Document 851NJGKYmx6e0xQveqOKKKpKa

FILE NAME State of the Art Literature SAL DATE 1936 Oct DOC SAL024 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Transactions of the National Safety Council - Officers & Directors and Steam Railroad Meeting & Occupational Diseases National National . WEDNESpay MORNING SESSION MORNING 1936 1936 October Safety Railroad Super- Safety Congress - of the called Meeting Meeting was W. the Baltimore Baltimore the Baltimore Baltimore delegates and delegates Ohio Railroad who presided introducing introducing rn. Company welcoming welcoming speakers speakers Chief " >. Accident Bulletin No. 103 the reports reports Bulletin No. shows C. too different casualtics OF classes table and other carriers Now the of ac about for employees train persons For the cidents go the year period cidents make up causes injury maintenance 1924-1934 the way the four principal principal ties injury ac. greater maintenance maintenance department greater the rate for on are Handling Handling hand timber timber etc. Falls . jacks etc. employees Using Fale duty example example For 1930 this casualty Motor 4. Motor hand accidents accidents etc. Was rate while while for employees * employees employees handle ties ere. Why WAY 11.07 In 1934 1934 maintenance of cannot employees it ties ete employees employees it maintenance all timber methods because Cp way employes was proper Ta it was while for Ul methods qualiimtpy roper tools much ties, employees 1930 without in 70 equipment of men too what im. in the roads maintenance maintenance out way their department department haste of safety hands The majority injuries are hands creosote- ang group 1934, their 1934 62 roads out of fect handling handling These creosote- treated ties example example These ties may average half half average that This have than one- loaded in These box or gondolas the half the roads casualty casualty rates come cars They gondolas freshly maintenance maintenance way j treated so are this slippery that - Cer 2 ter than rates for their rates picking picking hazard throwing outof are up elimination elimination injuries the car . elimination through injuries can only come through ticaerefsul instruc- instruc- be should be This This shows and it and department plain that maintenance Way department department problem Its casualty rate is safety this Its rate js too too this high and this fate Thi 489 but ate thos 489 os Dae ow Soyo GIy RRS aS TRANSACTIONS National Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL INC Se PRE Sn EE ATLANTIC CITY NEW JERSEY et OCTOBER 5 to OCTOBER 9 1936 Ambassador Chelsea Carlton Hotels and Atlantic City Auditorium Copyright 1936 National Safety Council Inc. eats ieee RT Eireee erates ites ike Snot Bx. aaa ptwcat eS it Fat GK, oh ye ak Sea. seat ae Mas Tee RK ERC MCR UREE IMRT ye G hy ix eo i chet, of ys A : t usNie aES tas. : aai e aeaaeesae sa Oe^r'ey.hias esRRi saveueede PoivbetieSai Spe wat Transactions of the Twenty fifth National THESafety Congress 1936 are published by the National Safety Council in two volumes This the first contains the general the special subject and the Industrial Section sessions The second volume contains the ses- sions of the Child Education Home Safety Street and Sections Highway Traffic and Vehicle Fleet All industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to members be- lieved to be interested chiefly in the sessions it Other Council members however covers obtain it may upon request Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors foremen and others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes The following quantity prices are quoted on extra capies I to 10 copies of the large volume 1.50 each 11 copies or more 1.25 each copies of the smaller volume 50 cents each HE Transactions are pulilished as a condensed record of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations Thus the material herein presented is not verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address The original manuscripts are on file in the Council's Bureau of Information where they are available for additional reference Where illustrations were sent by the speakers to the Council these also ard on file The National Safety Council at its Congresses secks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies It cannot accept responsibility for the views expressed either in the papers presented or the discussions based upon the papers NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Inc. 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago xD Council Officers and Directors . shee cees re Council Purposes and . Policies Annual Meeting of Members 11 Annual Banquet 31 Subject Sessions_ Exhaust Systems 33 Fire Prevention tee 53 Industrial American Association of Physicians and SurgeonAmserican Industrial Industrial Nursing Safety Belts Safety Equipment Safety Exchange Fundamentals Safety Fundamentals for Beginners Safety Training Aeronautical Section .. A. S. S. Engineering Section Automotive and Machine e Cement Section Shop Section Deter erte ee Chemical Section Construction Section Food Section eee Marine Section ec 269 Meat Packing Tanning and Leather Industries Section 287 Metals Section 0. eee, 299 Mining Section eee, 319 00.0... Paper and Pulp Section Petroleum cece, 347 361 Rubber Section Safety Equipment Section Steam Railroad Meeting . Textile Section Transit Section brat renee Wood Products Section Index a Nation 1 | Safety Council Inc. HONORARY MEMBERS Association OF IRON AND STEEL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS Romert W. CAMPBELL AREIFUR WILLIAMS LEW R. PALMER OFFICERS 1936-1937 Dk C. WATSON President D. D. FENNELL President for . Public DR HART E. Fisher President for HeRaelltahtions JOHN B. Gisox President for Hon HarolGa. Hoffman Community President Safety Councils ALBERT S. REGULA President for for Public Safety V. ROHWEDER ROHWEDER President for Engineering R. T. SOLENSTEN President for IMnedmusbterrisalhiSpafety Albert W. WHITNEY President for W. Wokti President for Education W. H. CAMERON Secretary and Finance and Treasurer Managing Director EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1936-1937 GEORGE ] ADAMS Paper and Pulp Section C. M. ALLEN Metals Section C. Au Past President J. BANASHt BANASHt Past President W. Benoguist Past President HAS HAS BUITENHEIM The American City Magazine WH COSTERON National Safety Council Inc. Komber W. Correfli Past President LKEoWmIaSr A.1. DeCxaBriloiiss AePtansat CParseusaildteynt& Surety Company W. DEMEEsx Food Section . MAKES A. Dow Past President DF FENNELL Consulting Engineer Dr. Hawt E. FISTER Chicago Rapid Transit R. FORTUIN Lehigh Valley Safety Council W. Ginus Mining Section Janis B. Gruson Western Electric Company Hakay Guilbert The Pullman Company . HON HAROLD G. HOFFMAN Governor of New Company Jersey OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Continued : 4, E. C. HOLDEN JR Marine Section HARRY J. KELLEY Wood Products Section i " WALTER G. King Past President . : i WM C. KNOELK Milwaukee Safety Commnission 20 JOHN E. LONG Past President | Thos H. MacDONALD United States Department of Aericultre Aericulture E. J. MEHREN Portland Cement Association . t W. J. Melville Chippewa County Safety Council . W. Millard Industrial Gloves Corporation . HAROLD L. MINER E. du Pont de Nemours & Company E. O'Brien JR Louisville Safety Council Lew R. PalmER Past President C. E. PETTICONE Past President ALBERT S. Regula Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. LT COL HENRY A. RENINGER Past President A. V. ROHWEder Duluth Missabe & Northern Railway Company D. L. Royer Engineering Section GEORGE E. SANFORD General Electric Company CHARLES Scott Past President lj. CARL L. SMITH Cleveland Safety Council W. SMITH Standard Oil Company Indiana. WALTER DENT SMITH Delaware Safety Council R. T. SOLENSTEN Elliott Service Company C. P. Tolman Past President GEORGE G. TRAVER Chicago Safety Council ROBERT R. WALLACE Worcester Safety Council Dr. C. H. Watson American Telephone & Telegraph Company W. WhitneY National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters W. E. WORTH International Harvester Conipany ARTHUR H. YOUNG Past President DIRECTORS 1936-1937 GLORGE J. Adams Paper & Pulp Section C. M. ALLEN Metals Section NELSON R. ANDERSON Seattle Traffic & Safety Council FREDERICK Archer Child Education Section A. L. ARMSTRONG Chemical Section J. GANASH Consulting Engineer JOHN J. BARada Public Utilities Section Ernest W. Beck United States Rublier Products Inc. C. W. BERGQUIST Western Electric Co. David S. Beyer Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Clifford M. Bishop Brooklyn Safety Council 5 i : OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Continued dt OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Continued . E. F. BLANK Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. C. BORKENHAGEN Kenosha Safety Council S. D. Boyo York County Safety Council W. BREELAND Petroleum Section S. BROWN Standard Accident Insurance Co. S. W. Buschtel Automobile Club of Rhode Island . HAROLD S. BUTTENHEIM The American City Magazine PRESTON ) Catrest Baltimore Safety Council W. II CAMERON National Safety Council Rower L. CATIAN Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. M. Clark Automotive and Machine Shop Section H. HERBERT CORSON Safety Department Nashville Chamber of Commerce merce FRANK EMERY Cox Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission ; ROBERT W. CROWTHER Springfield Massachusetts Safety Council t J. E. CULLINEY Bethlehem Steel Co. LEWIS A. DEBLOIS Consulting Engineer , JAY E. DECKER Mason City Safety Council C. W. DEMPSEY Food Section JAMES B. DOUGLAS Philadelphia Gas Works Co. DR Louis I. DUBLIN Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. D. D. FENNEL Consulting Engineer DONALD A. FINKAFINER Toledo Safety Council Dr. Hast E. FISHER Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Howard B. FONDS Burroughs Wellcome & Co. U. A. Inc. WILLIAM FORSYTH Superior Wisconsin Safety Council R. B. FORTUIN Lehigh Valley Safety Council ALEXANDER FOSTER JR Quarry Section C. W. Graus Mining Section Joux B. GIBSON Western Electric Co. HARKY GUILBERT The Pullman Co. .Isaran HALE The Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. MAJOR BUITING H. HANDY Richmond Safety Council D. HARKINGTON U. Bureau of Mines R. HAVEN Vehicle Fleet Section Hurat Chicago C. T. North & Milwaukee R. R. Co. CHAS Shore ee E HILL New York Central Lines HOFFMAN HON HAROLD G. Governor of New Jersey 1. Harness JK Marine Section FREDERICK B. HUNT Cement Section P. HUNTER Power Press Section Council . MORRIS E HURLEY Eastbay Safety Council Council Safety MAJOR NORMAN A. IME Columbus Council ELWIN A. KAYSEK St. Louis Safety Council Thostas P. KEARNS Industrial Commission of Ohio K. T. Keller Detroit Industrial Safety Council HARRY J. KELLEY Wood Products Section Thos L. KELLEY Paterson Safety Council J. M. KERRIGAN Rubber Section WM C. KNOELK Street & Highway Traffic Section C. L. LafountAINE Great Northern Railway Co. .A H. LAUER Madison County Safety Council J. E. LONG The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation W. R. LOYD Safety Div Birmingham Chamber of Commerce L. T. McAntituk Peoria Illinois Safety Council Tuos 11. MacDonald United States Department of Agriculture MILLER MCCLINTOCK Traffic Audit Bureau T. H. MCKENNEY Retired : F. W. MATSON Minnesota Safety Council 1 JAMES R. MAYS Elizabeth Safety Council E. J. MEHREN Portland Cement Association W. J. Melville Chippewa County Safety Council W. MillARD Industrial Gloves Corporation . E. M. MILLER Employees Publication Section JAMES K. MILLER Grand Rapids Safety Council HAROLD L. MINER E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. R. B. MORLEY Industrial Accident Prevention Association ERNEST MURPHY Albany Safety Council E. J. O'Brien JR Louisville Safety Council GEORGE C. A. Orr The Detroit Edison Co. Gro OPPENHEIMER Kansas City Safety Council LEW R. PALMER The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States WILSON PALMER Meat Packing Tanning & Leather Industries Sec- tion A. E. Parker Transit Section DAVID A. PATTON Newark Safety Council Mas G. M. PELTON Evanston Safety Council CHARLES W. PENDOCK Safety Division Milwaukee Assn of Com- merce GEN GEORGE PertinONE Engineer Office " C. E. PertinONE American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. PILLSBURY United States ARTHUR POTTERTON Hudson County Safety Council ALBERT S. REGULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. LT COL HENRY A. RENINGEN Lehigh Portland Cement Co. V. Rohweder Duluth Missabe & Northern Railway Co. D. L. ROVER Engineering Section G. E. SANFORD General Electric Co. HENRY C. SCHAFFNER Erie Safety Council KARL G. SCHOeffler Rahway Safety Council G OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Continued Harry A. Schultz United States Steel Corp. Earl S. Sitaktzer Utica Safety Council Gen John H. Suerduase Massachusetts Safety Council Dr. L. A. Stoudy Bethlehem Steel Co. Ernest L. SiMONDS New Haven Safety Council Carl L. Smitit Cleveland Safery Council C. W. Smitit Standard Oil Co. Ind EDWIN C. SMITH Blackstone Valley Safety Council Walter Dent Smitit Delaware Safety Council W. A. Sxow Construction Section R. T. Solexsten Elliott Service Co. P. Earl Spitzer Contra Costa County Safety Council * E. C. SPRING Lansdale Pa George R. Sternens Salety Bureau Cuffalo Chamber of Artitur Mi Tooe Consulting Marine Engineer Commerce HAROLD M. Toomas Refrigeration Section Geo G. Traver Chicago Safety Council W. Tresch Schenectady Safety Council W. D. Turneville San Antonio Saiety Council Ronert R. Wallace Worcester Saiety Council Telegraph DR H. Warsox Warsox American Telephone & Co. .., HARRY M. Webber Retired . Safety E. T. Winter Western Pennsylvania Sto Council S. E. Whiting Liberty Mutual Insurance Insurance Co. ee W. Witrsey National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters T. A. Willsox Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Sec- tion T A. Wilson Textile Section . ~. W H. Wixans Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation W. Wirtir Rochester Safety Council Harry Wise Sr. Chattanooga Safety Council J. M. Woltz Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. W.