Document 85n8n1g141g9v7a4N90eLMMYk

FILE NAME: General Motors (GM) DATE: 1948 DOC#: GM018 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Journal Article - Dust in the Causation of Occupational Disease - Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FRANK A. PATTY, Editor Contributors : J. BROZEK L. F. CURTISS E. E. DART W. B. DEICHMANN D. O. HAMBLIN I. HARTMANN F. F. HEYROTH F. R. HOLDEN G. W. JONES R. A. KEHOE J. B. LITTLEFIELD C. P. MC CORD F. A. PATTY L. SCHWARTZ H. SPECHT J. H. STERNER J. F. TREON W. N. WITHERIDGE VOLUME I 19 4 8 INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC., NEW YORK INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS I.TD., LONDON DUST IN THE CAUSATION OK OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE 511 omfeatalullmicinaulummibnyumphayvsaiciliaabnlse.foSromtheerianpveeusttiigcaotorrsp,ronpohtayblalyctHicapnunropno,s"esh,amveakreepsoornteldy mpuarreklyedosbujecccteisvseincrtihteeritarehaatvmeebneteonfupsaetdietnotsmweaitshurseevdeisreabdiilsitaybitlhiteyr.eHsuolwtsehvaevr,ewbheeenn somewhat less striking. Gardner, Dworski, and Delahant74 have suggested that vdaursitattihoants hinasrecsapuosnesde ttohealsuilmicionsuism. Tthheeryapsyugmgeasyt btehadtueduinstpwarhtitcohtihsepnriamtuarreilyofftrheee silica may react with aluminum more readily than dust which contains high per centages of iron. The use of aluminum generally in. industry for the therapy or prophylaxis of silicosis should be contemplated only with the utmost caution. I. ASBESTOSIS mineAraslbuessetodsinistahihsycdoruantetrdy manadgnGesrieuamt Bsriliitciaante.isMproordeutcheadnin90thpeeCrcaennadt ioafntchheryrasowbtieleumseindees.itAhesrbebsytoistsiselufsoerd minixtwedowgeitnheroatlhteyrpeinssouflamtianngumfaactteurriianlgs psurocchesassesd.iaIttommaaycceoottuosneaanrtdh wfoorvefnireapsroaoftienxgt,ilepafcokrinfgir,eporrooinfsuanladtinhge;ato-rresitismtanayt cbleotchoinmgbainneddo-twhiethr stousbsitnantchees.ULnaintezda7-S1etasttiems.atMesotsht aot btsheerrveerasrefeaeblotuhta1t 0t,0h0e0ipnecridsoennsceexopfoassebdetsotoassibs eisn fAremqeureicnatlnyasinbeEstnogslawnodrkaenrds isCqauniatdeal.ow. Asbestosis has, however, been reported more ProloLnagnezda,eMxpcoCsounreneltlo, aansdbeFsetohsnedl7u6sctonccaluusdeesd pfruolmmothnaerirystfuibdryosoisf adsibffeesrtoensits tfhroamt: ttohabtepmroidlduecredthiannsisliilciocosissisa.nd demonstrable by roentgenogram. Clinically it appears Definite cardiac enlargement frequently was found to be associated with, asbestosis. A predisposition to tuberculosis, due to asbestos dust, was not indicated al though it was not known to what extent asbestosis may add to the mortality from, pneumonia and acute nontuberculous pulmonary infections. are aSpytmtpotobmes.somTehwehoantsemtoorfeamsbaersktoedsist,haasnoifnsisliicliocsoissi,s.isIsnloswiliaclotshiosutghherseymmpatyombes lmikaerlkyedtoxb-eratyhefincadsiengisn wasibthesltiotstlies. cAosmipnlasiilnictoosfiss,ydmyspptonmeas,iswthheerceaasrdtihnealospypmopsittoemis. fAinngoerresxiaareocacputrstofraepqpueeanrtlwyitihn gardevaatnercecdonsstatagnecsy, ainndascbyeasntoossiiss. and clubbing of the Pathology. The fibrosis in asbestosis is diffuse and tends to predominate in the basal portions of the lungs in contrast to the generalized nodular fibrosis of silicosis :"lLJ.. \VU.. GG.arHdannenr,onM, .TDrawnosr.sCkai,n.aInndstA. .MBin. iDneglaMheatn.,t,43J,. IISnOd.