Document 85mevqxmGaYpN8ebRGLm8NwDK

URL 090-49 408 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 19 2.3 Analysis No Information was available to the Working Croup on methods for determining PVC realduea in foods or ot^ier parts of the environment. A rapid and simple way of identifying fifteen packaging films,,includ ing PVC, has been described in which the films were treated with ten dif ferent solvents and the solubility and physical appearance of the film at room temperature and at the boiling-pointa of the solvents were'noted (Van Gieson, 1969). Plastics, including PVC, have been identified by measurement of the pH of an aqueous solution of the pyrolysis products, followed by thin-layer chromatography, and by reaction of PVC with pyridine (Braun A Nlxdorf, 1972). PVC has bean separated from plasticizers, stabilizers, modifiers, fillers, pigments and other inorganic additives by gel permeation chroma tography or sequential solvent extraction. The resulting additive-free fraction has been analysed by chlorine analysis, infra-red spectroscopy, molecular-weight determination by viscosity measurements and thermal gravimetry and differential thermal analysis (Brookman, 1974). Pyrolysis-gas chromatography has been proposed to identify PVC in polymers used In medical applications (Nematollahi et al.t 1970), in three commercial polymers (In this case, pyrolysla-gaa chromatography was used in combination with tbemogravlnetrlc analysis and differential thermal analysis) (Boettner et at-* 1969), and among some chlorine-containing polymers (Tsuge et alt 1969). Pyrolysis-gas chromatography has also been used to identify polymers, including PVC, among 37 coBerclal polymers (Olouaoto & Takeuchl, 1972), in plastics and rubbers (Fischer, 1967) and in adhesives used in building (in this case, pyrolysla-gaa chromatography was used in combination with thermogravimetry, differential thermogravlnetry and differential thermal analysis) (Rons, 1971). Thin-layer chromatography of pyrolysis products has been used to iden tify high polymers. Including PVC (Pastuska, 1969). Thermogravlmetry and infra-red spectral analysis have been used to determine PVC in floor tiles (Powell, 1974). AAt M /<? , /9 7 V j VINTL CHLORIDE AND POLYf-tRS 409 / 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans 3.1 Carcinogenicity studies in animals1 ~ Subcutaneous or intraperltoneal administration Rat: A group of 45 adult Ulster rate were given s.c. Implants in the abdomlnsl wall of squares or discs of a commercial PVC known to contain some additives; the Implants were 0.04 m> thick and 15 am wide. At the appeararee of the first tumour, 44 animals were still alive. Seventeen (38.6X) malignant tumours (fibrosarcomas and 1 llposarcoma) developed at the site of film implantation, with a latent period of 189-727 days; s similar but perforated film did not produce local tumours In 27 rats at risk. No local tumours were found In s group of 50 rats given s s.c. implant of cotton (Oppenhelmer et dl., 1952, 1955). With a pure PVC film of 0.03 mm thickness, 4 malignant ttmoura were obtained after 533 days in a similar group (Oppenhelmer et al., 1955) (The Working Group noted that the reporting of this experiment was preliminary and that final results wars never forthcoming]. Groups of 35 (male and female) Wistar rata were given a s.c. implant Into the abdomen of PVC film 4 x 5 x 0.16 A group of 25 control rata received an Implant of glass of similar size. After 300 days, 30 and 20 animals were still alive in the two groups, respectively; all surviving rats were killed 800 days after Implantation. One sarcoma and one fibroma were found after 580 days in the PVC-treated rata, whereas no local tumours developed in the control group (Ruasell et al,t 1959). A group of 80 outbred albino rats (sex unspecified) received implants (of unstated size) of PVC film by laparotomy to surround the kidney. The animals were sacrificed at 3, 10, 15, 30, 90, 195, 285, 300 and 380 days after the Implantation. Of rats that survived 285-375 days, 6/16 developed fibrosarcomas st the site of Implantation (R-ilkhlln A Kogan, 1961). In rats Implanted In the kidney with ei:her PVC capsules, whole PVC films or perforated PVC films, 5/16, 2/5 and 1/5 sarcomas ware observed (Kogan A Tugarinova, 1959). *The Working Group was aware of a study in progress to assess the carcinogenicity of PVC powder by inhalation exposure and intrapleural administration to rats (IARC, 1978s). URL 09050 410 I ARC MONOGRAPHS; VOLUME 19 3.2 Other relevant biological data (a) Experimental systems Bats and guinea-pigs exposed continuously to PVC dust for 24 hours/ day for periods varying from 2-7 months were found to have extensive Lung damage (Frongla et al., 1974). The growth of granulation tissue around PVC particles Impllnted into the muscles of rabbits has been reported (Guess & Stetson, 1968). Severe fibroblastic reactions were found in rats (Calnan, 1963) and dogs (Harrison et