-W. Wood Steam Railroad Section W. E. Worth International Harvester Co. E. J. Zaurt Safety Bureau Duluth Chamber of Commerce Earl W. Zimmerman Saiety Div Syracuse Chamber of Commerce G. L. Zwick St. Joseph Safety Council ; : The tional tional human tion the to all ty rectly citizenry sect filiations it has w institutio Insepa the Cou condition eases in Today eee senting many of are 400 i ship inc Grnts inc chambers organizat companie the railr automotiv sanding in trial Seld The his The his ing ing story In brici | Congress Associatio Engineers a result th organized year with first year 971 a oeet nats Bae Sera ish GutNa AATceoyenAeseaErwCeieRe3A ayiaestTe NET Sierteereaest7 ewe cre aatoe iN OND pay RSE B FS ae e Ve e e e asseeoe eseeeeae ees iastoen2meee ESos oat -- . ttention ttention io statis- rectly Get statis- pr show you where causes it . Ju can stimulate et because deep nod as somebody somebody how it he meeting he meeting is ad- Oc upational Occupational Ocupational : : _ Diseases Diseases Diseases Diseases Diseases Diseases Diseases October 9 1936 : The session was called to order by the chairman Dr. Hart E. Fisher Presi- dent for Health National Safety Council and Chief Surgeon Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Chicago who presided introducing the speakers The Lesser Known Facts About Common Occupational Occupational Diseases Diseases By DR ROBERT B. HUNT ~ Medical Advisor American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Boston Probably the leader in the parade of industrial diseases is an acute or chronic inflammation of the skin which we call dermatitis This disease may present it- , self in any type of shop factory or foundry Any paste powder gas qt liquid which comes in contact with the cm- ployee's skin even the water supplied by the town in which he lives or works may be the potential cause of such a skin disturbance The wide diversity of causes together with the varying susceptibility of differ ent individuals makes the problem of control difficult Much investigation is under determine why one person may way to be sus- ceptible to a certain substance while an- other is not It has been proved many times that a poisonous substance formed within the body has been able to prolung the action started by some external influ- ence A printer developed a marked dermatitis from ink which persisted for two years Finally food tests were made and showed that he was susceptible to Icttuce which when removed from his diet cleared the skin He returned to his * usual occupation without a return of symptonis The poisoning of allergic substances is ' usually an accumulative process It takes time to produce a manifestation of dis- ease but let any other substance cause the disease and the irritating food may be of sufficient strength to magnify its action All cases of dermatitis cannot be cured by eliminating offending foods but further investigation along these lines may give us a clue with which to lessen the loss of time from work and the discom- fort now produced by industrial derma- titis Lead Metals Metals The distribution of lead poisoning is quite extensive is The protective skin of the body is a covering and as long as it remains protective in- tact it does a good job except in the case of tetraethyl lead which is used in blend- ing gasoline and which is readily absorbed through the skin having a tendency to create changes in the nervous system The effect of other forms of lead through that avenue of entrance is practically nil which explains the extremely low poisoning rate in typesetters painters and others who continually come in contact with metallic lead Lead in any form introduced through the mouth acts rather slowly when c^m- pared with the inhalation of lead dust or fumes However no matter what the portal of entry may be lead is acted upon by the body fluids and so converted that it may eventually be deposited with- in the bones . - Those bony safe deposit retain their lead contents for years and if the exposure may also free the employee vaults may days or for is removed of all signs 117 Vpn. PEL EOE She TET Pveriennd: CEGt TBLYbeoayn aera Ape Teg ihehS e O tyoR ee nPaaetPalbeee pgeFd eee PO CTT OPE PAR ae epee be Ey BPR AEE oe ol, 2-6 Sekt, was | Aa SLE Teed 2M 3 Ts PANS Ghee, APR ie TOR wry vary Se oe fo t pa htt we z ES Sw i} a re ~ fs peta = JESnat x ifsgefe tpee. 4 sre paget a syces Ce metpare: FER BAR eRmee -> Rew 4, a vA , we , iemy aa in Paom, : a Ae. de eo me pe {: Pye te rf a 4 iW, 22 aq 2 an i pe Gs tb aes j EE: arn i i ie, : ba tee i ited t : eS ; p:s r. te vf aie? ! bE i rey : ret ree Na: it sk ~ RaSfordade,d, a UIs BO babe g 4 Ay Gh SytsWoO OORTbyAeT ' gyi PS 2, we fa #73 mad * NG 5 You a e . oe ee merHe Ee OE te SOF ss me eamony ee mae '. some 2% af 3 * it it 3 . : : i i j t : 2 ! ic cs } : 7 i : i : : AT i aa abt j i aw: 2 Sek a . eed SE : ve 4 ; ' i i ; Bas pe) A Rae 126 Twenty National Safety Congress tilation Instead high velocity ventilating apparatus should be installed functioning as closely to the point of generation of the harmful substance as is possible Individual machines should le so equipped if possible troduced to prevent Raffles may be inair stream disturb- ances or to increase the intake efficiency at the nozzle Down systems should be preferred for the collection of dust or gases of high specific gravity Even after the installation of exhaust ever the engineer interested in aster- taining not only exposure but also elf- ciency of control should realize control cannot be fully effective nor the efficiency of any protective device determined with- out scientific tests Assumption guesswork unscientific procedure or apparatus have no place in an engineering prograin The engineer must test each step unless it has been previously proved carefully calculating in advance to avoid false protection systems } type of the engineer must study the maintenance required to keep He must be familiar with dust counting air sampling and them operating at peak efficiency Noz- nique having chemical analysis tech- zles should not be permitted to become such determinations made by established i covered noe moved out of and proper methods li 1 tion Exhaust piping bperoper posi- such tests are beyond the scope of his : tight Blower must kept dust ability or equipment and if the