Document 7y8DrxzYebMwMzLN0Mb3GMn6

FILE NAME: New York State & NY Times (NY) DATE: 1962 DOC#: NY077 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NY Dept of Labor Industrial Code No. 23 [As Amended] %> ALBANY I 's NEW YORK . :: UiHAR* FEE s : -4 23 S' M I /MPC/ OOViiN. " '7 DOCUMENTS State of New York Department of Labor /V * 2 -? b o a r d OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS The Industrial Code R ule No. 23 PROTECTION OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WORK Ab Amended Effective April 2, 1962 1 STATE OF NEW YORK NELSON A. ROCKEFELLER Governor DEPARTMENT OF LABOR M. P. CATHERWOOD Industrial Commissioner BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS H. Myron Lewis, Chairman George S. Raymond, Member H arry R. Mason, M em ber Copies of this Rule may be obtained, free of charge, by individuals and groups when, in the judgment of the Commissioner, such distribution will further safety education and compliance with the Code Rules. Requests for copies by mail should be directed to the State of New York, Department of Labor, Office of the Administrative Director, The Governor Alfred E. Smith State Office Building, Albany 1, New York. However, single copies may be obtained by applying in person at the Department's office at Albany, and in New York City at the Department's office a t SO Centre Street (Room SOI). Printed February, 1962 In d u strial Code Rule No. 23 Protection of Persons Employed in Construction and Demolition Work HISTORICAL NOTES Industrial Code Bulletin No. 23 relating to Erection, Repair or Demolition of Buildings, which was adopted by the State Indus trial Commission, became effective April 15, 1920. This was re pealed by the Board of Standards and Appeals when Industrial Code Rule No. 23 relating to Protection of Persons Employed in the Erection, Repair or Demolition of Buildings or Structures, adopted by the Board October 1, 1941, became effective on February 1, 1942. The Board has further amended or revised Industrial Code Rule No. 23, effective successively on October 1, 1944; July 1, 1947; February 1, 1950; September 15, 1951; April 15, 1954; December 22, 1954; July 1, 1957; November 1, 1959; and April 2, 1962. The present title of the rule has been used since July 1,1957. STATE OF NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF LABOR } S S ; BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS J In pursuance of the authority vested in me by subdivision 1 of sec tion 102 of th e Executive Law, I, H. MYRON LEWIS, Chairman of the New Y ork S tate B oard of S tandards and Appeals, DO HEREBY CERTIFY th a t the copy of In d u strial Code Rule No. 23, Protection of Persons Employed in Construction and Demolition Work, hereto attached is a correct transcript of the said rule as amended by the Board on the 23rd day of Jan u ary , 1962, and prescribed to take effect on th e 2nd day of A pril, 1962, p u rsu a n t to th e authority of sections 27-a, 28, 29, 200, 241, 241-a and 242 of th e Labor Law, and t h a t the original am endm ent of the said ru le h a s been duly filed in th e office of the Secretary of State of the State of New York on January 23,1962. Given under my hand and the seal of office of th e D epartm ent of Labor a t the City of Albany on the 23rd day of January, 1962. H. MYRON LEWIS Chairman, New York State Board of Standards and Appeals EXTRACTS OF THE LABOR LAW Section 28. Rules of the board of standards and appeals. Rules of the board of standards and appeals may be made for 1. The proper sanitation in all places to which this chapter applies and for guarding against and minimizing fire hazards, personal in juries and diseases in all places to which this chapter applies with respect to: a. The construction, demolition, alteration, equipment and mainte nance of all such places, including the conversion of structures into factories, factory buildings and mercantile establishments ; b. The arrangement and guarding of machinery and the storing and keeping of property and articles; c. The places where and the methods and operation by which trades and occupations may be conducted and the conduct of employers, employees and other persons; It being the policy and intent of this chapter that all places to which it applies shall be so constructed, equipped, arranged, operated and conducted in all respects as to provide reasonable and adequate pro tection to the lives, health and safety of all persons employed therein, n and frequenting the same, and that the board shall from time to time make such rules as will effectuate such policy and intent. I * # *. * 3. The rules may be limited in their application to certain classes of establishments, places of employment, machines, apparatus, arti cles, processes, industries, trades or occupations or may apply only to I those to be constructed, established, installed or provided in the a future. 4. The rules of the board shall have the force and effect of law and shall be enforced in the same manner as the provisions of this chapter. i9 5. No provision of thiB chapter specifically conferring powers on S the board to make rules shall limit the power conferred by this section. 1 Excerpt from Section 30. "Variations. If there shall be practical i difficulties or unnecessary hardship in carrying out provisions of" the Labor Law or of this rule, "the board may make a variation from" the requirements thereof. "Any person affected by such provision or rule, or his agent, may petition the board for such variation stating the grounds therefor." I1 Section 110. Review by board of standards and appeals. 1. Any person in interest or his duly authorized agent may petition the board of standards and appeals for a review of the validity or reasonable ness of any rule or order made under the provisions of this chapter. 2. The petition shall be verified, shall be filed in duplicate with the board of standards and appeals and shall state the rule or order f. proposed to be reviewed and in what respects it is claimed to be invalid or unreasonable. Any objection to the rule or order not raised in the petition shall be deemed waived. The board may join in one proceeding all petitions alleging invalidity or unreasonableness of i substantially similar rules or orders. The filing of such petition shall I operate to stay all proceedings against the petitioner under such rule or order until the determination of such review. j * * * * 5. The decision of the board shall be final unless within thirty days f after it is filed one of the parties commences an action as provided in section one hundred and eleven. 020-y, 4 YQ- g i / g y , Uo. 2-^ t U * Section 200. General duty to protect health and safety of em ployees. All places to -which this chapter applies shall be so con structed, equipped, arranged, operated and conducted as to provide reasonable and adequate protection to the lives, health and safety of all persons employed therein. The board shall make rules to carry into effect the provisions of this section. Section 240. Scaffolding and other devices for use of employees. 1. A person employing or directing another to perform labor of any kind in the erection, demolition, repairing, altering, painting, cleaning or pointing of a building or structure shall furnish or erect, or cause to be furnished or erected for the performance of such labor, scaffolding, hoists, stays, ladders, slings, hangers, blocks, pulleys, braces, irons, ropes, and other devices which shall be so constructed, placed and operated as to give proper protection to a person so em ployed or directed. 2. Scaffolding or staging more than twenty feet from the ground or floor, swung or suspended from an overhead support or erected with stationary supports, except scaffolding wholly within the interior of a building and covering the entire floor space of any room therein, shall have a safety rail of suitable material properly attached, bolted, braced or otherwise secured, rising at least thirty-four inches above the floor or main portions of such scaffolding or staging and extend ing along the entire length of the outside and the ends thereof, with only such openings as may be necessary for the delivery of materials. Such scaffolding or staging shall be so fastened as to prevent it from swaying from the building or structure. 3. All scaffolding shall be so constructed as to bear four times the maximum weight required to be dependent therefrom or placed thereon when in use. 4. The commissioner shall immediately inspect a scaffold or device concerning which complaint is made. He shall attach to every scaffold or device th at he inspects a certificate stating that he has made the inspection and has found the same safe or unsafe, as the case may be. If unsafe, the commissioner shall a t once, in writing, notify the person responsible for the scaffold or mechanical device of the fact and shall prohibit the use of it by him or by any other person until all danger is removed by alteration, reconstruction or replacement as the com missioner may direct. Such notice may be served personally upon the person responsible or by affixing it conspicuously to the scaffold or device declared unsafe. Section 241. Protection of employees on building construction or demolition work including excavation work in connection therewith. All contractors and owners, when constructing or demolishing build ings or doing any excavating in connection therewith, shall comply with the following requirements: 1. If the floors are to be arched between the beams thereof, or if the floors or filling in between the floors are of fireproof material, the flooring or filling in shall be completed as the building progresses. 2. I f the floors are not to be filled in between the beams with brick or other fireproof material, the underflooring shall be laid on each story as the building progresses. 8. I f double floors are not to be used, the floors two stories immedi ately below the story where the work is being performed shall be kept planked over. 4. I f the floor beams are of iron or steel, the entire tier of iron or steel beams on which the structural iron or steel work is being erected B00010092B shall be thoroughly planked over, except spaces reasonably required for proper construction of the iron or steel work, for raising or lower ing of m aterials or for stairways and elevator shafts designated by the plans and specifications. 5. If elevators, elevating m achines o r hod-hoisting apparatus^ are used in the course of construction, for the purpose of lifting materials, the shafts or openings in each floor and a t each landing level shall be inclosed o r fenced in on all sides by a barrier of suitable height, except on two sides which may be used fo r taking off and putting on m aterials, and those sides shall be guarded by an adjustable b a rrie r no t less than three nor more than four feet from the floor and not less than two feet from the edges of such shafts or openings. 6. The board of standards and appeals may make ru les to_ provide for the protection of workmen in connection with the excavation work for the construction of buildings, the work of constructing or demol ishing buildings and structures, and the guarding of dangerous ma chinery used in connection therewith, and the owners and contractors for such work shall comply therewith. Section 241-a. Protection of workmen in or a t elevator shaftw ays, hatchways and stairwells. Any men working in or at elevator shaftways, hatchways and stairwells of buildings in course of construction or demolition shall be protected by sound planking a t least two inches thick laid across the openings at levels not more than two stories above and not more than one story below such men, or by other means specified in the rules of the board. Section 242. Enforcem ent o f article. The commissioner and the chief officer charged w ith the enforcem ent of the building laws of any city, town or village shall enforce this article. Such officer shall have all the powers for enforcement of it th at are vested in the commissioner. NOTE The phrase "suffer or perm it" as employed in this rule implies knowledge or the opportunity through reasonable diligence to acquire knowledge. This presupposes a fa ir measure of continuity and per manence. The phrase fu rth er implies the power to prohibit, prevent or hinder an act or condition. See Peo. ex rel, Price vs. Sheffield Farm s, etc., 225 N.Y. 25, 30 and Avon B ar and Grill, Inc. vs. O'Connell, 276 A.D. 507 and cases cited. The rules of the Board have the force and effect of law. A violation of rules adopted by the Board is punishable as a penal offense. (Penal Law, Sections 1275, 1276 and 1277) References to related rules of the Industrial Code: Steam Boilers--Rule No. 14 Guarding of Dangerous M achinery--Rule No. 19 Work in Compressed A ir--Rule No. 22 Tunnel Construction--Rule No. 30 Control of Silica D ust in Rock D rilling--Rule No. 33 Possession, Handling, Storage and Transportation of Explo sives--Rule No. 39 Explosive Powered Tools--R ule No. 40 CONTENTS Section No. Subject Page Finding of F a c t ......................................................................... 17 23-1 Application ................................................................................ 17 23-2 Definitions ................................................................................... 17 23-3 General Provisions...................................................................... 20 23-3.1 23-3.2 23-3.3 23-3.4 23-3.5 23-3.6 23-3.7 23-3.8 23-3.9 23-3.10 23-3.11 23-3.12 23-3.13 23-3.14 23-3.15 23-3.16 23-3.17 23-3.18 23-3.19 23-3.20 23-3.21 23-3.22 23-3.23 23-3.24 23-3.25 23-3.26 23-3.27 23-3.28 23-3.29 23-3.30 23-3.31 23-3.32 23-3.33 Application .................................................... ........................... 20 General Duty to Protect Health and Safety of Persons Em ployed in Construction and Demolition Work................. 20 General Requirement of Competency..................................... 20 General Requirement of Quality.............................................. 20 Responsibility of Employees.................................................... 21 Condition of Equipment and Safeguards................................. 21 Strength of E quipm ent.................... ...................................... 21 Overhead H a zard s..................................................................... 21 Falling H a zard s.........................................- ............................. 21 Drowning Hazards ................................................................... 21 Slipping H a z a rd s...................................................................... 21 Tripping and Other H azards.................................................... 21 Vertical Passage ...................................................................... 21 Control of Dusts and G ases...................................................... 21 Corrosive Substances ............................................................... 22 Eye P ro tectio n .......................................................................... 22 Respirators ................................................................................ 22 Protective A p p arel.................................................................... 22 Cleanliness of Personal Protective Equipment........................ 22 Power-Driven Machines--G eneral........................................... 23 Keys, Set-Screws and Similar Projections................................ 23 Power-Driven S aw s.................................................................. 23 Sprockets, Gears and Friction-Disc Drives............................ 23 Belts, Pulleys, Flywheels and Wire Rope................................ 23 Hand Tools ................................................................................ 24 Safety Railing .......................................................................... 24 Temporary Electric W irin g ...................................................... 24 Electrical H a zard .......................... ........................................... 24 L ig h tin g ...................................................................................... 25 Lumber and Nail Fastenings.................................................... 25 Specified Lumber Dimensions.................................................. 25 Public Vehicular T raffic........................................................... 25 Stability of S tru ctu res............................................................. 25 23-4 Approval of Materials and Devices 25 23-5 Maintenance and Housekeeping 25 23-5.1 23-5.2 Storage of Material and Equipment.......................................... 25 Disposal of D e b ris...................................................................... 26 23-6 Sanitation and Drinking W ater.................................................. 26 23-6.1 23-6.2 23-6.3 23-6.4 Toilet Facilities ......................................................................... 26 Accessibility of T o ilets.............................................................. 26 Shelter ........................................................................................ 26 Washing Facilities .................................................................... 26 7 Section No. 23-6.5 23-6.6 Change Houses Drinking Water Subject 23-7 Demolition 23-7.1 23-7.2 23-7.3 23-7.4 23-7.5 23-7.6 23-7.7 23-7.8 23-7.9 23-7.10 23-7.11 23-7.12 23-7.13 23-7.14 23-7.15 23-7.16 23-7.17 23-7.18 23-7.19 General Method of Demolition.......... Preparations ....................................... Protection of Adjacent Structures . . . Demolition of Walls, Partitions, etc. . Inspection .......................................... Boarding of Wall Openings............... Methods of O peration........................ Access to F lo o rs................................... Protection in Other A re a s .................. Demolition of Structural S te e l.......... Demolition of Floor A rches................ Floor Openings--Permissible A rea... Floor Openings--Required Protection Storage of M aterial-G eneral............ Storage of Debris in C ellar................ Safe Footing R equired...................... Catch P latform s................................... Barricades ............................. . Mechanical Method of Demolition . .. Page .. 26 ..26 26 26 9 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 23-8 23-8.1 23-8.2 23-8.3 23-8.4 23-8.5 23-9 23-9.1 23-9.2 23-9.3 23-9.4 23-10 23-10.1 23-10.2 23-10.3 23-10-4 23-10.5 23-11 23-11.1 23-11.2 23-11.3 23-11.4 23-11.5 23-11.6 23-12 23-12.1 23-12.2 Excavation ................................................................................... 30 Stability of S tru ctu res............................................................... 30 General Requirements ............................................................... 30 Piling, Shoring and B racing..................................................... 30 Access ......................................................................................... 31 Trench Excavations.................................................................... 31 Structural Steel Assembly......................................................... 33 Placing of Structural Members.................................................. 33 Holing or Cutting of StructuralMembers................................... 33 Tag Lines ................................................................................... 33 Erection of L in tels...................................................................... 33 Concrete W o rk ..............................................................................33 General Requirements .............................................................. 33 Inspection ................................................................................... 33 Beams, Floors and R oofs........................................................... 33 S tripping..................................................................................... 33 Reshoring ................................................................................... 34 Special Requirements for BuildingConstruction..........................34 Permanent Flooring--Skeleton Steel Construction in Tiered Buildings ............................................................................ 34 Temporary Flooring--SkeletonSteelConstruction in Tiered Buildings ............................................................................ 34 Flooring--Other Construction................................................. 34 Protection of Workmen in Shafts--General............................. 34 Protection of Workmen in ElevatorShafts................................ 35 Catch Platform R equired.............................................................35 General Provisions for All Scaffolds 35 Scope ............................................... 35 Footings--Anchorage ..................... 35 Section No. Subject Page 23-12.3 23-12.4 23-12.5 Scaffold S tru c tu re ...................................................................... 35 Loading ....................................................................................... 36 P lanking....................................................................................... 36 23-12.6 23-12.7 Maintenance and R e p a ir........................................................... 36 L um ber......................................................................................... 36 23-12.8 Erection and R em oval.............................................................. 36 23-12.S 23-12.10 23-12.11 23-12.12 Overhead P rotection.................................................................. 36 Guard Rails and Toeboards....................................................... 36 Metal P a r t s ................................................................................. 37 Splices ......................................................................................... 37 23-13 Special Provisions for Pole Scaffolds......................................... 37 23-13.1 23-13.2 23-13.3 23-13.4 23-13.5 23-13.6 23-13.7 23-14 P o le s............................................................................................. 37 P u tlo g s................................................ 37 Bracing ......................................................................................... 37 Connections ................................................................................. 37 Planking ..................................................................................... 37 Erection and Rem oval................................................................ 37 Specification Requirem ents........................................................ 38 Special Provisions for Outrigger Scaffolds ; .............................. 44 23-14.1 23-14.2 23-14.3 23-14.4 23-14.5 23-14.6 23-15 Outrigger B eam s........................................................................ 44 Inboard S upports........................................................................ 44 Design and Construction........................................................... 44 Planking ..................................................................................... 44 Enclosure..................................................................................... 44 Superstructures .......................................................................... 44 Special Provisions for All Suspended Scaffolds........................ 45 23-15.1 23-15.2 23-15.3 23-15.4 23-15.5 23-15.6 23-15.7 23-15.8 23-16 Inspection before Installation................................................... 45 Installation and U s e .................................................................. 45 Fibre Rope T ackle...................................................................... 45 Hoisting M achines...................................................................... 45 Limitation on Use of Fibre R ope.............................................. 45 Tie-ins ......................................................................................... 45 Platform S upports...................................................................... 45 Planking ..................................................................................... 45 Special Provisions for Two-Point Suspension Scaffolds........... 45 23-16.1 23-16.2 23-16.3 23-16.4 23-16.5 23-16.6 23-16.7 23-17 Width and F a ste n in g ................................................................ 45 Hangers ....................................................................................... 45 Roof I r o n s ................................................................................... 45 Railings and Toeboards............................................................ 46 Use .................................................................................................46 Fibre Rope ................................................................................. 46 Types of P la tfo rm s...................................................................... 46 Special Provisions for Multiple-Point Suspension Scaffolds.. 