(1H94y4g).. Toxicol., 2S, 211 (1944). "11AA.. JJ.. LLaannzzaa,, JI.VA. mJ.. MMceCdo. nAnseslolc,.,an10d6,J.36W8.(1F9e3h6n)e.l, US. Pub. Health liep/s., 50, 1 (1935) f>l2 i.iiWAiii) .. Dili r witii ;i predominance m the upper portions 01 tin; 1u1ji, bronchiectasis mid broncmoleciu-is arc fiequont. e-peeially in the morn fibrous portions. Whereas the piuhteration of tibrous ti-sur is caused by chemical action in silica exposure, n is induced by mechanical action in asbestos exposures ( Innlnei' , found that the lihrois-piudm mu character of asbestos could be almost eliminated by grinding the libers so that no particles; moic than 2 /< in length were present. As previously mentioned, a-besin, is clns-itied among the inert dusts;. M <i-ro-vrapit: Anatomy. Johnstone7-1 described the, micro.scopie ap'peaiance. ot tiie luiiii.s somewliat as follows; in the early phases of the disease there is thickening of the alveolar septa which lesulls from fibroblastic pmlileration. The alveolar spaces contain numerous phagocytes. With progression ot the di.~;ca~e fibrous be comes moic marked; the alveolar structure gradual!)' disappears, and in its place there is now dense fibrous tissue. The few alveoli that remain in the ar. a oi fibrous are line.I with low eiihoidal epithelium giving them an almost glandular appearance. Scat I n ed thioughout. the lung in both the diseased and healthy patts are spindle-shaped .-Inictmv.s dcseiibed first. by Mcllonald.;,J These bodie- are 2d to 1(10 a in length and are bulbous on one or both ends so tint they appear club- or dumbbell-shaped. They are brow nisli in color, do not. stain, and give a IYus-ian-blue reaction for iron Simson-'0 has imilueed these bodies in guinea pigs b\ experiment ni exposure to atmosphere containing asbestos. Lynch1'1 concludes that the-c "cuiioas b"die-" signify exposure to as|iestos dust but. do not necessarily indieaIe a -be-1 o-i A-Ray R laiainntum. For an' e.xeelleiit icview ot rocnl genographie findings in both silicu.-is and a.-bc-lo.ds the reader might well refer to l'endergras- 'J ( 'hai u ti ri-tic differences in (he l oent genogra [ihie findings in silicu.-is and a b-'.ind- are tabulated lielow ; V11n iboM Si]ir>)3)> filgnmlciasisiis.ia).pdpifefaursaenc(teilimrntinnavif luuree.icm(vpoouhned- finladiiCnlgast may tic eiihei lu tial or nue [..tusuomsthliaridgsehoi nilin:ililounfg.Aluo-rldo.ne liaii nr lonphysema In upper lorlion of him; fields. I'iluo-is no.lular. findings ohai .n.toi isl ioally l u l i n i . d lao-ioas prednmiuau-ly in tlu: upper two- Kmtphliirvdss.'ior.f.athei.nlulnogwehroldpso.l lina ni lnr.g holds. ('murili, l'revontion of asbeslosis depends entirei)' upon preventing expuutre to concentrations of dust .-ulhciently lgli to produce the, characteristic, reaction. !.. V>. (lardiloi , h r ! Mr , l . 9, In (l'jlll). u ]i. T . ,I oliasi one, Orcu/iilf eU.-i/ I h n'lisvs. ion;, I. h i WS. Mc Do nal d, l i . it M , , I . 