engincer i efficiencies must be con- considers such tests stantly checked to insure that intake ve- then his absolutely essential t locities are proper The best executives should permit him to { system is a false ventilating obtain experts qualified to make such surt protection if it does not veys as his problem function properly or if it is may require The 4 maintained that it falls below so poorly need for an accurate engineering approach t its designed to any control measure cannot be rating The engineer must exercise ex- emphasized over- treme care to provide a clean source ni replacement air for the work place He Conclusion control of any Every engineer realizes industrial disease expo- the disposal study proper disposal of of the collected ing within the jurisdiction the indus- study colected the expelled expled material disposal will collected expelled material to be positive it will of trial physician and part within his own : not drift back into work engineering province Medical knowledge the place Employee Protection While the pri- is invaluable in the detection of early . mary engineering means of pri- symptoms and in the administration of protecion against possible protection occupational diseases suitable preventive treatment The en gineer should gladly obtain the services should be mechanical correction the en- of an industrial gineer will find instances where even the physician w make a best systems must be study of the plant to assist in the classi supplemented individual protection by He must carefully fication of the hazardous operations and working locations By such coordination high- - study such exposures to provide the he will speed control of the exposure of protection yet a efficiencyfor obtain device casy the operator to wear Each individual occupational disease . been exposure must be studied analyzed and , must educate workers to use it Sanitation Sanitation toilets should facilities Clean washing facilities and be provided Lunch rooms should be not only clean but also well lighted and attractive and should be un- der the supervision of the plant physician Scientific Tests Up to this engineer has deduced that an exists and from accumulated point the exposure data has devised his means of prevention Ilow- data may be posures the in individual available upon commion ex- solution can be found only treatment Such exposures cannot be compared to ordinary safety engineering efforts A circular saw is a circular ing but saw wherever it may be operat- industrial disease exposure varies within plants and certainly varies between different manufacturing establishments even though they may produce a like product or article ADJOURNMENT Fi"Pxy = 4 S aarrET AAT Tena atie piste We NPeeTt i SV 2 eae OE FTL , iF ilps arepo he fipt's al Apts: nT eT en ee 1 roa at ypwle. t A, AE (: Pap es tt silage oe $s eqs ft K \ ek iON ; Sih eiatat ) Bes AHS ets WE st ae eae gM Pee TRanING ae ECAR TAD SA, ee LAi A S97 +2. anys pate ROTA Se ot Seay Ramo areaets ha 7] ET Sy egtt ge Ve fi pfth National Safety Congress niptoms of lead poisoning But the surprise of that supposedly Pierson when years later perhaps ng some type of infectious disease excessive use of alcoholic bever- e awakes to find that he suffers es and pains and paralyses of an ad poisoning As the body Ruids nd that it may be deposited so ose fluids attempt to lead the it too rapid absorption may pro- original disease with all its dis- In readily see then that in some vestigation of previous occupaquite necessary to determine the contact with lead of miten lead causes a black lead suboxide to form on its surthe heat from the metal disthe fine powder into the air in the process of smelting ores zine cupper and silver mixed i we find a rather high lead $ rate nose and mouth The smaller the dust the size of smoke particles for example the greater the speed of absorption by the blood Fumes from hot metals carry not only poisons but numerous minute dust particles This explains the inca- pacities occurring among those engaged in acetylene and electric cutting and welding When men are so employed employed over a prolonged period of time the constant inhalation of fames and dust might produce symptoms of the metal upon which they work In the shipbuilding trade particularly in the con- struction of mictal ships we find occa- fever sional case of metal Brass chills and spelter shakes from zine are names applied by the lay people to such diseases The terrific heat applied to some of our common metals and by alloys acetylene torches produces sui- ficient fumes to cause a temporary inca- pacity in 24 hours Permanent disability from such causes is rare however 1 engaged in the manufacture of and cables batteries glass ' Diseases Due to Dust and rubber industries plumbers Twenty per cent of all workers nf dry colors offer their share exposed to high concentrations of inor isoning ly the greatest source of lead ganic dust are expected to develop changes within their lungs due to that may be found amongamong Linse paper scrape chip or barn Ical akoney We are at a loss to explain why the other seventy per cent are the dust and fumes caused by not so affected vities are rather raped in their Mining quarrying foundry work Fuch workers may heenne ins grinding sandblasting abrasive soap in a few days because the of lead dust causes the maxi- manufacturing asbestos work the maki ing of emery and carborundum products | int of absorption into the blood and many other occupations offer op the minimum space of time portunities for employees to inhale mic- roscopic dust particles and create a foun is a metal widely used as a for colors and dests from its Is may produce lesions of the Icons menbranes of the nose plating by electrolyselictrsolysi may > which are somlarly incitatugh chromium poisoning does cause death the number of sence from work on account Ky which it causes is gradu ang is efficient portals of entry of stances into the body are the diation for possible future incapacity We are interested particularly in those men who work with sandstone quartz flint granite and sand because they expose themselves to silica and the chem- ical changes between that dust and the body fluids in the presence of tubercu losis may and usually do lead to a fatal ending It is safe to say in light of our present knowledge that the action of other in- organic dusts is much less virulent and incapacitating That however does not allow us to lower the vigilant methods to improve dust control and protect employees because all dusty occupations are potential trouble makers Occupational Discuses } liv Although the actions of various dusts differ within the body the exposure to ; asbestos fibres present in the weaving and grinding of dry asbestos material offers another type of dust which may cause fatalities among workers hemorrhages are common it may cause