47 23-17.1 23-17.2 23-17.3 23-17.4 23-17.5 23-17.6 23-17.7 23-18 Design ......................................................................................... 47 Installation ................................ 48 Platform ........................................................................................48 Railing and Toeboard................................................................ 48 Overhead P ro tectio n .................................................................. 48 Platform ..................................................................................... 48 Dism antling............................................................ 48 Special Provisions for Needle Beam Scaffolds............................48 Section No. Subject Page 23-18.1 23-18.2 23-18.3 23-18.4 23-18.5 Use .............................................................................................. 48 Platform Supports..................................................................... 48 Rope ............................................................................................ 48 Platform ................................................................................... 49 Containers for T o o ls............................................................... 49 23-19 Special Provisions for Horse Scaffolds....................................... 49 23-19.1 23-19.2 23-19.3 23-19.4 Limitation of H e ig h t................................................................. 49 Installation ................................................................................. 49 Construction of Horses ............................................................ 49 Spacing ....................................................................................... 49 23-20 Special Provisions for Carpenter's Portable Bracket Scaffolds 49 23-20.1 23-20.2 23-20.3 Construction of B rackets.......................................................... 49 Bracket Installation .................................................................. _49 Loading ....................................................................................... 50 23-21 Special Provisions for Bricklayer's Square Scaffolds............... 50 23-21.1 23-21.2 23-21.3 23-21.4 23-21.5 Limitation of U s e ...................................................................... 50 Construction of Squares............................................................ 50 Construction of Scaffolding...................................................... 50 Platform ......................................................................... 50 Multiple T ie rs .............................................................................. 50 23-22 Special Provisions for Lean-to Scaffolds..................................... 51 23-22.1 23-22.2 Limited U s e ................................................................................. 51 Construction ............................................................................... 51 23-23 Special Provisions for Trestle and Extension Trestle Ladder Scaffolds.............................................................................. 51 23-23.1 23-23.2 23-23.3 23-23.4 Permissible H e ig h t.................................................................... 51 Bracing......................................................................................... 51 Platforms ................................................................................... 51 Limitations of U s e ...................................................................... 51 23-24 Special Provisions for Ladder Jack Scaffolds........................... 51 23-25 23-25.1 23-25.2 Manually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds.......................................... 52 Existing E quipm ent.................................................................. 52 New Equipm ent......................................................................... 52 23-26 Special Scaffolds--Approval Required...................................... 52 23-27 Window J a c k s ............................................................................. 52 23-28 Boatswain's C hairs...................................................................... 52 23-28.1 23-28.2 23-28.3 23-28.4 23-28.5 S trength....................................................................................... 52 C hair............................................................................................. 52 Tackle.......................................................................................... 52 A nchorage................................................................................. 53 Seat Guard or Safety B e l t ....................................................... 53 23-29 Work on Steep R o o fs.............................................................. 53 23-29.1 23-29.2 Roofing B rac k ets........................................................................ 53 Crawling Boards ........................................................................ 53 10 Section No. Subject Page 23-29.3 High Roofs ..................................................................................... 53 23-30 Safety Belts ............................................................................... 54 23-30.1 23-30.2 23-30.3 23-30.4 23-30.5 ' w 23-30.6 Approval Required...................................................................... 54 Attachment R equired................................................................ 54 Specifications for Life L ines...................................................... 54 Instruction in U s e ...................................................................... 54 Protection of Life L ines............................................................. 54 Inspection--Defective Belts orL ines......................................... 54 23-31 Life N e ts ..................................................................................... 54 23-31.1 23-31.2 23-31.3 23-31.4 Materials and Construction....................................................... 54 Size, Strength, Location and A ttachm ent................................. 54 Maintenance ............................................................................... 54 Inspection--Defective N e ts ....................................................... 54 23-32 Safeguards Against Falling inBridge Construction................. 55 23-33 Stairways ................................................................................... 55 23-33.1 23-33.2 Construction ............................................................................... 55 Protective R ailings.................................................................... 55 23-34 General Requirements for Laddersand Ladderways................. 55 23-34.1 23-34.2 23-34.3 23-34.4 23-34.5 23-34.6 23-34.7 23-34.8 23-34.9 23-34.10 23-34.11 Special Ladders--Approval R equired...................................... 55 S trength ...................................................................................... 55 Materials of Construction........................................................... 55 Maintenance and Replacement................................................. 55 Installation ................................................................................. 56 Ladderways................................................................................. 56 Ladder Rungs--W ood................................................................ 56 Splicing ....................................................................................... 56 Metal Ladders; Limited U s e ..................................................... 56 Spreaders.................................................................................... 56 Placement; Door Openings....................................................... 56 23-35 Single L adders........................................................................... 57 23-35.1 23-35.2 Length ...................................................................................... 57 Construction of Cleat L adders................................................. 57 23-36 Extension Ladders and SectionalLadders.................................. 57 23-36.1 23-36.2 23-36.3 Length ........................................................................................ 57 A djustm ent................................................................................. 57 Sectional Ladders ...................................................................... 57 23-37 Stepladders .................................... 57 23-37.1 23-37.2 23-37.3 Length ........................................................................................ 57 Bracing ....................................................................................... 57 Bases ........................................................................................... 57 23-38 Structural Runways, Ramps andPlatforms.............................. 57 23-38.1 23-38.2 23-38.3 Application ................................................................................. 57 Runways and Ramps ................................................................ 57 Platforms ................................................................................... 58 23-39 Catch Platforms and SidewalkSheds........................................ 58 11 | Section No. Subject Page j 23-39.1 Use .............................................................................................. 5S i 23-39.2 Platform Construction............................................................... 5S ' 23-39.3 Platform Enclosures................................................................... 58 l 23-39.4 Sidewalk Sheds............................................................................ 5S f 23-40 Chutes ........................................................................................ 59 !; 23-40.1 Enclosure..................................................................................... 59 [ 23-40.2 Construction ............................................................................... 59 23-40.3 Protection at Openings.............................................................. 59 [ 23-40.4 Danger Signs ............................................................................. 59 23-41 Combustion Devices Used for Temporary Heating................. 59 23-41.1 Room Ventilation ...................................................................... 59 l 23-41.2 Setting ........................................................................................ 59 23-41.3 Location....................................................................................... 59 23-41.4 Tarpaulins................................................................................... 60 23-41.5 Bottled G a s ................................................................................. 60 23-42 Material Handling and Hoisting Machinery--General Re- : quirements ........................................................................ 60 23-42.1 Maintenance and O peration..................................................... 60 i 23-42.2 Loading ....................................................................................... 60 | 23-42.3 Operators and Signalm en......................................................... 60 t 23-42.4 Signals for Hoisting Engine Operation................................... 60 S 23-42.5 Protection of O perator............................................................... 61 23-42.6 Protection of Moving P a r t s ..................................................... 61 23-42.7 Refueling..................................................................................... 61 23-42.8 Engine E x h au st.......................................................................... 61 r 23-42.9 Machinery at R e s t...................................................................... 61 23-42.10 Tag L ine...................................................................................... 61 1 23-42.11 Riding ........................................................................................ 61 > 23-42.12 Hoist B rakes............................................................................... 61 * 23-42.13 Electrically Driven M achines................................................... 61 23-42.14 Repairs and Lubrication........................................................... 61 : 23-42.15 Anchorage for Hoisting Machines............................................. 61 . 23-42.16 Hoppers and C h u tes.................................................................. 61 ' l ,j 23-43 Rigging, Rope, Chains for Material Hoisting............................. 62 v > 23-43.1 Hoisting Rope--M aterial........................................................... 62 23-43.2 Fibre R ope................................................................................... 62 23-43.3 Wire R o p e................................................................................... 62 23-43.4 Sheaves ....................................................................................... 62 23-43.5 Fittings ...................................................................................... 62 H 23-43.6 Use of C hains............................................................................. 63 a 23-43.7 Heat Treating of C hains.......................................................... 63 23-44 Material Platform or Bucket H o ists........................................ 63 js 23-44.1 Construction of Hoist Tow ers................................................... 63 23-44.2 Enclosure of Hoists .................................................................. 63 23-44.3 Entrances to Hoistways .......................................................... 63 23-44.4 Hoist C a rs ................................................................................... 64 23-44.5 Guide R a ils ................................................................................. 64 23-44.6 Operation of H o ist...................................................................... 64 23-44.7 Thoroughfare ............................................................................. 64 J 23-44.8 Protection of Hoist O perators................................................... 64 ; 23-44.9 Loading and Roping of Platform H o ists.................................. 64 j 23-44.10 Warning D evice......................................................................... 64 ? 23-44.11 Riding.......................................................................................... Q4 12 Section No. Subject Page 23-45 Workmen's Elevators ................................................................. 65 23-45.1 Elevators under Industrial Code Rule No. 8 65 23-45.2 Approval Required^...................................... 65 23-45.3 Maintenance and U s e ................................... 65 23-45.4 Hoistway Enclosure ..................................... 65 23-45.5 Hoistway D oors............................................ 65 23-45.fi Car Construction .......................................... 65 23-45.7 Car Door or G a te .......................................... 65 23-45.8 Wiring ........................................................... 66 23-45.9 L ighting......................................................... 66 23-45.10 Thoroughfare ................................................ 66 23-45.11 Enclosure of Hoisting Equipment............... 66 23-45.12 Car A ttendant................................................ 66 23-45.13 Initial Inspection and Lubrication............... 66 23-45.14 T e s ts ............................................................... 66 23-46 Cranes and Derricks 67 23-46.1 23-46.2 23-46.3 23-46.4 23-46.5 23-46.6 23-46.7 23-46.8 23-46.9 23-46.10 23-46.11 23-46.12 23-46.13 23-46.14 23-46.15 23-46.16 23-46.17 23-46.18 23-46.19 23-46.20 S tren g th ...................................................................................... 67 Inspection .................................................................................. 67 F o oting....................................................................................... 67 Hoisting Mechanism Brakes and Locking Devices.................. 67 Attachment of L o ad s................................................................ 67 Limitations on Modifications of Cranesand Derricks.............. 67 Cranes--Outriggers and Counterweights................................. 68 Cranes--Construction ................................................................ 68 Cranes--Capacity Chart ........................................................... 68 Granes--Boom Angle Indicator................................................ 68 Cranes--General Operation ..................................................... 68 Cranes--Operation with Demolition B a ll................................. 69 Cranes--Operation near Power L in es.................. 69 Cranes--Operators..................................................................... 69 Derricks--Bracing of Foot Blocks............................................ 71 Derricks--Guys ......................................................................... 71 Derricks--Breast T y p e.............................................................. 71 Derricks--Construction ............................................................ 71 Derricks--Capacity C h a rt......................................................... 72 Derricks--Load Limitation ....................................................... 72 23-47 Conveyors and Cableways......................................................... 72 23-47.1 23-47.2 23-47.3 23-47.4 23-47.5 23-47.6 Walkways .................................................................................. 72 T rip p ers...................... 72 Spillage ...................................................................................... 72 Overhead Protection.................................................................. 72 Signal System Required............................................................ 72 Riding Prohibited ..................................................................... 72 23-48 Excavating and Grading Machines.......................................... 72 23-48.1 23-48.2 23-48.3 23-48.4 23-48.5 2348.6 F ooting....................................................................................... 72 Protection of O perator.............................................................. 72 Operation.................................................................................... 72 Power Shovel Operation near Power L ines............................. 72 Trenching .................................................................................. 73 Stopping or Parking Machines................................................. 73 23-49 Auto T ru c k s......... 73 23-49.1 Brake Maintenance 73 23-49.2 Blocks................... 73 23-49.3 Loading ............... 73 23-49.4 Backing ............... 73 23-49.5 Riding ................. 73 13 Section No. 23-49.6 23-49.7 Dumping ----Cab Protector Subject Page 73 73 23-50 Hand-Propelled Vehicles 74 23-50.1 Maintenance ............. 74 23-50.2 Wheels and Handles . 74 23-50.3 Buggy Counterbalance 74 23-50.4 Curbing ...................... 74 23-50.5 Storage....................... 74 23-51 23-51.1 23-51.2 23-51.3 23-51.4 23-51.5 23-51.6 23-51.7 23-51.S 23-51.9 23-51.10 Lift and Fork Trucks.................................................................. 74 Capacity...................................................................................... 74 Loading ...................................................................................... 74 Brakes and Load-Elevating Mechanisms................................. 74 Hand-Lift Handles...................................................................... 74 Operating Surfaces.................................................................... 74 Packaged Masonry Units ......................................................... 74 Loose Masonry U n its ................................................................ 74 Support of P allets..................................................................... 74 Protection of Operator ............................................................ 74 Prohibited U s e ........................................................................... 74 23-52 23-52.1 23-52.2 23-52.3 23-52.4 23-52.5 23-52.6 23-52.7 23-52.8 23-52.9 23-52.10 23-52.11 23-52.12 Power Buggies........................ 75 Definition ....................................................................................... 75 Assigned Operator ..................................................................... 75 Defective Machines..................................................................... 75 Stability....................................................................................... 75 Braking Pow er............................................................................ 75 Accidental S tarting..................................................................... 75 Warning Devices........................................................................ 75 Seats and Visibility................................................................ 75 Speed .......................................................................................... 75 Parking on G rades..................................................................... 75 Prohibited Operation ................................................................. 75 Special Requirements for Runways, etc.................................... 76 23-53 Pile D rivers................................................................................. 76 23-53.1 23-53.2 23-53.3 23-53.4 23-53.5 23-53.6 23-53.7 23-53.8 23-53.9 23-53.10 23-53.11 23-54 Footing ...................................................................................... 76 Inspection ..................................................................................... 76 Protection of Operator ............................................................. 76 Qualifications of O perator......................................................... 76 Handling of Piles ...................................................................... 76 When Not in U s e ........................................................................ 77 Temporary Interruption ........................................................... 77 Steam and Air L in es................................................................. 77 Driving Plates, Cushions, Striking H eads............................... 77 Ladders ...................................................................................... 77 Working Platform s...................................................................... 77 Mixing Machines ....................................................................... 77 23-54.1 23-54.2 23-54.3 23-54.4 23-54.5 Charging Skips ......................................................................... 77 Hoppers ...................................................................................... 77 Bucket H oists............................................................................. 77 Flywheels .................................................................................. 77 Trough Type M ixers................................................................ 77 23--55 23-55.1 23-55.2 Jacks ......................... 77 Capacity M arking...................................................................... 77 Overtravel .....................................................................................78 14 Section No. 23-55.3 23-55.4 23-55.5 Lubrication Loads ----Supervision Subject 23-56 Electrical and Pneumatic Hand Tools Page ..78 ..78 ..78 78 23-56.1 23--56.2 23-56.3 Power Shut-Off Requirements Electrical and Hose Lines . . . . Grounding Electrical Tools .. 23-57 Welding and Flame Cutting 78 23-57.1 Compressed Gas Cylinders .................... 78 23-57.2 Hose and Hose Connections .................. 78 23-57.3 Torches....................................................... 79 23-57.4 Protection for W orkmen.......................... 79 23-57.5 Fire P revention........................................ 79 23-57.6 Tanks or Containers--Explosion Hazard 79 23-58 Lead Fumes and Dust--Structural Steel 79 23-58.1 23-58.2 23-58.3 Hot Riveting or W elding.......................................................... 79 Cleaning Coated S urfaces.......................... 79 Flame Cleaning or Flame Cutting Operations....................... 80 23-59 P ain tin g ............... 30 23-59.1 23-59.2 23-59.3 23-59.4 23-59.5 23-59.6 Definition.................................................................................... SO General........................................................................................ 80 Spraying .............................. 80 Brush W ork................................................................................. 80 Coating R em oval....................................................................... 80 Machine S anding....................................................................... 