al., 1957) which received PVC sponge implants into the a.c. tissue of the anterior abdoelnal well. Ingested and rectally absorbed PVC particles (5-110 ym) were found to be transported by both the lymphatic and the portal system from the intes tinal wall of rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, chickens, dogs and pigs (Volkheimer, 1975). In rats, inhalation of fusee from heated PVC produced interstitial oedema, as well as focal bronchial and intra-alveolar haemorrhage in the lungs of some animals (Cornish & Abar, 1969). No data on the embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, metabolism or muta genicity of this compound were available to the Working Group. (b) Humans Workers exposed to PVC dust during the manufacture of articles made from PVC showed alterations in the respiratory organa (e.g., changed bron- chovascular pattern, increased pulmonary ventilation at rest) (Vertkln & Mamontov, 1970). Pneumoconiosis due to inhalation of PVC dust was suggested following pulmonary biopsies In a male patient who had Inhaled PVC dust for 1 year and exhibited granulomatous lesions due to foreign bodies. The severity of the disease was shown by the observed dyspnoea, secondary polyglobulia and reduced respiratory function (Szende et at., 1970). Fibrotic lung changes and altered pulmonary function tests have been reported in 96 workers exposed to PVC dust; the changes were more pro nounced in those with long exposure (Lllls et al., 1976; Waxveller et al., 1976). Reduced pulmonary function and an enhancement of pulmonary function defects associated with an increased risk of respiratory Impairment were noted in a number of nonsmoking workers exposed to an occupational environ ment contaminated with vinyl chloride fumes and PVC dust (Miller, 1975; Miller et al., 1975). VINYL CHLORIDE *4) POLYMERS 411 In 15 polyvinyl production workers employed in 'PVC-processing indus tries' , where stabilizers, colours and bulk materials were added to and mixed with the basic PVC powder, the following pathological findings were reported: in 7, slight to moderate thrombocytopenia; In 7, increased bromosulphaleln retention; in 6, reticulocytosis; in 1, leucopenla; and in 1, alight splenomegaly. Neither scleroderma-like ekln changes nor Raynaud's syndrome were observed (Lange et al., 1975). A large proportion of abnormal liver function tests and platelet counts were found in a group of 37 PVC process workers: 202 had abnormal alkaline phosphatase, 60S abnormal lactic dehydrogenase, 302 abnormal serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, 102 abnormal serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and 352 abnormal platelets (Wegman, 1975). Casea of 'meat-wrappers* asthma* have been reported. In which neat wrappers developed respiratory symptoms when exposed to fumes of PVC film sealed and cut with a hot wire. The identity of the causative agent(s) has not been established (Brooks ft Vandervort, 1977; Falk ft Portnoy, 1976; Polakoff et al., 1975; Sokol et al., 1973). During tha period 1970-1975, 175 fire-fighters experienced respiratory distress due to the toxicity of hydrogen chloride gas released from the combustion of PVC plastics (Dyer ft Each, 1976). Carbon monoxide, hydro chloric acid and phosgene (Cornish ft Abar, 1969; Dyer ft Each, 1976) have been reported as the major PVC pyrolysis products of toxicological Impor tance, although more than 75 components have been identified following the thermal degradation of PVC (Dyer ft Each, 1976). The few esses of dermatitis that have been reported ere believed to be caused by sensitivity to plasticizers in polyvinyl plastics (Morris, 1953). 3.3 Case reports and epid<M*ologlcal studies1 A proportional mortality study was carried out using death certifi cates from 1970-1972 of 707 male plastic workers (extruding, moulding, cutting, turning or otherwise machining plastics, and Including PVC fabri cating). A statistically significant excess of stomach cancer mortality was found (24 observed vereue 16.4 expected, P<0.05) (Baxter ft Fox, 1976) TThe study Is limited by the use of proportionate mortality methodology and by the fact that not all deaths studied were among workers engaged in acti vities directly involving PVC]. *The Working Group was aware of a study in progress on workers exposed to PVC (IAR.C, 1978c). 412 I ARC MONOGRAPHS VOLIME 19 In a cross-sectional mortality study of 4341 deaths during 1964-1973 among current and former employees of 17 PVC fabricators, an excess In total cancer mortality, particularly that of the digestive system, was reported among both white males and vhltte females. The risk of cancer of the breast and urinary organs was also qeported to be In excess among white females (Chlazze et al., 1977) [The study Is limited by the use of proportionate mortality methodology and by the fact that not all deaths were among workers engaged In activities directly involving PVC] Casterline et al. (1977) reported a case of a 22-year-old male who developed a squamous-cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa as a result of a habit, acquired at the age of 8 years, of chewing plastic materials con taining PVC. No prior history of mouth or lip lesions, of smoking tobacco or drinking alcohol, or of occupational exposure to vinyl chloride was noted. Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers 1. Chemical and Physical Data 1.1 Synonyms and trade "w-es Chem. Abstr. Services Reg. No.: 9003-22-9 Chen. Abstr. Name: Acetic acid ethenyl ester polymer with chloroethene Acetic add vinyl ester polymer with chloroethylene; chloroethylenevinyl acetate polymer; polyvinyl chloride-polyvinyl acetate; vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer; vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride polymer; vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate polymer A 15; A 15 (polymer); A 15-0; A 15S; Bakelite LP 70; Bakelite VLFV; Bakelite VMCC; Bakelite VSJD 10; Bakelite VYHD; Bakelite VYHH; Bakelite VYNS; Bakelite VYNW; Breon 351; Breon 425; Breon AS 60/41; Corvlc 51/83; Corvlc 236581; Corvic R 46/88} Deakalac 41M; Denka Vinyl m 90; Diamond Shamrock 744; Diamond Shamrock 7401 Exon 450; Exon 454; Exon 470; Exon 481; Exon 760; Flovic; Geon 100x150; Geon 130x10; Geon 135; Geon 351; Geon 400x47; Geon 421; Geon 427; Geon 434; Geon 103EP-J; Geon 440L2; Geon 450xl50PN; Geon 150XML; Geon 103ZX; Hostallt PVP; Leucovyl PA 1302; Lucovyl GA 8502; lucovyl MA 6028; lucovyl PA 1208; Marvinol VP 56; 50ME; VINYL CHLORIDE AND POLYMERS 413 Norvlnyl P 6; Opalon 400; Pevikon C 870; Pllovac A0; Pllovic AO; PVC Cordo; Reain 4301; Rhodopas 6000; Rhodopas AX; Rhodopas AX 30/10; Rhodopas AX 85/15; Sarplfan HP 1; Solvic 523KC; Solvlc PA 513; Solvlc 513PB; Sumllit PCX; Tennua 0565; VA 3 (copolymer); VAGD; VH 10/60; Vilit 40; Vlnnol H 10/60; Vlnnol H 15/45; Vinnol H 40/60; Vinylite VGHH; Vinyllte VYDR; Vinyllte VYDR 21; Vinyllte VYFS; Vinyllte VYHD; Vinylite VYHH; Vinylite VYNS; Vinylite VYNW; Vinyon; VLVF; VMCC; VYHH; VYNS; VYNW 1,2 Structural and molecular formulae and molecular weight In combination with HH 1 `L CHS Jv (C2H3Cl)x-<C4H602)y Mol. wt: -100 000 1.3 Chemical and physical properties of the cc polymers (a) Description: White powder (b) Stability: Sensitive to excessive exposure to heat and light in the absence of added stabilisers. Hydrogen chloride gee la a decomposition product of degradation. 1.4 Technical products and Impurities Low levels of vinyl acetate are copolymerized with vinyl chloride to obtain realns with specific properties. Depending upon the use, the vinyl acetate level may vary from 2-20Z, with an average of 11-12Z. As described in the monograph on polyvinyl chloride, p. 405, various additi ves are used to aid in processing the resins. No detailed information on the possible presence of unreacted monomers In the copolymers was available to the Working Group. gs 2 rs 90 sr S? @ ?S "8 5 :< o S'* 8 el O rt- ff[3 n ft a if ? ft f I rl 0 ff n it 1 g A ? k M 5 rt* g -f I ft h(0 ft *e9 H no rt *9 A. 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The available studies on polyvinyl chloride, which indicate an elevated proportion of digestive system cancer in male and female workers and possibly of cancers of the breast and urinary organs in female workers involved In the fabrication of plastics, Including polyvinyl chloride, are insufficient to evaluate the carcinogenicity of thle compound. URL 09053 VINYL CHLORIDE AND POLYMERS 5. References 419 Anderson, D., Hodge, ll.C.E. & Purchase, I.F.H. (1976) Vinyl chloride: dominant lethal studies in male OJ-1 mice. Hitat. Rea.. 40, 359-370 Anderson, D., Hodge, M.C.E. & Purchase, I.F.H. (1977) Dominant lethal studies with the halogenated olefine vinyl chloride and vlnylldene dichloride in male CD-I mice. Environ. Health Perspect.. 21, 71-78 Andrews, A.W., Zawlstowski, E.S. 6 Valentine, C.R. (1976) A comparison of the mutagenic properties of vinyl chloride and methyl chloride. ttutat. Res.. 40, 273-276 Anghelescu, F., Otolu, M., Dobrlnescu, E., Hsgl-Psraschlv-Dosslos, L., Dobrlnescu, G. 4 Ganea, V. (1969) Cllnlco-pathogenlc considerations on Raynaud's phenomenon In the employees of the polyvinyl chloride industry (Rom.). Med. interna (Buc.) , 21, 473-482 Anon. (1972) Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials, 4th ed., Boston, Maas., National Fire Protection Association, pp. 325M-137, 49-226-49-227 Anon. (1973a) 'Prior sanction' regulation proposed for PVC. Food Chemical Mews, 21 May, p. 42 Anon. (1973b) FDA to propose ban on use of PVC for liquor use. Food Chemical Have, 14 May, pp. 3-4 Anon. (1974) CIA argues case against zero VCM exposure limits. Eur. Chemical Neve. 24 May, P* 24 Antweller, K. (1976) Studies on the metabolism of vinyl chloride. Environ. Health Perspect.. 