Document 823454VR3oYJ0RZy0Kv7jj1Rm

PAINT RESEARCHES W A S H IN G T O N , 1). z o < CJ an <QZ <1 y H CJ P3 g 3 B A* z a*** 53 i? > <>w **. t? * a ^ 5 25 * >**** C -5 B S a s A 0 z x x Ch N40019 ~ 3 ? ; s io 3 y 3 y y v i - =- = 3 : 'i -- cf y -~ C x H mis -- - Jz --y 11 !=- | ' .= '0 1 1 3 i .= 32> U > C5 5 u- 2 2 c 2 P m f ?* 0 l 5-1^!7 '7. 2 3 c ^= ^ = = 51 r. .S 23 r 5-".i 2 UV 5 224 =2 H -J := -= = y .-- E " ;3 ^ c "S " B C. - r. -3 u r* . "= S52i .= -- 5 ~3 *T s _ muy = -1 *- r. 3 " ifm _ ZZ .1 -r rt -- 'i. S=u r A -' 5 V }f ' - I *'t Zt 3- . ?; = 3 1 1r; --- ij = -r "" -- - MC 2 1 5 ii 12 .-: v - = i: = 5^ 3 = '7 II; ; 5; $ 2 J~r a* 3 I? C " s C> S 5{ f- II r, ft *; ; 2 a C *-5; 4 > R ft 3 ft * f 5 ft . .3 J S - s * - - - j ! z = 5 =r is^ ? r- "3' -S 2= Jz ~ y VC oi V) rf> .c c o y C3 (J \ 4=11 yy y X yi-t y 3" S) s *5 0 y *6 wy 'O .w G y .3 03 0 y - o x G S Ow CO p y -9 y O yy y y yCO *0 I w rtj i 3w : O 'G ' 43 T* , C3 :oo :Xu *-2| C rt O *+ 1 3 y ^ CO 1 '--O> '> y c |*_2 4-> y *5 -s 'x " y 0 'O s o .3}=* 0-** g- *3- s>* :ci y ip M yy y .ts y r- 54 3? ~~y M r~ TS y y y y 5 *y ;-G 3* 'cS 5 yy ^y CO 6 >%= X . -o CO GJ .. p G y G O w -5 ^ a 3*u ir sa . / ,2cn S- 3 1j c h4 >; fy y !g CO g *- 'S - y y y *a b ^ C/3 co C * 3 .= * jy .54 'u O*-* y C$ "y py *0 O >> 3OG ;2 u * 3 .2 *s 1 *y * c* > C/3 y y c C/3 oJ y o y 8 S v ja 5 -d c O >s . 54 .. * nj y y 2 *- J o *y c/3 y 3 j^ j_, y u y 4 y E rr ^ rt G? x : o^ ^c 1? c * SJ y u 54 *2 y y 'a, y o *" >V .c c y y*-* o co 32 yy Og O *1- *y -- 33 ^ y -- 3o y -G .3 so 'CVG y o .oo . -G y u o 2- co *0, G *2 gu 3 ng y -- G s U o p -a y 10 -- rt *-0%<0 co - 2 feb y43 y 2 -t- y =^ g O G oooc. U -S -, u. o = ft V t O 2 3 2O 4 y y 24 X 6 S~ y 03 y G3 (-- 1 s -t--< ^ C/3 CO CO * * y y rt y 'r* .H ^ " y o X o -o _ y .5 o^ o^ E co y p o w ^yy J > y E 2 o > <-w 0 *G co O IS ,/5 u ^y rt js y r3 .S5o gy y o * a- ^ CG y "G y u rs M~t o -4 g*N u Myh co y rt y uu .2- 9 g -- o 42 o 'Z rt to yy -o cfl 3^ .0 r--h ^c x^ -imi *G y ^ 9 O0 CO r ^ II O co Ov CO O ^ -2 'y 3 y -a - y rt +* y 5 G2 XS u " *H{* y G-Gy 5S y *s c 2 Sf' a. o. 0S ,, C-- u " coS = ao5 1 o t o `3 t; S (10 O. 3 CS *2, <5 O' -- O S O dD y - -d C3 OS 3 o .a g 3c -o JX g > as .s 8 y w o 43 o * o y 4-- <Gy G2 yG ^ 4=1 'y O-- G ^5 c~.G 05 --1 M -G sv t 50 ^ -- G /) _y -- g -S , c^ ~ :^ ^= ^ *-. --n G ?3 *- S Oh r --'. cj : `c 3 --G fc - u- | ,^ r-j ^5 r3 .5 * o ^' ffi - f .o 2P ; "3 to rt K So o S '5 0 3 Syv 5 naSi o 00 c? o r. o ^o o c ^ sO *s 10 t y >u% o a . i = x o o -,s =.= *3 -ffi s s >Q y ,c 4-* y x .g 9 yo b Oh -G c/i a s3 J g5* !-++= a g | : 3^ -3 < .Man ___ ;___ _ JL Wi; *mn it i 2 ^L-.. t/i T3 75 75 <y r3 V O 7} O~ S3 <3j 0 i2uOr <Gy CT3 J= S3 o A :"5 X! 75 '/5 rt-3 ' a -- -O U o 5^ ^^aifciewfe^ ; v i D *w y W i _.q C q _, U 3 'O 5 a 52 7U3 -w 2U 5o :<s- y.t? >>rG -" t 5 2 > tj s ,-s H >-- "J s O s^'43 .SOO u JS u, cg "5 y o c g /! - J, ^>T3 bo % 3>* O; .3 -- -- rt s - V c w *- O - G * *-.. tWJ O 8 o 1- no ^rt *G rt y +J u-j y fO-G b/3 - = .- C x ^ .^.a i1 o /-n u ti y 3 "3 0o n,-Sy r2t n. 7f1j yC/J Crjj- G w 2 2 2 c3 yo S *o ^ , *- y -- &P g .G x 7= y y vi' o -2 a ^"3 oo "i*G*; ro V . -- c? i> S2J LO r- y g: bjo y y G > o o CG ^ G2 S w CM '/5 g Ur y -- = *f w -- jr 7> U J$ ' G i> .2^ o bjo V - y y G 'G 5 ^ y 2c C` "J ^'H y rt rs 'G_ .rf m ~ 'Z T - .y" c oW .it22 4D2 '"aP '*o"' *. w .3H. .27 O ! 