80 23-60 Exhaust Gases of Internal Combustion Engines..................... 80 23-60.1 23-60.2 23-60.3 23-60.4 23-60.5 23-60.6 Prohibited Em ploym ent............................................................ 80 Presumptions ............................................................................. 81 Maintenance of Engines .......................................................... 81 Enclosed S paces......................................................................... 81 Exhaust Piping ......................................................................... 81 Special Trucks ........................................................................... 81 23-61 Explosives ............................................................- .................... 81 23-61.1 23-61.2 23-61.3 23-61.4 23-61.5 23-61.6 23-61.7 23-61.8 23-61.9 23-61.10 23-61.11 23-61.12 23-61.13 23-61.14 23-61.15 23-61.16 23-61.17 23-61.18 Storage ....................................................................................... 81 Access to Explosives.................................................................. 81 Handling--Personnel ................................................................ 81 The B la ste r................................................................................. 81 Smoking and Open L ig h ts......................................................... 81 M ark in g ....................................................................................... 82 Prohibited Explosives .............................................................. 82 Destroying Explosives ...................................................... 82 Magazines--For Explosives Other Than Detonators.............. 82 Magazines for D etonators........................................................ 82 Opening P ackages...................................................................... S2 Deepening Holes ........................................................................ 82 Size of H oles............................................................................... 82 Removing Cartridge W rappers................................................. 82 Loading--Other Operations ..................................................... 82 Loading and T am ping................................................................ 82 F ir in g ...................................................... 82 Connecting Up Detonators ....................................................... 82 15 Section No. 23-61.19 23-61.20 23-61.21 23-61.22 23-61.23 23-61.24 23-61.25 23-61.26 28-61.27 23-61.28 23-61.29 23-61.30 23-61.31 Subject Page B lasting Circuit--T y p e .................................................................... 82 Making C onnections..................... ...... ........................................... 83 T esting C irc u its............................................................................... 83 F iring S w itc h ................................................ 83 B lasting Circuit--Plugs ............................................................... 83 Use of Blasting M achines............................................................. 88 W arning and R e tr e a t..................................................................... 83 R eturn to the Blast A r e a ............................................................... 83 Misfires ............................................................................................ 83 Reloading H o le s ........................................................................, , 83 Blasting Mat ................................................................................... 83 Operations during Electrical Storms .......................................... 84 Prohibited Use of Two-WayCommunication................................. 84 23-62 Imminent Danger--Notice,W arning and Avoidance................. 84 23-63 Severability .................................................................................... 84 16 RULE promulgated by the Board of Standards and Appeals pursuant to Sections 27-a, 28, 29,200, 2A0,2Jtl, 241-a and 2A2 of the Labor Law. THE INDUSTRIAL CODE--RULE NO. 23 PROTECTION OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WORK As Amended Effective April 2, 1962 FINDING OF FACT The Board finds th a t the trades and occupations of persons em ployed in construction and demolition work involve such elements of danger to the lives, health and safety of such persons as to require special regulations for their protection in that such persons are ex posed to the hazards of falling and of falling objects and materials, the hazards associated with the operation of vehicles and of con struction machinery, the hazards of fire, explosion and electricity, the hazards of injury from the use of and contact with dangerous tools, machines and materials, the hazards incidental to the handling and movement of heavy materials and the hazards of exposure to the elements and air contaminants. 23-1 APPLICATION This rule of the Industrial Code for the protection of persons em ployed in construction work and demolition work applies to such per sons and to their employers and to the owners, contractors, sub contractors and other persons obligated by law to provide such persons with safe working conditions or a safe place to work. This rule applies throughout the State of New York except as its applica tion may be limited by law. 23-2 DEFINITIONS As used herein or in connection with this rule, the following terms mean: 23-2.1 Approved. In respect to a device or material: in compli ance with a subsisting resolution of approval adopted by the Board; --in respect to action by the Board: made the subject of a resolution of approval. 23-2.2 Adequate. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Quality." 23-2.3 Bearer. The horizontal member of a scaffold upon which the platform rests and which may be supported by ledgers. 23-2.4 Board. The Board of Standards and Appeals of the State of New York. 23-2.5 Boatswain's Chair. A seat supported by slings attached to a suspension rope and designed to accommodate one workman in a sitting position. 23-2.6 Bricklayer's Square Scaffold. A scaffold the platform of which is composed of planks supported on built-up squares secured to each other by diagonal bracing. 23-2.7 Commissioner. The Industrial Commissioner of the State of New York. 17 23-2.8 Construction Work. All work of the types perform ed in the construction, erection, alteration, repair, maintenance, painting or moving of buildings and structures other than buildings, whether or not such work is performed in proximate relation to a specific building or structure and includes, by way of illustration but not by way of limitation, the work of land clearing, earth moving, grading, excavating, trenching, pipe and conduit laying, road and street build ing, concreting, equipment installation and the structural installation of wood, steel, glass, m asonry and other building m aterials in any form or for any purpose. 23-2.9 Demolition Work. The work incidental to or associated with the total or partial dismantling or razing of a building or a struc tu re other than a building including the removing or dism antling of machinery or other equipment. 23-2.10 Designated P erson. A person selected and directed by an employer to perform a specific task or duty. 23-2.11 Effective. See Section 23-3.4 on "G eneral Requirem ent of Quality." 23-2.12 Equal. See Section 23-3.4 on "G eneral R equirem ent of Quality." 23-2.13 Equivalent. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirem ent of Quality." 23-2.14 Excavating Machine. A power-driven vehicle equipped to excavate, push, grade or elevate earth, rock or other m aterial. 23-2.15 Excavation. The removal of earth, rock or other m aterial in connection with construction or demolition work. 23-2.16 Extension Ladder. A ladder of two o r more sections traveling in guides or brackets which is so arranged th a t it m ay be adjusted to variable lengths. 23-2.17 Extension Trestle Ladder. A self-supporting ladder con sisting of a trestle ladder with an additional single ladder section having parallel sides, which is fastened to the top of the trestle ladder but which can be adjusted to various heights. 23-2.18 Firm. See Section 23-3.4 on "General R equirem ent of Quality." 23-2.19 Guard Rail. A horizontal rail secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides of scaffolds, floor openings, runways, etc., to prevent persons from falling. 23-2.20 Heavy D uty Scaffold. A scaffold designed and con structed to carry a maximum working load of 75 pounds per square foot, such as one intended fo r stone masons and required to support heavy m aterials in addition to the workmen. 23-2.21 Independent Pole Scaffold. A scaffold supported from the base by a double row of uprights, independent of support from the walls and constructed of uprights, ledgers, horizontal platform bearers, and diagonal bracing. 23-2.22 Job. The site of a project involving construction or demo lition work. 23-2.23 Ladder Jack Scaffold. A scaffold the platform of which is supported by brackets or jacks attached to the side rails of ladders. 23-2.24 Ledger. The horizontal scaffold member which extends from post to post and which supports the putlogs or bearers and forms a tie between the posts. 18 23-2.25 Life Net. A life net made and used in compliance with the provisions of this rule. 23-2.26 Light Duty Scaffold. A scaffold designed and constructed to ca rry a working load up to 25 pounds per square foot, such as one intended fo r carpenters or painters and required to support no load other than a small weight of m aterial in addition to the workmen. 23-2.27 M aterial Platform Hoist. A power or manually operated suspended platform operating in guide rails and used for raising or lowering m aterial exclusively and operated and controlled from a point outside the conveyance. 23-2.28 Medium Duty Scaffold. A scaffold designed and con stru cted to ca rry a working load up to 50 pounds per square foot, such as one intended for bricklayers or plasterers and required to support no load other than a moderate weight of m aterial in addition to th e workmen. 23-2.29 M ultiple-Point Suspension Scaffold. A scaffold having a continuous platform supported by three or more beams or bearers each of which is so suspended from an overhead support as to perm it the raising or lowering of the platform to a desired position. 23-2.30 Necessary. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Quality." 23-2.31 Needle Beam Scaffold. A scaffold consisting of a plank platform supported by parallel horizontal beams which are suspended by ropes. 23-2.32 O utrigger Scaffold. A scaffold the platform of which is built upon outriggers or thrust-outs projecting from the wall of the building and having their inner ends secured inside the building. 23-2.33 Putlog. The member of a single-pole scaffold which is supported by a ledger on one end and on the other end by a wall which supports the platform. 23-2.34 Roofing Bracket. A bracket used in sloped roof construc tion and having sharp points or other means for fastening to pre vent slipping. 23-2.35 Safe. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Quality." 23-2.36 Safety Belt. A safety belt provided and used in accord ance with the provisions of this rule. 23-2.37 Safety Railing. A railing constructed and m aintained in compliance w ith the provisions of this rule. 23-2.38 Scaffold. A temporary elevated working platform. 23-2.39 Sectional Ladder. A ladder consisting of two or more sections and so constructed th at the sections can be combined end to end to function as a single ladder. 23-2.40 Secure. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirem ent of Quality." 23-2.41 Shall. The word "shall" is always m andatory. 23-2.42 Single Ladder. A ladder of but one section. 23-2.43 Single Pole Scaffold. A platform resting on putlogs or crossbeams, the outer ends of which are supported on ledgers secured to a single row of posts or uprights, and the inner ends of which are supported on a wall or holes in a wall. 19 23-2.44 Step Ladder. A self-supporting ladder w ith flat steps secured to the side rails and having a hinged backsection to provide support. 23-2.45 Substantial. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirem ent of Quality." 23-2.46 Sufficient. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirem ent of Quality.'" 23-2.47 Suitable. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirem ent of Quality." 23-2.48 T restle Ladder. A self-supporting ladder consisting of two single ladder sections and hinged together at the top which when spread form equal angles with the base. 23-2.49 Two-Point Suspension Scaffold. A scaffold of the tyj>e commonly known as a painter's scaffold, having a platform which is supported by stirrups or hangers a t two points, and which is so sus pended from overhead-supports as to permit the raising or lowering of the platform to a desired position. 23-2.50 Window Jack. A platform for one man w hich is supported by a bracket or jack which projects through a window opening. 23-2.51 Workmen's Elevator. A power-operated ca r operating in f guides and used primarily to carry workmen in a substantially verti -f cal direction. 23-3 GENERAL PROVISIONS 23-3.1 Application. These general provisions shall not be con I strued or applied in contravention of any specific provision of this i rule. 23-3.2 General Duty to P rotect H ealth and S afety of Persons Em- ployed in Construction and Demolition Work. All places where em ployees are suffered or permitted to perform work of any kind in construction or demolition work shall be so constructed, equipped, arranged, operated and conducted as to provide reasonable and ade quate protection to the lives, health and safety of such persons. To this end, all employers, owners, contractors, sub-contractors and other persons obligated by law to provide safe working conditions or safe places to work to persons employed in construction or demolition work shall provide or cause to be provided the working conditions, safety devices, types of construction and m aterials, and the means, methods and procedures required by this rule. No employer shall suffer or permit an employee to work under working conditions which are not i in compliance with this rule, or to perform any act prohibited by this I rule. 23-3.3 General Requirem ent of Competency. F o r the perform ance of work required by this rule to be done by or under the super vision of a designated person, an employer shall designate as such person only such an employee as a reasonable and prudent man experienced in construction and demolition work would consider com petent to perform the work. I 23-3.4 General Requirem ent of Quality. M aterials, devices, stru c tures, methods and procedures which are required by this rule and either are not herein specified or described or which are described by general descriptive term s such as adequate, effective, equal, equiva i lent, firm, necessary, proper, safe, secure, substantial, sufficient, suit- on able and the like, shall be of such kind and quality as a reasonable and prudent m an experienced in construction and demolition work would require in order to provide safe working conditions fo r himself in the perform ance of the work. 23-3.5 R esponsibility of Employees. Every employee shall ob serve all provisions of this rule which directly concern or affect his conduct. H e shall use the safety devices provided fo r his personal protection and he shall not tam per with or render ineffective any safety device or safeguard. 23-3.6 Condition of Equipm ent and Safeguards. No employer shall suffer or perm it an employee to use any m achinery or equipment which is not in good repair and safe working condition. All safety devices and safeguards in use shall be kept sound and operable, and shall be immediately repaired or restored if damaged. 23-3.7 S tren g th of Equipm ent. All load-carrying .equipment shall be designed and constructed throughout to safely support the intended loads. 23-3.8 O verhead H azards. Every place where persons are re quired to work or to pass th at is normally exposed to falling m aterial or objects shall be provided with suitable overhead protection, and where no one is required to work or pass but employees are a t work in the vicinity th e exposed area shall be roped off or otherw ise guarded against inadvertent entry. 23-3.9 P allin g H azards. Every hole into or through which a per son may fa ll shall be guarded by a barrier sufficient to prevent falls, except where free access is required by work actually in progress. 23-3.10 D row ning H azards. W here employees are exposed to hazard of falling into the w ater in which one may drown there shall be provided at all times during the exposure, equipment for promptly rescuing persons from the water, including a manned and properly equipped boat where necessary. 23-3.11 Slipping H azards. No employer shall suffer or perm it an employee to use a passageway, or a scaffold, platform or other elevated working surface which is in a slippery condition. Ice, snow, grease and other substances causing slippery footing shall be removed, sanded or covered to provide safe footing. 23-3.12 T ripping an d O ther H azards. 1. Passageways. All passageways shall be kept free from accumula tions of d irt and debris and from other obstructions or defects which could cause tripping. Sharp projections which could cut any employee shall be removed or covered. 2. W orking Areas. The parts of floors, platform s and sim ilar areas where employees m ust work shall be kept free from accumulations of dirt and debris and from scattered tools and m aterials and from sharp projections insofar as may be consistent with the work being done. 23-3.13 V ertical Passage. Stairways, ram ps or runw ays shall be provided as the m eans of access to working levels above or below A ground except where the nature or progress of the work prevents m k their installation in which case ladders or other safe means shall be " provided. 23-3.14 C ontrol of D usts and Gases. Dusts and gases shall be controlled by ventilation or otherwise so as to prevent concentrations tending to injure health or obstruct vision. 21 23-3.15 Corrosive Substances. All lime, acid and other corrosive substances shall be so stored and used as not to endanger workmen. Protective equipment for the use of such substances shall be provided. 23-8.16 Eye Protection. Approved eye protection equipment shall be provided for and shall be used by workmen while employed in welding or cutting operations or in chipping, cutting or grinding any material from which particles may fly, or while engaged in any other operation which may endanger the eyes. 23-3.17 Respirators. 1. All respirators shall be approved. 2. Where these rules require respirators to be provided, the em ployer shall provide and the employee shall use a respirator approved for the type of operation for which it is to be used. The employer shall maintain such respirator in good repair and shall furnish the means for its continued efficient working condition; and he shall pro vide daily inspection, cleansing and sterilization of such equipment. Respirators that are used by more than one person during a day shall be sterilized before use by each person. Such equipment, when not in use, shall be stored in closed containers. 3. The air supply line from an air compressor to an air line respira tor shall be provided with a filter which will effectively remove pipe scale, water, oil mists and noxious vapors and with a pressure reduc ing valve to prevent the pressure of the air supply from exceeding 25 pounds per square inch. There shall also be a pressure release valve between the reducing valve and the mask set to release at 25 pounds per square inch pressure or less. The a ir supply line from a bottled air source to an air line respirator of the demand type shall be provided with a pressure reducing valve to prevent the pressure of the air supply to the mask from exceeding 125 lbs. per square inch and with a pressure release valve between the reducing valve and the mask set to release at less than such pressure. 4. A ir supplied to any type of air line respirator shall be taken from a source containing no harmful contaminants. 23-3.18 Protective Apparel. 1. Head Protection. Every employee required to pass or work within areas where there is danger of being struck by falling objects or materials shall be provided with an approved safety hat. 2. Boots. Every employee required to work in water, wet concrete or other wet footing shall be provided with waterproof boots with safety insoles. 5. Waterproof Clothing. Every employee required to work in rain or similar wetting conditions shall be provided with a waterproof coat and hat. 4. Corrosive Substances. Every employee required to use or handle corrosive substances shall be provided with appropriate protective apparel. 23-3.19 Cleanliness of Personal Protective Equipment. All per sonal protective equipment shall be kept clean and in good repair. Before being transferred from one employee to another, safety hats, foul weather hats, boots and hat or boot liners shall be washed or dry cleaned so as to be clean and sanitary. Goggles, glasses and welders' shields shall be sterilized before being transferred from one employee to another. 22 23-3.20 Power-Driven Machines -- General. Power-driven ma chines not herein specifically considered shall be guarded in accord ance with the requirements of Rule No. 19 of the Industrial Code covering the "Guarding of Dangerous Machinery, Vats, Pans and Elevated Runways." 23-3.21 Keys, Set-Screws and Similar Projections. All keys, set screws, bolts or similar projections on shafts, pulleys, gears, collars, or couplings and other revolving members, where such projections are not countersunk or protected by location from accidental contact by workmen, shall be protected by smooth, cylindrical safety sleeves of wood or metal surrounding the projection, or shall be guarded by a stationary enclosure of sheet metal, wire mesh, expanded metal or other suitable material. Any openings therein shall not exceed V-> inch in greatest dimension. 23-3.22 Power-Driven Saws. 1. All portable power-driven hand operated saws which are not mounted with saw tables except chain saws and circular brush saws, shall be equipped with guards above the base plate which will com pletely protect the operator from contact with the saw blade when in motion and with self-adjusting guards below the base plate which will completely cover the saw to the depth of the teeth when the saw is removed from the cut. Note: Electrically driven portable saws are also subject to the re quirements of Rule 23-56. 2. Every power-driven saw which is mounted with a saw table shall be equipped with a guard which shall cover the saw blade to such an extent as will prevent contact with any part of the teeth which are more than two inches above the saw table and which are not protected by the spreader or similar device. In operation, the guard shall auto matically rise by pressure from the material or shall be so adjusted that as the saw cuts the material, the distance from the material to the underside of the guard does not exceed inch. The exposed teeth of the saw blade beneath the table shall be effectively guarded. 3. Every table circular saw used for ripping shall be provided with a spreader securely fastened in position and with an effective device to prevent the kicking back of the material. 23-3.23 Sprockets, Gears and Friction-Disc Drives. Sprockets, gears and friction-disc drives, which are not protected by location from accidental contact by workmen, shall be completely enclosed or shall be provided with band guards which shall have side flanges extending below the roots of the teeth. 23-3.24 Belts, Pulleys, Flywheels and Wire Rope. All belts except conveyor belts and all pulleys and flywheels which are less than seven feet above a floor or other working platform or a runway, and not protected by location from accidental contact by workmen, shall have all moving parts guarded by substantial enclosures or by a safety railing which will prevent workmen from approaching within a hori zontal distance of 18 inches. Enclosures required by this rule may be temporarily removed when starting the machine or for the purpose of adjustment or maintenance, but shall be immediately replaced thereafter. The nip point between power winches or sheaves and the wire rope shall be similarly guarded. 23 m 23-3.25 H and Tools. Edged tools shall be kept sh arp and striking tools shall be m aintained free of burrs and mushroomed heads. Split or loose tool handles shall not be used. 23-3.26 Safety Railing. A safety railing shall consist of a 2" x 4" S wooden hand rail not less than 36 inches nor more than 42 inches above i the walking level, securely supported by 2" x 4" posts a t intervals of f not more than eight feet and shall include a 1" x 4" m idrail and a toe- board at least four inches high. The handrail shall be smooth and } free from splinters or protruding nails. Other m aterial or construc- ; tion may be used provided the assembly assures equivalent safety. 