17, 217-219 Bsrbin, A., Brisil, H., Croisy, A., Jacqulgnon, P.f Malavellle, C., Montesano, R. A Bartsch, H. (1975) Liver-sicrosome-mediated formation of alkylating agents from vinyl bromide and vinyl chloride. Blorhsm. blophya. Res. Cwmi., 67, 596-603 Baretta, E.D., Stewart, R.D. 4 Mutchler, J.E. (1969) Monitoring exposures to vinyl chloride vapor: breath analysis and continuous air sampling. An. ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 30, 537-544 Barnhart, W.L., Toney, C.R. A Devlin, J.B. (1975) Environmental/Industrial Hygiene Surveys of Vinyl Chloride Monomer Manufacturing Operations and Operations Where Polyvinyl Chloride and Copolymere of Polyvinyl Chloride Are Processed, Contract No. CDC-99-74-50, Washington DC, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, pp. 1-8, 101-110 M enechler, D. (1976) Chem ical r e a c tiv ity , b io tra n a fo rm a tlo n , - i t y o f p o ly c h lo rin a te d a lip h a t ic com pounds. CRC C r l t . Rev, 4 2 5s <0 S" 0* 8-F 77o m x7 Cft ft 3" rr 7A 9 -1 A ?? X*ft* * 3* 0 rt H" ft >1 <_ A v-s e2 *0-* B X* 8 a7 - O S|? g v 37 0X ao 7 w ft 9 sr p r b-p HO <70 X mi 7X OW |<-> 0 |ssi O B SSSMI O7 t9 2.SS -t a 29 a aa a 7 O* 07 a3 * 00 7 ft : 9?* O Ki H |7 7 '3 7 ft 28. o Ja3 > a >n m ** y| a--** - S? Oa t-- 0-- on < A ft rt wMOo O9 M| t uI i cer * tr07 art n s r s.? 9n * s o a* 7 <s ps- 0 7 *a *9 X 7 a aa It 7 70 ft X a0 I n7 90 9a *9 O e hi 7 A J?3 rp oo .r 9 u o a6 b o 7 A* 77 07 t_ *> ! a . aa 7 ** a o 8 n 7 N7 N7 0A ius>* 7< IA SSI 1 sP 9A VH>) A07 r MMJ 7X ; 5* |lr7 Bp at 9 %m 1 fii O' 7 at a a 7 Hi 7 8 n y 7O 7 7& A 0 7 s ft a F A Hi rft O'" 7Ho u-9. a rt o a* 7 rs |.7 07 X ls sr SSI *t O' 7 a0 S' .1 8" X7 W 00 M s UfUI l UO1 N> A < S I i 5 P A O' .7 a S' hi x a *ft 7ff7t. 07H_ O f37ff.tt*- 3 X A 99* * X S H> hO *H* hO o<r mnsa rr? ft A H ft M O AHA H Hi 9 a < O A 00 A 9*1? B o A H* 0 ft H ft A Q 6 S.& H 9e o o A ft M a o' a h> a ^ b rt ms AM *9 9* a a *< H SSI o o' frr? H Hi H- M9 H 3- 3 9 ^ & O A 0* H ft O' >9 38 83 38? 8g ft. o A_ I o *1 M HS fHt H M0 a aa Co' 0*m 4 B0 ir "sS AAA A <. a oo B &Hi a 3 A 9 H- 9ft a n A aI_ 2ft.*o E2 ft A iI HM 8O 00MM Ml A g.` an ' SF: ^3 r <B 1 Hi A O' ft 9 H- 8 H- AA H9 rt an 7 M IIftt *HH h a a7 OA OH- X n hrt a l-sj - <2 ha M<<9 < sj e- r* m0 ft 7 * 0* 00 H> ne H fi. A ft H O' H < aa H* H SB M 9 r* a ft A < m> a s-l E ft A (?** ISP A H" ft n o HI A 5< 3 T PB WM ''ft'* a. ssi Am 9? ^s r: >a 3.R at aH ft <ea2r. H> X O-' On Xa 3 A Aa a ft a so 7 H- A0 a "sMs< tw _ JIS- fIt* a 8. ft aHft H g 5 9 Hft* A X a hH aO*' ao. o A 9 C_ SSI O i 0Ml a x. 1 SOO' A Cr> a* a a o. u, Hi sA > A." AW H Ht H> HI < a B> *no C alnan, J . (1963) The use o f In e rt p la s tic m a te ria l in re c o n s tru c tiv e s u rg e ry . I . A b io lo g ic a l te s t fo r tis s u e acceptance. T I. Tissue re a c tio n s to commonlv used m a te ria ls . Hr. *. v i 32 O CO o on 4a X HC -ft Al a 03 3 O. S3 ft a 3n ft 3 AX 7 PI O ff HH- H7- o ffl 3. 0H- ft w X h- 3 rt e 7 a g. B Afat Hco a 0 X o 7* A c/i a SA 7A O. H 77 ao 7M <; . oa a. 0 0 tg <X Cl --' 0 7 jr aO. 9 -j C ft da O rr 3 'M mX: h Ai 3 c 7 o7 HA 7 S. 3 A7 -ft 7 X a < A X 7O rH 9 37 A a 3h0 >c P nx &a. O rh>- ftl 0 M C/1 V> SSI US w a. N7 0 aX < 0 -70 Sa tM-< a a* 7 7 07 1 ft 7 K> 7 A SSI 7 Ha ha O. A 0Ai a o 0 -t t 7X 97 0O 7a a ft 7 H7* f0t SI So A Hi X H o ?r art aA. ta C ft a o ui 7B KBS eo a 7X C_ H < oa 9 (33. fftt 0H AH co< 9 O. O eH ft rt 7K v 0 ft tsl C 10 0 7a o 07 7 X 70 o< 37 as 70 *h n 9- 7H* A0 aH a m. & A fs> Hi S' A si X 7 0 o a* 0a 05 3 *M a> x 7 1M M 3 -ft A a 7 3 o HI oo 7 9 a BP X H. < ft SSI X . u r sis ca-M o o 7 Mft S 77 A 7 3*? H p) a a HQ.i 5 0 A /~s- 7 M> 0 <B 3 *SMSI <w a > f7t H> a0ft M0H 0MSl M- Ht Q. A. A ft hi 0 0 gfl ^a ? x-ft ae 3 to Ohi Ctr Xh HAi AMAK. 7 0O OHHi MH- *1O 7A . XMi 7 a 17 7 X C 7 0 -M 0 7 ts> X-ft a ft < -9a O H> aft x3 X -fHftt Hft x h a hi.&3 -ft 0 59 f. 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I O> ft A -- ft 3 7X X ^7 _* HA A 937 ft a a ft 7O A -ft < 7 AX 7 A7 a 3n SC7l X O 7 0M 7 7w IO 7H 7B M 007 7 7A A 7 a7 a7 9 0-7 7A A A 7 ft 70 7 a o. ft A O 77 : < |7DS M X0 >7 ma n s-jx x 09 7 MI 7COI A->MAao7. 7A a AI A-1 O 9 a A X ft -ft hon 77o A ar> a. 7 -ft ft 0 77 Bp<e a 7 it ft ft 7 0 a -e a Z*' ? 3 Zl * an s7< fat t. 0 77 7 -- 23 A X 7A 77 a ft ft IM X X70 A 9X7 77 Ht x7a ro A 3 o 0 A I7 7 a 7 a* 09 Q O Ma- a7 -aft S a 7B 3 a 7a &7n 07 0 37 AA -ft a h 3*8.- *S. 7? 0H Ha 7o 7 0 7X SSI 7 ft 7* -ft 9 83 ft 7 7 ft 7a <7 a7 7 7 s s, < z 0 r* URL 422 IARC MONOGRAPHS'VOLUME 19 Caputo, A., Viola, P.L. A Blgottl, A. (1974) Oncogenicity of vinyl chloride at low concentrations In rata and rabbits. Int. Res. Coins. 2, 1582 . Casterline, C.L., Casterline, P.F. A Jaques, D.A. (1977) Squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa aasoclated with chronic oral polyvinyl chloride exposure. Report of a case. Cancer. 