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338 CHAPTER 17 . r~ 1946 Guide The correct fuel burning rate can be determined directly -from the several charts for oil or gas burning installations, as these customarily operate on a strictly intermittent basis. These fuel burning devices usually introduce the fuel at a single fixed rate during the on periods and this rate should be sufficient to carry the gross load. In the case of coal stokers, which are usually capable of variable rates of firing, it is desirable to operate at as low a rate as weather conditions will permit, but the maxi mum firing rate of the stoker should be sufficient to carry the gross load. This rate may be determined by the same method as used for oil or gas. REFERENCES '--Domestic Burners for Pennsylvania Anthracite (Underfeed Type), (U. S. Department of Commerce. National Bureau of Standards. Commercial Standard No. CS48-40). *"Stoker Manufacturers Association Manual: Industry Standards. Recommended Practices, Technical Information. Published by Stoker Manufacturers Association. 307 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago 1, III. Code for Determination of Rated Capacities of Anthracite Underfeed Stokers, adopted June 1, 1944, and a Code for Determination of Rated Capacities of Bituminous Underfeed Stokers, adopted May 3. 1944. See Stoker Manufacturers Association Manual. *--Automatic Mechanical Draft Oil Burners Designed for Domestic Installations (U. S. Department of Commerce. National Bureau ofStandards. Commercial Standard No. CS75-42). Flue Connected Oil Burning Space Heaters Equipped with Vaporizing Pot Type'Burners (U. S. Department of Commerce. National Bureau ofStandards, Commercial Standard No. CS101-43). Warm-Air Furnaces Equipped with Vaporizing Pot-Type Oil Burners (17. 5. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Commercial Standard No. CS(E) 104^43). s-Gas Floor Furnaces. Gravity Circulating Type (C7. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. Commercial Standard No. CS99-42). i BIBLIOGRAPHY Performance Expectancy of Domestic Underfeed Stokers for Anthracite, by Allen J. Johnson (Transactions, A.I.M.E., Coal Division, Vol'. 119, 1936). The Relation of the Size of Bituminous Coals to Their Performance on Small Under feed Stokers--Burning Tests on Four Typical Coals, by R. A. Sherman, E. R. Kaiser and H. R. Limbacher, Technical Report No. 1, Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. (July, 1937) Part II. Oil Fuels and Burners, by James A. Moyer (McGraw-Hill). Handbook of Oil Burning, by Harry F. Tapp. A Study of the Oil Burner as Applied to Domestic Heating, by Arthur H. Senner (Technical Bulletin 109, V. S. Department of Agriculture). Progress in Domestic Oil Heating, by Rene J. Bender (Mechanical Engineering,. October, 1942). . _ A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No/ 907--Study of Performance Characteristics of Oil Burners and Low Pressure Heating Boilers, by L. E. Seeley and E. J. Tavanlar (A.S.H.V.E, Transactions, Vol. 37, 1931, p. 517). A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 925--A Study of Intermittent Operation, of Oil Burners, by.L. E. Seeley, and J. H. Powers (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 38, 1932,.'. p. 317). . Air Supply and Its Effect on Performance of Oil Burners and Heating Boilers, by L. E. Seeley, J. H. Powers and E. J. Tavanlar (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 39,1933, p. 75). Study of Fuel Burning Ratesand Power Requirements of Oil Burners in Relation to Excess Air, by L. E. Seeley and E. J. Tavanlar (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 40, 1934, p. 319). Oil Burning in Residences, by D. W. Nelson (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 41, 1935, p.355). A Study of Oil-Fired Heating Boilers, by R. C. Cross and W. R. Lyman (Heating and Ventilating, October, 1931). Combustion, American Gas Association. Comfort Heating, American Gas Association. ' Approval Requirements of Central House .Heating Gas Appliances, American Standards Association. A Method for Determining Fuel Burning Rates in Heating Boilers Fired by Auto-* matic Devices, by R. C. Cross (Healing and Ventilating, January, 1932). Heat Losses and Efficiencies of Fuels in Residential Heating, by R.-.`A. Sherman and R. C. Cross.(A.S.H.V.E: Transactions, Vol. 43, 1937, p. 185).' CHAPTER 18 ^J^eaiinq. $oi(erS anJ 3, UrnaceS BOILERS: Construction, Types, Design Considerations,. Testing and Rating Codes, Efficiency, Rating, Selection, Space Limitations, Connections and Fittings, Erection, Operation and Maintenance. FURNACES:- Types, Materials and Con struction, Ratings, Testing and Rating Codes, Efficiency, Design Considerstions, Humidification Equipment IN presenting the subject of Boilers and Furnaces this chapter is; divided into two parts; the first dealing with boilers and the secondtreating warm air furnaces. HEATING BOILERS Steam and hot water boilers for low pressure heating are built in a wide variety of types and sizes, many of which are illustrated in the Catalog Data Section. They are made of steel or cast-iron. CONSTRUCTION The only code governing the construction of low-pressure heating steel and cast-iron boilers that has gained recognition on a national basis is the ASME Boiler Construction Code for Low Pressure Heating Boilers. Some states and municipalities have their own codes which apply, locally but these are usually patterned after the ASME Code. The maximum allowable working pressures are limited by the ASME Code to 15 psi for steam and 30 psi for hot water heating boilers. Hot water boilers may be used for higher, working pressures for heating purposes or for hot water supply when designed and tested for the higher, pressure. , TYPES OF HEATING BOILERS Heating boilers are classified in a number of different ways, such as: (o) According to materials of construction. These are steel and cast-iron. Very few non-ferrous boilers are.made. (6) According to the fuels for which the boilers are designed. These are coal, hand fired or stoker fired; oil; gas; or wood. Some boilers are designed specifically for one fuel but many boilers are designed for more than one fuel. (c) According to the specific purpose or application for which the boiler is used, such as space heating or domestic hot water supply. (d) According to the design or construction of the boiler such as, sectional, round, fire-tube, water-tube, magazine feed, Scotch, etc. * Cast-boa Boilers Cast-iron boilers are generally classified as: (a) Square or rectangular boilers with vertical sections and rectangular grates commonly known as sectional boilers. (b) Round boilers with horizontal pancake sections and circular grates. Cast-iron boilers are usually shipped in sections and assembled at theplace of installation. In the majority of boilers the sections are assembled with push nipples and tie rods.. Many sectional boilers are provided with 339 .