23-3.27 Tem porary Electric W iring. All w iring shall be sup ported on proper insulators and not looped over nails or brackets. No j bare wires or other unprotected current-carrying p arts shall be lo cated within eight feet of any surface where workmen may work or i pass, unless completely guarded by a fence or other barrier. t Electrical systems and current carrying equipment shall be properly grounded except as provided for blasting circuits in Rule 23-61.19. Where it is necessary to lay electric wiring on the ground, the w iring ' shall be of the w eatherproof type and heavy enough to w ithstand th e wear and abuse to which it may be subjected. No conductor shall be used to carry a hig h er voltage than the m anufacturer's rating. | Elevated power lines shall have a sufficient vertical clearance where ! they cross highways, access roads or areas traveled by trucks, cranes, | shovels or other sim ilar equipment. j Fuses and other autom atic cutouts shall not exceed a size th at will | blow at a point lower th an the carrying capacity of the protected conductor or equipment. | Where two o r m ore voltages are used on the same job, all electrical equipment and circuits shall be suitably identified. ; 23-3.28 E lectrical H azard. | 1. Investigation and Warning. Before work is begun the employer | shall ascertain by inquiry or direct observation, or by instrum ents, | whether any p art of an electric power circuit, exposed or concealed, is so located th a t th e perform ance of the work may brin g any person, tool or machine into physical or electrical contact therew ith. The < employer shall post and maintain proper w arning signs where such i a circuit exists. He shall advise his employees of the location of such lines, the hazards involved and the protective measures to be taken. 2. Protection of Employees. No employer shall suffer o employee to work in such proximity to any p art of an electric power circuit th at he may contact the same in the course of his work unless | the employee is protected against electric shock by de-energizing the ! circuit and grounding it o r by guarding it by effective insulation or < other means. In work areas where the exact location of underground i electric power lines is unknown, workmen using jackhammers, bars * or other hand tools which may contact a line shall be provided with i insulated protective gloves. 3. Guarding of Sw itches, etc. I f protection for the employee is sup- 1 plied by de-energizing the circuit the employer shall cause the open j switch or other circuit interruption to be guarded ag ain st inadvertent f closing until the employee is no longer exposed, j 4. N otifying U tility Company. A t least 24 hours before work is begun i in proximity to any live overhead power line or any excavation work | is performed which may contact or disturb a live underground power line, the employer shall notify the utility company whose line may be affected. 5. Generators. Portable electric power generators on the job shall be grounded. 6. Public- Service Commission Operations. None of the provisions of this section shall apply to or in connection with operations conducted under the jurisdiction of the Public Service Commission. 23-3.29 Lighting. Illum ination sufficient fo r safe working condi tions shall be provided w herever persons are required to work or pass. For passageways, stairw ays and landings the illuminations shall per mit reading of ten-point type. 23-3.30 Lum ber a n d N ail Fastenings. Lum ber used in the con struction of equipm ent or temporary structures required by this rule shall be sound and shall not contain defects such as ring shakes, large or loose knots or other defects which may im pair the strength of the piece for the purpose for which it is to be used. Nails shall be driven full length and the nails shall be of proper size, length and number to provide the required strength at the joints. 23-3.31 Specified Lum ber Dimensions. The lumber dimensions herein specified are nom inal or trade dimensions except in the case of ladders and except as otherwise stated. 23-3.32 Public V ehicular Traffic. 1. Whenever any work is being perform ed over, on or in close proximity to a highway or any other place where public vehicular traffic may cause danger to men a t work, the working area shall be so barricaded as to d irect traffic away from it or the traffic shall be specially controlled by persons authorized for th a t purpose. 2. The person authorized to control traffic shall be provided with a traffic flag or paddle m easuring not less th a n 18 inches in length and width colored fluorescent red or orange and mounted on a suitable hand staff. He shall be stationed not less than 200 feet nor more th an 300 feet from th e a rea of th e work so as to face approaching traffic. He shall be instructed to stop traffic when necessary by extending the traffic flag or paddle horizontally to face the traffic and to move traffic by lowering the flag or paddle and signaling with his free hand. 23-3.33 S tability of S tru ctu res. No wall, chimney or other struc ture or part of a structure shall be left unguarded in such condition that it may fall, collapse or weaken due to wind pressure or vibration. 23-4 APPROVAL O F MATERIALS AND DEVICES Application m ay be m ade to th e Board for th e approval of any de vice, apparatus, m ateria l o r equipm ent which may be used in compli ance with the intent of this rule and approval by the Board shall be deemed to authorize such use. 23-5 MAINTENANCE AND HOUSEKEEPING 23-5.1 Storage of M aterial and Equipment. 1. All building m ateria l shall be stored in a safe and orderly manner and so th a t m aterial piles are stable under all conditions and so located th a t th ey do not obstruct any passageway, walkway or stairway. 2. M aterial or equipm ent shall not be stored upon any floor or platform in such quantity as to exceed its safe carrying capacity nor so close to any edge of a floor or platform as to endanger persons below. 23-5.2 Disposal of Debris. Debris shall be handled and disposed of by a method which will not endanger persons. Debris shall not be allowed to accumulate on the job so as to constitute a hazard and shall be kept sufficiently moist to lay the dust. 23-6 SANITATION AND DRINKING WATER 23-6.1 Toilet Facilities. Toilet facilities shall be provided or made available in a sufficient num ber to accommodate all employees on the basis of a t least one u n it fo r every 30 persons or fraction thereof. Such facilities shall consist of waterclosets but chemical toilets or privies may be provided instead of waterclosets where w ater and sewer connections are not readily available. Toilet facilities shall be m aintained in a san itary condition. 23-6.2 Accessibility of Toilets. Toilet facilities shall be readily accessible to all employees and in building construction shall be located not more than four stories above or below the place of work. 23-6.3 Shelter. All toilet and w ashing facilities shall be sheltered to provide privacy to the user and protection from the weather and shall be protected from any hazard of falling objects. 23-6.4 W ashing F acilities. W ashing facilities including warm water, soap and individual towels shall be provided for all employees who are required to use or handle corrosive substances or substances containing compounds of lead, arsenic, antimony, mercury or cadmium or metal chromates on the basis of at least one wash basin with warm running w ater for every ten such employees. Where running w ater , is not available at least one pail of fre sh w arm w ater shall be supplied for every four such employees. 23-6.5 Change Houses. W here employees change their clothes on the job, change houses or other sheltered locations of sufficient size to accommodate the workmen shall be provided fo r the purpose of changing clothes. 23-6.6 D rinking W ater. There shall be provided in readily access ible locations on every job, a supply of clean, pure and cool drinking water. Such drinking w ater shall be running w ater or water in clean and covered receptacles. The use of common drinking cups or dippers is prohibited. 23-7 DEMOLITION 23-7.1 General Method of Demolition. All demolition operations shall be conducted in accordance with Rule 23-7.2 to Rule 23-7.18 inclusive, except th at operations perform ed by the mechanical method of demolition shall be subject only to Rules 23-7.2 and 23-7.3 in addi tion to the requirem ents of Rule 23-7.19. 23-7.2 P reparations. Before sta rtin g demolition all glass in ex terior openings shall be removed. All gas, electric, water, steam and t other supply lines shall be sh u t off and capped. In each case the service company involved shall be notified in advance. Where it is necessary to m aintain any power, water, gas or electric lines during demolition, such lines shall be so relocated or protected w ith sub- 26 stantial coverings as to protect them from injury and to afford safety to the workmen. 23-7.3 P rotection of A djacent S tructures. During the demolition of any structure, the employer perform ing such demolition shall ex amine the walls of all structures adjacent to the structure which is to be demolished. Such examination shall include a determination of the thickness and method of support of the walls of all such adjacent structures. Where there is reason to believe that an adjacent structure is unsafe or will become unsafe because of demolition operations, no demolition shall be performed a t this point until there has been pro vided sheet-piling, shoring, bracing or other such means as may be necessary to insure the stability of the adjacent structure and to prevent such structure or other property from collapsing. 23-7.4 Demolition of Walls, P artitions, etc. 1. Demolition of walls and partitions shall proceed in a systematic m anner and all work above each tie r of floor beams shall be completed before the safety of its supports is impaired. 2. M asonry shall neither be loosened nor perm itted to fall in such masses as to endanger the stru c tu ra l stability of any floor or stru c tural support. 3. No wall, chimney or other stru c tu re or p a rt of a structure shall be left unguarded in such condition th at it may fall, collapse or weaken due to wind pressure or vibration. 4. No employer shall suffer or perm it any employee to work on top of a wall. 5. In th e dem olition by hand of exterior walls, safe footing for the workmen shall be provided in the form of sound flooring or scaffolds. 6. W alls or partitions which are to be demolished by hand shall not be left standing more than one story high above the uppermost floor on which men are working. Such walls or partitions shall be removed before th e aggregate area of openings in such floor exceed 25 p er cent of its total area. 23-7.5 Inspection. D uring demolition, continuing inspections shall be made as the work progresses to detect any hazards to work men re su ltin g from weakened or deterio rated floors or walls or loosened material. No employee shall be suffered or permitted to work where such hazards exist unless they are corrected by shoring, bracing, or other effective means. 23-7.6 Boarding of Wall Openings. Windows and other exterior wall openings in buildings more th a n 25 feet in height and which are within 20 fe e t of any floor opening used to remove debris from floors above shall be solidly boarded up during demolition operations. 23-7.7 Methods of Operation. Debris, bricks and other m aterial shall be removed (a) by means of chutes constructed in compliance with Rule 23-40, (b) by means of buckets or hoists; or (c) through openings in th e floors of the building in compliance with Killed23-7.11, 23-7.12 and 23-7.13. 23-7.8 Access to Floors. There shall be provided at all times safe access to and egress from every building in the course of demolition by means of entrances, hallways, stairw ays or ladder runs so protected as to safeguard the persons using them from falling material. 23-7.9 P ro tection in O ther A reas. Every floor area within the building th a t is subject to the hazard of material falling from above 27 ? shall be boarded up to prevent passage or shall be fenced off by a sub stantial rail placed not less th a n 20 feet from the floor opening or shall be provided with overhead protection in the form of tight planking to x eliminate such hazard. 23-7.10 Demolition of S tru c tu ra l Steel. All steel construction shall be demolished column length by column length and tier by tier. Every structural member which is being dismembered shall not be under any stress other th an its own weight and such member shall be chained or lashed in place to prevent any uncontrolled swinging or dropping. Large structural members shall not be thrown or dropped from the building, but shall be carefully lowered. Where a derrick is used in the demolition of buildings of skeleton steel construction, the floor on which the derrick rests shall be completely planked over. Where other methods are used, the workmen engaged in the disman tling of steel shall be protected by solidly planked flooring or sound floor arches not more than two stories below and directly under th a t portion of any tier of beams w here such men are a t work. 23-7.11 Demolition of Floor A rches. Before demolishing any floor arch, debris and other m aterial shall be removed from such arch and other adjacent floor area. Planks no t less than 2" x 9" in cross section, full size undressed, shall be provided for and shall be used by the I workmen to stand on while breaking down floor arches between beams. u Such planks shall be so located as to provide a safe support fo r the li workmen should the arch between the beams collapse. The open space between planks shall not exceed 16 inches. < 23-7.12 Floor Openings--P erm issible Area. The aggregate area of openings in the floor immediately beneath the floor being demol ished shall not exceed 25 per cent of the to tal area of such floor. 23-7.13 Floor Openings--R equired Protection. 1. Every opening used fo r the removal of debris on every floor which is not closed to access, except the top or working floor, shall be pro vided with an enclosure from floor to ceiling equivalent to th at afforded by planking not less th an two inches in thickness, full size undressed. The enclosure shall be solid except for portions openable fo r loosening blocked debris. A lternatively, the opening shall be so barricaded th at no person shall have access to within a horizontal distance of 20 feet from any opening above through which debris is being dropped. Every opening not used for the removal of debris in any floor to which access is perm itted shall be protected by a solid enclosure as herein prescribed or by a safety railing and toeboard or shall be solidly planked over. 2. Openings in the top o r w orking floor more than 16 inches in least dimension shall be protected on all sides, except the side at which debris is deposited, by a safety i-ailing and toeboard, or the sides of the opening shall be roped off a t a distance of not less than two feet from the edge of the opening by not less than Vz inch diam eter rope securely tied to provide a guard of a height equivalent to th a t pro vided by the safety railing. T hat portion of any floor opening adjacent to and immediately below a point where men are employed in any work on a wall shall be provided w ith a solid flooring not less th an five feet wide measured from th e inside face of the wall. 23-7.14 Storage of M aterial-- General. M aterial shall not be stored on catch platform s, scaffold platform s, floor or stairw ays of the building being demolished, except th a t the floor of a building may 28 be used fo r the tem porary storage of m aterial when such floor is of such strength as to support safely the load to be superimposed. Storage spaces shall not in terfere w ith access_ to any stairway or passagew ay and suitable barricades shall be provided so as to prevent m aterial from sliding or rebounding into any space used by the work men or the public. All m aterial shall be safely piled in such locations as will not interfere with any operations nor present a hazard to those at, or frequenting, the demolition site. 23-7.15 Storage of Debris in Cellar. When debris is piled in the cellar it shall not be piled above the top of the foundation wall. The person in charge of demolition operations shall provide sheet-piling, shoring, bracing or such other means as may be necessary to insure the stability of the walls and to prevent any wall from collapsing due to the pressure of the accumulated m aterial. 23-7.16 Safe Footing Required. No employer shall suffer or per m it an employee working above the first floor level to use accumulated debris or piled m aterial as a footing fo r the performance of his work. Every employee shall be provided with safe footing in the form of sound planking or flooring. 23-7.17 Catch Platform s. D uring the demolition of an exterior m asonry wall or a roof from a point more th an 75 feet above the adjoining ground level, if persons below are exposed to falling objects, catch platform s in compliance w ith Rule 23-39 shall be provided and m aintained at a level not more than 20 feet below the working level except in the case of chimney demolition and except where an exterior built-up scaffold provides equivalent protection. 23-7.18 Barricades. 1. Along every sidewalk or thoroughfare bordering demolition op m erations there shall be erected a substantial barricade to prevent un authorized persons from entering the site of such operations, except th a t w here a sidewalk shed in compliance with Rule 23-39 is erected, such barricade may be omitted. 2. Such barricade shall be a fence not less than six feet in height. It shall be built solid for its entire height and length except for such openings provided with solid doors as may be necessary for the proper prosecution of the work. 3. W here th e distance from the face of the building to be demolished to th e inside edge of a sidewalk or th orough fare is more than Vz the height of the building and the height of the building is not more than 25 feet, a su b stantial railing not less th a n 36 inches high and provided with an interm ediate rail, may be constructed a t the inside edge of such sidewalk or thoroughfare in lieu of a solid barricade or sidewalk shed. 23-7.19 M echanical Method of Demolition. The use of a swinging weight, clamshell bucket, power shovel, bulldozer or other mechanical contrivance fo r the purpose of dem olishing walls shall be in accord ance with the following requirem ents: 1. The building or stru ctu re or rem aining portion thereof shall be not more th an 80 feet in height. m 2. a. W here a swinging weight is used, a zone of demolition at least IV2 tim es th e h eig h t of th e stru c tu re or portion thereof being so demolished shall be m aintained around the points of impact. b. W here a clamshell bucket is being used, a zone of demolition shall be m aintained within 25 feet of the line of travel of the bucket. 29 c. Where other m echanical contrivances are being used to effec tuate total or partial collapse, there shall be maintained in the area into which the affected portion may fall a zone of demolition a t least one and one half tim es th e height of the structure or rem aining portion thereof. 3. No person o ther th an workmen essential to the operation of the equipment shall be suffered or permitted to enter a zone of demolition. 4. Substantial barricades as set forth in Rule 23 7.18 shall be erected wherever there is likelihood of persons other than essential workmen entering the zone of demolition. 5. The controls of m echanical devices used in such m ethod of demo lition shall be located and operated a safe and reasonable distance from the point of demolition. 6. Where a sw inging w eight is used the supporting cables shall be of such length or shall be so restrained th at it is not possible for the weight to swing against any structure other than the structure being demolished. 23-8 EXCAVATION 23-8.1 S tability of S tructures. Where there is any question of stability of structures adjoining or over areas to be excavated, such structures shall be supported where necessary by underpinning, sheet piling, shoring, bracing or other means to prevent injury to any employee. 23-8.2 General Requirem ents. 1. No employee shall be perm itted to enter any excavated area un less sheet piling, shoring or other safeguard th at may be necessary for his protection is provided. 2. Where any employee in an excavation is exposed to the hazard of falling or sliding m aterial from any bank or side more th an five feet high above his footing, adequate piling and bracing shall be provided against the bank or side to eliminate such hazard. The excavation shall be checked after every rain storm or other hazardincreasing occurrence and the protection against slides and cave-ins increased if necessary. 3. Temporary sheet piling installed to perm it construction of a retaining wall shall not be removed until the wall has developed its full strength. 4. Shoring adequate to support the overhanging m aterial shall be provided where banks are undercut. 5. Excavated m aterial and other superimposed loads shall be placed a t least 24 inches back from the edge of open excavations and trenches and shall be so piled or retained th a t no p art thereof can fall into the excavation. 6. Banks shall be stripped of loose rock or other m aterial which may slide, roll, or fall upon persons below. 7. Open sides of excavations where a person may fall 6 feet or more shall be guarded by an adequate barricade. 8. No employee shall be suffered or perm itted to work w here he may be struck or endangered by an excavating machine or by m ate rial dislodged by it or falling from it. 23-8.3 Piling, S horing and Bracing. 1. Planks used as sheet piling shall be at least two inches thick. The maximum spacing between horizontal stringers or wales shall be such as to keep the planks w ithin their safe bending stress. 30 2. Shores and braces shall be of adequate dimensions fo r stiffness and shall not be placed at an angle of more than 30 degrees with the horizontal. Each end of each stringer piece shall be separately braced. 3. E arth-supported shores or braces shall bear against a footing of sufficient area and stability to prevent their shifting. 23-8.4 Access. In every excavation more than four feet deep there shall be provided ladders, stairw ays or ramps to furnish safe access to and egress from such excavation. Such ladders, stairways or ramps shall be in compliance with the provisions of this rule and shall be installed in sufficient num ber and in such locations as to be readily accessible. 23-8.5 T rench Excavations. 1. Piling, shoring and bracing used in a trench excavation to pro tect employees ag ain st falling or sliding m aterial shall be at least equivalent in strength to th a t specified in Tables I and II. TABLE I Minimum Sizes of Bracing and Sheet-Piling for Narrow Trenches TRENCHES--Not more than four feet in width Depth of trench (feet) 5--10 ............. 10--15 ............. More than 15 . .. Sheet-Piling Stringers Cross Bracing Hori Verti Hori Size zontal Size cal Size zontal (in.) spacing (in.) spacing (in.) spacing (a) Hard and solid soil 2x6 6 feet 2x6 6 feet 2x6 6 feet 2x6 4 feet 2x6 6 feet 2x6 4 feet 2x6 tight 4x8 4 feet 4x8 6 feet 5--1 0 ............... 2x6 10--15 ........... 2x6 More than 15 . . . 2x6 (b) Soil likely to crack or crumble 3 feet 2x6 2 feet 2x6 tight 4x10 5 feet 2x6 4 feet 2x6 4 feet 4x10 5 feet 4 feet 6 feet 5--10 ............. 2x6 10--15 2x6 More than 15 . 2x6 (c) Soft, sandy filled-in loose soil tight 4x6 6 feet 4x6 tight 4x6 5 feet 4x6 tight 4x12 4 feet 4x12 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet (d) Where hydrostatic pressure exists To 10 ............... 2x6 More than 10 . . . 3x6 tight 6x8 tight 6x10 4 feet 6x8 4 feet 6x10 6 feet 6 feet Steel sheet-piling and bracing of equivalent strength may be substituted for wood sheetpiling and timber bracing. 31 TABLE II Minimum Sizes of Bracing and Sheet-Piling for Wide Trenches TRENCHES--Not more than eight feet in width Depth of trench (feet) 5--10 10--20 More than 20 Shcet-i'iiing Stringers Cross Bracing Hori Verti Hori Size zontal Size cal Size zontal (in.) spacing (in.) spacing (in.) spacing (a) Hard and solid soil 2x6 6 feet 4x6 2x6 tight 6x6 2x6 tight 6x8 4 feet 4x6 4 feet 6x6 4 feet 6x8 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet 5--1 0 ............. 2x6 10--20 . 2x6 More than 20 2x6 (b) Soil likely to crack or crumble 3 feet 4x6 tight 6x6 tight 6x8 4 feet 4x6 4 feet 6x6 4 feet 6x8 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet 5--10 ........... 2x6 10--2 0 ............... 2x6 More than 20 2x6 (c) Soft, sandy filled-in loose soil tight 4x6 tight 6x6 tight 6x8 4 feet 4x6 4 feet 6x6 4 feet 6x8 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet (d) Where hydrostatic pressure exists To 1 0 ............... 2x6 More than 10 . . 3x6 tight 6x8 4 feet 6x8 6 feet tight 6x10 4 feet 6x10 6 feet Steel sheet-piling and bracing of equivalent strength may be substituted for wood sheet piling and timber bracing. 2. W here trenching more th an five feet in depth is done by a me chanical digger the protection required by paragraph 1 above shall follow th e boom as closely as possible. 