Document 859VdvxL8xq68JpOX7GKjvw0Z

4 I Pennsylvania Labor & Industry Review Pennsylvania Labor & Industry Review 3 Pennsylvania Labor & Industry Review 4 Pennsylvania Labor & Industry Review 5 Pennsylvania Labor & Industry Review 6 Pennsylvania Labor & Industry Review 1 Pennsylvania Labor & Industry Review January 1949 August 1947 July 1942 January 1942 January 1941 March 1940 May 1937 fL 't' : >* TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I Message of the Secretary...................................................... 2 II Pennsylvania's Occupational Disease Compensation Law The Need.................................................................... The Law........................................................................ Lead Hazards.............................................................. Anthraco - Silicosis...................................................... Other Silica Hazards............................................. Benefits................ .. .................. ........................................... 6 8 10 12 14 16 III Regulations Approved by Industrial Board General and Woman's 44-HourWeek Laws............ Other Regulations...................................................... 18 28 IV Statistics on Pennsylvania Labor and Industry Survey of Industrial DiseaseHazards............................ 36 Employment, Payrolls.................................................... 38 Living Costs................................................................ 44 Status of the Unemployment Compensation Fund... 47 Workmen's Compensation............................................ 48 do so by writing thi Dapartmant of Labor and Industry, Hanliburg, P*n*yfw.,, ` ') E Occupational Disease--one resulting from the occupa tion of the employe--is a danger facing an estimated onethird of Pennsylvania's workers. More occupational disease hazards are created continually as new processes are developed in industry. A Metropoli tan Life Insurance study lists 900 occupations having in dustrial disease hazards; many kinds of dust and 94 poisons are named. A partial survey of establishments in Pennsylvania disclosed 672,000 employes exposed to industrial disease hazards. But there has never bean any compensation for such in juries. Until January I, 1938, workmen's compensation will cover only injury by accidents--not physical damage tak ing place slowly which might cause tuberculosis, insanity, blindness or death. Dramatic incidents focused national attention on two neighboring states. A number of young women, painting luminous watch dials, pointed brushes with their tongues and were poisoned by radium in the paint. They did not know the danger until too late. Men drove a tunnel for a power dam through rock with little or no protection from the silica dust. They did not realize until large numbers died that breathing th dust was almost certain death. Pennsylvania has many more workers facing industrial dis ease hazards than both of these states, but wide attention has seldom been brought to specific situations. Some employers have spent large amounts of money to provide tne greatest possible protection by equipment, devices and careful training of*workers. But they nave had to compete with other employers who iqnored the danger, told their employes at first they had minor ailments, and discharged them when they were no longer fit for work. There was no penalty for the careless employer. The em ploye had to bear the loss in wages and pay for medical treatment. If ho couldn't pay, th public did--by institu tional care, relief, or widowed mother's pension. J Occupational Disease Compensation for Pennsylvania employes will begin January I, 1938. Pennsylvania will then join 20 other progressive industrial states, including all neighboring states, which provide protection for this kind of injury. Pennsylvania's law specifically names the causes of indus trial disease which may be compensated. It includes Poisoning from: Lead, mercury, arsenic, methanol, carbon bisulphide, hydro-carbon distil lates, halogenated hydrocarbons; benzol and its nitro, amido or amino derivates; radium, X-ray; chromic acid, bichromate of ammonium, potassium or sodium (compounds are included); Infection from: Tar, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil, paraffin, oils, cutting compounds, lubricants, dust, liquids, fumes, gases, vapor, anthrax; Injury from: Asbestosis, silicosis or anthraco - silicosis (miners asthma); caisson disease (compressed air illness). This law is an addition to the Workmen's Compensation law which will provide increased benefits beginning Janu ary I, 1938, $12 to $18 per week and more adequale medical allowance. It will be administered by the Work men's Compensation Bureau and Board. Silicosis, anthraco-silicosis and asbestosis will not be com pensable for temporary or partial disability; employers liability may not exceed $3600 in any one case. These limi tations do not apply to the other industrial diseases named. The cost will bear more heavily on the industries having the greatest industrial disease hazards in the same way that compensation for other injuries bears more heavily on in dustries with large numbers of accidents. It is the natural and fair extension of the principle that injury to employes is a cost of business operation. 1 Massachusetts 2 Rhode Island 3 Connecticut 4 New York 5 New Jersey 6 Pennsylvania 7 Delaware 9 North Carolina 10 West Virginia Ohio 12 Michigan 13 Indiana 14 Kentucky 15 Illinois 9 Lead Poisoning is a modern industrial hazard found in 52 occupations and 54 industries. An estimated 160,000 workers in Pennsylvania are exposed to this hazard. Known as an industrial poison for over one hundred years, lead may be absorbed by breathing the dust, by eating food which has come in contact with lead, or through the skin. Manufacturing and smelting of lead, manufacturing of storage batteries and paints, painting and printing are common sources of lead poisoning. Lead poisoning may have several different results. It may cause loss of appetite at first, later indigestion and "lead!1 or "painters colic"--severe stomach cramps. It may attack the nervous system causing paralysis of the muscles used most. If tho forearm becomes weakened, it is called "wrist drop." The "grip test" is a common method of determin ing whether a worker is poisoned. Similar paralysis may attack other muscles. If the brain is affected, inflammation may cause death. Often internal organs are affected and death or disability results from them directly--lead poison ing being the real cause. It is generally believed that after recovering from lead poisoning, the worker should leave the industry. Studies show he generally remains. In the plants surveyed, conditions could have been much improved with a resulting reduction in exposure. Furnace operations were not always well hooded with properly constructod and adequately powered oxhaust fans. Cracks in floors contained lead oxide which entered the air as dust-- particularly when dry swept instead of being wet swept. Lead oxides were dried in the open shop. Clothes worn at work were not left in the plant to be laundered. If clothing was changed, the street clothing was not protected from dust. In many cases lunches were eaten without hands being carefully washed, and daily showorc wora exceptional. European lead industries have reduced their injuries to a minimum. The conclusion of those making the survey was that great reduction was possible here through efforts of both employers and employes. Occupational disease com pensation should be an incentive to that end. in J Anthraco-Silicosis or Miners Asthma is an occupa tional disease resulting from breathing air containing silica dust particles in the mining and preparation of anthracite coal. In final stages of the disease, tuberculosis or other lung diseases attack the weakened lungs. There are ap proximately 150,000 anthracite miners in Pennsylvania. A thorough medical examination of 2,711 anthracite work ers by the U. S. Public Health Service in 1933 furnished the best information yet available on this disease. Three mines were selected, one each from the northern, western and southern anthracite fields. The mines chosen included all methods of mining--old, modern and semi-modern. Mine operators and United Mine Workers of America cooper ated in an effort to find the facts. Of all the workers examined, 23 per cent were found to have anthraco-silicosis to some extent. The natural health of these men is shown by the fact that new employes showed a lower tuberculosis rate than the average for the same group of men in the United States. But closer examination of the cases disclosed that the amount of silica dust in the air breathed determined the degree of danger. Anthracite mining did not mean that anthraco-silicosis was inevitable. The kind of work per formed and the mining methods used also controlled the / detjiew of danger. As disclosed by the study, air with less than 5 million par ticles of dust per cubic foot and a silica content of less than 5 per cent was not dangerous. However, as the dust con tent increased to over 300 million particles per cubic foot, as many as 89 per cent contracted anthraco-silicosis. Comparison of th different methods of mining disclosed clearly that the dust danger was very greatly reduced by wet mining methods in drilling, loading and cleaning. Those making the survey came to the conclusion that although better ventilation and mechanical loading would aid, the groatost possible use of wet mining would be the most important single preventative of anthraco-silicosis. .. J Sand Blasting, molding, mining, quarrying and many other dust producing operations result in breathing silica dust which causes the industrial disease, silicosis. Anthracosilicosis is the name applied to the disease in anthracite mining. An estimated 425,000 Pennsylvania workers are ex posed to this hazard in addition to 270,000 miners. Medical men believe that seldom, it ever, does a silicosis victim die of silicosis alone; but the lungs are in such condi tion that they are easy victims of tuberculosis, pneumonia and other lung diseases. bilica is one of the most dangerous of dusts. It generally requires a number of years of exposure before results are noticeable and the worker is often unaware of the danger. Few anthracite miners show effects under 15 years of ex posure. Granite workers and rock workers in mines show effects much more quickly. Prevention of dust exposure is possible in much greater degree than is often found in general industrial practice. Sand blasting is being done in open shops with the dust being blown over unprotected workers; or the building in which it is being done permits escape of much of the dust. Wet mining has great possibilities of dust prevention, but is not yet used to nearly as great an extent as it might be. ' Exhaust hoods have been developed for rock drills; curtains and streams of water played on stone grinding and similar operations have reduced the dust content of the air below the danger line. Personal protective devices have been developed which fully protect the worker in opera tions where dust is unavoidable. Other dusts which are dangerous include asbestos. Par ticles of this material are breathed into the lungs and the result is a condition similar to silicosis. Asbestosis, silicosis, and anthraco-silicosis are limited to benefit payments for permanent disability and death. The employers liability in any one case is limited to $3600. .. J OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE lOMPENSATION BENEFITS XCEPT ANTHRaCO-SILICOSIS, SlUCOSIS, ASBISTOSIS A N U A R Y I, 1918 COMPENSATION BENEFITS FOR ANTHRACO- SI U COSIS SI LICOSIS.ASBESTOSIS ~" , ' r9t i3 o8 WEEKS IOO iOO lOo UOO 500 S s $ Sfatal TT $ s s s s * A S s S SPERMANENT disability $ SS5s* Vpartial DISABILITY s $5 TEMPORARY disability s unci OOllAB*fuil <ompinsatio UaU DOlUD.fllbUCSD (OMPf MSATIOM ABftow. foa lih oa uktu aicovtar FATAL WEEKS IOO lOO ioo MOO SOO 5ISI5I51S! s"l4 PERMANENT DISABILITY sis6 $ 5 5 sss s* URGE DOLUR*fUll COMPUSATIOH smau dollar* reduced compehsatiok ARROW s FOR LIH OR UHUl RKOVEDt REGULATIONS . INTERPRETATIONS . DEFINITIONS APPROVED BY INDUSTRIAL BOARD AND PROMULGATED BY SECRETARY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY Approved December 9, 1937 GENERAL 44 HOUR WEEK LAW AND WOMAN'S 44 HOUR. WEEK LAW* EXECUTIVE DEFINITIONS An executive Is one wliu is responsible for the manag ing of a business or a subdivision thereof and who directs or supervises subordinates and earns at least $25 a week. SECRETARY A secretary is a person who renders services which a of a private and confidential nature end ore o comp nent part of the work of an executive as defined in tl regulations of the Department. EMERGENCY An emergency is a situation resulting from fire, flood, storm, epidemic of sickness, Act of God, or other causes which require labor for longer than eight hours a day or 44 hours a week, in order that life, property, health or the public service may be preserved, or that normal employment may be uninterrupted. ) GENERAL REGULATIONS MINORS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE Rul* G-l Regulations permitting variations from maximum hours established by law shall apply only to employes eigh teen years of age or over. Nothing contained therein shall be deemed to authorize the employment of any person under the age of eighteen years for more than eight hours during a spread of ten consecutive hours in any one day or more than five and one-half days in any one week nr more than 44 hours in any one week. REGULATION GOVERNING EMERGENCIES Rule G-2 In any situation falling within the interpretation of an emergency, as approved, employers may permit em ployes whose duties are directly connected with such emergency, to work more than eight hours in one day and more than five and one-half days in one week and more than 44 hours a week for the period of the emer gency. HALF DAY OF WORK Rule G*3 The half day of work provided by the Ant shall be considered to be not more than five consecutive hours. FIVE DAY WEEK ; Rule G-4 : Any employer who employs persons on a schedule of I not more than five days in any one week may permit ) employes to work for nul mure than 10 hours in any one ^ day, but not in excess of 44 hours in any one week. Where an employer's operations are regularly sched uled in accordance with this regulation, no overtime f payment for hours over eight in any one day shall be !' required. 19 SIX DAY WEEK Rul G-5 Employers may permit employes to work for not more than six consecutive hours if they are then dismissed and if they are not permitted to work during any other part of the day, provided they are allowed a 15 min ute rest period. Employers who permit their employes to work regularly on this schedule for six days a week are deemed to be conforming with the five and onehalf day provision of the law. SPREAD OF HOURS Rule G-6 The hours of work in any working day shall be per formed within a spread which is not greater than two hours more than the hours of work permitted by the laws or regulations of the Commonwealth. REGULATION FOR SECRETARIES Rul G-7 Secretaries to executives who are exempt under the provisions of the labor laws of the Commonwealth are not subject to the hour provisions of such laws pro vided they earn at least $25 per week. UNION CONTRACTS Rul G-8 Existing contracts covering hours of work or conditions of employment may be permitted to stand until their termination provided that they were negotiated prior to December I, 1937 and are the result of bona fide collective bargaining as interpreted by the National Labor Relatione Act, the Federal Railway Labor Act, or the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Act and further provided that in all cases affected by this rule the schedule of hours of work shall revert to the prescribed schedule set forth in the laws and regulations admin istered by the Department after termination of exist ing contracts. )- SEASONAL AND INVENTORY PERIODS Ruia G-9 (a) During inventory and seasonal periods employers may permit employes to work more than eight hours but not in excess of ten hours in any one day or forty-eight hours in six days in any week for weekly periods not to exceed in the aggregate five weeks in any calendar year, provided that said employers file in advance with the Secretary of Labor and Industry the schedule of hours they propose to work during such weekly periods. All hours worked over eight in any one day or 44 in any one week during such periods shell be paid for at the rate of one and one-half times the regular rate per hour, provided that this shall not apply to employes paid on a salary basis whose compensation is constant throughout the year and is not subject to deductions for absences such as holidays, vacations, sickness, or other temporary causes. (b) Upon application, the Deparlmeul of Labor and Indus try may grant such additional weekly periods as are required to avoid unnecessary hardship. WATCHMEN, JANITORS, STATIONARY ENGINEERS, FIREMEN, BOILERMEN AND FURNACEMEN Rula G-IO Employers may permit watchmen, janitors, stationary engineers, firemen, boilermen and furnacemen to work in excess of eight hours per day, but not to exceed 48 hours in six days of any one week. MEAL AND REST PERIODS Rule G-l I Employers may permit employes to work the total daily hours allowed by laws or regulations, without a sched uled meal or rest period of thirty minutes, in industries where manufacturing processes involve continuous or shift operation; in industries in which the processing of products once begun is required to be completed with- 21 out delay to avoid spoilage; and employes in other oc cupations when performing their regular duties away from the factory, office, or depot, provided such em ployes are permitted time to eat without danger to health. CONTINUOUS OPERATIONS IN MANUFACTURING AND PUBLIC UTILITY INDUSTRIES Rule G-12 (a) Employers in continuous and multiple shift or tour manu facturing and public utility industries wurking eight hours or less per shift or tour may interpret the day to be the calendar day and the week the calendar week, provided that such employes have a rest period of at least eight hours between successive days of work. (b) An employer may permit an employe to work one ad ditional shift or tour of duty per cycle in these indus tries provided at least eight hours intervene between shifts or tours and further provided that such change in shifts or tours will result in each employe working, in a period of twenty weeks, not more than forty-four hours per week on the average. (c) 'Where the failure of an employe to report for work in '' a particular shift or tour would result in the unemploy ment of others in that shift or in the possible destruc- ' tion of property or failure of service or result in danger to employes, an employer may employ a worker from / the previous shift or tour until the absent employe is replaced. This replacement must be made as soon as possible. (d) Where employers in continuous or multiple shift or tour industries grant vacations with pay to employes they may permit the remaining employes to work an addi tional shift or tour of eight hours or less per week dur ing such vacation period. "J EMPLOYERS OP THREE OR LESS PERSONS Rul* G-13 Pending a study by the Department of Labor and In dustry of the probable effect of a strict application of the schedule of hours provided by the laws and regula tions, employers of three or less persons may permit their employes to work not more than nine hours per day or more than 54 hours in six days of any week. OUTSIDE WORKERS RuU G-14 Employers of outside representatives may permit such employes to work in excess of eight hours per day and of forty-four hours and five and one-half days per week. SKILLED WORKERS Rule G-15 Where a shortage of skilled labor exists in any industry +K Department of Labor and Industry, upon applica tion by the employer, may vary the schedule of hours as specified in the law and regulations of the Depart ment, provided that if such variation is approved, time and one-half shall be paid for the excess hours. POSTING OF SCHEDULE OF HOURS Rul# <3-16 Employers who maintain for inspection a comprehen sive system of time and payroll records and who find ; it impossible to fix definitely in advance the hours of : employment of the individual worker may dispense | with the posting of the schedule of hours. | LEARNED PROFESSIONS j Rule G-17 I Employes in occupations determined by the Depart| ment of Labor and Industry to be learned professions | are exempt from the provisions of the act provided | +Key are engaged solely in the work of their professions. 23 STUDENTS Rule G-IS Students engaged on a part time basis in educational institutions in which they are enrolled, may be per mitted to work beyond the regulatory spread of hours and may work more than five and one-half days per week, provided actual working time shall not exceed eight hours in any one day or forty-four hours in any one week. ' OUTSIDE WORK Rul. G.IQ Employers may permit employes engaged in or imme diately connected with outside work, to average 44 hours per week over a period of one calendar month and to work six days per week, where weather and cli matic conditions have caused interruption of regular employment. REGULATIONS FOR SPECIFIC INDUSTRIES OFFICE BUILDING OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT Rul. S-l Employers may permit employes engaged in the oper'a- tion and maintenance of office buildings to work for / , not more than eight hours in any one day or forty-four hours in six days in any one week. MAIL ORDER INDUSTRY Rul. S-2 Employers in the Mail Order Business may permit em ployes to work for not more than eight hours in any one day or forty-four hours in six days in any one weelc, ex cept that such employes may be permitted to work for not more than ten hours on one selected day of the week. All hours worked over eight on any such selected day shall be paid for at the rate of one and one-half times the regular rate per hour. J24 RETAIL TRADE Rule S-3 Employers in Retail Trade may permit employes to work for not more than eight hours in any one day or forty-four hours in six days in any one week; except that such employes may be permitted to work for not more than ten hours on Saturday, and on the day im mediately preceding a legal holiday on which employes are not permitted to work. All hours worked over eight on any such long day shall be paid for at the rate of one and one-half times the regular rate per hour. CANNERIES Rul. S-4 Employers engaged in the canning, processing and packing of perishable fruit or vegetable products may employ persons during the canning season beyond the hours specified in the law provided that the conditions of employment conform to the following: (a) That hours worked per day over eight shall be paid at a rate of at least one and one-half times the regu lar wage scale for such period of overtime. (b) Employes shall be allowed at least one-half hour lunch period for each five hours of employment. (c) No more than six consecutive hours shall be allowed tor employment without a lunch period. (d) In the case of female employes all work performed shall be within the hours between 6 A. M. and 10 P. M. except that females between eighteen and twenty-one years of age shall not be employed after 9 P. M. NOTE: (This variation is not applicable to minors under the age of eighteen inasmuch as they are sublet to all the provisions of the Child Labor law.) (e) Application for permission to apply the privileges extended under this regulation shall be filed annu ally by each establishment at least thirty days in advance of the season, the same to be accom- 25 panied by a statement indicating the regular wage scale for that season and it shall be unlawful for any person to place into effect a schedule of hours at variance with the strict provisions of the law until such application has been filed and approval of the Department obtained. NEWSPAPER PUBLISHING Rule S-5 In any period which requires employment in excess of eight hours a day in order to prevent a sudden and unreasonable termination of service to the public, em ployers may permit employes whose work is directly connected with such period to work additional hours in any one day, but not to exceed forty-four hours in six days in any one week, provided that in towns of 50,000 or less, employes may be permitted to work forty-eight hours per week in six days. All hours worked over eight hours in any day during such period shall be paid for at the rate of one and one-half times the reg ular rate per hour. BANKING AND BROKERAGE INSTITUTIONS Rule S-6 Pending the completion of a study of the hour problem , connected with banking and brokerage institutions, the < following regulation i<; approved: Banking and brokerage institutions shall be permitted ' to average forty hours (instead of forty-four) per week over a thirteen week period beginning December I, 1937 (Total 520 hours in 13 weeks). Such hours of em ployment shall not exceed ten in one day or fifty-four in one week. This shall apply only to employes who are paid on an annual salary basis and who are not laid off without pay during slack periods. Tax specialists em ployed in banking institutions and brokerage houses who are exclusively engaged in tax work may be per mitted to average forty hours per week over a six month period beginning December I, 1937 and may be permitted to work six days per week. HOTCLS AMD RESTAURANTS Rule S-7 (a) Employers in the hotel and restaurant industries may permit service employes to work more than eight hours in any one day and more than forty-four hours but not in excess of forty-eight hours in six days in any one week, provided that such employes, except front office employes paid on a salary basis who work split shifts, be paid time and one-half for all hours worked in excess of eight in any one day and forty-four in any one week. (b) Housekeeping employes may be permitted to work not more than eight hours in any one day and not more than forty-four hours in six days in any one week, (c) The spread of hours may not exceed thirteen in any one day except, that for front office employes work ing split shifts the daily spread-of hours shall be deter mined by averaging over a two day period. ADDITIONAL DEFINITIONS AND REGULATIONS APPLYING ONLY tO THE WOMAN'S LAW DEFINITIONS ORPHAN'S HOME An Orphan's Home is an institution for children where the majority of the children under care are orphans or half orphans. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL An Industrial School is an institution to which minors are committed by legal proceedings and in which they are educated for participation in industry. GFNERAL REGULATIONS UNION CONTRACTS Rul. WH-I Existing contracts covering hours of work or conditions nf employment may be permitted to stand until their 27 termination provided that they were negotiated prior to September I, 1937 and are the result of bona fide collective bargaining as interpreted by the National Labor Relations Act, the Federal Railway Labor Act, or the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Act and further provided that in all cases affected by this rule the schedule of hours of work shall revert to the prescribed schedule set forth in the laws and regulations adminis tered by the Department after termination of existing contracts. REGULATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS APPROVED UNDER OTHER LAWS ADMINISTERED BY THE DEPARTMENT REGULATIONS 1. REGULATIONS FOR PROTECTION FROM FIRE AND PANIC Construction, Installation and Maintenance of Gas Shut off Valves. (Copies are available upon application to the Department) 2. REGULATIONS FOR BOILERS (A) Rule M-20 of the Miniature Boiler Section was amended to read as follows: All boilers referred to in this section shall be plainly marked with the manufacturer's name, ' maximum allowable working pressure, which shall be Indicated in Arabic numerals followed by the letters "lb", the serial number and a Pennsyl vania Standard or National Board number. All boilers built according to these rules shall be stamped in the presence of the inspector with the symbol shown in Fig. M-l. Fig. M-l. Official symbol for stamp to denote the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard. These stamps shall be arranged substantially as ) t shown in Fig. M-2. Stamps for the official symbol shown in Fig. M-l are obtainable from the Amer ican Society of Mechanical Engineers. (Manufacturer's Serial Number) Name of Manufacturer .............................................................. lb. (Max. Allowablo Warlrtng Pressure) (Penna. Std. No.) (Water Heating Surface) (Year Built) No accessory or part of the boiler shall be marked A.S.M.E. or A.S.M.E. Std. unless so speci fied in the Pennsylvania (ASME) code. The mark ings required on a boiler shall be stamped with letters and figures at 3/16 in. in height on some conspicuous portion of the boiler proper, or placed on a nonferrous plate to be permanently attached to every boiler. When a casing or other form of cover applied to a boiler is so arranged that it is not desirable to provide an opening through which the required stamping of the boil er parts may be viewed, the required stamping shall also be placed on a nonferrous plate, not less than 3 in. by 4 in. in size, irremovably at tached to the front portion of the casing, or it may be stamped in the metal of the casing itself. 29 Individual shop inspection is required for minia ture boilers in the same manner as for power boilers. After obtaining the stamp to be used when min iature boilers are to be constructed to conform with this section of the Pennsylvania (ASME) Boiler Code, o stale inspector, or an inspector employed regularly by an insurance company and who is qualified under the rules of the Common wealth of Pennsylvania to inspect boilers, shall be notified that an inspection is to be made; and he aboil inspect such boilers during construction and after completion. Manufacturers of miniature boilers built for us in Pennsylvania shall be required to register their names and addresses with the Department of Labor and Industry. A manufacturer of miniature boilers for use in Pennsylvania shall immediately forward to the Department of Labor and Industry a data report (on forms to be furnished by the Department), one report for each lot of boilers manufactured in series but not to exceed one hundred, when boilers are built for stock. Any boilers built for immediate shipment to a definite location, a separate data report shall be filed immediately with the Department giving the name and address of the purchaser of the boiler. Where a boiler is shipped for resale the name and address of the purchaser/user, if located in Pennsylvania, shall be immediately reported to the Department. Section 5, Paragraph A-62 was amended to read as follows: "Where repairs are necessary which in any way affect the working pressure or satety ot a boiler : ' , ! \ | i If If an inspector commissioned by the Department of Labor and Industry shall be called for consulta tion and advice as to the best method of making such repairs and after such repairs are made they shall be subject to final inspection and approval by an inspector commissioned by the Depart ment of Labor and Industry. "Where repairs are made by means of riveted patches the instructions set forth in the Adminis trative Section of the Appendix covering this subject shall be applied in so far as they affect design, calculations, material, workmanship and test." (C) Paragraph H-61 and I I-1 14 were amended by addi tion of the following paragraph: "In the case of single pass boilers the lowest per missible water level for low pressure heating boil ers of the fire tube type shall be the same as re quired in paragraph P-291 ot the Power Section. For multipass boilers the top row of tubes shall be completely submerged at all times." (D) Revisions relative to jurisdiction of Department. (!) Revision of Paragraphs P-331 and P-332, also L-8! (c) by deleting the words "municipal in spectors". (2) Revision of Section I, paragraph (b), by de leting the following: "those operating in cities having boiler inspection departments estab lished prior to January 14, 1923". (3) Revision of Section I, paragraph (j), by delet ing "such boilers being not located in a city haviuy a boiler inspection department now ' established by ordinance." (E) Rule P-332, sixth paragraph was amended by addi tion of the following: "and a facsimile of such stamping shall be for- warded to the Department with the manufactur er's data report." (F) Amendment to Section on Low Pressure Heating Boilers: Paragraphs H-50 and H-103 amended by substi tution of present paragraphs H-50 and H-103 (1937 edition) of the A.S.M.E. Code. 3. REGULATIONS FOR ELEVATORS (A) Rule 217 was amended to read as follows: (a) (Al) "Metal plates, with the permissible load in pounds marked thereon, shall be posted in a conspicuous place in the cars of all elevators. (b) (Al) Metal tag, on which shall be stamped the diameter, stranding and material of cables, shall bo ottochod to all hoisting and counter weight cables. (c) (Al) Where more than one elevator is located in a building, numbers shall be placed thereon for permanent identification." '' (B) Rule 239 (j- (Nl) was amended to read as follows: (il (Nl) "Where pent houses are provided over fire-resistive freight elevator shaftways, they shall be constructed of approved fire-resis tive materials and a permanent means of entrance thereto shall be provided other than through the shaftway. Pent house doors shall be locked at all times, except when repairs are being made or when the maelimeiy is being inspected or oiled." (C) Rule 242 (a) (Al) was amended by addition of the following paragraph: "Such landing doors, excluding those for auto ) matic control and double button control eleva tors, shall be equipped with latches arranged so that they can be unlocked only from the inside, except that the main or lowest landing door may be arranged to also open from the outside of the shaftway by means of a removable key." INTERPRETATIONS I. REGULATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL HOME WORK "It is interpreted that the regulations for Indus trial Home Work do not apply to merchant tailors who operate their own shops and who give out some portion of the work in the making of a garment to other tailors who do the work in their own shops." iNSATION 1937 1936 1 Apr. Mar. Total first 5 mos. Total first 5 mos. 12,130 10,350 52,291 40,712 6.I2S 6,105 28,185 20,645 950 820 3,661 3,399 126 76 421 804 2,213 2,238 994 970 4,252 4,508 > 861 916 4,087 4,113 43 79 168i 530 1 2,303 2,213 100 II 390 387 7 10 .... 