39, 1686-1688 1 Chinese, L., Jr, Nichols, W.E. A Wong, 0. (1977) Mortality among employees of PVC fabricators. J. occup. Med.. 19, 623-628 Commission of the European Comsiunltles (1977a) Modifications to the proposed Council Directive for coordination of the legislative, regulatory and administrative provialona In force in Member States with regard to the health protection of workers exposed occupationally to vinyl chloride monomer (Fr.). J. off. CommunautSs Eur.. No. C219. 2-3 Commission of the European Communities (1977b) Proposal for a Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to materials and articles containing vinyl chloride monomer and Intended to come Into contact with foodstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Commnltles, No. C16. 8-12 Commission of the European Communities (1978) Annexe I et Annexe II. J. off, rmmunsutds Eur., No. 144, 17 Conolly, R.B. A Jaeger, R.J. (1977) Acute hepatotoxlclty of ethylene and halogenated ethylenes after PCB pretreatment. Environ. Health Perspect.. 21. 131-135 Conolly, R.B., Jaeger, R.J. A Ssabo, S. (1977) Acute hepatotoxlclty of ethylene, vinyl fluoride, vinyl chloride, and vinyl bromide after Aroclor 1254 pretreatment (Abstract No. 36). Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol.. 41, 146 -------------------------- r ./' t ^, Cook, W.4., Giever, P.M., Dlmrnan, B.D. A Magnuson, H.J. (1971) tional acroosteolysls. II. An industrial hygiene study. environ. Health. 22, 74-82 Occupa Arch, Cornish, H.H. A Abar, E.L. (1969) Toxicity of pyrolysis products of vinyl plastics. Arch, environ. Health, 19, 15-21 Couderc, P., Panh, M.-H., Pasquler, B-, Paaquler, D., N'Golet, A. A Faure, H. (1976) Angiosarcoma of the bone Indicating a hepatic tumour in a worker exposed to vinyl chloride (Fr.). Semin. H6p. Paris. 52. 1721-1722 -------------- -- Creech, J.L., Jr A Johnson, M.N. (1974) Angiosarcoma of liver In the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride. J. occup. Med.. 16, 150-151 VINYL CHLORIDE At*) POLYMERS 423 Darby, J.R. A Sears, J.K. (1968) Plasticizers. In: Kirk, R.E. A Othmer, D.F., eds. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd ed.f Vol. 15, New York, John Wiley and Sons, f. 798 Delorme, F. A Thdrlault, G. (1978) Ten cases of angiosarcoma of the liver in Shawlnigan, Quebec. J. occup. Med.. 20, 338-340 Deutsche Industrie Normen Ausschuas (1977) Gas Chromatographic Determina tion of Vinyl Chloride (VC) in Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) (Ger.). Deutsche Normen, DIN 53743, Berlin, Beuth Drevon, C.f Kurokl, T. A Montesano, R. (1977) Microaome-medlated muta genesis of a Chinese hamster cell line by various chemicals (Abstract) In: 2nd International Conference on Environmental Mutagens, Edinburgh 1977. p. 150 Drew, R.T., Harper, C., Gupta, B.N. A Talley, F.A. (1975) Effects of vinyl chloride exposures to rats pretreated with phenobarbltal. Environ. Health Perspect., 11, 235-242 Drozdowlcz, B.Z. A Huang, P.C. (1977) Lack of mutagenicity of vinyl chloride In two atralna of Neurospora craeaa. Hutat. Rea., 48, 43-50 Ducatman, A., Hlrschhom, K. A Sellkoff, I.J. (1975) Vinyl chloride expo sure and human chromosome aberrations. Hutat. Res., 31, 163-168 Duck, B.W. A Carter, J.T. (1976) Vinyl chloride and mortality? Lancet, U 195 Duck, B.W., Carter, J.T. A Coombea, E.J. (1975) Mortality study of workers In a polyvinyl-chloride production plant. Lancet. 11. 1197-1199 Dyer, R.F. A Bach, V.H. (1976) Polyvinyl chloride toxicity In fires. Hydrogen chloride toxicity In fire fighters. J. Am. med. Assoc.. 235. 393-397 Eckardt, R.E. A Hlndin, R. (1973) The health hazards of plastics. J. occup. Med., 15. 808-819 Edmonds, L. (1977) Birth defects and vinyl chloride. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Women and the Workplace, Washington DC, Society for Occupational and Environmental Health, pp. 114-139 Edmonds, L.D., Falk, H. A Nlselm, J.E. (1975) Congenital malformations and vinyl chloride. Lancet, 11, 1098 Edmonds, L.D., Anderson, C.E., Flynt, J.W., Jr A James, L.M. (1978) Congenital central nervous system malformations and vinyl chloride monomer exposure: a community study. Teratology, 17, 137-142 URL 09056 424 I ARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 19 Egan, H., Squirrell, D.C.M. A Thaln, W., eds (1979) Environmental Carcino gens - Selected Methods of Analysis, Vol. 2, Vinyl Chloride (IARC Scientific Publications No. 22), Lyon (In press) Falk, H. & Portnoy, B. (1976) Resplralory tract Illness In meat wrappers. J, Am. med. Assoc., 235, 915-917 Falk, H., Creech, J.L., Jr, Heath, C.W., Jr, Johnson, M.N. A Ky, M.M. (1974a) Hepatic disease among workers at a vinyl chloride polymeriz ation plant. J. Am. med. Assoc., 230, 59-63 Falk, H., Heath, C.W., Jr, Carter, C.D., Wagoner, J.K., Waxveller, R.J. A Stringer, W.T. (1974b) fertility among vinyl-chloride workers. Lancet, il, 784 Filatova, V.S. A Cronsberg, E.S. (1957) Sanitary-hygienic conditions of work in the production of polychlorvinylic tar and measures of Improvement (Russ.). 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(1977) Chromo somal damage in men occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride monomer and other chemicals. Environ. Res.. 14. 