0 .2CS 3 "2 2 2% 5S Gb 2-y y > y S rt GS S M 3S > yH *+7*3*? . ^u . bw/) S,0 W- g *.=' >, -3 2 o 75 .s tj .2 c-T w ^ N V 3 O to "3 u .3 j- > N -a v *3 * y--> rcu wt975 G -> V O c3 S ^ *0 rt ji IS rt U y y> $ ^ 1) B 2 * ^s S a 2 ^ 0*0 "2 S 3 1<X O rt -3 > J3 S 2^ y o h o 2 tor 6iJ0 O _ ^ fJ ^ *S '35 O ' _ S cs G3 ^ V __ -^^ 3^2 rt .ts o 0 > ca ,2 * _ 71 rd g ^3 g. S Oy *a O.S. *G a> G hP-2 3 -a *TS ? S 5 2- 1 C/3 w o CO G y .g 8-13 3j -n u m ?s u a2 jy CO f-> ^ fi. 73 -o' c3 * %^ t_ 75 -3 C/3 w y <-4--< ^d y o .g , y .g g : *n Js y 2 g! a*^ .2 "2 G2 G y o 3 y o *t- y 302^ 'G v J w G3 i?ll 2 A ~ 08I 2 y - jj ^ - 3* D t) u uu , 4-t C O rt , 2y y G' U 71 *13 Oo ) g v sA * O O u* l Om 75 5i C-S <u_ ; cs v C/3 ' biO : C * 1-- a> *S > c :-& s 2i 2 <y rl t :? <l> : -y ( U y (A g c y G </> 't5 ttf y *g y _G G ^ V) G Soc -j ^ -o >*13 a C5 u G a, g <3 <2 y rG- cG/3 *=! ^ : o g: c/5 O b>o ^ y y 7y x y oO G ,5* rt *3 rt 3 yG ^y y *2 buo X o 7J G o2s y .ya 2y 0-3 *53 s-s T3 y y Gy cr 2^ ?y h *G y2 tr) ^ G= ^3 C/5 G *2 x 4-* G*o y 2 .y3 -- '/)'-*- -3 35 o y -s s % uy o ,S. G *G --' N ^ E, 2 y* g ' 'X .-- li O o > u o l_ GJ ^ rt 2 s 5 G3 f^S? y o 5 ,xy , 4_t '" :J -3 to y b/D rt G, y ,G Gy a. --rt -- *2 y 4oM ue5 v E- 2 o *75 1 -y ,Gy --GG o ^-s y *2 v! G .3 <^.4 "3c^ 0 '-W 4--1 ri y G5 0 OG w ^ .bf 7J ^ G *b y u* b/} : t' -*J* -S C 0M 7iyi5i c bjo^s 4rM3 y a *G wy *75 0 U1 -3. u oLO o 2 G t t ; Mm y o yU G *-T g 2 NJ <j G. ^3 5 yyc yy W sr* yu> c Q rt j j y o I -y3 --22 g *c ?- Q| 2 - ^ G 1/5 *4_, u y y s p. 53 aj;.^ bjG^ G5 u 3-3 y bi> X o 1,^1 3-3 0^-3.5 r- ij _1 *y1 --m y--' >% tl o h ? . S Gb/3GO=-"HO U0 o0 ' .t; 43 M,3-0 r- y ; a4*-- j 5yOy , u ^ "G - yG-- : y* y >- G3 y j- " -G y y -G cs JG . T3 y -- yy y_ C75u 5. - G 'O "5 "G y lx y y -'G.n U^ 2 2 y y G^ ^yii 0 3> T7 -Oi_> :-C-G 0 ^ yu ^a. 00 CO -"-^rmimaffi i r- - ~ i.ij JT fit AT v/ J j 3t-^-r .c^x JC>f pss ijii s b qDtis s u 3a o iiui.Op pmz s j j d w yo ,v\aj ^ ?z t>[ jpzuwx c 1 .fssun<>3 -idioa-id uxcuj J3je.v\ SnipBjjxs j.ij pasn sassajc! J3j[ij Tc 'OtJ r *i*. "O 9J3 % con> c T^3 55u - O ** c/> J-- o^ a ~o rs 5 O "* s^ *- ^ o VO 00 ci O O rt*vO <N ^ O O i*-0 <N *r is. M to re C0 C^M ro m 6 W -n s j t/i o *0 .5 *0 os y bA 5 &o v rt 3 bO ' .4c- *y3 r- O 2 .S 0/1 .Sc3 "0 O rt l> rjs 4~> CO J2 'J rfl O O o . -> Cr-, H_C . -- b3 s_ S--2 .2 3 VS vV o D P-. o -rffOO GO m ^<N 0--0 2o5 C'J Q O 05 rt c^vO O VO O M CO -\j%- vo O >"` >-4 r>. "TOr>p* I'On ts^*voOtxfltOx t>M* tN u>, vX O -O j g O ~ ^ o <y SL uri>t CO ^O V, "Z 5UC -- iS *3 *3 u ^ Zj ^ u *-- n; c/i 3 u u JZ O JJ (1 H --u O ,3 u-, w -a .Q1-CONONMNQKC\tfMK V> V 3 .2 ,wX CO ^ > v2 _ -- n ,fi :/} CC *1* *f ^ >-< C\ N.00 ON O CVVO 01 fO fMs.vOM OCl 0C0J NN tC^l v^c NM NM OfO C01wCCl NM^vMO 5s r ~ ^ '5 t, g O *o S /} o H o -r X JS .2 *o bjo i> > o c-> V) U = a V .