3. Supports shall be held in place by cross braces eleated and, where necessary, wedged in place, or by screw jacks properly secured in place. Where required by the width of the trench, the lower end of cross braces may bear against footings at the bottom of the trench and shall be secured against kicking out. 4. Cleats shall be spiked or bolted to join cross braces to stringers so as to prevent th eir being displaced. 5. Where the trench depth requires two lengths of sheet piling, one above the other, the lower piling shall be set inside the bottom stringers or wales of the upper piling and shall be driven down and braced as the excavation continues. 32 23-9 STRUCTURAL STEEL ASSEMBLY 23-9.1 Placing of S tructural Members. 1. D uring th e final placing of structural members, the load shall not be released from the hoisting rope until the members are securely fastened in place. Structural members shall not be forced into place by the hoisting machine while any employee is stationed where he may be injured thereby. 2. Open web steel jo ists th a t are hoisted singly shall be tran sferred from their place of storage directly to their perm anent location and secured against dislodgment. The load shall not be released from the hoisting rope until it is so secured. Bundles of such joists shall be placed to prevent accidental dislodgment. Immediately upon releasing the ties or straps from bundles, the joists shall be distributed to and placed in their permanent positions and secured against accidental dislodgment. 3. No load shall be placed on open web steel joists until they are permanently located and secured. 23-9.2 Holing or Cutting of Structural Members. No load bearing structural member shall be m aterially weakened by cutting, holing or other means except in accordance with the advice of the designer thereof or a licensed professional engineer. 23-9.3 Tag Lines. W hile panels or structural members are being hoisted, tag lines shall be used to prevent uncontrolled movement. 23-9.4 Erection of Lintels. Where exterior metal lintels are erected on steel or concrete frame buildings after the permanent floors have been installed, a suitable scaffold shall be used unless each worker engaged in the erection of such lintels w ears a safety belt. 23-10 CONCRETE WORK 23-10.1 General Requirem ents. Forms and reshores shall be stru ctu ra lly safe and shall be properly braced or tied together so as to m aintain position and shape. 23-10.2 Inspection. Designated persons shall continuously in spect the forms including the shores, braces and other supports during the placing of concrete. Reshores shall be sim ilarly inspected. Any unsafe condition shall be remedied immediately. 23-10.3 Beams, Floors and Roofs. 1. H orizontal and diagonal bracing shall be provided in both longi tudinal and transverse directions, as may be necessary to provide structural stability. Shores shall be properly seated top and bottom, and shall be secured in place. 2. W here shores re st upon the ground, mud sills or other bases shall be provided. 3. W here th e sum of the dead, live, and im pact loads on the forms may exceed 150 pounds per square foot, the design of the form s in cluding shores and reshores shall be as specified by a licensed pro fessional engineer. His specification shall be in -writing, it shall be signed by him and it shall be kept on the job fo r use by the Com missioner. All form work shall be constructed in accordance therewith. 23-10.4 Stripping. Stripped forms shall be removed or stock-piled promptly after stripping, in all areas in which persons are required to work or pass. P rotruding nails, wire ties and other form accessories 33 not necessary to subsequent work shall be pulled, cut or otherwise made safe. 23-10.5 Reshoring. 1. Reshoring shall be provided when necessary to safely support slabs and beams after stripping, or where such members are sub jected to superimposed loads due to construction above. 2. The requirements of Rule 23-10.3, paragraphs 1 and 2 also apply to reshores. 23-11 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 23-11.1 Permanent Flooring--Skeleton Steel Construction in Tiered Buildings. The permanent floors shall be installed as the erection of structural members progresses and there shall be not more than eight stories between the erection floor and the uppermost permanent floor. 23-11.2 Temporary Flooring--Skeleton Steel Construction in Tiered Buildings. 1. The derrick or erection floor shall be solidly planked over its entire surface except for access openings. Planking shall be of proper thickness to carry the working load but shall be not less than 2 inches thick full size undressed, and shall be laid tight and secured to prevent movement. Except as the Labor Law may otherwise provide, there shall also be a tight and substantial floor within 2 stories or 30 feet, whichever is less, below and directly under the portion of each tier of beams on which bolting, riveting, welding or painting is being done. 2. Except as the Labor Law may otherwise provide, where erection is being done by means of a crane operating on the ground, a tight and substantial floor shall be maintained within 2 stories or 30 feet, whichever is less, below and directly under that portion of each tier of beams on which bolting, riveting, welding or painting is being done. 23-11.3 Flooring--Other Construction. 1. In the erection of a building having double wood floor construc tion the rough flooring shall be completed as the building progresses including the tier below the one on which floor joists are being installed. 2. For single wood flooring or other flooring systems the floor im mediately below the story where the floor joists are being installed shall be kept planked over. 23-11.4 Protection of Workmen in Shafts--General. Persons re quired to perform work in or at shafts shall be provided with the following protection. To provide protection from falling material, a tight covering of two inch planks or % inch plywood or equivalent, shall be installed so as to cover the entire cross sectional area of the shaft at a point not more than two stories above the level where men are working. In addition, to minimize injuries from falls, a tight wooden platform of two inch planks, % inch plywood or equivalent, or a life net shall be installed not more than one story below the level where men are working. In buildings where stair halls, stairwells or other similar shafts are to be constructed of masonry, floor slab forms or planking shall be installed as the work progresses, and shall be not more than two 84 stories below the story on which any brickwork or masonry is being erected. Note: Work in elevator shafts is covered in Rule 23-11.5. 23-11.5 Protection of Workmen in Elevator Shafts. 1. During the installation or replacement of elevators a tight plat form of two inch planks, % inch plywood or the equivalent, shall be installed one story above the level at which the car or buffer installa tion or replacement work is being done so as to provide protection against falling material. Such platform shall cover the entire cross sectional area of the shaft except that spaces not exceeding 12 inches may be left for rail clearance between the edge of the platform and the boundary of the shaft. 2. A similar platform shall also be installed level with the top land ing of each hoistway so as to prevent any person from falling into the hoistway. In addition, when elevators are being replaced, a solid or wire mesh partition shall be provided where necessary to prevent contact with an adjacent elevator or counterweight. 3. Where men are required to work at intermediate levels, overhead protection not less than 27 inches wide above the area where a man is working shall be provided if there is danger from falling objects, and either a life net shall be installed not more than three stories below the place of work or, in lieu of such net, safety belts shall be provided for and used by the workmen. 4. During repair work in existing elevator shafts, all shaft doors shall be kept closed except that while a door must be kept open to perform the work, a barricade shall be erected or a person shall be stationed at the open door to prevent unauthorized entrance. 23-11.6 Catch Platform Required. 1. During the construction of exterior masonry walls except those of chimneys, from a floor or scaffold which is more than 35 feet above the adjoining ground level, and where such floor or scaffold is located inside the building or structure, there shall be provided along the exterior face of such wall a catch platform except that in lieu of the fence specified in Rule 23-39.3 there may be provided a 2" x 9" plank on edge on all open sides and except that a two inch space may be left between the inner edge of the platform and the face of the building. 2. Such catch platform shall be maintained not more than 20 feet below the floor or scaffold platform from which the work is being performed. 23-12 GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR ALL SCAFFOLDS 23-12.1 Scope. The provisions of this article shall not be con strued or applied in contravention of the special provisions herein after set forth. 23-12.2 Footings--Anchorage. The footings or anchorage for every scaffold shall be sound, rigid, capable of carrying the maximum load without settling or deformation and shall be secure against movement in any direction. Unstable supports such as barrels, boxes, loose brick or loose stone shall not be used. 23-12.3 Scaffold Structure. All scaffolding shall be so constructed as to bear four times the maximum weight required to be dependent therefrom or placed thereon when in use (Labor Law, Section 240 subdivision 8). Such scaffolding shall be provided with all horizontal 35 and diagonal bracing that may be necessary to prevent lateral move ment. 23-12.4 Loading. 1. L ight duty scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of 25 pounds per square foot. 2. Medium duty scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of 50 pounds per square foot. 3. Heavy duty scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of 75 pounds per square foot. 4. No scaffold shall be loaded in excess of the maximum load for which it is intended. No load shall be concentrated so as to cause excessive stress. 23-12.5 Planking. 1. Except on needle beam scaffolds, planks shall overhang th eir end supports not less than six inches nor more th an 18 inches or they shall be fastened in place. Planks shall be laid tight and inclined planking shall be fastened in place. 2. The maximum perm issible working load fo r two inch planking shall be as follow s: (heavy duty) 75 pounds per square foot fo r spans up to and including six fe et; (medium duty) 50 pounds p er square foot for spans over six feet and up to and including eight fe e t; (light duty) 25 pounds per square foot for spans over eight feet and up to and including ten feet. The maximum permissible working load for one and one-quarter inch planking shall be 50 pounds p er square foot for spans up to and including six feet. 3. The minimum width of every planked platform shall be 18 inches. Load-bearing planks shall be undressed lumber, fu ll thickness. 23-12.6 M aintenance and Repair. Every scaffold shall be m ain tained in good repair and every defect, unsafe condition or noncompliance with this rule shall be immediately corrected before further use of the scaffold. 23-12.7 Lumber. All lumber used in scaffolds or th eir supports shall be a t least equal in strength to No. 1 grade of fir. All lumber subject to stress shall be sound, straight grained, free from shakes, large, loose or dead knots or other defects which may im pair its strength or durability. 23-12.8 Erection and Removal. Scaffolds shall be erected and re moved under the supervision of a designated person. 23-12.9 Overhead Protection. Overhead protection w hen required shall consist of planking not less than two inches thick or of m aterial of equal strength. Planks shall be laid tight, shall extend the fu ll width of the working platform and shall be placed not over ten feet above the working platform. 23-12.10 Guard R ails and Toeboards. 1. Open sides of all scaffold platform s except those m entioned be low, shall be provided with a guard rail not less th an 36 inches nor more than 42 inches high. W here hereinafter required, a m id-rail and toeboard shall be installed as specified fo r safety railings. The guard rail shall be at least equivalent in strength and rigidity to a wood rail 2 inches by 4 inches in cross section supported a t intervals not exceeding 8 feet. Exceptions: All scaffold platform s not more than 10 fe e t h igh; the platform s of needle beam scaffolds; floats and rivet heater platform s in use by stru ctu ral ironworkers; ladder jack scaffold platform s, and trestle and extension trestle ladder scaffold platforms. 2. All medium and heavy duty scaffolds under which employees or other persons are likely to work or pass shall be provided with a substantial screen between toeboard and rail. 3. Any end o r side of a scaffold platform th a t is w ithin th ree feet horizontally of an unenclosed side of a m aterial hoist tower or con struction elevator shall be effectively screened to a height of at least six feet. 23-12.11 M etal P a rts. Load-carrying metal parts of a design or fabrication not commonly used in scaffold construction shall not be used unless approved. 23-12.12 Splices. Horizontal load-bearing members shall not be spliced between points of support. 23-13 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR POLE SCAFFOLDS 23-13.1 Poles. The foot end of poles shall re st on firm footing and shall be secured against lateral movement by nailing, cleats or any other effective m eans. W here wooden poles are spliced the ends shall be square and th e upper section shall rest squarely on the lower sec tion. Wood splicing pieces shall be provided on at least two adjacent sides and shall be not less than three feet in length. They shall overlap the abutting ends equally and shall have a combined cross sectional area not less th a n 50 p er cent of the cross sectional area of the pole. 23-13.2 Putlogs. Every wooden putlog shall be reinforced with a substantial steel strip secured to its lower edge throughout its entire length. 23-13.3 B racing. Pole scaffolds shall be braced or attached to the building to prevent movement away from the building. Diagonal bracing shall be provided to prevent the poles from moving in a direc tion parallel to th e wall. Diagonal bracing shall be so installed th at every spliced section of every pole is connected with the adjacent poles. 23-13.4 Connections. The ends of all horizontal wooden support ing members and of all braces shall overlap the nailed fastening a sufficient am ount to prevent splitting the ends of the member. Where bearers rest on a building wall, the length of bearing surface on the wall shall be a t least fo u r inches and they shall rest on a firm and level surface. W here ledgers lap each other, bearing blocks or other effective means attached to the pole shall be provided to support the ledger. Ledgers shall not be spliced between poles but shall be con tinuous from pole to pole. 23-13.5 P lanking. W here planking is lapped each plank shall lap its end supports a t least 12 inches. Where the ends of planks abut each other to form a flush floor the butt joint shall be at the center line of a pole. The abutted ends shall rest on separate bearers. Inter mediate beams shall be provided where necessary to prevent dislodgment of planks due to deflection and the ends shall be nailed or cleated to prevent their dislodgment. 23--13.6 E rectio n and Removal. When a new working level is de sired, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new working level is fram ed. As the platform level is abandoned with the progress of the work, all supporting members shall be left intact. 37 }. Upon removal of a scaffold the sequence of removal of members shall be the reverse of th a t used in erection. 23-13.7 Specification Requirements. All pole scaffolds over 80 feet in height shall be designed by a licensed professional engineer and constructed in accordance with such design. A copy of the draw ings and specifications shall be kept on the job fo r use by the Com missioner. Such scaffolds shall be constructed of metal or of wood treated to make it incombustible material as defined in Rule No. 7 of the Industrial Code. Wooden pole seaffolds 80 fe e t or less in height shall conform with the following tables Nos. Ill, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII. Table III--Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds Light Duty Scaffolds TYPE OF USE Uniformly distributed load Maximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Maximum width of scaffold Bearers To 3'-0" width or Putlogs (min.) To 5-0" width Ledgers with 6-0" pole space with 10'--0" pole space Vertical spacing of horizontal members Bracing, horizontal and diagonal Tie-ins Planking not more than 6' span not more than 10' span Toeboards Guard rail LIGHT DUTY Not to exceed 25 lbs. per sq. ft. 20' 80' 2x4 4x4 6-0" lO'-O" 5-0" 2x4 on edge 3x4 or 2x6 on edge 1)4x4 on edge 1)4x9 on edge 7'--0" 1x4 1x4 1)4x9 2x9 5" high 2x4 38 sa Table IV--Minimum Nominal Size in Inehes and Maximum Spacing of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds Medium Duty Scaffolds TYPE OP USE MEDIUM DUTY Uniformly distributed load Not to exceed 50 lbs. per sq. ft. Maximum height of scaffold 60' 80' Top 60' Lower Sec. Poles or uprights 4x4 4x4 4x6 Pole spacing (longitudinal) 8-0" Maximum width of scaffold 5-0" 8'-0" Bearers or putlogs 3x4 on edge 3x5 or 2x9 on edge Spacing of bearers or putlogs 3'-4" 6-0" Ledgers 2x9 on edge Vertical spacing of horizontal members 9-0" Bracing, horizontal 1x6 or 114x4 Bracing, diagonal 1x4 Tie-ins 1x4 Planking 2x9 Toeboards Guard rail 2x9 on edge i' t 2x4 39 Table V--Minimum Nom inal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds Heavy Duty Scaffolds TYPE OF USE HEAVY DUTY Uniformly distributed load I Maximum height of scaffold I Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) % i Maximum width of scaffold 'i Bearers or putlogs Not to exceed 75 lbs. per sq. fi. 6<Y 80' Top 60' Lower Sec. 4x4 4x4 4x6 6-0" o'-0" 8-0" 3x5 or 2x9 on edge 3x6 or 2x9 on edge l Spacing of bearers or putlogs i Ledgers Vertical spacing ofhorizontal members Bracing, horizontal and diagnoal Tie-ins Planking i Toeboards Guard rail 6'--0" 2x9 on edge 6'-6" 2x4 1x4 2x9 2x9 on edge 2x4 '-I I I l 4 ? 40 Table VI--Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds Light Duty Scaffolds TYPE OF USE LIGHT DUTY Uniformly distributed load Not to exceed 25 lbs. per sq. ft. Maximum height of scaffold 20' 80' Poles or uprights 2x4 4x4 Pole spacing (longitudinal) 6-0" 10'-0" Pole spacing (transverse) 6-0" 10'-0" Ledgers With 6'-0" pole spacing 114x4 on edge With 10-0" pole spacing 114x9 on edge Vertical spacing of horizontal members 7'-0" Bearers to 3'-0" span to 10-0" span 2x4 on edge 114x9 on edge Bracing, horizontal and diagonal 1x4 Tie-ins 1x4 Planking Not more than 6-0" span 114x9 Not more than 10-0" span 2x9 Toeboards 5" high Guard rail 2x4 41 Table VII--Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds Medium Duty Scaffolds TYPE OF USE T^-w J 1 .4 1 ~ ~ -5 o iiixuxiiiijr u i a v t i u u t c u i u a u Maximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Pole spacing (transverse) Ledgers Vertical spacing ofhorizontal members Spacing of bearers Bearers Bracing, horizontal Bracing, diagonal Tie-ins Planking Toeboards Guard rail MEDIUM DUTY Not to exceed 50 lbs. per sq. ft. 60' 80' Top 60' Lower Sec. 4x4 4x4 4x6 8-0" 10'-0" 2x9 on edge 6-0" 6'-0" 2x9 on edge 1x6 or 114x4 1x4 1x4 2x9 2x9 on edge 2x4 42 Table VIII--Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds Heavy Duty Scaffolds TYPE OP USE Uniformly distributed load Maximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Pole spacing (transverse) Ledgers Vertical spacing of horizontal members Bearers Bracing, horizontal and diagonal Tie-ins Planking Toeboards Guard rail HEAVY DUTY Not to exceed 75 lbs. per sq. ft. 60' 80' Top 60' Lower Sec. 4x4 4x4 4x6 6-0" 10'-0" 2x9 on edge 4-6" 2x9 on edge 2x4 1x4 2x9 2x9 on edge 2x4 43 i l 23-14 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR OUTRIGGER SCAFFOLDS 23-14.1 O utrigger Beams. O utrigger beams shall extend not more than six feet beyond the face of the building. The inboard end of outrigger beams measured from the fulcrum point to the extreme point of support, shall be not less than one and one half times the outboard end in length. The beams shall rest on edge, the sides shall be plumb, and the edges shall be horizontal. The fulcrum point of the beam shall rest on a secure bearing at least six inches in each hori zontal dimension. The beam shall be secured in place against move ment and shall be securely braced at the fulcrum point against tipping. 23-14.2 Inboard Supports. The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be securely' supported either by means of struts bearing against sills in contact w ith the overhead beams or ceiling or by means of tension members secured to the floor joists underfoot or by both if necessary. The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be secured against tipping and the entire supporting structure shall be securely braced in both directions to prevent any horizontal movement. 23-14.3 Design and Construction. 1. Unless outrigger scaffolds are designed by a licensed profes sional engineer the minimum size of the members shall be as follow s: Table IX LIGHT DUTY SCAFFOLDS MEDIUM DUTY SCAFFOLDS Maximum load 25 lbs. per sq. ft. Maximum load 50 lbs. per sq. ft. I Outrigger s iz e ................... 2"xl0" Maximum outrigger spacing 10'-0" Planking ............................ 2"x9" Guard rail ........................ 2"x4" Guard rail uprights............. 2"x4" Toeboards............................ I"x6" 3"xl0" 6'-0" 2"x9" 2"x4" 2"x4" 2"x9" 2. Outrigger scaffolds designed by a licensed professional engineer shall be constructed according to the design. A copy of the detailed drawings and specifications showing the sizes and spacing of mem bers shall be kept on the job for the use of the Commissioner. 23-14.4 Planking. P lanking shall be laid tight and shall extend to within three inches of the building wall. Planking shall be nailed or bolted to outriggers. 23-14.5 Enclosure. W here there is danger of m aterial falling from the scaffold, a wire mesh or other enclosure shall be pi'ovided between the guard rail and the toeboard. 23-14.6 S uperstructures. Supports fo r superstructures placed on outrigger scaffolds shall be placed directly over the outrigger beams I and shall be nailed or otherw ise secured in place. Such stru ctu res shall not exceed six feet in height and shall otherwise conform with this rule, but in no case shall horses be used as supports fo r such superstructures. 44 23-15 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FO R ALL SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS 23-15.1 Inspection before Installation. All load-carrying parts of every scaffold and the supports shall be inspected before each installa tion and no p art shall be used th a t does not comply with this rule. 23-15.2 Installation and Use. The installation or change of posi tion of every scaffold shall be m charge of and under the direct supervision of a person designated by the employer. 23-15.3 Fibre Rope Tackle. F ibre ropes shall be of first quality Manila hemp or its equivalent in strength. Blocks shall be of a size to fit th e rope. 23-15.4 Hoisting Machines. 1. H oisting m achines used on suspended scaffolds shall be approved. 2. A t least fo u r turns of w ire rope shall a t all times rem ain on the drum and the end of the rope shall be properly secured to the drum. 23-15.5 Lim itation on Use of F ib re Rope. Fibre rope shall not be used fo r or near any work involving the use of corrosive substances nor shall fibre rope be used as supports exceeding 300 feet in length between blocks nor shall fibre rope be used on hoisting drums. 23-15.6 Tie-ins. Scaffolds shall be tied in to the building or struc ture and means therefor shall be provided but window cleaners' anchors shall not be used for th a t purpose. 23-15.7 Platform Supports. End supports shall be placed not less than six inches n o r more th a n 18 inches from the ends of the platform planks. 23-15.8 Planking. P lanking shall be either nailed in place or otherwise secured against displacement. Where planks rest directly upon stirrups without any interm ediate supporting fram e they shall be secured together by m eans of cleats nailed to the underside at intervals not exceeding four feet. Cleats or other equivalent means shall be provided to prevent th e ends of the planks from slipping off their supports. 23-16 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FO R TWO-POINT SUSPENSION SCAFFOLDS 23-16.1 W idth and F astening. Two-point suspension scaffold platform s shall be not less th an 20 inches nor more than 30 inches wide overall. The p latform shall be of sufficient width to properly fit the hangers and shall be securely fastened thereto by U-bolts passing around the hangers and bolted up tight, or by other equivalent means. 