death . . The fumes from benzol are heavier than air and lie near the floor which is an in- portant point in the engineering prob- lem of ventilation The organic dusts from cotton silk The members of the benzene group wool tobacco flour and similar sub- are absorbed through the skin and more stances are practically harmless Such cases of poisoning are found when men dusts rarely reach the lungs but may perspire than when their bodies are cool cause irritation of the windpipe and larg- Probably the answer to that is that the er air tubes and result at the most in a fumes may solidify as they cool and the mild bronchitis The factor which should be borne i mind particularly when dealing with silicosis and asbestosis relatetso the progression of such disease to When changes occur within the lungs as a result of the presence of such dusts nature powder may settle on the skin The sweat on the body may dissolve this dust so that it is more readily absorbed through the increased surface bloud supply Chlorinated Hydrocarbons forms scar tissue to heal such lesions but may fail to stop when the job is finished As result the continuation of that heal- This group of petroleum derivatives has been known to science for years but during the past decade its advance into ing process may lead to such structural changes within the lungs that partial or total incapacity may follow months or years after the employee has been removed from his dusty occupation the industrial field has been widely dise tributed and most important Led by carbon tetrachloride and its chemically associated members it has furnished in- dustry with refrigerants for ice chests q q excellent solvents for rubber was ail Benzene and grease thinners for lacquers and a Renzol is a distillate of coal tar used extensively in industry It is an essenttial ingredient in the manufacture of ex- plosives It an excellent solvent for grease oils and cements and because of that property it is important in many phases of the rubber and cleaning indus- tries In the manufacture of shoes ben- zol may be an ingredient of the dressing applied to the leather and of the cement which fastens the heels and soles Not only in the shoe traile but in other branches of industry where employees work with gummy sticky material the workers soon learn of the solvent and cleansing action of this liquid and use it freely for that purpose upon themselves The subsequent outbreak of skin af- fictions may be the first indication of such unauthorized use Benzol is extremely poisonous entering either through the nose or mouth or absorbed through the skin Its action within the body is varied and may produce a multitude of signs and symptoms The bone marrow becomes affected which in turn alters the character of the blood very fine household necessity for the re- for moval of spots from clothes Hospitals have been using it more and more for the removal of adhesive plaster Due to the flammability of car- hon tetrachloride it is used in fire ex- tinguishers The rapid evaporation produces fumes which may smother a small blaze but we must not forget that excessive heat of the actual fire may bring about combustion sufficient to produce such biproducts as hydrochloric acid and phosgene gas Like its associated niem ber chloroform it may produce sleep when inhaled by an individual and only 1/350 of an ounce in a quart of air is necessary to produce such action That thought must be remembered when a large quantity of those liquid products is spilled on the floor perhaps accidentally Action should be started at once beinre the liquid gasifies and employees should be notified to keep their heads up to avoid the low ceiling v gas Chemists have developed and intros duced to industry many new products the basis of which is the chlorinated hydrocarbons These derivatives of petra- jens of silica in the atmosphere period of one yrar naturally in the early work of industry y basic materials were used ingredients 1 not arrived at state of development ' complexity when intricate chemical pounds and other toxic materials were known in of much less used At the sent time over 500 materials are listed ch can under certain conditions cause disease no istrial and the list is by ins complete inasmuch as experimental is being done by the personnel of no etically every plant or industry to im- or enlarge its manufactured products taking advantage of the great amount KnowledKgnowleedge Knowledge Knowledge science bas given 115 ndnudsusttrriiaall examinations are of two ... First the employment CX- onation which consists of a very care- history not only of the family but still of the previous occupations with the th of service in each previous health illuesses and present habits Naturally ha history is of no value unless truth- . nee MEER LUC EE US 0 1100 spent spent the hazard although a sub- is perhaps proper for persons who feel in good health and have no complaints or who are not working in toxic stances or with other materials which would under some conditions impair their health and usefulness The objectives of employment and employment examinations are the same that is the establishment of a physical standard in which the employee can pursue his trade or labor having discomfort or ill effect due to industrial exposure to harmful products Such products and materials are as we have mentioned of great mimilier and variety Attempts have been spade to classify workomen as to age sex color and nas tionality Whether or not any of these classifications are of value it remains that primary effort is to have healthy workmen and the benefit is of as great value to the workman as to the industry The benefits of individual and community y given and a reasonable amount of must be taken to acquire details good health are numerous and obvious and the benefits of good health to industry are often vague in a workman's or considered by him to be unim- tant The physical examination of because rse varies with the type of industry should be given with the knowledge what the man's exact occupation is to and by a physician familiar with the estrial processes in which he is to be Joyed In this way selected eniploy- can be obtained for men who have e basic disqualification for one joh which does not impair their are equally important The employee will be more productive receive higher wages and be happier The labor over rate of poor health wil be lowered as will the costs of insurance The working personnel will be minre efficient and con- tented and will dislike to be exposed to the overt acts of people who are epileptic insane or who disregard communicable disease and will use their endeavors to work safely among hazards they have they been taught to respect ability inseful employment and the conserving ealth in another The harmful exposure to each hazard is of course different ranging from a fow Je