68-72 Hedley, W.H., Cheng, J.T., McCormick, R.J. ft Lewis, W.A. (1976) Sampling of Automobile Interiors for Vinyl Chloride Monomer. EPA-600/2-76-124, Springfield, Va, National Technical Information Service Hefner, R.E., Jr, Watanabe, P.G. A Cehring, P.J. (1975) Preliminary studies on the fate of Inhaled vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) In rats. Environ. Health Perspect.. 11, 85-95 Hoffmann, D., Patrlanakos, C., Brunnemann, K.D. ft Gorl, G.B. (1976) Chromatographic determination of vinyl chloride in tobacco smoke. Anal. Cham.. 48, 47-50 Holmberg, B., Kronevi, T. ft Winell, M. (1976) The pathology of vinyl chloride exposed mice. Acta vet, acand.. 17, 328-342 Huberman, E., Bartach, H. ft Sacha, L. (1975) Mutation induction In Chinese hamster V79 cells by two vinyl chloride metabolites, chloroethylene oxide and 2-chloroacetaldehyde. Int. J. Cancer. 16, 639-644 Hussain, S. ft Osterman-Golkar, S. (1976) Consent on the mutagenic effec tiveness of vinyl chloride metabolites. Chem.-biol. Interact.. 12. 265-267 -------- ------------------------- -- -- VINYL CHLORIDE AND POLYMERS 427 IARC (1974) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, 7^, Some Antl-thyrold and Related Substances^ Nltrofurans and Industrial Chemicals, Lyon, pp. 291-318 IARC (1978a) Information Bulletin on the Survey of Chemicals Being Tested for Carcinogenicity. 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(1976b) Genetic risks of vinyl chloride. Lancet, iL, 1289-1290 Ivanetlch, K.M., Aronson, 1. ft Katz, I.D. (1977) The Interaction of vinyl chloride with rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 in vitro. Blochem. blophya. Res. Co--un., 74, 1411-1418 Ivanovs, E.V. A Shamlna, M.P. (1973) Toxicological evaluation of an aqueous dispersion of a vinyl chlorlde-vlnyl acetate copolymer (Russ.). In: Korotklkh, G.L., ed.. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Actual Problems in Laboratory Practices, Voronezh District Conference of Laboratory Physicians, Voronezh, USSR, Department of Public Health, pp. 221-222 [Chem. Abatr.. 83, 109*00v] Jaeger, R.J., Reynolds, E.S., Conolly, R.B., Moslen, M.T., Szabo, S. ft Murphy, S.D. (1974) Acute hepatic Injury by vinyl chloride In rats pretreated with phenobarbltal. Nature (Load.), 252, 724-726 Jaeger, R.J., Conolly, R.B. ft Murphy, S.D. (1975a) Short-term Inhalation toxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons. Effects on fasting rata. Arch, environ. 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A Wachtmelster, C.A. (1977) Alkylation of DNA and proteins in nice exposed to vinyl chloride. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun.. 76, 259-266 Ott, M.G., Langner, R.R, A Holder, B.B. (1975) Vinyl chloride exposure in a controlled Industrial environment. A long-term mortality experience in 594 employees. Arch, environ. Health. 30, 333-339 Paddle, C.M. (1976) Genetic risks of vinyl chloride. Lancet. 1., 1079 Pag6, M., Thfrlault, L. A Delorme, F. (1976) Elevated CEA levels in polyvinyl chloride workers. Biomedicine. 25, 279 Pastuska, G. (1969) Pyrolysis thin-layer chromatography of high polymers (c-). Cuil. Asbest. Kunatat.. 22, 718-721 [Chem. Abstr., 71. 92108h] ------------------ ------------------------ ~ Plugge, H. A Safe, S. (1977) Vlnylchlorlde metabolism. A review. Chemosphere, 309-325 Polakoff, P.L., Lapp, H.L. A Reger, R. (1975) Polyvinyl chloride pyrolysis products. A potential course for respiratory impairment. Arch. environ. Health. 30, 269-271 Powell, D.A. (1974) Determination of the vinyl realn content of vinyl asbestos floor tiles. Freaenlus* 2. Anal. Chem., 268, 279-284 [Chem. Abstr.. 81, 136834s) Prodan, L.f Suclu, 1., Ptslaru, V., Ilea, E. A Paecu, L. (1975a) Experi mental acute toxicity of vinyl chloride (monochloroethene). Ann. NY Acad. Scl.. 246. 154-158 -------------- Prodan, L., Suclu, I., Ptslaru, V., Ilea, E. A Paacu, L. (1975b) Experi mental chronic poisoning with vinyl chloride (monochloroethene). Ann. NY Acad. Scl., 246, 159-163 Purchase, I.F.H., Richardson, C.R. A Anderson, D. (1975) Chromosomal and dominant lethal effects of vinyl chloride. Lancet, 11, 410-411 RadIke, M.J., Steamer, K.L., Brown, P.G., Larson, E. A Bingham, E. (1977) Effect of ethanol and vinyl chloride on the induction of liver tumors: preliminary report. Environ. Health Perspect.. 21, 153-155 VINYL CHLORIDE AM5 POLYMERS 433 Ralkhlln, N.T. A Kozan, A.H. (1961) On the development and mellgnlzatlon of connective tissue capsules around plastic implants (Russ.). Vop Onkol., ]_t 13-17 Rannug, U. A Ramel, C. (1977) Mutagenicity of waste products from vinyl chloride industries. J. Toxicol, environ. Health, 2y 1019-1029 Rannug, U., Johansson, A., Ramel, C. A Wachtmeieter, C.A. (1974) The mutagenicity of vinyl chloride after metabolic activation. Amblo, 3, 194-197 Rannug, U., Gflthe, R. A Wachtmeiater, C.A. (1976) The mutagenicity of chloroethylene oxide, chloroacetaidehyde, 2-chloroethanol and chloroacetic acid, conceivable metabolites of vinyl chloride. Chem.