- iS -S3 ? "5 S >o ^ 33 S qi Crt ,a u s | <S(jQMfcOKM^4<Z j>% v CU T5 4o; > O~ ^ 2 *to s3h *- O s (/iu O +-* o .tS S > 1) T<3U C IS ^ rt <-M O O JS ou - U rt s *- u fao ar so oo o fcjo C3 ^ <n " ^TM ort Oh .C rt CU ^ s C2 * `spygTO nsrarv. ^'trr-fliwviifina r atiK?i' ffr^<wrtW, ; i %:.i -" / . j: :- 3 sx ` "* --^ 5 * 5 y: - - b1 IS S ? > ated with d tin plate lossible to in without >ase metal, pockets to y developlint tinned :ore applyace of the turpentine, be present Red iron bitive pig>e of 15'/c ite with a e of paint, m varnish ir dipping ral spirits mtaining a Clt.M'TKK IX. MARINE PAINTS. One hundred tons of paint, costing approximately $25,000, represents the initial color requirements of a new battleship. The annual upkeep cost may even exceed this sum. since it is the custom to repaint different parts of a modern war vessel every three to six months. This would indicate an annual paint protection outlay of nearly a million dollars for our Xavy. If to this sum we should add the cost of painting the thousands of lake boats, freighters, river steamers, and pleas ure craft, a conception may be had of the importance of marine paints. While many different types of painting products are used on vessels, only those which find the most universal appli cation will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Primer Paints.--The priming coat of paint upon steel ves sels is the most important of all, since protection from cor rosion is governed by the effect of the initial coating applied to the steel. Many thousand tons of red-lead paint are annually used for this purpose. At the present time most red-lead paints that are used for naval vessels come in pre pared form ready for brushing, one of the most satisfactory being composed of two parts of red lead and one part of silica, ground in linseed oil, drier, and mineral spirits. Such a paint, if well made, will remain in prepared form in a can for a long period of time without showing any tendency to harden, even though the red lead should con.ain up to 12% of litharge. Bottom Paints.--Among the most important naval paints are those which are applied to protect the submerged parts of the hulls from corrosion or fouling by barnacles. The word "barnacle" is the popular name for that form of marine Crustacea of the order Cirripedia, which consists of a clamlike body lodged in a shell that is often formed in a series of rings r plates. They become attached and adhere with great tenacity to rocks, pilings, and vessels. When removed from * ship's bottom, the clamlike body will be found separated 123 from the paint lilm only by a (bin, semi-calc which undoubtedly would allow the passage pounds contained in the. film. W ithout a the speed of vessels would be greatly retar point of over 200 C .; is miscible with alcohol-shellac solu- tion.s; has a high solvent action, and dries to a semi-resinous film possessing considerable elasticity. In tests which were : ground in a paint, lias been found high but on account of its great solubility i leached out of the film, which finally bec AUI.IXC.TON PAINT TKSTS. paints in the rural districts, in industrial communities, where the atmosphere is polluted with dust-laden smoke, such paints are an absolute necessity. Prepared paints of the higher grade contain a substantia! amount of zinc oxide mixed with white lead (corroded or sublimed i. 1 lie inert pigments, such as silica, barvtes. Fig . 