23-16.2 H angers. The platform s of two-point suspension scaf folds shall rest on hangers of steel or iron. Each such hanger shall be provided w ith an eye to receive the tackle hook and a loop or equivalent means to receive the guard rail and midrail. 23-16.3 Roof Irons. Roof irons or hooks shall be of mild steel or wrought iron and shall be securely anchored. They shall be provided with tiebacks of a t least % inch Manila rope so installed th a t the tension is at right angles to the face of the building. Where the upper block hook does not directly engage the roof iron, the connection shall be made by steel wire rope of required strength but not less than Vo inch in diam eter. 45 23-16.4 R ailings and Toeboards. A handrail consisting of a 2" x 3" wooden ra il or the equivalent placed not less than 34 inches nor m ore th an 42 inches above the platform shall be provided and securely fastened in place a t intervals of not more than ten feet. In addition there shall be provided a midrail between the handrail and platform. A toeboard not less than four inches high shall be provided on the outside edge of every platform. Where the condition of the scaffold is such th at a person may fall from the inside edge of the platform, a handrail as above required shall be provided. 23-16.5 Use. Two or more such scaffolds shall not be combined into one by bridging the distance between them. Workmen shall not pass from one such scaffold to another. Not more than two men shall be perm itted to work on any such scaffold at one time. 23-16.6 Fibre Rope. All fibre rope shall be at least equivalent in strength to % inch first quality Manila rope. 23-16.7 Types of Platform s. The platform of every swinging scaf fold shall be one of the following types: Type 1. Ladder Type Platform s. 1. The side stringers of the horizontal supporting ladder shall be of clear spruce or other m aterial equivalent in strength and durability. The rungs shall be of straig h t grained oak, ash or hickory not less th an I ts inches in diameter w ith % inch tenons mortised into the side stringers at least % of an inch. The stringers shall be tied to gether with tie rods not less than inch in diameter passing through the stringers and riveted up tight against washers at both ends. Hangers shall be made fa st to platforms at the second rung from either end by means of U-bolts at both ends of bottom of stirrups and passing over the rungs of the platform. (See also Table X) 2. The flooring strips shall be spaced not more than % o f an inch ap a rt except at the side rails where the space may be one inch. The ladder type platform shall be constructed in accordance with the schedule listed in Table X, "Schedule fo r L adder Type P latform s." Type 2. Plank Type Platforms. Plank type platform s shall be com posed of planks of uniform thickness and such planks shall be not less than two inches in thickness and eight inches in width full size undressed. The planks shall extend not less than six inches nor more th an 18 inches beyond the supporting hangers and a b a r shall be nailed across the platform on the underside at each end to prevent the platform from slipping off the hanger. W here two or m ore planks are used they shall be fastened together by cleats not less than one inch by six inches nailed on the underside a t intervals of not more than four feet. Planks shall not be spliced. The clear span of the platform planks between supports shall not exceed ten feet. Type 3. Beam Platforms. Beam platform s shall have side strin g ers of stra ig h t grained lumber not less th an 2" x 6" set on edge. The strin g ers shall be supported on the hangers and the clear span between hangers shall not exceed 16 feet. The ends of the stringers shall extend beyond the hangers not less than six inches nor more th an 18 inches and shall be bolted to the hangers by U-bolts passing around the hangers and th e stringers. The platform shall be supported on 2" x 6" cross beams laid flat and let into the upper edge of the stringers with a snug fit a t intervals of not more than four feet and securely nailed in place. The p latform shall be form ed of m aterial not less th a n 1" x 6" nailed tight together and extended to the outside face of the stringers. 46 The ends of all platform boards shall rest on the cross beams and shall be nailed securely thereto. Table X--Schedule for Ladder Type Platform s Side Stringers Minimum cross section (finished sizes) (a) at ends (inches) (f>) at middle (inches) Length of Platform--feet 12 14 & 16 18 &20 22 &24 28 &30 194x294 194x294 194x3 194x3 194x312 194x394 194x394 194x4 194x414 194x414 Reinforcing strip (minimum) Rungs A *4"x Tk'' steel reinforcing strip or its equiva lent shall be attached to the underside, full length Rungs shall be 1% inches minimum diameter with a t least % inch diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing shall be 18 inches center to center Tie rods (a) number (minimum) 3 4 4 5 6 (b) diameter ................... The diameter shall be 14 inch (minimum) Flooring The minimum finished size of flooring shall be 14"x294". 23-17 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR MULTIPLE-POINT SUSPENSION SCAFFOLDS 23-17.1 Design. 1. Each scaffold including all its supports and fastenings shall be designed by a licensed professional engineer. A copy of the typical drawings and all specifications signed by the designer shall be kept on the job fo r use by the Commissioner. 2. The scaffold shall be designed to bear fo u r times the maximum weight required to be dependent therefrom or placed thereon when in use (Labor Law, Section 240, subdivision 3) b u t the factor of safety of hoisting rope shall be not less than 6 for new and replacement installations. The m inim um size of rope shall be not less than 5Aa inch diameter for light duty and % inch diameter for medium duty scaf folds. Factors such as abrasion and flexure which tend to weaken the A , rope shaH be included in the design. 3. O utrigger beams and p latform bearers shall be of stru ctu ra l metal. 4. P latfo rm supports shall be designed to provide sufficient headroom for easy passage throughout the length of the scaffold. 47 5. Effective means shall be provided w here necessary to prevent rope supports from slipping off the ends of outrigger beams. 23-17.2 Installation. 1. Each scaffold shall be installed in accordance with the required i drawings and by persons designated by the owner of the scaffold. I Relocation of scaffolds shall be under the direct supervision of such - persons. 2. The overhang of outrigger beams shall at no time exceed th at ! specified on the required drawing. . '3 . Outrigger beams shall be properly anchored and braced to pro- ; vide rigidity and to prevent tipping. jj 4. Supporting points for outrigger beams shall be level, smooth and ! of sufficient area to provide a firm seat. i 5. W ire rope connections shall be as specified elsew here in th is rule f and at least four turns shall a t all times remain on the hoisting drum. * 6. The hoisting rope shall be m aintained properly lubricated. | 23-17.3 Platform . The platform shall be a t least equivalent in ! strength to two-inch planking,fullsize undressed. i 23-17.4 Railing and Toeboard. A safety railing shall be provided : along the outer edges of the scaffold except th a t its supports shall be ? spaced not to exceed ten feet center to center and the toeboard shall I be a t least five inches high. The space between th e guard rail and the I toeboard shall be filled with Vc inch m esh No. 18 gauge w ire screen I or by other equivalent means.. I 23-17.5 Overhead Protection. Overhead protection when re- 1 quired shall consist of planking not less than two inches thick or of \ m aterial of equal strength. It shall be laid tight, shall extend the full I width of the working platform and shall be placed not over ten feet ! above same. I 23-17.6 Platform . Platform planking shall be at least two inches 1 thick, full size undressed. Planking shall be laid tig h t and shall be | fastened in place or cleated to prevent dislodgment. I 23-17.7 Dismantling. Unless the scaffold platform is lowered in- ! tact to the ground or other safe surface for dismantling, life belts shall be used by employees perform ing such operation. i 23-18 SPECIAL PROVISIONSFOR NEEDLE BEAM \ SCAFFOLDS 23-18.1 Use. Needle beam scaffolds shall be used only fo r the I support of men doing riveting, plastering, painting and other sim ilar j work and shall not be used for the storage of m aterial. j 23-18.2 Platform Supports. The needle beams, if of wood, shall if be no t less than 4" x 6" in size w ith the g re a te r dimension vertical I and shall be of one length. They shall no t be spliced and shall be ;| provided with intermediate supports or hangers so th at the span shall ;! not exceed ten feet. If metal beams are used for needle beam platform ! supports, they shall be at least equal in stren g th to 4" x 6" wood beams. I 23-18.3 Rope. Rope used fo r the support of needle beams shall | be of first grade Manila fibre and not less than one inch in diameter. I The rope shall be attached to the needle beams by a "square hitch" I which shall be so tied on rectangular beam s as to prevent th e needle I beam from'rolling or otherwise becoming displaced. Mechanical stops ! 48 such as cleats or pins shall be used to prevent the rope from slipping off the end of th e beam. 23-18.4 Platform . 1. W here the span between the needle beams is ten feet or less the platform planks shall be not less than two inches in thickness full size undressed and shall be increased in thickness as the span is increased. The overhang of each end of the platform planks shall be not less than one foot n o r more than 18 inches. 2. P latfo rm s shall be not less than four planks in width or more than six feet wide. 3. W hen needle beam scaffolds are used w ith one beam higher than the other or where the planks are not level, the platform shall be secured against slipping. 23-18.5 Containers for Tools. Suitable containers for tools, bolts and sim ilar articles shall be provided and securely attached to the scaffold. 23-19 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR HORSE SCAFFOLDS 23-19.1 Lim itation of Height. Horse scaffolds shall not be con structed with more than two tiers of horses and shall not exceed ten feet in height. 23-19.2 Installation. The footings for horses shall be level and secure against accidental movement in any direction. Where horse scaffolds are superimposed upon other types of scaffolds the horses shall be placed directly over supporting beams. All horse scaffolds shall be secured against tipping. 23-19.3 Construction of Horses. The minimum sizes of members fo r lig h t duty use shall be 2" x 4" for the back or b earer and 1" x 4" for the legs and horizontal braces. For medium or heavy duty the m inimum sizes shall be 3" x 4" fo r the back or b earer and lVi" x 4%" for the legs and horizontal braces except th a t for medium duty scaf folds th e back or b earer may be 1%" x 9". The b earer shall in every case re s t on g u sset braces at least one inch thick. The span of 2" x 4" bearers shall n o t exceed four fe et and the span of 3" x 4" bearers shall not exceed six feet. Sufficient diagonal and horizontal bracing shall be provided to assure rigidity. _23-19.4 Spacing. Horses used in construction of scaffolds de signed fo r loads up to 25 pounds per square foot shall be spaced not to exceed ten feet center to center. When used in scaffolds designed fo r loads up to 50 pounds per square foot the spacing shall not exceed eight feet center to center. When used in scaffolds designed for loads up to 75 pounds p er square foot it shall not exceed six feet center to center. 23-20 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR CARPENTER'S PORTABLE BRACKET SCAFFOLDS 23-20.1 Construction of Brackets. Each supporting bracket shall consist of a trian g u lar portable fram e made of lumber not less than 2" x 3" in cross section or of m etal of equivalent strength. The mem bers shall be properly fitted and securely joined. 23-20.2 B racket Installation. Each bracket shall be attached to the stru ctu re by means of a bolt not less than % inch in diameter 49 I j which shall extend through the building wall and shall be secured to develop the required strength. Brackets shall be spaced not to t exceed ten feet. 23-20.3 Loading. Not more than two persons shall occupy any >; carpenter's bracket scaffold a t any one time. No load exceeding 75 pounds in addition to the occupants shall be placed thereon. I 23-21 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR BRICKLAYER'S SQUARE SCAFFOLDS 23-21.1 Lim itation of Use. B ricklayer's square scaffolds shall not be used as heavy duty scaffolds. 23-21.2 Construction of Squares. 1. The squares shall not be la rg e r th an five fe et wide and five fe e t high and the minimum size of members shall be not less th an those specified in the following Table XI. Table XI '! Members Dimensions | Bearers or horizontalmembers ......................................... 2"x6" | Legs ............................. 2"x6" I'4 Braces at corners................................................................ I"x6" j Braces diagonally fromcenter frame ............................. I"x8" ; & 2. The squares shall be reinforced on both sides of each corner w ith 1" x 6" gusset pieces cut in the form of a triangle. The square shall * have braces 1" x 8" in size both sides running from the center of each [ 1 member to the center of the adjacent member or otherwise arranged | | to secure equivalent rigidity. 23-21.3 C onstruction of Scaffolding. The squares shall be set not ' ", more than five feet a p a rt fo r medium duty scaffolds nor m ore th an eight feet ap a rt fo r light duty scaffolds. 1" x 8" bracing extending i from the bottom of one square to the top of the next adjacent square shall be provided on both the fro n t and rear sides of the scaffold. 23-21.4 Platform . Platform planks shall be not less th a n two [ inches in thickness, full size undressed. The ends of the planks shall | overlap on the backs of the squares and each plank shall be supported | by not less than three squares. Planks shall overlap the squares by I not less than six nor more th an 18 inches. | 23-21.5 M ultiple Tiers. B ricklayer's square scaffolds shall not be S constructed with more than three tiers. When built up in tiers, they shall be so constructed th a t the squares shall be directly one above | the other. The upper tiers shall stand on continuous rows of planks i | laid across the next lower tier and be nailed down or otherwise | secured so as to prevent displacem ent. The scaffold shall be se t up | on a level and firm foundation equivalent to th a t afforded by 2" x 9" planking. 50 23-22 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR LEAN-TO SCAFFOLDS 23-22.1 Lim ited Use. Lean-to scaffolds shall not be used or erected more th an 8 fe e t high and shall be used fo r light duty only. 23-22.2 Construction. The spread between th e foot of the legs shall be at least one-half of the height. The minimum sizes of members of scaffold supports shall be as specified in Table XII below; Table XII Members Dimensions Horizontal b e a re r.................................................................... 2"x6" L e g s.......................................................................................... 2"x4" Braces between legs ................................................................ I"x6" Gusset brace at top of le g s ...................................................... I"x6" Half diagonal b ra c e s .............................................................. I"x6" Maximum span of planking ........................................... 10' for 2"x9'"s Maximum span of planking ............................................... 6'forlU "x9"'s 23-23 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR TRESTLE AND EXTENSION TRESTLE LADDER SCAFFOLDS 23-23.1 P erm issible H eight. T restle ladders or combinations of trestle ladders and extensions shall not exceed a to tal height of 30 feet. 23-23.2 B racing. W here tre stle ladders are used as a component part of a scaffold additional bracing shall be provided where neces sary to prevent tipping. 23-23.3 P latform s. W orking platform s between trestles shall be at least 12 inches wide. 23-23.4 Lim itations of Use. Trestle and extension trestle ladder scaffolds shall be used only for interior painting, decorating or main tenance. They shall not be used for exterior work, nor for work in which the equipment used or supplies of m aterial may hamper or endanger the user. 23-24 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR LADDER JACK SCAFFOLDS Only approved ladder jacks shall be used. Ladder jack scaffolds shall be used as light duty scaffolds only and shall not exceed a height of 20 feet above the foot of the ladder. The ladders used shall be designed, constructed and m aintained in accordance with the pro visions of th is rule p erta in in g to ladders. The ladders shall be so placed, fastened or held, or shall be so equipped w ith approved devices as to prevent slipping. Platform planks shall be not less than two inches in thickness and shall overlap the bearing surface by not less than 12 inches. The span between supports shall not exceed eight feet. Not more th an two persons shall occupy any ladder jack scaffold at any one time. 51 \ 23-25 MANUALLY PROPELLED MOBILE SCAFFOLDS 23-25.1 Existing Equipment. Manually propelled mobile scaf folds which were in use prior to November 1,1959 shall be constructed and used in accordance with the following provisions: f 1. Work platform s shall be tightly planked fo r the full w idth of the r scaffold except for necessary entrance openings. Planks shall be secured in place. i 2. Platform s shall have a guard railing. 3. W here a ladder is used to approach a platform , the ladder shall be affixed to the scaffold. 4. P roper handholds shall be provided fo r safe passage from th e ladder to the platform. 5. In free-standing scaffolds the ratio of the platform h eight to the least base dimension shall assure stability when in use but in no case shall such height be more than four times the least base dimension. 6. Provision shall be made to prevent the scaffold from fallin g during movement from one location to another. 7. While th e scaffold is in use by any person it shall re s t upon a stable footing and shall stand plumb. The casters or wheels shall be t locked in position. 8. No person shall be suffered or perm itted to ride on th e scaffold while it is being moved. 23-25.2 New Equipment. Manually propelled mobile scaffolds which were not in use prior to November 1, 1959 shall be approved and, subject to the provisions of the resolution of approval, shall be constructed and used as above provided. 23-26 SPECIAL SCAFFOLDS--APPROVAL REQUIRED Scaffolds not named or described in th is rule shall not be used unless approved. 23-27 WINDOW JACKS All window jacks shall be approved and shall be used only for the purpose of working a t the window opening through which th e jack is placed. Window jacks shall be constructed and installed to conform with Rule 23-12 and not more than one person shall occupy a window jack a t any one time. Window jacks shall not be used as the supporting element of scaffolds or other devices and the placing of planks be tween one window jack and the jack of an adjacent window is pro hibited. Window jacks shall be limited to light duty use. 23-28 BOATSWAIN'S CHAIRS 23-28.1 S trength. Boatswain's chairs and th e ir supports shall be capable of sustaining four times the maximum weight th a t may be placed thereon. 23-28.2 Chair. The chair shall be suspended from its fo u r corners by means of rope slings. It shall have a seat not less than 24 inches long by ten inches in w idth and two inches in thickness (or l 1 inches if of hard wood). I t shall be reinforced across th e full w idth by cleats securely fastened to each end. 23-28.3 Tackle. The tackle shall consist of rope at least equiva lent in strength to % inch rope of first grade Manila through proper 52 size ballbearing or bushed blocks and attached thereto by a thimble and splice. Only safety hooks shall be used. 23-28.4 A nchorage. The object to which the tackle is anchored shall be rigid and of ample strength and, where necessary, the rope shall be protected against chafing. 23-28.5 Seat G uard or Safety Belt. A rope or strap guard across the fro n t and re a r and 18 inches above the seat or an approved safety belt attached to th e lower tackle hook or other fixed support shall be provided. 23-29 WORK ON S T E E P ROOFS 23-29.1 Roofing Brackets. 1. Required Use. Roofing brackets shall be used on roofs having a slope steeper th an 3 in 12 unless the use of crawling boards or safety belts is necessary. 2. Construction. Roofing brackets shall be constructed to fit the pitch of the roof and when in use shall provide a level working platform. 3. Installation. Roofing brackets shall be secured in place by nailing, by pointed m etal projections attached to the underside of the bracket and securely driven into the roof or by first grade % inch rope passed over the ridge pole and tied. 23-29.2 C raw ling Boards. 1. Construction. Crawling boards shall be not less than ten inches wide and one inch thick and shall have cleats at least one inch thick by 1Y2 inches wide, spaced a t equal intervals across th e full w idth of the board and firmly nailed. Cleat nails shall be driven through and clinched. Such board shall extend from the ridge pole to the eaves when used in connection with roof construction, repair or mainte nance. 2. Craivling Board L ife Line. A firmly fastened life line of at least % inch rope shall be strung beside each crawling board. S. Installation. Crawling boards shall be secured to the roof by ridge hooks or equally effective means. 23-29.3 H igh Roofs. 1. N ew Roofs. W here sheathing or surfacing work is being performed in building new roofs which (a) have a slope g re ater than 3 in 12, (b) have no p arap et, and (c) are higher than 20 fe et a t the eaves, a sub stantial scaffold shall be installed below the working area and not more than two fe e t below the eaves. The scaffold shall be of sufficient width to extend outw ard a t least two feet beyond the projection of the eaves and shall be provided with a safety railing. In addition, there shall be provided protection against sliding, consisting of roofing brackets or craw ling boards. This provision shall not apply where every employee engaged in work upon such roofs is protected by a safety belt. 2. Repair or Maintenance. Where repair or maintenance work is being performed on such roofs, there shall be provided protection against sliding consisting of roofing brackets or crawling boards. This pro vision shall not apply where every employee engaged in work upon such roofs is protected by a safety belt. 53 23-30 SAFETY BELTS 23-30.1 Approval Required. Safety belts a n d all special devices for the attachment of life lines shali be approved. 23-30.2 A ttachm ent Required. Every safety' b elt provided or fu r nished to an employee for his personal protection shall be used by the employee in the performance of his work, and at all times during use shall be attached to a life line which is securely attached to a sufficient anchorage and is no longer than is required to perm it the employee to perform his work. The life line sh all in all cases be so arranged that if the user should fall the line will suspend from a point not lower than the level of the working position. 23-30.3 Specifications for Life Lines. The life line attached to a safety belt shall be at least the equivalent in strength and durability of %" first grade Manila hemp rope. 23-30.4 Instruction in Use. Every employee who is provided with a safety' belt shall be instructed in the proper method of wearing and using it, and in the proper method of attaching the life line. 23-30.5 Protection of Life Lines. Padding, w rapping or sim ilar means shall be provided to protect every life line from contact with edges or objects w'hich may cut or severely ab rad e it. 23-30.6 Inspection--Defective Belts or Lines. E very safety belt and every life line shall be inspected by a designated person before each use by an employee. No employer shall suffer or perm it an employee to use a safety belt or life line which shows any indication of mildew or broken fabric or fibre, or which has sustained any wear, damage or deterioration materially affecting its strength, and no such belt or line shall be kept on the job. 23-31 LIFE NETS 23-31.1 M aterials and Construction. Every life net shall be made of first quality m aterial throughout. The net shall be made of fibre cordage, wire or woven fabric and shall have a mesh not exceeding four inches. The perim eter of each net shall be reinforced with clothcovered wire rope or with Manila rope, and shall be equipped with proper size, padded thimbles, sockets or equivalent means of attach ment to supports and anchorages. 