2. lO'dA (lfl.;7). Fhiiadi lpl.i.i, 111I.! 581' KY.. \MV..SLimynecohn,, .l/., ;ilt/.'fMiM4< .,// ,.Il.,:S*nSTo , 1l0'.5L,iSH)M7 (i'/iti). 1.dll/;lu, YStlu'1u*..ytsIVtiiut'lllci.g1i\abwi's-t, "L` iM.'t.tgi`n-lh1*iy1.iv) );Ldi|eg-!:-..)n7V. win Vvv:hkh..i1-i. dIk I a \-l-t m -i in \ J 'JR* 1HJST IN' TUB CAUSATION OK 11<XT'I'Vi'IuN A1. J>l,-ii:A.-ai: ;>i;{ 1heCsscu, D.tlhtVallo, Kdwanl.s, Miller, anil Sa31 1'.-;''' have luuud evillenee t<j indicate that a.ODD,0(10 particles per ctihic loot oi air is a at -fact ory linure for (lie maximum permissible al mosplierie eunrentrniiun of asbestos lu which workers may lie exposed. Definite permissible standards, however, have nut bicti t si al lialxrd. VI. Dual (aui.iiiiji Aliniinal Fibrosis or No I bio.-ia (laid tier'' ha - pointed mil lliat any known inm panic diet othei l halt flee silica . mil tin.' asbestos silicates may produce nonspecific du.-.t reactlulls, as described on pace fSb. X-ray markings may I1 found in other conditions Mich as chronic infection and heart di-ease. No interference with pulmonary function or disability is produced by dust of this type and (here is no influence on MiM'ept diili Iv to label cnluM-c A. S lU C A 'l 'I .S McCord,'1 from a number of sources, has compiled a hsl of the commonly used silicates, which is piescnled here: Oltv, /.< -- a an p a t siim. si lirale widely piv.-enl in all l.a-ir mrl.- AI any \ a: n in , el lias Mono an luimtii ( \l!rt 1:10 >..ln oh- lu ,Iir list, 111 III 11:11III c, lull a rulllllloll |il e. Ian in' lint ,1-1'y , Inn l In: iollllU at lV:.i11a1M1v. aflu nan - a ml 111 pimillet ion of rrment ami hvdiatrd limes, (nliei siliralrs of ralriuin arc H ii'.t n't, a 111e Morale 'unit') -S e/ >./. (an /,:) - Ilie u rll-knuv, n v. at. r-~t>1u 1it, -lira lc. e,uum, wly rail, I iv.ili r r,la- ` T l. b is u i. InI, u-ril inin. In 11 y . in.lalil v m a lillerill snap-. This is ll.c only r. v.-1 a IIlor slhraie oi sodium, the ailuos Prer.t nmorplum- gin-- Tn m lih- a lo.iriii -i11in-i.;1, iunl silii .Ur .1-1., ins II rlilelilr. -irUllnlitc, rl.ryseulc. nr alillalll 1,11 s, all ei utiiili all- i s-niltially lung- III slum nllirali .- ./n/e. -aiuc.hri lul'tu ,if inapar-luiii-ralriiini siliralr ('iO' ".l.itiU- "lilnc a-lirslns." It is a sodium run .silicalu. 7'uf, - a In drilled liiagncsium silicate with extensive iiidustiial applicatiun. Nol/' .hint - a ful III uf lair. Ai/.ii/h a variety ul tale Ic-i-tiilihiiy a-br.slus. )l Is use, 1 Ml ;i,e reating of papei. and as a paper fillel . Wi\ /ritthi also railed sepiohle. It is i hi-vly akin tu lair Si i |l:l.l;l,l liy,lulled slhraie uf iiiapiiesiiiiil. Ii is a rmnoajii Iriiidiuy m ,,!., Sdlm.i'.i.ih ahiminum-riintaiiiiiie .siliralr The s.ituvr ul many .stone mol- el ll.c slum: age Ttipnz a senilpiceiuits .stone of .siliralr oi iglu ( 'hrmirally it. is an aluminum (luiniliralc Fi-.Hcr's cuilh -a liydiated silira-ahiniiiium oonipotttul, nssuciatiil with tunic oxide Kao!in (L'tr.Hinih') -~many rcliitcil silicates of mixed I'lmslituuncy. Cue/.s hyd iatrd alumimiin .silicates renlaiiimg iron Tilaiiiiim, c|iiurl/ and mi, a, me lile-ly lo be present in clays. 'MV (' Hie ------ .1 M Delia Vail, f A P- b lim ith Pol!. \ i 2-tI i.p.Ds) J'. 1 I'd w arU, I V, Mill, a [ill l: 1;, S..\,