.3 (--1------a-) (D,,/D)"--' (io Economy oi Sca'e factor--a Figure 2. Design period of stage 1 when there is an unsatisfied initial demand and X0 = 10 years Lauria's approximation used in calculation. where a is the economy of scale exponent of Eq 8 and r is the discount rate of Eq 9. X,, D,,, and D are defined above. Note D,,/D = X,,. The exact solution is more explicitly dependent on the growth rate D than this approximating function, which is accurate enough to be useful. Solving this equation for a variety of values of D,,, D. and r shows that the initial design period X, should be less than the 20 to 30 years commonly estimated by water supply agencies in the past. For e.xample. if D = 2.5. D, = 50. r = 0.08 (8 percent per year), and a = 0.857. X. will be about 6 years. Figures 2 and 3 show other results. Eq 10 shows how little incentive there, is to overde sign. Note that X, approaches zero when the exponent o approaches unity. For slow sand filters, a is so close to unity that the value of X, will always be small, regard less of the values used for other variables. Higher interest rates also make X, smaller, and a faster rate of growth in demand (larger D) will reduce the time before expansion. The inescapable conclusion is that planning should be for frequent and fairly small expansions. The com monly used design periods of 20 to 30 years tie up scarce resources unproductively. The cheapest way to bring safe water to a large number of villages is to construct several plants that are expected to serve up to 10 years before they are expanded. The values calculated from Eq 10 are useful approx imations of the exact solution, which Lauria has called 184 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS Economy o* Scale Fac'cr--a Figure 3. Design period of stage 1 when there is an unsatisfied initial demand and X,, = 20 years Lauria's approximation used in calculation. \_________ ___________ J JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020747 the optimal solution. This solution is optimal in the real sense only in so far as the model from which it is calculated reflects all the important features of the decision-making problem. In this problem, there are practical, logistic reasons for not accepting the calcu lated values as optimal in the real sense: for example, those shown in Figures 2 and 3. As a practical matter, no organization would want to organize an expansion every two or three years, and no treatment plant operator would want to have his operation interrupted by construction every few years. The model does not incorporate these realities, nor does it include the cost of periodic design and other administrative costs. In spite of these imperfections, the model gives good advice: No matter how small the economy of scale factor a, or how low the interest rate r. or how long the backlog of unmet demand X,,, the design period of the first stage should not be longer than 10 years. Design periods shorter than 10 years are economical if just construction costs are considered. Although the numer ical values calculated from these models are only guidelines, they should be taken seriously as good advice in favor of short design periods. Future expansion. Expansion of existing plants can also be calculated by using Lauda's approximation Eq 10 and setting X0 = 0. This assumes, of course, that the expansion is timed so that there will not be a new unmet demand before the expansion goes into service. The model for the design life of an expansion is It is clear that even for low discount rates the period between expansions should be short (about five years). As a practical matter, some engineers and administra tors will think that five years is too short, considering the usual time lags in arranging financing and other logistics of construction. Nevertheless, it is clear that frequent expansion is the best economic policy. There should be no great difficulty at the regional or national level to program one or two expansions when the initial stage has already been built. Uncertainty. In a given village, there will be uncertain ty about the rate of population growth and the actual maximum average and peak filtration rates. These two factors determine the actual time between filter expan sions and the size of the first installation and subse quent additional stages. This uncertainty is not damaging since the decision about what capacity to install will be made thousands of times, and overestimates at some plants will be cancelled by underestimates at others. There is no penalty for the underestimate because there is no substantial economy of scale savings. The case for standardization Because there are virtually no savings available through economy of scale, savings should be sought elsewhere. The first method, which has been employed for some time, involves careful hydraulic and structural designing to minimize materials. The second method standardizes the design (comparable to the standard ization of water heaters and automobiles). A small APRIL 1981 number of models (capacities and layout) would be available, and one would be selected to fit a particular situation best. A detailed design would not be made for each village; rather, a selection would be made from a catalogue of already optimized designs. I -fabrication of components would be possible since there would be a limited number of sizes avail able. Wall slabs might be precast, just as building slabs are precast. Pipes could be precut and partially fitted at the factory. Economies from this kind of mass produc tion are as high as 30 percent on some components. The savings arise from reduced wastage of cement and other materials, fabrication by crews that have gained efficiency by repeated practice, and more precisedesign of all components. Standardization and prefabrication are subjects for future research. The number of villages having a given range of population at the present time and 10 years in the future needs to be tallied: then the best sizes for installation can be determined, and detailed optimal plans can be made. Precise construction details, as well as careful study of prefabrication methods, are needed at this stage. Summary The slow sand filter is effective and appropriate technology for rural water supplies in developing coun tries. In the light of recently completed research, the traditional design and economies of filter construction have been reviewed. It has been shown that by use of optimal filter dimensions, the number of filters can be increased at almost no extra cost so as to gain flexibil ity and reliability in operation. A model for filter cost has been suggested and. since there is no economy of scale, it has been shown that at the national level it would be more advantageous to adopt a strategy that provides for system expansion at frequent intervals (10 years) than to plan for large initial plants. Further research on standardization and prefabrication is sug gested as a means for further'reducing costs. References 1. PiNio. C.S. & Si.'BRahmanyam, D.R. Community Water Supply and Excreta Disposal Situation in the Developing Countries--A Commentary. WHO. Geneva. Switzerland (1975). 2. Manual on Water Supply and Treatment (2nd ed.) CPHEEO. Ministry ot Works & Housing. Govt, of India. New Delhi. 3. Slow Sand Filtration Project Rept.: Phase [. N'EERI, Nagpur. India (Dec. 1977). 1. Paramasivam. R. f.t al. Effect of Intermittent Operation of Slow Sand Filters on Filtrate Quality (in press). 5. Lauria. D.T. Planning for Small Water Supplies in Developing Countries. National Technical Information Service, PB 219 744., US Dept, of Commerce (1972). 6. Thomas. R.H. Discussion of Time Capacity Expansion of Waste Treatment Systems Jour. Sanit. Engrg. Div.--ASCE. Vol. 96, No. SA4 (Aug. 1970). R. Paramasivam is division head and V.A. Mhaisalkar is environmen tal engineer, both of the water engineering division. National Envi ronmental Engineering Institute. Nehru Marg.. Nagpur. Maharashtra 440020, India. P.M. Berthouex is professor of civil and environmental engineering. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Wis. 53706. R. PARAMASIVAM ET AL 185 V CAPCO JEN 002074.8 Rights and liabilities of water suppliers arising from greund water pollution Edward I. Selig Suppliers of water are subject to exceptionally high standards of care towards the consuming public. Even where contamination is not the result of negligence on the supplier's part, he may be held strictly liable for all resulting injuries to users. Moreover, very small concentrations of organic chemicals in drinking water supplies, detected by sophisticated modern measuring techniques, may be grounds for health authorities closing wells and consumers claiming damages against the supplier for sickness and disease. Suppliers should, therefore, test for priority toxic pollutants (PTPs) and learn both the waste disposal practices and groundwater flow systems of their watersheds, in order to formulate and pursue preventive strategies before trouble occurs. Such strategies may include reduction of pumping rates, demands for land-use controls in critical recharge zones, and lawsuits for damages and injunctions against upstream sources of contamination. By and large, water suppliers are subject to the same rules of product liability as are other purveyors of goods and services to the consuming public. Every water company must offer a reasonably pure and wholesome supply. If a company negligently allows its supply to become contaminated, or if it fails to protect its purity through appropriate safeguards, the company may be held liable to pay damages for ensuing injuries. The courts have traditionally defined negligence as a departure from standards of reasonable care that the defendant, because of his position or activity, owes to the plaintiff. Accordingly, a court will ask whether the defendant company used reasonable care to discover and correct or prevent any contamination of its supply that might render it unfit for human consumption.1 Strict liability In fact, because of their status as public utilities and monopolies on which the public must rely for a prime necessity of life, water suppliers are now held to an exceptionally high standard of care. A relatively recent case in point is Moody v. City of Galvestonr The plaintiff, a user of water supplied by the citv of Galveston, was injured by ignition of gas that had been introduced into plaintiff's water line from defendant's wells. The court held that the city had supplied a product that was in a defective condition and that was unreasonably dangerous to the user, in violation of an implied warranty of fitness for human consumption. The presence of gas in the water line- created an unreasonable risk of harm to the plaintiff, for which the defendant could be held strictly liable. There is no reason to believe the case would have been decided differently if the contaminant had been some chemical transported to defendant's well from an industrial wastewater plume. The Galveston case underscores two important trends in the current law of products liability, with particular reference to water suppliers. Even where contamination is not the result of negligence on the part of the supplier, he may be subject to the rule of strict-liability for all resulting injuries to users. The Galveston case goes beyond any mere finding that the defendant was at fault for failing to discover and eliminate the gas from its supply. A municipal or other public supplier cannot plead sovereign immunity as a bar to suit, for the government acts here in a proprietary rather than a regulatory or adjudicatory capacity. Determination of injury Both public and private suppliers, then, may be held liable, without proof of fault, for any injury to users that is occasioned by the furnishing of contaminated water. But when may an injury be said to result from such a cause? Suppose that analysis of a county's water supply, using the most sensitive measuring techniques currently available, reveals 1 jug/L (ppb) of benzene and that the incidence of cancer among users of this supply is significantly higher than among consumers in an adjacent county served by a different supply. A plain tiff in the former county who has contracted cancer sues the water company for all his damages, including medical expenses, lost income, and pain and suffering. The usual contradictions in expert medical testimony are presented to a jury, which awards damages of SI 186 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS 0003-150X/81.'040186-02S02.00 * 1981 American Water Works Association r V JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020749 million against the water company and in favor of the plaintiff. Is this a mere fantasy? By no means. Cases of this type are now being filed in the courts in increasing numbers. It remains to be seen how many of them will succeed. On the one hand, juries will be sympathetic to claims of irious injury, especially where a plaintiff can buttress his case for strict liability by introducing some evidence of possible negligence on the defendant's part, such as failure to employ advanced water testing and treatment technologies. Moreover, as a matter of law, compliance by a water supplier with federal and state drinking water standards will not shield him from tort liability, if the plaintiff can establish a causal connec tion between pollutants in the water supply and the injury for which damages are claimed. On the other hand, courts remain generally unsympathetic to offers of proof based only on the statistics of epidemiology or other disciplines, and it will usually be both difficult and costly for a plaintiff to prove specific physical causation. The plaintiff may also be barred by a statute of limitations that requires suit to be filed within four or five years of first exposure to the carcinogen, regardless of the later time at which the disease is likely to have become manifest. Nonetheless, the possibility remains of large damage awards against water companies in such cases. What, then, can suppliers do to minimize this risk? There are no easy answers. Modern measurement techniques disclose an ever-expanding number of industrial, com mercial. and household chemicals in underground water supplies, but the technology of measurement has raced far ahead of anyone's ability to assess and respond to the data intelligently. The US Environmen tal Protection Agency (USEPA) has published a list of 129 priority toxic pollutants (PTPs); yet it is not known whether a few ftg/L (ppb) of this or that chemical is cause for alarm. Testing for the full list of 129 is said to cost about S1000 per sample. How many samples at what frequencies are water suppliers supposed to afford, and how much treatment .it what further cost must they undertake to protect users from possible injuries giving rise to charges of nesligence and strict liability? Compliance with regula tions under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) requires testing for 7 of the 129 PTPs; presumably. USEPA has persuasive data on adverse health effects from these seven pollutants, and it is feasible to remove them by treatment of the water supply. But the list of suspect chemicals is far more than 7 or 129. Thus, water companies now face a dilemma that current regulations do not resolve. Preventive strategies At the least, a water supplier should test periodically for any priority toxic pollutants that are known to exist or are likely to exist in the watershed of his wells. If such a pollutant is discovered in a supply, the costs of treatment to remove it before trouble occurs may be less onerous than the risk of future liability. But a prudent approach to the problem requires more. The supplier should learn both the history and the current pattern of waste disposal practices that could affect the aquifers feeding his wells, and he APRIL 1981 should become acquainted with the groundwater flow systems of those aquifers. What plumes of contami nated groundwater are now advancing towards those wells, and when can they be expected to arrive? With this information in hand, the supplier can decide not only what tests to conduct but what strategies to adopt now for protecting well fields from predictable contam ination next year or five years from now. The supplier might reduce pumping rates in order to avoid attracting plumes. He can demand that waste disposal be prohib ited or restricted--by watershed districting or other land-use controls--in the recharge zones on which he relies. He can sue to enjoin, or get the cognizant government authority to enjoin, the siting or continua tion of insufficiently controlled discharge sources in those zones. In short, a variety of technical, political, and legal strategies are available to water companies that are prepared to seize the initiative 'in protecting their interests-which are also very much the interests of the public--instead of adopting merely defensive postures in the face of growing threats to groundwater supplies. As the saying goes, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Suppliers can bring a variety of legal actions to protect their own groundwater rights, whether these have been obtained under riparian, appropriative. or other systems of law. Pollution of groundwater is both an unreasonable use under riparian law and a nonbeneficial use under appropriative law. Moreover, if a supplier can trace pollution of his well to a specific waste discharger, the supplier can sue the discharger for damages and perhaps even for an injunction against the threat of pollution before it occurs, on common law grounds of nuisance, negligence, trespass, or strict liability. The doctrine of strict liability may certainly be invoked against disposers of hazardous waste or other handlers of hazardous materials, when the conse quence of their activities is pollution of water sup plies. Causality is often difficult to prove in such cases, but it should become easier with growing knowledge of groundwater flow systems, and the burden of proof can be met with evidence falling short of conclusive scien tific demonstration. In cases where pollution may be attributed to two or more dischargers, a plaintiff can sue them collectively as joint tortfeasors and invoke the doctrine of joint and several liability, under which any defendant may be held liable for the entire damages, with the burden of proof then resting upon him to establish how they should be equitably apportioned among the several codefendants. Few cases have been reported so far involving suits by water suppliers against groundwater polluters. However, such litigation can surely be expected to increase over the next several years. References 1. Hayes v. Torrington Water Co., 88 Conn. 609. 92A.406. 2. Moody v. City of Galveston. 524 S.W. 2d 583 (1975). Edward I. Selig is an attorney at law (environmental, public health, energy), 7 Ashmont Rd., Waban, Mass. 02168. E.I. SELIG 187 V CAPCO JEN 0020750 Groundwater contamination in Connecticut Richard S. Woodhull Trace quantities of volatile organic chemicals that are potentially carcinogenic are widespread in Connecticut's groundwaters. Techniques are being found for identifying and dealing with this contamination. The cost to towns and individuals runs high, warranting the development of a governmental aid program directed specifically to this problem. Traditional health department programs have estab lished and maintained good control over groundwater contamination from bacteria or viruses carried by sewage effluent. This achievement is a result of the establishment and enforcement of codes that regulate the location and construction of both wells and subsur face sewage disposal systems in relation to each other. Because Connecticut's thin soil cover is spread atop bed rock, it is extremely important to purify sewage before it enters the rock crevices. The current serious groundwater contamination problems stem from the previously unregulated dis charge of various kinds of chemicals or chemical solutions onto or into the ground. These contaminants include road salt used for melting away ice and snow, fertilizers used on crops and lawns, volatile organic solvents or degreasers, gasoline and oil from storage tanks, oil from distribution system leaks, and leachates from domestic and industrial wastes disposed of at municipal and industrial dumps or landfills. A separate but equally serious source of chemical contamination is the production of trihalomethanes (THMs) by chlorina tion of waters containing natural precursors such as humic acids, lignins, and tannins. Detection of contamination in 1977 the Connecticut legislature directed the Department of Health Services (DHS) to monitor annually the organic chemical content of all public water supplies to determine which potential carcino gens might be present, to rank the chemicals in order of potential danger, and to estimate the cost of removal. These findings are to be reported to the legislature each year. This testing program has resulted in the detection of some quantity of volatile organic contaminants in 87 percent of the waters that have been tested thus far and that supply utilities serving populations of 1000 or more persons. This percentage is based on testing the sup plies used by 78 of the 95 water utilities in this category. Use of SNARL. Twenty-three wells serving 17 of these systems were found to contain chemical levels in excess of the US Environmental Protection Agen cy's (USEPA) suggested no-adverse-response level (SNARL). Connecticut first began application of the SNARL concept in June of 1979, after meeting jointly with representatives of the USEPA and the other New England states to work out a strategy for dealing with the problem. SNARLs have been effectively used by requiring notification of the consumers whenever a water did not comply with these guidelines. A state ment that was satisfactory to both the utility and the health department was drafted to encompass such situations. The plan outlined below is to be followed by each utility in dealing with chemical contamination that is deemed to constitute a threat to human health. 1. Measures will be promptly instituted to locate the source of the contaminant and, if possible, to remove it. neutralize it. or contain it. 2. The consumers of the water supply will be noti fied of the nature and degree of the contamination and will be advised of the health hazard. They will be informed of the actions being taken by the utility to correct the problem and instructed about where or how to obtain safe drinking water in the interim. 3. If the problem with the source water cannot be corrected quickly, the utility shall, if feasible, connect to another source of water supply and remove the affected source from use. 4. If a satisfactory water source cannot be obtained promptly, adequate water treatment to remove the contaminant shall be promptly instituted. If a substan tial time period is required to design and construct permanent facilities, mobile emergency treatment shall be used in the interim. 5. In an extreme emergency, the utility shall arrange for tank trucks of water or the home delivery of bottled water from an approved source where piped connec tion from a suitable water source cannot be obtained. Of the 23 contaminated public wells with measure ments above SNARL, 11 wells contained 1,1.1-trichloroethane concentrations ranging from 40 to 1300 ug/L. Nine wells contained trichloroethylene in the range from 26 to 3100 ng/L, seven wells tetrachloroethylene from 16 to 200 /ig/L, and one well contained 1.6 /ig/L of a chemical in the "benzene area." The source of contamination was identified in 13 cases as an industrial discharge, whereas three others were a combination of industrial discharge and munic ipal landfill. Scavenger dumping was responsible for contamination of one community well in addition to seven other nearby private wells. An illicit septage lagoon that polluted a mobile home park well has a plume of contamination that threatens a large city's well supply. In five cases the source of contamination has not been pinpointed but is believed to involve illegal dumping or burial of chemical wastes. 188 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS 0003-1 SOX ,-81 /040188-02S02.00 1981 American Water Works Association JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020751 Solutions. Granular activated carbon treatment is being used successfully to treat a well supply contami nated by up to 100 ,ug/L 1.1.1-trichloroethane and 25 ug/L trichloroethylene. In two cases interceptor wells are being pumped to waste in order to protect produc tion wells. Two contaminated wells are being blended with better quality water so as to maintain contaminant concentrations below SNARL in the blended effluent. A total of 14 wells have been removed from use for drinking water: eight of these have been replaced either by piping in water from another existing water utility or by developing new wells. The Connecticut DHS has developed a course of action to be implemented whenever a test of a public water supply shows measurements that exceed 70 per cent of a SNARL. The water utility, the town officials, and the state Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) are promptly notified. The DEP is requested to initiate an investigation of the source of contamination, and the DHS initiates a sampling program consisting of a minimum of weekly samples for four weeks. If the average results of these tests exceed the SNARL, the utility is then requested to notify consumers of the problem and to initiate corrective action in accordance with the five-point plan previously outlined. If the average of the test results is between 70 and 100 percent of SNARL, quarterly tests are required to keep track of the degree of contamination. An average that falls below 70 percent of the SNARL requires no further action on the part of the utility, but the supply may be noted by DHS for annual testing for volatile organics. Other groundwater contaminants The salt used for melting the ice and snow from highways is also adversely affecting the quality of Connecticut's groundwater. Some 107 community wells have been identified as having excessive sodium or chloride levels. Whereas a few of these wells are being utfecied by seawater encroachment and some others by discharge from home water softeners, the majority are victims of the practice of applying sodium chloride, either straight or mixed with sand, to road surfaces during the winter. Open storage of salt and mixed sand and salt j.s also part of the problem. It is necessary to develop guidelines that will regulate the application and storage of highway salt so as to reduce waste and hold groundwater damage to a minimum. Fertilizers used for farming and for home lawn care in areas with sandy soil have caused excessive nitrate levels in five community well supplies. The DHS is urging control of fertilizers to promote more efficient use anil to reduce nitrate levels. Techniques are being developed for applying liquid fertilizer directly on individual plants rather than broadcasting the dry chemical. This reduces loss of the chemical to the underlying groundwater. Treatment to remove nitrates is difficult and expen sive and has not been used in Connecticut. One utility has had to furnish bottled water to those families needing it. Blending with low-nitrate water has been used successfully. Low-nitrate surface water has also been used for aquifer recharge and groundwater replenishment. APRIL 1981 Leakage from gasoline and oil storage tanks has affected one community well supply and a number of private wells. The DHS sees a need to impose more stringent standards for gasoline and oil storage, both above and below ground, in aquifer recharge areas. In such critical areas the DHS advocates the provision of impervious concrete pads and curbing under and around above-ground tanks and the use of concrete vaults to house metal or fiberglass underground tanks. In the case of existing underground tanks, DHS recom mends the installation of a monitor pipe adjacent to the tank for quick detection of leakage. Municipal dumps and landfills have been identified as sources of contamination of both public and private wells. The DHS and DEP are embarking on a program to delimit the leachate plume from each dump so that necessary control measures can be taken. A priority system is being set up for the approximately 55 landfills where such information needs to be developed. Groundwater classification scheme The Connecticut DEP is in the process of developing a scheme for classification of the state's groundwaters. Under this plan, drinking water aquifers will receive top priority for protection from discharge of chemical contaminants. The plan is presently in the public hearing stage and is expected to generate considerable interest once the specific proposals for classification and the attendant restrictions on discharges become known. The state legislature recently passed a bill to estab lish a board whose members will be responsible for approving the siting and construction of facilities for the secure disposal of hazardous wastes. Presently, no such site exists in Connecticut, which means that wastes are either stockpiled on the premises of the producer, shipped to out-of-state disposal facilities, or illegally dumped. The DHS believes the establishment of proper disposal facilities is urgent. Conclusions Because of the groundwater contamination problems being uncovered, the author believes there is need for a federal and state aid program to furnish funding for the cost of piping in alternate water from a distance or developing new water sources. Where water supplies have been found contaminated by improper disposal of chemicals, many private well owners face very high treatment costs in addition to a loss of property value. Funds have been established to help with cleanup of the wastes, but none is specifically designated to aid distressed well owners. In Connecticut alone, approxi mately 60 private wells have been identified as contam inated with volatile organic chemicals, and it is esti mated that SI 650 000 is needed to provide safe drinking water to these consumers. This comes to an average of nearly S26 000 per home, a prohibitive cost for most persons. An aid program is warranted because in most cases it is impossible to prove where the contaminant originated and to collect adequate damages from the responsible party. Richard S. Woodhull is chief of the water supplies section of the Connecticut Department of Health Services, 79 Elm St., Hartford, Conn. 06115. R.S. WOODHULL 189 V' CAPCO JEN 0020752 Chemical contamination of aquifers on Long Island, New York August A. Guerrera On Jun. 21, 1978, the US Environmental Protection Agency determined that the aquifer system underlying Nassau and Suffolk counties on Long Island, N.Y., is the principal source of drinking water for these counties and that if the aquifer system were contaminated, it would create a significant hazard to public health. This "sole source" designation made pursuant to Section 1424 (e) of the Safe Drinking Water Act (Public Law 93-523) requires that a federal agency may not commit funds (through a grant, loan guarantee, contract, or otherwise) to any project that may contaminate the aquifer system through a recharge zone. Although this designation has only rarely been utilized to influence the commitment of any federal funds on Long Island, it does emphasize the unique hydrologic situation there, where almost three million people are served exclusively with groundwater developed on an island surrounded by salty water. The Long Island, N.Y.. area has experienced a dra matic increase in population since the end of World War II. but it is only in the past two decades that extensive sewerage projects have been advanced to protect groundwater quality. Although more than 568 ML (150 mil gal) of untreated domestic wastes are still discharged to the ground daily through on-site disposal systems, only recent experiences with contamination of these aquifers by chemicals introduced by other activ ities of man will be discussed in this paper. These chemicals include volatile halogenated hydrocarbon solvents and a carbamate pesticide extensively used by potato farmers. The detection of these chemicals at gg/L (ppb) levels and the response of local regulatory agencies to the uncertain health risks associated with them have had a dramatic and costly effect on the ability of local water suppliers to meet the needs of their consumers. There is considerable information about the water resources of Long Island as a result of the 50 years' activities of a renowned subdistrict office of the US Geological Survey (USGS) performing technical studies at the request of local governments and with their matching-funds support. The following synopsis of 190 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS 0003-150X 81 040190-10502.00 ` 1981 Amencar Water Works Association JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020753 portions of those studios is presented to demonstrate the uniqueness of this resource and its vulnerability to contamination. Location and extent of area Long Island extends eastward from the mainland part of New York state, about 193 km (120 mi) into the Atlantic Ocean. Kings and Queens counties are part of New York City and derive most of their water supply from surface w iters from central New York state. However, the three million people occupying the 3101) sq km (1200 sq mi) of Nassau and Suffolk counties derive (heir entire water supply from wells tapping the underlying groundwater reservoir. Fire island is the longest of several barrier beaches that parallel the south shore of Long Island, where the major water supply sources are free-flowing artesian wells inter cepting underflow from the main part of the island and discharging to the Atlantic Ocean. The two eastern peninsulas, known locally as the North and South Forks, are considered hydrologically separate from the main part of the island, as they are supplied from freshwater lenses which are several hundred feet thick and are underlain by salty water with chlorinity equal to that of the Atlantic Ocean. Topographic and physiographic features During the Pleistocene or Ice Age. great continental ice sheets developed and spread over Europe and North America. At least two glaciers of the Wisconsinan Age APRIL 1981 reached Long Island and began retreating 12 000 to 15 000 years ago. The southerly limits of the ice advances are marked by terminal moraines with lines of hills reaching a maximum altitude of 122 m (400 ft). The Ronkonkoma Moraine is the oldest of the southern most line of hills and extends eastward to form the South Fork. The Harbor Hill Moraine, in the northern line of hills, extends eastward to form the North Fork (Figure 1). The moraines are composed of poorly sorted rock debris consisting of boulders, gravel, sand, and silt. This debris was pushed ahead of and incorporated within the continental ice sheets when they rode over New England and advanced onto the island, and it was deposited during the melting of the ice. The moderate flat surface south of the Ronkonkoma Moraine (Figure 1) is a glacial outwash plain composed of sands and gravel deposited by streams that were fed by glacial-melt water draining into the ocean, whose level was then more than 61 m (200 ft) lower than at present. Along the north shore are eroded headlands composed of glacial deposits and harbors eroded by northward flowing streams. Wave erosion on Long Island Sound has steepened the northern slopes into nearly vertical bluffs some 30 m (100 ft) high in places. Climatic conditions Long Island is located between 40 and 42 north latitude in a temperate climate belt. The mean annual temperature of 11C (51F) is several degrees higher V' A.A. GUERRERA 191 CAPCO JEN 0020754 r v Ih.in that of noiirbv New York state because of the intluence of the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound. The eastern end of the island is a popular vacation resort because temperatures are moderated by the ocean, with cooling on-shore breezes during the sum mer months when the prevailing winds are from the south and southwest. Precipitation averages about 112 cm (44 in.) per year and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year (Figure 2). At depths of 20-122 m 1100-400 ft) below the hind surface, the groundwater temperature is also 10:C (50;F). There are. therefore, in all four counties many wells withdrawing water for air-cooling purposes. In Nassau and Suffolk counties, state law requires recharge of that water to the same aquifer from which it was withdrawn. Major hydrogeologic units Long Island is geologically part of the Atlantic coast al plain and is more directly related to the coastal regions of New jersey than New England. Long Island is composed of unconsolidated deposits of sand, gravel, and clay in more or less parallel beds on a hard bedrock surface. The crystalline bedrock, of schist or gneiss, appears at the surface in Manhattan and Queens coun ties and slopes to the southeast at 11-13 m/km (60-70 192 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS ft/mi). The unconsolidated rock materials that overlie the bedrock and that constitute the groundwater reser voir form a wedge-shaped mass ranging in thickness from about 200 m (650 ft) to more than 600 m (2000 ft). They consist primarily of a series of Pleistocene glacial deposits and fluvial deltaic deposits of the Cretaceous Age. The glacial deposits lie on an irregular surface and in some places fill valleys cut by preglacial streams. Groundwater in the uppermost part of the zone of saturation is under water-table conditions, but artesian conditions predominate in most other parts. The hy draulic head in the confined or partially confined aquif ers ranges from about 3 m (10 ft) below the water table, near the ground water divide in the center of the island, to as high as 6 m (20 ft) above it along the north and south shores and on the barrier beaches (Figure 3). The outwash deposits are moderately to highly permeable, with specific capacity of wells ranging from 3 to 13 L/s (40 to 200 gpm/ft) of drawdown. The Magothy Formation in Cretaceous material is poorly to moderately permeable with specific capacity of wells from 0.06 to 1.9 L/s (1 to 30 gpm/ft). Recharge to the water table occurs virtually all over the island, and the water table surface, therefore, represents a variable potential that is equal to the altitude of the water table at any point. JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020755 About half of the precipitation is lost because of surface water runoff and evapotranspiration: the remaining precipitation infiltrates the ground and recharges the aquifer. A map of the contours of the water table on bong Island indicates two prominent highs--one about 24 m (80 ft) above sea level in Nassau and one about 18 m (00 ft) above sea level in Suffolk tFigure: 4). The horizontal component of the direction of groundwater movement is at right angles to the con tours with velocities ranging from 9 to til cm.