6_>. Microscopic view of lead paint which did not Contain zinc oxide. Softness of paint has caused the retention of dust, plant pollen and :nsects, giving darkened appearance to paint. a-bestine. whiting, china clay. etc., are used in moderate per centages in some of these products. Such paints afford the maximum wear and present the best appearance in any climate. In the official report of the inspection committee of the American Society for Testing Materials, the following com ments were made on the results of the above-described whitePmnt tests at Arlington. CUATTl-.K XV. THE TOXIC AXD ANTISEPTIC PROPERTIES OF PAIXTS. Later experiments by the writer determined, in a more satisfactory manner, the composition of oil vapors. The tests were made in the "scrim" room of a large linoleum factory where thousands of yards of cotton scrim are sus pended in the air and repeatedly coated with linseed oil: As soon as one coat becomes dry, another flowing coat is applic 1, and the process is repeated for several weeks until a semi transparent rubber-like mass of oxidized oil. '4 inch thick, is formed on either side of the scrim. In this room was placed an open tin can containing a pint of ordinary tap water. After exposure to the vapors in the room for a week, the can was removed to the writer's laboratory and the con tents examined. The odor of the water was very strong and suggestive of acrolein. A considerable quantity of suspended and precipitated red oxide of iron was observed. As the water originally contained iron, it is probable that its precipita tion was due to the carbon dioxide given off by the drying oil. Analysis of the water showed the presence of appreci able quantities of formic, acetic and butyric acids. Aldehydes were also found present. A consideration of the previously cited laboratory tests in which the writer discovered the presence of carbon monoxide in the vapors from drying oils and paints, will no doubt be of interest to medical authorities. The results will probably throw considerable light upon cases of poisoning which have been attributed to lead absorption, but which were possibly 'toe to the effect of carbon monoxide upon the red corpuscles the patient. Symptoms such as sallow complexion, general lassitude, emaciation and incoordination, caused by the inhalat,on of carbon monoxide over long periods of time, might *as,ly be mistaken for symptoms of lead poisoning. When 231 512 1.' r. 3a 3< 9-5 ? y. . A >-- ^l-g| y 1 a! i 'J * 1 ^ a y. - J a a c- N ^ 3 12 z 2- 01 CO 01 2 7 r: -5 o* -- _<> 1 '4TM` >* Er 3 5 hK -3 4 :i cnZ .\35." P 7 >o_* r-i * Diseases o f O ccupation. M ethuen & Co., ? . .. : V;'' n(^wi 238 pain t r es ear c h es . ventilated, but immediately afterward they may be close* for a day or so, in order to allow the fumes from the a thorough opportunity for asserting their antiseptic effec upon every portion of the walls, interior and contents of tl* room. Fumigation with burning sulphur or washing the oy paint with liquid antiseptics are probably no more efficient from a sanitary consideration, and assuredly less productive of pleasing results from a decorative standpoint than the application of a fresh coat of paint to the walls and trim of a room. Flat wall paints made of non-poisonous lithopone and zinc pigments, on account of the ease with which thev may be applied, their low cost and their ability to hide sur faces with few coats, make them especially fitted for this purpose. Cause and Prevention of Toxic Effect of Pigments. Much has been published regarding lead poisoning, and the subject has been discussed at length both here and abroad. There can be no doubt that