52 52 7 / 25 155 187 23 3 "4 28 62 4 6 1 17 24 47 1 23 36 02 TABLE IX ANALYSIS OP 1935-1936 ACCIDENT PREVENTION CONTEST1 SHOWING FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY RATES2 INDUSTRIAL GROUPS FREQUENCY RATE 1935 Percent 1936 Change SEVERITY RATE I93S Percent 1936 Change TOTAL--ENTIRE STATE.. 13.01 15.61 + 19.98 .998 1250 +2525 Construction and Contracting ................... 65.40 Manufacturing--Total ... 12.98 M.+.b ............................ 13.49 Textiles and Clothing.. 6.74 Foods and Tobacco..... 15.87 Clay--Glass--Stone .,. 16.84 Lumber and Furniture. 28.14 Chemicals ............... ...... 13.50 Paper and Printing... . 17.06 Other Manufacturing . . 12.99 Quarrying and Non-Coal Mining .......................... . 22.12 State and Municipal.,.. . 25.60 Trad* ......... . . . . . 9.07 Hotel* and Restaurants. . 15.02 . Trans, and Public Utilities 8.18 Miscellaneous ................. . 10.93 40.51 15.42 18 01 7.83 16.57 19.53 22.67 14.60 14.70 16.22 , 23.75 26.34 8.81 17.51 10-27 15.69 --38.06 + 18.80 +33.51 + 16.17 + 4.41 + 15.97 --19.44 + 8.15 -- 13.83 +24.87 + 7.37 + 2.89 -- 2.87 + 16.58 +25.55 +43.55 3.602 .882 1.293 .183 .573 .683 2.202 1269 .379 .522 2.488 1.983 .537 209 1.449 1.005 1.780 -50.58 1.197 +35.71 1.702 +31.63 .324 +77.05 .850 +48.34 1.715 + 151.10 1.113 --49.46 1.413 + 1135 .537 +41.69 .467 --10-54 3.613 1.712 215 224 1.669 .795 +45.22 --13.67 --4134 + 7.18 + 15.18 --20.90 ^Contest conducted by Accident Prevention Division, Department of Labor end Industry. Man-hour* worked represent approximately one-third of total for the J entire state. ^American Standards Formula. 3 34 TABLE XI ANALYSIS OF 1935-1936 ACCIDENT PREVENTION CONTEST TABLE X ANALYSIS OF 1935-1936 ACCIDENT PREVENTION CONTEST1 SHOWING SEVERITY OF INJURIES INDUSTRIAL GROUPS FATAL ACCIDENTS Percent 1935 1936 Change TOTAL--ENTIRE STATE.. 162 234 + 25.93 Construction and Contracting ................. . Manufacturing--Total .., Metals ........................... . Textiles and Clothing.. Foods and Tobacco Clay--Glass--Stone . . . Lumber and Furniture. . Chemicals ............... . Paper and Printing... . Other Manufacturing . . yuarrying and Non-Coal Mining ..................... State and Municipal........ . Trade............... Hotels and Restaurants.. Trans, and Public Utilities Miscellaneous ................. .. 1 97 70 3 5 3 5 7 1 3 8 17 7 29 3 2 + 100.00 154 + 58.76 105 + 50.00 II +266.67 12 + 140.00 9 +200.00 3 -- 40.00 8 + 14.29 3 +200.00 3 00.00 9 + 12.50 23 + 35.29 3 -- 57.14 39 + 34.48 4 + 33.33 LOST TIME INJURIES1 1935 19,608 Percent 1936 Change 26,447 + 34.88 175 14,289 7.019 1,454 1,585 837 566 593 1,110 1.125 555 1,808 1,004 226 1,279 272 644 18,890 11.328 2,163 1,851 815 643 591 931 568 +268.00 + 32.20 + 61.39 + 48.76 + 16.78 -- 2.63 + 13.60 -- .34 -- 16.13 -- 49.51 560 2,849 817 220 1,722 745 + .90 + 57.58 - 18.63 -- 2.65 + 34.64 + 173.90 1Contest conducted by Accident Prevention Division, Department of Labor and Industry. Man-hours worked represent approximately one-third of total for the entire state. SA lost time accident is one in which on employe is injured to the extent that he is unable to return to his next shift of work. 35 LABO R AND INDUSTRY DEPARTMENT . i * * # c Pennsylvania workers, injured in the course of their employ ment, have received compensation for their injuries ever since the original Workmen's Compensation Act became effective January 1, 1916. But the worker disabled by occu pational disease--as much a victim of his employment as his co-worker who sustains a physical injury--has thus far received no compensation for his disability. It has been only within recent years that society has come to recognize its obligation to workers disabled by indus trial disease. Assumption of the obligation has followed recognition--20 other states, including most of the indus trial states, now have occupational disease compensation laws. In Pennsylvania, in addition to such common indus trial hazards as lead, ben7o! and carbon disulphide, there is the serious problem of anthraco-silicosis among the anthra cite miners. Recognizing its obligations, the administration drafted an occupational disease supplement to the Workmen's Com pensation Law, which was introduced by Representatives Eugene A. Caputo, of Beaver County, and Arthur R. Schor, of Philadelphia County. A digest of the new law, together with some of the results of investigations of industrial dis ease hazards, are featured in this issue of the Bulletin. Harrisburg December, 1937 Secretory of Labor and Industry J P E N N S Y LVA N I A LABOR AND INDUSTRY pennsylvania LABOR AND INDUSTRY !) 35 TABLE 1. PENNSYLVANIA EMPLOYES EXPOSED! ESTIMATED TO BE COVERED BY OCCUlt PENNSYLVANIA IN %* Occupational Disease Hazards Grand Ttt Food Product* Textiles Metal Products lumber Products Paper and Printing leather, Rubber, Goods Compoiitia A. Lead ..................... 30,174 Mercury ...................... 1,003 Arsenic ............................ 536 Manaanese ............... 950 GROUP TOTAL........ 32,663 B. Phosphorus ............................ (Includes phosphates) 165 C. Mrtfhanol ... 2,734 Carbon Bisulphide................. 1.430 Naphtha ...................... . 5,252 Halogenatod hydrocarbons. 1,676 GROUP TOTAL......... 11,092 D. Benzol .................................... Bamol Derivatives............... GROUP TOTAL......... 549 3,348 3,897 fc. Caisson Disease ................... F. Roentgen-Rays (X-Rays) . . 4 l 4ir\ H. Tar .............'......... . 8,849 Pitch ............... . 176 Bitumen, Mineral Oil............ 4,898 Pareffin ................................ . 102 GROUP TOTAL. .. . . 14,025 1. -Oils ..................... . 23,645 r Compounds ......... . 31,468 ' Lubricants ....................... . 4,4tjy Dust................... .202,098 ' Liquids ................................ . 38,426 Fumes .................................. . 1,796 Gases . ................................ . 33,884 Vapor .................................. GROUP TOTAL. .. .335,806 J. Anthrax ................................ . 2,884 X. Silicon Dioxide ................... . 23,976 Other Silicates ................. . 18,910 &ROUP TOTAL . . . 47.88#, L, Asbestos ................... . 779 GRAND TOTALS . . .445,671 669 10 679 17 19 33 50 102 5 1 6 b1 44 67 124 235 251 288 ftt 1,559 647 345 7,146 10,385 984 87 40 127 2 12,543 699 10,357 834 6,329 79 36 2 62 225 930 r 778 11,385 835 6,556 1 1 23 422 41 77 540 . 4 211 1,342 45 105 1,703 63 2,710 2,773 766 166 756 1,688 66 33 99 513 9 21 17 4,803 18 25 550 4,838 2 11 1 173 3 184 85 74 45 128 332 85 263 348 22 252 252 52 556 1,526 888 102 160,808 4,995 30 3,404 4 1,104 1,440 3 2,803 49 4,295 17,941 22,578 Il ,*Aefu)CiJt 11,355 11,901 769 13,023 17 45 29 48 122 105 267 1109 2,066 2,888 4 267 66 6,413 53 1 6,467 335 274 de ola4 583 1,504 33 851 t1 214 435 649 242 983 59 7,4/1 1,805 38 447 . 171,753 400 212 207 419 19 178,424 78,967 4 12,830 7,254 20,084 300 1 17,931 5,615 3 1,605 57 1,662 z 8,832 3,944 81 45 126 I 22,182 11,045 1,236 750 388 1,138 S 15,308 Data compiled from "Survey of Industrial Disease Hazards in Pennsylvania." Field Work tabulated and analyzed by a Works Progress Administration project. TF (#>.000 industrial establishments surveyed represented a coverage of about 75%. The total number of employes found to bo exposed to indu.Wl di,.a<s hazards was 672,OlOi Compensation Act. J TABLE II. INDICES OF EMPLOYMENT IN PENNSYLVANIA INDUSTRIES1 ' October, 1937 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS IN PENNSYLVANIA INDUSTRIES 1934-1937 Employment Indujtry No. of firms report ing No. of wage earners week ending Oct. 15 1937 Oct. 1937 Index numbers 1933 = 100 Sept. 1 Aug. 1 Oct. 1937 | 1937 | 1936 TOTAL--ALL INDUSTRIES2 ........ 8,910 TOTAL--U AN U FAOTII RING INDUSTRIES2 .................. 2,340 Iron and steel and their products... 509 Non-ferrous metal products............... 69 Transportation equipment ................. 90 Textiles and clothing............................ 585 Food products ...................................... 276 Stone, clay and glass products......... 169 Lumber products .................................. 86 Chemicals and allied products........... 185 Leather and its products................... 76 printing . 239 Other manufactures ............................ 48 937,755 586,251 266,054 13,272 52,190 115,054 29,959 31,172 5,890 19,329 13,571 26.356 13,396 124.7 136.8 176.5 159.5 MO.6 II 1.2 122.5 150.7 122.7 127.6 105.3 120.2 116.2 124.2 138.6 180.2 167.5 141.4 113.7 121.4 152.2 125.1 126.6 107.0 119.1 114.0 121.6 138.1 181.0 170.5 I37.S 112.4 119.8 150.7 128.5 125.7 110.0 117.6 113.8 1 19.9 132.4 156.2 148.2 MIA 117.8 121.6 145.9 125.3 120.1 112.5 115.3 115.5 TOTAL--NON-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES2 .............................. 6,570 Anthracite mining3 .............................. 114 Bituminous coal mining....................... 292 Quarrying and non-metallic mining. 147 Crude petroleum producing............. 10 Construction and contracting.......... , 801 Street railways, bus and taxi.......... . to Motor-freight, OwL and warehouses ...................................... . 36 Telephone, telegraph and broadcasting .................................. . 510 Light, heat and power..................... . 222 Retail trade ........................................ . 2,592 Wholesale trade ................................ . 937 Banking and brokerage..................... . 526 Insurance and real estate................. . 152 Dyeing end cleaning......................... . 36 Laundries ............................................ . 27 hotels ................................................ . 108 351,504 71,273 74,392 5,885 436 13,960 17,206 3,184 20,791 29,919 61,552 18,625 12,678 9,247 1,666 1,756 0,934 113.9 98.6 122.0 131.7 126.1 108.2 108.3 113.2 97.9 120.5 120.6 122.4 103.3 110.6 II 1.6 1 15.7 123.4 II 1.5 93.3 1 19.3 133.7 126.4 109.0 107.4 112.3 97.6 1 19.8 115.2 121.3 103.9 II 1.2 II 1.7 117.6 121.0 106.9 79.7 1 18.6 135.1 126.9 106.9 107.1 120.1 97.4 118.3 107.1 120.5 104.8 1 1 1.0 107.3 116.2 1 17.8 108.8 96.6 120.6 125.8 125.5 95.2 103.4 1 19.3 89.8 11 1.8 117.2 117.1 106.4 107.9 108.8 108.7 1 15.0 Prepared by the Department of Labor and industry in cooperation with the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia and the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. These data are not complete industrial totals but are based on reports sub mitted by a representative list of firms in each industry. 2Woighted. 'Reported by the Antliiavllw of Infuunaliun. 39 TABLE III. INDICES OF PAYROLLS IN PENNSYLVANIA INDUSTRIES1 October, 1937 Industry Total weekly payroll week ending Oct. 15, 1937 Payrolls Index numbers 1933 -- 100 Oct. 1937 Sept. Aug. 1937 1937 Oct. 1936 TOTAL--ALL INDUSTRIES' . . .. 524.781,759 TOTAI --MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES' .............................. 14,934,240 Iron and steel and their products. . , 7,486,278 Non-ferrous mefal products............... 335,334 Transportation equipment ................. 1,597,571 Textiles end clothing............................ 2,073,882 Food products....................................... 721,822 Stone, clay and glass products.,. 803,069 Lumber products.......................... 123,535 Chemicals and allied products. . . 566,860 Leather and its products.... 241,014 printing ............................ Other manufactures . . 739,325 245,550 184.5 215.6 317.5 230.9 271.5 145.7 157.1 259.5 184.9 177.9 117.6 151.8 158.8 181.9 220.3 338.6 242.7 211.2 143.9 156.1 252.1 187.3 178.9 124.7 148.8 151.2 187.0 235.0 372.0 250.2 223.4 145.4 159.4 262.4 200.3 188.9 144.3 146.3 154.3 168.2 178.2 269.0 199.8 224.8 154.6 142.5 233,3 185.2 153.6 137.8 141.2 143.7 TOTAL--NON-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES' ..................................... 9,847,519 Anthracite mining3 ............................ . 2,076,743 Bituminous coal mining...................... . 1,996,349 Quarrying and non-metallic mining. 151,528 Crude petroleum producing............ , Construction and contracting........... . Street railways, bus and taxi........... . + +l dorrlc an/4 WATA. 13,261 411,014 520,207 houses .................................... Telephone, telegraph and . 60,492 broadcasting .......................................... . 667,220 Light, heat and power.......................... . 1,035,332 Retail trade ............................ . 1,402,710 Wholesale trade ............................ . 581,836 Banking and brokerage ................... , 389,379 Insurance and real estate..................... . Dyeing and cleaning......................... . Laundries................. .. . 1 luioU ............. 344,922 33,147 31,016 132.363 154.4 II 1.2 246.0 253.5 146.4 193.0 130.3 194.3 1 18.1 136.5 142.4 133.4 114.5 i 18.3 148.7 145.7 153.8 144.8 68.5 223.4 264.3 150.8 190.9 123.6 202.0 120.8 133.2 137.2 (31.9 115.0 118.8 144.8 146.9 148.0 140.7 59.3 216.9 281.5 147.3 185.3 123.2 201.8 117.2 130.8 130.9 133.8 115.9 120.9 135.5 146.9 142.6 139.0 105.7 226.3 247,8 142.8 161.3 114.2 154.8 110.2 120.3 130.3 121.4 II 1.9 112.2 136.3 128.3 141.6 'Prepared by the Department of Labor and Industry in cooperation with the Federal Reserve Banli of Philadelphia and the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. These data are not complete industrial totals but are based on reports sub mitted by a representative list of firms in each industry. 'Weighted. 'Reported by the Anlhracilo Bureau of Inform.tion. 40 j TABLE IV. AVERAGE WEEKLY AND HOURLY EARNINGS PENNSYLVANIA INDUSTRIES1 October, 1937 industry Week einding Oct. 15. 1937 Earnings and hours Av. weekly earnings Oct. 1937 Oct. 1936 Av. hourly earnings Oct. 1937 Oct. 1936 Av. hours per week Oct. Oct. 1937 1936 TOTAL--ALL INDUSTRIES' ... . $26.80 TOTAL--MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES' ................... iron and steei and their products. . 28.14 Non-ferrous metal products . . 25.27 Transportation equipment............... . 30.61 Textiles end clothing....................... . 18.03 Pncsd products................. . 24.09 Stone, clay and glass products... . 25.76 Lumber products.............................. . 20.97 Chemicals and allied products. , .. . 29.33 Leather and its products............. Paper and printing....................... . 28.05 Other manufactures ............... . 18.33 $25.19 23.85 26.84 2-f.OO 28.03 18.27 21.95 23.61 20.55 25.97 19.61 26.99 16.76 $.718 .707 .787 .643 .790 .550 .571 .675 .511 .782 .539 .684 .489 $.630 .590 .633 .661 .692 .504 .487 .577 .462 .669 .484 .627 .442 37.4 36.6 35.8 39.3 38.7 33.3 41.6 37.4 41.5 38.0 32.4 39.1 37.7 40.0 40.9 42.4 43.5 40.4 36.6 44.5 37.6 44.9 39.4 40.3 41.8 38.1 TOTAL--NON-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES2................. . 28.09 Anthracite mining3 ....................... Bituminous coal mining................. . 26.84 Quarrying and non-metallic mining 25.75 Crude petroleum producing.......... . 30.42 Construction and contracting.... . 29.44 Street railways, bus and taxi........ . 30.23 Motor-freight, docks and wore- houses ............................................ Telephone, telegraph and broadcasting ................................ Light, heat and power................... . 34.60 Retail trade ......................................, . 22.79 Wholesale trade ............................. . . 31.24 Banking and brokerage............... . 30.71 Insurance and real estate................. 37.30 Dyeing and cleaning...................... . 19.90 Laundries ........................................ Hotels ............................................... 26.49 28.30 24.80 24.88 28.51 26.91 28.52 17.40 31.74 32.55 21.27 29.74 29.88 35.70 19.35 16.61 13.98 .730 .912 .916 .620 .721 .742 .682 .743 .845 .846 .558 .728 (a) (a) .468 .429 .312 .672 .843 .810 .529 .671 .709 .639 .61 1 .314 .765 .493 .696 (o) (a) .448 .371 .283 38.3 31.4 29.4 42.4 42.5 39.8 45.4 24.4 30.2 40.3 41.5 42.0 (8) (8 40.9 41.1 47.8 39.1 33.2 31.1 46.9 42.7 38.1 45.9 27.4 39.3 41.2 43.4 42.3 (a) (a) 41.2 44.7 50.1 'pr.pared by the Department of Labor and Industry in cooperation with the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia and the U. S. Bureau ot Labor Statistics. These data are not complete industrial totals but are based on reports sub mitted by a representative list of firms in each industry. 'Weighted. 'Reported by the Anthracite Bureau of Information. (a) Data not available; not included in total. 41 TABLE V. INDICES OF EMPLOYMENT IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES BY PENNSYLVANIA INDUSTRIAL AREAS1 October, 1937 EMPLOYMENT Area No. of planti re port ing No. of wage earner! week ending Oct. 15 1937 Index number! 1923-25 := 100 Oct. 1937 Sept. 1937 Aug. Oct. 1937 1936 Allentown----Lehigh (3 counties). Altoona (2 counties)................... Chamberiburg (3 countiei) . Clearfield (4 countiei)............... Erie (2 countiei)........................... 164 28 15 39 95 39,014 13,826 2,525 5,175 17,843 98.2 85.8 93.9 82.3 1 14.8 97.5 85.9 121.6 82.6 117.1 97.2 86.2 116.0 84.7 113.8 91.2 87.2 95.9 80.1 97.1 Harrisburg (3 counties)............. Johnstown (3 counties)............... Kane--Oil City (5 countiei) . . . Laneeiter (1 county)................. Lewiitown (3 countiei)............... 64 32 42 67 8 18,697 17,849 5,021 14,183 2,705 103.1 141.6 66.2 124.4 72.9 105.0 142.9 69.6 127.0 81.4 104.3 142.3 70.4 126.0 85.6 92.7 120.0 67.2 122.6 59.9 Philadelphia (S counties).......... 866 Pittiburgh (8 countiei)............ . 366 Pottiville |2 countiei)............... . 44 Reading--Lebanon (2 countiei) 158 Scranton (5 countiei)............... . 65 166,641 174,607 7,515 39,896 6,005 104.1 91.3 125.5 106.8 90,0 104.0 92.9 127.4 108.4 89.6 103.6 93* 126.7 109.5 92.4 99.9 86.3 118.4 106.5 89.9 Sharon--New Castle (2 counties ) 35 Sunbury (4 counties)................. . 33 Wilkes-Barre (3 counties)........ . 68 Williamsport (5 counties)........ . 65 York--Adam* (? rnuntifts) . . 101 18,301 5,698 17,114 9,166 12.392 85.5 66.5 79.3 114.5 83.4 89.1 73.0 79.7 113.9 82.6 89.1 70.6 77.4 11 1.4 81.8 72.0 79.3 74.8 1 12.6 87.9 'Compiled by the Philadelphia Federal Reterve Beni. 4? J 0 Z oC Z> 1-- 'i u_ 13 Z<t<o z< "" -J ! bdZr- UJ < _1 s eo -S ^ Sz o LU zOttyo <-gto do 02 o' ><- Q- oLL o o ________j_fv__.C__S_ _0_"__0__O_ f"NrvN Tf m CO m CS -- ^w -* -- o -^r *o cn <o *o O' o o I-- v oo -- in cs k cs > -- ^^doo CS CS -- CS CS CS CS CS -- CS CS CS CS CS CS -ON o o o o co CM----------- -- .k <-s K fO -- 00 1/1 - U1 O N -- ^ U1 O N o- o *0 CD ^ cs cs m -- cs in K m c> ** -*o co -- a> m co -- iooo -- *o rn cd O' m cs "fr V o - n n o 5^-000 C4M-NCS cs m 04 04 04 04 **> 04 04 04 ^ -- CS CS CBStgiSS SiSSSS; KS5fi3 5382 Q-m > J5- jO m <=j 04 -- S 04 S S IS S S -- -- CN -- 3^ -- 0 in o co 04 o4 O' inco'O^r t^r*5X i/io o < cn o o, --- co in oo in o --# in k -o o rn 04 O* cn CN N o O' d <) CO -- CS -- O U1 O ~ O* o] 07 -- 04 04 04 04 01 -- 04 04 0104 04 04 CS---04 -- 81 OO'oOd'c'Ono^4oc>n DuOiO'O'OC^N'OnOv OnK^O--N--OCD K^Ort|NKtitf>tO-- O' O' K O' OfoSoS O' O O O CO K 0 O -- o 11I o o m o-in o co cn -'t in o pi - cn 'C; i/i cs in <> K d d dtfi oNodd in co in in o* r* ^ ^ -- 0.04 00 04 N O' N O 03 OW--------O' S' K -O O -- mm -- -- k 04 O' cd 'O k fv O* O -- O' oo m -- -- -o ISSUES SSSSS SkPo- ti f 02: cn s'O, ---- cs eo m <s in oj -- in O; in cn o in w <Oi On' OO'' c0s0c--o Or^'O'd'OinOKCOO m0o4---- cOd O --0 n*OsK- O5O-- Jl|n3- o 04 K in CO -- O' 04 MV MNioocN 4)OOCNn O 04 -- in K S' m -- O' K O'- 00 cs<f cs" -- - f cn co rs O' cs 00 K O' -- n' w n- -- 04 N O' K m 04 CO CD CO V CD eo o 0 k in ^ O w CS 04 -- -<r O in K -- K O; 04 as cs O'- o' o O' m CO in ro&"ONN v co O o n mco-- m m -- cs _ __ O 8 8 !~f 3 II I'i iSe8in u.-?8 " 8j 8 O lei-8 _ t>-aC2 4: <<yoi5 .2*5 43 LIVING COSTS IN PENNSYLVANIA 1930-1937 Date 1930 June 1930 Dee. 1931 June 1931 Dec. 1932 June 1932 Dec. 1933 June 1933 n 1934 June 1934 Nov. 15 1935 Mar. 15 1935 July 15 1935 Oct. 15 1936 Jan. 15 1936 Apr. 15 1936 July 15 1936 Sept. 15 1936 Dec. 15 1937 M.r 15 1937 June 15 All items 97.9 94.2 89.3 85.9 80.0 76.7 74.5 77.9 79.4 79.2 80.2 80.2 80.7 81.5 80.8 81.8 81.8 82.2 83.1 84.2 Food 101.5 92.1 83.4 77.9 68.7 64.6 64.7 70.6 76.5 75.9 79.5 eo.s 80.7 83.1 80.7 84.7 84.3 84.5 86.2 88.0 Clothing 91.0 87.9 83.7 76.5 72.4 68J5 67.1 74.0 75.3 75.5 74.7 74.5 74.6 75.1 75.5 , 74.8 75.1 75.7 77.1 78.6 Rent 93.2 91.8 88.3 85.4 80.0 75.6 69.2 66.5 65.0 65.0 64.6 64.6 64.6 64.6 64.5 65.1 65.3 65.7 66.0 68.0 Fuel and light 97.3 100.8 94.9 99.3 89.5 90.8 86.8 92.6 89.0 88.4 88.7 81.5 87.7 87.7 87.4 85.0 86.7 87.6 88.1 84.4 Housefurnish- Missel* ing goods laneous 89.7 85.6 80.0 75.2 70.0 65.1 63.0 72.4 74.3 75.1 75.3 75.6 76.5 76.5 76.9 76J5 77.1 77.7 81.5 83.8 103.0 102.6 101.8 101.3 99.2 97.4 95.6 96.3 96.0 95.7 95.6 96.0 96.3 96.2 96.1 95.8 95.6 95.8 95.5 95.3 PHILADELPHIA Date All items Food Clothing Rent Fuel and light Housefurnish- Misceling goods laneous 1930 June 1930 Dec. ' 1931 June 1931 Dec. 1932 June 1932 Dec. 1933 June 1933 Dec. 1934 June 1934 Nov. 15 1935 Mar. 15 1935 July 15 1935 Oct. 15 1936 Jan. 15 1934 Apr 15 1936 July 15 1936 Sept. 15 1936 Dec. 15 1937 Mar. 15 1937 June 15 97.6 94.3 89.7 86.3 80.4 76.8 74.9 78.4 79.9 79.6 80.4 80.4 80.9 81.9 81.3 82.1 82.1 82.5 83.4 84.0 101.3 92.5 84.8 79.T 70.1 65.4 65.6- 7l.b~ 78.1 76.9 80.3 82.0 81.5 84.5 82.1 85.9 85.5 85.9 87.3 89.1 91.3 88,7 84.8 76.4 71.8 67.9 66.5 73.6 74.6 74.8 73.7 73.6 73.6 74.3 74.8 73.9 74.1 74.6 75.9 77.3 91.0 89.3 86.1 82.9 79.0 74.3 69.5 66.6 65.3 65.6 65.2 65.2 65.3 65.3 65.2 65.6 65.9 66.4 66.8 67.3 96.1 100.9 93.0 98.8 80.3 88.6 83.9 90.5 85.8 85.1 85.5; 76.1 83.9 83.9 84.1 80.8 82.6 83.8 84.7 79.9 89.9 103.5 86.0 103.1 80.1 102.1 75.6 101.7 70.0 99.6 64.6 . 97.5 62.1 .. 95.6 72.0 96.3 73.8 95.7 74.7 95.5 74.8 95.3 75.1 95.7 76.3 95.9 76.3 95.9 76.9 95.9 /0.4 95.5 76.5 95.4 77.1 95.5 80.9 95.2 82,7 95.2 'Prepared by the U. S. Bureeu of Labor Statistics, 'Computed ftom PhtUd*lpht, PiHKiirgk jtnrJ S nion indices weighted accord* ing to population. J 45 TABLE VIII. INDICES OF LIVING COSTS1 PITTSBURGH 1923-1925= 100 Date 1930 1930 1931 1931 1932 1932 1933 1933 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1936 1936 1936 1936 1934 1937 1937 June Dec. June Doc. June Dec. June Dec. June Nov. 15 Mar. 15 July 15 Oct 15 Jan. 15 Apr. 15 July 15 Sept. 15 D*. IE Mar. 15 June 15 All items 98.6 93.8 88.4 84.7 78.7 76.0 73.2 76.0 77.7 77.8 79.2 79.1 79.6 79.9 79.1 80.7 80.8 80.8 82.1 84.6 Food 101.9 90.7 80.0 73.1 65.0 62.3 42.4 67.7 72.8 73.8 78.1 78.1 78.9 80.1 77.6 82.1 81.9 81.1 83.8 85.4 Clothing 89.8 85.1 80.2 76.7 73.5 69.7 48.4 74.3 76.0 76.3 76.6 76.1 76.2 76.4 76.6 76.5 76.9 77.8 79.3 81.3 Rent 98.5 97.8 93.7 91.0 81.2 77.3 46.3 64.0 61.8 61.1 60.8 60.9 60.7 60.7 . 60.7 62.0 62.1 62.1 62.3 69.1 SCRANTON Dete All items 1930 1730 1931 1931 1932 1932 1933 1933 1934 1934 1935 1935 1735 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1937 1917 June Dv. June Dec. June Dec. June Dec. June Nov. 15 Mar. 15 July 15 O-r. is Jan. 15 Apr. 15 July 15 Sept. 15 Dec. 15 Mar. 15 Juna IS 99.0 7E.2 88.7 85.5 80.1 78.0 75.8 80.0 80.8 80.6 81.9 82.1 82.8 832 81.8 832 832 83.7 84.0 84.9 Food 101.7 72.2 79.5 752 66.8 63.5 63.9 69.5 71.6 71.5 75.9 77.6 77.E 78.8 76.5 80.6 80.4 81.1 82.0 84.5 Clothing 93.3 91.0 85.4 76.4 74.4 70.6 69.8 78.7 80.8 80.3 79.4 79.5 79.7 79.8 80.1 79.9 80.1 81.5 82.4 83.4 Rent 97.5 94.7 93.1 922 87.4 85.4 79.1 76.9 75.2 74.6 74.3 73.5 73.3 732 73.0 73.0 72.9 72.8 73.1 73.1 'Prepared by the U. $. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Fuel and liqht 101.8 101.4 100.7 101.1 99.9 97.6 97.3 100.5 100.0 99.1 99.2 98.4 99.3 99.3 99.4 99.0 100.3 100.2 100.6 100.6 House- _ furnish- Miscelina goods laneous 88-2 82.9 78.0 72.8 bbS 64.5 43 7 71.6 73.6 74.3 75.2 75.3 75.5 75.3 752 75.0 77.1 77.0 81.7 85.5 101.8 101.3 100.9 100.0 97.9 96.7 95.3 96.0 96.5 95.8 ?6.0 96.3 96.8 96.7 96.2 96.0 95.9 96.3 95.9 Fuel end light 92.4 9E.a 93.0 97.7 83.8 88.4 77.0 85.0 80.1 83.0 82.4 76.1 8422 84.5 75.8 77.5 79.9 81.1 75.1 70.8 Housefurnish- Misceling goods laneous 942 91.9 88.4 802 77.6 75.5 72.9 80.8 83.5 83.6 83.5 83.4 84.3 84.2 83.9 83.9 84.8 85.0 89.6 91.4 102.7 102.4 101.4 101.4 99.3 98.6 96.7 97.9 98.5 97.9 98.1 90.5 9Q.0 98.7 98.6 98.4 97.7 97.7 97.1 97.3 J TABLE IX. STATUS OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION FUND January I-December I, 1937 Defe Number of employers registered1 Amount of oontribution. received3 January 1, 1937 January 15, 1937 February 1, 1937 February 15, 1937 March 1. 1937 March 15, 1937 April 1, 1937 April May 15. 1937 1, 1937 May 15, 1937 June 1, 1937 June 15, 1937 July 1, 1937 July 15, 1937 August 1, 1937 August 15, 1937 September 1, 1937 September 15, 1937 October 1, 1937 October 15, 1937 November 1, 1937 November 15, 1937 December 1, 1937 4,000 24,082 59,810 75,714 112,252 117,865 123,771 128,044 130,269 131,489 132,792 133,881 135,084 136,424 136,935 137,649 138,247 138,746 1 39,083 139,254 139,503 139,693 % 284,494 3,027,300 7,148,699 11,867,587 24,856,878 , 25,331,408 25,898,127 25,750,403 26,003,959 27,364,435 36,557,860 39,155,610 39,343,017 42,170,245 53,337,489 54,394,814 54,569,366 54,756,468 55,179,140 59,644,248 68,946,996 69,758,784 1Number registered in 1936 as subject to the low, Contributions revised and rounded off to nearest dollars. Amount received for 1936, and First, second, and third quarters of 1937, including interest earned on Trust Fund to September 30, 1937. 47 TABLE X. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION October, 1937 1937 1936 Oct. Sept. Aug. Total first ten months Total first ten months BUREAU Aoid*nt r*porf< ftld................... Compensation agreements and awards examined, approved and filed......... Petitions received, docketed end re* ferred to roferees................................ 8,097 5,932 1,100 10,867 4,196 600 13,259 109,132 5,273 54,873 600 7,91 1 89,338 45,347 7,201 Applications and financial statements of employers requesfing exemption from compulsory insurence received end passed upon................................ 87 64 45 943 1,110 REFEREES Cases on hand at boginning of month New Coses assigned.............................. Cases disposed of.................................... Cases reassigned .................................... Coses on hand at end of month........ 2,739 1,189 837 65 3,026 2,691 761 701 12 2,739 2,652 645 593 13 2,691 8,773 7,719 288 8,765 8,154 657 BOARD Opillivit) oiid Order*t Referee affirmed ................................ Referee reversed .............................. Rehearmgs granted ............................ Records returned to court............... Cases withdrawn ................................ Amended awards .............................. Findings of referee modified........... To file exceptions................................ 125 18 37 3 16 103 9 33 2 17 1 16 693 908 4 88 110 12 248 370 1 37 2 46 95 3 61 48 27 72 2 Oct. 1937 Sept. Aug. 1936 Total first ton months Total first ten months FATAL Number of cases................. Amount of compensation. 88 95 71 979 752 301,734 1298,830 $ 50A.7AI $ 3.257.386 $2,637,325 PERMANENT DISABILITY Number of cases................. 352 228 334 2,985 2,525 Amount of compensation. .$ 355,139 $231,745 $ 311,846 $ 2,847,741 $2,441,435 TEMPORARY DISABILITY Number of cases................. Amount of compensation. .$ 3,222 3,072 2.858 SO.gin 42.413 544,016$358,800 $ 539,646 $ 4,956,207 $4,118,942 TOTAL Number of cases................. 5,932 4,197 5,273 54,874 45,700 Amount of compensation..$1,204,091 $889,375 $1,058,253 $11,071,314 $9,197,702 J 49 /OCIOORAPHK/ ) DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY EXECUTIVE PERSONNEL Tho Secretary RALPH M. BASHORE Executive Administration Comptroller ............................................ -ublic Relation* Director. .................. Research Advisor.................................. Statistical Coordinator......................... Assistant Statistical Coordinator .............IVAN L. MEASE ........... RALPH CROPPER STEPHEN B. SWEENEY ........ J. PARKER BURSK ........ HUGH S. DUFFEY Industrial Board RALPH M. BASHORE, Chairman MORRIS HARRISON JOHN A, PHILLIPS HERBERT SANDER MRS. 6EOR&E B. WOOD JAMES S. ARNOLD, Secretary . STEPHEN B. SWEENEY, Research Advisor Industrial Injury Compensation Administrator................................ AUSTIN L. STALEY Rehabilitation Director............................................................. A. S. BESHORE Workmen's Compensation Director................................AUSTIN L. STALEY Workmen's Insurance Fund Manager....................... OSCAR D. DECKARD State Workmen's Insurance Board RALPH M. BASHORE, Chairman F. CLAIR ROSS, State Treasurer OWEN B. HUNT, Insurance Commissioner Workmen's Compensation Board DAVID L. ULLMAN, Chairman D. FERD SWANEY NORBERT J. FITZGERALD JOHN R. TORQUATO, Secretary RALPH M. BASHORE. Ex-Officio . t' ''/ . Labor Standards Enforcement Administrator................................AUSTIN L. STALEY Assistant Administrator..................................................... VICTOR S. KARABASZ Inspection and Enforcement Director , . RAYMOND J, NICAISE Industrial Standards Director (Acting)................................S. W. HOMAN Women and Children Director................................GERTRUDE R. EMERY Hours and Minimum Wage Director......................... PAUL M. MURPHY Unemployment Compensation and Employment Administrator RALPH M. BASHORE Unemployment Compensation and Employment Director .. . ERNEST KELLY Associate Director of Unemployment Compensation.. D. F. McKENNA Associate Director of Employment Service................. PAUL F. MURPHY Unemployment Compensation Board of Review ROBERT L. MYERS, Chairman JAMES L. M=DEVITT GEORGE E. PP.IK1DIR! F Labor Disputes Administration Mediation Director.....................................................CLARENCE J. MOSER Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board J. G. LICHLITER, Chairman JOHN F. BRESLIN PATRICK T. FAGAN JOHN M. DAVIS, S.uratary Research and Information Director TENSARD DE WOLF Pennsylvania Labor and Industry |{ e v i e w I lari isltui,<i March I <110 J CONTENTS l'ai;e I'oui.u ui;l) .................................................................................................................... Lewis D. ] lines, Secretary of Labor and Industry 5 Rr.<n\ fry and C ommon Sknsk. ................................................................ Waller D. Fuller, Chairman of lob Mobilization Campaign (> Dkrakt.mknt of Labor and Industry ................................................. litno.AO or- I ysi'KCTior ...................................................................................... 11 1a Tin: 1'rid iiask of Skcukity TiiRour.it Sanity ............................. Arrideni Prevention Division, l'.ureau of Inspection 10 I 'nook v m or I 'raittual Sfrv ICK............................................................... Bedding and I'pliolsterx Division, Bureau ol lnsi>ection 11 > I'ROM A Smai.i. Bkuinninu ............................................................................ Holler Division, Bureau of Inspection 22 Wok kim. T'i ii a. i m.K ................................................................................................. Building Division. I'.uiaan of Inspection 21 I 'no I 1 ( 'I I NO Til K I 'u III.1C ....................................................................................... I'.levator Division, l'.ureau of Inspection Si kit. in Tin: Marino ......................................................................................... 1'ield Inspection Division. Bureau ot Inspection 2l I 2`> I OUR.U.K IS ITIK Foid'K 01- IT Al.l..................................................................... Mines and Ouurries Division, l'.ureau of Inspection I'.I'RKAI' OK WoMKN AND ('lIlLORKN ............................................................ A) 45 I'.rKiAr it I ndustkiai. Standards.............................................................. Industrial Hoard .................................................................................................... I'l.NNsYt.VANIA LABOR KkI.AITONS Board .............................................. Work m i n's ( Mm itinsatton Board.............................................................. l' nk.m it.oy.m knt Com it.nsa i ton Hoard ok Rfatkw ...................... P. URI- AU or If M IT.OY It KNl' AND l i N K MPLOY \I KNT t O M I'K N S ATI O N 4B 47 ?1 52 5.4 54 I'loM.I l(S Yf.S'I I'.KDAV AND ToDAY.................................................................... 1'ield Inspection Div ision, Hnrean of Inspection SlATI W'oKKMIN's | NSUK \N K BIND......................................................... 56 rtl I ' 1 'HI A I or MkDIATION ............................................................................................ Diskiir A Physical 1I andicap ............................................................. I'limaii of Rehabilitation <>5 64 MAR ? 7 l'-hw j HUUICAU or- l'RlVAlK 15. M CLOY M KNT AgKNCIKS .......... Bureau of Research and Information...................... Industrial Board Meetings.............................................. List ok Department Pup.lk ations ................................ Kxluutivl Pkuson ni.i............................................................... ` .j (>( i 67 /2 SO S5 STEEL IN THE MAKING FIELD INSPECTION DIVISION BUREAU OF INSPECTION STEEL in the making is a more interesting story today than in the Middle Ages. Although modern chemistry has been applied to iron and steel there is as much magic surrounding them in our machine age as in the early centuries. The making o steel is an ancient craft. It has been called the oldest art and the newest science. The pioneer fleeing to the deepest woods of Charging machine shoving two-ton box of scrap into open hearth furnace. the prairie relied upon an axe, a rifle or a plow. And in the Middle Ages when the smith worked with steel to make weapons and armor he was looked upon as a magician. Drawing a curtain over what is known of the chemistry and the advances made in metallurgy much of the magic and mystery of the making of steel still remains. One could hardly imagine an industrial State, such as Pennsylvania, without steel. It is part of every phase of our modern industrial life. It forms the arteries of transportation, the structure of our buildings and ' very bone and sinew of our cities are built on a framework of 30 Pennsylvania Labor and Industry Review steel. Cut oil the supply of steel for six months and the modern world would he fullering on its foundations. At an iron and steel plant in central Pennsylvania 1700 men working on three shifts are going resolutely about the business of making steel. Steel tor railroad cars, steel for locomotives, steel for building construc tion, steel for flouring and ships. Steel for today's America. An Inferno of Molten Metal Furnaces arc charged, cranes operated, railroad trains shifted, molten steel poured and rolled and laboratory tests made. Whistles are blowing as shifting trains pass, bells ring on charging machines in the open Bureau ok Inspection 31 cter. The scale of the pyrometer registers the exact temperature to the operator. A worker carrying a long rqd with an attached dipper on the end goes to the peephole of the furnace and dips out a sample of molten metal. This sample is poured into a small mold and cooled for testing. Then by reducing or increasing the carbon and adding manganese and lime the process of steel is in the making. The impurities being lighter than the purified steel are drawn off the top of the molten mass. Samples are sent immediately to the laboratory for analysis. If the sample is of the required chemical specifications the steel is ready to be poured. Molten steel pouring from ladle into ingot mold. hearth, the roar of loaded conveyors, the booming of hot metal crashing through the rolls and the noise of shifting cranes overhead, are all sig nificant sounds in a busy steel plant. Five open hearths were in operation. In the open hearth yard engines were shifting railroad ' buggies" carrying tbe charging boxes filled with scrap. A 5-ton charging machine picks up one of the 2-ton boxes and deposits the scrap in the furnace placing the box back on the railroad "buggie" again. A 4-ton magnet is then lowered from a height of 30 feet and picks up the remaining scrap. An open hearth is built of steel and brick, and towers approximately 20 feet and is 70 feet long. Look in the peephole at the base of the furnace and you see the fires of creation, an in'--no of incandescence over a bubbling, boiling mass of^white-hot metal .Jiing at "'00 degrees White-hot ingot of steel being placed on conveyor leading up to rolls. In the final process a fiery sheet of flaming metal is being rolled on the conveyor rolls. A 25-ton crane is shifting overhead. As the steel finally passes through the smoothing rolls it is cooled and rolls on to the measuring room where it is sheared and stamped for shipping. Every Man a Safety Man Safety cannot be superimposed on a steel plant like a "gadget" on a machine. If it is to fulfill its purpose, it must be made a part of the plant and of the men who work in it. The realization of this fact is apparent at the plant visited. The men wore goggles of a combination blue and white glass for protection against radiant energy and safety goggles suitable for operations endangering eyes, mi flym- particles; protective clothing of asbestos jackets and ] < (T<r; [, , - thr,TM ;.yo 1 ,...1 ~ .U,...l 32 Pennsylvania Labor and Industry Review ment where they are needed. Traffic aisles are clear. Modern shower and locker rooms are kept clean, and there is a completely equipped first aid room. To dovetail with the safety meetings held weekly bv the Safety Engineer, a program of well being on the part of the employe is promoted. Picture of ladleman ready for his job. A number of safety posters from the Department of Labor and In dustry may be seen in conspicuous places. The Safety Engineer, who for 12 years was an inspector for the State Bureau of Inspection, said: "Safety at steel plants has been found valu able, not only as a humanitarian standard, but as a vital element in production and economics." ) 34 PENNSYLVANIA LaBOK AND INDUSTRY REVIEW Advances Made in die Making of Steel Advances in metallurgy have produced steels more perfectly adapted to the demands of the engineers--hence more efficiency. The auto fender for which formable steel has been developed is leading to great economies in manufacture, Another is steel cable for bridges which has increased i Bureau of Inspection 35 of iron and other tonnage materials and it drew its energy almost entircly from coal. The country was primarily agiiculluial cuid the won ders of industry were considered to be no more than adjuncts to an old order. The supply of iron scrap has reached 245 pounds per capita per annum, and while this is not enough to provide for all industry, it is enough to furnish about 40 per cent of the net domestic requirements. The United States is not great by nature or by accident. It is great by the act of man. It has become the greatest agricultural nation on earth, ranking first, second or third in most of the basic commodities, producing a third of the world's iron ore; and 27 per cent of the steel. The measure of civilization is the individual's power to consume--to make use of--the resources of nature. In our present industrialization we have created the possibility of an entirely new era for mankind. in tensile strength from 160,000 pounds per square inch in 1870, when the Brooklyn Bridge was undertaken, to 225,000 in 1927, when the George Washington Bridge in New York was built--a- development which has brought about longer spans and heavier loads. Iron is the basic raw material ot industry for it actually enters into the mechanics of practically every form of industrial energy production. During the period, from about 1850 to 1890, Jnatio- was busy laying ' ' 'r '-.ft,,, i,it rv-.-Kori-, ,,rop miantities r ibi> Din amA LABOR AND INDUSTRY REVIEW ARTHUR H. JAMES Governor of the Commonwealth LEWIS G. HINES Secretary of Labor and Industry Harrisburg January 1941 vlSSfc., J EXECUTIVE PERSONNEL LEWIS G. HINES Secretary of Labor and Industry FRANK K. BOAL Deputy Secretary Marion K. Conner _ _ Maurice E. Boate Executive Assistant _ Supervisor of Disbursements Harry D. Immel .................................................... Director of Inspection William L. Boylan .......................... Director of Industrial Standards Charles Kutz . . .................................. Director of Mediation William Douglas..............Director of Private Employment Agencies Margaret M. Memmert..........Director of Research and Information Mary Rice Morrow.......................... Director of Women and Children Mark Walter.................................................... Director of Rehabilitation William H. Chesnut.................. Director of Workmen's Compensation George E. Owilliam. ..Manager of State Workmen's Insurance Fund INDUSTRIAL BOARD Lewis G. Hines, Chairman Frank Burch Albert N. Custer Mrs. M. J. Keane Rau Wilbert Wear James S. Arnold, Secretary WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION BOARD Daniel G. .Murphy, Chairman Leo G. Knoll Winner M. Jacoby William H. Chesnut, Secretary Lewis G. Hines, Ex-Officio STATE WORKMEN'S INSURANCE BOARD Lewis G. Hines, Chairman F. Clair Ross, State Treasurer Matthew II. Taggart.................... Insurance Commissioner PENNSYLVANIA LABOR RELATIONS BOARD L. G. Lichlitcr, Chairman Harry Gifford William I. Dickel Jacob Bryerton, Secretary UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION BOARD OF REVIEW P. Stephen Stahlnocker, Chairman Clarence E. Blackburn Ileinv 3. Laurence Melvin L. Jacobs, Secretary Ernest Kelly..................Director of Employment and Unemployment Compensation Service William E. Collier, Associate Director of Unemployment Compensation H. Raymond Mason..... Associate Director of Employment Service 2 J PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE TO OUR FLAG I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands:--One nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. 3 Page Executive Personnel ok Department ........................................ PLEDGE OK A i.i.eoiance to Our Flag ................................................ 2 3 Foreword ............................................................................................... Lewis G. Hines, Secretary of Labor and Industry Executive Office--Accounting Division .................................. . 8 Youth and Tomorrow's Jobs .......................................................... . Frank K. Doal, Deputy Secretary of Labor and Industry 9 Pennsylvania Industrial Safety Conference............................ 13 Introduction: Safety on Parade............................ ........... 13 Conference Morning Session ........................ ........................ . 13 ('.rooting*: Mayor Howard E. Milliken ........................ la Welcome: Secretary Lewis G. Hines . ...................... 15 W. H. Cameron, 1mationahSafety Council, Inc................. 18 Jun>*-^MVil son, Internationa! Labor Office................ , 21 Carroll Burton. United States Steel Corporation ........ . 22 Luncheon Meeting .................................................................. . 24 MW Mary Anderson, U. S. Department of Labor........ . 25 Cu.M i.Kh.M'E Afternoon Session ............................................ . 27 Max D. Kossori-n U. S, Department of Labor............ Hoy A. MacGregor, Constructors' Association of W Pennsylvania .................................................................... . 07 31) Die Frank K. Parker. Wills Hospital, Philadelphia ... . 31 Dana .lone?, Manufacturers' Association of F.no......... . 32 Walter W. Matthews, Philadelphia Safety Council . . . 35 4 Page Dinner Meeting ......................................................................... 37 Governor Arthur H. James ot Pennsylvania .................. 37 ( '.handstand Safety in Pennsylvania.............................................. 43 Bureau of Industrial Standards Bureau of Private Employment Agencies .................................... 44 Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board .......................................... 45 t )R(iANI2ATION CHART ...........................................................................45-47 Bureau oe Research and Information .......................................... 48 Bureau of Rehabilitation ............................................................... 52 F.nemployment Compensation Board of Review ........................ 5(1 Bureau of Employment and Unemployment Compensation... 57 Pennsylvania State Employment Service ............................ 57 Division of Unemployment Compensation ............ 62 Bureau or Women and Children .................................................. t}4 Bureau of Workmen's Compensation ........................................... 67 Democracy Faces the Future ........................................................ 69 Introduction: Major General Edward Martin .............. 69 Gettysburg: A Mecca for the Blue and Gray.......................... 77 Lewis G. Hines, Secretary of Labor and Industry Industrial Board Meetings ........................................................... 82 List ok Department Publications ................................................. 85 a J jja>eu wiu game wnnout lear or favor. I want to say that the least I could say--the most appropriate, I know you will say--is that he is a square fellow. I want to give you Mr. Boylan, your permanent chairman." H. CAMERON, Managing Director,National Safety Council, W Inc., expressed the feeling of the conference when he said: "To day safety men everywhere know that they can definitely and suc cessfully solve their accident problems. "The First Line of Defense" about which he spoke, he considered to be the problem of producing equipment for soldiers and sailors and of protecting all of the many other persons whose activities are essen tial to the defense of the country. He said that these persuus, the workers, can reach the ideal of maximum productivity only when they are working with complete efficiency and complete safety. Paragraphs from Mr. Cameron's talk are as follows: "I am well aware that many of our industries have used their special safety knowledge to build up excellent accident prevention records. Nobody admires these goud safety records more than I do. It is creditable indeed that the 4,700 plants reporting to the National Safety Council, in the period since 1926, have reduced the average frequency of accidents by 69 per cent and the average seventy of accidents by 50 per cent. "But we must take account of two significant facts. First, we must emphasize that these are "average" rates. All of the plants are trying to reduce accident losses, it is true, but these rates include both the plants that have perfected a high degree of safety organization and also those plants where safety organization is not so good. COUNCIL RECORDS ACCIDENT FACTS "In the second place, only some 4,700 selected plants are included in the group reporting regularly to the Council. Outside of this group there is a vast number of industrial establishments whose accide .t experience is not covered by these records. Some of these plants, doubt less, are doing some safety work; but we know that the great majorry of them particularly the smaller shops and work-places--have very little idea of what organized safety work is. "These are the essential reasons why fatal accidents in all industry last year took 15,500 lives. And this is why the crippling and other disabling injuries among our country's workers ran to a total o'. 1,250,000. "We have a right to be encouraged because the losses were smaller than in each of the two years before. Fatalities in 1939 were reduced by 500 over the total in 1938, and bv 3,500 as compared with 10::7 Injuries also were considerably fewer. "But more than 90 per cent of all industrial establishments in country have fewer than 100 employes each. In most of these the; no real understanding of the menace of accidents. A serious accn may happen rarely. Records are seldom kept of those which c; at merely a temporary injury, or the loss of equipment or tools. Too often it is believed that the insurance premium covers all the accident hazard, and there is no comprehension of the "hidden" or indirect costs. "Yet these smaller plants of our country, despite their relatively few employes compared to the great industries, are charged with about IU per cent of all industrial accident losses. The measurable money costs to them last year were some $240,000,000; the similar measurable costs of accidents to all industry were $600,000,000. SIX MEASURES IMPORTANT TO MANAGEMENT "Above all, there must be a definite and comprehensive accident pre vention program, which has heen laid out, scrutinized and approved in detail by the highest management. A very important part of it will tail with those personal causes of accidents, which, management i.nows, result in from 75 per cent to 80 per cent of all disabling injuries. "There are at least six important measures that management emu.uvs in the elimination of personal accident causes. I will sketch them ricfly: "1. Proper placement of men. "2. Job training. "3. Supervision. "!. Discipline. "5. General safety education. "6. Safety contests, rewards, etc. NEW RECOGNITION OF ACCIDENTS "OFF-THE-JOB" Once industrial management paid little heed to what happened workmen after they left the plant. But a workman killed or disn.cd is a definite loss, both to his employer and his country, no matter A:;ere he may be struck down. Studies show that in some plants the mtm os `off-the-job' accidents to those occurring in the course of ' wk :s as high as two to one. Last year in all plants while work 1 folents took ten lives, sixteen others were killed in nff-tho-job n-anaters. "Industry is rightly the chief support of our community safety "Uneih Industrial executives are alert to promote the passage of mvers license laws, to improve the local regulations for the control , traffic hazards, to encourage better administration of the safety aas, and to show their forceful support of conscientious public officials 'no cooperate in the State and National safety program. The first five years--or even ten years--arc the easiest, not the ardost. In starting an industrial safety program, .my plant--large nr vua.i---should be able to lay out a plan, use the standard methods oi safety organization, and cut its accident losses 50 per cent in the r *AV0' ld safety men know that the farther we go a 0Dg the safty road, the harder it is to increase the safety gains." ',\MES A. WILSON, Labor Relations Counsellor, International I Labor Office, with headquarters in Washington, D. C., and a native p.-nnsvlvanian, expressed his appreciation at being invited to address ,:i industrial safety conference m his home State. "Safety and the International Labor Organization" was the subject of his talk. In in' told how three of the Organization's treaties, dealing with long- -uri'nicn and seamen; and a fourth, referring to safety of workers :i die building industry, are meeting with success. He also told : now the Recommendations on Safety adopted by the I. L. 0., while m v do not have the force of treaties, have enjoyed wide acceptance i.v the member states and have had their provisions worked into National legislation. following are excerpts taken from the address of Mir. Wilson: 'The record discloses that much progress has been made in reducing he number of accidents and the days lost through accidents. The co operation of labor and industrial management (together with their duration and their cooperation) in conjunction with the State Depart ment of Labor has been responsible in large measure for the progress bunt has been made. "What you have been doing here in Pennsylvania to safeguard the h.VCs of your working population is analagous to the world-wide efforts u die International Labor Organization in that direction. WORLD PEACE THROUGH SOCIAL JUSTICE "The International Labor Organization, as its title might suggest, is not a labor union nor a federation of labor unions. It ia the semi official voice of nearly 50 nations to which is added equal representa"am from national labor and employer organizations. These three -coups--government, employer and worker--are brought together in me "organization for the express purpose of establishing world peace oased upon social justice. The United States has been a member of tue organization since 1934 and the three groups from this country nave cooperated to the fullest extent. "While the Office cannot under its Constitution dictate to the member uates what they shall and elmll net do in the mailer Of industrial safely, it is in a unique position to study national methods of tech nique, safety propaganda and instruction, and to determine what methods are most likely to give the maximum benefits to the workers. INDUSTRIAL SAFETY COMMITTEES "An important and indispensable part of the set-up of the Inter national Labor Office is its system of committees, made up of experts on the particular problems with which tho Oflioo is faced. In elds way, the Office is able to consult the best thought in any given field, in die field of safety, this system has been of inestimable value. "The International Labor Office has published safety monographs dealing with individual problems of accident prevention in such in dustries as hydro-extractors, metal-working presses, acetylene, cellu loid, spray painting. Itnd elevator,-. ) ,, .uuu, or tne work of its committees of experts in the fief; 1 safety, the International Labor Office has adopted four Draft Tre:r I and seven Draft Recommendations dealing with safety problems. T treaty, of course, has the force of law when ratified by the mem:, countries; the Recommendation, as its name implies, informs member elates what is the best way to handle a given safety probV and suggests that they follow the form laid down in the Recomnv n L tion in drafting National legislation on the subject. "Real progress can only be made with the cooperation of all p f: I --Governments, employers, workers, engineers, scientists, tern .r-rJ statisticians, psychologists, and others. Use must be made of ream tions, inspections, technical devices, education and propaganda. T further this cooperation and the use of these means throughout v world is the task before the Safety Service of the I. L. 0." PAYING a tribute in memory of the late Judge Elbert II. Gar former Chairman of the United States Steel Corporation, Cana. Burton, Vice-President of Carnegie-Ulinois Steel Company (Lora:' Division), addressed the conference under title of "Then and Nov. Mr. Burton traced the history of that great corporation's succes- i: the field of industrial safety from the pioneering days of Judge C r: to their present-day huge expenditure for accident-prevention w- v He told of how Judge Gary instilled a feeling of safety conscious: into industry and how the U. S. Steel Corporation were among , first in industry to accept the responsibility for the methodical ho-` pitalization of their casualties. At the same time they instituted nn. regularized the provision of an income for the family bereavedJ" fatal accident or during the disability period of the breadwinner, liubefore there were laws to enforce or regulate these provisions for in jured employes and their households. Following are excerpts from Fir. Burton's address: "By common consent, we, of this day and generation, have co: v to understand and adopt the philosophy whereby industry is bom ! and properly bound, to a responsibility for its casualties. Ocrtah v an industry incapable of sustaining the financial burden of-a corn, tent program of accident prevention fails to demonstrate its right 1 exist in organized society. This conclusion flows logically from 1 fact, that accident prevention work is an element of production cos", and if that industry's consuming trade is incapable or unwilling v pay enough for that industry's goods, in terms of profit, to sustain its capital structure, it is thereby condemned to justified economic extinction. "Organized accident prevention on a large scale was first undert-alo by the United State Steel Corporation in 1906. In 1906 and again i 1908 it called together the casualty managers of all its subsidia: rompunios to consider the problem of reducing accidents. At the si ond of these meetings the late Judge Gary, then Chairman of V Board, expressed U. S. Steel's seriousness of purpose when he stated: "`We should like to take a prominent part, leading part, in an movement and in every movement that is calculated to protect cm .................... ,, co' ations in which wc are interested, ar. any requisition which is im.de for the expenditure of money to y. stall equipment to protect our people will be honored.' ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN U, S. STEEL CORP. "Let us go back to the year 1912. The casualty records of U. S. >u> showed that in that year the number of their disabling accident; > million man hours worked was 79.43. During the years of the V .. War, the trend downward was interrupted by a substantial uptu. -- occasioned by new men, no doubt, that gives force to the Labor De partment's warning of things to come. In 1939 the Corporation im. reduced the number of disabling accidents per million man hourfrom the figure 79.43 in 1912 to 6.84--a reduction of 91.4 per cent i:. 27 vears. During this same period they spent for safety somethin: over $28,000,000.00. "Let us take for my further illustration of `Then and Now,' ex cerpts from experience in accident reduction at the IT. S. Steel sub sidiary plant, -wherein I have carried certain management responsibili ties. It is quite an old institution, as manufacturing establishment, go, and had its beginning back in the eighties. It employs, normally, about 2,000 men. The top accident rate in our plant was as high a? 125 lost-time accidents per year during the period to which we a c referring as `then.' In the year 1939 we had but three. "Industry's problem has been and is, not the unguarded machine, but the unguarded moment. The need is to superimpose upon the in dividual's mind a consciousness of responsibility for hE own am! other's safety--a consciousness keen enough to keep him alert in the presence of accident hazards--in spite of his home troubles or whathave-you. If a man is too preoccupied otherwise, he would better be sent home for his own safety. "Back in April, 1915, we began physical examinations in our plant. The greater benefits of these physical examinations soon became ap parent and they have been continued ever since to the general satis faction of all concerned. Then too, through these physical -examina tions, it has been found possible oft-times to warn men of serious ai.ments impending that they might go to their own physician in time and ward off what, in extreme cases, might have resulted in sudden death-- heart condition, blood pressure, etc. "In our safety work, above all things else, we have to have--must have--a soul, a human sympathy, an understanding mind and a will to do something -about it before we can expect ever to approach a reasonable goal of safety. We have to feel the urge. We have to love our fellow man if we expect to save lives and limbs and souls." LUNCHEON MEETING After the morning session the Conference went to the Penn Harri Hotel for luncheon. Mary Rice Morrow, Director of the Bureau o Women and Gulden, was Chairman for the luncheon meeting. IV 1NNSYLVANIA BOR $ INDUSTRY VI E W < I r- | if JANUARY PENNSYLVANIA ' LABOR AND INDUSTRY REVIEW  ' bU l ~J T 4 f\ 4-h department of labor and industry 1 EXECUTIVE PERSONNEL LEWIS G. HINES Secretary oj Labor and Industry FRANK K. BOAL Deputy Secretary MARION K. CONNER Executive Assistant Harry D. Immel .................................................Director of Inspection William L. Boylan ........................ Director of Industrial Standards Charles Kutz ...................................................... Director of Mediation William Douglas............. Director of Private Employment Agencies Margaret M. Memmert,....... Director of Research and Information Mary Rice Morrow........................ Director of Women and Children Mark Walter.................................................Director of Rehabilitation William H. Chesnut................. Director of Workmen's Compensation George E. Gwilliam.. .Manager of State Workmen's Insurance Fund Maurice E. Boate................................... Supervisor of Disbursements INDUSTRIAL BOARD Lewis G. Hines, Chairman Frank Burch . Albert N. Custer Mrs. M. J. Keane Rau ' . Wilbert Wear James S. Arnold, Secretary WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION BOARD Daniel G. Murphy, Chairman Leo G. Knoll Wilmer M. Jacoby William H. Chesnut, Secretary Lewis G. Hines, Ex-Officio STATE WORKMEN'S INSURANCE BOARD Lewis G. Hines, Chairman G. Harold Wagner, State Treasurer Matthew H, Taggart..................................... Insurance Commissioner PENNSYLVANIA LABOR RELATIONS BOARD L. G. Lichliter, Chairman Harry Gifford William L. Dickel Jacob Bryerton, Secretary UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION BOARD OF REVIEW Clarence E. Blackburn Henry S. Lawrence Melvin L. Jacobs, Secretary Frank L. Shallow........... Director of Employment and Unemployment Compensation William E. Collier, Associate Director of Unemployment Compensation H. Raymond Mason...... Associate Director of Employment Service 2 k <5 r f f t f 1 PLEDt I pledge allegi and to the republ liberty and justic 4K fDUSTRY V ector of Inspection idustrial Standards ector of Mediation ployment Agencies h and Information >men and Children ' of Rehabilitation en's Compensation ;'s Insurance Fund . ' Disbursements ister ARD 1. Jacoby OARD ce Commissioner ` RD i. Dickel OF REVIEW jawrence ! Unemployment it Compensation loyment Service PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE TO OUR FLAG I pledge allegiance to the flag of the_UnitecJ. S^tes of America, and to the republic for whioh it stands:--One nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Executive Personnel of Department............................................... 2 Pledge of Allegiance to Our Flag................................................... 3 Foreword .................................................................................................... Lewis G. Hines, Secretary of Labor and Industry 7 Payment of Occupational Disease Benefits Inaugurated......... 8 The Hazards of Chlorinated Solvents........................................... Bureau of Industrial Standards 9 p i* Industrial He. By Mary 3 Bureau i Wages Adding Health By M. P. 1 Bedding Bureau r The Road Bacj Bureau of Health in Ini By William Bureau o Safety Work in Philippine Industries............................................. 12 By Marcelo P. Bueno, Inspecting Engineer I The Pennsylv; Department of Labor Commonwealth of the Philippines Bureau of Res V This Is What ' Conservation of Health of Employees in Industry................. 17 i) By Harold H. Keller, Manager Medical Department and Safety Industrial Bo. The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania The Diamond State Telephone Company List of Depart Healthy Industry Is Balanced Industry......................................... 25 Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board The Role of Insurance in Industry Safety.................................. By James A. Burbank, Superintendent Engineering and Inspection Division The Travelers Insurance Company 28 Organization Chart of the Department......................................... 33 f t \ Talon, Inc., A Twentieth Century Pennsylvania Enterprise 35 Introducing Frank L. Shallow............................................................ 41 The Contribution of the Bureau of Employment and Unem ployment to Health in Industry................................................... 42 4 * \ \ i '. TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page 1mh .-tki.vi. Health ot Women" in Industry.................................... By Mary Rice Morrow, Director Bureau of Women and Children and Hours and Minimum Wages 47 Aihvinc, Health to Comfort.................................................................... By M. P. Frederick, Chief Bedding and Upholstery Division Bureau of Inspection 53 The Road Back to Work........................................................................ 57 Bureau of Rehabilitation . llcu.ru in' Industry................. ............. ........................................... By William H. Chesnut, Director Bureau of Workmen's Compensation , 63 The Pennsylvania Occupational Disease Act (In Brief)......... 69 Bureau of Research and Information............................................... 72 This Is What They Say.......................................................................... 75 Industrial Board Meetings.................................................................. 78 List of Department Publications....................................................... 92 III Regulations Approved by Industrial Board General and Woman's 44-HourWeek Laws............ Other Regulations...................................................... 18 28 IV Statistics on Pennsylvania Labor and Industry Survey of industrial Disease Hazards........................ 36 Employment, Payrolls.................................................. 38 Living Costs................................................................ 44 Status of the Unemployment Compensation Fund. . . 47 Workmen's Compensation.......................................... 48 Perioni dfviiimj tv their nUrad an the Laboraraphic mailing lift may do *o by writing the Department of Labor and Industry. Harrliburg, Pennsylvania. J Occupational Disease--one resulting from the occupa tion of the employe--is a danger facing an estimated onethird of Pennsylvania's workers. More occupational disease hazards are created continually as new processes are developed in industry. A Metropoli tan Life Insurance study lists 900 occupations having in dustrial disease hazards; many kinds of dust and 94 poisons are named. A partial survey of establishments in Pennsylvania disclosed 672,000 employes exposed to industrial disease hazards. But there has never been any compensation for such in juries. Until January I, 1938, workmen's compensation will cover only injury by accidents--not physical damage tak ing place slowly which might cause tuberculosis, insanity, blindness or death. Dramatic incidents focused national attention on two neighboring states. A number of young women, painting luminous watch dials, pointed brushes with their tongues and were poisoned by radium in the paint. They did not know the danger until too late. Men drove a tunnel for a power dam through rock with little or no protection from the silica dust. They did not realize until large numbers died that breathing the dust was almost certain death. Pennsylvania has many more workers facing industrial dis ease hazards than both of these states, but wide attention has seldom been brought to specific situations. Some employers have spent large amounts of money to provide tne greatest possible protection by equipment, devices and careful training of*workers. But they have had to compote with other employers who ignored the danger, told their employes at first they had minor ailments, and discharged them when they were no longer fit for work. There was no penalty for the careless employer. The em ploye had to bear the loss in wages and pay for medical treatment. If he couldn't pay, the public did--by institu tional care, relief, or widowed mother's pension. ig of them he United other toxic y designed e different g a workfrom dust .round the orks Photo '`tf-tinK a iymp .min as ditions. f finely i glaze, .'entila- 'spray By so THE PENNSYLVANIA OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE ACT Several of the more important as well as more descriptive portions of the act are here presented in an effort to acquaint the public with its general provisions. THE present Act was approved by Governor Arthur H. James, on June 21, 1939, and amended June 12, 1941. It applies to disabilities and deaths caused by occupational disease as defined in the act, resulting from employment within this Common wealth, irrespective of the place where the contract of hiring was made, renewed, or extended, however, it does not apply to any such disabil ities and deaths resulting from employment outside of the Common wealth. The term "occupational disease," as used in this act, means only the following diseases: (a) Poisoning by arsenic, lead, mercury, or manganese, their prepara tions or compounds, in any occupation involving direct contact with, handling thereof, or exposure thereto. (b) Poisoning by phosphorous, its preparations or compounds, in any occupation involving direct contact with, handling thereof, or exposure thereto. (c) Poisoning by methanol, carbon bisulphide, hydro carbon distil lates (naphthas and others), or halogenated hydro carbons, or any preparations containing these chemicals or any of them, in any occupation involving direct contact with, handling thereof, or exposure thereto. (d) Poisoning by benzol, or by nitro, amido, or ammo derivatives of benzol (dinitro-benzol, anilin, and others), or their preparations or compounds, in any occupation involving direct contact with, handling thereof, or exposure thereto. (e) Caisson disease (compressed air illness) resulting from engaging in any occupation carried on in compressed (f) Radium poisoning or disability, due to radio-active properties of substances or to Roentgen-ray (X-rays) in any occupation involv ing direct contact with, handling thereof, or exposure thereto. (g) Poisoning by, or ulceration from, chromic acid, or bichromate of ammonium bichromate of potassium, or bichromate of sodium, or their preparations, in any occupation involving direct contact with, handling thereof, or exposure thereto. (h) Epitheliomatous cancer or ulceration due to tar, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil, or paraffin, or any compound, product or residue of any of those substances, in any occupation involving direct con tact with, handling thereof, or exposure thereto. 