-d (0.8 to 2 ft. d). Since the differences between vertical and hori zontal permeability are substantial, vertical move ments in the saturated zone may be as slow as 8 in,- year (10 ft-year), even near the maximum elevation of the water table. The residence time of water in this system may. therefore, be extremely long, estimated by the USGS at many hundreds of years (Figure 5). Water quality Under predevelopment conditions, the natural fresh water of Long Island had a remarkably low dissolved solids content, primarily because of the relatively inert deposits within the groundwater reservoir and its replenishment exclusively by precipitation. Total dis solved solids are less than 50 mg/L and in some cases as low as 20 mg/L, with total hardness and alkalinity less APRIL 1981 than 10 mg/L. The pH of Long Island groundwater is generally low. commonly less than 6 and in the deeper aquifers less than 5. Some of the groundwater, especial ly the older, deeper waters near the south shoreline, has a high iron content considerably above the 0.3 limit with H..S present. Man's activities have affected the quality of the water on Long Island through a variety of mechanisms including Rainwater with sulfates and low pH: Discharge of cesspool effluents with increases in nitrogen, sulfate, and sodium; Discharge of industrial wastes through recharge basins or leaching pools, with increases in heavy metals, detergents, and solvents; Leachate from sanitary landfills with increases in metals, sodium, calcium, and chloride; Leaching of fertilizers and agricultural chemicals from farming and cultivation of turf; and Increases in chlorides, sodium, and calcium from the storage and application of roadway deicing salts. Development of the groundwater supply The amount of water stored within the groundwater reservoir is so vast (more than 227 trillion litres [60 trillion gallons]) that there is sufficient available A.A. GUERRERA 193 V CAPCO JEN 00207S6 r Figure 5. Time required (or water movement within the regional groundwater system groundwater to supply Long Island's future saturation population, provided that provisions are made for solving water quality problems in local areas and for adopting proper management techniques to alleviate production imbalances. Major concentrations of pumpage have developed near areas of dense population, leaving other portions of the subsurface reservoir underutilized. This is partly due to the ability to install high-capacity wells nearly everywhere on the island, the cost effectiveness of well supplies compared to larger transmission and distribu tion systems, and to the multitude of agencies m the water supply field. In Nassau and Suffolk counties there are. at present. 128 community water supplies ranging from apartment complexes and trailer parks with less than 100 services to the Suffolk County Water Authority (SCWA) with 243 000 active services repre senting a population of 900 000. Some of these utilities are stockholder-owned, tax-paying corporations. Most are municipal or tax-collecting water districts, and the SCWA is a public benefit, tax-exempt utility financed by revenue bonds. Service areas are assigned by the state of New York and range from less than one to more than 1295 sq km (500 sq mi). These utilities operate 935 wells with capacities from about 15 L/s (235 gpm) to 150 L/s (2380 gpm). The 194 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS SCWA operates 350 wells located at 150 separate well fields and pumping stations (Figure 6). An attempt is made to maintain equilibrium groundwater levels by not withdrawing more water per square mile of recharge area than the estimated infiltration rate. Con sumptive use in the bicounty area mainly consists of 416 ML/d (110 mgd) of sanitary wastes discharged through ocean outfalls and 57 ML/d (15 mgd) by farm irrigation, compared to average daily production of nearly 1514 ML/d (400 mgd). Experiences with contamination Volatile halogenated hydrocarbon solvents. In March 1975, the employees of a major aerospace facility in Nassau County reported objectionable tastes and odors in their drinking water. This facility then employed more than 10 000 people and produced its own potable and industrial water supply with nine wells having a capacity of 38 ML/d (10 mgd). Chemical analyses indicated satisfactory compliance with all the drinking water standards in effect at the time. More than a year had elaspsed before the offending chemicals were identified as trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and. in one well, vinyl chloride. The metal-treating activities at this site included dipping product into a degreasing bath and then finishing in spray booths JOURNAL AWWA L CAPCO JEN 0020757 Figure 6. Map showing Suffolk County Water Authority service area J before curtains of water. In retrospect, there was no analytical capability to detect and quantify these com pounds at fig/L levels. Bellar and Lichtenberg had only just published in late 1974. The National Organics Reconnaisance Survey was just beginning but dealt with only six compounds in surface water supplies. The subsequent National Organics Monitoring Survey in 1976-1977 looked for 27 specific compounds, again concentrating on raw and finished surface waters. Only the tnhalomethanes in finished waters exceeded 2 fig/L in the four New York state supplies included in the survey. These studies emphasized the importance of the quality of the raw water, especially the presence or absence of precursor compounds. In the SCVVA's gas chromatography laboratory, studies on total trihalomethane potential indicated low generation of these com pounds even with chlorinating to very high residuals and at elevated pH (Figure 7). These results were obtained even with well waters already contaminated with degreasers such as trichloroethylene or with con stituents of cesspool-leaching origin. Intensive surveys were conducted and are continuing in both counties for the presence of volatile organic compounds. The extent of these surveys and the degree of contamination of the groundwater resource are demonstrated by the number of wells sampled and by APRIL 1981 the range of concentrations of the various compounds detected. The departments of health of the two counties requested assistance from the state and the USEPA in establishing threshold limits of maximum contaminant levels. There were not then, and there are not now, established limits for any organic compounds other than the six pesticides and herbicides in the SDWA primary drinking water regulations. The New York State Commissioner of Health in early 1977 recom mended "actionable guidelines" of 10 fig/L for vinyl chloride, 50 fig/L for any other volatile halogenated organic compound, and 100 fig/L for the sum of all organic compounds, based mainly on an extrapolation of the 95 percent confidence limit of the no-adverseresponse dose in test animals, and for human risk levels of one excess cancer death per lifetime in 100 000 population, assuming an intake of 2 L of water per day, a 70-kg body weight, and a 68-year life span. This rationale was referenced to the 1977 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report entitled Drinking Water and Health. These guidelines are enforced through the cooperative compliance of the water utilities, which is encouraged by the weekly press releases issued by the regulatory agencies involved. The initial surveys concentrated on wells within or near industrial activities, and many samples were A.A. GUERRERA 195 V CAPCO JEN 0020758 reported to contain trichloroethylene and tetrachloroelhylene. However, an even greater percentage con tained 1.1.1-trichloroethane. This compound is a con stituent of many household cleaning products, but it is also a major constituent of a popular and widely used product sold to open clogged cesspools and drains. In Nassau County, where 389 public supply wells are utilized by 48 water suppliers to serve 1.5 million persons. 13 wells are at present restricted because of the presence of one or more of these three compounds in excess of 50 /rg/L. However, of another 50 nonpotable water wells that also exceed the guidelines, 17 are screened in the Magothy Formation, the aquifer from which virtually all of the drinking water is produced. Many of these nonpotable wells are high-capacity air-conditioning wells that have companion diffusion wells to recharge this water to the same aquifer. In Suffolk County, where 527 public water supply wells are utilized by 80 water utilities to serve 1.4 million persons, 16 wells are still restricted owing to the presence of these same three chemicals in amounts exceeding 50 ng/L. Ten of these are part of the 352 wells operated by the SCVVA. One of the others also contains 1,2-dichloroethylene. benzene, toluene, and several of the xylenes. The difficulty in interpreting these results is apparent in Figure 8, which shows the location of 196 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS only the restricted public water supply wells. Each of these wells may have its own point source, or the sources may be so diffuse (such as the 400 000 cesspools in the two counties) as to be considered nonpoint. The uncertainties in the early analyses made evalua tion of results and response to public reaction very difficult. Two examples are indicative. Early in 1976, a major governmental laboratory, which was requested to serve as a "referee" laboratory, reported at a press conference that analyses of eight wells at various locations and at varying depths showed that all con tained the same 300 jig/L chloroform. The retraction two days later, explaining atmospheric contamination of the laboratory, received considerably less press space. In another case, results of more than 100 fig/L trichloroethane were reported in a well screened to 193 m (632 ft), where the USGS estimated the age of the water at hundreds of years. This well was closed despite the fact that another well 61 m (200 ft) away and screened at the same depth was shown to be free of contamination. It was subsequently determined that Suffolk County Water Authority mechanics and elec tricians routinely cleaned electrical connections and column pipe threads when installing pumps, by using wire brushes dipped in a commercial solvent. Pumping to waste cleared this particular problem, and the well JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020759 has since been returned to service. The SCVVA has already expended more than 1.5 million dollars to replace the lost capacity of the restricted wells. If a positive sample indicates a con taminated aquifer, production screens can no longer be deepened, as has been customary; rather, many new wells must be drilled at new locations. With wells of 152-m (500-ft) depth now being bid at nearly S150 000 and with attendant costs (for land, building, fencing, landscaping, and chemical treatment), the cost of a new 7.6-ML, d (2-mgd) facility has escalated to S0.05 mil lion. Pesticides including aldicarb. In December 1974. the N'assau-Sutfolk regional planning board received a S5.2 million grant from the USEPA to conduct a regional wastewater management study under Section 208 of PL 92-500. One of the consultants retained by the technical advisory committee to investigate the role of agricultur al chemicals on groundwater quality was the Coopera tive Extension Association of Cornell University. Early in the study, the consultants reported their concern over the almost exclusive use by potato farmers of a broad spectrum pesticide that exhibits several chemi cal properties indicating potential hazard. Aldicarb* Tcmtic* aldicarb pesticide. Union Carbide Corp. New York. APRIL 1981 (Figure 9) is a highly toxic, oxime carbamate pesticide and is labeled for use on potatoes, cotton, peanuts, sugar beets, and some ornamental plants. Aldicarb and its metabolites are highly soluble in water. Its solubility of 0.6 percent is equivalent to 6 x 10" jug/L (ppb). It is persistent in soils under certain conditions, and it is so resistant to heat that it can survive long periods of boiling. Aldicarb is applied at the time of planting with the seed. It is taken up in the stem and leaves and becomes a systemic poison when the plant is eaten by pests. It acts by inhibiting cholinesterase, an enzyme required for nerve function. This pesticide has been found to be very effective against two pests that have long plagued Long Island potato farmers, the golden nematode and the Colorado potato bettle. Since 1975, it has been the principal chemical weapon used by the 200 Long Island farmers who grew 22 000 acres of potatoes in 1979 (Figure 10). Because of studies reported at the time of USEPA registration, the pesticide was expected to break down in the soil and was not supposed to leach to the groundwater. In fact, some studies reported apparent volatilization of the product along with evaporation of capillary water from the soil. When aldicarb was first registered for use on pota toes in 1974, the USEPA accepted a rate of three pounds A.A. GUERRERA 197 V' CAPCO JEN 0020760 r Aldicarb: CH3 I S I H3C -- c -- I CH3 H I -C : Aldicarb Sulfoxide: CH3 I o------ s = H3C -C - I ch3 =0 H I C : Aldicarb Sulfone: ch3 I -s= :O H H3C ch3 H I CH3 - N---------CH3 N-------- CH3 Figure 9. Aldicarb--chemical equations of active aldicarb per acre for control of the potato beetle. In 1975. New York state approved the use of five pounds' per acre for control of the golden nematode. In 1977. USEPA amended the aldicarb federal label to allow the use of five pounds per acre in Long Island. N.Y.. only. In June 1978, New York state approved the use of postemergence side-dress application of two pounds of active aldicarb per acre in addition to the five pounds applied at planting. The USEPA counter manded New York state's recommendation until it was conclusively shown that aldicarb residues in potatoes were less than the established Food and Drug Adminis tration tolerance of 1 mg/L (ppm). These data were procured in 1978. and New York state reinstituted the postemergence side-dress application in May 1979. Research studies are routinely conducted by the staff of Cornell University's Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory at Riverhead, Long Island. Sam ples were collected from shallow wells located within potato fields and were accepted by the manufacturer's laboratory for analysis. In August 1979, the Union Carbide Corp. notified the USEPA that aldicarb was detected in Long Island groundwater in a few areas. Over the next few months 145 samples were collected from wells on or near farms and analyzed by Union Carbide, USEPA, and New York state health depart ment laboratories. In spite of the biased sampling procedure, where wells on or within 457 m (1500 ft) of 198 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS active farms and as shallow as 9 m (30 ft) were tested, considerable publicity was given to the discovery that 26 wells exceeded the "actionable level" of 7 fig/L (ppb). Two of these wells were public water supply wells. One is owned by the SCWA and was reported to contain 6 /ig/L aldicarb and, later, 3 /jg/L of carbofuran. another carbamate. This well was removed from ser vice. A subsequent split sample from this well was reported to contain 2, 4, and 6 juig/L by these three laboratories. Subsequent samples yielded results of 1 ,ug/L and "none detected," and the well has since been returned to service. The toxicity of aldicarb in rats has been reported to be an LD ,,, of 1 mg/kg. Instances of human exposure are rare, with symptoms being short term and reversible and with no systemic accumulation. Aldicarb and its metabolites are not carcinogenic, they are not mutagen ic, and they are not teratogenic. Based on available data on rats and dogs, the highest no-adverse-effect level was determined to be 0.1 mg/kg per day. Dividing by an uncertainty factor of 100, an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.001 mg/kg per day was recommended in the NAS study. The actionable level of 7 fig/L was calcu lated by using the assumptions of the ADI of 0.001 mg/kg per day, an average adult weight of 70 kg, an average consumption of 2 L of water per day, and that 20 percent of the total ingestion of that compound would be from the drinking water. JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020761 Recognizing the effectiveness of aldicarb and its value to the farmers and local economy, the county commissioner of health requested in December 1979 that the state reduce the allowable application rate, especially at planting. However, in February 1980 the manufacturer' asked the (JSEPA to revoke its approval of aldicarb on Long Island. The removal is expected to be a severe blow to the farmers. In March 1980. the manufacturer agreed to undertake the analysis of 6000 samples from wells within 760 m (2500 ft) of all treated farms, as well as investigations of the effectiveness of carbon filters for treatment of some affected wells. Conclusion The water supply industry on Long Island has borne a disproportionate share of expense and loss of con sumer confidence through the premature and incom plete release of findings of instances of contaminated samplings. The cost of replacing lost well capacity because of the rigidity of interpretation of laboratory data of uncertain precision has been substantial. The damage to public relations and the human costs in responding to near-hysterical consumers, who cannot accept the rationale involved in estimating risk factors based on lifetime exposures with uncertainty factors *Uniun Cdrbidc Corp. New York. APRIL 1981 applied to no-adverse-effect levels, cannot be calcu lated. A local health officer even stated his preference for public water supplies over individual household supplies because the public water supplies were "manipulable." The water supply community must plead that future controls of environmental risks be evalu ated in terms of total exposures. Bibliography Cohex. P.: Franks. O.L.. & Foxworthy. B.L. An Alias of Long Island's Water Resources. New York Slate Resources Commission Bull. 62 (1968). US Environmental Protection Acency. Environmental Impact Statement on Waste Water Treatment Facilities Construction on Grants for Nassau and Suffolk Counties. New York (1972). Fran'ke. O.L. & McClymonds. N.E. Summary of the Hydrologic Situation on Long Island, New York, as a Guide to WaterManagement Alternatives. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 627-F (1972). Greeley & Hansen. Engineers. Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study. Nassau County, New York (1971). Holzmacher: McLendon; & Murrell, Engineers. Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study, Suffolk County. New York. Vol. II (1970). Miller. D.W. Ground Water Conditions. The Long Island Compre hensive Waste Treatment Management Plan. 2:41 (1978). Sum mary Documentation, Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board. August A. Guerrera is director of laboratories. Suffolk County Water Authority, Oak Dale, N.Y. 11769. A.A. GUERRERA 199 V CAPCO JEN 0020762 RESEARCH AIMED Trichloroethylene and methyl chloroform in groundwater: A problem assessment John C. Petura The national effort of past decades to reduce pollution has made great strides on some fronts, while practically ignoring potential disasters on others. Billions of dollars have been expended to equip and operate air pollution control systems, such as electrostatic precipitators, SO: scrubbers, and catalytic converters. Simi larly, water pollution control has seen tremendous investment in both the industrial and municipal sectors, including advanced waste treatment practices for phospho rus removal, nitrification and denitrification facilities, and tertiary organic removal via carbon adsorption. Groundwater pollution remains a problem of immense importance, and only recently have methods been developed to help decontaminate polluted wells. With the advent o: "nvironmental awareness. "iant leaps hoU1 been made in analytical techniques ;.ir the detection of compounds in air .ind water at very low levels--into the n,ir.osram per litre ran;.>e. A geometric incr-ase in informa tion has also occur."! .-"yarding the 'Poets of numerous i.om:j.<ands on fish, mammals, birds, plan;- other forms of living organisms. Nh:n;. compounds. ->ui.h as chloroform. r.s\ - been defini te t-ly linked to cancer subsequently limited in application. The impetus for this activity was a massive legislative assault by federal and state governments in response to intense public pressure to reverse the trend of environmental devastation being im posed on air and water--the very resources on which all life depends for survival. Within the last decade, re sponse at the federal level resulted in no less than thirteen major laws pertaining to environmental concerns ranging from occupational safety and health to regula tion of pesticides. The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 was enacted amidst a storm of controver sy relating to the numerous toxic materi als that had been detected in the New 200 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Orleans potable water supply. Two years later the Toxic Substances Control Act (1976) established a regulatory frame work for the release of toxic substances to the environment. Perspective on groundwater contamination Unfortunately, such legislative efforts have proved to be extremely controver sial with regard to interpretation, imple mentation. and enforcement and have done little to correct the problems of the past. In the last few years extensive evidence from laboratories across the country indicates that misuse, mishan dling. or improper disposal of a group of chlorinated organics has caused wide spread groundwater contamination. This paper focuses on two particular chlorinated organic compounds that have been recurringly detected nation wide in numerous contaminated groundwater samples, namely, trichloroethy lene (TCE) and methyl chloroform (MC). The molecular structures, synonyms, and initial dates of manufacture of these compounds are shown in Table 1. Partic ular care must be taken to distinguish these compounds from substances with 0003-150X/81 /040200-06S02.00 1961 American Water Works Association similar-sounding names or with similar chemical structures. The difference be tween a single versus a double bond between two carbon atoms or the posi tion of a chlorine atom in a molecule can make the difference between a relatively innocuous material and a potent toxicant. These compounds do not naturally occur in groundwater resources, and their presence has created a serious problem for numerous locations in the United States, among them Pennsylva nia. Delaware. Michigan, New Hamp shire, and California. One area in which extensive amounts of these materials have been discovered is southeastern Pennsylvania, particularly Montgomery and Bucks counties. While these counties are not unique in their exposure to these substances, it is distressing that literally hundreds of wells, many in totally unre lated aquifers, were found to contain one or both of these compounds. In many cases the probable cause of contamination was determined to be a current or past user of the compounds. In other cases, no probable source was tracked down, although speculation re volved around possible contamination by unsuspecting homeowner's use of septic tank cleaners or illicit dumping of industrial wastes in nearby locations. To understand the difficulty in estab lishing a cause-and-effect relationship for contamination of any particular well, the problem must be viewed from two perspectives. First, these materials have been used in a myriad of ways over the years, by industrial and commercial establishments as well as residential con sumers. Secondly, these compounds JOURNAL AWWA v CAPCO JEN 0020763 r TABLE 1 Groundwater contaminants trichloroethylene and melhyl chloroform Compound Name Trichloroethylene Methyl chloroform Formula CHCl.CClt CKtCCI, Symbol TCE MC Synonym (1.1.2*tnchloroethylene) (1.1,1-trich!ocoe(hane) Start of Commercial Manufacture 1925 1950a TABLE 2 Uses of trichloroethylene and methyl chloroform TABLE 3 Physical and chemical characteristics of trichloroethylene and methyl chloroform Trichloro Methyl Use ethylene Chloroform Metal degreasing Dry cleaning Cleaning and drying of electronic parts Paint, varnish, and finish remover Extraction of fats and oils (septic tank cleaner) Solvent dyeing Refrigerant and heat exchanger Fumigant Pesticides Rubber adhesives agent Shnnk-sg- retardant for potatoes Textile processing Others major major major minor minor minor minor minor minor minor major minor minor minor minor minor minor TABLE 4 Toxicological properties of trichloroethylene and methyl chloroform Characteristic Formula weight Percent chlorine by weight Specific gravity-compound *('/water *C Boiling point-*C Melting pomt-*C * Vapor pressure at 2t)ftC-mm Solubility VV'atcr-mg/L (at temperalure C) Alcohol Ether Odor Color State at 20*C Flammability Flash point--*C Trichloro ethylene 131 et 1.46" * 87 -87 58 Methyl Chloroform 133 80 1.32"- 74 -33 100 1100** 4400** chloroformlike colorless liquid nonilammable none slightly sweet colorless liquid nonflam- mable none Means uf contamination Toxic by ingestion Toxic by inhalation Toxic by skm absorption V Trichlocoethylene Methyl Chloroform ___________________ J although no definitive data have con firmed such a linkage. Apart from the matter of carcinogen icity, trichloroethylene is intrinsically toxic and its action can be acute or chronic.1 When the vapor is inhaled, it is diffused through the bloodstream from the lungs. Both the liver and kidneys can be severely damaged by chronic expo sure. Continued inhalation of high con centrations can produce drowsiness and eventually unconsciousness. TCE has also been shown to have effects on the nervous system, resulting in impaired vision and changes in skin sensitivity. Ingestion of high concentrations of liq uid TCE have resulted in-death through edema of the lungs and severe damage to the liver and kidneys. The current sug gested no adverse response level (SNARL) in drinking water recom mended by the US Environmental Pro tection Agency is 4.5 pg/L.; Methyl chloroform has a depressant action on the central nervous system and mildly affects the kidneys and liver at very high dosages.-' Results of studies to date have exhibited negative indications with regard to the carcinogenic effects of methyl chloroform. However, the Na tional Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that the maximum acceptable level in drinking water be set at 33 pg/L. This level is meant to serve as a guide for short-term exposure only. The prolonged use of water containing MC is not recom mended because there are insufficient data available regarding both long-term exposure effects and synergistic effects of methyl chloroform with other contam inants. have been manufactured in the United States for many decades. TCE became a common degreasing agent in the 1920s and was incorporated in the drycleaning business in the 1930s.: The use of methyl chloroform as a cold cleaning solvent began tn the l`J50s. Table 2 lists the common uses of these compounds. Most of these uses remain prevalent, since legislation has not yet been enacted to limit their use in either general or specific applications. However, the envi ronmental consequences of continuing unrestricted manufacture, distribution, and application may ultimately ap proach the significance of unrestricted pesticide use during the 1960s. In time, strict regulations were imposed on both the pesticide manufacturer and user, in cluding bans on some materials and lim itations on the application of certain herbicides. Properties of TCE and MC Before studying the results of inadver tent handling and disposal of these mate rials, it will be helpful to review certain physical and chemical properties of the compounds and to understand how these chemicals have become groundwater contaminants. Table 3 shows selected physical and chemical characteristics of TCE and MC and illustrates their simi larity. The two most important properties relating to groundwater contamination are specific gravity and water solubility. Both compounds are heavier than water and only sparingly soluble in water. Thus, if spilled onto the ground and allowed to contact water. TCE and MC, having only limited solubility, would sink to the bottom of the water phase. The mere presence of these compounds in groundwater would not be significant if they were nontoxic and would readily biodegrade in a subsurface environment. Unfortunately, this does not occur to any significant degree. Table 4 summarizes the toxicological information available on these compounds. Trichloroethylene is without question the more toxic of the two and has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory test animals.5 Thus. TCE has been classified as a suspected human carcinogen, Response to the discovery of contamination When a well is discovered to be con taminated, the primary concern should focus on public health. Persons who have been using contaminated water must immediately be afforded relief from further exposure. The usual re sponse is to cease using the well for drinking and cooking purposes and to obtain bottled water. Medical assistance may be required if the contamination exposure has been severe. After an alternative source of clean water has been obtained for short-term use, it is essential that a testing program be initiated to determine if, and to what extent, other wells in the immediate area have been affected. This effort will also assist investigators in establishing the zone of contamination and possible sources of contamination. As additional test data become available, hydrogeolo gists can evaluate the necessity of con ducting further tests to establish defini tively the boundaries of the contamina tion by confirming that wells outside a specific zone are free of contamination. APRIL 1981 J J.C. PETURA 201 CAPCO JEN 0020764 r-- \ If She initial information indicates that this zone could be widespread and could alfect numerous private wells, it may be appropriate to recommend that all resi dents in the immediate area cease using their wells as sources of potable water. In some instances the contamination lev el may be high enough (generally greater than 500 /ig/L) to call a halt even to skin contact uses. An illustration of a welldefined contamination zone is presented in Figure 1. Any investigation to determine the source of contamination will confront several hurdles and. therefore, will require a systematic and professional 202 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY approach. Canvassing the area for poten tial users of those compounds will be a sensitive matter, since admission of use may bring hasty accusations from affected parties who do not have sub stantiating evidence. Industrial and com mercial businesses should be canvassed first: then active and inactive disposal sites should be considered. The possibil ity that local septic systems may have at one time received spent cleaners con taining TCE or MC should not be over looked. Long-range problems The long-term problems associated with TCE or MC groundwater contami nation are: Locating a new permanent water supply for the affected residences or businesses. Developing and carrying out a recovery program to prevent the further spread of contamination, followed by the eventual restoration of the affected aquifer to acceptable quality. Depending on the degree of contami nation in a well, several courses of action are available to obtain a permanent supply of clean water. Connection to an existing private or municipal water supply is one option, assuming that this JOURNAL AWWA L CAPCO JEN 0020765 water source is uncontaminated. Digging a new well is a second option, but its location must be considered carefully to avoid contact with or influence from the contamination zone. This obviously is a risky proposition until the zone of con tamination has been defined. Finally, there is the alternative of treating the existing well to remove the contami nants. Particularly in rural areas, the choice may be between treatment and the potentially expensive alternative of digging a new well. If it is not possible or economical to obtain potablejwater service from a com munity system, it will be necessary either to develop a new water supply or to treat the existing well water. The decision is basically a question of economics, encumbered by the risk of developing a new well that might also be contami nated. The costs involved in developing a new well vary widely, based on the particulars of a given location. Certain elements must be assessed. Daily water supply requirement (gallons) Selection of a suitable site with regard to both yield and noncontamina tion (fire flow) The depth of well required The type of soil to be penetrated Development and installation of the well Pump tests and analytical determi nations Requirements for treatment, such as disinfection, filtration, softening Requirements of storage, pumping, and housing equipment Distribution system requirements, including mains and house connections Permit requirements from regulato ry bodies Operational requirements--chemi cals, labor, utilities Access of drilling equipment to the selected site Although many of these elements are not applicable to private residential wells, the possibility of inadequate yield con fronts any new well-drilling venture and should not be taken lightly. Treatment of contaminated well water Alternatively, the existing well may be treated for removal of any contaminants. Although this appears to he easier than developing a new well, there are many concerns that must not be overlooked, including protection of public health. The economy of scale when opting for a treatment system to cleanse either indi vidual residential wells or small munici pal system wells is prohibitive. Air stripping is impractical since it would require repumping water after passage through a tower or aeration basin and would necessitate proper vent ing of the liberated vapors. Furthermore, isomerm Conditions T#mpf*tur*--Amtjifftt Pfetrettn*ent--n/ Contact time--4 hours Sample volume--SCO mL Component measured--if'CWoroetny'en# 100 l Caron I Dosage Comoonant Component Remaining A(JsotO*0 C*04City gtmt Control 0 0005 00010 j 00025 | 00050 | 0010 | 0025 | 0 050 0100 0250 | 0 500 mg L 1 600 1 490 1520 \ 290 1060 0 660 0 265 0 165 0 035 <0 010 <0010 mg 0 600 0 245 0 260 06*5 0 530 0*30 0t*3 0063 0 016 <0 005 <0005 mg 0055 0 040 0 555 0 270 0 370 0 657 0717 0 782 0 600 0600 mg gm MO 40 62 54 37 26 14 6 Oata courtesy o( Cugon Corporation, Pittsfiutgh, Pa Ew o o u a .O 001 Figure 2. Carbon isotherm evaluation 01 Component Remaining-- mg.'L l0 TABLE 5 Comparison of treatment methods for the removal of trichloroethylene from groundwater Adsorption hem Aeration Granular Activated Carbon Synthetic Resin* TCE removal effectiveness Flexibility to concentration fluctuations Major equipment compocents apparent limiting concentre* ' effluent of < 1 jtg/L for ex- Don of about 10 pg/L tended time fair good packed tower, baain with dlffused aeration, or tray tower prior to chlorination adsorption column (pressure vessel) prior to chlorination Technology status Intermedia transfer developed air phaae Implementation time Winter operating considera tion Operator training required Relative capital cost Relative operating coat two to fix months potential freezing minimal sx *Y developed exhausted carbon dlspoai- tjoo-replacement two to six months requires housing moderate' SZX to 3X *sv to ay effluent of < 2 /tg/L for extended time" good adsorption column (pressure vessel) prior to chlorination. distillation unit steam generation umt under development regenerant disposition four to six months requires housing substantial 52.5X to 4X S3.SY to av ^Carbonaceous adsorbent XE-MO. Rohm and Haaa Co- Philadelphia. Pa, to achieve the recommended drinking water criteria, large volumes of air com pared to the water flow rate, as high as 3000:1,1 may be required in conjunction with tall packed towers or sizable aera tion basins. The only other proven treatment tech nology for consistently reducing these compounds to recommended drinking water levels is adsorption by means of synthetic resins or granular activated carbon (CAC). Performance data for this type of application indicate that a car bonaceous adsorbent has a bed volume capacity, or bed life, up to 100 percent greater than GAC.