23-31.2 Size, S trength, Location and A ttachm ent. E very life net or combination of life nets shall be of sufficient size and strength to catch any employee fo r whose protection it is used, and it shall be located so as to cover the area of possible fall. I t shall be attached to sufficient anchorages or supports outside of and beyond the area of possible fall, and it shall be supported a t a height sufficient to prevent sagging to,any surface or object beneath when cushioning the fail of an employee. 23-31.3 M aintenance. Every life net in use shall be thoroughly dried before storage and shall be stored in a dry location. It shall be protected against damage from mechanical injury, acid or other corrosive substances. 23-31.4 Inspection--Defective Nets. Each life net shall be in spected by a designated person before each installation. No life net w'hich shows mildew, w'ear, damage or deterioration m aterially affect ing the strength of any portion shall be installed. 54 23-32 SAFEGUARDS AGAINST FALLING IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION W here men a re employed at an elevation of more than 50 feet above land or w ater and a falling hazard exists safety belts or life nets shall be used or scaffolds or platforms shall be provided under the work locations except where the work of placing structural members or assemblies interferes with the use of such safeguards. 23-33 STAIRWAYS 23-33.1 Construction. 1. T here sh all be installed at least one stairw ay to w ithin four floors of the upperm ost working floor in the construction of reinforced concrete stru ctu res and to within two floors of the uppermost working floor in th e construction of other structures. The stairway shall be continued up as the work progresses. 2. T em porary stairw ays shall have treads of n o t less th an 2" x 10" plank, shall be not less than three feet in width and shall be sub stan tially constructed and rigidly braced. Stairw ays more th an five feet in width shall be provided with an interm ediate stringer. Stair ways w ith steel treads and landings which are to be afterw ard filled in with concrete or other tread surfacing, shall be provided with tem porary wooden treads carefully fitted in place and extending to the edge of the metal nosing and over the full width of the treads and landings. 3. Skeleton iro n sta irs shall have wooden trea d s of no t less th an 2" x 10" planking. 4. No flight of tem porary sta irs shall have a n unbroken vertical rise of m ore th a n 12 feet. 23-33.2 P rotective Railings. The stairwells of temporary wooden stairw ays and perm anent stairways on which the enclosure or guard rail has not been erected shall be provided on all open sides with a safety railing. Open sides of stairways and landings shall be provided with h an d rails n o t less than 30 inches nor more th a n 40 inches high, measured vertically from the nose of the tread to the top of the rail. 23-34 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LADDERS AND LADDERWAYS 23-34.1 S pecial Ladders--Approval Required. Ladders not nam ed or described herein shall not be used unless approved. 23-34.2 S trength. Ladders shall be capable of sustaining w ithout failure in any p a rt a t least four times the maximum load allowed to be placed thereon. 23-34.3 M aterials of Construction. Wood used in the construction of ladders shall be thoroughly seasoned, sound, clear and straight grained and th e slope of the cross grain shall n o t exceed 1 in 15 at any p oint fo r ru n g s, steps or cleats, and shall n o t exceed 1 in 12 fo r rails. 23-34.4 M aintenance and Replacement. Ladders shall be m ain tained in good condition. No ladder shall be used which has a broken member or part, or any insecure joint between members or parts or any flaw or defect of m aterial th at may cause failure, or any wooden 55 rung or step th at is worn down to three-quarters or less of its original thickness. 23-34.5 Installation and Use. 1. Ladders used as a regular m eans of access between levels shall be nailed or otherwise securely fastened in place. They shall extend a t least 36 inches above the upper landing, or hand holds shall be provided at the upper levels to afford safe m eans of entering upon the ladder. 2. All ladder footings shall be firm. Slippery surfaces and insecure objects such as bricks, boxes, etc., shall not be used as footing. 3. A leaning ladder shall be rigid enough to prevent excessive sag. 4. W hen work is done from ladder rungs between 6 and 10 feet above the footing a leaning ladder shall be held in place by a person stationed at the foot thereof unless the upper end is secured against side slip by its position or by mechanical means. When the work is done from higher rungs mechanical means of securing the upper end against side slip are required. 5. The upper end of a ladder leaned ag ain st a slippery surface shall be mechanically secured against side slip while work is being per formed therefrom. 23-34.6 Ladderways. In continuous vertical ru n s of ladders, re st platform s shall be provided a t intervals not g re a te r than 35 feet unless ladders are equipped with safety back rests or equivalent. Where ladders are used in series and the danger of falling m aterial exists they shall be staggered or so located as to provide overhead protection for the ladder beneath. 23-34.7 Ladder Rungs--Wood. 1. Round rungs shall be not less th a n 1Vs inches in diam eter and oval rungs shall be of equal strength. They shall not have less than Vs inch diam eter tenons. All tenons shall fit w ith a tig h t fit into holes which shall either extend through th e side ra ils or be bored so as to give a t least a 1!Ku inch length of bearing to the tenon. In through-bored construction, the rungs shall be flush with the outside rail surface. All holes shall be located on the center line of the wide face of the side rails. The shoulders of the rung shall be forced firmly against the side rails and the tenons secured in place with a nail or the equivalent thereof to prevent turning. 2. R ung spacing shall be uniform and shall n o t exceed 14 inches center to center. 23-34.8 Splicing. Ladders shall not be spliced to increase th eir length except th at extension pieces may be spliced to the upper end fo r hand holds. 23-34.9 M etal Ladders; Lim ited Use. L adders made w ith metal side rails shall not be used in any place where they may come into contact with energized electric power lines. 23-34.10 Spreaders. All ladders w ith spreading bases such as step and trestle ladders shall be equipped with spreaders to hold bases rigid when in open position. 23-34.11 Placem ent; Door Openings. L adders shall not be placed in front of door openings unless the door is securely fastened open, closed and locked, or otherwise effectively guarded against swinging. 56 23-35 SINGLE LADDERS 23-35.1 Length. Rung type ladders consisting of a single section shall n o t exceed 30 fe et in length. 23-35.2 Construction of Cleat Ladders. The minimum size of cleats shall be x 3". The minimum size of side rails shall be 1%" x 3% " fo r ladders up to and including 19 feet long and 1%" x 5%" fo r ladders over 19 fe et long. Cleats shall be let into side rails Vc inch ^ with a snug fit or they shall be braced by filler blocks between cleats. Lum ber used in th e construction of cleat ladders shall be in accord ance w ith Rule 23-34.3. 23-36 EXTENSION LADDERS AND SECTIONAL LADDERS 23-36.1 Length. Extension ladders shall consist of not more than two sections and shall not exceed 55 feet in length when fullyextended. 23-36.2 A djustm ent. The adjustm ent guides shall be so attached to the rails as to prevent the upper section from tipping or falling out while in use or during adjustment. The upper section shall be locked in place by two autom atic locks. 23-36.3 Sectional Ladders. No sectional ladder shall be used which h as a fully assembled length greater th a n 30 feet, unless approved. 23-37 STEPLADDERS 23-37.1 Length. Stepladders exceeding 20 fe et in length of side rails shall not be used. 23-37.2 Bracing. Such bracing as may be necessary for stiffness shall be provided and when standing the ladder shall be opened to full position and th e spreader locked. 23-37.3 Bases. Standing stepladders shall be used only on firm, level bases. When w ork is done from a step 10 fe et or more above its base a standing stepladder shall be steadied by a person stationed at the foot thereof or shall be secured against sway.by mechanical means. 23-38 STRUCTURAL RUNWAYS, RAMPS AND PLATFORMS 23-38.1 Application. This article does not apply to earth ramps. 23-38.2 Runways and Ramps. 1. All runw ays and ram ps shall be substantially constructed and securely braced and supported. Runways and ramps for the use of motor truck or heavier vehicles shall have a width of not less than 12 feet and shall be provided with tim ber curbs not less than 8" x 8" placed parallel to, and secured to, the sides of the runway or ramp. The flooring shall be of not less than three inch planking, full size undressed. 2. R unw ays and ram ps fo r the use of workmen shall be not less than ^ 18 inches in w idth and shall be constructed of not less than two inch full size undressed planking, substantially supported and braced to prevent excessive spring or deflecting. Planking shall be laid close and shall be butt jointed and securely nailed. 3. H orizontal runw ays fo r the use of workmen and located more th an 10 fe e t above th e floor or ground shall be provided on the open 57 B^sassm sides with a safety railing. Runways used for wheelbarrows, hand carts o r hand trucks shall be not less than 36 inches in width. ' 4. Ramps shall have a slope not exceeding 1 in 4 and the total rise of a continuous ramp used by men carrying m aterial or using wheel- I barrow s shall not exceed 12 feet, unless broken by horizontal landings ? at least fo u r feet in length. If the slope is steeper than 1 in 8, the ramp \ shall be provided with cleats spaced no t more than 14 inches ap a rt I and securely fastened to the planking to afford a foothold. Spaces in the cleats may be provided for the passages of the wheels of vehicles. 5. Ramps which are located a t or extend to a height of more than four feet above the adjacent ground or floor level, shall be provided w ith a safety railing on th e ir open sides. 23-38.3 Platform s. 1. Platform s used as working areas, or for the unloadin i barrows, hand trucks or carts, shall have a floor of not less than two i inch planking. Platforms used for motor trucks shall have a floor of not less than three inch planking. j 2. Except as provided in Rule 23-12.10 every platform more th an i ten feet above the ground or above a floor shall be provided with a safety railing except that the sides of a platform used for the loading i or unloading of vehicles may be protected only by a tim ber curb not | less than 8" x 8" fo r motor trucks or heavier vehicles or 4" x 4" fo r I wheelbarrows and hand trucks. | ] 23-39 CATCH PLATFORMS AND SIDEWALK SHEDS I 23-39.1 Use. Catch platform s shall not be used for storage of m aterial or as working platforms or walkways. ! 23-39.2 Platform Construction. Catch platform shall be a t least | five feet wide and shall be inclined so th a t the outer edge is six inches | higher than the inner edge. If the supports consist of outriggers they | shall be a t least 2" x 10" in size, se t on edge and spaced not more than t ten feet apart. Planking shall be at least two inches thick; each plank | shall lap its end supports a t least 12 inches; planks shall be laid close j together and shall be naileddown. I 23-39.3 P latform Enclosures. Except as otherw ise herein per- f mitted, the open sides of catch platform shall be provided with a | fence of tig h t planking or of y2 inch m esh No. 18 gauge wire screen, j The enclosure shall be at least 48 inches high from the platform to the upper edge w ith no opening between screen and platform . Sup- ports fo r the enclosure shall be at least 2" x 6" in cross section and | shall be spaced not more than ten feet center to center. | 23-39.4 Sidewalk Sheds. | 1. The deck of every sidewalk shed shall be constructed to sustain if a live load of at least 150 pounds per square foot, and if m aterial is 1 to be stored thereon it shall be constructed to sustain a load of not | less than 300 pounds per square foot. The sidewalk shed shall be so | erected as to provide a clear ceiling height of not less than eight feet f above the walkway surface. | 2. The outside edge and the ends of the deck of every sidewalk shed j shall be provided w ith a substantial enclosure a t least 42 inches in j height, consisting of boards laid close, or of screen formed of not less th a n No. 16 gauge steel wire with i y 2 inch mesh, or of corrugated j m etal or plywood. 58  3. The deck of th e sidewalk shed shall be w ater-tight and of plank not less than two inches thick. Unless such deck is built solidly ag ain st the face of th e stru ctu re in such a m anner th a t no m aterial can fall on the sidewalk, the side of the shed toward the structure shall be solidly fenced for the full height of the sidewalk shed. Solid sliding or swinging gates may be provided for the movement of men and m aterials. 4. Steel or o th er m aterials of equivalent strength and suitability may be used in lieu of wood in the construction of sidewalk sheds. ' ' 5. Sidewalk sheds shall be provided w ith sufficient light to insure safe movement of traffic through them. 23-40 CHUTES 23-40.1 Enclosure. Wooden or metal chutes provided for the re moval of m aterials and which are a t an angle of more than 45 degrees with th e horizontal, shall be entirely enclosed on all sides, except openings used fo r the receiving or discharging of material. Such openings sh all n o t exceed 48 inches in height, m easured along the wTall of th e chute, and all openings, except the top opening, shall be closed when not in use. Chutes at an angle of 45 degrees or less with the horizontal may be open on the upper side. 23-40.2 C onstruction. Every chute more th a n 24 inches in maxi mum inside dimension shall be constructed of not less than two inch planking or of not less than inch sheet metal. It shall have a metal bottom where the m aterial strikes the chute and shall be rigidly sup ported throughout its height. A strong gate shall be constructed at the lower end of every loading chute to control th e loading of m aterial into trucks and to close the chute a t all other times. Splash-boards or baffles shall be erected to prevent m aterials from rebounding into the street or under the sidewalk shed. 23-40.3 P rotection a t Openings. A bumper or curb not less than 4" x 4" in section shall be provided at each chute opening where such opening is level w ith or below the floor or platform . Every space between the chute and the edge of the opening in the floor or platform shall be solidly planked. 23-40.4 D anger Signs. Danger signs shall be placed in a con spicuous position at the discharge end of every chute to w arn the workmen and public. 23-41 COMBUSTION DEVICES USED FOR TEMPORARY HEATING 23-41.1 Room Ventilation. Where workmen are required to work in a room or space which is heated by combustion devices which may emit carbon monoxide into the room or space to an extent tending to injure health, ventilation shall be provided to prevent the accumula tion of dangerous concentrations. 23-41.2 Setting. Combustion devices shall be insulated from any combustible flooring upon which they rest. F or salamanders the Pit insulation shall extend a t least two feet beyond all sides. 23-41.3 Location. Combustion devices shall be located a t least three feet horizontally from any combustible construction unless effective insulation is interposed. The overhead clearance shall be at least five feet. 59 23-41.4 T arpaulins. No tarpaulin or canvas covering shall be located less than ten feet from a combustion heating device. Tarpau lins or canvas shall be securely fastened to prevent contact with such a device. 23-41.5 B ottled Gas. Bottled combustible gas shall not be used as a temporary heating medium unless it contains an agent to give it a distinctive and easily detectable odor and sufficient ventilation to assure proper combustion is maintained. Rooms or areas in which gas is used shall have a readily legible w arning sign affixed a t the en trance. Such sign shall bear the words "DANGER--FLAMMABLE GAS." All connections shall be made by means of rigid m etal pipe or flexible hose approved for th e purpose and shall have m etal screw connectors which shall be m aintained tight. C ontainers shall be secured against accidental upsetting or displacement and when not in use shall be stored outside the building. 23-42 MATERIAL HANDLING AND HOISTING M A C H IN E R Y GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 23-42.1 M aintenance and Operation. 1. All m aterial handling and hoisting equipm ent shall a t all tim es be m aintained in good repair and in proper operating condition and sufficient inspections fo r such maintenance shall be made. All defects shall be immediately corrected upon discovery of same either by necessary repairs or by replacement. All such equipment shall be operated in a safe manner. 2. O perators of such equipment shall remain a t the controls w'hile the load is suspended. 23-42.2 Loading. M aterial handling equipm ent shall not be loaded in excess of th e live load for which it wras designed as specified by the m anufacturer. W here there is any hazard to persons all loads shall be properly trimmed to prevent the dislodgment of any part during tran sit. Suspended loads shall be securely slung and properly balanced before they are set in motion. 23-42.3 O perators and Signalmen. Only trained, designated operators shall operate hoisting or material handing machinery. Operators and signalmen shall be able to comprehend signals readily and to execute them properly. 23-42.4 Signals fo r H oisting Engine Operation. 1. Hoisting engines shall be operated in response to m anual signals, telephone communications or according to a visible or audible signal code. Any of these m ay be used separately or in combination. 2. Manual signals m ay be used only where th e signalm an h as a clear and unobstructed view of the hoisting operation and the hoist operator has a clear and unobstructed view of th e signalm an and is not more than 80 fe et below the signalman. 3. A copy of th e signal code shall be posted in a conspicuous place adjacent to the hoisting controls. All wires, cords or other devices used in connection with signal systems shall be protected against unauthorized or unintentional use, breakage or interference. 4. The following signals m ay be used fo r platform , bucket and similar hoists : 60 1 bell (or light)--to stop 2 bells (or light)--to raise 3 bells (or light)--to lower 4 bells (or light)--to lower slowly 23-42.5 P rotection of O perator. 1. W here an overhead hazard exists, the operator of m aterial han dling machinery other than a hoisting engine shall be provided with overhead protection against such hazard. 2. W here an overhead hazard exists, the operator of a hoisting engine shall be provided with overhead protection equivalent to tight planking not less th a n 2 inches thick, supported to develop its full strength. 3. The area occupied by th e hoisting engine and its operator shall be protected from th e elements and shall be heated in cold weather. 23-42.6 Protection of Moving P arts. Gears, belts, sprockets, drums, sheaves, and points of contact between moving parts of power driven machines when not guarded by location shall be covered with substantial g u ards or railed off. 23-42.7 Refueling. Open lights, flames or spark producing devices shall be kept at a safe distance while refueling internal combustion engines and no person shall smoke or carry lighted smoking material in the immediate area. The engine shall be stopped during refueling. 23-42.8 E ngine E xhaust. Steam or exhaust gases from engines shall be discharged into the outer air at a point where they will not contaminate the air in a working zone. 23-42.9 M achinery a t Rest. M aterial handling machines shall not be left w ith the load or blade suspended. The load shall be brought to rest on blocks o r shall be lowered to the ground or to the extreme lower end of its travel. 23-42.10 Tag Line. Loads which have a tendency to swing or turn freely during hoisting shall be controlled by a tag line. 23-42.11 Riding. Riding on the loads, buckets, slings or hooks or hoisting, m aterial-handling or excavating machinery is prohibited. 23-42.12 H oist Brakes. W here hoist brakes are provided they shall be capable of stopping and holding 150 per cent of the rated hoisting capacity. In addition, a ra tc h e t and pawl shall be provided on the drum to hold the load. Each electric motor driven hoist shall be provided with a m echanical autom atic motor brake or an electrical or mechanical device to hold the load automatically in case of power failure. 23-42.13 Electrically Driven Machines. All electrically driven m aterial handling m achinery shall be serviced and maintained by or under the direct supervision of a designated person. 23-42.14 R epairs and Lubrication. No repairing, cleaning and lubricating of m achinery shall be done unless th e machinery is a t rest. 23-42.15 A nchorage for H oisting Machines. Hoisting machines shall be so constructed and so secured in position as to prevent tipping or dislodgment. 23-42.16 H oppers and Chutes. Every chute and hopper shall be barricaded where necessary to prevent persons from being struck by material or from falling into the chute or hopper. 61 23-43 RIGGING, ROPE, CHAINS FOR MATERIAL HOISTING 23-43.1 Hoisting Rope--M aterial. Only wire rope shall be used with power driven hoisting machinery, except winchheads or capstan hoists. 23-43.2 F ibre Rope. 1. Fibre rope shall be of first quality Manila hemp. Means to p re vent chafing shall be provided where necessary. Proper size blocks to accommodate the rope shall be used. Fibx-e rope shall be protected where acid or any other harm ful or corrosive agent is used. Rope shall be stored dry and in a dry place. 2. Rope th a t is unsound in any way or th a t shows the effects of severe w ear or abrasion shall not be used. Frozen i-ope shall be thawed before being used. 23-43.3 Wire Rope. 1. Wire rope shall be so handled and stored as to prevent kinks and shall be m aintained lubricated to prevent corrosion. No rope th a t is kinked shall be used fo r the purpose of raising or lowering men or m aterials, nor (1) when more th an ten per cent of the total w ires are broken in any lay, a rope lay being that distance measured along the rope in which one stran d makes a complete revolution around the rope axis, nor (2) when the wires on the crown of the strands are worn down to less than 60 per cent of their original cross-sectional area, nor (3) when by visual inspection, the rope shows marked signs of corrosion, nor (4) when any com bination of broken wires and abrasion have reduced the original stren g th of the rope to 80 per cent or less. The end shall be securely attached to the hoist drum and a t least four turns shall rem ain on the drum at all times. 2. Wire rope fa sten in g s shall consist of zinc-filled sockets, wedge sockets w ith at least one rope clip above the socket, eye splices w ith pear-shaped thimbles to fit the rope, proper size thimbles with rope clips or other fastenings approved by the Board. 3. Where clips are used as rope fastenings, they shall conform w ith the following: A t least two clips for rope to and including inch diam eter. At least three clips fo r rope to and including % inch diameter. At least four clips for rope to and including one inch diameter. A t least five clips for rope to and including 1V4 inch diam eter. At least six clips for rope to and including three inch diameter. 4. Clip spacing shall be a t least six times the diam eter of the rope. The U-bolt of clips shall be placed over the short end of the rope. 5. Means shall be provided to prevent accidental contact w ith or injury to hoisting rope. Such means shall consist of substantial cover ing, fencing or location beyond reach. 23-43.4 Sheaves. Load-bearing sheaves for wire rope shall be of proper diameter and grooving to accommodate the rope but in no ease shall the diameter be less th an 20 times th a t of the rope. Sheaves and rope shall be m aintained properly lubricated. Sheaves and blocks th a t are so badly worn, in ju red or otherw ise defective as to cause fa ilu re of equipment or injury to the rope shall not be used. Sheaves intended for use with fibre rope shall not be used with wire rope. 23-43.5 F ittings. All hooks, shackles and o ther fittings subject to tension or shear shall be drop-forged. No deformed hooks, shackles, chains or other fittings shall be used. 62 23-43.6 Use of Chains. 1. Chains shall not be used as slings in hoisting operations. 2. Chains shall not be knotted nor shall they be shortened or spliced by the use of nails or bolts. 3. Defective chains shall not be used. 23-43.7 H eat T reating of Chains. A nnealing or normalizing of chains shall be done by the m anufacturer or his agent. :1:' 23-44 MATERIAL PLATFORM OR BUCKET HOISTS 23-44.1 C onstruction of H oist Towers. 