70 Pennsylvania Labok and Industhy Review (i) Infection or inflammation of the skin due to oils, cutting com pounds, lubricants, dust, liquids, fumes, gases, or vapor, in any occupation involving direct contact with, handling thereof, or ex posure thereto. (j) Anthrax occurring in any occupation involving the handling of or exposure to wool, hair, bristles, hides, or skins, or bodies of animals either alive or dead. . (k) Silicosis or anthraco-silicosis (commonly known as Miner's Asthma and hereinafter referred to as anthraco-silicosis) in any occupation involving direct contact with, handling of, or exposure to dust of silicon dioxide (Si02). (l) Asbestosis in any occupation involving direct contact with, han dling of, or exposure to the dust of asbestos. According to the act, no compensation shall be paid when the dis ability or death is caused by the employe's violation of law, but the burden of proof of such fact shall be upon the employer. The maximum compensation payable for disability and death result ing from silicosis, anthraco-silicosis, or asbestosis shall not exceed the sum of thirty-six hundred dollars ($3,600), which shall be full and complete payment, for all disability, present or future, or for death from such occupational diseases arising out of employment by any and all employers in this Commonwealth. The right to receive compensation under this act is not affected by the fact that a minor is employed or is permitted to be employed in violation of the laws of this Commonwealth relating to the employment of minors, or that he obtained his employment by misrepresenting his age. , Compensation for the occupational diseases enumerated in this act are paid only when such occupational disease is peculiar to the occu pation or industry in which the employe was engaged, and not common to the general population, and occurring within one year after the date of his last employment in such occupation or industry. Wherever death is mentioned as a cause for compensation under this act, it shall mean only death resulting from occupational disease and occurring within three years after the date of his last employment in such occupation or industry. Compensation for silicosis or anthraco-silicosis, and asbestosis, shall be paid only when it is shown that the employe has had an aggregate employment of at least four years in the Commonwealth of Pennsyl vania, during a period of eight years next preceding the date of dis ability, in an occupation having a silica or asbestos hazard. Compensation shall not be payable for partial disability due to silicosis, anthraco-silicosis, or asbestosis. Compensation shall be pay able, as otherwise provided in this act, for total disability or death caused solely (as definitely distinguished from a contributory or Th accelerating ( silicosis, anth pulmonary ti If it be shi of disability, the occupatic employe's occ employment, The employ shall be the exposed to th of the length m claimant alleg silicosis, asbei to the point i years, the onl employment t pational disei effective date period of less not be deeme claim shall b< section, and h When comp by silicosis, a disease which exposure of flv due to such c Commonwealt. ease Fund he Fund), in acci . gins between inclusive, the of the compen monwealth fift date when disa the employer shall respectiv* October 1, 19 centum and tl per centum, if employer sevei Commonwealt! September 30, tional Disease October 1, 194 centum and th( centum. The i provided in thi: begins on or af cutting coinapor, in any lereof, or ex- andling of or es of animals as Miner's cosis) in any f, or exposure ct with, han- when the dis' law, but the W 1 death resultlot exceed the be full and , or for death nt by any and ot affected by a employed in ie employment presenting his ted in this act ir to the occu,d not common after the date 'Wherever death " shall mean v_.ring within ich occupation estosis, shall i an aggregate th of Pennsylle date of dis ard. ability due to i shall be paybilitv or death ontributorv or The Pennsylvania Occupational Disease Act 71 accelerating cause) by silicosis, anthraco-eilicosis, or asbestosis, or by silicosis, anthraco-silicosis, or asbestosis, when accompanied by active pulmonary tuberculosis. If it be shown that the employe, at or immediately before the date of disability, woo employed in any occupation or industry in which the occupational disease is a hazard, it shall be presumed that the 1 employe's occupational disease arose out of and in the course of his employment, but this presumption shall not be conclusive. The employer liable for the compensation provided by this article shall be the employer in whose employment the employe was last exposed to the hazard of the occupational disease claimed, regardless of the length of time of such last exposure: Provided, That when a claimant alleges that disability or death was due to silicosis, anthracosilicosis, asbestosis or any other occupational disease which developed to the coint of disablement only utter u.ti exposing vji dvy yr. tnyry a-.lts. Tin oT.ty employe; iii,t)ic snaii be the last employer in whose employment the employe was last exposed to the hazard of such occu pational disease during a period of six months or more after the effective date of this act; and in such cases an exposure during 'a period of less than six months after the effective date of this act shall not be deemed an exposure. The notice of disability or death and claim shall be made to the employer who is liable under this sub section, and his insurance carrier, if any. When compensation is awarded because of disability or death caused by silicosis, anthraco-silicosis, asbestosis, or any other occupational disease which developed to the point of disablement only after an exposure of five or more years, the compensation for disability or death due to such disease shall be paid jointly by the employer and the Commonwealth (out of moneys to the credit of the Occupational Dis ease Fund hereinafter created in the State Workmen's Insurance Fund), in accordance with the following provisions: If disability be gins between October 1, 1939, and September 30, 1941, both dates inclusive, the employer shall be liable for and pay fifty per centum of the compensation due and the (Occupational Disease Fund) ComL inonwealth fifty per centum thereof. Thereafter, depending upon the date when disability begins, the proportions of compensation for which the employer and the (Occupational Disease Fund) Commonwealth shall respectively become liable shall be: If disability begins between October I, 1941, and September 30, 1943, the employer sixty per centum and the (Occupational Disease Fund) Commonwealth forty per centum; if between October 1, 1943, and September 30, 1945, the employer seventy per centum and the (Occupational Disease Fund) Commonwealth thirty per centum; if between October 1, 1945, and September 30, 1947, the employer eighty per centum and the (Occupa tional Disease Fund) Commonwealth twenty per centum; if between October 1, 1947, and September 30, 1949, the employer ninety per centum and the (Occupational Disease Fund) Commonwealth ten per centum. The employer shall pay the full amount of compensation provided in this act for disability or death in all cases where disability begins on or after October 1, 1949. LIST OF DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS, JANUARY 1, 1942 The following publications of the Department of Labor and In dustry are available free of charge, unless a price is indicated. Re quests for free publications should be made to the Department of Labor and Industry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Requests for copies for which a charge i3 made should he addressed to Bureau of Publi cations, Division of Documents, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. SAFETY REGULATIONS Abrasive and Polishing Wheels, 1937 ' Affecting Employment of Minors, 1939 Affecting Employment of Women, 1941 Bedding and Upholstery, 1939 Boilers, 1938--Price $1.00 Brewing and Bottling, 1939 Canneries, 1937 Cereal Mills, Malt Houses and Grain Elevators, 1939 Compressed Air Apparatus, 1939 Construction and Repairs, 1940 Cranes and Hoists, 1940 Dry Color Industry, 1940 Elevators, Escalators, Dumbwaiters and Hoists, 1939--Price $.10 Electric Safety, 1939--Price, $.20 Explosives, Storage, Handling, and Use of, 1939 Foundries, 1937 Head and Eye Protection, 1940 Health and Accident Hazards in Tunnel Construction, 1939 Hours Provisions of the Woman's Law, 1938 Industrial Home Work, 1938 Industrial Lighting, 1940 . Industrial Sanitation, 1940 Labor Camps, 1939 Ladders, 1940 Laundries, 1937 Lead Corroding and Lead Oxidizing, 1937 Logging, Sawmill, Woodworking, Veneer and Cooperage Operations, 1937 Machine Tools, 1938 Manufacture of Nitro and Amido Compounds, 1938 Manufacture, Storage and Transportation of Fireworks, 1938--Price $.10 Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus, 1940 Mines Other Than Coal Mines, 1940--Price $.10 Miscellaneous Hazards and Conditions of Employment, 1941 Paint Grinding, 1937 Pits and Quarries, 1939--Price $.10 Plants Manufacturing or Using Explosives, 1940 Plant Railways, 1937 92 Lis: Power, Foot and Ha: Printing and Allied i Protection from Fire Class I Building Class II Building Class III Building Class IV Building Construction, Insta Systems, 1941 Construction, Insta 1941 Fireproofing, 1938 Grandstands, 1941 Operation of Motio Storage and Hand Film, 1930 Specifications for St Railings, Toe Boards, Safe Practices Recom Spray Coating, 1941 Stationary Engines, 1! Textile Industries, 19< Trenches and Excava Tunnel Construction s Unfired Pressure Vess Window Cleaning, 193 Bulletin No. (In or 5 Laws Administt 1938 edition 13 The Personnel 1926 15 Safety Organizi 18 Opportunities i Eighteen in t. 97 History of Chih 29 Hours and Ean 1929--Price $ 31 Hours and Ean dustry, 1930-- 33 How Many Are 35 Hours and Ean Industry, 103; RY 1, 1942 ibor and In* dicated. Re~ epartment of sts for copies eau ol Pubfi- ia. Price S.10 1939 rage Operations, rks, 1938--Price :nt, 1941 List of Dkpaktment Publications 9,3 Power, Foot and Hand Cold Metal Presses, 1940 Printing and Allied Industries, 1938 Protection from Fire and Panic: Class I Buildings (Factories, School, Public Buildings, etc.), 1940 Class II Buildings (Theatres and Motion Picture Theatres), 1941 Class III Buildings (Places of Public Assembly), 1941 Class IV Buildings (Apartment Houses, etc.), 1941 Construction, Installation and Maintenance of Emergency Lighting Systems, 1011 Construction, Installation and Maintenance of Fire Alarm Systems, 1941 Fireproofing, 1938 Grandstands, 1941 Operation of Motion Picture Projectors, 1940 Storage and Handling of Photographic and X-ray Nitrocellulose Film, 1930 Specifications for Standard Fire Escapes, 1940 Railings, Toe Boards, Open-Side Floors, Platforms and Runways, 1940 Safe Practices Recommendations, 1930 Spray Coating, 1941 . Stationary Engines, 1940 Textile Industries, 1941 Trenches and Excavations, 1939 Tunnel Construction and Work in Compressed Air, 1936--Price $.15 Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1938--Price $.15 Window Cleaning, 1939 SPECIAL BULLETINS Bulletin No. (In ordering, specify Special Bulletin) 5 Laws Administered by the Department of Labor and Industry, 1938 edition ' 13 The Personnel Policies of Pennsylvania Department Stores, 1926 15 Safety Organizations and Accident Statistics, 1929--Price $.10 18 Opportunities and Conditions of Work for Minors Under Eighteen in the Glassware Industry, 1927 27 History of Child Labor Legislation in Pennsylvania, 1928 29 Hours and Earning3 of Men and Women in the Silk Industry 1929--Price $.20 31 Hours and Earnings of Men and Women in the Hosiery In dustry, 1930--Price $.10 33 How Many Are Jobless in Pennsylvania, 1931 35 Hours and Earnings of Men and Women in the Knit Goods Industry, 1931--Price $.10 ' ( i I ! | 94 Pennsylvania Labor and Industry Review 36 Women Workers After a Plant Shutdown, 1933 37 Asbestosis, Part I, 1934 38 Report of Governor's Commission to Investigate Special Polic ing in Industry, 1934 39 Pennsylvania Labor and Industry in the Depression, 1931-1934 42 Asbestosis, Parts II and III, 1935 44 Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, 1935-1936 45 Earnings of Women Workers in Pennsylvania Manufacturing, With Special Reference to the Clothing Industry, 1938 46 Survey of Carbon Disulphide and Hydrogen Sulphide Hazards in the Viscose Rayon Industry, 1938 47 Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, 1937-1938 48 Department of Labor and Industry's 1939 Accident-Prevention Contest 49 Department of Labor aad Industry's 1940 Accident-Prevention Contest PERIODIC PUBLICATIONS Department Report Pennsylvania Labor and Industry Review (quarterly) Industrial Statistics Building Operations in Pennsylvania Municipalities (monthly) Changes in Cost of Living in Pennsylvania (quarterly) Employment and Payrolls in Pennsylvania Industries (monthly) Industrial Injuries in Pennsylvania (monthly) Industrial Injuries in Pennsylvania (yearly) Labor Relations Report of the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board (annual) Safety Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Industrial Safety Conference, 1940 (annual) Unemployment Compensation Pennsylvania Employment (monthly) Reference Library Bulletin (monthly) Report of Activities (weekly) Trends and Totals, a Summary of Activities (monthly) Veterans Placement Activities (monthly) Weekly Financial Summary Workmen's Com Workmen's C Volumes Volume Volume Volume Volume Workmen's C Volumes Volumes Volume Volume Volume M Bedding and Upi Kapok Feathers and Hair and Its The Sterilizal Child Workers Child Workej dents to Employment Employment Part I. Es Hours for Si January 1935 Part II. Si for Sixty-Fi\ December 19 Part III. A and Average i 1935 to 1940, Employment Thirty Thous Industrial Home' Industrial Ho Three Cents , work in 1 Labor Relations Rules and Re 1939 VIEW 13 ite Special Policession, 1931-1934 3try, 1935-1936 i Manufacturing, ustry, 1938 Sulphide Hazards stry, 1937-1938 cident-Prevention "ent-Prevention arterly) lities (monthly) irterly) lustries (monthly) ' ' (annual) fety Conference, monthly) List of Department Publications 95 Workmen's Compensation Workmen's Compensation Board Decisions (annual) Volumes III to XVII inc...................................... (each) $.75 Volume XVIII ..................................................... .......... 1.00 Volume XIX..................................................................... ............2.16 Volume XX ........................................................ ......... 2.25 Volume XXI........................................................ ......... 1.50 Workmen's Compensation Court Decisions (annual) Volumes IV to XIV inc........................................ (each) $.75 Volumes XV and XVI....................................... (each) 1.00 Volume XVII...................................................... .......... 1.50 Volume XVIII ..................................................... . v..... 1.65 Volume XIX ........................................................ 2.25 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS Bedding and Upholstery Kapok Feathers and Down Hair and Its Substitutes The Sterilization of Bedding and Upholstery Materials Child Workers Child Workers in Pennsylvania, an Analysis ofIndustrial Accidents to Minors, 1934-1939(published in 1940) Employment Employment Conditions in Pennsylvania Industries: Part I. Estimates of Total Employment, Payrolls and Man Hours for Sixty-Five Industry Groups, for Each Month From January 1935 to December 1940, inc. Part II. Summary of Index Numbers (Base 1935-1939 = 100) for Sivty-Fivp Industries, by Month, From January 1935 to December 1940, inc. Part III. Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hourly Earnings, and Average Hours Worked per Employe for the Six-Year Period, 1935 to 1940, inc. Employment Trends in Philadelphia, 1933 Thirty Thousand in Search of Work, 1933 Industrial Homework Industrial Homework in Pennsylvania, 1937 Three Cents an Hour, an Intimate Picture of Industrial Home work in Pennsylvania, 1936 Labor Relations Rules and Regulations of Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board, 1939 Ii 1 A t j j :j !: [ jj i I i: * 96 Pennsylvania Labor and Industry Review Minimum Wage A Minimum Wage Budget for Employed Women in Pennsylvania, 1938 Occupational Disease Occupational Disease Compensation--Report by the Pennsyl vania Commission on Compensation for Occupational Disease, 1933 Powers and Duties of Department Organization and Functions of the Department of Labor and Industry, 1938 Rehabilitation Restoration of the Physically Handicapped, the Pennsylvania Program for the Reestablishment of Disabled Persons in Use ful Employment, 1934 Vocational Rehabilitation for the Physically Disabled, 1934 Safety" Recommendations for the Development of a Safety Program, 1935 Unemployment Compensation Administrative Research Bulletin First Biennial Report, Unemployment Compensation Law, 1938 Supplement to First Biennial Report, Unemployment Compensa tion Law, 1939 Rules of Procedure, Unemployment Compensation Board of Re view, 1938 Statistical Information Bulletin Workmen's Compensation Workmen's Compensation Supplement, November 1934, Report of Governor's Committee on Workmen's Compensation Admin istration and Advisory Committee Graphs iIENNSYLVANIA m">IWv?C' ; ilABOU | INDUSTRY1 "?> 1 O REVIEW-'O2- 1 </v V'..l,y- ^ TJ 1 - , 2>u; SAFETY NUMBER ! PENNSYLVANIA LABOR AND INDUSTRY REVIEW TABLE OF CONTENTS Page l! Executive Persoxxki. of Department......................................................... Pleix.e of Allegiance to Oik Flag ........................................................... 3 Foreword ...................................................................................................................... Lewis G. Hinos, Secretary of Labor and Industry Heinz Is Ready ............................................................................................................. By C. C. Ruddick, Safety Engineer. H. J. Heinz Co.. Pitts burgh 8 II Pennsylvania Edison's Safety Program ................................................. L> By Paul R. Kuhn, Safety Engineer, Pennsylvania Edison Company, Altoona, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Industrial Safety Conference ..................................... 1" Opening by Harry D. Irnmel, Director of Inspection.............. 17 Address of Welcome by Lewis G. Hines, Secretary of Labor and Industry .............................................................................. 18 "Labor Enlists" by Robert J. Watt of AFL.............................. 20 E "Woman's Place in War Production" by Lucy 0. Norton, G. E. at Erie .............................................................................. 23 "Safety Salesmanship" by Richard C. Borden of The Borden Company .................................................................................... 27 "Production for War" by Ross L. Lcfller, Pittsburgh.............. 28 "Safety's Relation to Compensation" by Dr. Arthur Hallam Reede, ThePennsylvania State College................................. 30 "Light on the Safety Problem" by A. K. Gaetjcns, G. E. at Cleveland ................................................................................... 33 "Safety Follows the Flag" by Marcelo P. Bueno of the Phil ippines ....................................................................................... 37 "Air Raid Protection" by Captain Donald S. Leonard, Special Consultant to Director of Civilian Defense, Wash ington, D. C................................................................................. 41 TA Thoughts Pertixi vania's Industu By Charles-Fi Cigars Inc. Safety at Owens-' Safety Program Works, Erie, P, By M. C. Goc Pennsylvania Wo By Mary Ric and Childre Need for Wartimf By William I sation and Board Safety's Cleahinc Bureau of Rc Pennsylvania Co. By Harry D. Safety First--A 1 By Mark M. Safety at Unemp The 1941 Acciden This Ts What Ti; Industrial Board List of Depaiitmi Organization Ch. Page o 3 i Pitts- 8 .............. 15 i Edison .............. 17 .......... 17 of Labor .............. 18 .......... 20 Norton, .............. 2:? in- Borden ................ 27 , -................ 28 uU Hal lam ..................... 30 G. E. at ................ 33 if the Pliil................ 37 Leonard, use, Wasli- 1 ra 5 TABLK OF CONTENTS-('ontinued ) Page j Thoughts Pertinent to tut Influx ok Women into Pexnsyl- j \ \nia's Industries ................................................................................................ 45 By Charles-Franeis Long. M. 1L. Medical Director, Baynk ( agars Inc. Safety at Owens-Illinois Can Company (McKees Rocks Plant) Safety Program of the General Electric Company, Erie Works, Erie, Pa.......................................................................................................... By M. C. Goodspeed, Safety Engineer 49 51 Pennsylvania Women on the Production Line.................................. By Mary Rice Morrow, Director of the Bureau of Women and Children and Hours and Minimum Wages 58 Need i or Wartime Conservation of Industrial Manpower .... By William II. Cliesnut, Director of Workmen's Compen sation and Secretary of the Workmen's Compensation Board 61 Safety's Clearing House ...................................................................................... Bureau of Research and Information 03 Pennsylvania Community Safety Contest--1941 ............................. 64 By Harry D, Immel, Director, Bureau of Inspection Safety First--A Byword in Rehabilitation .......................................... 70 By Mark M. Walter. Director, Bureau of Rehabilitation Safety at Unemployment Compensation ............................................... 75 The 1941 Accident Prevention Contest................................................. 77 fins Is What They S.n ........................................................................ 9! Industrial Board Meetings ................................................................................. 95 List of Department Publications ................................................................. 104 On.a:\-ization Ciiaiit OF TIIE DfIMRTMENT ................................................. 109 "W LIST OF DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS, JULY 1, 1942 The following publications of the Department of Labor and In dustry are available free of charge, unless a price is indicated. Re quests for free publications should be made to the Department of Labor and Industry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Requests for copies for which a charge is made should be addressed to Bureau of Publi cations, Division of Documents, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. SAFETY REGULATIONS Abrasive and Polishing Wheels, 1937 Affecting Employment of Minors, 1939 Affecting Employment of Women, 1941 Bedding and Upholstery, 1939 Boilers, 1938--Price $1.00 Brewing and Bottling, 1939 Canneries, 1937 Cereal Mills, Malt Houses and Grain Elevators, 1939 Compressed Air Apparatus, 1941 Construction and Repairs, 1940 Cranes and Hoists, 1940 Dry Color Industry, 4940 Elevators, Escalators, Dumbwaiters and Hoists, 1939--Price $.10 Electric Safety, 1939--Price, $.20 Explosives, Storage, Handling, and Use of, 1941 - Foundries, 1937 Head and Eye Protection, 1942 Health and Accident Hazards in Tunnel Construction, 1941 Hours Provisions of the Woman's Law, 1938 Industrial Home Work, 1938 Industrial Lighting, 1940 Industrial Sanitation, 1940 Labor Camps, 1939 Ladders, 1940 Laundries, 1937 Lead Corroding and Lead Oxidizing, 1937 Logging, Sawmill, Woodworking, Veneer and Cooperage Operations, 1937 Machine Tools, 1938 Manufacture of Nitro and Amido Compounds, 1938 Manufacture, Stuxage and Transportation of Fireworks, 1038 Price $.10 Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus, 1941 Mines Other Than Coal Mines, 1940--Price $.10 Miscellaneous Hazards and Conditions of Employment, 1941 Paint Grinding, 1937 Pits and Quarries, 1939--Price $.10 Plants Manufacturing or Using Explosives, 1940 Llant Railways, 1037 104 Power, Foot a Printing and . Protection fro Class I B Class II B Class III B Class IV E Constructiot Systems, Constructioi 1941 Fireproofing Grandstand; Operation o Storage anc Film, 1931 Specificatior Railings, Toe 1 Safe Practices Spray Coating Stationary En Textile Indust Trenches and Tunnel Consti Unfired Pressi Window Clear. Bulletin No. 5 Laws A 1938 13 The Pc 1926 15 Safety 18 Opporti Eight 27 History 29 Hours i 192931 Hours i dustr; 33 How M 35 Hours i Indue H.Y 1, 1942 Labor and In- 5 indicated. Rc~ ; Department of quests for copies Bureau of Publivania. 39--Price $10 tion, 1941 overage Operations, '8 u eworks, 1938--Price 11 * oyment, 1941 9 List or Defaktment Publications 105 Power, Foot and Hand Cold Metal Presses, 1940 Printing and Allied Industries, 1938 Protection from Fire and Panic: Class I Buildings (Factories, School, Public Buildings, etc.), 1940 Class II Buildings (Theatres and Motion Picture Theatres), 1941 Class III Buildings (Places of Public Assembly), 1941 Class IV Buildings (Apartment Houses, etc.), 1941 Construction, Installation and Maintenance of Emergency Lighting Systems, 1941 Construction, Installation and Maintenance of Fire Alarm Systems, 1941 Fireproofing, 1941 Grandstands, 1941 Operation of Motion Picture Projectors, 1940 Storage and Handling of Photographic and X-ray Nitrocellulose Film, 1930 Specifications for Standard Fire Escapes, 1941 Railings, Toe Boards, Open-Side Floors, Platforms and Runways, 1940 Safe Practices Recommendations, 1930 Spray Coating, 1941 Stationary Engines, 1940 Textile Industries, 1941 Trenches and Excavations, 1939 Tunnel Construction and Work in Compressed Air, 1941--Price $.15 Cnfired Pressure Vessels, 1938--Price $.15 Window Cleaning, 1939 SPECIAL BULLETINS (In ordering, specify Special Bulletin) Bulletin No. 5 Laws Administered by the Department of Labor and Industry, 1938 edition 13 The Personnel Policies of Pennsylvania Department Stores, 1926 15 Safety Organizations and Acciaeiu Statistics, 1929--Price $.10 18 Opportunities and Conditions of Work for Minors Under Eighteen in the Glassware Industry, 1927 27 History of Child Labor Legislation in Pennsylvania, 1928 29 Hours and Earnings of Men and Women in the Silk Industry, 1929--Price $.20 31 Hours and Earnings of Men and Women in the Hosiery In dustry, 1930--Price $.10 33 How Many Are Jobless in Pennsylvania, 1931 35 Hours and Earnings of Men and Women in the Knit Goods Industry, 1931--Price $.10 10(3 Pennsylvania Labor and Industry Review 30 Women Workers After a Plant Shutdown, 1933 37 Asbestosis, Part I, 1934 38 Report of Governor's Commission to Investigate Special Polic ing in Industry, 1934 39 Pennsylvania Labor and Industry in the Depression, 1931-1934 42 Asbestosis, Parts II and III, 1935 44 Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, 1935-1936 45 Earnings of Women Workers in Pennsylvania Manufacturing, With Special Reference to the Clothing Industry, 1938 47 Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, 1937-1938 48 Department of Labor and Industry's 1939 Accident-Prevention Contest 49 Department of Labor aad Industry's 1940 Accident-Prevention Contest 50 Organization and Functions of the Department of Labor and Industry, 1942 51 Department of Labor and Industry's 1941 Accident-Prevention Contest. PERIODIC PUBLICATIONS Department Report . Pennsylvania Labor and Industry Review (quarterly) Industrial Statistics Building Operations in Pennsylvania Municipalities (monthly) Changes in Cost of Living in Pennsylvania (quarterly) Employment and Payrolls in Pennsylvania Industries (monthly) Industrial Injuries in Pennsylvania (monthly) Industrial Injuries in Pennsylvania (yearly) Labor Relations Report of the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board (annual) Safety Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Industrial Safety Conference, 1942 (annual) Unemployment Compensation Pennsylvania Employment (monthly) Reference Library Bulletin (monthly) Report of Activities (weekly) Trends and Totals, a Summary of Activities (monthly) Veterans Placement Activities (monthly) Weekly Financial Summary Li Workmen's Compe Workmen's Co Volumes I Volume X Volume X Volume A Volume X Volume y Volume L Workmen's Cc Volumes I Volumes 1 Volume X Volume X Volume X MIf Bedding and Uphc Kapok Feathers and I Hair and Its J The Sterilizati Child Workers Child Worker: dents to 1\ Employment Employment < Part I. Est Hours for Six January 1935 Part II. Su for Sixty-Fivi December 19^ Part III. A and Average I 1935 to 1940, Employment ' Thirty Thousi Indu3thiati Homey Industrial Hoi Three Cents t trork in F Labor Relations Rules and Re 1940 I,isr of Department Publications 107 Workmen's Compensation Workmen's Compensation Board Decisions (annual) Volumes III to XVII inc......................................... (each) $.75 Volume XVIII ...................................................................... 1.00 Volume XIX.......................................................................... 2.15 Volume XX .......................................................................... 2.25 Volume XXI.......................................................................... 1.50 Volume XXII ...................................................................... 2.10 Volume XXIII .................................................................................... 3.00 Workmen's Compensation Court Decisions (annual) Volumes IV to XIV inc.............................................(each) $.75 Volumes XV and XVI ............................................(each) 1.00 Volume XVII ........................................................................ 1.50 Volume XVIII ...................................................................... 1.65 Volume XIX ........................................................................ 2.25 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS llLDDINO AND UPHOLSTERY Kapok Feathers and Down Hair and Its Substitutes The Sterilization of Bedding and Upholstery Materials Child Workers Child Workers in Pennsylvania, an Analysis of Industrial Acci dents to Minors, 1934-1939 (published in 1940) Kmn.oyment Employment Conditions in Pennsylvania Industries: Part I. Estimates of Total Employment, Payrolls and Man- liuurs for Sixty-Five Industry Croups, for Each Month From January 1935 to December 1940, inc. Part II. Summary of Index Numbers (Base 1935-1939 = 100) for Sixty-Five Industries, by Month, From January 1935 to December 1940, inc. Part III. Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hourly Earnings, and Average Hours Worked per Employe for the Six-Year Period, 1935 to 1940, inc. Employment Trends in Philadelphia, 1933 Thirty Thousand in Search of Work, 1933 I M)U3TniAIj Hombwobe Industrial Homework in Pennsylvania, 1937 Three Cents an Hour, an Intimate Picture of Industrial Home work in Pennsylvania, 1936 Unon Relations Rules and Regulations of Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board, 1940 J08 Pennsylvania Labor \nd Industky Review Minimum Wage A Minimum Wage Budget for Employed Women in Pennsylvania, 1938 Occupational Disease Occupational Disease Compensation--Report by the Pennsyl vania Commission on Compensation for Occupational Disease, 1933 Powers and Duties of Department Organization and Functions of the Department of Labor and Industry, 1942 Rehabilitation Restoration of the Physically Handicapped, the Pennsylvania Program for the Reestablishment of Disabled Persons in Use ful Employment, 1934 Vocational Rehabilitation for the Physically Disabled, 1934 Safety Recommendations for the Development of a Safety Program, 1935 Unemployment Compensation Administrative Research Bulletin First Biennial Report, Unemployment Compensation Law, 1938 Supplement to First Biennial Report, Unemployment Compensa tion Law, 1939 Rules of Procedure, Unemployment Compensation Board of Re view, 1938 Statistical Information Bulletin Workmen's Compensation Workmen's Compensation Supplement, November 1934, Report of Governor's Committee on Workmen's Compensation Admin istration and Advisory Committee Graphs B i DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY EXECUTIVE PERSONNEL WILLIAM H. CHESNUT, Secretary FRANK K. BOAT.. Dep. Secy. DAVID WILLIAMS, Dep. Secy. Thomas J. Quigley, Director................................. Bureau of Inspection William L. Boylan, Director .......... Bureau of Industrial Standards John M. Treier, Director............................................ Bureau of Mediation Margaret M. Memmert, Director .......................... Bureau of Research and Information Mary Rice Morrow, Director ........ Bureau of Women and Children and Hours and Minimum Wages Vacancy, Director ................. Bureau of Workmen's Compensation George E. Gwilliam, Manager....State Workmen's Insurance Fund Maurice E. Boate ........................................................................ Comptroller INDUSTRIAL BOARD William H. Chesnut, Chairman John B. Backhus Wilbert Wear Mrs. M. J. Keane Rau Elvin W. Overdorff Frank A. Hess, Secretary WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION BOARD Daniel G. Murphy, Chairman Leo G. Knoll, Member Wilmer M. Jacoby, Member William H. Chesnut, Ex-Officio William R. Gallagher, Secretary STATE WORKMEN'S INSURANCE BOARD William H. Chesnut, Chairman Ramsey Black, State Treasurer James H. Malone, Jr......................................... Insurance Commissioner PENNSYLVANIA LABOR RELATIONS BOARD Darrell W. Smiley, Chairman Leo Abernathy, Member Malcolm B. Petrikin, Member Jacob Bryerton, Secretary UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION BOARD OF REVIEW Harry A. Englehart, Chairman Clarence E. Blackburn, Member Henry L. Lawrence, Member Melvin L. Jacobs, Secretary Thomas C. Donaghy, Acting Executive Director, Bureau of Employment Service and Unemployment Compensation FOREWORD \{ V Yith this issuk, the Department of VV Tabor and Industry resumes publi cation of the Quarterly Review. Due in tlie exigencies of wartime, including man power and paper shortages, it was deemed advisable temporarily to discontinue pub lication. It was gratifying, however, to learn, from the wide inquiries received, that (lie Review had in the past been instruc tive and helpful to citizens ot Pennsylvania. With resumption of the periodical, every member of the Department will bend all effort toward improving it in whatever man ner may be possible. To that end. I incite criticism and sug gestions. not only from employes of the Department of Tabor and Industry, but from readers everywhere, and all citizens of Pennsylvania. WlI.l.I.WI II. CltlSXD I uj I.nhni and Industry ( JONES & LAUGHLIN S Safe A SMALL iron works acquire Brownsville, Pennsylvania the year 1850 by Benjc franklin Jones, when the w ord surge of industry had b . passed beyond the Allegher as the origin of the pre i;nes and Laughlin Steel Co :tion. Jones & Laughlin has expan ini that single unit at Brov lie until today it holds foi ; acc among, the steel produr :f the United States. Its \ '"ittsburgh Works, employing c clvc thousand people, exte :!ong the north and south bo :t the Monongahola River fo ` stance of approximately -lies The Corporation has :ther large manufacturing plat :se is the Otis Works in Clc nd; the other is the J & L i ;jippa Works. In addition, J l ns n wire rope plant in Mun ;o, a fabricating plant at S <ccsport, Pa. and an Electr eld tube plant in Oil City, P During the period between 18 :id 1900, taking advantage "c developments in iron and st nd the natural growth of t Country, the business expand the Pittsburgh area until '505, it was realized there w j available large acreage Vtsburgh for the development .Jditional steel products. A jrdingly in that year a lar -act of land consisting of sever mis and an amusement pa (J JONES <S LAUGHLIN SHOWED THE WAY . . . Safety in Steel SMALL iron works acquired in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, in A the year 1850 by Benjamin Franklin Jones, when the west ward surge of industry had bare ly passed beyond the Alleghenies, was the origin of the present Jones and Laughlin Steel Corpo ration. Jones & Laughlin has expanded from that single unit at Browns ville until today it holds fourth place among the steel producers of the United States. Its vast Pittsburgh Works, employing over twelve thousand people, extends along the north and south banks ol the Monongahela River for a distance of approximately 3'/2 miles. The Corporation has two other large manufacturing plants; one is the Otis Works in Cleve land; the other is the J & L Ali- ^uippa Works. In addition, J A L has a wire rope plant in Muncy, Pa., a fabricating plant at Mc Keesport, Pa. and an Electricveld tube plant in Oil City, Pa. During the period between 1850 :nd 1900, taking advantage of the developments in iron and steel :nd the natural growth of the Country, the business expanded n the Pittsburgh area until in 1905, if was realized there was to available large acreage in 'ittsburgh for the development of dditional steel products. Ac:srdingfy in that year a large :oct of land consisting of several urns and an amusement park were purchased at Woodlawn (now Aliquippa) on the Ohio River, twenty miles below Pittsburgh. In December 1909, the first of five blast furnaces was completed in the new steel plant to be known as the Aliquippa Works, named for the Indian queen, who was friend ly to the British during the French and Indian Wars. Since the be ginning in 1909, three Bessemer converters, and five Open Hearth furnaces have been added to pro duce the steel used in the various finishing mills in the manufacture of pipe, tin plate, rod and wire products and structural shapes. Three batteries of by-product ovens produce the coke used in the blast furnaces. This modern Plant employs some ten thousand men and women. It is interesting to note that the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation was one of the orig inal organizers of what is now known as the National Safety Council and that it was also the first steel Company in the United States to employ the full time services of a safety director, in dicating early recognition of a responsibility regarding the safety of its employes. Supervision at this Plant is charged with the definite respon sibility of preventing all occupa tional injuries and disease hazards to employes and to members of 5 the general public who may be in ond about plant property. In order to achieve both quan tity and quality of production to gether with the safety of the em ployes, supervisors are required to train and educate employes in safe working methods and prac tices in accordance with estab lished programs. To accomplish these objectives and to assist the supervisors, there is a Safety Department composed of a well-trained functioning per sonnel, as follows: 1 Superintendent of Safety & Welfare, 1 Assistant Superintendent of Safety 6 Welfare. 2 Safety Inspectors. 2 Fire Marshalls. 3 Clerks. ] Social Worker. 1 Full time Doctor. 9 Full time Registered Nurses. The Safety Program, as pro moted by the Safety Department, is designed to cover the three E's of Safety--Engineering, Educa tion and Enforcement- -for all employes, whether supervisors or workers. Safety Meetings are an im portant part of the Safety Educa tional Program. A Central Safety Meeting is held once each month, chairmaned by the Superintend ent of Safety & Welfare, who meets with a representative of the General Superintendent's Office, the various department heads and the Supervisor of Safety. At this meeting accident experiences and statistics, current hazards and matters pertaining to policy and the progress of the Safety Pro gram in general are discussed. Since the Supervisor is the key stone, insofar os the success of ony safety program is concerned, it is important that he be fully informed in regard to accident prevention. Consequently, the Safety Department conducts monthly Foremen's Safety Dis cussion Meetings which provide the supervisor with information os to current accidents, means of prevention and also discussion of some previously selected timely safety subject. Probably the most important safety meetings held are those which the supervisor conducts with his men. He is required by the management to hold sufficient number of safety meetings to en able him to cover all of his em ployes at least twice each month. Th ese meetings are all held on the Corporation's time. It has long been recognized that a person trained in First Aid instinctively becomes interested in accident prevention work and for that reason first aid training in transportation, artificial resusci tation, control of .bleeding and shock is a part of the Safety Pro gram. Preliminary safety instruction is given to all new employes by means of induction lectures, con tact with the employment office interviewer and the department foreman at the time the new em ploye reports for work. From time to time safety in struction sheets, covering safety procedures for specific jobs, art issued by the Safety Department to oil department heads and supervisors. Safety Deportment Newsletters are also a Safety Program. These issued once each monti pervisors and provide ti information. Safety Booklets and Cards c uted to all employes on or about overhec cranes and burning a operations, outlining sc methods and requirem The Safety Depart ducts regular Plant sanitation inspections. Consistent with goo and practice througho industry, the policy < quippa Works has be vide or make availa' ployes protective equ clothing which will e to do their work free and exposure to heall A foreman conduc. Jones /S the Supervisor is the key isofar as the success ot fy program is concerned, portant that he be fully ! in regard to nrcidcnl on. Consequently, the Department conducts Foremen's Safety Dis Meetings which provide ervisor with information os ent accidents, meons ot ion and also discussion ol previously selected timely subject. ably the most important meetings held are those t*""' supervisor conducts with He is required by the jement to hold sufficient r of safety meetings to cn to cover all of his cm r'least twice each month meetings are oil held on orporation's time. has long been recognized o person trained in First Aid ictively becomes interested m lent prevention work and for reason first aid training in fporfotion, artificial rcsusci n, control of bleeding and I is a part of the Safety Pro -liminory safety instruction u to all new employes !>> rns of induction lectures, con t with the employment office ver and the department rC'n at the time the new cm sc reports for work. From time to time safety m action sheets, covering safdi occdurcs tor specific jobs, me ucd by the Safety Departim-m oil department heads nr d pervisors Safety Departnur1 Newsletters are also a part of the Safety Program. These letters are issued once each month to all Su pervisors and provide timely safety information. Safety Instruction Booklets und Cards arc distrib uted to all employes doing work on or about overhead electric cranes and burning and welding operations, outlining safe working methods and requirements. The Safety Department con ducts regular Plant safety and sanitation inspections. Consistent with good judgment and practice throughout the steel industry, the policy at the Aliquippa Works has been to pro vide or make available to em ployes protective equipment and clothing which will enable them to do their work free from injury end exposure to health hazards. Employes over the years have been encouraged to wear toe pro tection. Many have taken ad vantage of the protection afforded by safe-foe shoes. In consequence, the number of lost time accidents, by reason of injured toes, has been materially reduced. Records at this Works bear witness to a num ber of foe injuries which have been prevented--the following of which is an example: Department--Welded Tube-- Electro Galvamier. Occupation--Inspector. Detail--Employe was handling a 103V' line coupling weigh ing about 36 pounds when it fell about three feet, landing on the toe of his safety shoe. The only damage done was a cut on the leather cap of the shoe. His toe was not injured in any way. Eye protection, provided with out cost to employes in the form .1 f,. tili.m iijtithnls nL- of the rcgi/furly scheduled Stiffly meeliiiys /o>jt\ G' Ltii/iiblhi ft''elded Tube Oeptirlritciil. j^siWfif-s.tSgdkSi m of goggles, spectacles, face shields, masks and others, have been the means of preventing many serious eye injuries, such as attested by the following incident; Department -- Seamless Ship ping. Occupation--Car Loader. Detail--Employe was driving a nail into a piece oi hard blocking timber in a gondola car when the nail flew and struck and shattered the left lens of his goggles. His eye was not injured in any way. Protective clothing of wool, as bestos and leather coats, shirts, pants and leggings worn to guard against hot metal splashes have been most helpful in accident pre vention over the years. Adequate and modern equip ment for defecting concentrations of explosive and toxic gas and for protecting employes against these elements is available. Three emergency hospitals, staffed by nine full-fime regis tered nurses and one full-time Doctor, so located as to assure prompt and convenient service to injured employes, are located at this Works. Hospital facilities, with a special staff for J. & L. patients are available. That this program has justified itself is evidenced by the progress in the prevention of accidents over the years. Accident statistics at the Aliquippa Works were first placed on a frequency and severity basis in *Years Partial Permanent Disability 1923 -- 1927 ................................ 12 1942--1946 ................................ 10 Percent ol Improvement ...... 16-2/3% 1923. An average for the first five years, 1923 to 1927, shows the following as compared with the five year average, 1942 to 1946, which included the greater port of World War II activity.v These figures show a gratify ing improvement; but in spite of this, it is appreciated by those responsible for the prevention of accidents that so long as injuries occur at this Plant, every possible effort must be made through the medium of Engineering, Educa tion, Enforcement and Enthusiasm to bring about further improve ment. In the labor contract recently signed by the Union and the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, the importance of Safety and Health received particular emphasis. This new contract makes provisions for the safety and health of its em ployes during hours of employ ment, for protective devices, wear ing apparel and equipment, for the settling of disputes arising out of claimed unsafe or unhealthy working conditions and the estab lishment of Joint Safety Commit tees. Cooperation by Labor and Management In furthering the in terests of accident prevention should result in a continued re duction of Frequency and Severity Rates at this Plant. For additional illustrations of the up-to-the-minute safety wori in this Jones & Laughlin plant, see pages 24 and 25. Fatal* 8 4 50% Lost Timo Case* 671 172 74% Frequency 27.95 7.48 73% Severity 3.09 1.63 47% 8 <J A JOB WELL DON Rec One of the last offii tion of the following a good ttewspapermat row that we publish t HE strict enforceme; Employment Agency Twar born placement has brought a record number of licenses durim two years. Today there employment agencies lie 167 Non-Fee Agencies, vious high in agencies in 1927. In 1941 there agencies. Since June 1, 1945, t ning of the fiscal bien new licenses have been these, 104 new license; sued since June 1, 1946 The end of the war b many new agencies bo domestic and theatric The lack of industrial suited in many women to domestic work, altho was a hesitancy in accc difference in wages. Th a shortage of domestics in. Many veterans wht charge of company or tertainment in foreign turned with a few vete and started in the boo! ness. Only a few have the keen competition. From the war also o mercial "baby sitter" Before the war baby si Pennsylvania LABOR & ^Review D E P A R TM E N T OF LABOR A N D IN D U S TR Y DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY EXECUTIVE PERSONNEL 9 WILLIAM H. CHKSNUT, Secretary FRANK K. BOAL, Deputy Secretary JOHN J. BURNS, Deputy Secretary Maurice h. Boate ............. Comptroller Thomas J. Quigley, Director Bureau of Inspection William L. Boylan, Director Bureau of Industrial Standards Phillip F. Bolen, Acting Director ........... Timtuu uf Aiediaiion Helen S. Myers, Director Bureau of Research and Information Mary Rice Morrow, Director Bureau of Women and Children and Honrs and Minimum Vacancy, Director ........... Bureau of Workmen's Compensation George E. Gwilliam, Manager State Workmen's Insurance Fund INDUSTRIAL BOARD William H. Chesnut................................................................Chairman John B. Backhus Wilbert Wear Mrs. M. J. Keane Rau Elvin W. Overdorff Frank A. Hess ................................................................................Secretary WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION BOARD Daniel G. Murphy ................................................................ Chairman William R. Gallacher................................................................... Secretary Leo G. Knoll................................ ................ ...................... Member Wilmer M. Jacoby .................................................. Member William H. Chesnut ........................................................... Ex-Officio SAFET In This Issue . . . A Safety Council Official Labor's Part in Safety Safety and Production Safety in Decentralized ( Dust Control in Asbestos Accident Prevention Tra Accident Prevention Pay STATE WORKMEN'S INSURANCE BOARD William H. Chesnut.................................................................. Chairman Ramsey Black .........................................................State Treasurer James F. Malone, Jr. Insurance Commissioner PENNSYLVANIA LABOR RELATIONS BOARD Darrell W. Smiley Chairman Leo Abernathy Malcolm B. Petrikin Jacob Bryerton.................................................................................Secretary UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION BOARD OF REVIEW Harry A. Engelhart Chairman CLARENCE F. Ri.ackburm LIemhv L. Lawrence Melvin L Jacobs Secretary A. J. Caruso Executive Director, Bureau of Employment Service and Unemployment Compensation Thomas J. Donaghy ................................ Administrative Assistant 2 Ii3 Pennsylvania Additional copies of this pc Bureau of Room Harris INDUSTRY :l tary tary tary . ' Comptroller ureau of Inspection 'nd/zst/tul Standards ureau of Mediation cb and Information omen and Children d Minimum Wages ten's Compensation eu's Insurance 1'und Vw' Chairman it Wear vv' OVERDOREF v Secretary jARD Chairman Secretary Member Member Ex-Officio BOARD Chairman Slate Treasurer ance Commissioner BOARD Chairman Petrikin Secretary OF REVIEW Chairman Lawrence Secretary '-.mployment Service went Compensation inistrative Assistant SAFETY SPECIAL In This Issue . . . A Safety Council Official Speaks Labor's Part in Safety ........... Safety and Production..................... Safety in Decentralized Operation Dust Control in Asbestos Industry Accident Prevention Training I Accident Prevention Pays ......... PAGE 5 9 10 13 20 23 27 NNSYLVANIA LABOR AND INDUSTRY REVIEW Additional copies f this publication may be obtained by writing to: Bureau of Research & Information Room 507 Feller Building Harrisburg, Pennsylvania FOREWORD * NE OF the principal means of advancement for O industrial safety is the safety conference. At these meetings, experts in various fields of industry gather for interchange of new ideas and methods. The cause of industrial safety, in Pennsylvania as well as throughout the Nation, is more important today than ever before, for two reasons. First, these are times when the appalling waste of man power and production caused by industrial accidents must be reduced to a very minimum, because a hungry world needs all America can produce to insure its continued physical existence, and to preserve the ideals of freedom everywhere. Second, with more than 6 millions of workers em ployed in the United States to satisfy this unprecedented demand for goods and services, industrial accident haz ards are at a new all time high. In the cause of humanity, it behooves us to bend every effort toward maximum preservation of life and limb. Pennsylvania, being the Union's second industrial State, finds this problem especially acute. During the annual Pennsylvania State-wide Accident Prevention Conference at Harrisburg recently, the fore most experts in the field of scientific safety gathered for a frontal attack upon their common foe. They repre sented such outstanding and civic-minded groups as the Philadelphia Safety Council, the Western Pennsylvania Safety Council, the Lehigh Valley Safety Council, the Erie Safety Council, and other groups. Their meeting constituted a significant forward stride in industrial safety in Pennsylvania, and every delegate returned home richer in knowledge and firmer in de termination to make Pennsylvania safe. It was an inspir ing meeting of the foremosr minds in the field of safety. Therefore, by popular request, in the current issue of the Labor and Industry Review of the Department of Labor and Industry, the deliberations of the various ex perts constituting the panel are re-printed herewith in full. Together, they constitute a valuable handbook in safety, of interest to every employer and every worker in our Commonwealth. Secretary of Labor and Industry q A SAFETY COUNCIL C HARRY 1 Air. Rraitierd Is District I S. ANY plants, and we are hu to say most of them in W< M ern Pennsylvania, have very conspicuous places throu out their offices, plaques < certificates, signifying their gr accomplishments in safety, seems that hardly a week goes that some company in this C< monwealth is not honored by sc recognition for its safety recr This is an indication of the thi ing of the President, the Ch man of the Board, the Forer and all your management suf visors as to the importance f put upon accident prevention. It is interesting to review w has happened over the past qi ter of a century in industrial cident prevention. All of you know better the do how we started out with idea that if we could guard i chines, make mechanical chani we'd cut our losses from accide After spending many millions dollars, we soon found that a all we are dealing with peo and it is the errors that pec make that are the basis for unnecessary loss as a result accident. When we step a from the plant, we have a pare situation in the community. I after all, the commuity is m up of people old and young. ' can tell pretty nearly by rid through any given area what t of people are there, what is tl J\ancemt[i[ for rence. At these ids of industry methods, sylvunia as well tant today than g waste of man1 accidents must a hungry world e its continuetl eals of freedom oc workers emL-precedented alaccident liazise of humanity, r 1 maximum nd industrial i-wide Accident :enclv, the fore:ty gathered for <e. They repred groups as the n Pennsylvania ty Council, the t forward stride i every delegate d firmer in de' was an inspir^/.eld of safety, current issue of Department of 1 various exr herewith in _ handbook in 'd every worker >or and Industry (J A SAFETY COUNCIL OFFICIAL.............. HARRY H. BRAINERD Mr. Brainerd Is District Manager of the Western Pennsylvania Safety Council ANY plants, and we are happy earning power, do they have initi to say most of them in West M ern Pennsylvania, have in very conspicuous places through out their offices, plaques and certificates, signifying their great ative, ambition, are they trying to better themselves. And if you find that, you'll find a community that has well paved streets, school buildings, new homes. And if you accomplishments in safety. It look further you will find they seems that hardly a week goes by have a minimum of traffic and that some company in this Com other hazards that would rob the monwealth is nor honored by some lives and result in injuries to the recognition for its safety record. citizens in their community. This is an indication of the think To have a good safe community ing of the President, the Chair you have to have leadership. man of the Board, the Foremen Someone has to spearhead the and alf your management super movement. Someone has to stimu visors as to the importance they late everyone and make them put upon accident prevention. conscious that their individual It is interesting to review what actions, whether it be at home, has happened over the past quar walking on the street or highway, ter of a century in industrial ac driving an automobile, riding a cident prevention. bicycle or roller skating as our All of you know better than I youngsters do, that they have an do how we started out with the individual responsibility to the idea that if we could guard ma sufety and welfare of the com chines, make mechanical changes, munity in which they live. And I we'd cut our losses from accidents. think by and large, that is pretty After spending many millions of much the aim of the National dollars, we soon found that after Safety Council, the Philadelphia all we are dealing with people, Safety Council, and all the other and it is the errors that people local safety councils that are make that are the basis for the working day and night to try to unnecessary loss as a result of bring about fewer accidents to accident. When we step away the people in any community. from the plant, wo have a parallel You have driven through com situation in the community. For, munities where you find the after all, the commuity is made streets badly in need of repair, up of people old and young. You houses unpainted, lawns unkept, can tell pretty nearly by riding and you wonder why. Then you through any given area what type look around to see what sort of of people are there, what is their a business center if has and you 5 usually find that there are one or two, maybe small, but never theless plants of some manufac turing nature that by themselves, just to look at them, indicate that they have not come up to the 1948 standard in thinking. By that I mean they probably pay very close attention to what people are do ing when they ore on the job, but they let the whistle blow and for get about those people when they go out intp the community. I will bet they have trouble within their plants--unrest and not a very harmonious feeling be tween their employees while they ore on the job. Consequently, I think that industry's part in this community safety program is to provide the leadership in these communities to make them a bet ter place in which to live. Over a period of years, industries have done that. Proof of it is written in the history of the National Safety Council. They financed it, they operated it, and so on through the years they have car ried the major burden of accident prevention. Unfortunately,--and this is en tirely personal--because some of my directors may not agree: I hope they do--unfortunately, there has been a tendency in the minds of people that industry ought to pay the bill and conse quently they have been called upon time and time again to dig down in their pockets and finance the community safety programs. I have never found a businessman, an industrialist, that isn't ready and willing to admit that they have a large part in the safety program of a community and that they have a specific responsibility and they admit that it costs money and more money than has ever been given to any agency for that work and as time goes on it seems as though it will need more and more. At the same time they do not believe they should carry the whole burden. And per sonally, I do not believe they should either. The Community Safety problem is what? You can apply every principle that is found in an in dustrial program. It deals with children through the schools, play grounds, etc. It deals with the home, which we all know is the most hazardous place on the face of the earth. It deals with traffic, fire prevention, etc., and you and I as individuals ought to carry the major portion of the community program. We should be able, as leaders, to impress our employees with their full sense of responsi bility towards the community safety program. If you do that on your job--with your employees while they are on the job-- you are going to find benefits directly accrued through the development of better safety consciousness on the part of every individual em ployee. That does not cost money. That is effort and that is what I mean by leadership. Let's look at the other side. For sometime, my officers and directors in the Western Pennsyl vania Safety Council believed that our greater task as an organiza tion is to indoctrinate the mem bers of the communities in which we operate with a fuller sense of i their individual responsibility, ant along with that, to bring about < responsibility of helping to pa; for the program from which the; will benefit. There are several ap proaches that can be taken. W( decided that the old adage o trying to teach an old dog nev tricks was in effect right, so wi thought we'd start with thi youngsters. If we can start witl the youngsters when they becom< school age, even pre-school age and continuously impress them a they grow older that we will even tually have a more safe minder group of individuals in the com munity. We started that out--some o you have probably heard of thi Green Pennant Program which w operated last year in Alleghen County as a try-out. Some peopl termed it the Cradle to the Grav Program. It is no more than th adaption of an industrial prograr that proved to be an outstandim stimulus for the reduction of in dustrial accidents, particular! prevalent during the war whe; everyone was after "E" Award: It is identically the same prograr. made applicable to school chil dren in a community. We wer faced with the same problem a every other agency. It cost money. Where are we going to gc the money. We refused to go bac to industry and say "Give" be cause we believed that you ca have an active program which wi! stimulate a desire to participate We went to work, started program, awarded pennants. In stead of "E" Pennants, we calle them Green Pennants. The young 6 that : riponsibility mit that it coiti )fe money than'hoi n to any agency for f as time goes on hough it will need At the same time jelieve they should e burden. And pernot believe they tity Safety problem can apply every is found in an inim. It deals with t ''e schools, ploySw-deals with the e all know is the i nlace on the lace \ Is with traffic, c., and you and ought to carry the of the community should be able, as ress our employees sense of responsi- the community i. If you do that ith your employees on the job-- you d benefits directly h the development i ronsciousness on * individual cm>es not cost money. and that is what i ip. Tie other side. my officers and Western Pennsyluncil believed that k as on orgoniza:frinafe the memsmunities in which l a fuller sense of their individual responsibility, and along with that, to bring about a responsibility of helping to pay for the program from which they will benefit. There are several ap proaches that enn be taken. We decided that the old adage of trying to teach an old dog new tricks was in effect right, so we thought we'd start with the youngsters. If we can start with ( the youngsters when they become I school age, even pre-school age, , and continuously impress them as they grow older that we will even tually have a more safe minded group of individuals in the com munity. We started that out--some of you have probably heard of this Green Pennant Program which we operated last year in Allegheny County ns n try-out. Some people termed it the Cradle to the Grave Program. It is no more than the adaption of an industrial program that proved to be an outstanding stimulus for the reduction of in dustrial accidents, particularly prevalent during the war when everyone was after "E" Awards. It is identically the same program made applicable to school chil dren in a community. We were faced with the same problem as every other agency, it costs money. Where are we going to gat the money. We refused to go back to industry and say "Give" be cause we believed that you can have an active program which will stimulate a desire to participate. We went to work, started a program, awarded pennants. In stead of "E" Pennants, we called them Green Pennants. The young sters had to have a thirty-day period free of traffic accidents and they won the pennant, and we continued with monthly awards to keep them stimulated. At the end of the year there was a per manent award. When we got through, we looked back to see what we had done. What was the result? How much did it cost? We knew the bills were paid and we thought we'd check up to see where the money came from. The leadership which industry gave to the start of that program did not cost them money. My Board of Directors underwrote and said, "make it self-supporting. It is a good program and if you do the job the people in the community will appreciate it and will help." That proved to be the case. We asked the adults to join the children in the Green Pennant Program with a sticker for a dol lar. We collected not quite enough to pay the whole bill. How could we keep from going back and asking some individual group, business or industry for a hand out? We staged a benefit baseball game between the Philadelphia A's and the Pittsburgh Pirates. Why did they do il? Because they saw a program in operation benefitting the children and each of the ball clubs told us they want to be a part of the community. Their welfare and future depend upon a good community. They want to be a parr of it. If they can do it by playing a game, they wanted to do it. Without a pro gram they wouldn't have let us in the front door. I am convinced that in all areas of accident pre- 7 vention in your community par ticularly, a good active program will be self-supporting. So, con sequently, I cannot agree with some people who have talked about industry's stake in the com munity as being, as one council manager said, Vitamin C--CASH. It isn't. It is leadership and it is active leadership. It isn't serv ing on a Board of Directors or being an officer. I think that industry should urge their men to participate in community af fairs. I think if there is a chance for any representative to serve on a traffic committee in a com munity they should be given every opportunity to do it, If they can serve on the school board in any capacity let them do it. Urge them to do it. Some body will say that costs money, they take the time away from the plant. That is true but as the individual in leadership finds, most of those things happen when they aren't on the job any way. They can participate with out too much loss of time. If we'll do that I don't think we will have to subscribe to the cash basis that everyone seems to think in dustry must provide for the safety movement. Sure, they have to help but I would like to re-empha size that it is leadership, active participation in all of the various programs in the community that is the major part for the contri bution of a better community. If you will pardon a personal reference again, we just finished at a county fair what I think is 8 one of the nicest exhibits we ever had. It is called Safety Town. We had streets marked off in a segre gated area where we had police women. In the City of Pittsburgh, we have found police women serv ing as school guards at school crossings are doing 99-44 100o better job than the average police officer who is called awoy for other duties. The children like them. They look pretty snappy in their uniforms. Somebody must be picking them for their looks. But these women came out and directed traffic for these children. . We gave them automobiles to create the traffic, and demon strated what they should do at crossings. Now, how did we put that ex hibit on? It cost somewhere in the neighborhood of $3,000 for o five-day period. My council isn't any different from any other safety council. We didn't have $3,000, but we had industry will ing to continue to provide the leadership. We had a program that was acceptable and every body knew what if was. The American Cable and Wire, the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, paint, The County of Allegheny paved the place, the Fitch Con servatory the floral decorations. Gulf Oil, the gasoline stations, Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph bought the automobiles. I went out and worked with the police women, the nicest part of it. It was in dollars and cents around $3,000. We did an actual prevention job in those five days. i iI I q LABOR'S PART IN SA JAMES Air. McDeritt Is President S A SPOKESMAN for American Federation of L A here in Pennsylvani thought I'd like to say a few w to you with respect to our res sibility in the labor-manager picture and the efforts over years to prevent accidents. I t most of you know the kirn work done by the leadershi| our side of the fence in pro ing safety, and the conduc meetings with shop stewards, ness agents and other officio the labor movement on the ject of safety, so that they in could get to the benches directly to the workers, the I stories we had to deliver wit spect to accident prevenfior I think we have had a < deal of success with the coo] tion of the Department of I and Industry in that direction as evidence of that I believi report of the Department cates quite clearly that we had that kind of cooperation there is a great deal neede. and when it is all boiled ( there are only two factor volved. One is that very important ter of equipment, and two, cation. When the equipme there, if is then alone the tion of educating the w< making him conscious of dangers involved and the nee . st exhibits we ever d Safety Town. We ked off in a segreere we had police City of Pittsburgh, police women sorv- guards at school loing 99-44 100% the average police called away for The children like k pretty snappy in Somebody must m for their looks, en came out and for these children. . n automobiles to ictr and demon should do at 4 we put that ex , somewhere in 3d of 53,000 tor a My council isn't from any other We didn't have had industry wille to provide the ? hnd a program )table and everyiaf it was. The e and Wire, the 2 Glass Company, int> of Allegheny t. ie Fitch ConSoral decorations, oasoline stations, legraph bought i. 1 vrent out and police women, the . It was in dollars id $3,000. We did mtion job in those {J LABOR'S PART IN SAFETY................ JAMES L. McDEVITT Air. AU Deritt Is President nj the Pennsylvania State Federation of lath or i S A SPOKESMAN for the j ft American Tederation of Labor ! here in Pennsylvania, I | thought I'd like to say a few words to you with respect to our respon| sibility in the labor-management j picture and the efforts over the ; years to prevent accidents. I think ! most of you know the kind of work done by the leadership on our side of the fence in promot ing safety, and the conduct of meetings with shop stewards, busi ness agents and other officials of the labor movement on the sub ject of safety, so that they in turn could get to the benches and directly to the workers, the latest stories we had to deliver with re spect to accident prevention. I think we have had a great deal of success with the coopern tion of The Department of Labor and Industry in that direction, and as evidence of that 1 believe the report of the Department indi cates quite clearly that we have had that kind of cooperation. But, there is a great deal needed yet and when it is all boiled down, there are only two factors in volved. One is that very important mat ter of equipment, and two, edu cation. When the equipment is there, it is then alone the ques tion of educating the worker, making him conscious of the dangers involved and the need for thinking. That is certainly a dif ficult task, but I believe great strides have been made in that di rection. I don't think any plant in our state is not safety con scious. Maybe a few--but rela tively so. In looking over the records of the complaints we have had over our desks over the year, the great est number have to do with dust hazards. We seem to be exper iencing considerable difficulty on that score, and while I am mind ful of the tremendous problem our leaders in industry face with respect to dust hazards, I am also mindful of the tremendous in crease in the number of diseases from dust. As on example, we had one plant in the central part of our Stole ju\! about two veins ago that didn't huve a blower-- no one. Of course, when that wos called to the State's attention, the matter was corrected and within a month or five weeks, the reports we now have covering that plant indicate that we haven't had one case develop in the last two years. What a saving that represents to that company. But our big headache is with the dust problem. We are too mindful of the fact that there are some conditions that cannot be overcome. But I refer only to those that can be overcome and those, of course, that can be eased to some extent. So we are calling on industry, particularly those of you who represent com panies engaged in work and fur ther Study tu that problem. That is the thing that worries us more than anything else. It is a thing on the constant increase and with the perfection of new materials, the hazards of course are in creased. As for our part in the labor movement, I do want to as sure you we are going to continue with all the resources at our com- mand, to educate our people of the importance of stopping to think when their lives are in jeopardy. 1 am going to conclude and once again assure all of you of our intense interest in the safety campaign and our desire to be of assistance to you at any time you feel we may be able to lend any effort in our capacity and to as sure the Department of Labor and Industry of our continued coopera tion. tt SAFETY AND PRODUCTION . . . . WILLIAM C. LANDIS Air. Landis Is Vice-President of the Western Union Switch and Signal Company WOULD like to re-emphasize some of the things we all know I or should know, and have known about the practical effects of safety on production. I am go ing to ignore the human side of safety. We are all conscious of it. We are all willing to do our parts to keep lives from being lost and fingers and eyes from be ing lost. But that's another phase of the question, the same as Harry Brainerd's angle having to do with community safety and the respon sibility we have in that respect. I am going to look at safety work from the dollars and cents aspect of the economics of oper ating an industrial establishment. I'd like to say first that I don't think safety is an end to be ac complished in an industrial plant. It is a moans to an end The reason we have a plant, or a com pany, or an enterprise or business of any sort is to produce some thing. We can't ever lose sight of the fact that production is the objective of our working every day life. So safety in a plant is not a philantrophic venture, or some thing to do for charitable reasons. Safety in an industrial plant is a tool of production, and it is either a good or a bad tool, depending upon how it is set up and ad ministered. The safest plant in the world wouldn't necessarily be a good place to work. It might be bankrupt, it might never get started. The thing that makes that plant and company continue is that continuing flow of business and an organization of good work men and good supervisors and 10 good technicians who keep that business coming in. I We are dealing with other men's money in an organization of thaf sort, and dealing with other men's money in a way which means we have to continually pro gress in order to keep that money at work and in order to continue to have an operating institution and continue to have jobs both for ourselves and for all of those who are associated with us. Thus, o safety program in an industrial institution is one of the marginal factors that contribute to the production. I say the objective of a manu facturing plant is to Produce. I like to put it that it means put ting into a freight car and freight truck materials that customers will buy, of a quality that is satis factory, at a cost that is reason able. And to do all those things best, we must do them safely. I don't have to go into a lot of detail to remind you that every one of those requirements of a plant's operation are affected by safety or lack of it. The cost most certainly is. Little things like compensation payments rep resent spending somebody's money. The maintenance of the facili ties, the safety equipment, the protective medical facilities and all of the people who have to do with it--those things represent money. The biggest loss though, I think, of money in safety work in a plant comes with the loss of i time. Because, Time represents Money. Every minute of time in a plant is paid for and if that time | is lost, it represents an economic ucate our people of ice of' stopping to the li vr><; arc tn ig to conclude and assure all of you of nterest in the safety d our desire to be of you at any time you be able to lend any capacity and to asarfment of Labor and ur continued coopcra- lNDIS on Switch and Signal ave a plant, or a cornenterprise or business is to produce somecan't ever lose sight that production is the our working every day / in a plant is not a ic venture, or some- charitable reasons, in-industrial plant is a Juction, and it is either bad tool, depending it is set up and ad- The safest plant in wouldn't necessarily be ce to work. It might be it might never get The thing that makes rnd company continue tinuing flow of business anization of good workgood supervisors and I good technicians who keep that business coming in. We are dealing with other men's money in on organization of that sort, and dealing with other men's money in a way which means we have to continually pro gress in order to keep that money at work and in order to continue to have an operating institution and continue to have jobs both for ourselves and for all of those who are associated with us. Thus, a safety program in an industrial institution is one of the marginal factors that contribute to the production. I say the objective of a manu facturing plant is to Produce. I like to put it that it means put ting into a freight car and freight truck materials that customers will buy, of a quality that is satis factory, at a cost that is reason able. And to do all those things best, we must do them safely. I don't have to go into a lot of detail to remind you that every one of those requirements of a plant's operation are affected by safety or lack of it. The cost mosl certainly is. Little things like compensation payments rep resent spending somebody's money. The maintenance of the facili ties, the safety equipment, the protective medical facilities and all of the people who have to do with it--those things represent money. The biggest loss though, I think, of money in safety work in a plant comes with the loss of time. Because, Time represents Money. Every minute of time in a plant is paid for and if that time is lost, it represents an economic waste and a loss of money that can't be replaced. It goes into the final cost of the product and it becomes a very important ele ment in that cost. The supervisor and the plant manager and the plant executive who is interested in costs can't ignore the safety factor. Quality, I think, is affected very materially by whether or not we have a safe place to work. If I'm standing alongside of a pouring track in a foundry, I always find myself wondering how soon some of that metal is going to splatter on to me. If I'm standing by a machine in a shop or walking down the aisle, I'm wondering always which one of those chips is going to land in my eye and I find myself doing that nil the time and when I'm thinking about that, I'm not think ing about my job. That must be true of others--perhaps every one. Because, in ignoring a part of the job that they are supposed to be doing at the time because they are worrying about personal safety, they can't be putting their best into the work, getting the utmost in quality. They must be Wasting some time and, therefore, some money. So that to the extent that we can make a plant safe, we make it more economically sound as an operating institution. We can never hope to make a plant en tirely safe. We are dealing with people too, as I said before, and no one can predict what one per son will do or another person will do, but we can do our best to make the plant as safe as we can. In order to do that, we must, of course, have a safety depariment. an organization which keeps up to date on all of the latest de vices, that is aggressive in pro moting them and in encouraging thpir use, that has enough gogettiveness to persuade the ex ecutive management of the plant to be interested, and to get the supervisors und (lie workmen and everyone else to work with them. We need thot safety department as a spearhead. We must have it. It is a MUST. But no safety department wiil make the plant safe. No plant and management can make a plant safe. The plane manage ment must be sympathetic, must encourage safety, must put its weight behind it. But not alone. Everybody has got to be safety conscious--every supervisor, every workman. They have to think all the time about doing everything in the way that will be the least hazardous. One of the ways in which that can be done is by pro moting good housekeeping, order liness. Things that are stacked properly don't full over. If there is no rubbish pile, you can't trip over it. Not only do housekeeping and orderliness promote good pro duction and workmanship, but they promote safety. So I would think that the very first move in trying to make a safe place to work would be to do a good job of housekeeping. Then from there on, keep every thing in mind, that anything that can cause an accident is a po tential hazard, not only to the physical well-being but to the economic investment with which we are surrounded. And if we could school ourselves to do that and school everybody in our or ganization to do that, we will probably come as close to the ul timate in having a safe place in which to work as anyone could come. Safety programs are supposed to improve morale. I don't know what morale is. Some people think it is having music with your work, and others have different formu las. But to me morale is mostly made up of being satisfied with the place in which you work, hav ing confidence and respect for the people you work with--your supervisor having respect for the workman, and workmen having respect for the supervisor. And all of us can have more respect for the other fellow in our organ ization. it is to feel that he has an interest in our welfare and our safety and that he is doing something all the time to try to make our work place a better place in which to work. In talking with our foremen and superintendents, I always try to break down overhead and other abstract things around a manu facturing plant, into terms they can understand, I try to repre sent the lights that are burning, the machines we buy for them to use and it represents all the brass hats and its represents too mony brooms when they don't use them in the right way. It represents little things nnd safety in the same way represents little things. It may mean that you take a side step sometime instead of stepping forward and you step into an un safe position instead of a safe one. It is something that just can' be talked about in big, broa figures or abstract terms. It : something that is dependent upo every move we make, every diret tion ot our walkiny through plant. It may mean a questic as to whether we come to woi this morning or stay ar horn Littte things--I i 111 e practic things--are the things that d termine whether or not we a working safely or not workii safely. And so, if we just try think about it that way, try make ourselves conscious of I importance of every last thi we do, of every move we make, every thought we have, and try make each moment as safe moment as we can, we are m likely to come out at the end the line with an aggregate safe practices rather than uns practices. CJ SAFETY IN A DECENT G. E Air. Morse Is Director of Em Corporate HE PRACTICE of decentra tion of operations has give Tat Sylvania a brand new f of view with regard to safety accident prevention. By wa building the scene, a bit of tory may be helpful. Prior tc War, we had two plants in F sylvania--one at St. Mary's the other at Emporium. I everybody in our orto do that, we will ome as close to the ulhaving u safe place in work as anyone could programs are supposed e morale. I don't know ile is. Some people think ig music with your work, rs have different formuto me morale is mostly of being satisfied with in which you work, havidence and respect for i you work with--your 'rrfaving respect for the i, and workmen having for the supervisor. And ;an have more respect other fellow in our organIt is to feel that he has rest in our welfare and ety and that he is doing ng all the time to try to )ur work place a better i which to work, alking with our foremen perinfendents, I always try k down overhead and other :t things a round a manung plant, into terms they ''Stand. I try to repre.ights that are burning, achines we buy for them to d it represents all the brass 1 its represents too many s when they don't use them 2 right way. It represents things and safety in the way represents little things, y mean that you take a side lometime instead of stepping srd and you step into an un position instead of a safe It is something that just can't be talked obout in big, broad figures or abstract terms. It is something that is dependent upon every move we make, every direc tion of our walking through a plant. It may mean a question as to whether we come to work this morning or stay at home. Littte things--I i 11! e practical things--are the things that de termine whether or not we are working safely or not working safely. And SO, if we just try to think about it that way, try to moke ourselves conscious of the importance of every last thing we do, of every move we make, of every thought we hove, and try to make each moment as safe a moment as we can, we are most likely to come out at the end of the line with an aggregate of safe practices rather than unsafe practices. To get back to the subject-- What a Good Safety Program Can Do for Production--I'd put it this way: That a good safety program not only can do something for production, you've got to have one in order to have good production. It is a must; it is a production tool that can't be ignored. One of the more important things.-- we must have a management which is sympathetic and under standing in that direction, must be given supervisors and work men who have been trained to be safety conscious and have the in telligence to proceed in that man ner. Must have a safety depart ment that is active and efficient and able to keep everybody else steamed up. Then you are bound to have a relatively safe plant, and if you do you will be making the most of your economic invest ment and will have shown your selves to be good managers. *** (J SAFETY IN A DECENTRALIZED OPERATION G. E. MORSE Air. Alone Is Director of Employe Relations, Sylvania Electric Products Corporation, Emporium, Penna. HE PRACTICE of decentraliza tion of operations has given us Tat Sylvania a brand new point of view with regard to safety and accident prevention. By way of building the scene, a bit of his tory may be helpful. Prior to the War, we had two plants in Penn sylvania--one at St. Mary's and the other at Emporium. They were close enough to be operated as a single unit, as far as safety and accident prevention work is concerned. Over the period of years we had been in business, we developed a rather formal, carefully planned, well estab lished, smoothly functioning safety program. Looking back upon that period, 13 we can understand why that sys tem worked so well. We had two major products--incandescent -light bulbs and radio receiving tubes. The simplicity of the prob lem was not the reusun our pro gram went so smoothly. Behind it was the fact of an on-the-spot top management with an interest in safety work, in operating with a regard for the hazards to life and limb involved in industrial operations, not only were they onthe-spot, but they knew personally from experience, day to day, week to week, year to year the person nel, equipment, and process, so the program had a personality to it that stemmed from the very top reaches of the organization and helped to make it of importance equal with other aspects of the job. Then came the War with its terrific demand for expansion. In fact the War experience upset us completely--especially our safety and accident prevention work. First, there was the tremendous influx of new employes. Not only the added ones to meet war-time orders, but the terrific turnover we experienced during that period. The draft and the spreading out of supervision contributed to the break up of our experience pat tern. The threads of the past were gone. The personal know how, the individual familiarity with operations, with possible sources of hazards and accidents were broken and, in many in stances, lost. Top management went on the road or moved a way to new locations or jobs. Over crowded conditions increased the problems. New products moved 14 in. We had a lack of help. We could not hire the people we wanted, even when we scraped the bottom of the barrel. The need for new materials--the need to be self-sufficient--the pressure to get out the war production--all affected the change. It was out of an almost actual breakdown of our operating sys tem that we developed a new point of view and a new plan-- the plan to decentralize opera tions. That plan is of interest be cause, while Sylvania in toto is counted as a large company, the decentralization process broke us down to small operating units, many brand new, many well below 100 employes total, so our ex perience has meaning now for the small or average sized firm. It has meaning for the large firm which, like Sylvania, is decentral ized with regard to its manufac turing facilities. Decentralization of operations forces a centralization of admin istration and service functions. It forced us to centralize our safety and accident prevention work. We were fearful of the change ini tially because, added to all the burdens of war-time changes, we were a little alarmed that we would be so far removed from any personal contact, with front line management out at the finger tips of the decentralized organization; that our program would bo a paper program; that we would talk a good game of accident prevention, but really would fail to have a workable one. We feared that the write-up, the chart, the forms, all the pro cedures would look good, but the * accidents would crowd in on us I --people would be hurt, injured, ; would have their health damaged, j because no one was on the spot s representing top authority to take | a personal interest in this phase of the work--a phase all too easy j to abandon in meeting of the need | of a war-time schedule. | We made a radical change in the organization set-up of our safety program. Previously it had been part and parcel of manu facturer reporting to the top oper ating executive. With the decen tralization of operations and with the emphasis on centralization of services--safety and accident pre vention, industrial hygiene, em ploye health--were grouped to gether under the Personnel or Industrial Relations Department. How could we, in making such a move, still carry the prestige of top management blessing to our safety work? It was decided to give it a try by putting it in the top reaches of our Industrial ReI lotions Department. ! Unfortunately it fell to me to i head the program. I say unfor tunately because, in spite of the fact of my engineering back ground--and ten years actual ex perience at that time with the Company, I was not a safety man. I was not even a qualified inspec tor. There was only one way to bridge that gap. The safety pro gram. while normally under the direction of the Industrial Rela tions Department, was given a direct channel to top manage ment, to the President of the Corporation, so he saw a safety problem without delay. An in- nod a lack of help. We jt hire the people we 3ven when we scraped the jf the barrel. The need naterials--the need to be cient--the pressure to the war production--all fhe change. , out of an almost actual wn of our operating sys:t we developed a new view and a new plan-- n to decentralize operahat plan is of interest bewhile Sylvnnia in toto is as a large company, the . 3tion process broke us V'small operating units, rand new, many well below loyes total, so our exnas meaning now for the >r average sized firm. It :aning for the large firm like Sylvania, is decentralth regard to its manufacfacilities. ntralization of operations a centralization of adminn and service functions. It us to centralize our safety cident prevention work. We earful of the change inibecause, added ro all the ' of these war-time ... we were a little alarmed e would be so far removed iny personal contact, with e management out at the tips of the decentralized zation; that our proyium be a paper program; that juld talk a good game of int prevention, but really fail to have a workable one. feared that the write-up, iort, the forms, all the proes would look good, bu( the accidents would crowd in on us --people would be hurt, injured, would have their health damaged, because no one was on the spot representing top authority to take a personal interest in this phase of the work--a phase all too easy to abandon in meeting of fhe need of a war-time schedule. We made a radical change in the organization set-up of our safety program. Previously it hod been part and parcel of manu facturer reporting to the top oper ating executive. With the decen tralization of operations and with the emphasis on centralization of services--safety and accident pre vention, industrial hygiene, em ploye health--were grouped to gether under the Personnel or Industrial Relations Department. How could we, in making such a move, still carry the prestige of top management blessing to our safety work? It was decided to give it a fry by putting it in the top reaches of our Industrial Re lations Department. Unfortunately if fell to me to head fhe program. I say unfor tunately because, in spite of the fact of my engineering back ground--and ten years actual ex perience at that time with the Company, 1 was not a safety man. I was not even a qualified inspec tor. There was only one way to bridge that gap. The safety pro gram, while normally under the direction of the Industrial Rela tions Department, was given a direct channel to top manage ment, to the President of the Corporation, so he saw a safety problem without delay. An in spector's report or a recommenda tion from the State of Pennsyl vania, or a suggestion by the insurance company would not be roGd-blocked, but could if neces sary liavel freely and effectively right to the top of our Company. On the other hand, by being tied in with the rest of our personnel program, we had an open door into every nook and cranny of the organization, in spite of war-time security limitations, in spite of accounting niceties which tend to put things in little pockets and not allow a free interchange of information between activities. Under a Service Department, which affected everyone, through top management and every branch of the organization, and with the channel clear to the operating executive for the Company as a whole, we started out. That sounds fine. That's the paper program. But what happened is what counts. The credit for the success of that operation goes to the men in the field, particularly to Jim Lawler, our Area Safety Engineer in Pennsylvania. The success of our program stemmed, not from the top or the bottom, but from an intelligent, experi enced, effective inspection, fol low-up and guidance program, through the hands and mind of our Area Safety Engineer. The problem we faced was a terrific one. We had new prod ucts; we began to make metal parts for ourselves; we started in the wire business because wire was a critical material and we could not buy it. We made com plicated mechanical equipment, manufactured gases, and trans ported them. Finally we got into a war-time program that almost , swept us away--our part in the manufacture of that wonderful little fuse thul was so effective in turning the tides of the War-- the variable time fuse which helped win the Battle of the Bulge and proved to be our answer to the Kamikaze suicide raiders in the Pacific. Purchasing agents who ordered parts by the hundred were dizzy when orders came through by the millions. We had to hire someone--anyone from the community--for the job of handling dangerous materials that we knew little or nothing about. Employes operated ma chines who never had done that work before, and yet Jim and the safety men in the plants were able to lick those problems. In attempting to analyze why it worked and to take out of that analysis some hint as to how gov ernmental inspection services or individual industrial safety organ izations can call upon those same sources for day to day effectua tion of safety and accident pro grams in peace time is worth a moment's consideration. First we leaned heavily on the State and Federal agencies at hand, particularly the State. We liked Pennsylvania. While it is true that half of our company had its beginnings here and some element of nostalgia entered into our selection of Pennsylvania for expansion, it was even more im portant that we had a good indus trial experience here. We found state agencies that were under standing, helpful and cooperative --found industrial neighbors willing to share our problems and give freely of their experience to help us out. In a short period of time, we increased to eighteen plants in eleven cities and towns in this State, with a flock of subcontracting operations acting as feeders to our own operations. In almost every instance, we were employing people untrained, unfamiliar with industrial work--the ideal group to get into trouble. Just the group we and you would expect to have a poor accident record. By leaning on the experience-- by calling for the help of the State Inspector's Departments (men already overburdened by the war-time demands placed on them), we nevertheless were able to give those new organization personnel a quick support, a quick indoctrination, a very prompt and helpful sharing of many years of experience and specific know-how. We called heavily upon the serv ices of our insurance company and there's a clue for many of us --we pay good money in pre miums and count carefully our compensation costs, the results of our over-all program in loss, or accident prevention, but all too often we let lie dormant the tre mendous resources of the insur- ance organizations which are more than willing to be of service if wo will only help them to apply their abilities and their facilities to our specific problems--if we regard them as an aid, an ally-- if we regard their facilities as tools of ours, rather than to treat them or regard them as outsiders | | j | jj jj * i jj * j | j j ! j j ] j J j > j | 1 ! | ; --as a hindrance--as an annoying interference with our own pro gram. The next thing we did was call upon the State through its edu cational program. We just did not have the man power or the skill to train first line supervision in the simple elements of safety work or accident prevention. And so we made out of the personnel and the training material of the State enough to get at least the beginnings of an understanding of what constitutes safe practice into the minds of our crop of new supervision. Sounds fine, doesn't it? But looking back at it there is an element we must not forget. To describe a program like that al most makes the task look easy, and you and I who have been close to the problem of maintain ing a safe and sane operation know that it just isn't easy. The hidden factors that helped to make this burden bearable; that helped to make this challenge meetable, were, first, the newness for many of the people involved. Here the very thing we feared, we must recognize was helpful to us. The new employe operating a gigantic machine with open fires, handling glass which might cut him, handling wires that might puncture him, was genuinely scared, and his fright helped to make him more susceptible to routine safety instruction. The appeal to patriotic elements at that time was an effective one. A competitive spirit was de veloped. Jim and his crew, by so simple a device as a sheet of paper, show- Ipful and cooperative jstrial neighbors wille our problems and if their`experience to In a short period of icreased to eighteen ?ven cities and towns , with a flock of sub operations acting as ur own operations. In y instance, we were reople untrained, un i industrial work---the to get into trouble. >up we and you would iave a poor accident ' i the experience-- Sw the help of the rector's Departments overburdened by the lands placed on nevertheless were able ose new organization quick support, a quick on, a very prompt and ring of many years of and specific know-how. heavily upon the servir insurance company a clue for many of us good money in prei count carefully our ion costs, the results of II ^orogram in loss, or :ntion, but all too et lie dormant the treesources of the insur- rations which are aiding to be of service only help them to upply ties and their facilities ecific problems--if we ;m as an aid, an ally-- jard their facilities as irs, rather than to treat egard th em as outsiders --as a hindrance--as an annoying interference with our own pro gram. The next thing we did was call upon the State through its edu cational program We just did not have the man-power or the skill to train first line supervision in the simple elements of safety work or accident prevention. And so we made