`-S However, the initial cost for the carbonaceous adsorbent is about 15 to 20 times greater than GAC and, therefore, GAC has an overall cost advantage for this scale of appli cation. In either case the adsorbent eventually reaches exhaustion and has to be replaced or regenerated. Since it is not economical to consider on-site regenera tion for such small exhaustion cates, replacement is the only practical ap proach. Replacement services are gener ally available for GAC systems in the United States. On the other hand, steam regeneration, which appears to be the most feasible method of removing con taminants from a carbonaceous adsor bent, is still in the developmental phase and is not currently available on a com mercial scale for residential or small community users. Thus, small-scale applications are bas ically limited to GAC adsorption. How ever. it is important to recognize that although this treatment method will achieve the objective of removing TCE and MC from a contaminated well, there may be other contaminants in the well that are not amenable to adsorption. Documented cases show that many wells with TCE or MC also contain excessive nitrate, fluoride, or chloride levels, indi cating that organic contamination is not the only problem. This type of situation may require other treatment processes such as ion exchange, a fact that substan tially changes the economic impact of cleanup. Another important aspect of using GAC filters is the need to determine the APRIL 1981 J.C. PETURA 203 CAPCO JEN 0020766 life of the carbon bed for each applica tion. Adsorption is a concentration-sen sitive unit operation in which there is a logarithmic relationship between the capacity of the adsorbent for a given substance and the concentration of the substance in the liquid passed through the adsorbent, as shown in Figure 2. In simpler terms, the higher the concentra tion of a contaminant in the well water, the greater the capacity of the carbon to adsorb the contaminant. However, a giv en quantity of carbon will have a greater service life for lower concentrations than for higher concentrations. Thus, the use ful life of a bed of carbon in one situation 204 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY may be only a fraction of its useful life in a different situation involving the same contaminant. Consequently, it is necessary to pro vide a means of determining when the carbon reaches breakthrough. This can be done by monitoring well water on a frequent basis, particularly during the first cycle. A single test for TCE-MC, however, can cost in the range of $20 to $50, depending on sample collection, transport, and the premium assigned by a qualified laboratory to conduct such a sophisticated analysis. The cost of fre quent analysis to ensure that the carbon is functioning properly is usually consid ered prohibitive. A carbon filter that typically provides at least 3.5-min con tact time at peak flow may last from six to nine months in a residential applica tion where there are four family mem bers and a TCE well water concentration of 600 /ig/L. Alternatively, a two-stage system can be applied in which two identical beds are operated in series. In effect this pro vides a spare bed of carbon, which will significantly reduce the monitoring re quirements. When the lead bed becomes exhausted, which may be long after breakthrough has been reached, the sec ond, or polish, bed is moved into the lead JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020767 position. The exhausted carbon is replaced (an operation that takes about IS min), and the fresh bed is restored to service in the polishing position. After the first exhaustion cycle, the monitoring requirements are further diminished. The only major concern at that stage is the level of contamination in the well over long periods of time. If the level increases significantly, the lead bed may break through above the desired concen tration sooner than expected. A two-stage residential system de signed to treat up to 0.3 L/s (5 gpm) will cost in the range of $850 to $1000. includ ing installation. Each carbon bed re placement can be expected to cost approximately $130 to $150 and may last from several months to more than a year, depending on the contaminant concen tration and the water usage rate. A two-stage 3-L/s (50-gpm) GAC treat ment system will cost in the range of $65 000 to $80 000, exclusive of costs associated with well development, stor age, housing, and distribution system. Direct annual operating costs, on the order of 510 000 to $20 000, could vary significantly, depending on the carbon exhaustion and replacement rate.. Although GAC adsorption has been proven to be technically effective for removing these materials from numerous private residential wells, the problem of monitoring for breakthrough has con cerned some regulatory agencies suffi ciently enough that they have been reluc tant to endorse the application of carbon filters for TCE and MC removal for po table water. The most significant con cern appears to be allowing individual residents to decide when to change the carbon. This is of particular concern since neither of these compounds im parts a taste, odor, or color to water when present in the nanogram per litre range. Another concern, still under investigation, is the effect of increased bacterial levels in the water when GAC is applied without postdisinfection. The same technical concerns that apply to individual residential applica tions are pertinent to contaminated com munity wells. The matter of economics appears to invite investigation of air stripping methods as a complement to GAC. In one process under design, a 95-L/s (1500-gpm) system will include air stripping as the initial unit operation followed by GAC as the polishing step. If this approach is followed, the cost of carbon replacement will be markedly reduced, and the economies of scale using air stripping will be achieved. Contamination containment and recovery The final chapter of any groundwater contamination saga is the contain ment-recovery phase. Hydrogeological expertise is requisite to making this a APRIL 1981 successful endeavor. Through a method of piezometric mapping of water table elevations, as shown in Figure 3, the directions of flow in an aquifer can be approximated. Coupled with the concen tration gradient of contaminants in the affected area, a plan of dynamic pump ing can be developed to contain the zone of contamination to prevent its spreading farther and to remove contaminated water from the aquifer, preferably from the area with the highest level of contam ination. It may be necessary to pump test either existing wells or new retrieval wells in order to determine a satisfactory rate of withdrawal. Although high-yield retrieval wells would appear to be advantageous, they may not be possible because of the geological structure of the subsurface or because of adverse effects on nearby wells, such as excessive low ering of the water table. Another problem confronted during the recovery program is the disposal of recovered contaminated water. Depend ing on the contaminant concentration and the mass loading relationship to a potential receiving stream, it may be acceptable to discharge into a local sew er system. The significant volatility of TCE and MC under such conditions would reduce the impact of these sub stances on the wastewater treatment facility. Nonetheless, careful investiga tion should be conducted before advo cating this action. Some questions have been raised as to the effect residual TCE would have on the acceptability of using digested sludge for agricultural land application. If the contaminant concentration is too high to allow discharge into a sewer system or direct discharge into surface waters, it may be necessary to treat the recovered contaminated water prior to discharge. Again, there are two funda mental methods of removing these com pounds from water--air stripping and adsorption. Experience with both meth ods indicates that at high TCE or MC concentrations, air stripping should be given primary consideration, based on its economic advantage over carbon or resin adsorption. Several successful applications of air stripping have been demonstrated, in cluding packed tower aeration using countercurrent flow, stripping in a con ventional aeration basin, and the use of spray aeration. Generally, spray aeration is limited to situations where the flow rate is relatively low and there is ade quate land nearby, the use of which will not adversely affect neighbors. Diffused aeration basins have the distinct advan tage over spray systems of being less susceptible to freezing during severe winter weather. However, packed towers appear to be the most efficient vehicle of contacting large volumes of water with sufficient air to achieve high percentage reduction of TCE and MC without exor bitant power requirements. Treatment costs for 3.8-ML/d (1-mgd) to 760-ML/d (200-mgd) systems have been determined for the removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) from surface wa ter supplies, but little information is available on the removal of TCE and similar compounds from groundwater in small systems applications.8 Table 5 presents a qualitative comparison of the various treatment techniques, including relative cost estimates based on a flow rate of 3 L/s (50 gpm). Regardless of the method chosen to conduct the recovery program, it must be recognized that in almost all cases encountered to date, recovery programs are still ongoing, several years after inception. Aquifer water moves very slowly and is not subject to the purging effects characteristic of surface streams. Therefore, it should be anticipated that three or more years may be required before the contamination is flushed from a contaminated aquifer. Summary The contamination of groundwater resources by substances such as TCE and MC has created a dilemma that requires the attention of public health officials and professional specialists in chemistry, hydrogeology, and environmental engi neering. Each situation is unique and should be studied carefully before any conclusions are reached and action is taken. However, because these materials cannot be detected via the senses until the concentrations reach toxic levels, expeditious action must be taken to pro tect public health. References 1. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1964). 2. Memorandum on 1.1,1-Trichloroethane and Trichloroethylene from VV.L. Marcus to R.G. Lee, Criteria and Standards Div. US Environmental Protection Agency (Dec. 7, 1978). 3. Love, O.T. Personal Communication--US Environmental Protection Agency, Cin cinnati, Ohio (Jul. 1970). 4. Symons, J.M. et al. Removal of Organic Contaminants From Drinking Water Us ing Techniques Other Than Granular Activated Carbon Alone-A Progress Re port. US Environmental Protection Agen cy, Cincinnati. Ohio (May 1979). 5. Isacoff. E.G. Contaminated Groundwa ter: Removal of Chlorinated Organics. Research Div., Rohm and Haas Co., Phil adelphia. Pa. (1979). 6. Gumerman, R.C.; Culp, R.L.; & Hansen, S.P. Estimating Costs for Water Treat ment as a Function of System Size and Treatment Efficiency. Culp, Wesner. Culp Consulting Engineers, Santa Ana, Calif. (Feb. 1978). John C. Petura is project manager for Weston Designers-Consultants in West Chester, Pa. 19380. J.C. PETURA 205 V CAPCO JEN 0020768 Detection of trace organics in well water near a solid waste landfill Foppe B. DeWalle and Edward S.K. Chian The majority of municipal and industrial solid wastes is disposed of in landfills. Although sanitary landfill guidelines have reduced the immediate public health hazards from vector exposure, environmental degradation can occur through leaching of organics and inorganics from the solid waste by infiltrating rainwater. This study evaluates the migration of leachate containing trace contaminants away from a solid-waste landfill located upstream from an artesian well field operated by a local water company. Explosive methane and carbon diox ide gas generated during anaerobic solid waste decomposition can migrate away from a solid waste landfill, and leachate can contaminate downstream groundwater with its toxic substances. Analysis of leachate for organics has shown the presence of nine free volatile fatty acids and high molecular weight humic sub stances' and five alcohols.-' A study using vacuum distillation has noted the pre sence of 40 organics in leachate collected from a municipal landfill.' Dunlap et al` have detected 50 organics in well water collected near a municipal landfill. An industrial fill, such as the one in Love Canal, can release as many as 82 differ ent organic compounds.'' Site characteristics The 19 ha (47 acre) Llangollen landfill, renamed Army Creek landfill, is located 96 km (60 mi) southwest of Wilmington. Del., and is 1220 m (4000 ft) long and up to 275 m (900 ft) wide. The fill is at the site of an abandoned sand and gravel pit utilized by N'ew Castle County as the primary disposal location for municipal and industrial solid wastes between 1960 and 1968. The landfill was constructed by use of a modified area fill method, and at its completion it encompassed a volume of 1.4 x 10" m' (1.9 x 10" yd') and had a thickness of 6 m (20 ft) to 9 m (30 ft) (Figure 1A). About 30 percent of its vol ume is located beneath the seasonal high water table." Refuse burial proceeded from east to west and municipal garbage and liquid industrial wastes were ini tially dumped in the standing water, resulting in contamination and poor compaction. The landfill was covered with 0.6 m of sand in 1970 and purchased by the county for a future park. The upper geologic layer used in the gravel operation, the Columbia Forma tion, consists of coarse textured "sand deposited with glacial melt waters.' The top of the formation varies from 0 to 20 m (60 ft) above mean sea level, and the base is located between 8 m (25 ft) below and 1.7 m (5 ft) above mean sea level (Figure 1 B). The top of the screens of the wells tapping this formation have a depth of 10 m (31 ft) and -2.6 m (--8 ft). The Columbia Formation is underlain by a clay layer varying in thickness from less than 0.3* m (1 ft) to 33 m (110 ft), with a median thickness of 20 m (61 ft), as deducted from the depth of the top of the well screens tapping the Upper Potomac Aquifer. There are several indications, including old aerial photographs, that the clay layer has been removed during excavation at five locations to expose the underlying Upper Potomac Aquifer to landfill leachate. The confined Upper Potomac Aquifer has a thickness ranging from 0.6 m (2 ft) to 24 m (80 ft), with a median value of 3 m (10 ft), as derived from the recorded length of well screens or perforations. These sands thicken and dip toward the southeast near the landfill. The transmis sivity, defined as the product of hydrau lic conductivity and aquifer thickness, is about 500 m-'/d (40 000 gpd/ft). The Lower Potomac Aquifer, with its highest point 151 m (496 ft) below sea level, has a thickness of 1.5 m (5 ft) and transmissivity values less than 12 m-'/d (1000 gpd/ft) and is separated from the Upper Potomac Aquifer by a 116-m (380ft) deep confining layer. As the Upper Potomac is one of the most productive groundwater reservoirs of New Castle County, major well fields were located about 1000 m (3000 ft) south and southwest of the landfill by the Artesian Water Company and the Amo co Chemicals Corporation, respectively, between 1952 and 1969. The pumpage from each well field was about 5700-7600 m'/d (3 mgd), thus increasing the total pumpage in the area to 24 700 m'/d (6.5 mgd). This pumpage lowered the water level near the pumping wells \o about 7 m (20 ft) below sea level, and the cone of depression allowed migration of leachate contaminants from the landfill toward the well field. Contamination history A residential well located 170 m (550 ft) southwest of the landfill developed a disagreeable odor and a permanent staining of porcelain fixtures in late 1971. Further testing* indicated the presence of leachate migrating southward in the direction of the artesian well field. The monitoring network consisted of twelve 15-cm (6-in.) diameter steel casing welis and forty-six 10-cm (4-in.) and nineteen 2.5-cm (1-in.) diameter polyvinyl chlo ride (PVC) pipes with depths ranging from 3 m (10 ft) to 53 m (173 ft), all located south and southwest of the land fill. In addition, fifteen 10-cm (4-in.) diameter PVC wells were installed down to the bottom of the solid waste in the central part of the fill to measure the leachate strength while thirty-three 3-cm (1.25-in.) diameter wells were installed at the perimeter. Chemical analysis of the well water in mid-1973 showed elevated chloride con centration as far as 800 m (2500 ft) down gradient from the fill. The cross-sectional data evaluation showed a downward moving plume (Figure 2) with a thickness of about 25 m (80 ft), indicating that it had moved through the punctured clay layer. With a permeability of 20 m/d"' and a' hydraulic gradient of 0.017 m/m, it would have taken about 6.5 years to travel such a distance, which indicates that the migration might have started about one year before.the landfill closure. Analysis of the leachate collected from the center wells of the landfill showed respective maximum values for chemical oxygen demand, Cl. and Fe of 179.800 mg/L. 1625 mg/L. and 2500 mg/L. with median values of 3200 mg'L. 295 mg/L. and 90 mg/L, respectively. The leachate was moderately biodegradable, with an average biological oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand (BODtCOD) ratio of 0.49. Counter pumping program After the extent of pollution was established, a contaminant control pro gram was designed to halt the plume migration. In mid-1973, seven 25-cm (10-in.) diameter steel-cased recovery wells were installed between the landfill and the two well fields in order to create two additional cones of depression by pumping 13.25 ML/d (3.5 mgd) from the aquifer. Thus, the recovery wells acted as a drainage divide, capturing contami- 'Conducted by the Delaware Geological Survey, the New Castle County Public Works Dept., and Roy Weston, Inc. 206 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 0003-150X/81 /040206-06S02.00 C 1981 American Water Works Association i u- JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020769 n.itcd groundwater and discharging it to Army Creek and, subsequently, to the Delaware River. In addition, the pump ing in each of the artesian well fields was reduced to about 5.67 ML/d (1.5 mgd). Examination of the piezometric sur face around the landfill (Figure 3) showed that the two small cones of depression directly south and southeast of the landfill prevented migration to the large artesian well cone farther south of the fill, as measured in mid-1976. Some migration, however, could occur to three low-capacity wells west of the larger well field. The problem of contaminated drinking water at the houses directly southwest of the landfill was eliminated by connect ing them to the Artesian Water Company system in early 1973; houses farther south were connected by mid-1974. Analysis of trace organics Conventional analysis did not show a further deterioration of the water quality in the two artesian well fields after the APRIL 1981 start of the counter pumping program; however, this could be the result of a lack of sensitivity, as most tests fail to detect pollutant concentrations below 0.1 mg'L. In addition, tests such as COD and BOD are nonspecific for individual organics. The USEPA. therefore, con tracted with the authors to conduct in mid-1977 a trace organic survey of the leachate, the recovery system, and the raw and finished drinking water. Nine samples were analyzed for volatile organics, and three were tested for extractable organics. The methodology for collection and analysis utilized in the survey has been described extensively." Aliquots for vol atile organic analysis are collected and stored in a refrigerated 125-mL zeroheadspace glass container, and the ali quot for the extractables is placed in a 3.8-L (1.0-gal) glass container. The vola tile organics are stripped from a 100-mL aliquot at 60C in a 1000-mL stirred stripping flask in which 200 mL/min of nitrogen gas is purged over the liquid surface to replace the headspace contin ually. The volatile organics are removed from the gas stream during subsequent passage through 0.5 g of a porous poly mer column packing material based on 2,6-diphenyI-p-phenylene oxide.* This method is preferred to the bubbling method, as the latter results in foaming of the sample. The vapor trap.t in turn, is heated at 250C for 6 min. after which the released organics are flushed through a separate loop into the GC column and chromatographed on a 3.6-m (12-ft) 60/80 mesh graphitized carbon blackj coated with 0.2 percent polyethyleneglycoli that is temperature-programmed** from am bient to 200C at 8C/min. The base-neutral extractable organics are removed from the aqueous phase at pH 12 with 100/50/50 mL portions of spectra grade chloroform,tt after which the solvent is evaporated to 0.4 mL.+j The aqueous sample is subsequently acidified to pH 2 and again extracted with 100/50/50 mL portions of chloro form. After replacement of chloroform by methylene chloride, the organics in the concentrated acid extract are derivitized with diazomethane and further reduced to 0.4 mL.Jt All solvent extracts are analyzed on a 3.6-m (12-ft) long. 2-mm ID glass column packed with 3 percent OV-17 on 80/100 mesh silinized diatomaceous-earth support. which was temperature-programmed from 50C to 300C at 10C/min. The GC-MS-DS analysis was con ducted with a mass spectrometer*** and a data systemtft and stored on a magnet ic tape for subsequent compound identification.Ht Groundwater collection and analysis A total of six drinking water wells were sampled by using existing deep well centrifugal pumps with surface drive; i.e., three from the Artesian Water Company, two from the Amoco Chemi cals Corporation, and one from the upstream Midvale Artesian Water Com pany, which served as a control (Table 1). In addition, a sample was taken from the leachate in the landfill and the major recovery well that was removing the contaminated groundwater (Figure 3). After aeration, lime treatment, chlorina tion, and fluoridation were completed, *Tenax GC. AKZO Research Laboratories. Enka N.V.. The Netherlands. tTenax trap, AKZO Research Laboratories, Enka N.V.. The Netherlands. tCarbopack C. Supelco. Inc., Bellefonte. Pa. {Carbowax* 1500. Union Carbide Corp. Chicago. III. **5700 Model GC. Hewlett-Packard. Palo Alto. Calif. ttBurdick and Jackson. Muskegon. Mich. UMtcro-Kuderna-Damsh evaporator. Kontes. Vineland. Nf. JJSupelcoport. Supelco. Inc.. Bellefonte. Pa. ***Vanan-MAT 311A. Vanan Associates. Palo Alto. Calif. tttVanan-MAT SS100. Varian Associates. Palo Alto. Cahf. njCyphernetics Mass Spectral Search System (MSSS). Varian Associates. Palo Alto. Calif. F.B. DeWALLE & E.S.K. CHIAN 207 V CAPCO JEN 0020770 Compound Number and idenuficanon ilj Unknown (2) Unknown 13) Acetone (4) Butanol (5) Tetrahydrofuran i6j Dicthylethcr 17) Chloroform (6) Dichloroethane (9) Unknown (10) Penlanoi (11) 1.4-dioxane (12) Unknown (13) Unknown (14) Unknown 1 IS) Trichloroethylene 46) Unknown f 17) Unknown (161 Benzene <191 Unknown (20) Hexane (211 Unknown (22) Unknown 23) Unknown (24) Unknown (25) Unknown (26) Unknown (27) Unknown (26) Tetrachloroethylene (29) Toluene (30) Unknown (31) Unknown (321 Unknown (33) Unknown 134) Bist2*chloroethyl) ether (35) Unknown (36) Xvlene (37) Unknown 1*18) Unknown 39) Xuenc (40) Xtlene (41) Propvlbenzene Total number of compounds Greater than 01 ?'L Greater than 1 ug'L Unidentified TABLE 1 Vo/ati/e organics identified in different well water samples--pg/L Relative Retention Time 0.12 0.20 0 49 062 0 83 096 100 103 1.19 1.23 1.24 1.31 136 1.50 152 154 1.56 1 55 I 63 169 173 1.75 1.77 1.83 1.90 1.93 199 200 209 2-19 2 25 2 28 2 31 2.35 2.37 2.40 2.42 2.48 2.68 2 76 292 (1) Midvale Artesian Well 1 02 0.3 04 03 0.4 06 06 15 3.9 54 07 52 1.4 03 06 08 0.7 24 17 5 6 (2) Artesian Well G3 01 0.2 03 02 0.1 02 11 13 01 04 06 01 0.2 03 5 14 2 4 (3) Artesian Well 7 02 03 02 05 03 0.1 0.3 03 0.1 16 14 02 06 0.2 02 02 0.5 06 8 17 2 6 Sample Number and Identification (4) Artesian Well 2 (S) Finished Water (6) Amoco PWl 02 0.7 0.3 16 03 03 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 03 03 1.4 30 05 40 1.0 47 10 03 04 02 1.9 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 02 0.1 0.1 0.1 06 0.2 05 03 13 3 6 17 17 3 4 31 4 61 (7) Amoco PW3 0.4 0.4 2.5 1.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 44 6.5 0.1 0.6 02 04 03 04 13 5 0.3 1.4 1.5 24 OS 36 21 8 8 (8) Recovery Well RW3 0) Llangollen Fill SI 1.2 2.5 6.5 392 2.4 0.5 4.6 5060 43 700 46 570 21 800 44 720 4640 11660 1700 270 1980 2140 4.3 1.4 03 1.2 0.4 04 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.5 3.1 0.4 0.2 1.2 29 429 22 13 8 9550 100 5530 230 130 630 2050 1060 3080 2380 660 000 4220 940 1090 12 400 4490 10030 5030 39 260 982 480 30 30 16 0 'CO 200 300 400 500 600 ?00 WO Figure 2. Isopleths of different chloride concentrations at different depths downstream from the landfill TABLE 2 Frequency of detection and attenuation factors of volatile organics detected in groundwater samp/e Compound Detected Frequency percent Attenuatioo FactorJ Benzene*,! 100 2220 Hexana*4 Dichloroethane 100 3950 68 11S Toluene*.! 58 P-xy!ene',t 88 13 540 Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether 88 4000 0*xylene*.t 88 4190 Acetone*.! 88 48 560 Tetrachloroethylene 75 4760 M*xylene* 63 11 230 Trichloroethylene 50 465 Chloroform*.! 50 3300 1,4-dioxaae 37 Diethyl ether 25 Tetrahydrofuran 25 Propyl benzene 13 Butanol* 13 Pentano] 13 'Also found by Khare end Oondero (1977) tAbo found by Dunlap et at (1976) (Abo found by Webb (1974) IAttenuation factor after passage through 500 m of sod between landfill and recovery well 208 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020771 TABLE 3 Extractable organics found in different groundwater samples--pg/L Compound Sumber and Identification Acul fraction (1) Unknown (2) Unknown (3) Mclhvlpalmitdlc (4) DtbuUlphthaidte* i5J Di{2-clh>!hcx>1)phihalatc (6) Terpincol C.* Base/neutcal fraction (7) Diethoxyethane (8) Dichinrobutaffe (9) Unknown (10) Unknown (U) Unknown (12} Unknown (4b) Dibutylphthalate* (13) Butylphthaiylbutylgiycolate t5bl Di(2-ethvlhe\\l)phthalate)* Total `Also found fay OunUp et dl (19761 Relative Retention Time 0.70 0 76 091 100 1.22 1 28 0.14 0 33 0 42 0 46 074 0 76 100 1.16 1 22 Groundwater Samples Artesian Well 2 PW3 5 OS 1 05 05 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 4 15 19 27 40 16 7 2 0.5 1 05 2 18 118 Recovery Well 3 14 1 5 7 4 1 2 too 134 Figure 3. Location of different monitoring and drinking water wells and piezometric con tours (ft) of the groundwater table around the landfill the finished tap water from the Artesian Water Company was tested. The GC-MS-DS analysis of the nine samples identified and quantified a total of 25 volatile and extractable compounds (Tables 1.2,3). 18 of which are volatile. An additional 23 volatile and 6 extractable compounds not clearly identifiable were present in the water samples. The greatest number (30) of individual volatile com pounds was noted in the leachate sample (Well Si), with toluene, dichloroethane, butanol, and acetone present in thehighest concentrations. The total concentration of volatile organics present in the leachate was 982 mg/L. The second most polluted well was the recovery well RW3 contain- APRIL 1981 ing 22 volatile organics and making a total of429gg/L. The most polluted drinking water well was PW3. Its total volatile organic level was about six times greater than the least polluted well, with toluene, benzene, and trichloroethylene present in significant amounts. The least polluted wells were G3. the farthest from the landfill, and PW2. which had the greatest well depth (192 m) and the smallest number of indi vidual volatile compounds of all wells sampled. The most frequently detected com pounds (Table 2) such as benzene, di chloroethane, and toluene result from industrial wastes, whereas organics such as acetone, butanol, and pentanol result from biological fermentation reactions. The limited analysis for extractable organics showed the widespread pre sence of dibutylphthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate used as common plasti cizers. As these compounds are not total ly extracted with the base/neutral frac tion, the remainder shows up in the acid fraction during the second extraction. Most of the frequently found com pounds, with the exception of dichloro ethane. bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, and tetrachloroethylene, were also found in an earlier study that tested four samples around the same landfill." That study also measured significant amounts of free volatile fatty aci.ds ranging from C.. to C,, thereby confirming earlier anal yses by the authors.1" Attenuation of organics in soil The attenuation of individual volatile compounds through 500 m of soil was calculated by dividing the leachate con centration by the concentration in the recovery well. Of the individual com pounds. dichloroethane and trichloro ethylene had the lowest attentuation fac tor, while butanol and pentanol showed the largest decrease, likely a result of biodegradation when the leachate per meated the soil. The ratio of volatile to extractable organics decreased from 3.2 (429 /tg:134 pg) to 0.3 (36 gg:118 pg) and 0.5 (13 pg: 28 pg) between the recovery well and the most polluted groundwater well and the main artesian well, respectively. The decrease in this ratio is primarily due to the stability of dichlorobutane and diethoxyethane. which together with dichloroethane and trichloroethylene are among the very stable and mobile organ ics in the soil. An earlier analysis of the extractable organics around the landfill that identi fied and quantified 30 organics and ten tatively identified 13 others.' noted only a 100-fold concentration reduction be tween the leachate and the recovery well as compared to a 2300-fold reduction noted for the volatile organics in the present study. The stability of o-cresol, p-cresol, isovaleric acid, and acetic acid accounted for the lower attenuation. As most complex organics are hydrolized to acetic acid, its presence indicates that these bacterial processes are still active after 500 m permeation. The attenuation tends to decrease with decreasing molecular weight, possibly because of the decreasing adsorptive capacity that lower molecular weight compounds have with respect to the soil adsorptive complex. The attenuation fac tor decreases from 4760 for tetrachloroethylene (MW 166), to 465 for tri chloroethylene (MW 156), and to 115 for dichloroethane (MW 99). The alcohols and ketones present in the leachate, such as butanol and pentanol, were not detected F.B. DeWALLE & E.S.K. CHIAN 209 V' CAPCO JEN 0020772 r OOCDOO *\ \ \ ^\ \OCOOO v \^ \ A /i' " i'^Cv A SEf"ajcnjooecss* * s i'.o : 500 'ooo 'see 0 va-ce S5v'*s,'*a~ P'O'" .a-c* <i-- Figure 4. Logarithmic decrease of trace organics after soil permeation \v\ 00 C-orce 200 300 -'9 L 4C0 Figure 5. Ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to chloride (Cl) concentration (mg L) in the sample V_________ ____________ J in any of the artesian wells: none of the linear alcohols present in the leachate was present in the recovery well.' The total amount of trace organics downstream from the fill showed a logarPhmic decrease for the first 1000 m. i.e.. a 90 percent reduction for every 200 m permeated (Figure 4). which takes about 19 months. Earlier studies by the authors showed a logarithmic decrease of a mixture of complex organics even though individual organics showed a linear decrease during biological degrad ation- or physical adsorption." Attenua tion will also result from direct dilution of the leachate plume with the unpol luted groundwater. The limited available data would indi cate that most of the biological degrada tion of the leachate occurs during the first few hundred metres of permeation. While the average COD:Cl ratio of the leachate in the landfill is 10.8. it decreases to 0.1 in the most contami nated water samples collected from well 27 (Figure 5). which is located 150 m southwest of the landfill, about halfway to the recovery well RW3. In the absence of any dilution, this represents a biologi cal degradation greater than 99 percent. At a 50-fold dilution, when the Cl con centration is reduced to 20 mg/L by the 14 mg/L Cl in the unpolluted water, the COD:Cl ratio actually increases again :o 1.7. possibly indicating the presence of refractory organics. The polluted downstream wells also showed a seasonal effect in which the highest COD and Cl values were observed during the summer months when the largest rainfall occurs. This seasonal effect was especially pro nounced in well PW3. which was not effectively protected by the recovery wells. Effectiveness of groundwater protection system The present trace organics analysis shows that substantial amounts of trace organics are still present in the landfill leachate seven years after closure of the site. The next most polluted well is the recovery well RW3. indicating that it is effective in collecting the trace organics in leachate migrating away from the landfill. Analyses for COD and Fe in its well water showed that these parameters stabilized after about one year. The pres ence of trace organics in the slightly polluted drinking water of well PVV3 located to the west of the landfill indi cates that the second recovery well to the west of the landfill is less effective than the larger well south of the landfill. The remaining drinking water wells all had trace organics concentrations below that of the Midvale control well, indicating the effectiveness of the system. Installing the current monitoring net work and the groundwater recoverywells has cost the county SI.35 million to date. The alternative of developing a new artesian well field at a sufficient distance away from the landfill was esti mated to cost approximately S3 million. Removing the landfill to a more environ mentally acceptable location was esti mated at Slo million. In 1977. a panel of consultants recommended reduction of the infiltrating rainwater by installing an impermeable cover material on top of the solid waste. Groundwater inflow was to be reduced by installing a cutoff trench along the northwestern boundary of the landfill. In addition, leachate was to be recovered by installing recov ery wells in the solid waste to remove the estimated 170 m'/d (45 000 gpd) leachate, which could then be discharged to an existing nearby municipal sewer. This alternative was estimated by the county consultant at S4.4 million, with a yearly operating cost of S0.99 million. A sub stantially lower estimate by the authors of this study includes installing an impermeable cover on top of the 190 000 m; fill at S5.75/m; (Sl.l million) and using 10 already existing wells in the landfill to recover the leachate at a total cost of S10 000 for well preparation, installing 2000 m of transmission mains at a cost of S45/m (S90 000) and pumps (S50 000) for a total of $1.25 million:The annual operat ing and maintenance costs of wells and mains are estimated at S3000. pumping costs at S6000. and sewer charges at S6000 for a total of about $15 000 per year, indicating that this alternative is cheaper than installing a new artesian well field.'-'' The initial cost represents about S1.80 per ton of waste delivered to the landfill. Conclusions The present study evaluated the effec tiveness of a counter .pumping program to halt the migration of trace contami nants away from a solid waste landfill. The trace organics analysis, which noted 41 volatile and 13 extractable com pounds. showed that the recovery wells were effective in preventing leachate from migrating to the artesian wells. It was tentatively concluded that low molecular weight chlorinated com pounds have a much lower attenuation than biodegradable organics such as alcohols and ketones. It was also calcu lated with the limited data that the trace organics showed a 90 percent concentra tion reduction for every 200 m permeated through the aquifer. Acknowledgments The authors are indebted to M. Apgar. R. Stoufer. D. Clark, and O. Villa for their insights on the landfill operation and to R. Milberg. C. Cook, and J. Kim for their assistance with the chemical analyses. References 1. Chian". E.S.K. & DeWalle. F.B. Character ization of Soluble Organic Matter in Leachate. Environ. Sei Techno/ 11:158 (1977). 2. Burrows. W.D & Roue. R.S. Ether Solu ble Constituents of Landfill Leachate, /our. HT'CF. 47:5:921 (1975). 3. Kiiare, M. & Donoero. N.C. Fractionation and Concentration from Water of Vola tile Organics on High Vacuum System: Examination of Sanitary Landfill Lea chate. Environ. Sci. Techno/. 11:814 (1977). 4. Dunlap, W.|. et al. Organic Pollutants Contributed to Groundwater by a Land fill. Gas and Leachate from Landfills. EPA-60019-76-004. USEPA. Cincinnati. Ohio (1976). 5. Anon. Old Landfill Site Poses Health Problems. Chem. Engrg. News. 56:32:6 (1978). 6. Clark. D.C. Remedial Action Activities for Army Creek Landfill. Proc. 5th National Solid & Hazardous Waste Conf.. USEPA, Cincinnati. Ohio (1979). 7. Jordan. R.R. Columbia Sediments of Dela ware. Del. Geol. Survey Bull., 12 (1964). 8. DeWalle. F.B. et al. Presence of Trace Organics in the Delaware River and Their Discharge by Municipal and Indus- 210 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020773 trial Sources. Proc. 32nd Purdue Indus trial Waste Conf.. Ann Arbor Science. Ann Arbor. Mich (1978). 9. Webb. R.G. Trace Organics Near the Llan gollen Landfill. Internal Rept.. USEPA. Athens. Ga. (1974). 10. Cm. .n. E.S.K. & DeWaele. F B. Sequential Substrate Removal in Activated Sludge System Fed With Naturally Occurring Wastewater. Prog. Water Techno!., 7:2:235 (1975). 11. Chian-. E.S.K. ET At. Combined Treatment of an Organic Chemical Waste Water by Activated Sludge Followed by Activated Carbon. Proc. 30th Purdue Industrial Waste Conf., Ann Arbor Science. Ann Arbor, Mich. (1977). 12. Dames & Moore. Contraction Costs for Municipal Wastewater Conveyance Sys tems. USEPA Rept.. EPA 430/9-774)14. Washington, D.C. (1978). 13. USEPA. Innovative and Alternative Tech nology Assessment Manual. USEPA. Cin cinnati, Ohio (1978). F.B. DeWalle is an associate professor in the department of environmental health. Universi ty of Washington, Seattle. Wash. 98195. Edward S.K. Chian is a professor in the department of civil engineering, Georgia Insti tute of Technology, Atlanta. Ga. 30332. Selecting polymers for direct filtration Hsuan-Hsien Veh and Mriganka M. Ghosh Cationic polymers with low to medium molecular weights and high charge densities are ideally suited for direct filtration. Rapid mixing at a velocity gradient of 300-650 sec ' for 3-6 min is necessary before filtration. In most cases slow flocculation may be avoided. Modified jar tests with high intensity mixing followed immediately by particle size distribution analysis should be the method of choice for selecting polymers for direct filtration. For optimum filtration, an optimum floe size distribu tion exists that depends on filter and particulate characteristics. New drinking water standards, the dis covery of new particulates in some waters, and expanded sludge disposal problems created by new water pollution control requirements have impelled engi neers to look into innovative treatment methods involving the use of synthetic polyelectrolytes. The conventional method for remov ing colloidal and other particulates from water consists of flocculation, sedimen tation. and deep bed filtration through granular media. The direct filtration pro cess differs from conventional methods of treatment in that all solids, those occurring naturally and those added in the course of treatment, must be re moved in the filter. This process usually consists of the addition of destabilizing chemicals, followed by some floccula tion with no settling, and. finally, filtra tion. However, in some cases, depending on the raw water quality, an organic polyelectrolyte may be added by rapid mixing and the water filtered directly with no flocculation. The absence of flocculation and sedimentation tanks represents a significant savings in terms of plant size and capital investment. Further, the use of polvelectrolytes instead of metal coagulants, such asalum, may substantial ly reduce the amount of sludge to be handled. However, a recent survey by the Filtration Committee of the American Water Works Association indicated that most direct filtration plants use polymeras a coagulant aid rather than as the sole coagulant.1 Very little attention has been given to developing a rational procedure for the APRIL 1981 selection of the "right" polymer for a specific job in water treatment. Most often polymer selection is made on a hit-or-miss basis. The clarity of the treated water from the direct filtration process depends in large measure on successful polymer-preconditioning of the water. Polymers, pH, and ionic strength of natural waters are the three most important variables that can be used to improve the efficiency of direct filtration by modifying the surface char acteristics of either the suspension, filter, or both. In practice, however. pH and ionic strength are not the variables rou tinely controlled during the course of water treatment. The improvements in direct filtration that are obtained from a proper selection of polymer and polymer dosages are: (1) increased rate of deposi tion. (2) increased bed penetration and better utilization of the entire bed depth, and (3) minimized headloss and preven tion of premature clogging. The present rate of progress with syn thetic polymers would be vastly im proved by a more enlightened attitude on the part of some manufacturers. Infor mation supplied by the manufacturers should include the type of polymer or copolymer, the concentration of active ingredient, the concentration of free monomer, the proportion of ionizable groups, and the molecular weight or intrinsic viscosity under specified condi tions. This type of information, in con junction with information on the extent of mixing required to disperse polymers effectively in the water, is needed in selecting polymers for direct filtration. 0003-150X/81 /040211-08S02.00 C 1981 American Water Works Association l V- The work reported herein was con cerned with methods of selecting poly mers for direct filtration and with devel oping data on the filtration of dilute clay suspensions using preselected polymers and polymer dosages. In particular, the influence of such important polymer characteristics as molecular weight and charge density and the effect of mixing energy on the polymer-particle interac tion were investigated using electrokinetic measurements, colloid titration, residual turbidity, and detailed analysis of particle size distributions. Evidence of in-filter flocculation and breakthrough of particulates caused by in-filter floe breakup under high shear, such as encountered in clogged beds, were inves tigated extensively using particle count ing techniques! Polymer use in water treatment Experience has shown that the use of polymers may be the key to solving many of the problems facing the water indus try. Hunter and Alexander1 demon strated that using a cationic polymer to reverse the charge on silica sand from negative to positive greatly improved the filtration of kaolin. As reported by Adin and Rehbun.1 the sorptive and bridging properties of polymers are primarily responsible for the improvement of fil tration of low turbidity waters. Polymer adsorption and destabilization. According to the commonly accepted Simha-Frisch-Eirich model, the polymer molecule is attached to any adsorbent surface by a fraction of the total number of segments of the polymer chain." This model reduces to Langmuir's sorption isotherm when the number of adsorbed segments is reduced to one. The destabi lization of colloidal dispersions of nega tively charged clay, achieved by using a cationic polymer, could be accomplished by "charge neutralization coagulation" or by "bridging flocculation."5 Depend ing on the concentrations of clay and H.-H. YEH & M.M. GHOSH 211 CAPCO JEN 0020774. polymer and on the pH. the aggregation by low to medium weight polymers (MW = 10 000 to 100 000) occurs by ei ther or both of the mechanisms cited. According to O'Melia and Stumm," if the total concentration of polymer required to produce a certain fractional coverage 0 of the coMoid surface is expressed by C,H, then C =-----[I + KSr (1-0)1 (1) given that Cm -- Cr + Ca and C,,/S = r where C,, is the concentration of polymer adsorbed--mol/L, Ct the concentration of residual polymer in solution-mol/L, S the concentration of colloid surface--mV L. K the equilibrium constant for adsorp tion-desorption reaction, and Tm the ulti mate adsorption capacity of colloid sur face-- mol/m.-' When C0 > Ce, Eq 1 reduces to c,fl = r,,,se (2) Lindquist and Stratton.' reporting on the adsorption of cationic polymethylenimine (PEI) on colloidal silica, found that below the critical coagulant concentra tion (ccc) virtually complete adsorption of polymer occurred regardless of pH. ionic strength, and molecular weight, in accordance with Eq 2. However, if C,H > ccc. rm increased with molecular weight. Above pH 9. bridging was the dominant mechanism for destabilization since charge density of PEI at high pHs was small. At pHs less than 9, charge interaction between negative colloid and cationic PEI was the dominant mecha nism for all molecular weights studied (MW = 1760 to 18 400). Moreover, loga rithm of ccc dosage exhibited an inverse linear relationship with logarithm of cationic charge per molecule, regardless of pH. molecular weight, and ionic strength. Floe strength under hydrodynamic shear. The essential function of polymeric floc culation :s to produce aggregates that will be large enough to be captured and strong enough to withstand shear in the filter voids. However, shear may not be the mechanism of floe breakup, if any, in filters. The shear stress at 25C and at a mean velocity gradient G of 1000 sec-1 is equivalent to an energy of only 9 dyne-cm/cc or 4.8 x 10'" kcal/mole of water, much less than the weak van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds (about 5 kcal/mole). Conceivably, the fiocs are held together by interfacial tension. Tomi and Bagster' showed that the maximum stable size of floe is univer sally related to the one-half power of G. Smith and Kitchener' reported that the maximum diameter is proportional to the --0.2 power of G. Similar relation ships between relative floe binding strength and maximum size for the microscale of isotropic turbulence in the inertial and viscous subranges have been proposed recently by Tambo and Hozumi."' Letterman et al'1 attempted to develop a method for predicting an opti mum combination of C and t for rapid mixing for a predefined minimum resid ual turbidity. The existence of an opti mum t for all values of G tested, as measured by residual turbidity, sug gested that the early conditions of floe formation are important and the func tion of rapid mixing is more than simply dispersing the fiocculant. Polymers In depth-filtration Despite dramatic progress in under standing the filtration process, exempli fied by the rich and varied literature that it has produced, a comprehensive meth od capable of predicting the dynamic behavior of a filter over its entire opera tional span has remained out of reach. Deep filters are increasingly being used for the removal of suspended solids from wastewaters, in addition to being used in various modified forms for water treat ment. It is well documented in the litera ture that many undesirable trace pollu tants. such as trace metals, toxic organic material, and viruses, are usually asso ciated with colloidal or coarse colloidal (size > 0.4 jum) particulates.,; n Direct filtration can easily remove these fine particulates and associated pollutants if they are appropriately conditioned with suitable polymers before filtration. Prop er mixing of polymer is a prerequisite to the success of direct filtration. Provision of some flocculation may or may not be necessary since flocculation may occur during contact of particulates with the filter medium.1 Cationic polyelectrolytes of low to medium molecular weight seem to be most effective in the direct filtra tion process, especially in dual or multimedia filters treating natural suspensions.1,` Glaser and Edzwald1' observed better filter performance with increasing molecular weight only when a reason able flocculation period was provided, and Treweek1" observed that a minimum flocculation time of 7 min was required to obtain aggregation of singlets. Further, with a prefiltration Gt of 42 000 or high er. direct filtration removed all particles larger than 7.5 pm. Mechanistic models. In the last decade major emphasis has been given to devel oping a fundamental theory of filtration based on the hypothesis of removal mechanisms and analysis of particle motion.11-1" All attempts at modeling the packed-bed filtration process have been limited to clean filters. Recently. O'Melia and Ali-1 attempted to develop a funda mental model to describe the improve ment of water quality during the initial "ripening" period, based on the premise that particles removed during the early stage of filtration can serve as collectors themselves. Traditionally, models for clogging filters have evolved from a semi-empirical macroscopic stand point." The filter constants are usually evaluated with experimental data. Among these, the study by Herzig et alJ1 is particularly noteworthy in that it reduces the macroscopic mass balance and rate equations to two ordinary dif ferential equations that can be solved rather easily. Notably different from these semiempirical models are the two recent models, the first of which was reported by Wnek et al.-M As part of the phenome nological description, a charge balance was made to account "for the altered surface interaction resulting from the deposition of colloidal matter. The assumption that particle deposits form a smooth coating around filter grains is open to conjecture. In the second study, reported by Tien et al.-' the dynamic behavior of a filter during the entire filtration cycle was modeled through the use of a two-stage discontinuous deposit morphology. This model considers nonretentivity or reentrainment of deposited matter. Experimental methods Polymers and colloids. The polymers that were used in this study are listed in Table 1. The number-average molecular weights and active ingredients are also listed. The concentration of free poly mers in solution was found by using the colloid titration technique-'"" for all polymers except polyethylenimines, which were titrated according to a meth od developed by the Dow Chemical Company.-" In colloid titration, a posi tive colloid reacts stoichiometrically with a negative colloid forming a precip itate at the isoelectric point. The residual concentration of positive colloid is directly titrated with PVSK (potassium polyvinylsulfate) solution with toluidine blue (TB) indicator. In determining the charge density of negative colloids, a known excess of a positive colloid, gly col chitosan (GC), is added first, and the GC remaining after neutralization is back-titrated with PVSK. The electro phoretic mobility of colloids was mea sured by using electorphoresis appara tus.* Coagulation studies. A jar test apparat us! was used for determining optimum dosage. Rapid mixing at 85 rpm for 1 min. slow mixing at 25 rpm for 20 min, and then quiescent settling for 30 min were used before the turbidity of the superna tant was measured.! A separate, 3.7-L volume mixing chamber equipped with a variable speed 'Zetameter. Zeta Meter. Inc.. New York. N.Y. tPhtpps and Gird. Inc.. Richmond. Va. JHach 2100A turbidimeter. Hach Chemical Co., Amee. Iowa. 212 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL AWWA V' CAPCO JEN 0020775 r TABLE 1 Characteristics of,Polymers Polymer* Type Molecular Weight Structure A cationic L200 polyethylefumine B cationic 2 X 10* poiyethyle. nimine C cationic 4 X 10* polyethyle- nimine D cationic 5 x 10* polyamide E cationic 1 X 10* polydiallyldi- methyl-tm- monimum F cationic 3 X 10* organic co polymer of acrylamide G cationic 5 X 10* acrylamide- based polymer* H cationic high acrylamide- bawd polymers I cationic =2 X 10* polyamide i anionic 5 X 10* copolymer of acrylic acid and sodium acrylate Polymer A. Corcat P-12; Polymer B.Corcal P-200; Polymer C. Corcat P-145. Cordoba Chemical Co. Sacramento. Calif. Polymer 0. Betz 1190. Polymer F. Bet2 1160: Polymer I. Betz 1160. Polymer {. Betz 1100. Betz Laboratories. Inc., Trevose, Pa. Polymer E. Cat-Floc. Calgon Corp.. Pittsburgh. Pa. Poly* mer G. Percol 751; Polymer H, Percol 759: Allied Colloids, Inc.. Fairfield. N.|. p-j.v-'e' C ~5 U. o0 OO 3033$ O OS <7 ' 0 1' 9 '23203 19 i '4 9 Figure 3. Particle size distribution with various ^ dosages of polymer C alter rapid mixing impeller was used to study the effect of velocity gradient on flocculation and fil tration. The torque of the rotating impel ler was measured by mounting a torquemeter* between the motor and mixing paddle. The torque readings were taken using a stroboscope. Particle size distribution. Particle size distributions were measured using a 12channel HIAC particle counter.! A 5-300 pm sensor was employed for all particle analyses. Sizes less than 5 pm could not be measured: consequently, all coagu lated samples yielded higher counts in all 'Model 783-C-lO. Power Instruments. Skokie. III. tModel PC-320. Pacific Scientific Co.. Montclair. Calif. APRIL 1981 measured size classes than those present in the original clay suspension. This was caused mainly by the coagulation of particles of less than 5 pm into larger particles. Laboratory filter unit. A constant rate pilot filtration plant was used for all filter runs. The filter column was 2.54-cm (1-in.) ID acrylic plastic and contained 15.2 cm of silica sand with an effective size of 1.0 mm and a uniformity coeffi cient of 1.2. All filter runs were made by using a 75 mg/L suspension of bentonite clay, with an influent turbidity of 20 ntu. University of Missouri tap water (pH = 8.0: ionic strength = 4.5 X 10"'M) was used in making all feed suspensions. The rate of filtration was varied from 1.4 to 2.4 mm/s (2 to 3.5 gpm/sq ft). Results and analysis Optimum dosage from coagulation stud ies. For determining the optimum dosage for turbidity removal by coagula tion-flocculation and by direct filtration, jar testing is the most commonly used laboratory procedure. The correspon dence between the dosages for optimum coagulation and direct filtration has been well demonstrated.'5 " In all experiments for the selection of dosages by jar tests, a 75 mg/L suspension of bentonite (20 ntu) H.-H. YEH & M.M. GHOSH 213 V CAPCO JEN 0020776 was used. The polymers were mixed for 1 min in a standard jar test apparatus at 85 rpm (G ^ 170 sec '). followed by slow agitation at 25 rpm (G 50 sec ') for 25 min. A 30-min quiescent settling was provided before determining the residual turbidity of the supernatant. Figure 1 shows the results for polymer C. a polyethylenimine with a numberaverage molecular weight. <\l>n, of 40 000. The correspondence between residual turbidity from jar tests and elec trophoretic mobility was excellent. Mini mum residual turbidity corresponded to a zero electrophoretic mobility at an optimum dosage of 0.05 mg<L. In part B of the figure, the ratio of charges of bentonite to the polymer at various dosages has been plotted on logarithmic scales. The charges on ben tonite clay and polymer C were deter mined by colloidal titration. There was no one-to-one charge neutralization ob served at the optimum dosage. There fore. although charge neutralization ap pears to be a major mechanism of coagu lation with low molecular weight cationic polymers as seen in part A of Figure 1. there is no linear stoichiometry between polymer and colloid charges, indicating bridging to be partly responsi ble for the observed results. The results from jar tests, electrokinetic measure ments. and corresponding charge ratios at optimum dosages have been summa rized in Table 2 for several cationic polymers with <M>,, ranging from 1200 to 3 x 10". The number of cationic charges per molecule of a polymer can be computed from the known charge density of poly mer (C/gm), its weight-average molec ular weight. <M>,,. calculated from light scattering data using the method of 214 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Zimm " and Avogadro's number. Figure 2 shows the relationship between opti mum polymer dosage and the cationic charge per molecule z for various cationic polymers used in this study. Only data for cationic polymers with <M>,, not exceeding 100 000 have been included. The relationship is empirical for adsorbable polymeric ions and is a distant parallel to the Schulze-Hardy ruie. It does point out, however, that diiferences in flocculating ability be tween polymer molecules of different <M>,, or under differing conditions of pH or ionic strength may not be due to size and chain length but rather to the number of cationic charges carried per molecule, under the operating condi tions. In particular, for most low molec ular weight polymers, coulombic interac tions between colloid and polymer may play a dominant role, and bridging, as modeled by La Mer.' only a minor one. As proposed by Gregory," the adsorp tion of a charged polymer segment on an oppositely charged surface is much faster than the collision kinetics. There fore. adsorption and charge neutraliza tion. at the "patches" where polymer is adsorbed, are essentially complete be fore particle aggregation begins. Al though not presented here, results ob tained in this study showed that polymer concentration needed to initiate floccu lation (ccc) does not depend on <M>,, or the maximum amount of polymer adsorbed, which, in turn, may depend on the electrostatic interactions among mo lecules of the polymer and on the space requirement of the polymer molecule. Optimum polymer dosage and particle size distribution. The sorting of natural partic ulates into size groups classifiable either by diameter or volume is a well-estab lished technique that has been used extensively in geochemical research.'2 However, interest in size distribution of particulates in freshwaters has arisen only recently. The size-frequency distri bution of most natural particulates, such as clay, is described by the power law or Pareto distribution (Eq 3 and 4). d.V -- = A.D " dD dV -- = A.D' b dD (3) (4) f(x)dx = rexp where N is the particle number concen tration. D the particle diameter. V the particle volume, and A,. A;. and b the empirical constants characterizing the distribution. However, following poly mer treatment, the modified size distri bution of flocculating clay was found to fit a log-normal distribution (Eq 5) rather than the Pareto distribution. _ (lnx -- p); 2CT; dx (5) where the probability density function f(x)dx can be either for particle number density N or particle volume density V. The constants p and cr are the character istic constants of the distribution. The variable x in the probability density function f(x)dx could be either N or V. In this research, all data for polymertreated clay was subjected to a volumebased log-normal distribution. The change in size distribution and the num ber-volume mean diameter, d.Vv. for each distribution following treatment with different dosages of polymer C are shown in Figure 3. It should be noted that JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020777 because of limitations in analytic detec tion. only particles above the 5-gm size were counted. The values of dsn- for the distributions were calculated from The optimum dosage was found to be in the range of 0.3 to 0.5 mg/L. for poly mer C. and this was the dosage selected for later filter runs. The same data from Figure 3 were replotted in a different form in Figure 4 to yield the log-normal distribution of relative percentage fre quency. In this case density function Kxidx is equal to (dv/v)/d(lnD). The original dispersion of clay, as expected, did not fit this type of distribution. The shift in the distribution to higher sizes and aiso to narrower shapes clearly illus trates the effect of flocculation as the optimum dosage was approached. Effect of mixing intensity and duration. The elfect of mixing intensity and dura tion on polymer flocculation has been studied by several investigators." "1' Generally, this study determined that for most polymers a rapid mixing time of 3 to 8 mm was sufficient at a G of 650 sec1. Mixing beyond 8 min appeared to cause some floe breakup, especially for large molecular weight polymers. For low molecular weight polymers, the optimum dosage was independent of rapid mixing intensity G for values in excess of 300 sec1, if a minimum mixing duration of 3 min was provided. The effect of rapid mixing intensity on particle size distribu tion at optimum dosage of three poly mers is shown in Figure 5. The size distributions were measured immediate ly after 3 min of rapid mixing. It should be noted that for most polymers, the APRIL 1981 optimum dosage based on particle size distribution was somewhat higher than that estimated from either jar tests or electrophoretic mobilities. Since the method of polymer addition before direct filtration did not include any floc culation beyond rapid mixing, dosage from size-frequency analyses was based on samples collected immediately after rapid mixing. Slow flocculation and set tling in a typical jar test reflect the effect of phase separation, which cannot be obtained in direct filtration without pre ceding flocculation. The particle sizes are plotted as finer than 90 percent (d,,,,). 70 percent, and so forth. For low molec ular weight polymers, the elfect of G on particle size was insignificant. However, for polymer F (<M>,,~ 3 X 10'). the optimum mixing intensity was clearly 650 sec In the next set of experiments, poly mers were rapidly mixed at different Gs for 3 min. followed by slow agitation at G = 60 sec" for 20 min. Samples of polymer-reacted suspensions were ana lyzed immediately after rapid mixing and again after 20 min of slow agitation. The results for polymers C and F are shown in Figures 6 and 7. These experi ments were carried out at the optimum dosage of the respective polymers: the pH and ionic strength remained constant at 8 and 4.5 x 10" M, respectively. For the low molecular weight polymer C, the effect of mixing at low intensities beyond rapid mixing was insignificant. In fact, when initially mixed at G = 300 sec", subsequent slow mixing appeared to cause some unexplained breakup in the floes. For polymer F, a high molec ular weight polymer, the insufficiency of G = 100 sec", regardless of subsequent slow mixing, in producing any signifi cant flocculation is obvious. When rap idly mixed at low Gs. the polymer was not dispersed sufficiently, and, therefore, subsequent slow mixing had no effect on flocculation. With proper dispersion at high mixing intensities, subsequent slow mixing was conducive to flocculation. It should be pointed out. however, that for natural waters with extremely low tur bidities, slow flocculation may be of some advantage. Filtration with preselected polymer dos ages. The purpose of the studies on direct filtration was to investigate how well the dosages, mixing intensities, and dura tions could be selected from jar tests, particle size-analysis, and electrokinetic measurements. In all filter runs reported here, no slow mixing was provided beyond rapid mixing for 14 min or less. The optimum dosages of polymer C for the direct filtration of 75 mg/L bentonite suspension were preselected using vari ous methods, as shown in Figure 8, along with results for the volume of water filtered and headloss until 10 percent breakthrough of solids (C/Co = 0.1) oc curred. The stoichiometry between opti mum dosage and filter performance is abundantly clear, as is the superiority of the particle size distribution analysis method for determining optimum dosage for direct filtration without any slow flocculation. Optimal filtration was ob tained at a dosage that also yielded the largest number-volume average diame ter of 20 pm. In fact, in experiments with different polymers it was discovered that, for the operating parameters used in these filtration experiments, 20 /un was the optimum floe size that yielded the best filtration, regardless of the type of polymer used. The effluent turbidity and headloss for H.-H. YEH & M.M. GHOSH 215 CAPCO JEN 0020778 r TABLE 2 Summary of coagulation tests for 75-mg/L bentonite* suspension--20 ntu at pH 8 Polymert Charge Density C/g A--<M >n 1200 - 20 000 - 40 000 G--<M>n- 5 * 10* K--<M>n--5 x 10* F--<M>n-- 3X 10* 900 MO 300 32.5 51 120 'CharRc density of bentonite 63 6 C'g ?Polymer K. Pcrcol 744. Allied Colloids. Inc. Fairfield, N.J. Optimum Dose mg/1. 