-blol. Interact.. 12, 251-263 Ravier, E., Diter, J.M. A Pialat, J. (1975) A case of hepatic angiosar coma in a worker exposed to vinyl chloride monomer (Fr.). Arch. "ml. prof., med. trav. Sec. Soc., 36, 171-177 Regnault, V. (1835) Composition of a chlorinated hydrocarbon (Oils from oil-forming gases) (Ger.). Justus Liebig's Ann. Chem., 14, 22-38 von Reinl, W., Weber, H. A Greiser, E. (1977) Epidemiological study on mortality of VC-expoaed workers In the Federal Republic of Germany (Ger.). Medichem, September, pp. 2-8 Reynolds, E.S., Jaeger, R.J. A Murphy, S.D. (1975a) Acute liver injury by vinyl chloride: Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum in phenobarbltal-pretreated rata. Environ. Health Perspect., 11, 227-233 Reynolds, E.S., Hoslen, M.T., Szabo, S., Jaeger, R.J. A Ifarphy, S.D. (1975b) Hepatotoxicity of vinyl chloride and 1,1-dlchloroethylene; role of mixed function oxidase system. Am. J. Pathol., 81, 219-232 Reynolds, E.S., Moslen, M.T., Szabo, S. A Jaeger, R.J. (1975c) Vinyl chloride-induced deactivation of cytochrome P-450 and other components of the liver mixed function oxidase system: an in vivo study. Res. Cow*"un. chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 12, 685--694 Reynolds, E.S., Moslen, M.T., Szabo, S. A Jaeger, R. (1976) Modulation of halothane and vinyl chloride induced acute injury to liver endoplasmic reticulum. 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(Vi X |k> a * *0 Art A* H* MLAI- ft A0 Ni 00 lO-t A AHr> 5 Bx If AX *o? iOf A 3 >at *_ rrHHr> > C OS 5?a h- J A0 X ys- IAt SHO> -J Os H" A OOK>s XOt g 3 I I!-"A)tii OH AH BftHn> AX HAX Me pi* rts ft M on SCI, r?a uK JH* f* : Ef K> 9 H s? s? 8 e> SE X M ns irp IC sO* Aw |K> o it f8 Pff a o l wo* l I * H* _ 0 n it ft xi E.2 ft o ft < X Haafot aBo aa A0 ft o A AA H> IHt* H0 oo Ha.. ft a AA O9 !* Hi A 22 A /-s B H* ft so A <H an "0 ** X 5 ^ hm* e A A H> H-~ it k am, hso oa e a * x-3 A M S1 Hf8t ?.g if m 6S 68 (A * 3g it o if 9 frtt oO Hi HI n X AA AX AA MD AI* A< aA 30 09 A ea ^i-- a. x * 1*2 ? y ?y C *5 M N A g. e* A A U> A * UC I AX W OA. Os S'.0 ir l- z 88 Hi A O9 A 0 B> 2.x *y Hai It a S< H xh0 > rt ' H* t-- a. so A "4 o s-~ Aft X a A if I a . ano Co <A cA H* u> 8 I M OiO' Hiti A_ AX .rt n 88 oS s A P1 B* < ft t* 9A te A C X) r~ o (O o CD < X sr A CH XO AH f- B A- 9> 5 2 S S 5 rfi txo '"s ft H* A SO X v-4s (A |s> aH. * n If* u> 141 us E nvironm ental P ro te c tio n Agency (1974b) P re lim in a ry AaBeeament o f the E nvironm ental Problems A ssociated w ith V in y l C h lo rid e and P o ly v in y l C h lo rid e . September, W ashington DC URL 09062 *36 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 19 US Environmental Protection Agency (1974c) Preliminary Assessment of the Environmental Problem* Associated with Vinyl Chloride and Polyvinyl Chloride (Appendices), September, Washington DC US Environmental Protection Agency (^975*) Preliminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Prinking Water, Report to Congress, Washington DC, p. 11-7 US Environmental Protection Agency (1975b) Scientific and Technical Assessment Report on Vinyl Chloride and Polyvinyl Chloride, EPA-600/6-75-004, Springfield, Va, National Technical Information Service, pp, 7-42 US Environmental Protection Agency (1976) National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants. Standard for vinyl chloride. Fed. Resist*. 41, 46560-46573 US Environmental Protection Agency (1977) National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants. Fed. Reglst., 42, 28154-28159 US Food and Drug Administration (1975) Vinyl chloride polymers in contact with food. Notice of proposed rulemaking. Fed. Resist.. 40. 40529-40537 " -------- US Food and Drug Administration (1977) Food and drugs. US Code Fed. Reeul.. Title 21, parts 175.105, 175.300, 175.320, 176.170, 176.180, 177.1010, pp. 438, 445-446, 452, 455, 465, 467, 482, 486, 489, 496-497 US International Trade Commission (1977) Synthetic Organic Chemicals, US Production and Sales. 1976. USITC Publication 833, Washington DC, US Government Printing Office, pp. 183, 187, 303, 332 US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1974) Standard for exposure to vinyl chloride. Fed. Reglst,. 39, 35890-35898 US Tariff fnilsslon (1928) Census of Dyes and of Other Synthetic Organic Chemicals. 1927. Tariff Information Series No. 37, Washington DC, US Government Printing Office, p. 139 Van Gleson, P. (1969) Here's a quick, easy way to identify films. Package Eng., 14, 76-77 [Chem. Abstr.. 71, 71274u] Veltman, G., Lange, C.