out of the personnel and the training material of the State enough to get at least the beginnings of an understanding of what constitutes safe practice into the minds of our crop of new supervision. Sounds fine, doesn't it? But looking back at it there is an element we must not forget. To describe a program like that al most makes the task look easy, and you and I who have been close to the problem of maintain ing a safe and sane operation know that it just isn't easy. The hidden factors that helped to make this burden bearable; that helped to make this challenge meetable, were, first, the newness for many of the people involved. Here the very thing we feared., we must recognize was helpful to us. Thp new employe operating a gigantic machine with open fires, handling glass which might cut him, handling wires that might puncture him, was genuinely scared, and his fright helped to make him more susceptible to routine safety instruction. The appeal to patriotic elements at that time was an effective one. A competitive spirit was de veloped. Jim and his crew, by so simple a device as a sheet of paper, show ing reportable accidents, lost time accidents, frequency, and severity figures, plant by plant, developed an interest in safety that almost approached the en thusiasm for a baseball series or a bowling series. Within the plant itself large accident boards were installed right on the work floor. We had the advantage in most places of having all our opera tions in a single room, or at least a great part of them, and the safety board was set apart de liberately. Other posters, notices, signs were taken down, so that the safety board would stand out, and on it was kept the score, depart ment by department. That too helped to create and maintain a spirit of competition so that safety became a conscious part of the day to day operation of the indi vidual employe, and not just a program that the inspector was held accountable for. We found that the in-plant problem was not our only one. Just as we felt we were getting somewhere, we were deluged with a rush of outside accidents. Re member during the war period how difficult it was to get some one to repair the leak in the roof or mend Thar broken pipe in the cellar, and we found our em ployes, although adequately keyed up to an appreciation of safety on the job, were getting themselves hurt after working hours. Under war-time working hours, employes played hard to offset their hours of working hard, and we suffered through everything from broken legs as a result of skiing in the winter to broken arms as a result of soft ball com- 17 making the changes required by petitions in the summer. And tempt made our accident experi peacetime orders, where instead m, gain, our accident man, Jim, and his crew came through. They tied jn after-hours safety with the ence steadily grow worse. We just could not carry on the old way. The old program did not work. of Uncle Sam's millions, one cus tomer wanted a hundred, another wanted a dozen, another six. Inecessity of the employes being When we took a quick look at on the job. In their educational our status, we found we hnd not program they worked on the fact returned to two plants, St. Marys We decided we had only one a that the employe thinks first and and Emporium--we were left with course of action--that was to pick foremost of job security. They fourteen plants in nine different j the best we had learned from the showed that job security in terms localities in Pennsylvania. We | two prior experiences--our pre- of pay or seniority or work rules said, "It worked before. Let's go f war experience and our actual has little meaning if it is thrown back to the old war-time razzle jj war-time experience. out the window by a careless acci dazzle." But that failed, too. | First we decided that safety dent while at play. The plan The money wasn't there for one | and accident prevention work and worked. A remarkable record you thing. The patriotic elements * health work needed to be central will agree, but what does it mean now? were not there for a second. The need for a competitive point of > ized. We recognized that we I gained an advantage by having When the end of the war came, view, rather than a throw-the- 1 for that program a free channel we in Sylvania breathed a sigh manpower- in - and - get-it-out-the- I to the top of the organization. of relief. We felt we could un door point of view was another | So today our Central Medical and cross our fingers. We said, "Now factor that had changed. Safety Department, although it we will go back to our former A quick review of the plan con still appears on the organization time-tested program. Now we will have experienced employes. Now we will have adequate depth of supervision--supervision by men who know the hazards involved, and who have had years of safety experience; they should be better than before the war because of their experience." That was a wrong guess. After V. J. Day, our experience got steadily worse. The pressure was gone. A man down-graded as a result of post war contraction wasn't the safety vinced us there was no easy solu tion and that there is no easy con tinuing solution to operating a safety program. That's true either in a single location or in multiple decentralized location such as we have. Nevertheless, we had to act fast. We were about to sink our selves with accident losses in one plant. We were holding our breath for fear employes would refuse to come to work. We had a toxicity problem that could break at any time in that com chart in industrial relations or Ij personnel (so that the door is open J to all locations and activities), has i a supplemental line direct to the president of the corporation. Second, we reasoned that the use of outside help would be the only answer, that it would be pos sible for us to still meet budget limitations and pressure of com petition on our cost and our over head expense. Therefore, we have j attempted and we hope we have ! succeeded in gaining the very real conscious experienced supervisor of work that we expected. He was munity and make people say they would give up their jobs at Syl j help the State has to offer. At least that's the direction Sylvania careless. Psychologically some vania; that they could readily get | wants to go in--the direction of thing like this was going on in better jobs with less hazards else closer, effective cooperation with mi his mind--"I have had ten times where. We had another situation State agents. We regard a State that many machines. I've su where although guards were avail inspector as an ally, an assistant, pervised ten times that many able and we know the solution to a man we cannot afford for our people. I've handled much more the problem, people were having selves. serious problems than that. These fingers chopped off because main Similarly, we have continued to problems are easy." The old buga tenance crews were too busy doing call upon the resources of our in boo of familiarity breeding con- reconversion of machinery and surance carrier. This is just a 18 little secret between you and me. ,ur accident cxperijrow worse. We just ry on the old way. am did' not work. 00k u quick look at ; found we had not vo plants, St. Marys i__ we were left with fs in nine different Pennsylvania. We ;ed before. Let's go old war-time rozilc t that failed, too. wasn't there for one patriotic elements -e for a second. The competitive point of ' on a throw-thcVw<id -get-it-out-thc- ,f view was another ~d changed. .w of the plan con- re was no easy soluthere is no easy contion to operating a m. That's true cither jeation or in multiple j location such as we theless, we had to act :re about to sink ouriccident losses in one were holding our fear employes would me to work. We had problem that could ime in that cornmake people say they up their jobs at Syl>y could readily get ..rh less hazards else hod another situation igh guards were availknow the solution to i, people were having ped off because main'S were too busy doing ; of machinery and making the changes required by peacetime orders, where instead of Uncle Sam's millions, one cus tomer wanted a hundred, another wanted a dozen, another six. We decided we had only one course of action--that was to pick the best we had learned from the two prior experiences--our pre war experience and our actual war-time experience. First we decided that safety and accident prevention work and health work needed to be central ized. We recognized that we gained an advantage by having for that program a free channel to the top of the organization So today our Central Medical and Safety Department, although it still appears on the organization chart in industrial relations or personnel (so that the door is open to all locations and activities), has a supplemental line direct to the president of the corporation. Second, we reasoned that the use of outside help would be the only answer, that it would be pos sible for us to still meet budget limitations and pressure of com petition on our cost and our over head expense. Therefore, we have attempted and we hope we have succeeded in gaining the very real help the State has to offer. At least that's the direction Sylvania wants to go in--the direction of closer, effective cooperation with State agents. We regard a State inspector as an ally, an assistant, a man we cannot afford for our selves. Similarly, we have continued to call upon the resources of our in surance carrier. This is just a little secret between you and me. We almost lost our insurance car rier, not because we weren't using his services, but because we were having such a poor experience. We are convinced now that the two tie together. A good experi ence cannot be obtained by the trick of trying to lift yourself by your boot strops. Two heads are Still better than one, and a good experience comes, I'm sure, in an operation like our own, in calling upon and making use of the facili ties ond abilities of our insurance company. Third, and most important of all, is the appeal to the individual. We just find it impossible to go back to the pre-war circumstances where we had a personal relation ship all up and down the line. On the other hand, we have lost the extras, the excitement of the war time fury, but we recognize that we need a personal interest on the part of every employe if there is to be an effective accident pre vention program. To gain that, we have selected in every plant a safety man. We can't afford a full-time man, es pecially in those units with less than 100 employes total. But whatever other job a safety man has, first and foremost the amount of time allotted to him for his safety work is absolutely inviolate. If it is only ten per cent of his time, that ten per cent for the accident prevention program must and does come first. Every em ploye in that plant counts the safety man as his friend; also as his team mate in building a com pletely whole job security. Second, we have tried to fie in our acci dent and safety work with our 19 health program. I don't know why it is, but it's a strange quirk of human nature that you and I ore much more concerned about the intangible than about the thing we can see. Expressed very crudely, if I were on a trip through the jungles of Africa, I would much rather be attacked by a man-eating tiger and killed in his jaws than to be stung by a tiny little fly and die of sleeping sickness. Why? I don't know. You and I think there's some justice when we fall off a ladder and break an arm. We understand that. If an infec tion sets in, we don't even know how we got the scratch, and yet we lose a finger or an arm. We don't understand or accept that. Of great importance in getting personal interest in the program is the psychology that surrounds the typical American's interest in his health. We have attempted to tie our safety and accident prevention work in with the work of our trained nurses in the plant's firstaid room and to tie it in with the work of our part-time consulting doctors in the towns in which we operate, so that the concern for the intangibles of good health is used to create and maintain indi vidual interest in our safety pro gram. We don't pretend to have a per fect record. The remarkable re sults we have shown go to the men on the firing line--Jim Lawler, our Area Safety Engineer, and the men in our plants throughout the State. We are glad to share our experiences, both good and bad, with you. If you want to write or visit Jim in Emporium, the name is J. J. Lawler, Sylvania Electric Products, Emporium, Pennsylvania, and that's not a free gift. There's a catch to it. If you talk to Jim, he will get as much from you as you do from our experience. t q DUST CONTROL IN ASBESTOS INDUSTRY............... B. W. LUTTENBERGER Air. Lnttenberger Is Plant Manager. IJ. S. Asbestos Division, Raybestos-Manbattan, Inc., Manheim, Penna. E HAD a job to do in the as bestos industry and we've W done a fairly good job, but we are still ut it and hare been at it for thirty years. Mr. McDevitt has mentioned dust being one of the main com plaints of his organization. It's the biggest hazard we have in our plant, or in any asbestos plant. Asbestos is the only known mineral fiber. Chemically it is silicate of magnesium. Physically it is fibrous, soft and silky, yet is in rock form. The history of its use goes back to Biblical time, in fact it is claimed that the wicks of the lamps of Vestal Virgins were made of asbestos. So also is it claimed that the cloth which 20 Charlemagne threw in the fla to cleanse was made of asbes Commercially asbestos has b in use less than one hunc years. It is found in every S' in the Union, but the only sou used commercially in the Un States are found in Arizona Vermont. The main sources supply are from the Province Quebec, Canada, and in Sc Africa. Asbestos fibers are receivec bags, partially fiberized. processes employed to con these fibers into finished clo tapes, yarns, etc., are substanti the same as used in the wo< textile industry. The fibers opened, fluffed, cleaned, can spun, plied and woven into te> products. Asbestos fibers short to spin are used in var building materials--shingles, ing, mill board, insulation. Short fibers are also used molded products in the electri automotive and other fields. Whenever and wherever as tos is processed it creates c unless it is thoroughly wet Asbestos dust when breathed the lungs is hazardous to the I tissues of employes. This ha; has been recognized for n years by the manufacturer the medical profession. Long fore asbestosis was declared occupational disease and n compensable by law Januan 1938, in Pennsylvania, the in try kept pace with the enginee progress in the control of the d The first attempt at contrc that time seemed quite adeqt and modern but looking l thirty years, such systems of < f prevention vork of our plant's, firstt in with the e consulting in which we concern for >od health is laintain indir safety pro- 0 have a pernarkable re,0 to the men -Jim Lawler, teer, and the roughout the 1 hare our OTKand bad, t to write or - the name <a Electric 3ennsylvama, gift. There's talk to Jim, from you as erience. ER only known ally it is n Physically i silky, yet is listory of its licol time, in at the wicks 2stal Virgins is. So also is cloth which Charlemagne threw in the flames to cleanse was made of asbestos. Commercially asbestos has been in use less than one hundred years. It is found in every State in the Union, but the only sources used commercially in the United States are found in Arizona and Vermont. The main sources of supply are from the Province of Quebec, Canada, and in South Africa. Asbestos fibers are received in bags, partially fiberized. The processes employed to convert these fibers into finished cloths, tapes, yarns, etc., are substantially the same as used in the woolen textile industry. The fibers are opened, fluffed, cleaned, carded, spun, plied and woven into textile products. Asbestos fibers too short to spin are used in various building materials--shingles, sid ing, mill board, insulation, etc. Short fibers are also used for molded products in the electrical, automotive and other fields. Whenever and wherever asbes tos is processed it creates dust, unless it is thoroughly wetted. Asbestos dust when breathed into the lungs is hazardous to the lung tissues of employes. This hazard has been recognized for many years by the manufacturer and the medical profession. Long be fore asbestosis was declared an occupational disease and made compensable by law January 1, 1938, in Pennsylvania, rhe indus try kept pace with the engineering progress in the control of the dust. The first attempt at control at that time seemed quite adequate and modern but looking back thirty years, such systems of con trol appear just as they were, crude and inadequate. I can tell you, twenty-five years ago, stand ing in any asbestos plant, twenty- five feet away you wouldn't recog nize an employe due to the con centration of the dust. These first installations amounted to little more than a crude means of ventilation. The air was changed and the dust particles reduced, but the dust was allowed to escape into the room and usually the travel of air was directly past the breathing zone of the operator. Crude, un comfortable and ineffective dust masks were supplied but it was almost impossible to get the em ployes to use them. I might say the facilities made available now are very much improved, but we are still up against the problem of nature, of how to fasten these dust masks onto a person's face. Nature put the ears there, or where would you put your glasses? But that is not true of a dust mask. They preferred a piece of gauze or muslin tied over the nose, which medical men declared entirely ineffective. In succession came the open hoods, then en closed burlap houses each change tending toward trapping the dust and collecting it at its source before it ever got into the room or the breathing zone of the operator. I have hurriedly skipped over a good many years of headaches, heartaches, trial and error meth ods which cost many thousands of dollars, yet most of the members of the industry were willing to do this to control the dust and re duce the hazard. 21 Today we are proud of the progress made--I speak mostly for our own two plants--the , United States Asbestos Division at Manheim with 1,300 employes and the General Asbestos Division at Charleston, 5outh Carolina, with 1.000 employes. I speak also of Johns Manville, Keasby and Mattison, Union Asbestos and Rubber Company, General Electric and many others who have spent much time and expense to control a bad hazard. In every process that can be controlled, something has been done about it. The first approach is to collect the dust at its source --take it out of the machine and building, filter it or wet it down-- and aur policy is not to return the filtered air to the department. In fact, we are now exhausting from our plant at Manheim about 300.000 cubic feet of air per minute and not one cubic foot is being returned. We agree with our Department of Labor and In dustry that this filtered air is not sufficiently free of dust particles. Another problem is after we get it out of the department--years ago cyclones were the accepted units for disposal and separation ot the dust from the air--dust laden air was discharged into the atmosphere. Today we use either burlap filters for the textile dusts and wet collectors for the grind ing dust. In certain processes in the manufacture of asbestos, it is almost impossible to collect the dust at its source. I refer to weav ing, spinning, twisting and braid ing. Our solution to weaving and braiding is water sprays to dampen the yarns sufficiently to allay the dust--eight to ten per cent will do the trick. For years damp weaving was frowned upon by chemists and some customers because it was more difficult to impregnate these damp woven products. Most of these difficul ties have been overcome by new methods of impregnation. Spinning and twisting of as bestos yarns is today our worst problem to control. We are now working with the engineers of the Morraine Company, a division of General Motors. We hope this will be our answer. We believe that the designers and builders have a responsibility in the construction of their ma chines so that exhaust equipment is part of that unit. This is just as important as safety guards for moving parts. Over a period of twenty-five years, we have so con trolled the dust that the concen tration of dust has been reduced from a range of 10, 15, 25, 40 up to 75 and more million particles per cubic foot. Today the average is well under five million, which is considered a safe concentra tion. We are not satisfied that five million is safe, therefore we continue to reduce the count to an absolute minimum. Our efforts have shown results, not only in the cost of the compensation cases, but as a humanitarian reason. We have had no cases of asbestosis develop in any employe who was hired in the last twelve years. We have our own Medical and First Aid Department. All em ployes are required to take a pre employment medical exxamination, including a chest X-ray. Periodically chest X-rays are taken of the employes and rear by Dr. R. D. Swab, the diagnose: of which are available to the em ployes' family physician. Many of our problems wouk not today be solved were it no for the help and cooperation o various organizations. Let mi give credit and thanks to the fol lowing: Dr. A. J. Lanza, Dr. W. J. Me Connell and Mr. J. W. Fehnel Industrial Health Service of thi Metropolitan Life Insurance Com pany, and Dr. L. W. Gardner, o Saranac Laboratory, who havt worked with us since 1929; Dr. Walmer and Mr. Hemeon of the Industrial Hygiene Founda tion of the Mellon Institute; United States Federal Depart ment of Health; n ACCIDENT PREVENTION WILLIAM Mr. Kearns Is Service Supers & Cotnpa HE subject of Accident Preven tion Training, as discussed here Twill be in two parts. The firs is a definite packaged training program by that name and th* second phase is a recently in novated "safety clinic," which i for supervision. Accident prevention trainin' has always been a very importan part of all duPont training sinc< one of the first company powde plant explosions in 1818. Thi company was willing to assume -eight to ten per trick. For years /as frowned upon 1 some 'customers more difficult to se damp woven of these difficulovercome by new cgnation. twisting of astoday our worst rol. We are now engineers of the ny, a division of We hope this er. tat the designers ( responsibility of their machausf equipment jnit. This is just ifety guards for ~ver a period of we have so con flict the conccnlas been reduced 10, 15, 25, 40 up million particles oday the average ve million, which safe concentra.ot satisfied that afe, therefore we ace the count to "im. Our efforts not only in the ipensation cases, tarian reason. We ses of asbestosis lploye who was twelve years, own Medical and rtment. All cmed to fake a predical exxaminaa chest X-ray est X-rays arc taken of the employes and read by Dr. R. D. Swab, the diagnoses of which are available to the em ployes' family physician. Many of our problems would not today be solved were it not for the help and cooperation of various organizations. Let me give credit and thanks to the fol lowing: Dr. A. J. Lanza, Dr. W. J. Mc Connell and Mr. J. W. Fehnel, Industrial Health Service of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Com pany, and Dr. L. W. Gardner, of Saranac Laboratory, who have worked with us since 1929; Dr. Walmer and Mr. Hemeon, of the Industrial Hygiene Founda tion of the Mellon Institute; United States Federal Depart ment of Health; Members of the Asbestos Tex tile Institute; Turner-Newall of Rochdale, England; British Belting and Asbestos Company; and last but not least the cooper ation of the Health Hygiene Bureau of the Pennsylvania De partment of Labor and Industry. I refer particularly to Dr. Shilen, Messrs. Dooley, Koppenhaver, Cole and Draude--all of these men have been of inestimable value in our efforts to control a serious hazard. And to our own Managers and Board of Directors, many thanks, for they have cer tainly been enthusiastic. Dust can be controlled. It is a continuing job day after day, month after month and year after year. tf g ACCIDENT PREVENTION TRAINING ...... WILLIAM W. KEARNS Mr. Kearns Is Service Superintendent, E. /. duPont de Nemours & Company Philadelphia THE subject of Accident Preven tion Training, as discussed here, will be in two parts. The first is a definite packaged training program by that name and the second phase is a recently in novated "safety clinic/' which is for supervision. Accident prevention training has always been a very important part of all duPont training since one of the first company powder plant explosions in 1818. The company was willing to assume the responsibility for safeguarding employes from occupational haz ards. Likewise, they assumed the responsibility for occupational in juries. As a result of this explo sion in 1818, the families of the victims were subsidized with pay ments from the company. Now this was practically one hundred years before a majority of the States had any Workmen's Com pensation Act, but you can realize that with two different explosions --two officers of the company killed--it was a very important problem. Therefore, you can see that for a very long period of time we have had what we thought was well-de veloped safety thinking. Safety was considered as the first and most important responsibility of all supervision. Therefore, active inspectionul and directional safety and fire protection committees were operating in all our loca tions. This system seemed to be working very well. Our severity rates and our frequency rates were something to be proud of. In safety competition we had sue ceeded in getting more than our share of the trophies. So, up to the time of the pre paredness program for World War II, our program had been very sat isfactory. When the United States become interested in assist ing the invaded countries, our company was asked to furnish military goods. Like most com panies, this meant a very hurried engineering and construction pro gram. I can say "hurried" be cause I wus in one of the Man hattan deals the company was in volved in and we had a construc tion camp of 70,000 people. The products which we were to make --and for the present we are con fining ourselves to explosive prod ucts--were familiar to us, but we did not have a very large per centage of employes to pass on their knowledge or experience to others. Due to the fact that TNT, RDX and other items such as smoke less powder are very unstable, it was necessary that our safety training be of the highest caliber. The government acquired the mine-run, nonoperating duties plant sites; the plants were built; , were beginning to be done in a top skeleton and training super- j slip-shod, careless manner. Super visory forces were recruited from our own commercial operations; and local personnel were hired for lower supervisory and operator jobs. We will discuss here one such plant which was in the southwestern United States. The safety record during the construction and production start i ; j ' ; j j vision became aware of the prob lem, but despite good precautions, we started having a series of lost time injuries. Some of these in juries were most extraordinary, and I beg your indulgence in al lowing me to cite one case. On a reservation of several up phases had been very good, de thousand acres, with many sepa spite the fact that the type of rated and isolated operating personnel available had not been buildings, sanitary facilities are subject to personal restrictions, regulations, etc.--only 35 per cent of them were literate, and the majority were American Indians. Our crew, then, was not natu rally familiar with strict operat ing procedures or used to living a well regulated life. Over half of the employes lived on an Indian reservation and represented six different Indian nations. Cer sometimes centralized. The Indian people, who were used to the free dom of the prairie, could not see the sense of the white man's cus tom. This careless abandon re sulted in severe burns to an Indian Princess, who unfortu nately came too close to a steam outlet in a French drain. In fol lowing through on the investiga tion of this injury, the decision tainly we would not say that life was that supervision had failed to in a tepee or wigwam qualifies one as an operator on a TNT line. Production was started and made very satisfactory progress. A very intensive program of J. I. T. instruction and training, plus a very close supervisory follow-up had paid off by our making our production schedules. The largest 1 J j j propei ly impress on the employes our company's sanitary problems and the necessary rules. As a re sult of similar injuries, we decided that something must be done to impress our people with the neces sity of following the established safety procedures. amount of credit for these attain ments was given to the thorough j The J. I. T. system had been so successful production-wise that it training of our supervision. They had also operated at a good safety level. The personnel had learned to highly respect the manufacturing processes. They could understand the dangers in volved in fires and explosions. However, many of the ordinary : j was decided that all operations should adopt this method to sell safety procedures. It would be the responsibility of each foreman to make a hazard breakdown analysis, step to step, of each op eration on each job. This whole red the re built; 3 supered ,from4 notions; e hired operator ere one e south ing the 3n stortood, de type of iot been rictions, 35 per ite, and icon ot natuoperatliving ver holf on an resented ns. Cerrhat life qualifies NT line, ed nnd progress, if J. I.T. plus a ollow-up .'g our argest e attain?horough . They j good inel had >ect the s. They ngers insions. ordinary mine-run, nonoperating duties were beginning to be done in a slip-shod, careless manner. Super vision became aware of the prob lem, but despite good precautions, we started having a series of lost time injuries. Some of these in juries were most extraordinary, and I beg your indulgence in al lowing me to cite one case. On a reservation of several thousand acres, with many sepa rated and isolated operating buildings, sanitary facilities are sometimes centralized. The Indian people, who were used to the free dom of the prairie, could not see the sense of the white man's cus tom. This careless abandon re sulted in severe burns to an Indian Princess, who unfortu nately came too close to a steam outlet in a French drain. In fol lowing through on the investiga tion of this injury, the decision was that supervision had failed to propei ly impress on the employes our company's sanitary problems and the necessary rules. As a re sult of similar injuries, we decided that something must be done to impress our people with the neces sity of following the established safety procedures. The J. I. T. system had been so successful production-wise that it was decided that all operations should adopt this method to sell safety procedures. It would be the responsibility of each foreman to make a hazard breakdown analysis, step to step, of each op eration on each job. This whole procedure soon became known as our Accident Prevention Training or A. P. T. program. After every job was analyzed, each operator was briefed on the safety aspects. It was the opera tor's responsibility to see that each helper was briefed on his re sponsibilities, and it was the duty of the foreman to see lliat the safety aspects of each job were periodically reviewed and that the safety job standards were kept up to date. These write-ups and check lists were in considerable detail as our injuries had been caused by situations which we had not given sufficient emphasis in the face of the most serious hazardous operations, such as TNT lines. With each operator and opera tion being reviewed and studied every six months, our safety record immediately improved from a lost-time injury every two hun dred thousand exposure hours in 1944 to one every five and a hall million exposure hours in 1945 When the borrowed supervisory help came back home to the com mercial plants after the war, this A. P. T. procedure, as we call it, was made a part of our commer cial operations. Anyone who had worked with it was thoroughly sold on it because of the impres sion if made both on the super visory and the operating forces. Our present plan at the Phila delphia plant--we have 1,300 em ployes there--is to have each fore man cover the safety aspects of each job with each man under his supervision every six months, twice a year. The procedure is covered by a write-up on a standard check list form which is filed as a follow up for the next safety interview. Each foreman must review and study each job before he discusses it with the operator. Therefore, the job is investigated by the fore man, the operator is interviewed and makes his suggestions, and the foreman follows through on any necessary changes which are agreed upon. We realize that this is a com plicated, yet a complete proce dure. We have found that it works. If you have poor safety morale, and an unsatisfactory in jury experience, we recommend it heartily. The second phase of our Acci dent Prevention Training pro gram is what we call our "Safety Clinic." It follows the line of an ordinary medical clinic. We have found that even supervision can be in error. Sometimes someone may seem a little arbitrary on safety procedures, and the fore man, those overworked, downtrod den and forgotten persons, really appreciate an opportunity to blow off their safety tops. Realizing this, our safety su pervisor devised the novel proce dure of having a clinic to diagnose our current mental safety ills. Advertised as a means to diagnose safety problems, this conference type meeting was put on for all 26 foremen. The result was an in dictment of everyone who had been or now was a bottleneck. If top supervision had not supported the foremen, or safety mainte nance orders did not get proper preference, or not enough safety shoes had been kept in stock, or there was a shortage of proper goggles, all these situations ended up on the conference leader's chart. As a result, we wound up with many safety problems com ing to the fore, not only in the form of gripes, but also in the form of confessions. Top super vision was presented with the re sults in our monthly Major Safety Committee meeting and in jocular parlance "the