0.1 002 005 0.32 0,1 0.2 Colloid to Polymer Charge Ratio at Optimum Dose 48 625 317 457 931 148 TABLE 3 Effluent volume and headloss at breakthrough* Polymer NumberAverage Molecular Weight Charge Density Optimum Dose mg/L A 12 x 10* B 2 X 10* c 4 X 10* l) 5 X 10* K 1 X 10* F 3 X 10* G 5 X 10* 900 390 300 240 192 t20 30 5 5 05 OS 10 0.1 1.0 (V0- 8 6 m/h; L 15 2 cm: G*650 sec*: 1*3 min.' pH-8) Volume Filtered at c/co 0.1 S 42 2.93 12.92 sao 6 55 12.13 70 Dimensionless Headloss H/Ho at c/co 0.1 1.56 155 4.15 2.99 3.46 6 14 4.40 10 50 '00 Pan.c e o a*retef--..t. Figure 10. Effluent particle size distribution during filtration the filtration of a 20 ntu (75 mg/L) ben tonite suspension, with a predetermined optimum dosage of 0.5 mg/L of polymer C. are shown in Figure 9, along with filtration data at two other polymer dosages. A stoichiometry between poly mer dosage and effluent quality was exhibited clearly, as was the correspon dence between optimum dosage for fil tration and optimum dosage for coagula tion based on particle size distribution. During the first 5 min. the filtrate quality improved. Beyond this time period, no effect of "ripening" was observed. The typical S-shape of the effluent turbidity curve conforms very well to a classic adsorption-desorption type wave front migration pattern, as documented by Adin and Rehbun. " The C values, shown along with headloss. were calculated from headloss with the equation where v is the approach velocity (cm/s), y the specific weight of floes (=1.01 gm/cc at 27C), h the headloss (cm), / the porosity. L the media depth (cm), and p the viscosity (=0.0086 poise at 27C). If most of the headloss occurs in the top 3.8 cm. a filtration rate of 8.6 m/h, a temper ature of 27C, and a porosity of 0.42. Eq 7 reduces to G = 717 h* (8) At an optimum polymer dosage, break through occurred at 80 min, when esti mated G within the bed was about 679 216 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY sec This is an insignificant energy input that corresponds to a shear energy of only 6 dvne-cm/cc. It is highly unlike ly that floe breakup would be caused by such small shear energies. The particle size distribution and the number-volume average diameter for the influent and effluents collected at different times during the filter run are shown in Figure 10. The influent benton ite suspension before polymer addition is also included in the figure. After the polymer had been added, a significant increase in particle volume for all size intervals was noted. This increase occurred because the original bentonite suspension had many particles of less than 5 um (limit of detection) in diameter that flocculated into larger aggregates in the detectable size ranges. Interestingly, the number-volume average diameter did not change significantly during the entire filter run. although the magnitude of dV/dD changed because of filtration of large particles. The absence of a shift in distribution indicates that even at breakthrough there was, perhaps, no breakup of floes caused by high-velocity gradients within the filter. The effluent turbidity and headloss for the filtration of bentonite with polymer F (<iVl>,, = 3 x 10"} are shown in Figure 11. The results of filter runs at different dosages and at two different durations of mixing at G = 650 sec"1 are included. From flocculation studies and particle counts, the optimum dosage was pre dicted to be 0.1 mg/L when mixed for 3 min at a G = 650 sec-'. Under these conditions, however, good effluent quali ty could be maintained for a long time, with the result of high headlosses. When the rapid mixing time was increased to 14 min," the filtrate quality deteriorated much faster, even at the optimum poly mer dosage. When an overdose of poly mer (> 1.0 mg/L) was used, a large floe blanket formed at the top of the media and caused extremely high headlosses that mimicked septum filtration. Macroscopic characteristics of filtration. The relationship between the filter coef ficient and the specific deposit for differ ent polymers is shown in Figure 12. This relationship is also expressed by the following well-known equations: (10) where c is the local concentration of particulate matter, x the filter depth, t the time of filtration, and V the approach velocity. Figure 12 clearly demonstrates that the maximum value of \ is indepen dent of either the molecular weight or the charge density of the polymer. How ever, the amount of material removed and, therefore, the length of filter run were greatest for polymers C and F, with <M>,, of 4 x 10' and 3 x 10* and charge density of 300 and 120 C/gm, respectively. The headloss data corre sponding to the filter runs in Figure 12 are summarized in a similar manner in Figure 13. The dimensionless headloss JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020779 Ccsa;--^9 (. "N 6 2 5 o oo j $* 5 05 D' 05 3' .s 0--650 see- 6a v'<Cv0* 6 , OO DC Js - > 0:?5 o s 3 ;: O G 5 " '3* 3 3 Figure 11. Effluent turbidity and headloss for polymer F Figure 12. Relationship between filter coeffi cient and specific deposit for different polymers 2 34 54 * e $ Figure 13. Relationship between headloss and specific deposit for different polymersJ H'H. (H. being the headloss for clean bed) is shown as a function of cr. The inset indicates that headloss in direct filtration is directly related to molecular weight of the polymer. Therefore, although polymer F yielded very good results for filtrate quality, headloss was extremely high. Table 3 summarizes the volume of water that had been filtered with optimum dosages of various poly mers and the resulting dimensionless headloss. until a 10 percent breakthrough of particulates occurred. Polymers C and F yielded better quality effluent than the rest of the polymers studied. However, the headloss with polymer F was extremely high. Summary and conclusions Polymers found to be good flocculants ind filter aids are usually linear homo polymers. Proper characterization of polymers, including degree of hydrolysis, charge density, weight-average molec ular weight, rate of solution, and intrin sic iscosity is essential if the mode of action of these polymers is to be under stood. The size and shape of polymer molecules in solution are important from the standpoint of their use in floccula tion or direct filtration. In freshwaters with low ionic strengths, the polymer assumes an extended coil configuration that affords the formation of bridges spanning double layers. The method to be used for determining optimum dosage depends on the molec ular weight and charge characteristics of polymers. Polyelectrolytes, i.e., polymers with ionizable groups, always interact APRIL 1981 strongly with surfaces of opposite charge and are quantitatively adsorbed, at least up to the point of charge neutralization. Measurement of electrophoretic mobility and of particle size distribution seem to be the ideal methods for determining optimum dosages for filtration. Restabili zation caused by overdosing may simply be a result of charge reversal rather than colloidal surface saturation by adsorbed polymer segments. Because of strong electrostatic interactions, polyelectrolyte chains may assume a flat configuration on colloidal surfaces, reducing the chance of bridging. The effect of mixing on polymer dosage and filter performance is signifi cant. For direct filtration, low to medium weight polymers (10 000 to 100 000) seem to perform best. For such polymers rapid mixing at velocity gradients in the range of 300 to 650 sec ! for a period of 3 to 8 min appears to be necessary. Since the adsorption process has to overcome a diffusion barrier, rapid mixing must pre cede filtration. Standard jar test apparat us is incapable of providing the neces sary G values for mixing most polymers of interest in direct filtration. Rapid mix ing should not be continued for pro longed periods, as it may cause shearing of polymer segments and thus impair the flocculating capacity of the polymer. For most direct filtration operations, slow flocculation following rapid mixing may not be needed, especially if the sus pended solids concentra.ion is 30 mg/L or higher. High molecular weight polymers may give excellent filtrate quality, however. with excessive attendant headlosses. These polymers are not well suited for direct filtration. In the selection of cationic polymers for direct filtration, both charge density and molecular weight should be given equal considera tion. Although it is conceivable that in filter flocculation could occur, no evi dence of such a phenomenon could be detected in this research. Further, esti mated G values in a clogging bed did not seem to be high enough to cause quality failure through floe breakup. The ef fluent concentration profiles obtained in this study were reminiscent of typical adsorption front migration profiles. A methodology based on the particlesize analysis seemed to offer a precise description of the actual separation pro cess. either through flocculation or filtra tion. The optimum polymer dosages, based on particle-size analysis, should be favored over those determined by turbidi ty measurements in traditional jar tests. Acknowledgments The work reported in this paper was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Tech nology (A-107-MO), US Department of the Interior. Washington. D.C.. as autho rized by the Water Research and Devel opment Act of 1978. References 1. Status of Direct Filtration. Proc. AVVWA Annual Conf. (1979). 2. Hunter. R.J. & Alexander. A.E. Surface Properties and Flow Behavior of Kaolinite--Part III: Flow of Kaolinite Sols H.-H. YEH & M.M GHOSH 217 V CAPCO JEN 0020780 Through Silica Column, /our Colloid Sci.. 18:846 (1963). 3. Adis'. A. & Rehbun. M. High-Rale Contact Flocculation-Filtration with Polyelectro lytes. Jour. AVVVVA. 66.2:109 (Feb. 1974). 4. Simha. R. ET al. The Adsorption of Flexi ble Macromolecules, lour. Phys. Chem.. 58.507 119531. 5. La.Mer. V K. s Healey. T.VV. Adsorption Flocculation Reactions of Macromolecules at the Solid-Liquid Interface. Rev. Pure B Applied Chem.. 13.112 (1963). 6. O'Meu.a. C R. .< Sti sim. VV. Aggregation of Silica Dispersions by Iron (III), /our. Colloid -1- Interface Sci. 2J:4J7 (1967). 7. Lindquist. C..M. Stratton. R.A. The Role of Polyelectrolyte Charge Density and Molecular Weight on the Adsorption and Flocculation of Colloidal Silica with Poiyethylenimine. jour. Colloid B Inter face Sci.. 55:43 (1976). 8. Tomi. D. <i B.acster. D.F. A Model of Floe Strength Under Hydrodynamic Forces. Chem Engr. Sci. 30.269 11978). 9 Smith. D K.W, n Kitchener. |.A. The Strength of Aggregates Formed in Floc culation Chem. Engrg Sri.. 33:1631 119781. 10. Tambo. B Hozlmi. H. Physical Charac teristics of Floes--If. Strength of Floe. IVoter Res.. 13.421. (1979). 11. Letterm.an. R.D. et al. Influence of Rapid Min Parameters on Flocculation, /our. AU'IVA. 65.716 (1973). 12. Kavanauch. M.D. et al. Particulates and Trace Pollutant Removal by Depth Filtra tion. Prog. Water Technol. 10:5-6:197 . (1978). 13 Kavanauch. M C. et al. Use of Particle Size Distribution Measurements for Se lection and Control of Solid-Liquid Sep aration Processes. Adv, Chem. Series. So. 189. ACS. Washington D.C. (1980). 14. Shea, et al. Experimental Evaluation of Operating Variables in Contact Floccula tion. /our. AWWA. 63:1:41 (Jan. 1971). 15. Glaser. H.T. & Edzwald, J.K. Coagulation and Filtration of Humic Substances with Poiyethylenimine. Environ. Sci fr Te'-Lnoi. 13:299 (1979). 16. Treweek. G.P. Optimization of Floccula tion Time Prior to Filtration. Jour. AWWA. 71:2:96 (Feb. 1979). 17. Y.ao. K. et al. Water and Wastewater Filtration: Concepts and Applications. Environ. Sci. B Technol.. 5:1105 (1971). 18. Jordan. T.A. & Ghosh, M.M. Physiochemical Aspects of Deep Bed Filtration. Jour. VVPCF.. 46:2745 (1974). 19. Ghosh. M.M. et al. Physiochemical Approach to Water and Wastewater Fil tration. Jour. Envir. Engrg. Div.-ASCE. 101:EEl:71 (1975). 20. Fitzpatrick. |.A. & Spielma.n, L.A. Theory of Particle Collection Under Landon and Gravitv Forces, /our. Colloid B Interface Sci.. 42.607 (1973). 21. O'Melia. C.R. & Ali. W. The Role of Retained Particles in Deep Bed Filtration. Prog. Water Technol.. 10:5/6:167 (1978). 22. Scientific Basis of Filtration. (K.j. Ives. editor). Noordhoff-Leyden. The Nether lands (1975). 23. Herzic. |.R. et al. Flow of Suspensions Through Porous Media. Ind. Engrg. Chem.. 62.8 (1970). 24. Wnek. W.J. et al. The Role of Colloid Chemistry in Modelling Deep-Bed Liquid Filtration. Chem. Engrg. Sci.. 30:1035 (1975). 25. Tien. C. et al. Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of the Deep-Bed Filters. Jour. AlChE. 25:385 (1979). 26. Toei. |. & Kohar.a. J. A Conductrimetric Method for Colloid Titrations. Anal. Chimica Acta. 83:59 (1976). 27. Toei. K. & Sawada. M. A Turbidimetric Method for Colloid Titrations. Ana/. Chimica Acta. 89:383 (1977). 28. PEI Polymers. Dow Chemical Co.. Mid land Mich. (1974).' 29. Habibian. M.J. & O'Melia. C.R. Particles. Polymers, and Performance in Filtration. four. Sanit. Engrg. Div.-ASCE. 101:567 (1975). 30. Zi.m.m, B.H. Apparatus and Methods for Measurements and Interpolation of the Angular Variation of Light Scattering. Preliminary Results in Polystyrene Solu tions. Jour. Chem. Phys.. 16:1099 (1948). 31. Grecory, J. Rates of Flocculation of Latex Particles by Cationic Polymers. Jour. Col loid B Interface Sci.. 42:448 (1973). 32. Lerman, A. Geochemical Processes. John Wiley & Sons. N.Y. (1979). 33. Stump. V.L. The Use of Synthetic Poly mers in Water'Treatment. PhD Thesis. U'niv. of Missouri. Columbia. Mo. (1977). 34. Morrow. |.J. & Rausch. E.G, Colloid Destabilization with Cationic Polyelectro lytes. /our. AWWA. 66:11:646 (Nov. 1974). 35. Camp, T.R. Floe Volume Concentration. Jour. AWWA. 60:656:6 (Jun. 1968). 36. Adin. A. & Rebhun. M. A Model to Predict Concentration and Headloss Profiles in Filtration, four. AWWA. 69:8:444 (Aug. 1977). Hsuan-Hsien Yeh is a graduate student and Mriganka M. Ghosh is a professor in the department of civil engineering at the Univer sity of Missouri, Columbia. Mo. 65211. Conduct and uses of jar tests Herbert E. Hudson Jr. and E.G. Wagner If procedures that simulate treatment plant conditions are followed, jar testing can produce important information quickly and economically, and the data are directly applicable to plant design, modification, and operation. The procedure offers greater flexibility and economy than the traditional pilot plant test for pretreatment. It has shown excellent scale-up correlations with plant operating records. Experience has shown that the jar test procedure has many uses other than coagulant dosage control. Beyond the use of the jar test technique for control of coagulant dosage, other uses include but are not limited to: (1) determining the strength of floe. (2) predicting filtered water quality, (3) determining the opti mum coagulant pH. (4) determining the optimum mixing intensity. (5) evaluating the optimum mixing intensity taper, (6) evaluating rapid mix duration and inten sity. (7) evaluating the effect of lag time between rapid mixing and flocculation. 218 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY (8) evaluating optimum coagulant aid dosages. (9) evaluating the sequence of coagulant and coagulant aid dosages, (10) establishing which coagulant is most suitable. (11) evaluating the effects of sludge recycling and concentrations of sludge for recycling, (12) predicting the effects of short circuiting. (13) predicting sludge deposit configuration, (14) pre dicting design criteria for in-plant set tling, (15) establishing design criteria for tube and tray settlers, and (16) evaluating direct filtration possibilities and coagu lant dosages. 0003-150X/81 /040218-06S02.00 * 1981 American water Works Association These techniques have been used over the past twelve years in correlating jar test and plant operating records in more than 00 treatment plants,' and similar assignments have recently been com pleted in six additional plants. Because of this wide experience in the applica tion of the technique, great confidence has been gained in its applicability. The data in this paper illustrate many of these techniques. Concept of settling velocity Seventy-five years ago. Hazen pub lished a paper in which it was pointed out that the important criterion in sedi mentation is surface loading of the basin, rather than residence time.2 Surface loading has traditionally been expressed in units of volume per unit of basin surface area per unit of time. Units JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020781 Jar testing set-up in which a magnetic stirrer was used with the square jars. Floe formed with the use of ferric chloride and a high molecular weight nonionic polymer in water at the Potomac, Md., filtration plant. commonly used heretofore were gallons per day per square foot or gallons per minute per square foot. Some authorities have used, in English units, inches per minute. Outside the United States it has been common to use volumes per unit of time per unit area. Some European and South American authorities use cubic metres per square metre per day. The British have long used Imperial gallons per square foot per hour. For a consider able period of time the use of centimetres per minute has been the standard. These latter units are very easily derived by simple arithmetic manipulation. The equivalency of the units most widely used in the United States is: ! gallon per minute per square foot 1440 gallons per day per square foot 1.6 inches per minute 4 centimetres per minute The surface loading rate for settling basins is equivalent to a vertical velocity, which is the descent velocity of particles that are settling in the basins. This value is found by dividing the volume of flow through a basin by the basin's surface area, with appropriate arithmetic adjust ment. If good inlet and outlet design of the basin is provided, particles that have settling velocities greater than the basin loading (expressed as a settling velocity) will be removed in the sedimentation process. A few of the particles having settling velocities less than the basin settling velocity will be removed. APRIL 1981 Procedure and equipment. A revised standard procedure now uses square jars that are fabricated by cementing together sheets of acrylic plastic, with dimensions as shown in Figure 1. After 2 L of water have been added and the water level graved on the container, a sampling tap is inserted through the wall of the con tainer at a distance 10 cm below the surface of the water. Samples are with drawn through this sampling tap at inter vals of 1. 2. 5. and 10 min following termination of the period of flocculation. These correspond respectively to settling velocities of 10, 5, 2. and 1 cm/min. This range covers that encountered in most plants, which is most commonly from 2 to 8 cm/min (0.5 to 2 gpm/sq ft). Many researchers working with jar testing on a bench-scale basis have used much longer times of sedimentation and have not controlled the depth from which the sample was taken. According ly, the settled water quality data have little relation to reality. The authors' experience has been that settling for very long periods of time in the laboratory produces results that fail to discriminate among the merits of various pretreat ments nearly as well as do those in the range described above. Another weak ness in bench-scale testing has been in the use of stirring speeds that do not produce mixing energy G equivalent to that occurring in full-scale plants. In full-scale plants, G values range from 10 to 150 sec-1. The results of the bench-scale tests, following rapid mixing and flocculation, are then plotted graphically to produce a line that defines the "settling velocity distribution curve." Since there are four points on the curve for each jar, the number of points makes it possible to determine whether erratic results are being obtained (Figure 2). The graph paper used' may be either logarith mic-normal probability paper, semilogarithmic, or logarithmic paper. In log-normal graphs, settling velocity is plotted against the percent of turbidity remaining. For the other types of graphs, turbidities remaining may be plotted directly against settling velocity. As indi cated in Figure 3, plant loading data may also be shown for comparison with what may be expected if the jar test treatment is applied in the plant. Actual plant results can also be plotted on the same graph for comparison. The authors calibrated the square jars with a torque meter system* similar to that described in an earlier publication.' Calibration curves appear in Figure 4. The square plastic jars have a number of advantages over the normal glass beakers or glass containers used in jar test work in that (1) the plastic jars are less fragile: (2) rotational velocity stops quickly upon the termination of stirring; (3) no siphon or pipette is needed for *Phipps and Bird stirring machine. Phipps and Bird. Inc.. Richmond. Va. H.E. HUDSON JR. & E.G. WAGNER 219 V CAPCO JEN 0020782 sampling, and the sample is withdrawn without disturbing the settling water; and (4) the acrylic plastic walls are less heat-conductive than the glass walls of other jars. The plastic has lower thermo conductivity than glass, and the wall thickness in the piastic units is about fourfold that of glass beakers. Plastic units can therefore be used in the labora tory without a water bath. No material change in temperature of the water occurs during testing. Occasionally, the question is raised as to whether the results in jar testing com pare with those in the plant, because of the continued rotation of the water in the jars on termination of stirring.Field expe rience does not confirm this to be a factor, particularly with baffled jars or square beakers. Apparently, the brief 20 to 30 s period required to slow the water down in these beakers is analogous to the turbulent inlet zone of the settling basins. The photo on page 219 shows the jar testing setup used in recent work, in which a magnetic stirrer was used with the square jars. Settled water samples were taken at closely regulated time intervals. A small portion of each sample was bled to waste to flush out the sam pling tube, and a sample large enough for a turbidity determination was collected. For this purpose, it is convenient to use 30-mL plastic cups that commonly serve for dispensing medicine in hospitals. Turbidity is then determined in a 90-deg light-scattering nephelometer. The second photo on page 219 shows floe formed with the use of ferric chlo ride and a high molecular weight non ionic polymer in water at the Potomac, Md.. filtration plant. This illustrates a well-flocculated water. In a number of plants, the authors have found the use of ferric coagulants to be advantageous over alum. This is not universally the case, however. Fallin has previously reported plant-scale experience with the use of a ferric coagulant.* In the conduct of bench-scale testing, it is important to simulate as closely as possible the rapid mixing and flocculat ing conditions of the plant both as to nominal duration and mixing intensity. The bench-scale procedure may also be used in the same period of testing to simulate the modified conditions to be anticipated in the plant with improve ments. Jar test procedures, repeated under the extremes of water quality such as occur in winter versus summer and checked against actual plant perfor mance, provide an excellent alternative to pilot plant operation. A factor that makes the use of extrapo lation of jar test results to plant behavior conservative is that there is always far greater residence time in the plant set tling basins than there is in the jars, for which the maximum sedimentation time 220 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020783 'N is 10 min. Even when there is short circuiting in a plant, there is usually an hour or more of time in the settling 20 ait* H$*''*' So'r2r^re' basins. As a result, there appears to be continuing flocculation going on in set *$ '--} -(.7 <. -'5) *0 0 23 34 tling basins after the water has passed from the flocculating chambers into the basins, with the result that data from *. *4 well-designed plants are usually better than those predicted from jar testing. In traditionally designed plants, test ing by bench-scale procedures frequent ly yields considerably better settled water quality than is obtained in the plant. This is due to short-circuiting fac 1o ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- tors throughout the pretreatment phase of the plant, including rapid mix, floccu 3 '0 20 30 JO lation, and sedimentation. When these ^'CSo'itcO1' T r-e--<nm problems are overcome by modifica Figure 6. Effect of temperature on floe forma tion and settling at Potomac, Md. Values shown are for settling velocity of 5 cm, mm tions, plant results actually exceed those secured under comparable jar testing conditions (Figure S). The settled water quality is usually so much improved that much higher filter and basin loadings are possible, thus opening the door to increasing capacity rating and at the same time maintaining high quality. The procedure just described lends itself well to the establishment of the '3 5`3- -5 ,,'D optimum coagulant dose and pH. It is sometimes found that the traditional pro cedure of simply observing the appear ance of the floe and its settling behavior gives misleading results. Determining the settling velocity distribution curve for each beaker, with a different coagulant dose for each, better quantifies the optimization of the dosage. Floe strength. Until recently, it was thought that floe strength could be deter 3 '0 mined only by observing whether a ter Cj,s A't. minal breakthrough occurred in the fil Figure 7. Comparison of effluent quality from reactors starting up with reactors in long-term operation at the Rinconada plant. Average of seven cases--f977 to 7979 tering process. Recent experiences in the conduct of jar testing under winter and summer conditions at Potomac, Md., gave the results illustrated in Figure 6. Under summer conditions at-21C, no terminal breakthrough occurred in the plant. Continued prolonged stirring at a velocity gradient of 14 sec"' caused no impairment of floe sedimentation. How ever, when jar testing work was carried on at 4C. continued prolonged floccula tion revealed a deterioration of the floe settling capability. It seems evident that the continued agitation, even though it was at a velocity gradient of 11 sec*1, caused breakup of floe. Terminal break throughs were also observed in the fil tered water, the quality of which tended to deteriorate under cold water condi tions. Breakup has been recorded pre viously' but not as related to temperature conditions. StfW ve'oe *y--cn r>.n Figure 8. Effect of period of flocculation on sedimentation Another useful technique is to dip samples from points in the process train in the plant, such as the rapid mix outlet Coagulants used were alum and polymer and the flocculator outlet. Samples dipped from the rapid mix outlet can then be flocculated in jars and settling J velocity tests made. Settling velocity determinations can be made directly in the jars on samples dipped from the flocculator outlet, although great care must be taken in dipping the samples in order to avoid breaking up the floe. Figure 5 shows a range of turbidity values found for samples of settled water dipped from the flocculator outlet, as compared with rapid mix samples stirred in the laboratory. Two resultant ranges for samples treated in this fashion are shown in the upper part of Figure 5. With modified chemical treatment sequences and dosages and tapered flocculation in the laboratory, much better results were obtained on the bench scale than from samples dipped from the nominal 91ML/d (24-mgd) plant in Maratee County, Fla. Treatment was then applied to the plant. Use of the improved sequence of chemical additions further improved the plant performance. After six months of testing in a modified section of the plant, there was clear evidence of good per formance at much higher loadings. Approval has been obtained to double the nominal capacity of the flocculation and settling basins. Sequence of application. Figure 3 illus trates a set of bench-scale trials to deter mine the best sequence of addition of the polymer. The data in the figure show that addition of the polymer at the same time as the alum gave results dramatically inferior to those obtained when the poly mer was added 5 min after the flocculat ing period had commenced. A delay in adding the polymer until 10 min after flocculation had occurred worsened the results by reducing too much the time available for the polymer to bring the floe particles together. The sequence of application of the reagents used in treatment, such as the coagulant, alkali, and flocculation aid, is important. It can never be assumed that the same sequence will work well on different waters. In some cases it may be necessary to reverse the sequence for best results. This was observed at the R.A. Skinner plant for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. Alum and a cationic polymer were applied virtually simultaneously in the rapid mixing chamber in a location that did not provide the greatest mixing intensity. A diffuser was installed at the point of highest turbulence for the addi tion of the alum, with the cationic poly mer following later. This caused a deteri oration of results. The sequence of appli cation was then reversed, and the results were better than with either of the other two procedures. Sometimes unexpected results were obtained. For example, at Kingston, Jamaica, where water of moderate alka linity is treated, the treatment supervisor stated that better results were obtained by adding lime with the alum, bringing the water to a pH well above 7. This APRIL 1981 H.E. HUDSON JR. & E.G. WAGNER 221 CAPCO JEN 0020784 seemingly dubious reaction was re checked on the bench scale and found to be valid. Evaluating other variables. Sludge recir culation. The effect of sludge recircula tion in solids contact reactors in plantscale operation is shown in Figure 7. The effluent quality from reactors starting up without sludge was considerably worse than that of reactors continuing in oper ation with a substantial solids buildup. After about four days, sufficient sludge was accumulated in the starting reactors to increase improvement substantially and to approximate closely that of the units continuing in operation. This same phenomenon has been evaluated on a bench-scale basis by accumulating sludge from prior jar tests. Frequently, improved results were obtained through the reuse of accumulated solids from prior jar tests. Sludge return can have extremely beneficial results on the oper ation of some plants. Duration of flocculation. The effect of duration of flocculation on the settling velocity distribution curves is shown in Figure 8. Under testing conditions using Sacramento Delta water, considerably improved results were obtained when flocculating time was increased from 10 min to 15 min and then to 20 min. both for alum and for ferric chloride. Rapid mixing intensity. The effect of rapid mixing intensity can also be dra matic. Figure 9 shows three different rapid mix regimes. The poorest results were obtained by using a paddle' with a mixer that operated at 1000 rpm for 2 min. When a blenderf was used for a 10-s initial mix (= 10 000 rpm), somewhat bet ter results were obtained. When the first machine' was used for rapid mix at 160 rpm for 4 mm. even better results were obtained. Camp had previously reported that excessive initial mixing would pre vent subsequent flocculation.'' Poivmer. The beneficial effects of a high molecular weight nonionic polymer with alum as the coagulant are shown in Figure 10. Alum and ferric coagulants with highenergy tapered flocculation are com pared in Figure 11. The alum dose was 20 mg.L and the ferric dose was 12.5 mg/L. Nonetheless, the ferric coagulant yielded a superior result. At these relative dosage levels, the ferric coagulant was more economical than alum. Lag time. In the jar testing procedure it is feasible to determine whether there is any lag time effect between the rapid mix and the beginning of flocculation. In some plants, the flocculating chamber is located so that there is a considerable period of quiescent flow between the application of the coagulant in the rapid 'Phipps and Bird paddle. Phipps and Bird. Inc. Richmond. Va. tWanng btender. The Waring Corp, New Hartford. Conn. 222 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY mix and the beginning of the flocculating period. Published curves have shown a jar test in which a delay was deliberately employed between the rapid mixing time and the period of flocculation.1 It became evident that the lag time was impairing the results obtained. As a result, the rapid mix in the plant under study was relocated to reduce the lag time greatly. Short circuiting. The bench-scale pro cedure has been used to predict the effects of short circuiting.' The effects of flocculating too long or too little were calculated, with a result that it was pos sible to calculate from the jar test data what to expect with a single compart ment flocculator or with a multiple com partment flocculator. The results of the multiple compartment unit were clearly superior. The short circuiting in a single compartment fiocculator closely approx imated results obtained on dipped sam ples taken from the plant flocculator outlet. Distribution of sludge solids. Once the settling velocity distribution curve has been established for a given water, it is then possible to use the results to deter mine the distribution of sludge solids along the length of the basin. Figure 12 shows curves based on such calcula tions. Such data make it easy to deter mine the cost effectiveness of sludge removal mechanisms of various configu rations. Obviously, in well-flocculated water much of the sedimentation takes place near the inlet to the basins, and sludge removal equipment may be needed only in that portion of the basin. The balance of the basin is cleaned peri- JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020785 odically by manual means, which saves on installation costs. Bench testing and filtered water quality The bench-scale testing procedure may be used to predict the filtered water quality by the use of filtration through filter papers." Fresh filter papers should be used for each jar. The first portion of the filtrate should be discarded and the balance used for measuring filtered water turbidity. The authors have found this method to give good replication of water quality-results in the plant. It does nothing, however, to determine the rela tive lengths of filter runs. This can be determined only by full-scale operation or by pilot plant testing of filters. Conclusion Tn the last two years, extensive jar testing work using filter papers at widely varied locations--including the Southern California Metropolitan Water District Skinner plant, the Santa Clara Valley Penitencia plant, the Navy's Fena plant on Guam, and the Kano. Nigeria, plant--has established that the dosage of coagulant needed to achieve high quality filtered water is often far below that Whatman No 40. Whatman, Lfd, England. required to produce a floe that settles well. Bench-scale results at the Skinner plant yielded filtered water turbidity val ues of 0.2 ntu. These were identical with plant operating results based on corre sponding ages of alum and polymer. At the Skinner plant, no settleable floe formed, and no measurable change in quality occurred in the flocculators or sedimentation basins. The flocculators were shut off without any effect on the filtered water turbidity or particle counts. In effect, this conventional treat ment plant was being operated in a direct filtration mode most of the time. Following a similar line of attack, the south filtration plant at Chicago now operates with dosages of 0.12 mg/L of nonionic polymer followed by 1.2 mg/L of alum during low turbidity periods. In this plant, however, visible floe particles and some settling do occur.'' The implications of the finding that, for some waters, a high quality filtrate can be obtained with a greatly reduced coagulant dosage are significant. In these days of rapidly rising costs for coagulants, substantial cost sav ings are definitely feasible. Reduced coagulant requirements are sure to result in reduced sludge quantities. In many instances, increased filter run lengths result. Flocculation systems can be taken out of service during direct filtration to save operation and maintenance costs. References 1. Hudson, H.E. Evaluation of Plant Operat ing and Jar Test Data. /our. AtVVVA. 