painters have suffered to some extent from this disease, but recorded evidence shows that the majority of cases have occurred in factories where lead products are made. A historical review of the subject will show that the hand mixing of dry lead pigments is fraught with danger. It is apparent, however, that the painter who handles prepared-paint products does not come in contact with lead dust, and his trade is therefore a safe one, free from the dangers that attend the older methods and materials. Eminent authorities have pointed out that the inhalation of dry dust containing metallic particles floating about, consti tutes the most dangerous source of lead poisoning: respiratory absorption being readily accomplished under such conditions. This, of course, calls for the elimination of dust as far as possible in the painting trade. The dangers from cutaneous absorption or from gastro-intestinal absorption, which are in most cases caused through uncleanliness of hands or face, will, of course, he reduced when more cleanly and sanitary conditions are provided, and when the rules of hygiene are more strictly observed. mmmrn T f. t MM Flash P o in t O pen Cup 102 B o ilin g P o in t 320' ClI.U'TliK XV l. THE IJCHiT-REKLECTlXG VALl'ES OF WHITE A.\I) COLORED FAINTS. In addition to toxic and antiseptic effects, interior paints should be considered from the standpoint of illumination and psychologic values. The attention of engineers is being con stantly called to the relative value of different types of artificial illmninants for interior spaces. Very little thought, however, has been given to the light-reflecting power of the interior sur faces where such illuminants are used. That the surface constitutes quite as important a factor as the type of illuminam is indicated by the tests herein described, where the illumina tion of an interior space lighted with a tungsten lamp varied from 12 per cent, to 67 per cent, when different surface colors were used. Athough considerable work has been done on the light-re flecting power of wall papers." the constantly-decreasing tendency to use paper, on account of its insanitary properties, and the steadily increasing use of wall paints of the oil type, especially in hospitalsf and public buildings, have necessitated a reconsideration of the problem, since different methods of determination would be required in many cases for two such different substances as paper and paint. A search of the literature on illumination has produced one article which gives a series of carefully-made photometric measurements on the reflective value of paints. This is by Louis Bell, who calls attention to the fact that traces of carbon in a paint (gray) or dust of a painted surface immensely de crease the illuminating value. He advocates the use of light- * "Surface Brightness and a New Instrument for Its Measurement.'' now and Mackinnev, Mum. Eng., vol. 3, Nov.. [910, p. 655. "Appa ratus for Measuring Light and Illumination," Dow and Mackinnoy, Elec. World, vol. 60. Aug. 17, I0f2. p. 364. 1 "The Sanitarv Value of Wall Paints." H. A. Gardner, Bull. Scien. Sec. Paint Mfrs.'- Assn, of U. S. t"Examination of the Coefficient of Different Tints in Its Relation Indirect and Semi-indirect Lighting," Louis Bell, Elec. World, vol. Jan., 1915, p. 2i t. 253