physical examination must be cough It should include all methods Betermining a latent disability or one is already present Many examina- forms are available from insurance days as for example an acute poisoning from toxic gases to that of 15 or 20 years in some of the less toxic dusts therefore the period before examination for each class of employee will be dif- spanies or other health services which e been designed entirely for industrial k It has been the experience of men ferent However individuals differ also and is hard to state a definite period which may be satisfactory for each eni- rested in this work that all the special ses of the body must be tested as well ployee in single class of hazard Super- visors can often be of great value in send- he micasurement of motion in all joints vascular system is of great ortance as is the respiratory and intestinal tract examination and periodical checks ause particular industrial hazards ing employees out for physical examination whenever there is a change in ap- illness pearance or work ability or when they have been off on account of some such as those diagnosed as common cold lagrippe cough sore throat or skin irritation Such observations should be - considered where there is not a sun ting physician and they are of the greatest value in the early determination of a susceptibility to or the beginning of an industrial disease up^up^nny yJAC Ceeieegeey, Yux " percentage is finally rejected and it percentage is so obviously unfit to wo that no minded person can fail see the justice of it We are fortunate in having had a large amount of research work done ou i dustrial diseases until at the present time materials from acetaldehyde to zinc are listed together with the processes in which they are used and the symptoms which they cause and an estimate of the amount of exposure in nearly every case necessary to produce symptoms It is really not too much of a problem for an interested physician to accumulate a sup ply of such knowledge particularly when he knows the processes involved during the manufacturing procedure of his inlustry It this becomes relatively a routine matter of observation together with examination for specific signs or symptoms at the time of the periodical examination to obtain some degree of control of the hazard We cannot discuss the benefits of pre- These objections however are bei noticed by Ingislative bodies and in State a law is in force which says is hereby declared to be the policy the legislature of this State in epacti this article to prohibit through every la ful means available any requirement a requisite to employment which co pels an applicant for employment employment in occupation coming within the purview this article to undergo a medical examuis tion This statement in a paragra labeled Prevention of Silicosis and t Dust Diseases and the logic of it entirely understandable even thou at the present time there is no law Bigans available to enforce the stat policy If physical examinations are of bene to the population at large they certain must be to the industrial workers w employment examination and periodic re- may he exposed to special hazard examination without mentioning some of the objections to it If a man has a disability he naturally is anxious to keep it to himself and in some cases we find periodical . check examinations 5 necessary in any hazardous work or trai in order to protect the workers as well the industry and the benchts to ! that the work~-nan is disinterested to a workers of proper and minded point that he would rather not know of aminations in ordinary cases outwei a disability even though he has it Cer- tain social groups regard each man as entitled to employment whether he is physically fit or not on the assumption that industry hires labor not health and that rejection because of physical dis ability causes a class of artisans to become prejudiced against and become charity cases It is also alleged that the quality of medical service in industry is such that the results of examinations are mis- Icading and of no value Another objec tion is voiced by labor unions it being claimed that employment examinations are used to discriminate against labor union workers or members Many labor leaders realize however that preemployment examination and periodical check are the only means of preventing disability from certain industrial hazards Competent and honest medical j the objections I have purposely omitted any referen to the economics of employment an ' periodic examination which app either to the individual or the industr However one of the great public heal problems of today is the question of 11 cost of medical care If industry assume some of this cost by periodical examin tion in connection with the prevention industrial disease it relieves the individu of this responsibility and allows ine room in his budget for the care of 1 family The benefits to industry of cour are those of a better personnel and lower rate of insurance This rate dire industrial disease hazards is in 13 States very high and the logical conc sion is that the real remedy lies in prevention of industrial disease by an service renders all these objections quite nicthod one of which I believe is pr impotent for if an endeavor is made to employmnet and periodical examination 4 lama vildt Can the Engineer Do to Eliminate the Hazards of Occupational Diseases Supervising By REUEL C. STRATTON Supervising Engineer Chemical The Travelers Insurance Co. Hartford Conn If were asked Can the the While gut majority of engineer pre- the problem confronting indi occupational disease vidual safety engineers varies Oh- ises my answer would be yes to the according iously with the exception of those industry there are certain funda- iseases brought about through a sudden mentals comunion to all such problems , , accidental contact with which provide a workable basis a poisonous which an upon aterial or a virulent producing occupational disease prevention rganism if the exposure were controlled program may be developed Once these engineering technique then fundamentals are set in motion toward a ould be no occupational there safe working environment continuance is The engineer disease much the same whether the inust rely upon the engaged with engineer is sedical director to place individuals a small a large organization or with apable of working in bazardous one The fundamentals follow this occupa- sequence ans and to assist him in controlling physical Lese individuals through periodic is An occupational disease inventory is required saminations when the men are exposed 2 A plan for ' occupational disease hazards but the correction of the ex- agineer alone is responsible for posures shown by the inventory requires reducing development requires neration of harmful substances and for 3 e control of employees contact