65:5:368. (May 1973). 2. Hazen. A. On Sedimentation. Trans. ASCE. 53:63 (1904). 3. Lai. R.L.: Hudson, H.E.: & Sinclev. J.E. Velocity Gradient Calibrations of Jar Test Equipment. Jour. AWWA 67:10:553 (Oct. 1975). 4. Falun. VV. Up-grading the Patuxent Fil tration Plant. AWWA Annual Conf. Proc. Anaheim, Calif. (May 8-13. 1977). 5. Argaman, Y. & Kaufman. VV. Turbulence and Flocculation. Jour. Sanit. Engrg. Div.-ASCE (Apr, 1970). 6. Camp. T.R. Floe Volume Concentration. lour. AWWA. 60:6:656 (Jun. 1968). 7. Hudson. H.E. Dynamics of Mixing and Flocculation. Proc. 18th Annual Public Woter Suppiy Engrs. Conf. Part I. L'niv. of Illinois (1976). 8. Hudson. H.E. Residence Times in Pretreatment. /our. AWWA, 67:1:45 (Jan. 1975). 9. Costello. J.J. Personal communication (Apr. 1980). Herbert E. Hudson Jr. is chairman and E.G. Wagner is director of Water and Air Research, Inc., P.O. Box 1121, Gainesville. Fla. 32602 The relationship between asbestos and turbidity in raw water Richard K. Severson, James Harvey, and Lincoln Polissar Determining historical exposure to asbestos in drinking water has been a limiting factor in many studies dealing with waterborne asbestos and disease. Thirty-five raw water samples from a watershed area were analyzed for turbidity and asbestos levels. A significant correlation between turbidity and asbestos was found. It is concluded that asbestos levels are significantly related to turbidity levels in raw water; thus, it may be possible to use historic turbidity data to assess past imbibed asbestos exposure. However, more research is needed to document this relation ship fully. A few years ago, asbestos was discov ered in several municipal water sys tems.' -' Since then, additional studies1'1 have attempted to assess the potential relationship between waterborne asbes tos and cancer. These studies have assumed that historical asbestos expo sure levels are the same as current expo sure levels, but little evidence has been provided to support this assumption. The US Environmental Protection Agency" has determined that the water of the Sultan Basin watershed contains APRIL 1981 unusually high levels of asbestos. The authors have studied this watershed, which provides about 329 ML/d (87 mgd) to a population of about 200 000 (includ ing the city of Everett, Wash.). The watershed consists primarily of the north and south forks of the Sultan River. Williamson Creek, Elk Creek, Spada Lake, and a 10-km (6-mi) portion of the Sultan River itself. Historical turbidity data, collected by the city of Everett, are available for the Sultan Basin, but the relationship between turbidity record- 0003-150X/81 /040223-02S02.00 1981 American Water Works Association ings and asbestos levels has not been well established. Methods The results of analyses for turbidity and asbestos levels (chrysotile and amphibole combined) on 35 raw water samples were obtained from R.W. Beck and Associates.* These samples were drawn from the Sultan River watershed from July 1978 to March 1979. One of these samples was a surface sample tak en near a boat launch area on Spada Lake. This sample was potentially incon sistent with the rest of the data because nearby recreational activity may have had some unusual effect on surface tur bidity and asbestos levels. Thus, ana lyses were performed once on all 35 sample results and once on 34 sample results, dropping the potentially con founding sample. Scatterplots were examined and Pear- R.K. SEVERSON ET AL 223 CAPCO JEN 0020786 for asbestos analysis allow samples to vary by a factor of two to three and still be considered not significantly different from each other. More precise counting techniques do not exist. This study was based on 35 water samples taken over a nine-month period. Ideally, both the number of samples and the time frame of the study should be increased. Unfortunately, asbestos anal ysis for water samples is expensive. With costs of up to S500 per sample, water borne asbestos data are usually difficult or impossible to obtain. It might be expected that these limita tions would decrease the strength of .the association between asbestos and turbid ity, yet, in spite of this, a significant correlation was found between them. It is hoped that this-study will spawn other studies that will further clarify the rela tionship between turbidity and asbestos levels in drinking water. References 55-4'" 5CI Figure 1.Thirty-five samples drawn from the Sultan River, plotted for correlation between V______________a_sb_e_sto_s a_nd _tu_rbi_dit_y _lev_el_s _____________ J son's product-moment correlation coef ficient calculated for the paired turbidity and asbestos measurements. As a further test, Spearman's rho. a nonparametric correlation coefficient based on ranks, was calculated."' Results In the first correlation analysis, exami nation of the residuals suggested that the assumption of homogeneity of variance for the error components may have been incorrect. Through a square root trans formation. this assumption appeared to have been satisfied. With all 35 samples in the analysis tFigure 1). a correlation of 0.933 (p < 0.001) was obtained. With the potentially inconsistent sample dropped, a correlation of 0.952 (p < 0.001) was obtained. Spearman's rho was 0.9113 (p < 0.001) for all 35 samples and 0.9134 (p < 0.001) for the 34 samples. Thus, a high correlation between turbidity and asbestos levels was found in these data. There are two groups of sample points in Figure 1: group one consisting of 25 points in the lower left and group two consisting of 9 points in the upper right. This grouping can be explained by con sidering both sample location and date. All nine samples in the second group were taken in February and March of 1979. during the wet season of the year at the time of or immediately after a heavy rainfall. Storms raise turbidity levels and probably increase asbestos levels as well. Heavy precipitation is a normal condition in the Sultan Basin during February and March. Twenty-four of the 25 samples from group one were taken in July and October of 1978. during the dry season of the year. The remaining sample was taken in February 1979 from the south fork of the Sultan River, which is historically lower in turbidity than the other basin tributaries. A regression line was fitted to each of these two groups separately and com pared with the overall fitted regression line. For the lower left group, the corre lation was 0.86 (p < 0.001) and Spear man's rho was 0.7985 (p < 0.001). For the upper right group, the correlation was 0.58 (p = 0.050) and Spearman's rho was 0.6135 (p = 0.039). All three regression lines had a positive slope. It is hoped that intermediate values gathered in future studies will show that treating the data as one group is the correct procedure. Discussion The results of this study suggest it may be possible to use turbidity as a surrogate measure of asbestos levels in raw water. These findings were based on water sam pled from a mountain watershed. Al though the results may not be directly comparable to other water systems, an unpublished study" of another mountain watershed obtained similar results. Even though a significant correlation was found between asbestos and turbid ity in water, the study has limitations. Current electron microscopy methods 1. Cunningham. H.M. a Pontefract. R. Asbestos Fibers in Beverages and Drink ing Water. Nature. 232.332 (1971). 2. Cook, P.M.: Class, G.E.: & Tucker. |,H. Asbestoform Amphibole Minerals: De tection and Measurement of High Con centrations in Municipal Water Supplies. Science. 185.853 (1974). 3. Kanarek, M.S. Asbestos in Drinking Water and Cancer Incidence. PhD disser tation. University of California at Berke ley (1978). 4. Levy. B.S. et al. Investigation of Possible Effects of Asbestos in City Water: Sur veillance of Gastrointestinal Cancer Inci dence in Duluth. Minnesota. Amer. four. Epidemiol.. 103:363 (1976). 5. Mason, T.|.; McKay. F.W.: & Miller. R.W. Asbestoslike Fibers in Duluth Water Supply: Relation to Cancer Mortality, /our. Ariier. Med. Assn.. 228:1019 (1975). 6. Wigle. D.T.Cancer Mortality in Relation to Asbestos in Municipal Water Supplies. Archives Environ. Health. 32:185 (1977). 7. Severson. R.K. A Study of the Effects of Asbestos in Drinking Water on Cancer Incidence in the Puget Sound Region. Master's thesis. University of Washing ton (1979). 8. Millette, J.R.: Clark. P.|.: & Pansing. M.F. Exposure to Asbestos from Drinking Water in the United States. EPA-600/ 1-79-028 (Aug. 1979). 9. Griffith, A.R. Personal communication (Mar. 19.1980). 10. Hollander, M. & Wolfe, D.A. .Vonporametric Statistical Methods. Wiley and Sons. New York (1973). 11. Kirmeyer. GJ. & Courchene. |.E. Removal of Naturally Occurring Asbestos Fibers from Seattle's'Cascade Mountain Water Source. AWWA Pacific Northwest Sec tion Annual Conf. Olympia. Wash. (May 19. 1978). Richard K. Severson is a project coordinator and Lincoln Polissar is a biostatistician. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. 1124 Columbia St., Seattle, Wash. 98104. James Harvey is a research technician. University of Washington. Seattle, Wash. 98101, 224 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020787 0 Percolation & Runoff As the Northeast drought bout continued into 1981, Mayor Koch of New York City joined the fray, declar ing a drought emergency and appointing more than a million deputy mayors--the children of the city--to help "Keep New York Wet." Then, as the supply in the Delaware River Basin area dropped below the critical level, the governors of Delaware, New York, and Penn sylvania joined Governor Byrne of New jersey in placing 22 million residents using that water under a series of emergency orders, designed, it was said, to help replenish depleted reservoirs by June. Meanwhile, in the West, where lack of precipitation threatened not only the ski season and the winter wheat crop but the navigability of the Mississippi River. Governor Lamm of Colorado, where 15 in. of moisture per year is full measure, announced: "The drought is here. We cannot avoid saying that any longer." Not only was it "here" and "there" but almost everywhere in the country, according to weathermen who have labeled 1980 the year when weather went wild. Atmospheric scientists agree that 1980 weather presented one of the most unusual patterns ever record ed. and some think it presages a highly erratic era. Presager Douglas Paine of Cornell University, relying on his study of sunspot activity, hit the headlines with word that, at least in the Northeast, the drought will remain until 1985. Paine warned New York City of the drought's peril and recommended that farmers in the Midwest hold back exporting some of this year's crop against a shortage expected to result from next year's drought. Professor Robert Harnack of Rutgers Universi ty hastened to arraign Paine, perhaps unfortunately for the fate of Governor Byrne's S385-million bond issue, if 1981 rains turn out to be anywhere near normal. According to Harnack. "There is no known method for making a five-year forecast that would show any skill. Daily predictions out to five days and seasonal fore casts (for three months) have shown some reliability. But we may never be able to make a safe prediction for even one year." Nevertheless, the media do dole on doom and profes sors do publish, so Paine may well persist until Election Day. especially if an earthquake hits Peru in June. June, by the way. has been called crucial for New York City. too. That is when the city's three reservoir systems must, it is said, be nearly full to avoid a summer crisis. So, to "Keep New York Wet," the drought-emergency proclamation included a firstphase ban on the use of city water to wash cars and trucks, to water golf courses, or to operate ornamental fountains, and mandated installation of water meters on all air-conditioning units of more than two-ton capacity. No doubt doubtful that these measures would achieve much saving in the middle of a frigid winter, the mayor turned to voluntary individual conservation APRIL 1981 as "the single most important facet of our antidrought program," the goal of which is to reduce water use from 190 to 160 gpcd. Major tools in the voluntary campaign have been advertising and publicity, and of these there has been no shortage, with space and display almost wholly provided as a public service. Thus, radio and television commercials, newspaper stories, billboards, and placards in subways, buses, and city facilities have inundated the city. About the only gimmick not yet brought to bear on the problem is the overall symbol that a New York Times editorial suggested would do for New York what Smokey the Bear did for forests: Mayor Koch on a camel! For longer-term "wetness." meanwhile, all the untried and true remedies have once more been dusted off for reappraisal. On January.28, Mayor Koch directed the buildings commissioner and the environmental protection commissioner to look into the possibility of requiring water meters in individual apartments in buildings under construction, yet to be built, or undergoing large-scale rehabilitation. The City Council was considering a bill to require metering for all apartment buildings. On January 7. the Department of Environmental Protection began to advertise contracts to shut off the water in 6000 vacant buildings: vandals had stolen plumbing fixtures in many of the buildings, leaving water running in one school building at a rate of 1 mgd. At the same time, the department began to work with two new electronic leak detectors, which one engineer said would bring the city "out of the Stone Age" in seeking the sources of the estimated 100 mgd in leakage. And finally, of course, there is reconsideration of tapping the Hudson River, which for almost a century has been recommended and re-recommended as the permanent solution to the city's problem. Reduc tion of leakage, which represented 7.5 percent of the water brought into the city, is under way, but the opposition being what it is, meters and the Hudson will probably be washed away in the next wet spell, even be it Painestaken. So, in the words of the New York Times editors, not usually inclined to sensationalize: Without a combination of abnormal precipitation and unusual conservation, there is simply no way to head off a summer of dry horrors. What horrors? Minimal air conditioning in offices and factories that cannot recirculate cooling water. Discouragement of tourism. Thus, a loss of jobs. Laundries and car washes cut back, then shut down. Little water in the upper apartments of the typical six-story buildings in older sections of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the Bronx-those that depend on natural pressure. And probably no water at all. anywhere, during emergency shutdowns of several hours each day, and longer at the end of the water line, in places like Staten Island. (Continued on page 114) NEWS 113 V' CAPCO JEN 0020788 (Continued from pay.' :i.ii For survival, of course, just add water! Survival, by the way. seems to be on the minds of a c-owing number of people who have been doomstruck by fear of such cataclysms as nuclear war or pollution, total economic collapse, uncontrolled immigration and criminal activity, or even natural disasters. Estimated at "millions ' by L'.S. Saws fr World Report, survivalists are apparently holing up in rural isolation with hoards of food and precious gems or metals, many with an arsenal of weapons to protect their hoards against less foresighted friends. Others less antisocial and with a taste for something better than a cave or hut are buying into survival condominiums such as the 240-unit under ground refuge at La Verkin, Utah, where the S39 000 one-bedroom furnished apartments are equipped with "enough dried food stuffed in the ceilings, walls, and furniture to last a person four years." Then there is the 45-family retreat on an island off Florida, complete with its own sewer system and underground telephone and power service, serving precataclysmically as a place for weekend fun. Providing the acreage, food, shelter, and weaponry for the disaster cult has apparently become "one of the nation's liveliest growth industries." but. as usual, water supply seems to have been taken for granted. True. Gary McDaniel, building his sanctuary on a farm near Miamisburg. Ohio, was reported to have aug mented his year's supply of freeze-dried food with 400 gal of water, and survivalists have noted that a waterbed will store 220 gal for an emergency, but I suspect that munching powdered peanut butter and dry grain in a cave for a year could build up quite a thirst. Even the freeze-dried turkey Tetrazzini, shrimp creole, and chicken stew now available, not to mention freezedried coffee, might well run water requirements up to more than even a king-size waterbedful per year. The only survival is hydrated survival. In other words, just add water! To make even hydrated survival more survivable, the Japanese have just announced the successful develop ment of powdered booze, produced, it seems, by envel oping the alcohol of your favorite firewater in dextrin and glucose. Actually, the technology is said to have been discovered back in 1966. but the stuff hasn't been marketed because of the lack of a liquor tax law to make it expensive enough. This spring, however, the Sato Food Industry Co. is expected to begin marketing foil packets of powdered whiskey, brandy, sake, and a variety of cocktails, to which a thirsty tippler need just add water--hot or cold, liquid or solid. Apparently unimpressed by such a lightweight com petitor, Jeffrey Wormstone. spokesman for the Scotch Whiskey Association, indicated that traditional distill ers were not about to be weaned from their bottles. But it sounds as if the ultimate in a dry martini has at last arrived. And to think it will soon be available in Clancy's powder room. The powder room as a source of supply not for whiskey but for water is something else--something 114 NEWS given a boost by the Sew York Times last February 5 in an article on the "Lifetime's Supply of Recycled Water" at the home of John and Rosalind Cusack of Evergreen, Colo. There, an initial 1000-gallon supply is recycled through a computer-operated system developed by Pure Cycle Coro, of Boulder, Colo.,'and approved by the healtn departments of Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Arizona. The system incorporates a fivestep process from aerobic and anaerobic digestion, through microscreening, activated-carbon and ionexchange filtration, to ultraviolet disinfection. The process is monitored by the computer, which is pro grammed to warn the service department of any mal function and to shut down the system in case of failure. The S15 000 installation cost, plus S35 per month for service, is said to- be comparable to the cost of a septic tank system in poor soil areas--not to mention the paltry cost of the unrecycled water then required. According to Pure Cycle vice president Robert Mankes: "The system has a 99.3 percent recovery rate, so the average family that consumes 300 gallons of water a day loses two gallons daily. This loss is more than made up by the beer, soda pop. and liquid from canned goods that the family pours down the drain." This zero consumption, said the Times, compares with the 73 000 gallons of water consumed annually by a family of four in a conventional house. Keeping the powder room dry, on the other hand, was one concerned citizen's suggestion on how to "Keep New York Wet." Having learned that between 40 and 50 percent of domestic supply is used to ilush the toilet, he proposed that, at least in all new construction, composting toilets, such as the famous Swedish Clivus Multrum, be required. Perhaps he. too. had read of the 109-year-old two-story double-three-seater outhouse in Belle Plaine. Minn., described by the local historical society as "one of the world's greatest engineering marvels." Remembering New York City, it's a bit difficult imagining not only multiple compost ramps of 50 or more stories but also their eventual subterranean discharge points. However, the announcement of "Mullbank" describes it as "A toilet that uses no water and has no elfluent. Here is Sweden's most popular composting toilet, designed for full-time use by a family and ideal for vacation homes also. No freeze-up prob lems. no water problems, no drainage problems. Mull bank is completely odorless, quiet, uses no water and has no effluent." I can smell it now. that invisible compost heap on Times Square! As to virtually dry powder rooms, one of them became almost Carsonigenic last year when Earl Brax ton of Utica, Mich., named the portable toilet he rented to construction firms "Here's Johnny." He even applied for a patent on the name. "Here's Johnny" Carson took no time at all in suing Earl for Sl.l million, later reduced to S10 000 (who needs the money?) for infringe ment on his trademark (but he had none), invasion of privacy, and embarrassment. US District Judge Julian Cook, in what will probably be called a Iandfillmark decision, ruled that there was no real Tonightsoil caused by the potty of the second part! JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020789 Names in the News Jerome B. Gilbert (Active Member) will become the sixth general manager of the East Bay Municipal Utility District (Utility Member) in May, when current general manager John S. Harnett (Active Member) ends his 13-year tenure in the position. Gilbert, current president of AWWA, has almost 30 years' experience in water and wastewater engineering and related fields, with special interest in water and energy conservation, water supply quality and threats of new con tamination. and reduction of treatment costs. Gilbert founded his own firm of consulting engineers in 1972. later merging with Brown and Caldwell. He is currently president of the J.B. Gilbert and Associates Division of Brown and Caldwell, and vice president of the parent firm. Earl H. Graham (Affiliate Member), president and chief operating officer of the Philadelphia Suburban Water Com pany (Utility Member), announced that Timothy D. Lloyd has been named assistant to the vice president of public relations.. In his previous post as loss control representative in the administration department. Lloyd was responsible for resolv ing damage claims and conducted many studies relating to company operations. Lloyd joined the utility in 1970 as a technical service representative and assumed his most recent position in 1979. Robert A. Baker (Active Member) has been elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. AAAS defines a fellow of the organization as "a member whose efforts on behalf of the advancement of science or its applications are scientifically or socially distinguished." Bak er was cited "for multidisciplinary advances in environmen tal technology and management, particularly for research in isolation, identification, fate, and sensory effects of microorganic constituents in water." M&E Pacific, Inc. announced the appointment of Wallace S. Miyahira (Active Member) to vice president of the firm. Miyahira has more than 23 years of extensive design and management experience in a broad range of engineering pro|ects. Calvin R. Melrose has joined the Permutit Company (Asso ciate Member) as manager of Canadian operations. Kaiser Engineers. Inc. (Consultant Member) reported that David A. Johnson has been named vice president of the firm. Leon E. Langford (Active Member) has been appointed director of business development of the Chester Engineers, Inc. (Consultant Member). Langford, who has been with Chester since 1951. is a member of the board of directors and formerly served as chief engineer. The firm also announced the appointment of Anthony F. Lisanti to vice president of engineering. Charles J. Leary (Life Member) has been promoted to chairman of the board of the Leary Construction Company, Inc. (Contractor Member). Charles D. Leary (Active Member) has assumed duties as president of the firm. Francis C. Smith (Active Member), partner. Burgess & Niple, Ltd., Engineers (Consultant Member), has been appointed managing director of district operations. Smith will maintain his current position as district director of the firm's branch office in Mentor, Ohio. APRIL 1981 LOVIBOND MAKES HATER TESTING SIMPLE, ACCURATE AND PORTABLE The inexpensive Lovibond Comparator 2000 system provides a proven method of monitoring pH and chlorine levels in drinking water, swimming pools, river water, sewage systems, and industrial effluents. Temperature, humidity, or sunlight have no deteriorating effect on the precision glass color discs that are used in the comparator. Rugged and reliable, the Lovibond method is equally suitable for field or laboratory use. There are over four hundred analytical tests available in the Lovibond system including tests for aluminum, bromine, cadmium, chromium, copper, cyanide, fluoride, hardness, iron, manganese, nickel, nitrate, nitrite, oxygen, phosphate, and zinc. For complete information call (804) 220-2900 or TWX 7108822260. Lovibond*WMBG THE TINTOMETER COMPANY Busch Corporate Center 206 Packets Court Williamsburg, VA 23185 Lovibond A new subsidiary of The Tintometer Limited of Salisbury, England. VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 309 Reader Inquiry Service No. 059 NEWS 115 CAPCO JEN 0020790 Rate increase via "rate base" upheld A public utility commission did not err in establishing the rate for a water com pany by utilizing the "rate base" method, according to the Court of Appeals of North Carolina, The Springdale Water Co. applied for proposed new rates for water service to customers in the Springdale Estates ser vice area. At the rate hearing, the compa ny's financial status reflected a debt owed to Springdale for the installation of the system. This debt was used to calcu late the return on investment necessary in order for the company to realize a reasonable profit. The commission used a "rate base" formula in determining the propriety of a rate increase, finally approving an 11.85 percent rate of return as a basis for fixing the rate. Contractor found to act in good faith A contractor was within his rights by continuing o carry out his part of a contract in good faith as long as such work could go forward, according to the Supreme Court of Utah. A -.ewer and water district contracted with a construction company to relocate its sewer line to accommodate a highway project under construction by the state. The construction company proceeded according to the contract and reached a point of conflict between the work as outlined and the simultaneous highway construction being carried on by the state. The possibility of a change order had been discussed in light of this antic ipated conflict, but none had been forth coming from the sewer district. The con tract prepared by the district placed the 116 NEWS On appeal, the Springdale customers claimed that the purchase price of lots included certain amounts, estimated at S750 per lot. that went to the repayment of the cost of the water system. Thus, they claimed the figure adopted by the commission was overstated and the rate base artificially inflated. The court, how ever. concluded that the evidence did not sustain the claim that any of the purchas ers of lots in Springdale contributed to the cost of the water system. The court said the evidence indicated no break down between the cost of the land and the alleged amount to be applied to the water system. State Ex Ret Utilities v. Springdale Estates. Court of Appeals of North Carolina. May 6. 1980 (AWW/01/A.-S5) onus on the construction company to obtain change orders or to proceed fur ther at its own risk. After notice, the contractor ceased operations when no change order was forthcoming. The com pany sued for damages and won a S25 000 verdict in the trial court. The appellate court said that under state law the requirement for written change orders was binding on the parties and had to be complied with or the contractor might waive recovery for such work outside the contract specifica tions. In the absence of a change order, the court concluded, the contractor had the election either to proceed outside the terms and specifications or to shut down and declare the contract breached. Darrell J. Dlderlckson & Sons v. Magna Water, Supreme Court of Utah, Jun. 10, 1980. (AWW/02/A.-S5) Water district bound by merger agreement An agreement providing for a city to manage and operate both its own water system and a district's system was not an unconstitutional delegation of the legis lative power of the district, according to a California appellate court. The Rincon water district was a public agency that originally included lands outside the boundaries of the City of Escondido. Because of annexations to the city, certain lands now lie within Rincon and the city. For many years the city owned and operated its own munici pal water system. The agreement chal lenged here was entered into with the long-range objective of merging the two respective systems by interconnections into a single system, with the city being its exclusive operator. Some Rincon tax payers challenged the merger, contend ing that rates would be based on expenses incurred or assumed by the city and that the merger would not benefit Rincon or result in improved water ser vice at the lowest cost. The trial court found the merger agreement void. The appellate court said the agreement was valid because the district's board of directors was afforded effective means to control the city's performance as oper ator of the systems and to achieve the ultimate objective of providing the most efficient and economical water service at uniform rates for all inhabitants of the valley, including Rincon. The court was satisfied that the agreement included sufficient safeguards or standards to assure this policy decision would be implemented. Hewitt v. Rincon Del Diablo Municipal Water, California Court of Appeal. Jun. 18, 1980 (AWW/03/A.-S5) Copies of the entire decisions described in this column may be obtained for one year after publication from Cases Unlimited. Inc.. 2650 Hurd Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201. which prepared these summaries. Please enclose a check for S5 per case and specify the code number indicated at abstract's end (e.g., AWW/01/A.-S5). JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020791 News of the Field An alternative to centrifugation and vacuum filtration Shortly after the city of Danville. Va.. began operating its 91-ML/d (24-mgd) capacity secondary wastewater treat ment plant in 1976. it was discovered that some 80 percent of its average 68 ML/d (18 mgd) contained fibrous industrial textile waste that was difficult to dispose of when it mixed with the scum removed from the flotation units. Treatment for this influent consisted of three bar screens with 1.27-cm (0.5-in.) free openings to remove strings and rags, six raw sewage pumps with a total pumping capacity of 204 ML/d (54 mgd). two parallel combination grit separation and scum flotation tanks (the scum flota tion tank functioned chiefly to remove short textile fibers), two parallel pure oxygen enclosed aeration tanks, four peripheral feed clarifiers, and two chlo rine contact tanks. The flotation material was too low in solids content to be acceptable for direct disposal to a sanitary landfill. As an emergency procedure for disposing of the material, deep trenches were exca vated on city property adjacent to the plant. This procedure was unsuccessful because it was expensive, the pits filled rapidly, water did not leach rapidly into the soil, and flies swarmed around the area during the summer months. As an interim procedure while new dewatering equipment was being evalu ated. the flotation material was trucked to an existing vacuum filter at the city's Southsido wastewater treatment plant. For obvious reasons, a 16-km (10-mi) haul through residential and commercial areas was a highly inefficient way to deal with the. malodorous flotation scum. Additional disadvantages were that pro duction of cake was very low and that the filter required constant monitoring. In evaluating dewatering equipment, the utility quickly focused its attention on a dewatering press. During a sixmonth trial of the press. Danville found that the weekly 318 000 L (84 000 gal) of scum could be reduced to six cubic yards of dry cake that easily met sanitary land fill requirements. According to Bobby E. Bentley. Dan ville's sludge processing and disposal supervisor, after a year and a half of operation, the dewatering system has worked well. "There are a lot of things to like about the [press]. The unit has been virtually maintenance-free and requires minimal operator time; the operator just starts the pump and leaves it. About four hours a day is all the time it takes to APRIL 1981 Flotation skimmers help to remove short textile fibers from the water at Danville's wastewater treatment plant. convert the scum to an acceptable land fill material. We also like the fact that the press's 5-hp motor represents low power consumption." The stainless-steel dewatering ma chine performs the various dewatering functions with variable-speed options. It operates by accepting material to be dewatered into the bottom of a screw chamber, where solids are evenly distrib uted over a fine screen surrounding a rotation screw. As solids build up on the screen surface, they are collected and moved toward the top of the unit into a plug section. Plug solids are compacted against previously deposited materials, resulting in a solid mass that is carried upward and plowed out of the unit with adjustable-height plug cutters. Blinding of the inner surface of the screens is eliminated by use of continuous brushes attached to the underside of the screw flights. Danville uses the press in conjunction with a dissolved-air flotation system whereby all floating material is skimmed off the flotation units into a small pit. Two variable-speed pumps carry the sludge to the press for dewatering. The dry cake is deposited into a 5-m (6-yd") bucket, while the "dean" pressate is sent back to the raw influent. No chemicals are required since the short textile fibers are a built-in filter aid. Artificial, human-related contributions of nutrients can hasten natural eutrophication. New method may slow lake pollution The impact of past and future land development on the quality of urban and rural lakes can be better assessed by a new method that helps compare the nat ural and human-related amounts of phosphorous pollution being added to the lakes, according to a US Geological Survey (USGS) study. Although the USGS report focuses on the impact of phosphorous as a spur to algae growth and the deterioration of lakes in the Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest, the results are ex pected to be useful in evaluating the aging and death of similar urban lakes throughout the United States. According to Robert Gilliom, USGS hydrologist. "Lakes naturally [undergo] eutrophication ... [but] the aging process of urban and farm lakes tends to be (Continued an page 1181 NEWS 117 V ' CAPCO JEN 0020792 ((.'untimiad 'mm pu^1- 1171 greatly accelerated as a result of increases in the phosphorous loads asso ciated with these land uses. The results can he high rates of aquatic plant grouth. murky uater. floating scum, depletion of owiten, dead fish. and. in general, lakes th.it become more nui sance than asset." The new method for estimating predevelopmen! phosphorous levels uses rela tively low-cost information, such as regional runoff data and lake and drain age basin dimensions, which can be used effectively by local governments and consultants. By comparison, most other methods for assessing development im pacts on water quality are prohibitively expensive and not necessarily more reli able. Gilliom says. Tree rings tell tale of lengthy droughts California droughts have lasted as long as 60 years, according to a study funded by the California Department of Water Resources. The investigation, based on the study of tree rings, uas conducted to learn about California's climate in years' before weather records began. The study reconstructs California's annual precipitation since 1600. Accord ing to its findings, one drought extended from 1760 through 1820. Other long, dry periods occurred from 1600 to 1625. 