-E., Jtfhe, S., Stein, G. A Bachner, U. (1975) Clini cal manifestations and course of vinyl chloride disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 246, 6-17 Verburgt, F.G. ft Vogel, E. (1977) Vinyl chloride mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat, Res.. 48, 327-336 VINYL CHLORIDE AND POLYMERS 437 Vertkin, Y.I. & Mamontov, Y.R. (1970) On the state of the bronchopulmonary system in workers engaged In the manufacture of articles made of polyvinyl chloride (Russ.). Gig, tr. Prof. Zabol., 19, 29-32 Viola, P.L., Bigottl, A. ft Caputo, A. (1971) Oncogenic response of rat skin, lungs, and bones to vinyl chloride. Cancer Res., 31, 516-522 Volkhelmer, G. (1975) Hematogenous dissemination of ingested polyvinyl chloride particles. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 246, 164-171 Wagoner, J.K., Infante, P.F. ft Saracci, R. (1976) Vinyl chloride and mortality. Lancet, i_, 194-195 Ward, A.M., Udnoon, S., Watkins, J., Walker, A.E. ft Darke, C.S. (1976) lamunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of vinyl chloride disease. Br. med. J., i_, 936-938 Warren, H.S., Huff, J.E. ft Gerstner, H.B. (1978) Vinyl Chloride - A Review. An Annotated Literature Collection 1835-1975. A Literature Compilation 1976-1977, ORNL/TIRC-78/3, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Watanabe, P.G. ft Gehrlng, P.J. (1976) Dose-dependent fete of vinyl chloride and its possible relationship to oncogenicity in rats. Environ. Health Perapect., 17, 145-152 Watanabe, P.G., Hefner, R.E., Jr ft Gehrlng, P.J. (1976a) Vinyl chlorideinduced depression of hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl content and effects on bromosulphalein (BSP) clearance In rats. Toxicology, 6, 1-8 Watanabe, P.G.. McGowan, G.R., Madrid, E.O. A Gehrlng, P.J. (1976b) Fate of [l*C] vinyl chloride following inhalation exposure in rats. Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol.. 37. 49-59 Watanabe, P.G., McGowan. G.R. ft Gehrlng, P.J. (1976c) Fate of ["cjvinyl chloride after single oral administration in rats. Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol.. 36, 339-352 Waxweller, R.J., Stringer, W., Wagoner, J.K., Jones, J., Falk, H. ft Carter, C. (1976) Neoplastic risk among workers exposed to vinyl chloride. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 271, 40-48 Weast, R.C., ed. (1976) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 57th ed., Cleveland, Ohio, Chemical Rubber Co., p. C-298 Wegman, D. (1975) Discussion to paper of Lange et at. (1975). Further results in polyvinyl chloride production workers. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 246, 20-21 URL 09063 438 IARC MONOGRAPHS UOUJTC 19 Wilkinson, L.B., Norman, C.W. 4 Buettner, J.P. (1964) Determination of residual monomers In latex by gas chromatography. Analyt, Chea. t 36, 1759-1762 Williams, Taylor, K.J.W., jrosaley, I.R., Smith, P.M. 6 Duck, B.W. (197S) Pre-symptomatlc detection of liver changes In vinyl chloride aonoaer workers (Abstract No. 189). Digestion, 12. 362 I.k.Vllllans, D.H.J., Snlth, P.M., Taylor, K.J.W., Crossley, * Duck, B.W. (1976) Monitoring liver disorders In vinyl chloride aonoaer workers using greyscale ultrasonography. Br. J. ind. Hed. 33, 152-157 Willlaas, D.T. (1976a) Confiraation of vinyl chloride In foods by conver sion to l-chloro-l,2-dlbroaoethane. J. Assoc, off, anal. Chea., 59, 32-34 Willlaas, D.T. (1976b) Gas-llquld chromatographic headspace method for vinyl chloride In vinegars and alcoholic beverages. J. Assoc, off. anal, Chea.. 59, 30-31 Williams, D.T. 4 Miles, V.F. (1975) Gas-llquld chromatographic determina tion of vinyl chloride In alcoholic beverages, vegetable oils, and vinegars. J. Assoc, off, anal. Ctwa.. 58, 272-275 Wlndhols, M., ed. (1976) The Merck Index. 9th ed., Rahway, NJ, Merck 4 Co., pp. 986, 1283 Wlthey, J.R. (1976) Pharmacodynamics and uptake of vinyl chloride monomer administered by various routes to rats. J. Toxicol, environ. Health. I, 381-394 Yllner, S. (1971) Metabollsa of chloroacetate-l-1%C in the mouse. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol.. 30, 69-80 Zelsler, E.P. (1940) Dermatitis from Elasti-glaas garters and vrlstwatch straps. J. Am. aed. Assoc.. 114, 2540-2542 IAHC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Ri8k of Chemicals to Hunane (1979)S Volume 19 VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE and VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE-VINYL CHLORIDE COPOLYMERS 439 Vlnylldene chloride 1. Chemical and Physical Data 1.1 Synonyms and trade names Chea. Abstr. Services Reg. No.: 75-35-4 Chea. Abstr. Name: 1,1-Dlchloroethene 1,1-Dlchloroethylene; aaym-dlchloroethylene Sconatex 1.2 Structural and molecular formulae and molecular weight C2H2C12 H Cl >c=c< H Cl Hoi. vt: 97.0 1.3 Chemical and physical properties of the pure substance Prom Weast (1976), unless otherwise specified (a) Description: Clear liquid with a oweet odour (Hardle, 1964; Wlndhols, 1976) (b) Boiling-point: 32C (Wlndhols, 1976) (c) Melting-point: -122.1C (d) Density: d 1.218; vapour density, 3.4 (air = 1) (Anon., 1972) 20 (e) Refractive Index: n^ 1.4249 (_f) Spectroscopy data: X vapour <200 na; Infra-red, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral data have been tabulated (Graseelll 4 Ritchey, 1975).