with A concentrated attack upon the ncesses using harmful materials major exposures first following through The ascribing of and until all are corrected or eliminated many new occupa- onal diseases to industrial An inventory of all materials used in is produced a problem for enhviimronmTehnet plant will astound the average engineer materils ngineer generally works with materials He will find many iters about which he may have little or hich he can see but the study of in- no knowledge He be istrial disease control may require the may confronted with items he had not anding of invisible materials It is a recognized previously even though he has inimon fault to focus attention upon one been associated with the plant perhaps to ject such an extent that others of many years When this inventory is com plete ual iniportance may thereby be rele- he should card index it placing ted to obscurity Today safety en- against the nante of the material the health hazard neers and industrial hygienists are con- associated with it both from a ntrating their attention upon diseases material and a process viewpoint Such used by the inhalation of dust but I card index should contain the com- not believe the safety engineer is war ponent parts or constituency of com- inted in confining himself to the preven- pounds on of diseases caused by dust alone His Process exposures should be studied in nsideration should extend to include all conjunction with hazardous materials Assistance aterials produced in any manner that in compiling such data may be cy may cause an effect upon a worker obtained in the bulletin Occupation be question of whether a material Hazards and Diagnostic Signs prepared exists by rticle gas a vapor or a dust is but one of Dublin and Vane of the Metropolitan Life rticle size and chemical make Insurance Company and in publj He must not forget that cation of the United States Public Health many such Service 216 cases are produced by exposure to Public Health Bulletin No. Potential The pors and gases as well as to dust and it the contral of these industrial diseases Problems of Industrial Hygiene in a Typical Industrial Area in the United brought ty be about by the application States In addition the engineer should obtain fundauiental principles common all certain information all available upon the ma- terials he is required to study New chemicals solutions dusts degreasing the open air does not always elimi agents condensation products paints laequers dyes abrasives and other products the danger in fact it may increa . number of workers affected too numerous to mention are being placed upon the market daily and the average engineer's knowledge of their possible effects upon health is slight Academic research determining the effect of these new materials upon humans is progressing slowly and serious injuries may be sus- tained in industrial application long before the toxicologist is able to determine the properties of the material and the maximun permissible amount to which a worker may be exposed In seeking this information it is essential to determine in so far as possible the maximum per- missible amount of contaminants which may exist in work place without causing an occupational disease Process Revision To reduce tran tation of materials and exposure to h ful substances it is desirable to hav processes nicchanically continuous an possible enclosed When pas canne accomplished suitable physical divi should be provided The engineer sli consider the substitution of wet proce for dry processes providing at the proce time for the disposal of the moist Jected material in safe place He sh consider the substitution of autor operations for hazardous hand wor machine work A change of abr material will often reduce the quanti dust produced I can cite an example of how a Armed with this information the en- thought cau 7-- hazardous ma gineer is in a position to locate properly in his own plant the process and the operation in which the exposure may exist The engineer should study together with the plant physician the length of employment of exposed individuals and they should jointly determine the normal expectancy or average length of employment for the specific exposure From such data may be developed a factor of safety and the maximum allowable period of employment in certain areas may be assigned Naturally this study should be focused upon the more hazardous locations first and when these are corrected attention turned toward minor conditions operation with little or no expense A plant producing a finely pulver material created large amounts of du bagging the material using porous si This high concentration of dust not sarily toxic inconvenience the worl The cost of ventilating the depart would have been prohibitive By cat study the engineer determined that fall of the material into the sacks fo the air out through the interstices of material carrying with it a quantity the pulverized product His problem t was to provide a means whereby this could he harmlessly expelled from sack prior to filling Study led him , Housing One of the most important suggest and apply the use of a collag considerations in attempting to control oc- paper bag which contained little or cupational disease is housing Whenever free air The problem was solved I practical any hazardous manufacturing process should be separately housed and generation was practically eliminated this simple change Many hazar isolated every effort should be made to processes in ordinary manufacturing or arrest harmful substances vapors tions may be cured in like manner if or gases their source of generation engineer exercises his ingenuity Buildings should be so constructed that Ventilation Proper ventilation is accumulations of dust may be avoided paramount importance in the contre When physical separation of departments is required such physical divisions any occupational exposure Most of chief occupational diseases other should be dust or vapor tight Floors dermatitis arise through the inhalatio should be tight to prevent transfer of materials to floors or departments below The engineer should give study to the the ingestion of foreign material If tilating equipment can reduce the con tration of contaminating materials t complete enclosure of machinery -- -- safe limit the problem is solved The process units as individual units and if gincer should study each process so required vent each one separately The transfer of hazardous operations into arately and ventilate each separately is seldom wise to rely upon general + (< od chemical comisinations comisinations They hy from the poisonous en en comisinations They have the damage gas at that period placed on the market so actually done by the gas it medical science has been rapidly termine their unable to result in may permanent physical damage health of physiological effect