1665 to 1670. 1720 to 1730. and 1865 to 1885. The latter drought destroyed most of the then-thriving cattle businesses in south ern California and altered the pattern of the state's development. One of the most significant conclu sions of the study, according to depart ment director Ronald B. Robie. is that "in the perspective of 360 years, the period since 1890 has been one of precipitation surplus." Robie went on to say that "while the study is only one of many tools available for water planning, it may be [an) indication that droughts and dry years are both more frequent and of longer duration than any we have planned for in the past. Until the 1976-77 drought, the record drought for planning purposes was the seven-year span from 1928 through 1934." The Department of Water Resources funded the study because of indications that the California climate in recent years has not been representative of long-term trends. Research based on tree ring study can extend reliable climatic records back for hundreds of years. Samples from living trees are taken with coring devices. Comparison of a large number of samples produces a pat tern that reliably dates periods of wet and dry weather. The dating system is based on the fact that in dry years, tree growth is slowed, resulting in narrower rings or no rings for those years. Hydraulic jacking raises elevated tank /licking equipment attached to the support structure's legs allowed Bradenton's new water storage tank to be raised an additional 3.7 m (12 ft). \ Why mix-up solutions ^ \ v when you want ' \ . answers^^^ \ -v N. N. ^0 illustrated: a single premeasured ' Use simplified chemical analysis -- and do-e 01 reagent is being poured from a "powder pillow" into a -ample ceil, get accurate results quickly. Pictured below is a soon to be introduced system for complete analytical convenience. To the i left is a remarkable new j The new stir- stand to the right holds the pH meter probe as well as Hach's patented digital titrator. These new instruments, when used with our matching analytical chemicals give digital pH/ mV meter (~^s . with a direct Fluoride if readout. \ i j \j maximum accuracy & consistency. Hach reagents are available packaged in our unit dose "powder pillows" or in bulk. --------------------------------------For free Catalog phone: 800-525-5940 WACH) Company V ^ Box 389 Loveland, CO 80537 llo NEWS VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO 824 Reader Inquiry Service No 027 When the cify of Bradenton. Fla., bought a new water storage tank whose operating elevation was higher than that of the existing one. it didn't tear down the old tank's support structure and erect a new one: instead, the city raised the old structure an additional 3.7 m (12 ft). Through a precise hydraulic jacking procedure, the 1893 kL (500 000-ga!) tank and its support structure were lifted in 20-cm (8-in.) increments. Jacking equip ment was secured to each of the support structure's eight legs, and extensions were erected at the base of the legs and riser pipe. Thu operation was performed by Hydrostorage. Inc., of Franklin. Tenn. Hydrostorage Vice President |ames R. Foster says the jacks were equipped with "dogs" that would have allowed the tank to drop only one inch if the hydraulic pressure had failed. It didn't. Business news The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has selected Cuip/Wesner/Culp, a California firm of consulting engineers, to analyze how water treatment processes can be modi fied to remove trihalomethanes. The 18month study will include an analysis of how changes made to remove these com pounds may affect the quality of drink ing water. JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020793 Product Information Ecodyne/Smith & Loveless, 14040 W. Sante Fe Trail. Lenexa. Kan. 66215. Smith & Loveless 6D3A 3-in. pumps reduce intake screening, concrete, and station size requirements, thereby providing sig nificant cost savings for any system. These solids handling pumps are imme diately available. Reader Inquiry Service No. 123 meter previous the user with direct read ings in absolute concentration of the un known sample. Having eight filters in the visible range, this 4'/j-lb unit offers two ranges of concentration. 0.0 to 199.9 and 0 to 1999 mg/L. The modern solid-state design circuitry eliminates the need for conversions from absorbance or percent transmittance into concentration. To make operation even simpler, instruc tions for use are printed on a face plate on the front of the unit. Reader Inquiry Service No. 124 LMVJ FROM A. Y. MCDONALD BALL CORP STOPS Water Dynamics, Inc., 375 Central Ave.. Bohemia. N.Y. 11716. The first lowcost digital colorimeter. Wet Meter, has been introduced. The easy-to-read digital Perkin-Elmer Corp., Main Ave., Nor walk. Conn. 06856. The Model 2280 is being introduced as Perkin-Elmer's new est low-cost microcomputer-controlled single beam atomic absorption spectro photometer. Designed to replace the Model 280. the new instrument incorpo rates the same electronics as the Model 2380. thereby providing a computing capability allowing the user to perform complex calculations and implement sophisticated logic programs quickly and (Continued on page 120) SIZE RANGE 3/T r vr 2" FEATURES HIGH PRESSURE CAPABILITY LOW TORQUE FULL PORT FOR STANDARD TAPPING MACHINES MEETS ALL AWWA SPECS INLET: 01JJLET: UNIFILT CORP. offers a TOTAL FILTER MEDIA SYSTEM ANTHRAFILT r-. . . the world's finest anthracite filter media available in standard sizes. Standard #1 through #7 are normally available from inventory Special UNIFILT grades are avadable lo satisfy specific needs. FILTER SAND--Standard Gradations FILTER GRAVEL--Standard Gradations All filter media from one source. Efficient delivery direct from our own coal source by our own truck fleet. Self-unloading trailer delivery can be provided at a minimal additional charge to reduce handling costs. Unifilt is the exclusive world-wide source for ANTHRAFILT s--avail able in bulk. 1-ton sacks with bottom discharge spout for 15 second discharge or 52 lb. hi-impact poly bags. All media complies with the new AWWA B-100 specifications. Write for additional information. UNIFILT CORPORATION Hemlock Square Complex. P.O. Box 97. Zelienople. PA 16063 (412) 452-5008 WARD W. CLARKE. PRESIDENT V. ANTHRAFILT * and UNIFILT produced by Carbon Sales Wilkes-Barre PA Reader Inquiry Service No. 062 J L INLET: p(y. P PL >~\L OUTLET: A.Y. MCDONALD MFG.CD. hmFUpJoIOnoMxAsNoGe LoIuNbGuqPuReOioOwUaCeT?SooOilV HHM Reader Inquiry Service No 038 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT. BOOTH NO. 432 CAPCO JEN 0020794 (Continued from page 113) accurately. The 2280 features quartzcoated reflecting optics for high durabil ity in harsh environments and employs a high dispersion grating monochromator. Reader Inquiry Service No. 125 Red Jacket Pumps, P.O. Box 3888. Davenport. Iowa 52808. The "Quick-Set Jet," a new convertible jet pump which reduces operating and inventory costs and cuts installation time, has been introduced. The new pump replaces the traditional jet pumps with the bolt-on and cast-on injectors, with lightweight plastic components. Plastic shallow in jectors or deep well plug kits convert the jet to deep or shallow well applications in minutes. Different pressure-volume settings are made by selecting the appro priate component and screwing it into the case. Reader Inquiry Service No. 126 LaMotte Chemical Products Co., Box 329, Chestertown. Md. 21620. A fully portable, digital pH meter with LCD readout capabilities is now being mar keted. Designed to meet the accuracy requirements of technical laboratories, the meter measures pH over the range of 0-14 with an accuracy of 0.01 pH unit. The meter features a large 0.5-in. LCD which can be read easily, even in bright sunlight. The meter can be operated without removing it from its foamcushioned, compact carrying case which when opened becomes-an on-site testing station. An electrode stand supports the gel-filled silver-silver chloride combina tion electrode during testing. This elec trode requires no refilling with electro lyte and is furnished with a 30-in. lead and BNC connector. The outfit includes three buffer solutions (pH 4.01. 7.0. and 9.18) for instrument calibration. Reader Inquiry Service No. 127 Fisher Scientific Co., 711 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219. The new Fisher Titralyzer II LS/FEP titration system is designed to add speed, simplicity, and 3 water system needs The cost of potable water storage just dropped. The Butler bolted tank is built to AWWA's new specifications for potable water storage. It's also built to save you money like no other tank. Write for a free brochure. <butler^ Butler Bolted Tank Group 7400 East 13th Street Kansas City, MO 64126 (816) 968-6205 VISIT OUR EXHIBIT, BOOTH NO. 811 Reader Inquiry Service No. 008 Specify mCD0U?ell EPQXI-UDKT McDowall Manufacturing Company. An Alco Standard Company, OuBois, PA 15S01 814/371-6550 Reader Inquiry Service No. 039 CAPCO JEN 0020795 flexibility to high-volume wet chemical analyses. This systems performs single or dual fixed-endpoint pH or mV titrations and features automatic sample handling or up to 32 samples in 200-mL beakers. It automatically disoenses titrant with ac curacy of =0.1 percent of syringe vol ume and =0.02 precision, continuously displays dispensed titrant volume to the nearest 0.01 mL on a digital LED display, and prints out titrant volume (to the nearest 0.01 mL). pH. or mV of one or two endpoints and sample ID number. End point approaches are fully proportional with titrant ^delivery rate continually decreasing as the endpoint is ap proached. thus preventing the common problem of overshooting the set end point. The nuisance of false endpoint readings has been eliminated with solidstate adjustable timers. Reader Inquiry Service No. 128 Victaulic Co. of America, 3100 Hamil ton Blvd.. South Plainfield. N.J. 07080. A complete line of tools for cut grooving pipe from Ji in. through 24 in. is nowbeing marketed. The tools are designed to provide fast, easy cut grooving for most types of metallic pipe, either on-site or in the shop. The VG-28 is fully adjust able for cut grooving 2-in. through 8-in. ips pipe. Driven around the outside cir cumference. the VG-28 is equipped with pipe stops and depth stop for precise groove dimensions. The VG-28 can be driven by any external power source at approximately 22 rpm. The tool ''s also designed for use on 3-in.. 4-in., ar,,. 6-in. cast or ductile iron pipe by using special radius groove tool bits. The larger VG824 is designed to cut groove 8-in. through 24-in. ips pipe and the same size range cast or ductile iron pipe with only a tool bit and drive roll change. This tool is also driven around the outside circum ference of the pipe by an external power source. Reader Inquiry Service No. 129 MAPCO Inc., 1800 S. Baltimore Ave., Tulsa, Okla. 74119. A portable model of the recently introduced N'USON'ICS Doppler Flowmeter is now available. Designated the Model 1080. this flowme ter is packaged in a briefcase weighing lO'-a lb and is powered by a rechargeable 24-V DC battery. It comes equipped with clamp-on transducer assembly and 15 ft of transducer-to-electronics cable. It uses the same basic electrodes as the NUSONICS Model 1180 which is designated for permanent installations requiring a wid er range of outputs and other options. (Continued on page 122) Whatever the test, Taylor has the kit you need! Taylor has hundreds of lightweight, portable, easy to use test kits in stock--to meet any need. Many of our basic kits cover a wide range of tests...or we can Taylonze a kit to your exact requirements. Taylor's pre cise color standards help assure accurate readings.. allow any operator to make quick, accurate tests. For complete information on sets, replacements and chemicals see your Taylor dealer, or write or call direct. TAKE A GOOD LOOK AT CLA-VAL CO. RENEWABLE SEAT BEFORE YOU SPECIFY The Model 100-01 Hytrol valve is used as the basic valve in almost all Cla-Val Co., automatic valves. It is used in many types of piping systems requiring remote control, pressure regulation, solenoid oper ation, rate of flow control, liquid level control, or check valve opera tion. Available in various materials and in sizes 3/8 to 24 inches, with either screwed or flanged ends. Globe or angle. FEATURES Only one moving assembly Valve stem fully guided Repairs possible in line No pecking glands FREE LITERATURE A full color brochure and engineer ing specification sheets are avail able. ** 4ITS 7300 York RojdfBjttrmort. MO 21204 U.SJL - OCXICAli *< 301-623-1573 Call toll free 1>800-63&4778 * Ft brochure on complete hr* Reader Inquiry Service No. 0S6 v- CLIP AND RETURN * Please send me more information. 2 Nam -- l r.nmnany i Addreaa _ 5 : City : J State_________ -- Zip------------------------------- CLA-VAL CO.j Marketing Oept. P.O. Sox 1325 Newport Beach. CA 92663 * VISIT OUR EXHIBIT, BOOTH NO. 234 Reader Inquiry Service No. 015 CAPCO JEN 0020796 PRIORITY POLLUTANT AND TRIHALOMETHANE ANALYSES PEAK PERFORMANCE WITH MINIMUM INVESTMENT!!!!! lContinued from page 121/ This flowmeter can be used for experi mental purposes to qualify new applica tions for subsequent installation of the Model 1180 and for surveying flows for relatively short periods of time in a num ber of different locations. Reader Inquiry Service No. 130 $9750 Many ihousands of determinations have been made with this outstanding ecjuioment. reliably producing dependable data day alter day with minimum operator attention Widely used in government and private aooratones >ecuen:iy under E P.A. contract...and selected for its simplicity and 'eiiabiiitv. the package consists o( the CALL-II modifiedBei-ar manual Purge i Pap. a dedicated fully-programmed Gow-Mac gas cn.-omatograph. the superb Coulson e'ectroiytic conductivity detector, and a versatile laboratory recorder iVit I'icuitodi With this, you can be in business for omv S9750. And the optional reporting integrator, automatic Purge & trap, and computer interface can provide even greater sophistica tion. Call or write for details. WESTERN SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGIES, INC. P.O. BOX 698 DANVILLE. CA 94526 415 837-4622 Reader Inquiry Service No 068 U WLmm FILTER SAND AND GRAVEL 122 NEWS Standard Gradations 1-1/2" x 3/4" Gravel 3/4" x 1/2" Gravel 1/2" x 1/4" Gravel 1/4" x 1/8" Gravel .80-1.20mm Sand .45-.55mm Filter Sand Frac Sand UNIFORMITY GUARANTEED Other gradations with reasonable tolerances pro duced to meet engineers' specifications. 100 lb. bags, bulk, or 1 ton boxes Export packaging available NORTHERN GRAVEL COMPANY Phone 319/263-2711 P.O. Box 307 -- Muscatine, Iowa 52761 lire have been suppliers of sand and gravel for water filtration since 1914. Reader Inquiry Service No. 044 Limitorque Corp., 5114 Woodall Rd.. Lynchburg. Va. 24502. A new 90-degree turn, heavy duty actuator featuring a unique colinear design concept that eliminates center of gravity problems occurring with side-mounted units has been introduced. The N'DT series actua tor places the entire actuator colinear with the valve shaft to combine reduced weight and space requirements while providing dependable control whenever seismic exposure or high vibration is present in the piping system. Geared to permit operating times varying from 10 to 66 s. the NDT series is capable of producing a torque range from 200 ft lb up to 1300 ft lb. The valves meet all requirements of the applicable standards for CSA. FM. IEEE. N'EMA. CEMA. and AVVWA. Reader Inquiry Service No 131 Envirex, a Rexnord Co.. 1901 S. Prairie Ave.. Box 1067. Waukesha. W1 53186. A new belt filter press designed specifical ly to dewater both municipal and indus trial sludges is now available. The belt press reduces energy consumption by 75 to 85 percent compared to other dewater ing devices, while achieving optimum dewatering concentrations for the vari ous sludge applications. The unit is designed for continuous operation and features a single hydraulic power pack that provides uniform operation for both pressure belts, automatic tensioning and tracking mechanisms, and any optional equipment. A hydraulic microtorque sensing device continuously checks up per and lower belt position and belt tension, then automatically adjusts the belts for simplified operation and longer belt life. The sensing device minimizes operator attention and helps reduce operation and maintenance expenses. Reader Inquiry Service No. 132 JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020797 OFFICIAL NOTICE This shall constitute official-notice of the availability of the following new or revised AWWA standard: AWWA C550-8I AWWA Standard for Protective Interior Coatings for Valves and Hydrants The effective date of this standard shall be the first day of the month following publication of this notice of availability in JOURNAL American Water Works Association. To obtain copies of this or any AWWA standard contact the Publication Sales Department: American Water Works Association 6666 W. Quincy Ave Denver. CO 80235 Ph: (303) 794-7711 Classified Classified ads will be accepted only for "Positions Available" or "Positions Wanted." Bate: 75c per word (minimum S7 00). payable before publication. Deadline for ad copy 25th of second month prior to month of publication desired. To place ad obtain "Classified Ad Authorization Form" from: Classified Ad Dept.. Journal American Water Works Assn.. 6666 West Quincy Ave . Denver. Colo. 80235. Positions Available WATER PLANT SUPERINTENDENT. Oberlin. Ohio (Pop ulation 8 600 4-1 Sinking applicants for position of Water Plant Superintendent Position reports to Public Worm Ihreciur .ind is responsible for direction and operation ss hiding Mater prodm tion. treatment and storage P..ms <0'T.ues asevage of n5 hours and treats average ot *>ne "tillmii g.iiluns per d.iv Must have State of Ohio Clas< ill 'oense obtain within one ve.ir, Salary negotiable SI" tmo Send resume to. City Clerk. 85 South Mam Striri Oberim. Ohio aaora Equal Opportunity Empower t losing Oalo May 1. 1981. ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT: Investor owned Water Compare, serving 4 ^immunity of tH.000 is accepting ipplu.at.nns for issistant to the superintendent Oumes< met Kncinernng dm atron or experience as well as good oitimunu ation -.kills essential. We will tram the successful ipplu ant for the position of Superintendent of the Compam MKhin ivvo y.irs Starting salary $15 000 to 518.000 plus fringe ber.efila depending on education and experience Send resume and pertinent information to The Plainvdle W iter Company. PO Box 248 Plainville. Connecticut IX.06J Positions Available ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT WATER DISTRIBU TION A WASTEWATER COU.ECTION Musi bo e.penenced m the operations, maintenance, construction, employee relations and public relations of a utility system. Requires high school education and 5 years experience in WaterDistnbulmn'WHStewatcrCollection Prefcrat least 2 years supervisory experience. Excellent fringe benefits. Send resume and salary requirements to* Director of Per sonnel. Fort Pierce Utilities Authority, PO Box 3191. Fort Pierce. Florida 3.1450 EOE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS. City of Sunnyvale. Califorma. Current control point is 551,185. usual starling $42,022 to $46,373- Present director retiring 7/1/81 after 26 years. Responsible to City .Manager for 120 full lime employees. $15 5 million operating budget, 12 million capi tal budget, full range of public works programs for 24 square mile city of 106 000 Requires BS degree in Civil Engineering, at least 5 years progressively responsible professional engineering and public works' management experience Must have or be able to obtain within one year a State of California Civi.l Engineer registration. Call or write for application and supplement to Personnel Office. Citv of Sunnyvale. PO Box UXVJ7. Sunnjvjle C.A 94088. Filing deadline April 27. 1081 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATOR. City of Idaho Springs. Small mountain i.ommunitv of 2700. Saljrv negotiable, best fringes Colo wastewater license. Lab testing, record keeping, and maintenance inspection are emphasized New plant on the drawing board Send resume to Public Works Director, Box 907, Idaho Springs. CO 804S2. or for more information call (30.11 564-2582. LEVEL 3 OPERATOR W'anted to operate water and wastewater treatment facility in lackson Hole. Wyoming. Excel lent benefits, salary, plus incentive bonuses In confidence submit a resume to Kevin P. Cowell. Star Route 362A. Jackson Hole. Wjoming 83001. Call (307) 733-5740. ASSISTANT CHIEF WATER OPERATIONS Graduation from four-year college or university with major course work in engineering or environmental sciences and 8 years experience in water treatment and operation includ ing 5 years of supervisory experience. Assist in overall management administration, and operation of Anne Arundel County, Maryland water treatment facilities. Primary re sponsibility for day to day operations and instituting and conducting comprehensive training program for operation and maintenance of plants and well systems. Must have Class A water treatment license as issued by the State of Maryland. Salary $24,405 to $30,743 annually plus extensive benefits package. County vehicle assigned to position. Send resumes to: Department of Personnel ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY GOVERNMENT P.O. Box 1831 Annapolis, MD 21404 An Equal Opportunity Employer M/F V_____________________________________ .7 APRIL 1981 L NEWS 123 CAPCO JEN 0020798 Positions Available r ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF WATER Position requires (oSIcjjc Jigree ano or '.o<T.pie(f<>R ut <0110126 levi*} uors.'s m :h*- ft^M uf wjIit 'raiment with t'xpononu.* in .iter >up-rusion jml possession of Forma Cj^s A OpfT; C.r's:: jv *.W.r ovvtfm inciudo* rvomtly `\p.indod ;2 MOD futMVin plrnt mu uver *>0 mtios --f distribution md.ni ^dldrj .^ind qualification* to Robert V .ior. Dirrctor of Public Sitviciw Citv of Easton. *>50 F*rry Sir*i't. E.ison Pi-nna IA04- An Equal Oppor'unity Com- WATER PLANT SUPERVISOR: Small, but growing com munity in Rocky Mountain area Requires minimum 3 years xperumee in softening, chlorination, filtration and pump ing and an "A ` certificate Send resume and salary history to Box 0330. Classified Ad Dept Journal American Water Works Assn, b666 \\ Quincy Ave. Denser CO 80235 Positions Wanted ENGINEER with Bn.helors .n C.vu Engineering ilndial Evper.vn.c ,n .fjpm.v.un of tvr.i,ion mJ maintenance it water works and water distribution system designs etc interred m similar work Will meet relocation expense* Send inquiries to IB Ross Box 2787 Mogadishu Somalia ENGINEER M S seeks lone term employment. Will consid er shift duces involving qu.ihtv <ontrol. documentation of gFipho.inalvlu.il systems .*nvironmenu! s.ifetv of facility 'er\us, operations maintenance of optimized conditions', jfarms lev els. doses', molecular phenomenon testing cor rosion. permissible anticipated limits, correction devia tions. maintenance oT emergent v equipment, application of sophisticated techniques spectroscopic ultraviolet x-ray. measurements device, repair installation, erection, storage warehouse handling. A treatment schedules. Inquiries to fV.x =0228 JOURNAL AUW A now, \\ Quimv Ur. Denver GO W1JJ5 WE'VE GOT YOUR NUMBER The reader inquiry service number in the BUYERS' GUIDE is your key to more information on the products'and services offered by the leading companies in the industry. At the bottom of each advertisement (and each listing in the new "Directory of Supplier Catalogs") you'il find a number. Use the Reader Service Card in the back of the BUYERS' GUIDE to request literature or technical assistance. IMPROVE CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY! With a Practical New Publication from AWWA "Work Area Protection Handbook, Guide for Barricading Work Areas" Outlines typical requirements necessary to maintain safe traffic control at job sites, obtain the goodwill of the public, and increase work efficiency. Includes such topics as: Warning Devices and Their Uses. When to Use a Flagman, and How to Close a Street. This 4" x 6 V 16-page booklet is bound in a special durable cover and profusely illustrated. Construction area foremen should never be without this handbook. NOTE: Quantity discounts of 15% and up are available on orders of 25 copies and greater. ORDER TODAY! | Send mecopies of WORK AREA PROTECTION HANDBOOK. , GUIDE FOR BARRICADING WORK AREAS (Catalog No 202020A) , O $2 00 Member' $4 00 Nonmember I l am an AWWA member or the official representative of an AWWA 1 Organization Member. Member No. _ Bill Me (Members Only) O Payment enclosed (US or Canadian funds) Please make check I payable to AWWA Member price S2.00 Non-member price S4.00 Order Number 202020A Send Order Form to: AWWA Publications Dept. 6666 W. Quincy Avenue Denver, Colorado 80235 NAME_______________________________________________ ADDRESS _________________________________________ TITLEORGANIZATION CITYSTATEZIP 'Hanaimg Charge Every order totaling less than $ to 00 and not accompanied by remittance s subiect to a nandimg charge o* $3 00 which win automatically be added to the Dili Tms charge s necessary because of the extra clerical processing involved on such orders 124 NEWS i V' JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020799 Professional Services ALLEN & HOSHALL, inc. -S< 1*1) Aw- M,SC P*L VS'tMS A*S't^A'E3 -UC' CA--Na^vAlGaS a oPCfl'S-a vApo*S * NCOS's NRKS NDtS'o.Ai 0vaO<NG CeS'GN-5*r anao-SiS VC*-AN.CAw e.cC'aCA(.l mS'PMMATiQN 2430 Poo*r Ave /MemoUc*. TN 38112/(901) 327-8222 Offices Knoxvifie/Nasnville. Chattanooga, TN/Jeckaon. MS BAXTER & WOODMAN, INC. Environmental Engineers Water Supo'ps and Treatment Wastewater Collection jrd Treatment Industrial Waste Treatment Damage Streets and Hiqhwavs 8678 Ridgefreld Road Crystal take, Illinois 60014 (815) 459-1260 Jack E. Allen Power & Training Consultant P.0. Box 4111 Walnut Creek, California 94596 mini-hydro_^. BROWN AND CALDWELL Consulting Engineers 1501 N Broadway. Walnut Creek. CA 94596 (415)937-9010 Environmental Engineering Planning Design Laboratory Services Construction Management Energy Conservation Regional offices in principal cities tNGINSEZNG CCW.&iKY Design Studies Te^itns inspection Construction Management 1001 OFfICE PARK ROAD SUITE 300 WEST DES MOINES. IOWA 30265 515 225-6900 AfA'ORD. BI RDICK & HOWSON Engineers \\ awr W'lrKs. Waler Purification. Flood Relief SVv.pr.mp, Setsme Disposal. Drainage. Appraisals Power Generation 20 Vorth UacWtr Drive ( hicigo. 11. 60606 FLB Associated Utility Services, Inc. orcost servici tanff design orrate return DEPRECIATION . VALUATION Complete Engineering Services tor Water and Wastewater Utilities r=Tj Black s veatcn Consulting Engineers \ $00 Meadow Lake Parkway k-5sCitv Missouri 64JM 913-967-2000 Boston * Oailas Denver * Detroit * Ounedm Orlando San Pncsco St lout Washington A{1 taLA CLINTON BOGEHT ASSOCIATES .). '-.H . .... < - I'"'- Ayres, Lewis, Norris & May, Inc. Engineer* * Architect* AM 4V>4 31} '6,',0'0 : * *> 4}%? 8'4 284.-655 SIDNEY B. BOWNE & SON CIVIL ENGINEERS (:i tf fe,n,,r tpAvSPOflrarrov highways LAND S ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING #ATR POLLUTION CONtflOL W4TR RESOURCES drainage 4 nooo control ENGINEERS/ARCHITECTS 3:. e ' e-*4' -} :*cvy `i-V '''*** C**2' <~>gc^rrce'e `.e*c;r* ?t3'h 73 ` c'c'ess-c^o* se-.ces l 714/752-0505, - WA'tO -SiWCAAdC -sciowas^c ENEAdV NOuStPlAL joif$ FLOYD BROWNE ASSOCIATES, Limited CONSULTING ENGINEERS -- PLANNERS t1 SOOTH MAIN STREET --MARION OHIO 43302 clcvclano <x>o vOUNGS^CWN 0`0 z*NrZN A>0ftJ"N NC-4N4 BUCHART-HORN CONSULTING CNGlNCCftS*<v4 n*NMS * Running * Design * Construction Miter Resources Development Mtte' Svco'y and r-ea-mf.-. Mfer QU4l AflJtyj.S * Ooerjturns 3ALTiM0E M0 CHARLESTON A .a nA3a,S5yQu pA LE`S8UAC PA MEMPHIS FEW A4$mv;JT0v0C AJLl.AMS8ufiu.VA VJJRK PA BUCK. SEIFERT & JOST. INCORPORATED Consulting Engineer* WATER SUPPLY SEWAGE OlSPOSAL hydraulic developments Reports invesugations Valuations Raes Design Construction Operation Management CHem.cai a-o S*oog`cai Laboratories 140 Sylvan Ave. Englewood CUII*. NJ 07632 (201) 567-6990 Burgess & Niple Limited Engineers fen1 *** i<ti 5083 Reed Road Columbus. Ohio 43220 (6141 459-2050 Muon Cincinnati Mentor onto Houston. TX Parkersourg wv Ft Miicnefl KY [WW LJIW 3A?'C\ & vOGUiOCE P c CCnSu*.' NGENG NB$1 -andSobvEtOPS ^ -EBPCC-. NEW VQBA 13064 3,S-<5? 5200 S*-IC3'Cr*\g-o'..--Q*ft-.t,.) !>*>-ll<>*n|il<4ir*4, APRIL 1981 8ROCKMEIER INVESTIGATIONS PLANNING OES1GNS REPORTS WATER WASTEWATER SOLlO WASTE SYSTEMS WATER RESOURCES ANO ENERGY CONSERVATION . UTILITY MANAGEMENT RATES VALUATIONS Since 1898 Serving I I 'Water & Wastewater Utilities | Bums & McDonnell ENGINEERS - ARCHITECTS - CONSULTANTS IpO Bc * 7* Kansas City M.ssoutf64J4t 9*6-333 4375 I I NEWS 125 V CAPCO JEN 0020800 Professional Services William F. Cosulich Associates. P.C. t Crossways Park West Woodbury New York 11797 CH2M KHILL *ng{irM'rr> pljimm onomiMx v HmtHts Campion: ProfrtstoruJ Engineering S*tviu-> for Water 5uppl\, Treatment, biorjge, Ounhiition. Operation. R-ttcs. LtPoritutN Atuk Sut\ess PO Box 43S Corvallh. Oregon 97330 503 752-4271 *V m- "u.v . t<. trviaj^v^l tt* A itiO Vjt.i yd jrv.wd Calocerinos S. Spina CONSULTING ENGINEERS V ' "" '' ' ' J CM! CRAWFORD. MBRPBTS TJUJ.inc Consulting Engineers SPRtWItt.D. IL LISCOLS. //. 4L ROR4. IL ?"S<) West Washington Si Spnngjtefd IL tZ'O? Dames & Moore Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Pollution Control Engineering Environmental Impact Studies Water Resources Management Assistance with Regulatory Compliance CAM DRESSER S McKEE INC CDM eng r^ee'S scent-sis ;a--e*s L ~ianager'eot zcesyams A DAWKINS df ASSOCIATES. INC : / t. AV" -V/'POMMEVAw *CiNES AND fl.AN^ERS ,j; gflA^es -jp^a . &:0NOnr* 36VCAN 9iVO OflLANOO, FLORIDA 328S7 aisocuaraaur ^Smfuter system CONSULTANTS Process Control Computer Control Instrumentation MIS MMS Our clients are consulting engineering firms, water and wastewater districts, municipalities and industry For a qualification brochure write: 270 Metro Square Building, St. Paul, MN 55101 (612) 298-1992 E:;N`.G(pvINetEeE2R*<IN/'pGc-sSvCeIsE'NAwCeEnGC'nOeeMrP;nAgNsIeErSvices 125 West Huntington Oove A'cao-a.Ca 91006 i23i 445-7560 24 QP.ces Throughout toe U S enviroDYne enGineers Baltimore Chicago Knoll >Jiw York S' Louk 222 West Adams Street Chicago lllno>s 60606 312* 2630114 FAY, SPOFFORD a THORNDIKE, INC. Engineers Water Supply and Distribution Sewerage and Drainage Systems One Beacon St.. Boston, Mass. 02108 JOHN CAROLLO ENGINEERS Wafer Supply and Treatment Wastewater Collection and Treatment Solid Wastes Disposal, Drainage. Utilities 330t> N T't ra St JR. S' A Q*t L3*^e * "-4 * A ^|S P^cetii* A2 85012 fVi'rrut Creek CA 94598 Fd Valley CA 92708 HIS II DeWild Grant Reckert & Associates Co. CONSULTING ENGINEERS -Stt Flaherty-CSiavara I'M Associates, P.C. awH THE COMPLETE RESOURCE Engineers Planners Environmental Scientists ONE COLUMfluS ?l.*2A NEW HAVEN C 06HO 20J 769 1260 69 A j-e' Supp y 2 Sl' Put On .*3*e* pp o" ( C'2 ''age ALFRED CREW ~z,,si' a Aaste CONSULTING ENGINEERS INC. s mjc t A.e K\ N - :*450 |,#0 CO? c Consoer Townsend. Inc. A Planning Research Company $,. 5C0 300 East Wac^r Orwe C^c'.pc ~;.s SOSO'- 342 933-0300 Cap * CCs~0*\G ~\\'X $'C`22X'5' '2 126 NEWS clonohue s associates me. C^N-S^lT-f\.G =\G-\EEF1S 6-S3P-3A-. 53CS* "6, u\a ose-e""* WATER WASTEWATER SOHO WASTE ENERGY TRANSPORTATION PLANNING STRUCTURES ELECTRICAL 4 MECHANICAL ENVIRONMENTAL EtA*3SN VAO'SCN S'EvENS CNF WAUKESHA ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING SERVICES. INC 0 Water Supply. Environment*!. Energy Sludlee. Coat of Service. Rete Oeelgn It Contract Negotiation* Econometrics and Policy Review P O Be* 976 Olympia WA 98S07 Beiievue Washington Washington D C FROMHERZ ENGINEERS, INC. CONSULTING ENGINEERS Planning & Engineering Services for Water & Wastewater Systems S0474M-7711 4747 Etmtrt 8'vd N*w Orleans. La GC1M HYORONET SERVICES innovative computer modeling for open and closet! networks 209/948-8222 221 Tuiedo Court Suite F Stork ton CA 99204 JOURNAL AWWA CAPCO JEN 0020801 Professional Services GR\v Engineers. Inc. Lexington, Bowling Green. Louisville. Kentucky Nashville, North Carolina; Montgomery, Alabama 0nqmacMAq rebit*ctur. planning hoiofrmm*lry Ground Water Associates, Inc. Water Supply Geologists and Engineers Quantitive and qualitative ground water evaluations Ire noval by VYREOOX process PO Soxcol //CS^rvtile 0*0 43061 5*4-822-3'.36 Cranforfl New Jersey Aflmgior Massachusetts WILLIAM F. GUYTON & ASSOCIATES Consulting Ground Water Mydro/og'Sfs rece'a'pa:a Buiicrg At,s:*n ""x '870i si2.4rr.?i65 53?C h<ic'ct ocTM606 Houston 7X '*^281 't3i 722-4155 HOWAflO NECOLEI TAMMtN & BCnaKNOOPP HNTB *a' *^*--*'* it ;* -a A'voi. f"+r-e't-4 ) v* ev *.=5 5 i%'*C4r' t'wi-y-i C -4* V'yy|:*,-** oCM-'te'SCN-, scen^o *s ;<f NC *,, j $ T ' ANC ",EPs*i jjv;.Ncens.Ase s; asapcl s nc*n*:<m ~C*. r* C49 ! HUBBELL, ROTH & CLARK. INC. HRC - DNS JL 'NG NS.SEERS T-NCC 13 15 V ,,`4lC'P IN0J5 rPfAL >0 3 0 >< SIM rr< Gannett Fleming A Corddry and Carpenter, Inc. AA ''ff* S<jPpL *' -\0 'S-4 r\,\T P.\-P'\G 3 'Z^AGc vr ^`.SV'SSy* ASQpZrr ,, 4V 4 ' % 5 _ 4 *y- P 0 Box 1963 Harrisburg PA 17105 HAVENS AND EMERSON, INC. Environmental Engineers C eve Z-1 SidQ e S'?~<. \j A: a--.a 3A Sc Louts, VO HYDROTECHNIC CORPORATION CONSULTING ENGINEERS ESTAOLI5HEO 1947 x.r. Hiihjtt. NEBOUSING K HLMANN PUCCIERO ENGINEERS, P C WATER RESOURCES ANO POLLUTION CONTROL 1250 BBOAOWAY NEW YORK N Y IOCOI TELEPHONE (2121 *95**100 TELEX 42457} GATtS NGNRiVG C0VP4VY 96ufa. Seay,. /(attcinamL,.kafteXn. ilCHITtCTI t ' C I ' I M KlNxcm WATER/WASTEWATER* SOLID WASTE DRAINAGE k FLOOQ CONTROL UTILITIES ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES*DAMS ENERGY CONSERVATION BY RECYCLING ISIS Franklin Road. S W. Roanoke.VIrglnia 24010 71 Hydrotronic 8 Complete Non-Destructive LEAK DnECTION and LOCATION SURVEYS Formal proposals prepared on request P.0.10X 38ISIS 49 Ni. 71st St. > Wad. Fla. 33l3t PM(305) 751 -7946 Teta 519275 fl|**traL i ca-iK.scji n'A & MILLER. INC. THE NORTH SHORE ATRIUM moojerichotpk syosset n |SI 42140M ANNAPOUS BATON ROUGE HARTFORO K' Wmr? *rZ4 20). 