Document 8GmLMLJEQKnnnGy4zDL9qvYa

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SV i ', '<-; *>,*** ' '%^l' '>>' fc.-;.\', n;,,v: .'..f -^!,'-'.'`" i i ' ' : ' ' '! ."'^'v:..- " rh r;-`.`..-`' , - ' ' . : V V .-'j* * '*H s <' 1 s t . , t? 1 a1 ,,* 1 ~ - X I - W i .l i 4 X* X*- t - t * - ' 1` ^ \ t s* * 9 ( ,V `v " , ''A <<'*.* " iS-i'.ie ' i X 1 " - ,, .) .,* 1I I i t+ f r -v 5* * ? CNVIMONMtNrAI. MCAITM U l U t A it 90twt> cS urvey o f Ix>a<l" in the AtmusphtMt^. of Three Urban GmimunitiesC ' , "X V , r> \\\ W1 ? ; s\ * . , _....-.* \ ' ,- t S r * t t f' J' v-^A - >'.'1'. ' ` i f * 1 >i , t < t-i f -J? in the environment. I t is present in the ai r, in the soil, in dri nk i ng water, in animal and vegetable life, and hence, in foods and beverages. A tmospheric lead originates from the combustion of wood, coal and vegetable matter, as well as from gasoline. Some of i t even comes from meteorites entering the earth's atmosphere. From the standpoint of public health, the principal considerations of lead as a possible health hazard concern (a) the amounts of lead to which the public is exposed, (b) the normal metabolism of lead insidethe human body, and (c) whether there is any progressive accumulation of lead in the body over a period of many years. M easurements of lead in the at mosphere have been undertaken for many years, and they show that atmospheri c lead levels f rom all sources are low. The most recent survey, undertaken in Los Angeles, Philadelphia and Cincinnati, and published by the U. S. Public Health Service confirmed the earlier re search results. Si mi l arl y, many studi es have been made of the lead inhaled and swallowed by the average person. The overriding evidence is that the average person daily eliminates from his body substantially the same amount of lead taken in. Blood and urine analyses, showing that lead concentration in the human body is well within safe limits, cor roborate these findings. Thus, the basic criterion is whether there is any progressive accumulation of lead in the human body over a period of years. Comprehensive studies show that there has been no significant accu mulation of lead in the body of the average A merican over the past 20 years as measured by blood level concentrati on. Ethyl'sResearch Programs Ethyl Corporation has sponsored much of the medical research work carried out at the University of Cincinnati. A nd i t has supported many additional studies by other organizations, including one by the Midwest Research I nsti tute which showed that antiknock compounds do not contribute in any way to the formation of photochemical smog. Besides this externally conducted work, Ethyl's own research staff has for many years been conducting investigations of the whole field of fuels and engines as i t relates to the broad problem of ai r quality. This l atter work, which involves both chemical and engi neeri ng ap proaches, not only has the objective of insuring that antiknock com pounds at no time pose a hazard to public health, but is part of the broad effort being undertaken by the oil and. automotive industries to solve the problem of photochemical smog. In Ethyl's program, the primary aim is to develop basic information on potential modifications of auto mobile engines which will reduce emissions of unburned hydrocar bons and carbon monoxide. Recently, as a result of this work, Ethyl's research laboratories re ported to the Society of A utomotive Engineerson new automobile induc tion systems which can markedly reduce these exhaust emissions.... Ethyl's new systems, which re duced emissions in experimental ve hicles by about two-thirds, not only meet present California require ments f or reduced exhaust emis sions but also the more stri ngent standards scheduled there f or 1970. Much additional research and de velopment work still needs to be done before these engineering con cepts can be applied to mass-pro duced automobi l es. N everthel ess, the work in the Ethyl laboratories, as well as in other organizations, demonstrates that the gasoline en gine is capable of being developed to a point where i t is no longer a significant contributor to the f or mation of photochemical smog. As Ethyl's work illustrates, new knowledge about fuels and engines and about the mechanism of ai r pol lution is constantly being uncov ered. A broad research effort into the many ramifications of ai r qual ity is being undertaken by scientists in government agencies, in private industry, and in colleges and uni versities--and much of this work is being done on a cooperative basis. Substantial progress has already been made by the automotive indus try in reducing the contributions of automobiles to ai r pollution. Long range, the gasoline engine will be f urther modified so that its contri butions to atmospheric pollution will not be significant.