upon of man We have known that Infection me these chemicals are of capable ating changes the liver and ently in city in only The skin is a protective the body against infection caonvderiisng of these Massachusetts one newer products caused the death ex- tremely efficient as long as it remains in- fact but allow two employees and a battle to retain it to be broken or tured introduce bacteria and pune- among two others a battle ensues between the offensive agencies of infection and the defensive Carbon Monoxide powers of the body The winning of such a struggle You remember the may determine the presence or absence of re adage Where incapacity Infections smoke there is fire We might to arc throughout industry but common that Where there is fire there is bon two types are particularly prominent -infection monoxide result- ing from anthrax and infection This odorless but poisonous fishermen tur gas may meat packers and amongamong any industry or in any honic but Many poorer the ventilation the better the of our fur bair or covered animals may physical ince of producing incapacity contract anthrax The germs of that discase defy the ordinary of Since the advent of the motor on car methods sterilization and may linger hides bristles ose exhaust pipe may pour forth as as % of carbon monoxide we are or hairs for long periods of time Tanners wool sorters and hair exposed to that workers or bristle gas particularly in may introduce the anthrax spore wded cities The ordinary passenger beneath their skin and undergo much liberates about two cubic feet physical suffering and per nute and one can readily estimate the sometimes death Infections are frequently found among vsical damage that may be done if meat and fish packers aiki those fishing ha motor is allowed to run within the rs of a poorly ventilated deep sea engaged Although death rarely occurs the loss of garage or fingers hands soning Fortunately serions cases of such and nasty septic wounds are the soning are not common among those result Punctured wounds cuts abrasions ployed in public garages but many of se burns and scratches are potential avenues employees are likely to complain of entrance for bacteria which headache and faintness at the end of seem to be waiting would a s work especially in colder weather en doors and windows remain everywhere at all times for such a break in the skin medical treatment Early closed medical the steel industry where gas is used might often save later surgical interference not to mention the heating agency in the blast fur accompanying acompanying discomfort the C's care must be used to provide perhaps the loss of incapacity and au essential body per ventilation Within the mines part rkers are warned to allow enough time Summary owing blasts for the escape of this I feel that the time has come when an Being a colorless odorless and taste- employer must demand of a manufacturer gas quick of action within the h- the answers to two questions a body the manifestation of the 1. How will your product affect symptom may be too late very business my to save a 2. How will kman your from partial or total incapacity health of product affect the perhaps death my employees ecause the exposed person suffers * from motor That employer is entitled to honest answers based ble paralysis he may be and upon sufficient chemical help hiniself or even to physiological examinations of the warn questionable product That manufacturer produced by the use of his product and unless he can guarantee its safety it has no place in industry Too many lives have been lost or jeopardized by too little knowledge of a product's action upon those who handle it The incidence of lost time due to ill- ness and injury in industry has been greatly lessened by the many agencies working along lines of safety When in substitution of toxic preparation those now found to be harmful and each employce is imbued with the that constant thoughtfulness and care most necessary for the maintenanc health and happiness then and not til that idealistic stage has been rea may vigilance and perseverance to m tain and preserve health lumb and be lessened Employment Examination as an Aid to the Control c Industrial Diseases By DR W. TEMPLER Medical Director Corning Glass Works Corning N. Y. We may well ask whether or not phy- sical examination is of any value to the world at large rather than limit the dis- cussion to the control of industrial di- seases In the conservation of life and health much progress has been made in the eradication or control of such diseases as occur in epidemic form as well as that type of disease which is not truly epidemic but occurs in such frequency that general health programs are necessary Much has been done to control such disabling illnesses as heart disease sclerosis kidney disease and dia betes and something has been accom plished in the control of morbidity which tends to at least make people happies through good health even though an increased span of life is not gained death rate due to tuberculosis In in the treatment of all epidemic diseases that have so far been eradica the examination of patients to deter the severity of symptoms and the provement has been of foremost valu Knowing that the average span of has been increased eight years in the quarter century and assuming that above mentioned factors have had so bearing on it could we decry the va of physical examinations for the gene population? If we know that examinations made insurance companies and their associati examining institutions the clinics run the United States Public Health Servi and the great mass of physicians who carefully examine their clientele ha Physical examination has played a large been of value in the control of disca role in accomplishing these things be- may we not assume that examinations cause it was through physical examination industry will help control the incide and physical observations that investiga- and extent of industrial disease parti tors were led to exert themselves to find larly * when the life expectancy ofparti a remedy for the cause of such condi- dustrial workers is less than that of tions Small is no longer prevalent due to such observations which led to its control by vaccination Malaria and yellow fever have been brought largely under control and knowledge is now available in the control of venereal di- seases if the proper physical examination and laboratory methods are used to arrive at diagnosis We are all familiar with the results obtained in decreasing the general population In fact on April 14 1936 at the | tional Conference on Silicosis and Sim Dust Discases called by the Secretary Labor Dr. R. R. Sayers of the Uni States Public Health Service said liminary and periodic physical and roc genological examination should be ma of all employees engaged in industr processes where there is a potential ' SS