52? 59*9 TAUPA JM * -I JWEST PALM BEACH iZl ) KU HAZEN AND SAWYER, p.c. T7 Engineers / WATfl supplv anotacatucnt wA$rewATp anoinoustmiai waste treatment . ORAINACC ANO f1000 CONTROL * NANCiAl stuoies CNVlRONWCNTAi ASSESSMENTS N..E SA;ei Oilbert/Commonw--fch ^ mmiw B/yowauLTairra S'jCies Design Construction Management Coe^at.ons * uutv Management Ea Certified Lab Water Supply Treatment Distribution Hydropower RudinSJ'A/.l*c)iMm,MI PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Consultants--Engineers--Laboratories Your listing can tie running in this spice. Ne*! ava^a^ie ^seMion date is July lot st*ng *r r issues through December mclud* hg BUYERS GUIDE Deadline May 1 Write 't* ceta is THE JENNINGS LAWRENCE COMPANY Ssi3b'>$nAC '9'7 Civil environmental mon'C'Ral E^g^ee's S '.ey's 6'4 22A 35^6 S55 SuMIps A.e"MF C* C" 2 4l2'S Jones & Henry Engineers, um.ieci WA( Si/poi V ufA*wsr ,5,n.ei.*OS WASttWA'ia *u4i7VLS' JTOHVAArfft SAtAGt HfWN*v., F..VC S0l1> WAStt f)lVPO$Al HECV.fc; VASAt.tVfM ^ASOHaioRv K COYP'/lt stnv `<S COVPCHtSS>V PLASMNt. -.OMMAt. HOOVES' WATER WASTEWATER SOLID WASTES =25 5 a .e-s se = aaa C" se; %Mnn A(MnU AND HANSEN i WASTEWATER TREATMENT SEWAGE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACULTIES DESIGN CONCEPT STUDIES # Greenleof-Telesco- MIAMI OALANOO XFY WEST APRIL 1981 HDR Henn.ngson. Durham Richardson Lece '"g Systems Sc ences Q^jO-g ir^o-or1 Mots On ve Ori^r'o. N6 60"^ i^oaj 399-1000 20 Or#<es Natonwida TN S5TW1 CONSUitwu ENGINEERS HHHH CNYlROMMCNTAL LJNw/L-B sccHTtsTs HOLZMACHER McLENDON* MURRELL. P.C. H2M CORP. .fMViflONMNL CNGiNEEAlMG SCIENCE 4Civil ENGINEERING ENVtaO*MCNT l laaQRRTQRT 575 BROAD HOLLOW ROAD. MELVILLE. NY 11747 (5161 694-3040 C*BM`NOC4,f * fir/6fi40S JOHN DAVID JONES ANO ASSOCIATES, INC. C'Vit Engine^ng Environmental Engineering Land P'anning Site P'anning City Er Reg'Onat p'ann.ng Architecture Sotvey-ng Ji62fOKTSr CUYAHOGA FALLS OHIO 44??t 2'6> 923 M01 5900 POCHE OftiVE COLUMBUS 0i0 43229 I6U.436 5633 JORDAN, JONES S. GOULOINQ, INC. CONtUCriNO INOINtIM ABonlo Brunswick Greenville Jccksonvilie 23C0 Z .% . - *v r NEWS 127 L CAPCO JEN 0020802 Professional Services PAINT CONSULTANTS f**9 *32' iJ' Z:r " 2i ci ~-r,s <, '`z',' "V.es c- cc ?*,$ ca a-: 2v*- ca '.ajs'a 'Vi K*L-WAr0R ASSOCIATES 'NC :-:2o mo^'cv' si Co*aosct5 -5-08 4*2 262 2663 KELLEY. G1DLEY. BLAIR & WOLFE. INC C>*nu t.ng I ntsmeer* CnmprehuTWM: Pmtc'Mona! Serv.ces Kor The V. jfer InduMrt i I jun '''ef (. hjr,`<Niyn. V>es\ \ fj>.nu 25'0l i V?j C ode *1)41 Kennedy Jenks Engineers Other OH'Ces -** - -A ** Di 'i''*-- 'j :'"i EKUPPER CONSULTANT! WAStCAATER aa f(R ENGINEERING SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORTATION MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING SOLID WASTE STRUCTURAL *ORT DEVELOPMENT ELOOOCONTROL ISSTELtCN RQAO PlSCATAWAY N J 0U&4 (20>> 7S2 MOO MAGUIRE A- r * *yrvr>ee'S Pa*^ets 6 4! M< NH ),< Vt r.o. Cx^cx A No.*o>a .a ` C-r-OXO .A S *' -Clf SC *<*< SC -WwV "I $** ** REPORTS DESIGN --SUPERVISION OflA.NAuE SOL'O PASTES WATER SUPpLv SEAERAGE BRjCGES hiGmaavs airports commercial aso iNOuSTRiAL SuiLOinGS AATERPRON? eAClUT.es DAMS LAWLER. MATUSKY 4 SKELLY ENGINEERS v -onrn^n'ar Sc ence 4 Eng.neermg Const/Jfanrs Water Raaourcaa Development Syitarn* Anelyala Water Treatment Plant Oealgn Pilot Plant Computer Pacllltlea Analytical Laboratories One Blue Hill Piaza Peart Biver, ny 10965 (9*4) 735 8300 LEGCETTE. BRASHEARS & GRAHAM. INC Consulting Ground-Water Geologists '.Viv- Si-pps Rvcidr^ng *2 Oanburv Rd SSihon CT 04117 <20'i `*62.1207 Sait Water Problems Pollution Studies Ir.wsttganons 1211 N SSr4*hoff Bl*d. Tampa, H, 33607 ItlJl 8794177 PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Consu'tants--Engineers--Laboratories Your listing can be running In (hit spies. Net: avadaole insertion date 'S July lor -is!i"g it .' issues imougn December wclud- ng BUYERS GUIDE Deadline May I Write 'o' ceiails CHARLES A. MANGANARO CONSULTING ENGINEERS Wafer. Sewerage. Drainage Flood Control Dams Qefose Dsdosoi Valuations ana Reports 79 Maaison Avenue New York NY 10016 McNamee Porter & Seetey CONSULTING ENGINEERS Wae* SuOO'v jno T-eatr-ent Wiiirw6i< Cji'-c-* ^"0 T-edt^enj Orjiojqe RmU'C AO'M lo*2u5-'ai Soi-a Ajtte 0*ioctJi J-Ji Sou'nStateSeet aoa Aroof m cr.ja- e*CJ 3*3 WS-50CO Engineers m:e Planners Construction Managers Metcalf & Eddy Architects Headquarters Boston. MA 02114 617-367-4000 KE KEIFER ENGINEERING. INC 7'jJD0fU' -I .ar*d vie Ca-'i 7A KIDOe CONSULTANTS, INC. S-cs c a>, z` *a *e* * zze i Cz^ca^r ENG NEE"E a=:- "E :'S =-_Av,=n'-. 1020 Cromwell Bridge Rood Baltimore. Maryland 21204 301 321-5500 Elson T. Killam n|7 Associates, inc. UCX. Environmental and Hydraulic Engineers 2" Bleeder Street Mnicurn Sew Jersey 070<*i 2C1-379-30C Tele* 6-J2-C57 TK ASSOC MIBN KIMBALL L. ROBERT KIMBALL A ASSOCIATES CONSULTING ENGINEERS 4 ARCHITECTS 6*5 W Highland Ave EbensDurg. PA 15931 814-472-7700 . ENVIRONMENTAL CCMP(.T VVAT *ASTewATen SOl*0 waste ENGINEERING K^A S? c? 128 NEWS II,own Yisssoclates Consulting Civil engineers Planning--design--construction managiment--water resources --suooly--treatment amt distribution--wastewater collection and treatment--water reclamation and reuse--pipeline*--utility systems--material evaluation--plastics--corrosion eonlrol a*a'-;* ;* -> Saw Q.tw CA . s*4 CA ~a.*a'C CA ai Heaocua'Jers ***48 Sky p3in 8w<j I'vre CA 92714 .**.4 751-3820 ____ LOZIER AsTCh'TECTS i\GN6H^S m ; y_ aeCvEVAtf ST=*UC'L'RAL Vt>A% ;a. 4%3 E.tC'a CA. E`.U SEEING ,A*: s*.AV, `,3 A\D Sjavfiv %G :C`o's^C* c* ACM.*. S*3A7 ON 600 PERINTON H1US-FAIRP0RT. KEWY0RK 1445Q (716) 223 -- *610 A'aa Zvie 1 IX .'L ENGNPiNG GlENl LUOWG 09 s'peo -9 f'ee SURVEYING 109 ti( Third Sir*t San B^a'd>no Cai't 9?*'0 LUTZ, DAILY & BRAIN CONSULTING ENGINEERS PO Bo* 718 Shawnee mission Kansas 66201 Te'epnone 913-831-0833 Soeoaoz-ng .n Renons Electric Power Generation. Transmission ana CistrrDution Water Systems. Rates. IFeasibility SioOies. Pollution Control COMPLETE MICROFILMING SERVICES (NOINECftING DRAWINGS i GENERAL RCCOROS 3l*<1*<v'4' A'O^nfl T <r* W'i.^ *CC -w OjO'vS 5'NE pTrr* *<o <"os Saw>c** o* *0ijR D*a -as s* cc.os a* -cu Reau R O 80* 7<* *A/ifTON PA 1*791 *8* *5977:3 Micrographics INTERNATIQNAL,INC. JAMES M MONTGOMERY CONSULTING ENG1NEEB8. INC. CIVIL ANO ENVIRONMENTAL WATER AMO WASTEWATER 253 N M.tc *'<i Ca . p ;* u '2a-o was- '"5*Z ASSOCIATES, INC. CAORNeIHUiLTTiclNraQ &INlOaInNnIiirnii WASTEWATER WATER SUPPLY INDUSTRIAL WASTES STRUCTURAL PORT FACILITIES TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES UR8AN b REGIONAL PUNNING ENVIRONMENTAL STUOIES RECREATION ARCHITECTURE UNO SURVEYING NESTE. BRUDIN & STONE INCORPORATED m w^iff stMfjm nni;n anj ()&M V.^teuitft S\Mfmx IVxynanJ OAM Axxex.ment Fngmeenrf PuNk W.iri. fnymcefing Proir.i and C .>n*iru.M<>ft Manayrmcnt Faulu.e- and 1 and Planniry San Bernardin o. CA Hemet. CA Sjn Diego. CA (7U| 888-t- 01 ri4) A5K--IIA I'Ul 4X5-1500 JOURNAL AWWA l' CAPCO JEN 0020803 Professional Services Analytical Services *"PsT is ^^ On* Pann Plaza New York. NY 10001 212-239-7900 30 National and Internatlonat Offleaa Englnaert Architaota Planner* Conatructlon Manager* :.s`e~s A-a v$.s .sa'* evs<csp Sc-to Aas'e 0>sc*'i' -aiire-t -ac Ost' OvionSrs'e-i P Robert and Company Associates Consulting Engineers 96 Poplar Street. N W. Atlanta. Ca 30335 NEW YORK TfSTWG LABORATORIES, INC. tlUrbwAn.. Westbory.NX 11590*(516)334-7770 EE Huubjutmr & Clark*. Inc. Canuttng Engiwri 7IMS3-75C 310 Oelewirt Avnue Buffilo. NY I42DZ AiSJfi VATe 'SCAfMgNr *A7R SUPPLY S0'w-0*ASTC`SPCSAL SEVERS -- ND SLRVEY'NG DRA.SAGE 3C0 CCn:=Cl. Consulting Engineering Services vV3ter Resources Wastev/ater Soi.d Waste Research ==s OBRIEN G GERE S.'acvse N i SCy.O^ Sew York C-a'cr.e SC PK-a 3e Aas-rs'.o^ 00 PENNONI ASSOCIATES INC. CONSULTING ENGINEERS 10 1 1 ARCH ST. PHILA., PA. 21S-S61-0460 PERL ITER & INGALSBE Consulting Engineers WATER / WASTEWATER Investigation! 'Planning. Design 1461 E Chevy Chase Drive Glendale,Calif. 91206 PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Consultants --Engineers--Laboratories Your listing can be running In this space. Neit available insertion dale is July tor iist'i-g m 7 issues Ihiougn Oecember mclud- g BUYERS GUIDE Deadline May 1 Wine tor details WATERHAMMER AND SURGE WAVE ANALYSIS J AUY ROSS ? PO 30< 1375 fUKH SA 5iiH V5 *8! 542* JOHN D. RUSSELL ASSOCIATES. INC. Cost of Settee Rate Design Va uatton Delectation PC Box i78i2 Mrwaokee *v< 532'" J'.-J 963 '-93 ^THOMAS R. O'COHNOR. INC. CWH & MECHANICAL ENGINEERS LRAt i o^BAN WATER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING GOVERNMENT ASSiStANCE PROGRAMS lANO SURVEYING 09 E G~~ESNtih STREET BAicERSP EwO CAt FORMA 9330? ''E-EP^CNE 3CS 32'*-'467 malcolm/TY PIRN'IE, INC. ^ ~ NS*/. rN0 ENVIHCNMENTAl ENGINEERS 2 ` ~n^"5A'=-a^ .`.hsTH s.a:nS Nv '3602 " ca w S 3*e's-*a$ M.rviScYii'tiir-ocf ari Aaociotc* s ZO+i.. *.. s. ;W{V'4V r>c-M: >J I lt <*(** i ar-j* cu<~t nar*! PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Consultants --Engineers --Laboratories Your listing can be running In this spice. s-*'3.3 ace 'se'1 C`v ca'e $ Ju-y <or ' " " s$e$ Decease' nciuC- : 3,,vEaS O'jOE Oeaclne May Write ';* :e'a a *)( P O ^ p>tr CLU Kay Kutchins 216 Gardenview San Antonio, TX 7821 3 (512) 349-4937 Personnel Systems Consumer Relations Organisation ana Management Development Training Seminars Workshops Evaluation Public Relations Human Resource Planning THE PITOMETER ASSOCIATES E^gmeers wa*e' waste Surveys Mam Surveys Wa'er DiSlr.Oul.on StoC es Spec a- HVarau',c investigations 100 Church St. New York, N.Y. 10007 (212) 267-8288 New Milford. Conn Atlanta Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco Columbia. Md LEE T. PURCELL ASSOCIATES ConsuluM n^meer\ \\ r 1* * I'li.nR l`..r*r.*< s\sicius -- \\.|t,-r SuppH In.! tt is'pn-(n< :nr,\,i,n--\ ^luHlmns Lf iv.liui't Nit.ti fs-bwiiiimniK Pmiln CONSISTING KNGINKERS--PLANNERS 60 Hamilton Street Paterson N J 07S0S 201 278-5700 3S Mam Street Franklin NJ 07416 201 827-5700 SCHNEIDER CONSULTING ENGINEERS frN\SKO\Vl-S * M AMI * A. . ' 'F . pi Assist. mm s \s;i( mss-h* i :< s StASA>S<fS^ K H ,S:' -.'VN AS 15 . HUKSVfS' 18 VASAI)!1 M K( > At) HRIDCKUIIE l*A i*ni* i'Z SEAR BROWN ASSOCIATES, P.C. engineers architects surveyors landscape architects CIVIL ENGINEERING MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING UNO PUNNING ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES INDUSTRIAL & MUNICIPAL WATER ANO WASTEWATER ENGINEERING 85 Metro Park. Rochester. New York 14623 RIDDICK ASSOCIATES. P.C. Consulting Engineers and Chemists Municipal and Industrial Water Purification Sewage Treatment Plant Supervmon. Industrial Waste Treatment Laboratories for Chemical and Bacter ological Analyses 1722 First Avenue New York. NY IM2S (212) S3I-7IM J-E.SIRRINE COMPANY Engineers Since 1902 An Employee Owned Company Complete Design of Environmental Facilities USA (j'r'pnvi'lP SC 29606 ai-iou-ior If* "'04/ Rese.ven e P i* SC 2' `09 S,io P.iu'O 6' iZ NEWS 129 V CAPCO JEN 0020804 Professional Services Sverdrup a Rvcol and Associates, Inc. 00 Nsnh iMi aoute*r *t Low*. Moaeur. *3101 Water Supply Treatment Distribution otlon Chjrletton MV G*.**ev>H* jACfcMmvi'tc N.n***"< New vo>k pttocmi > Ro*i Wh>ngton NY $ tMeiiii San Fmik>o Scat'* Stfve* Sponq MO* Wa*b.gtofl PC m A.V. Smith J Engineering Company PSC PROFESSIONAL SERVICES group. INC Corrosion Control and Materials Evaluation Essex-Sldg Narberth Pennsylvania >9072 ;hariorte 21S-6&4-3900 Hartford - 7`7-~ TAYLOR -------WISEMAIM TAYLOR comm tied :o evee* e^ce ~ det ^ O4 fe 3u>'t *"* forwent engineers, planners and land surveyors 306 FELLOWSHIP ROAD MOUNT LAUREL, NEW JERSEY 00054 609-235-7300 EHVt*OMM(NTAL. aCCTfllCAl CML 6 STRUCTURAL EH6MEEU PftOVIOMG STUaES/fttPOftTS/DtVGN 0 CONSTRUCTION SERVICES FOR Vote*/ Vowr--oter VomDonoge Rokuton Aboiement/SoAd Van* D-tpoMt Vaf**om Structure*; MormoVHghwOyi' Sveear A*po>n/Ur*ry Rote Anofm+tOnOge* Moutt Qf*3 fOCAoet Ft/ Comrtwfy De*e*opm*n/Ov*>Qj, COKWWWnt frtyKitf AtVMOiXe Rogrorm Smith and Gillespie Engineers, Inc. (904) 74S49S0* 1100 CMeryfilvd. P. O. ftoa 53136 Jacksonville. Florida 32201 O;TECHNSPHERE CONSULTANTS GROUP, INC. Consulting Engineers Herais Buifomg. 180 Soicedo Street legasoi VWogo. Mokate Metro Morula Teieonooe No 86-30-11 `MCCPO 8oxH46.3117 FTiikpomes P O Box 7033, Arport fttikootnes *Te*ex Nos 722280 HftO PH HMIC 7425328 STANLEY CONSULTANTS = ~3ffSSS Cka^ Scav*Ct$ n . lav*NG CSS*GN ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT Terzic & Mayer Public Utility Consultant* WATER AND SEWER RATE STUDIES Cost-ol-Service Bill Analysis Rate Case Preparation Tariff Oesign Jurisdictional Cost Allocation Studies Sf*cl*ll*tt In Utility Valuation, Oeprec/af/on 4 Coat-of-Sarvtca 229 E WISCONSIN AVENUE SUITE 001 MILWAUKEE. WISCONSIN 53202 TELEPHONE 1414) 277-9933 Air Pollution Control Resource Recovery Orainage & Flood Control Solid Waste Industrial Waste Water Pollution Control Vfetey'A;SSOCIATES Charles R Velzy Asseciaies. Ine. Consulting Engineers Armonk NY Mmofa H Y Ba&yion N Y EPA Approved State Certified \ \ EPA Ormkmg Water Standards Waste Water Analysis \/ NPDES Permit Testing Water Chemistry & Bacteriology Wa*r Analysis A Consulting, Inc. 304 BLAIR 8LVO EUGENE. OREGON 97402 503 485-8404 J. R. WACFORD & COMPANY. ------ ------- ---------- C'lv'iMrt'r-------- WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS HOME OFFICE 2835 Lebanon Road Nashville, Tennessee 37214 (615) 883-3243 BRANCH OFFICES Alcoa. Tennessee Laurel, Mississippi W&H WHITMAN & HOWARD. INC. Stearns & Wheler CIVIL AND SANITARY ENGINEERS Ca2enovia NY 13035 Darien. Conn 06820 3t5' 655-6161 203; 655-7979 TKDA An A^jE^SOS AND ASSOC A'(S NCCAP^ftAT E D WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS SEWER SYSTEMS WATER SUPPLY ANO TREATMENT FACILITIES AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS -j 9i-* i :a HIU'IMW. KKIH \KI> I \\U \>>0(1\IKS ESGISEERS 2315 SAINT Paul STREET BALTIMORE. MAfTTLANO 21218 301 235-3450 ALDEN E STIISON and ASSOCIATES ' - '<:v i 4-.- re.r^'e 5 .ou . 0 ' . , j * ' ^ , '!S:- oJ5 i -JJ" u >pOyd 5- si *. ; **.. a * * ^ 'vj* rn-Y- t O" - w' - - - . ` -t w.Jf'Aj , > "CN ;rS` C. .-a 0>C i*.-* a'^rt 0** 0 bU 778 4385 mg Vj TurnerCollie>Braden Inc. - 'W' WILLIAMS & WORKS S'.G^.EE^S -lAV.E^ ARC-TECrs BS rl 5TILSON Lobororories. Inc. Harardous Waste OSHA-NIOSH Noise-Waier-Ai V>croo<oiogy PC8 s Source Testing Limited Research -- WATERHAMMER STUDIES SCMa OS,;' S3 ;H3 S$tc$ Complete Pumpmq System Review Steady Stale ana Sv*ge Ana'ysit pt 0 0Force Mam ana O'Slf> ul< rv Systems PO Sot 679 Carlisle PA 1700 |7t 7) 243 1900 130 NEWS URS planning POLLUTION CONTROL jfChtleelure INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES research WATER RESOURCES engineering MARINE FACILITIES feasibility analyses TRANSPORTATION construction management ENVIRONMENT >ie<d Supervision HEALTH CARE 'A7 -EADCjAR'ERS 4'5S?4 6CCC 30 VE* ROAD SA`, VA'EO CA 9A4Q2 VEENSTRA & KIMM, INC. E \ G ' v E E P S & PLANNERS -a-.. - .. :.sr s*a ;- v' nCi --.-.a (Z&fcfileU TVaU'r S<f4U*t E*ft*tt*<*$ Sttvut* STUDIES TREATMENT FmNA GRANTS OlSTA'BgTlON SUPPLY STORAGE CERTIFIED LABORATORY "SSTik- Woodward-Clyde Consultants water Resources Oeveooment Geopnysicai ana Geocnemicat EDiora,ion Modeling ana Numerical Analyses Waier Pollution iovesTqat ens Myaroiogrcai imoact Siuces F'ooo Haaa^a E/a'uaion in Situ Mining Denver CO Sa*- R'an^.jco C* 'Otne< otf'ces -n off'C<oii u $ e-i-es A JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020805 AWWA Section Meeting Calendar Coming Meetings Section Alabama-Mississippi British Columbia--Apr. 26-28 at the Penticton Convention Center in Pentic ton, B.C. Secy. W.G. Mills. CBA Engi neering Ltd., 1425 W. Pender St., Van couver, V6G 2S3 Canada. California-Nevada--Apr. 9-10 at the El Rancho/Tropicana in Santa Rosa. Calif. Secy. W.J. Bardin Jr., James M. Mont gomery Consulting Engineers, 555 E. Walnut St., Pasadena. CA 91101. Hawaii--Apr. 8-10 at the Kona Surf Hotel in Kona, Hawaii. Secy. M. Morita. Deen Morita Plumbing, Inc., 1658 Auiki St., Honolulu. Hawaii 96819 New England--Apr. 30 at the Hyatt Regency in Cambridge. Mass. Secy. P. Janjigian. City Hall, Newport, Rl 02840. Arizona Atlantic Canada British Columbia Calitornia-Nevada Chesapeake Connecticut Flcida Hawaii Illinois Indiana intermountain Iowa New York--Apr. 28-May 1 at the Nevele Country Club in Ellenville, N.Y. Secy. J.J. Moran, Kennedy Valve, Box 931, Elmira, NY 04902. Pennsylvania--Apr. 21-24 at the Host Corral Resort in Lancaster. Pa. Secy. J. B. Smith, Gannett Fleming Corddry & Carpenter, Inc.. Box 1963. Harrisburg, PA 17105. Kansas Kentucky-Tennessee Mexico Michigan Missouri Montana Nebraska Southeastern--Apr. 5-8 at the Hyatt on Hilton Head in Hilton Head, S.C. Secy. R.T. Tindal. 307 N. Trenholm Rd., Columbia, SC 29206. New England New Jersey New York 1981 AWWA WORKSHOPS & SEMINARS C"<of ra: oo Sa : mere vc -S" Pa Vay i 12 ,,,n 1-2 Cos; of Service Los Ar>- May M <;ees Caiif Cosfcmer_Service Phoenix. Arrz Apr l Arlington. Apr 8 Tex Yakima. Apr 13 Wash irpianapOhs Apr 13 fnd Bloomington. May 6 Minn Waltham. Mayli Mass Cross Connection Control Bowling Apr 27 jreen Ky Safety Kansas C<ty Mo Greenville SC Ann Aroor Mich Apr 15 May 5 May 20 Water Loss Reduction Portland, Apr 7 Ore. Philadelphia. May 4 Pa. PittSDurgh. May 6 Pa Boston. May 7 Mass Connecticut May 8 San Antonio. May 16 Tex Denver Colo May 20 Phoenix. Anz May 22 North Carolina North Central Ohio Ontario Pacific Northwest Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Quebec Rocky Mountain South Dakota Southeastern Southwest-Texas Virginia West Virginia Western Canada (Continued on page 132) Wisconsin 1981 Oct. 25-28 Biloxi, Miss. May 6-8 Tucson, Ariz. Sep. 13-17 Moncton, N.B. Apr. 26-28 Penticton, B.C. Apr. 9-10 Santa Rosa, Calif. Oct. 28-30 Palm Springs. Calif, Sep. 9-11 Ocean City, Md. May 20-22. . North Falmouth, Me. Nov. 10-14 Miami Beach. Fla. Apr. 8-10 Kona, Hawaii Sep. 15-18 Pocatello. Idaho Oct. 21-23 Ames. Iowa Nov. 15-18 Ft. Mitchell, Ky. Sep. 28-Oct. 1 Detroit. Mich. Jun. 7--12 St. Louis, Mo. Nov. 5-6 Columbus, Neb. Apr. 30 Cambridge, Mass. Sep. 15-18 Atlantic City, N.J. Apr. 28-May 1 Ellenville, N.Y. Sep. 22-25 Niagara Falls. N.Y. Nov. 8-11 Asheville, N.C. Sep. 23-25 Duluth. Minn. Nov. 11-13 Cincinnati, Ohio May 10-13 London, Ont. May 6-8 Spokane, Wa. Apr. 21-24 Lancaster, Pa. May 30-31 Dorado. P.R. Oct. 25-28 Sante Fe. N.M. Sep. 16-18 Yankton, S.D. Apr. 5-8 Hilton Head, S.C. Nov. 8-12 Corpus Christi, Tex. Oct. 13-16 Arlington. Va. May 17-19 Charleston, W. Va. Sep. 30-Oct. 2 Saskatoon, S.K. Sep. 30-Oct. 2 Delavan. Wis. 4 1982 Sep. 23-26 Mobile, Ala. May 5-7 Flagstaff, Ariz. Oct. 6-8 Vancouver, B.C. Apr. 15-16 Long Beach, Calif. Sep. 8-10 Ocean City, Md. Sep. 14-17 St. George. Utah Mar. 24-26 Salina. Kan. Nov. 14-17 Nashville, Tenn. Sep. 20-23 Grand Rapids, Mich. Apr, 14-16 Lake Ozark, Mo. Mar. 25-26 Helena, Mont. Apr. 29 Danvers. Mass. Apr. 2-7 Rochester. N.Y. Sep. 29-Oct. 1 Fargo, N.D. Nov. 3-5 Cleveland, Ohio Apr. 18-21 Ottawa. Ont. Apr. 14-16 Medford-Ashland. Ore. Jun. 20-24 Hershey. Pa. Sep. 19-22 Snowmass, Colo. Apr. 18-21 Savannah. Ga. Oct. 17-21 Oklahoma City, Okla. Oct. 26-29 Roanoke. Va. Sep. 22-24 Winnipeg, Man. CAPCO JEN 0020806 GOLDENANDERSON solves valve problems Surge Control* Liquid Level Control*Pressure Control Size range 1" through 48" `Computerized surge analysis Write for bulletins, catalog CX?'1l Industries Inc. GOLDEN-ANDERSON VALVE SPECIALTY CO. DIV. 290-D Marshall Road Mars, Pennsylvania 16046 (412) 776-1020 Telex 866490 Representatives Worldwide VISIT OUR EXHIBIT, BOOTH NO. 803 Reader Inquiry Service No 024 (Continued from page 131) Water Quality Technology Conference: Seattle, Wash., Dec. 6-9, 1981; Nash ville, Tenn., Dec.. 5-8, 1982. Annual Conference: St. Louis, Mo., Jun. 7-11,1981; Miami, Fla., May 16-21,1982; Las Vegas, Nev., Jun. 5-10,1983. Distribution System Symposium: Mil waukee, Wis., Mar. 7-10, 1982. Other Organizations Apr. 1-3 The Effects ol Acid Precipitation on Ecologi cal Systems in the Great Lakes Region of the United States. Michigan State University Insti tute of Water Research. US Department of the Interior's Office of Water Research and Tech nology, US Park Service. US Fish and Wildlife Service. US Environmental Protection Agen cy's Acid Precipitation Program. East Lans ing. Mich In a multidisciplinary forum 25 scientists will exchange information on the ecological impact of acid ram. Sessions will focus on sources, monitoring, and the resultant effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, partic ularly in the Great Lakes region. The partici pants will also identify future research needs and suggest priorities for them. Contact: Howard Bernson, Conference Coordinator, University Conference and Insti tutes, 49 Kellogg Center, Michigan State Uni versity, East Lansing, Ml 48824. Apr. 5-6 Water Systems Council Meeting. Bloomingdale. III. Contact: Pam Williams, Associate Director, Water Systems Council, 221 N. LaSalle St., Suite 2026, Chicago, IL 60601. Apr. 6-10 Corrosion/81. National Association of Corro sion Engineers Toronto, Canada. More than 250 papers are expected to be presented in approximately 40 technical sym posia during this conference. Session topics will be corrosion kinetics, corrosion monitor ing. localized corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement corrosion fatigue, inhibitors and coatings, and general corrosion problems. Contact' Conference Coordinator, National Association of Corrosion Engineers. P.O. Box 218340. Houston, TX 77218. Apr. 12-14 American National Metric Council: 7th An nual Conference. American National Metric Council. Washington. D.C. This conference will examine the practical aspects of developing metric capability in American industry by focusing on the areas of management, marketing, productivity, and procurement. Contact. American National Metric Council, 1625 Massachusetts Ave,, N.W., Washington, DC 20036. Apr. 15 1st Annual Water-Wastewater Instrumenta tion Conference and Workshop. California Water Pollution Control Association. Ameri can Water Works Association, and the Instru ment Society of America. Santa Clara. Calif. The joint instrumentation conference an.1 workshop will provide current information and ideas related to system analysis and control of water and wastewater, as well as the latest methods and techniques for improved appli cation. operation, and maintenance of various types of instrumentation and analyzers. Contact: William Kopet, Publicity Coordina tor, Joint Instrumentation Committee, 132 Helen Way, Escondido. CA 92025. Apr. 23-24 Understanding and Managing a High Quality Water System. Bureau of Business Research and Services at California State University. Long Beach. Calif. - Six distinguished experts in the water industry will discuss all phases of managing high quality, deionized, and demineralized water systems. Topics include purification techniques and processing steps, costs, equipment, water testing, sterilization, and preventive maintenance. The seminar is designed for managers, process engineers, utility engineers, and water managers in volved with high quality water. Contact: Seminar Coordinator. Bureau of Business Research and Services. California State University. 1250 Bellflower Blvd,. Long Beach. CA 90840. Call for Papers 37th Annual Conference of the SPI Rein forced Plastics/Composites Institute Abstract deadline: May 1, 1981 Papers are sought on new and developing uses for reinforced plastics in all markets: on new resins, reinforcements, fillers, and addi tives; on advances in processing involving both reinforced thermoset and thermoplastic resins; on new and improved processing machinery and tooling; on research and. development activities: on energy-saving and alternate energy applications: on manage ment and marketing; and on other topics such as health and- safety. Abstracts of proposed papers, consisting of approximately 500 words, should be sent to RP-'C Conference Administration, The Soci ety of the Piastics Industry. Inc., 355 Lexing ton Ave.. New York, NY 10017. Call for Reviewer-Discussers A conference on Pump Station Design for the Practicing Engineer will be held Aug. 31 to Sep, 2, 1981. at Bozeman, Mont. Authors for the 54 papers have been selected and review er-discussers are sought. The range of sub jects includes system design transients, pumps, driver, piping, instruments and con trol. electrical design, heating and ventilating, location and layout, wet wells, pump room arrangement, booster stations, wastewater pumping, water pumping, sludge pumping, costs for facility planning, and so forth. Manuscripts will be sent to reviewers on June 15. By July 15 reviewers must submit a camera-ready discussion for inclusion in the preprinted proceedings. Discussions are ex pected to be incorporated into a threevolume text to be published approximately two years after the conference is held. For further details please contact Editor, Pump Station Design, Dept. CE/EM, Montana State University. Bozeman, MT 59717. CAPCO JEN 0020807 ( Will your pipe look this good after thirty-one years in the ground? Cal! it a test. A difficult and gruelling test. That pretty well describes the past 31 years for this concrete pressure line, recently un covered in Madison, Wisconsin. Running through low, wet ground, less than 500 feet from Lake Menona, it has been exposed to conditions that are normally corrosive to other pipes. What''s more, it has endured the crushing force of freezing, expanding soil through 31 Wisconsin winters. Yet today this 36-inch concrete line looks as good as the day it went in the ground. No cracks. No deterioration. Every joint still bottle-tight. Easily ready for another 31 years of service. Imagine, for a moment, what 31 years in the ground might have done to other kinds of pipe. For real permanence, specify the one pipe that actually gets stronger the longer it's in the ground. Prestressed concrete pipe. For more information, write us at P.O. Box 825, Dayton, Ohio 45401. make it concrete to last VISIT OUR EXHIBIT, BOOTH NO. 738 Reader Inquiry Service No. 0S2 v CAPCO JEN 0020808 List of Advertisers American Concrete Pressure Pipe Assn........................................... 12 Agency Henry J Kaufman & Associates. Inc. American Ductile Iron Pipe Co...................................................... 24.25 Agency Luckie & Forney Inc American Valve & Hydrant Div..........................................,................. 5 Agency Luckie & Forney Inc. Ametek. Inc........................................................................ ................. 77 Agency Richardson. Thomas & Bushman. Inc. Anne Arundel County.......................................... ............................. 123 Agency Nationwide Adv, Service Badger Meterr Inc................................................................... ............. 8 Agency Scannell. Inc. Baroid Petroleum Services ..................................... Agency. Craig. Lamm. Hensley & Alderman Adv ................. 85 Bilco Company ..................................................................................... 46 Agency; McLaughlin. DelVecchio & Casey. Inc. Butler Tank Group ........................ ........................................... Agency Valentme-Radlord Advertising 120 Butterfly Valve Manufacturer's Assn.. ...................... Agency Creamer Inc . ... 69 Byron Jackson Pumps ..................................... ..................... 20.21 Agency Soylhart. Lovett & Oean Inc. Calgon Corp. ................................................................................ 57 Agency; Ketchum. MacLeod & Grove Inc. CertainTeed Corp................................. Agency Lewis & Gilman Inc ........... ,, .... 63 Cities Service Co. .. ............. ................ .... . . .... Agency Crawford & Associates. Inc. . 22 Cla-Val Company ............................. ............. . ..... . . Agency Griswold Advertising 121 Clow Corp......................... ............... ..................................... Agency Frank C Nahser Inc. 49.51 Corad Corporation .........*,................ .......................................... 99 Agency Brearton & Associates Crane Canada.................................................... .... . . Agency Cranad ... 59 Dresser Mfg. Div......................... ................................................ . Agency' McKinney Inc 75 Ductile Iron Ptpe Research Assn. .. .... ........ Agency Meldrum & Fewsmith Inc 38.39 Febco Sales. Inc.................. ...................................................... ... 62 Agency Charles A Looney Adv. Ford Meter Box Co., Inc.. The ................................... Agency Garnson. Jasper Rose & Co . Inc. 16 Foster Co. LB . Agency Marsteller Inc . .................. . . - 42.43 GA Industries .................... - . Agency Please & Snorr Advertising .. . 132 Griffin Ppe Products .. .................................. Agency Schoiz Moody Adv Inc Cover 2 Griffin Technics Corp...................................................... Agency Graphics Workshop. Inc . 109 Hach Chemical Co........................ .....................................................118 Agency Wesley Day & Co. Hersey Products ..... ...................................... .. ... Agency jonn F Norris & Co.. Inc 80.136 ICI Americas Inc...................................................... ...........___ . ... 87 Agency The Micnener Co JCM Industries. Inc............................ Agency- Russ Jurgens & Associates 40 Johns-Manville Corp......................................................................... 34.35 Agency Frye Sills. Inc Jones Chemicals. Inc................... Agency Conklin. Labs 4 Bebee. Inc 100 Kent Meter Sales ....................................................................... Cover 3 Agency; J G. Kasten & Co. Layne Western Co . Inc. ................. Agency The Foxndge Agency 10,11 Leopold Co............................................................................................... 37 Agency- Robert L. Stevenson, Inc. 134 NEWS Mapco Inc........................................................... Agency- Public Relations. International McDonald Mfg. Co., A.V........................................................................ 119 Agency Marketing Support. Inc. McDowell Manufacturing Co.......................................................... Agency: Downing Industrial Adv. 120 McWane Inc............................................................................................... 19 Agency1 Seare Advertising Monsanto ............................................................................................... 17 Agency: Monsanto Advertising & Promotion Mueller Co................... Agency: Ross Advertising. Inc. 14.15 Natgun Corporation ....................................................I................. Agency* William Durfee & Co., Inc. 61 Northern Gravel Co.......................................... Agency; Sweet Advertising 122 OCV Control Valves ............................................... Agency; Halfcrest Advertising Ocean Valves. Inc........................... Agency: Robert H. Fuller Adv. .56 Olin Water Services............................................................................... 67 Agency; Bernstein/Resin & Boasberg Adv., Inc. Patterson Pump .............................................................. Agency. Bozelt & Jacobs, Inc. 89 Peabody TecTank............................................................... Agency Five Company 73 Pollard Co.. Inc., Joseph G................................. Agency: A D. Adams Advertising. Inc. 55 Precision Meters, Inc................................................... Agency; George Mobeck & Associates 3 Price Brothers Co..................................................... . .. . .. ... 133 Agency, Yeck & Yeck. Inc. Rockwell International ................................................................. .... 31 Agency Marsteller Inc. Ross Valve Mfg. Co.. Inc...................................................,,................ 102 Agency; Devey, Thompson & Vignola Adv.. Inc. Skinner Products, M.B...................................................................... Agency. Jones & Taylor Inc 76 TDW Services. Inc......................................... ...........................x............ 93 Agency Marketing Communicators. International Taylor Chemicals. Inc, ................................................. . . . . 121 Agency Emery Advertising Corp. Tekmar Co.......................... ............................................................ ..112 Agency Kenyon Hoag Associates Thompson-Hayward Chemical Co. .......................................... Agency. Valentine-Radford Adv 105 Tintometer Co....................................................... . ..................... Agency Seamark Advertising 115 Trinity Valley Iron & Steel Co....................................... .. Agency: Encson Associates. Inc. ..... x 41 Tyler Pipe Industries . ............... .......... ......................................... ,.47 Agency Crume & Associates. Inc. Unifilt Corp................................................. Agency: Robert L. Stevenson, Inc. 119 U.S. Pipe & Foundry Co............................................................... Cover 4 Agency: Basinger 4 Associates, Inc. Wallace & Tiernan Div., Pennwalt Corp............................................. 60 Agency; Williams, London. Marchin. Weltman 4 Assoc. Waterous Co........................................................................................... 71 Agency: Colle 4 McVoy Adv, Watts Regulator Co.................................................................... 64,65.79 Agency McOougall Associates. Inc. Western Scientific Associates ......................................................... 122 Agency; Neographic Graphic Design Water Supply of Rome ......................................................................... 97 World Water ............................................................................................ 95 JOURNAL AWWA V CAPCO JEN 0020809 NEW FRP-IIAERGAP BACKFLOW PREVENTER Protects against backflow. Protects against backsiphonage. Easy to maintain. The new Hersey Model FRP-II reduced air gap at least twice the diameter ofthe from vandalism or pressure backflow preventer protects supply pipe. accidental damage. against both backflowand backsiphonage. Easy In-Line Maintenance is another fea FRP-II backflow Should supply pressure drop, the reliefvalve ture. Check valves and reliefvalves are HB preventers are ap- opens to maintain a 3 psi positive pressure independent modu proved by the U.S.C. differential between the supply and the RP lar assemblies. They Cross-Connection . zone. Under Normal can be removed Control Lab, US. .. Conditions ifsupply intact--valve, Army Corps ofEngi . pressure drops to spring and seat-- neers, U.S.Navy, | atmosphere or below, the relief and replaced using low*cot replacementIdtincludes IAPMO, AWWA, and low-cost replace- valve. and sml ASSE. valve stays open and Protsctsagarat mentkits! All parts Circle readers' service number for more the water in the reduced pressure zone drains out fcacfcs^tfionago are ofcorrosionresistant materials,and the pressuresensing passage and diaphragm are con -Hersey,information. Or write or call us Protectsaganaback*** creating an internal tained within the housing, follyprotected direct PRODUCTS 'if Hersey Products, Incorporated, 2 50 Elm Street, Dedham, Massachusetts 02026, (617) 326-9400 Telex92-4436 Raster Inquiry Service No. 029 CAPCO JEN 0020810 CAPCO JEN 0020811