foremen had given them something to remember them by." This procedure was done in good humor and good faith. It brought a lot of situations out into the open. But most of all the foremen were so impressed with the success of these clinics in their own foreman groups, that they have asked for help in con ducting such clinical meetings with their workmen. Our foremen have asked for assistance in their own safety program. Our answer is that shortly the experts will start conducting a course for them on Conference Leadership Training. We do not contend that these procedures are a cure-all for all situations. They did fill a need in our own program. We recom mend them for your consideration. I i (J ACCIDENT PREVENTI B. M /Mr. Walter Is l ACF Hrill Af HE value of the work of engineers is not measur Tthe saving of man-power, and materials alone. It is ured primarily in the red and elimination of human and suffering. To place th phasis on the dollar and ceni is not to minimize or ignoi human side, but rather there disagreement about the ner to view any safety program terms of human happiness. Accidents result in loss o and money. They are an < sive waste of production. It waste which any sound safe! gram must strive to eliminat Safety is everybody's bu It affects everyone in a whether the individual wor aware of this fact or not. not enough for the work worry about his welfare, or f foreman to be concerned his workers, or for the coi to plan far the physical being of its employes. Safe combination of all these, is the concern of everyone. What should be the aim accident prevention pro What objectives should it s attain? How can these obj< be achieved? Let me te briefly about a safety pr which we have found work cessfully. A successful safety progr esult was an in'eryone who had s a bottleneck. If hod nonsupported >r safety mainteid not get pruper iiot enough safety kept in stock, or hortage of proper se situations ended inference leader's suit, we wound up ety problems com e, not only in the s, but also in the ssions. Top superr 'd with the rejfVnrtly Major Safety eting and in jocular Bremen had given g to remember dure was done in and good faith. It t of situations out But most of all the : so impressed with of these clinics in -reman groups, that ked for help in con`i clinical meetings -rkmen. Our foremen ' issistance in their Pogrom. Our answer 'fly the experts will *fing a course for rerence Leadership >t contend that these are a cure-all for all They did fill a need program. We recomfor your consideration. (| ACCIDENT PREVENTION PAYS B. M. WALTER Mr. Walter Is Director o) Industrial Relations, ACV Brill Motors Company, Philadelphia HE value of the work of safety engineers is not measured in Tthe saving of man-power, time and materials alone. It is meas ured primarily in the reduction and elimination of human pain and suffering. To place the em phasis on the dollar and cents side is not to minimize or ignore the humun side, but rather there is no disagreement about the necessity to view any safety program in the terms of human happiness. feel must stem from management. The safety policies must be estab lished at the top in the same way as other tumpany policies per taining to sales, engineering, manufacturing and the adminis tration of the company. One person must be charged with the over-all responsibility of the program, and with the coordi nation of the efforts of everyone concerned. We have found that the committee system works well, Accidents result in loss of time and money. They are an expen sive waste of production. It is this waste which any sound safety pro gram must strive to eliminate. Safety is everybody's business. It affects everyone in a plant, whether the individual worker is aware of this fact or not. It is not enough for the worker to worry about his welfare, or for the foreman to be concerned about his workers, or for the company to plan for the physical well being of its employes. Safety is a combination of all these. Safety is the concern of everyone. because together with the safety engineer as the key man in the program, the committee system brings all persons concerned into an unbroken line of communica tion from top to bottom. With the committee system, the function of the accident preven tion program is coordinated by three committees. The Executive Committee which establishes the policies, the Foreman's Committee which enforces the policies, and the Worker's Committee which distributes the safety information to the workers throughout the plant. What should be the aim of an accident prevention program? What objectives should it seek to attain? How can these objectives be achieved? Let me tell you It is the function of the Execu tive Safety Committee, with the safety engineer as its secretary and the vice-president in charge Of manufacturing as its chairman, briefly about a safety program to formulate the safety policies which we have found works suc for the company. Circumstances cessfully. will alter the arrangement--for A successful safety program we example, the chief inspector, fac- 27 tory manager, or even the presi dent of the company might serve as chairman of the Executive Safety Committee, which estab lished the rules, determines the penalties for infractions and sets the guide posts in place. When the program has been established, the results are passed on to the Foreman's Safety Com mittee or Supervisory Safety Coun cil. Again the safety engineer serves as secretary with plant foremen or superintendents as ro tating chairmen. The Foreman's Safety Committee is charged with the responsibility of enforcing the safety policies throughout the do partments of the plant. Subcom mittees, composed of supervisors, investigate all accidents and all unsafe practices, conduct the good housekeeping plan, and cor rect any unsafe conditions. The enforcement of safety rules and regulations is specifically the direct responsibility of the em ploye's immediate supervisor. No program should place this respon sibility for enforcement anywhere except with the foremen. To ad minister the policies and estab lish sound safety practices based on these policies throughout the shops must be the heart of any sound safety program. One or two safety engineers in a plant cannot successfully operate the safety program, even though it be the finest program in the world. But several hundred supervisors in all departments believing alike in the value and need for safety can make the program a success. We have found worker's com mittees effective for the dissemi nation of safety information. We 28 advocate periodic showing during working hours of films released by the National Safety Council, and such films as "The Eyes Have It," "Grime Does Not Pay" and others on accident prevention which will serve to bring before the worker his part in the program. We be lieve that Workmen's Safety Com mittees cannot be placed in the dual responsibility of prosecutor and defendant. At no time should the Worker's Safety Committee be required or expected to enforce safety policies. To fortify a worker with a safety committee badge is not enough. He is not paid to enforce company policy. It is not his job to do so. He should not be required to do so regardless of the situation. It is the coordinated effort of all in harmonious teamwork which will tend to reduce the potential unsafe practices to a minimum and result in a reduction of both minor injuries and lost-time acci dents. Safety is achieved through teamwork. The bulk of industry today recognizes the National Safety Council Standards of Accident Frequency and Severity and most plants measure their safety in these terms of lost-time injuries. Frankly, I believe that we are kidding ourselves by measuring our accident prevention, our safety records and accident cost computation on the basis of lost time injuries alone. Recently, we reviewed our first aid cases and we found that we have approxi mately two hundred and ninety nonlost-time injuries for every lost-time accident. I No doubt your operations are ; similar to ours. We require that * a worker report to the dispensary ` regardless of how slight his inj jury may be. We encourage re ' peat visits and insist that any j serious case must be discharged by the nurse or doctor on duty. But as every safety engineer 5 knows, every scratch or cut or I bruise is a potential lost-time inj jury. Careful attention to the > causes of the two hundred and ninety nonlost-time injuries will aid the safety engineer in cor recting unsafe or hazardous con ditions. Always astounding is a com parison between the national acci dent ratio and the war casualty totals. All accidents, both indusj trial and nonindustrial, in the i United States during the single year 1947 reached the staggering total of 49,000 deaths and 2,650, 000 injuries. But these totals become even j more unbelievable when comj pared with the total killed and ! wounded in the American armed ; forces, including the Army, Navy, j Marines and Coast Guard, during 1 the entire period of World War 1 II from Pearl Harbor to VJ Day, a period of nearly four years. Re membering that these figures are for one year--the national acci! dent ratio--while the war totals j are for almost four years, you i will note the comparison of per- In the September 1948 Issue of "labor anc torial from the "Sunbury Daily News" was qt upon the conscientious worker whose regula ductions make possible the Unemployment contribute toward the Unemployment Compe fore was in error. c showing during films released by rety Council, and he Eyes-Have If," r Pay" and others ention which will efore the worker >rogram. We belen's Safety Com be placed in the ity of prosecutor At no time should afety Committee pected to enforce To fortify a safety committee tough. He is not , mpany policy. to do so. He equired to do so ;e situation. noted effort of s teamwork which uce the potential s to o minimum reduction of both nd lost-time acciochieved through t industry toduy National Safety trds of Accident Severity and most their safety in ' ^t-time injuries. - that we are es by measuring prevention, our d accident cost the busis of lost- one. Recently, we rst aid cases and we have approxindred and ninety ijuries for every ,`nt. No doubt your operations are similar to ours. We require that a worker report to the dispensary regardless of how slight his in jury may be. We encourage re peat visits and insist that any serious case must be discharged by the nurse or doctor on duty. But as every safety engineer knows, every scratch or cut or bruise is a potential lost-time in jury. Careful attention to the causes of the two hundred and ninety nonlost-time injuries will aid the safety engineer in cor recting unsafe or hazardous con ditions. Always astounding is a com parison between the national acci dent ratio and the war casualty totals. All accidents, both indus trial and nonindustrial, in the United States during the single year 1947 reached the staggering total of 49,000 deaths and 2,650, 000 injuries. But these totals become even more unbelievable when com pared with the total killed and wounded in the American armed forces, including the Army, Navy, Marines and Coast Guard, during the entire period of World War II from Pearl Harbor to VJ Day, a period of nearly four years. Re membering that these figures are for one year--the national acci dent ratio--while the war totals are for almost four years, you will note the comparison of per sons killed accidentally in peace time is only slightly less than the number killed in combat, while the number of persons injured in accidents is nearly fifteen times as high as the combat injuries. I realize there is a considerable difference of opinion on how safety campaigns should be in augurated and conducted. In one type the approach is sympathetic and appealing--an educational campaign to persuade the worker rather than to tell him. This might be considered the indirect method. The second is a mandatory safety program in which rules and regulations are established and rigidly enforced with severe penalties invoked for violations. This we might term the direct method. Companies must be hardboiled in safety matters for the workers' own protection. There can be no compromise with safety. Either a plant has a safety program or it does not have one. Either rules are enforced or they are not en forced, in which case you might as well not have any. The positive approach to accident prevention is by far tha better. All the safety rules and regula tions in the book, all the safe guards and mechanical devices ever invented will be of no avail if employes are permitted to disre gard the rules. Accident prevention really pays In the September 1948 issue of "Labor and Industry Review" on page 33. an edi torial from the "Sunbury Daily News" was quoted as follows; "That is purely a fraud upon the conscientious worker whose regular contribution in the form of payroll de ductions make possible the Unemployment Compensation Fund." Workers do not contribute toward the Unemployment Compensalion Fund and this statement there fore was in error. 29 Departmental Publications Available BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND INFORMATION PERIODIC PUBLICATIONS Changes in Cost of Living in Pennsylvania (quarterly) Employment Conditions in Pennsylvania Industries (monthly) Industrial Injuries in Pennsylvuuiu (monthly) Industrial Injuries in Pennsylvania (annually) Building Operations in Pennsylvania Municipalities (monthly) MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS Employment Conditions in Pennsylvania Industries: Part I. Estimates of Total Employment, Payrolls and Man-Hours for Sixty-five Industry Groups, for Each Month From January 1935 to December 1944, inc. Part II. Summary of Index Numbers (Base 1935-1939 ~ 100) for Sixty-five Indus tries, by Month, From January 1935 to December 1944, inc. Part III. Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hourly Earnings, and Average Hours Worked per Employe for the Six Year Period, 1935 to 1944, inc. A Minimum Wage Budget for Employed Women in Pennsylvania--1939. Organization and Functions of the Department of Labor and Industry. SAFETY REGULATIONS Abrasive and Polishing Wheels ................................................................................... 1944 Affecting Employment of Minors ................................................................................... 2946 Affecting Employment of Women ................................................................................... 1946 Bedding and Upholstery ................................................................................................... 1947 Brewing and Bottling .......................................................... ............................................... 1943 Canneries ................................................................................................................................ 1937 Cereal Mills, Malt Houses and Grain Elevators ..................................................... 1937 Compressed Air Apparatus .............................................................................................. 1944 Construction and Repairs ................................................................................................. 1944 Cranes and Hoists .............................................................................................................. 1945 Dry Color Industry .............................................................................................................. 1944 Elevators, Escalators, DumLwailoro andHo5<sts .................................................. 1943 Electric Safety ....................................................................................................................... 1947 Explosives, Storage. Handling, and Use of ............................................................... 1945 Foundries ................................................................................................................................ 1937 Head and Eye Protection ................................................................................................ 1945 Hours Provisions of Woman's Law ............................................................................ 1946 Industrial Home Work ....................................................................................................... 2945 Industrial Lighting .............................................................................................................. 1945 Industrial Sanitation ............................................................................................................ 1946* Labor Camps ........................................................................ ................................................. 1945 Ladders ..................................................................................................................................... 1344 Laundries ................................................................................................................................ 1937 Lead Corroding and Lead Oxidizing .......................................................r.................. 1937 Logging, Sawmill. Woodworking. Veneerand Cooperage Operations .......... 1947 Machine Tools ....................................................................................................................... Manufacture of Nitro and Amido Compounds ........................................................ 1938 Manufacture. Storage and Transportationof Fireworks ........................................ 1938 Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus .......................................................... 1945 S.10 .70 JO 30 Mines Other Than Coal Mines ............ Miscellaneous Hazards and Conditionr Paint Grinding ............................................ Pits and Quarries ..................................... Plants Manufacturing or Using Explos Plant Railways .......................................... Power, Foot and Hand Cold Metal Prc Printing and Allied Industries ............ Railings, Toe Boards, Open-Side Floo Regulations for Repairs by Welding Vessels ..................................................... Safe Practices Recommendations ..... Spray Coating ........................................... Stationary Engines .................................. Textile* Inductrios .............. ,...... Trenches and Excavations .................. Tunnel Construction and Work in Cor Unfired Pressure Vessels .................... Window Cleaning .................................. PROTECTION F Class I Buildings (Factories, Schools, Class II Buildings (Theatres and Moth Class III Buildinqs (Places o( Public Class IV Buildings (Apartment Housi Construction, Installation and Mainter Construction, Installation and Mainte: Specifications lor Standard Fire Escc Fireproofing ............................................... Grandstands .............................................. Operation of Motion Picture Projectc Storage and Handling of Photograph: * Ttpautations at printery. WORKMEN Workmen's Compen; Volumes III and VI, XI to XVII, incl Volume XVIII ........................................... Volume XIX ............................................... Volume XX ................. .................... Volume XXI .............................................. Volume XXIV. 1941 ............................... Volume XXV, 1942 ................................. Volume XXVI, 1943-1944-1945 .......... Workmen's Compen; Volumes IV, VII, VIII to XIV, inch . Volumes XV and XVI .......................... Volume XVII ........................................... Volume XVIII .......................................... Volume XIX ............................................ Volume XXI ............................ ................. Volume XXn ............................................ Volume XXOT............................................ Volume XXIV .......................................... Volume XXV, 1944 ................................ PENNSYLVANIA P Manual of Apprenticeship Departmental Publications Available BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND INFORMATION PERIODIC PUBLICATIONS Changes in Cosl of Living in Pennsylvania (quarterly) Employment Conditions in Pennsylvania Industries (monthly) Industrial Injuries in Pennsylvania (monthly) Industrial Injuries in Pennsylvania (annually) Building Operations in Pennsylvania Municipalities (monthly) MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS Employment Conditions in Pennsylvania Industries: Part I. Estimates of Total Employment, Payrolls and Man-Hours for Sixty-five Industry Groups, for Each Month From January 1935 to December 1944, Inc. Part II. Summary of Index Numbers (Base 1935-1939 rr 100) for Sixty-five Indus tries, by Month, From January 1935 to December 1944, inc. Part III. Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hourly Earnings, and Average Hours Worked per Employe for the Six Year Period, 1935 to 1944, inc. A Minimum Wage Budget for Employed Women in Pennsylvania--1939. Organization and Functions of the Department of Labor and Industry. SAFETY REGULATIONS Abrasive and Polishing Wheels .................. ...................................................... Affecting Employment of Minors ......................................................................... Affecting Employment of Women ......................................................................... Bedding and Upholstery ........................................................................................ Brewing and Bottling ............................................................................................... Canneries ...................................................................................................................... Cereal Mills, Malt Houses and Grain Elevators ........................................... Compressed Air Apparatus .................................................................................... Construction and Repairs ...................................................................................... Cranes and Hoists .................................................................................................... Dry Color Industry ..................................................................................................... Elevators, Escalators, Dumbwaiters and Hoists ......................................... Electric Safety ................................... ......................................................................... Explosives, Storage, Handling, and Use of .................................................... Foundries ...................................................................................................................... Head and Eye Protection ...................................................................................... Hours Provisions oi Woman's Law .................................................................. Industrial Home Work ............................................................................................. Industrial Lighting ................................................................................................... Industrial Sanitation ................................................................................................. Labor Camps ............................................................................................................... Ladders .......................................................................................................................... Laundnes ...................................................................................................................... Lead Corroding and Lead Oxidizing ............................................................... Logging, Sawmill, Woodworking, Veneer and Cooperage Operations Machine Tools ............................................................................................................. Manufacture of Nitro and Amido Compounds ............................................. Manufacture, Storage and Transportation of Fireworks ........................... Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus ................................................ 1944 1946 1946 1947 1943 1937 1937 1944 1944 1945 1944 1943 1947 1945 1937 1945 1946 1945 1945 1946* 1945 1944 1337 1937 1947 S.10 .70 1938 1938 1945 .10 30 Mines Other Than Coal Mines ........................... Miscellaneous Hazards and Conditions of Emp Paint Grinding .............................................................. Pit3 and Quarries ....................................................... Plants Manufacturing or Using Explosives ...... Plant Railways ............................................................ Power, Foot and Hand Cold Metal Presses ...... Printing and Allied Industries ............................... Railings, Toe Boards, Open-Side Floors, Piatlo Regulations ior Repairs by Welding Power B< Vessels ....................................................................... Safe Practices Recommendations ........................ Spray Coating ............................................................. Stationary Engines ..................................................... Textile Industries .......................................................... Trenches and Excavations ...................................... Tunnel Construction and Work in Compressed Unfired Pressure Vessels ........................................ Window Cleaning .................................. ................... PROTECTION FROM I Class I Buildings (Factories, Schools, Public Be Class II Buildings (Theatres and Motion Picture Class IH Buildings (Places of Public Assembly Class IV Buildings (Apartment Houses, etc.) .. Construction, Installation and Maintenance of E Construction, Installation and Maintenance of Specifications for Standard Fire Escapes ........ Fireproofing ................................................................... Grandstands ................................................................... Operation of Motion Picture Projectors ............. Storage and Handling of Photographic and X-F * Regulations at printery. WORKMEN'S COI Workmen's Compensation Bt Volumes III and VI, XI to XVII. incl................... Volume XVIII ............................................................... Volume XIX .................................................................... Volume XX .................................................................... Volume XXI .................................................................... Volume XXIV. 1941 .................................................... Volume XXV, 1942 ....................................................... Volume XXVI, 1943-1944-1945 ................................ Workmen's Compensation C Volumes IV, VII, VIII to XIV, Incl.......................... Volumes XV and XVI ................................................ Volume XVII .............................. ................................... Volume XVIII ............... ................................................ Volume XIX .......................... .................................... Volume XXI .................................................................... Volume XXII ..................... ............................................ Volume XXIII.............................................. Volume XXIV ................................................................. Volume XXV, 1944 ....................................................... PENNSYLVANIA APPREN Manual of Apprenticeship itions .k ' RMATION 5 n-Hours for Sixty-live 3 December 1944, inc. v Sixty-five Indus- mings, and Average n35 to 1944, inc. -1939. idustry. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 1944 1946 1946 1947 1943 1937 1937 .................. .................. .................. ..................... ................ ........... *.......... 1944 1944 1945 1944 1943 1947 1945 -- '.......... 1937 ................. 1945 ................. 1946 ......... 1945 ........... 1945 ................. 1946 ................. 1945 ................. 1944 ................. 1937 ................. 1937 ons ........ 1947 S 10 .70 1938 1938 1945 .10 Mines Other Than Coal Mines ..................................................................................... 1940 Miscellaneous Hazards and Conditions of Employment ............ ........................ 1943 Paint Grinding ....................................................................................................................... 1937 Pits and Quarries ................................................................................................................ 1939 Plants Manufacturing or Using Explosives .............................................................. 1942 Plant Railways .................................................................................................................... 1937 Power, Foot and Hand Cold Metal Presses .............................................................. 1945 Printing and Allied Industries 1944 Railings, Toe Boards, Open-Side Floors, Platforms and Runways ............... 1946 Regulations for Repairs by Welding Power Boilers and Unfired Pressure Vessels ................................................................................................................................ 1944 Safe Practices Recommendations ................................................................................ 1942 Spray Coating ....................................................................................................................... 1945 Stationary Engines .............................................................................................................. 1942 Textile Industries .................................................................................................................. 1944 Trenches and Excavations .............................................................................................. 1945 Tunnel Construction and Work in Compressed Air .............................................. 1944 Unfired Pressure Vessels ................................................................................................ 1946 Window Cleaning .............................................................................................................. 1945 PROTECTION FROM FIRE AND PANIC Class I Buildings (Factories, Schools, Public Buildings, etc.) ............................ 194G Class II Buildings (Theatres and Motion Picture Theatres) ................................. 1947Class III Buildings (Places of Public Assembly) ................................................... 1947Class TV Buildings (Apartment Houses, etc.) .......................................................... 1946* Construction, Installation and Maintenance of Emeraency Liqhtinq Systems 1945 Construction, Installation and Maintenance ol Fire Alarm Systems ............ 1945 Specifications for Standard Fire Escapes ................... .......................................... 1944 Fireproofing ........................................................................................................................... 1944 Grandstands ................................................................................................ ........................... 1945 Operation ol Motion Picture Projectors ..................................................................... 1946 Stoiuye and Handling oj Photographic and X-Ray Nitrocellulose Film ........ 1930 * Regulations at printery. .10 .10 .05 .15 .70 WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION Workmen's Compensation Board. Decisions (annual) Volumes III and VI, XI to XVII, incl........................................................................................ S .75 Volume XVIII ..............................................................................................................;..................... 1.00 Volume XIX ......................................................................................................................................... 2.15 Volume XX ......................................................................................................................................... 2.25 Volume XXI ......................................................................................................................................... 1.50 Volume XXIV, 1941 ......................................................................................................................... 2.50 Volume XXV. 1942 ........................................................................................................................... 2.30 Volume XXVI,1943-1944-1945 ........................................................................................................ 5.00 Workmen's Compensation Court Decisions (annual) Volumes IV. VII, VIII to XIV, incl....................................................................................................... 75 Volumes XV and XVI ............................................................................. 1.00 Volume XVII ............................................................................................................... . 1.50 Volume XVIII .............................................................................................................................. 1.65 Volume XIX ....................................................................................................................................... 2.25 Volumo XXI ......................................................................................................................................... 4.00 Volume XXII ...................................................................................................................................... 4.30 Volume XXIII ..................................... ............................................................. 5 75 Volume XXIV ............................................................................................................................ :...... 5.00 Volume XXV. 1944 ........................................................................................................................... 4.25 PENNSYLVANIA APPRENTICESHIP COUNCIL Manual of Apprenticeship M I* Department of Labor and Industry w f COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 32 v 1