1. M aterial h o ist tow ers shall be constructed of strong sound timber, structural steel, steel pipe, wrought iron or other structural metal. They shall be supported by a firm foundation of such dimen sions as to adequately distribute the load and so as not to exceed the safe bearing capacity of the ground upon which they stand. Hoist towers shall be plumb, and shall be securely braced to insure stability and rigidity. All tim ber hoist tow ers more than 70 feet high and four- pole tim ber h o ist tow ers more than 50 feet in height shall have bolted I connections throughout. Towers shall be anchored to the building at | intervals of not more th an 25 fe et or shall be properly guyed by means of wire rope not less than % inch in diameter securely fastened to adequate anchorages. Hoist towers shall be erected and dismantled only under the direct supervision of designated persons. Hoist towers shall be erected only to a height necessary for immediate needs and extended in height only when construction work has progressed suf ficiently to provide for the anchorage and bracing heretofore required. & ^ 2. T here shall be a t least fo u r fe et of clearance between the cathead sheave and the hoisting rope fastening on the car or bucket when the conveyance is a t the uppermost term inal or landing. 23-44.2 E nclosure of H oists. E xterior hoist towers shall be en closed on all sides except entrance openings. Interior hoistways shall be enclosed a t all floors to a height of at least eight feet except at entrance openings. Enclosures shall be by means of wire mesh or slatted partition adequately supported, braced and secured so as to provide a substantial enclosure. W ire mesh shall not be less than No. 18 gauge w ith openings not exceeding % inch. Wood slats shall be not less than % inch in thickness installed horizontally and spaced not more than two inches apart. 23-44.3 E n tran ces to Hoistways. 1. All entrances to hoistw ays shall be protected by substantial gates or bars which, when closed, shall guard the full width of the landing entrance. 2. Gates, when used, shall be not less th an 66 inches in height and located not more than four inches from the hoistway line and may have an underclearance of not more than two inches. Gates of grille, lattice or other open work shall have openings of not more than two inches. 3. W here bai*s are used, they shall be not less than 2" x 4" wooden hinged bars or equivalent, located two feet from the hoistway line. Hinged bars shall be located n o t less th an 36 inches nor more than 42 inches above th e floor. 4. W hen hinged bars are installed on in terio r hoistways, the hoist way enclosure shall be extended to two feet beyond the hoistway line. 63 Every hoistway gate or bar shall be kept closed except when the entrance is in use. 23-44.4 Hoist Cars. 1. The platform of hoist cars shall be enclosed from floor to cross head with a solid enclosure on all sides not being used for loading and unloading. At the cross-head a solid protective covering of two inch planks or other m aterial affording substantially equivalent pro tection, shall be provided to protect workmen from falling m aterial. 2. Enclosures of not less than No. 9 gauge expanded m etal w ith 1% inch mesh securely fastened in place and equipped w ith four-inch toeboards may be substituted for solid enclosures. 3. Blocks and cleats shall be securely fastened to the floors of hoist cars to prevent accidental rolling of wheelbarrows or the shifting of other equipment. 23-44.5 Guide Kails. The guide rails of hoists shall be of steel or sound, hard wood securely fastened a t intervals so as not to deflect more th an Vi inch under normal operation. 23-44.6 Operation of Hoist. Hoists shall be operated only by des ignated persons. The operation of every hoist shall be controlled by an electrically or mechanically operated bell system w ith an experi enced signalman at both loading and unloading points. Manual signals may be used where the engineman or operator is in a position to see the signalm an, but w here men. are loading or unloading a t m ore th a n one level or where the signalman cannot be readily seen, the electri- ; cally or mechanically operated bell system shall be provided and used. Such bell signals shall be as provided in Rule 23-42.4 "S ignals". In ter communication or telephone systems shall be provided in addition to manually operated electrical or mechanical bell signal systems where necessary for safe operation of the hoist. W eatherproof electrical connections and fittings shall be used for electrically operated signal or communication systems on hoist towers th a t are exposed to the ; V weather. 23-44.7 Thoroughfare. There shall be no thoroughfare through I any hoistway. There shall be no thoroughfare under any hoistway i except when the hoisting unit has been made inoperative by discon- f necting the suspension rope. i V 23-44.8 Protection of Hoist Operators. "Where the operator of hoisting machinery is exposed to dust or other airborne m aterial in such quantities as to interfere with the safe operation of the hoist, the operator shall be provided with proper goggles for the purpose or a wooden or canvas screen shall be erected to minimize th e exposure. 23-44.9 Loading and Roping of Platform H oists. The maximum safe capacity of each platform hoist shall be determined by using a factor of safety of eight and shall be conspicuously posted on the crosshead or side members and so m aintained. In no case shall the load on any hoist be such as to cause the platform to drop m ore th an ' two inches below the loading level or rise more than two inches above the floor level when unloading. 23-44.10 W arning Device. All hoistway entrance b a rrie rs and gates shall be painted to provide the distinctive w arning device of diagonal black and yellow stripes. 23-44.11 Riding. Riding on a m aterial platform h o ist is pro hibited and a sign to th a t effect shall be conspicuously posted on both sides of the crosshead or the side members. 64 23-45 WORKMEN'S ELEVATORS 23-45.1 E levators under Industrial Code Rule No. 8. Workmen's elevators w ithin a building, which are to be converted to permanent use after completion of the job, shall be constructed and equipped as required in Rule No. 8 of the Industrial Code except th at hoistway enclosure, hoistway doors, car enclosure, door and gate locking de vices, initial inspection and lubrication, and tests shall conform with the requirem ents of this article. 23-45.2 Approval Required. Elevators other than those set forth in 23-45.1 above shall be approved. 23-45.3 M aintenance and Use. Elevators shall be maintained in proper and safe operating condition. They shall be periodically in spected and lubricated as may be necessary for such maintenance. Necessary repairs or replacement of parts shall be promptly made. No elevator shall be loaded in excess of the load for which it is designed. 23-45.4 Hoistway Enclosure. 1. E very hoistw ay shall be enclosed on all sides to a height of a t least 10 fe e t above the lowest landing level and on the sides facing car entrances or the building or structure, throughout its height except entrance openings. 2. The hoistw ay enclosure shall be made of expanded m etal of a t least No. 16 U. S. gauge or other incombustible m aterial equivalent in strength and rigidity when properly installed. Openwork m etal en closures shall reject a lYz inch diameter ball. The enclosure shall be so in stalled and reinforced th a t a horizontal pressure of 100 lbs. against any point will not cause a deflection greater than one inch nor reduce the running clearance below the required minimum. 23-45.5 H oistway Doors. 1. E very en tran ce opening in th e hoistway enclosure shall joe pro vided w ith a solid door which shall extend across the full width of the opening and which shall be provided with a vision panel securely covered w ith w ire mesh. It shall be provided with a lock or latch which shall be openable from the hoistway side only and inaccessible from th e landing side. Such door shall be a t least 78 inches high and shall have an under-clearance of not more th an y% inch. Exception: The door a t the lowest landing shall be provided with means accessible only to designated persons to unlock it from the landing side. 2. In norm al service every hoistway door shall be latched or locked shut except when in use for passage to or from the car and no person except th e ca r atten d an t shall open such door. 3. Doors shall be securely reinforced and hung to provide adequate durability. 23-45.6 Car Construction. All sides except landing sides shall be provided w ith substantial and tight enclosures at least 6' high. The top of the car shall be covered with tight material equivalent in stren g th to 2" planking and shall have an opening with a hinged hatch-cover n o t less th a n 18" in its sm allest dimension and not less th an 400 sq u are inches in area. 23-45.7 Car Door or Gate. Each landing side of the car shall be provided w ith a door or gate a t least 6' high and of construction equivalent in strength to th a t of the car enclosure. 65 Every opening in the door or gate shall be of such size and shape as to reject a 3" ball at any point. The car shall be equipped with an approved electrical contact so arranged th a t the ca r cannot be operated unless each door or gate is shut. 23-45.8 W iring. W iring and other electrical equipm ent shall be of proper quality and properly installed. Installations in accordance w ith the National Electrical Code may be presum ed to comply here with. Hoistway w iring may consist of heavy duty rubber-covered traveling cable. All wiring and other electrical equipm ent which may be exposed to the wTeather shall be w eatherproof. 23-45.9 L ighting. Inside the car and a t each landing, means for artificial lighting shall be provided. The inside of the car, all landings and the space occupied by hoisting machines shall at all times be properly lighted. 23-45.10 Thoroughfare. There shall be no thoroughfare through or under any hoistway. 23-45.11 Enclosure of H oisting Equipm ent. The top of the hoist way shall have a w eathertight enclosure. The space occupied by the hoisting machine shall be similarly enclosed and where the operator is stationed a t the hoisting machine the enclosure shall be heated in cold weather. 23-45.12 Car A ttendant. No car shall be operated in service un less it is in the charge of a designated person stationed in the car as its attendant. No person other th a n the car attendant shall cause th e car to move or open any car or hoistway door or gate. The attendant shall not cause the car to move unless he is satisfied th at the load is prepared for movement. No person under 18 years of age shall be designated as an attendant. 23-45.13 In itial Inspection and Lubrication. Before each installa tion of a workmen's elevator it shall be thoroughly inspected and subjected to trial runs by a designated person experienced in the installation of such equipment. The inspection shall include but not be limited to an examination of the entire length of each guide rope and hoisting rope, all rope connections, sheaves and their supports, and trial of the governor, the linkage of the ear safeties and the limit stops. Initial lubrication of running parts and all linkage shall be done during such inspection and under the direct supervision of the designated person. 23-45.14 Tests. A fter erection and before use, every elevator shall be tested. The test shall be made by a designated person and shall be performed as follows: 1. The car shall be loaded to maximum carrying capacity and run at least twice to both limits of travel to test the action of the speed governor, the operation of the upper automatic lim it devices and the operation of the hoisting machine brake a t various levels of the hoistway. 2. With such load in place, the car safeties shall be m ade to actuate with the car traveling downward at a speed slightly greater than that for which the elevator is designed. 3. Such te s t shall be repeated at least once every m onth while the elevator is in use on the job. 65 4. A complete w ritten report of every te st including the date, the te s t loads and speeds involved and the te st results shall be kept on the job fo r use by th e Commissioner. The report shall be signed by the person making the test. 23-46 CRANES AND DERRICKS 23-46.1 S tren g th . Cranes and derricks shall be so constructed, placed and operated as to be stable. No p art of any such machine snail be stressed beyond the capacity determined for it by the m anufacturer or builder. 23-46.2 Inspection. Every crane and derrick, including all blocks, shackles, sheaves, w ire rope, connectors and the various devices on the m ast and boom shall be thoroughly inspected by a designated person. Such inspections shall be a t intervals not exceeding 3 months. Cranes and derricks shall also be inspected before being first erected or operated on each job. Inspection and repair of crane booms shall be made only when th e boom is lowered and adequately supported. A w ritten, dated and signed record by a designated person of the most recent inspection of each crane and derrick shall be made on a form provided by the Commissioner and shall be kept on the job for his use. 23-46.3 F ooting. F irm and uniform footing shall be provided for cranes and derricks. Where such a footing is not otherwise supplied, it shall be provided by substantial timbers, cribbing or other struc tu ral members sufficient to distribute the load so as not to exceed safe bearing capacity of the underlying material. 23-46.4 H oisting Mechanism Brakes and Locking Devices. Every power-operated crane and derrick shall be provided with hoisting mechanism brakes capable of sustaining at rest one and one-half times the m aximum ra te d load on a single p art line. H and or foot-operated brakes shall be provided with a substantial locking device to lock the brake in engagem ent. Electrically driven cranes or derricks shall be provided w ith a device to hold the load autom atically in case of power failure. 23-46.5 A ttachm ent of Loads. On concrete work the hoisting rope shall be provided w ith a safety hook or a closed shackle. W here a sling is employed to hoist long-length m aterial, a spreader bar shall be used to space the sling legs for proper balance. Reinforcing rods, conduit and lumber, when of uneven lengths, column clamps and sim ilar items which cannot be easily secured to form a safe d ra ft or load shall be hoisted in a box. The box shall be su b stan tially constructed and supported from its fo u r corners by individual lengths of wire rope having spliced or clipped loops for attachm ent to th e load line. Its construction and suspension shall be capable of holding a t least 4 times the load fo r which it is intended. In steel erection, when a load is suspended at two or more points with slings, the eyes of the lifting legs of the slings shall be shackled together, and th is shackle or the eyes of the shackled slings shall be placed on the hook. Alternatively, the eyes of the lifting legs may be shackled d irectly to the hoisting block, ball or balance beam. The eyes may be placed on the lifting hook without shackles if the hook is of the safety type. 23-46.6 L im itations on Modifications of C ranes and Derricks. No load-bearing p a rt of any crane or power-driven derrick shall be re placed by another part, and no such machine shall be modified by the addition thereto or removal therefrom of any load-bearing part unless the replacement or modification shall be as certified by either the manufacturer or the builder of the machine or a qualified licensed professional engineer. 23-46.7 Cranes-- O utriggers an d C ounterweights. O utriggers and counterweights shall be provided and used as specied by the manu facturer of the crane or by a qualified licensed professional engineer. Counterweights shall be properly placed and secured. Leveling jacks shall be provided and used with outriggers of truck-mounted mobile cranes. 23-46.8 Cranes-- Construction. 1. Booms. The boom of every crane shall be of suitable steel. The crane shall be capable of lifting its boom by its own power when the outer end is a t the level of the surface on which the crane rests, without placing undue strain on either the boom or the tackle. Boom stops shall be provided to prevent overtopping. 2. Boom Extensions. Any boom extension not provided by the manu facturer of the machine shall be designed by a qualified licensed professional engineer. A copy of such design shall be kept on the job for inspection by the Commissioner. Where boom extensions are used, reductions in the capacity chart ratings shall be posted. 3. Braking Mechanism. In addition to the hoisting mechanism brakes above required every crane shall be provided w ith: (a) An adequate braking mechanism for the boom hoist. (b) A swing lock or swing brake capable of preventing rotation. (e) A brake or other device adequate to bring the crane to a stop from any travel fo r which it is designed, together with a means of locking the crane so as to hold it stationary. A- Cast Iron. C ast iron shall not be used for members or parts subject to tension or torsion. 23-46.9 Cranes-- Capacity Chart. 1. A capacity c h a rt shall be provided fo r every crane. Such chart shall be posted and m aintained in a place clearly visible to the operator and shall set forth the safe loads for various lengths of boom at various boom angles and radial distances. W here outriggers are pro vided, such loads shall be set forth with and w ithout the use of out riggers. The chart shall also indicate whether or not load handling accessories such as hooks, blocks and slings are included. 2. Unless furnished by th e m anufacturer or builder of th e crane, a capacity chart shall be prepared and certified by a qualified licensed professional engineer and a copy thereof submitted, on request, to the Commissioner. 3. No load shall be lifted by any crane th a t exceeds th e relevant maximum specified by its capacity chart. 23-46.10 Cranes-- Boom Angle Indicator. A crane having either a boom exceeding 40 fe et in length or a maximum rated capacity exceeding 15 tons shall be provided w ith an approved boom angle indicator which shall make the boom angle in degrees clearly visible to the operator a t all times and give a w arning signal when the angle is unsafe. 23-46.11 Cranes-- General O peration. Before hoisting any load at a new job site the boom shall be test operated to its maximum height. Crane loads are to be raised vertically so as to avoid swinging 68 during hoisting, except as such operation is allowed for by the capacity charts. Cranes m ust not be traveled with a suspended load except upon a safe runway. D uring travel w ithout load, crane falls shall be secured or placed so as to prevent accident or damage by swinging. Crane cabs shall be locked when the operator is not present and no unauthorized person shall enter the cab or remain immediately ad jacent to any ei'ane in operation. Ignition locks, a locking bar or other equivalent devices shall be provided to prevent unauthorized opera tion. In concrete building construction, loads lifted by cranes to levels higher th an 150 feet may only be discharged to a hopper or other appropriate facility so located as to perm it operation of the boom at a minimum load radius. 23-46.12 Cranes--O peration w ith Demolition Ball. In addition to the general requirem ents fo r mechanical demolition of Rule 23-7.19, the operation of cranes w ith a demolition ball shall be subject to the following requirem ents: 1. The weight of the demolition ball shall not exceed 50 per cent of the safe load capacity of the boom length used a t its maximum angle of operation. 2. D uring operation w ith a demolition ball, the swing of the boom shall n o t exceed 30 degrees from the eenter line, fro n t to back, of the crane mounting. 3. C rane cab windows shall be of shatterproof glass or protected by adequate metal screens. 4. The load line and the attachm ent of th e demolition ball to the load line shall be checked at least twice daily. 5. T ruck cranes w ithout outriggers shall not be used to swing a demolition ball. 23-46.13 Cranes--O peration near Power Lines. If a crane is operated in such a location th a t any p a rt of th e crane or of its load in any position of boom or swing may come w ithin 10 feet of a live power line: 1. The power line shall be de-energized, or 2. The power line shall be effectively insulated or isolated, or 3. The crane shall be effectively grounded as hereinafter provided. The crane shall be provided with a permanent clamp or other means for convenient and effective attachm ent of a grounding conductor. The cable connecting the clamp to the ground shall be equivalent to a No. 2 AWG or larger single conductor, superflexible, rope-stranded copper, composed of not less than 1600 individual wires, with 600 volt covering for mechanical protection and with terminal parts that insure a good connection w ith hand-type screw clamps. An effective ground shall be one having a resistance of 25 ohms or less, which shall be measured, or a connection to a continuous under ground metallic w ater piping system. The provisions of this section shall not apply to operations con ducted under the jurisdiction of the Public Service Commission. 23-46.14 Cranes--O perators. 1. Finding of Fact. The Board finds th at th e trade or occupation of operating cranes of the type below described in construction and demolition work involves such elements of danger to the lives, health and safety of persons employed in such work as to require special regulations for th eir protection and the protection of other employees 69 I and the public in th a t such cranes piay fall over, or collapse, or con- | tact electric power lines, or dislodge m aterial and cause it to fall, or 1 fail to support intended loads and convey them safely, unless operated I by persons of proper ability, judgment and diligence. I 2. L im ited Application o f Section 23-46.H. This section applies only I to cranes having a m anufacturer's maximum rated capacity exceeding I 5 tons, operated in construction or demolition work, and of the follow- I ing type: th a t type of crane which consists of a mobile carrier- | mounted, power-operated hoisting machine utilizing hoisting rope and I a power-operated boom moveable laterally by rotation of the machine I on the carrier. The word "crane" as used in this section refers only | to a crane to which this section applies. 3. Certificate of Competence Required. No person, w hether the owner or otherwise, shall operate a crane in the state unless: (a) H e is a t least 21 years of age and holds a valid certificate of competence, issued by the Commissioner, to operate a crane; or (b) He holds a valid license issued by the federal governm ent, by another state, or by a city to operate a crane, and such license is approved by the Commissioner as equivalent to a certificate of com petence issued by him. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions: A person who is a t least 21 years of age and who is employed by the state, or a town, city or county in the state may operate a crane owned or leased by the state or such town, city or county provided his assigned duties include operation of a crane; A designated person employed only to test or repair a crane may operate it fo r such purpose while under direct supervision of a certified crane operator; A person who is a t least 18 years of age and who h as th e perm ission of the person responsible for the operation of the equipment, as an apprentice or learner, to take instruction in the operation of a crane may operate such crane under the direct supervision of a certified | crane operator. A | 4. Application Forms. Application for a certificate of competence or | for a renew al th ere o f shall be made on form s provided by the Com- missioner, and shall be accompanied by photographs of the applicant | in such numbers and forms as the Commissioner shall prescribe, and 1 the photographs m ust havebeen taken within 30 days of the filing | of such application. | 5. Experience Required. A candidate for a certificate or a renewal | must have had a t least 3 years of practical experience either in the J operation and/or maintenance of a crane. j 6. Examination. Each candidate for a certificate will, and each eandi- } date for a renewal may, be required by the Commissioner to take a I written a n d /o r oral examination conducted by an examining board ap- pointed by the Commissioner, except th at the Commissioner may issue :i a certificate w ithout examination of any kind to any crane operator | who makes application before July 1,1962 and who, in the judgm ent of | the Commissioner, meets the minimum qualifications as to experience 1 outlined above. | . | 7. Operating Examination. Candidates who successfully pass the w rit- | ten an d /o r oral exam ination will be required to take a p ractical ex- | animation in crane operation, except th at the Commissioner may waive i this requirem ent w ith respect to applicants fo r a renewal certificate. t 70 ? 8. Physical Condition. No person suffering from a physical handicap or illness, such as epilepsy, heart disease, an uncorrected defect in vision or hearing, th a t m ight diminish his competence, shall be certified by the Commissioner. 9. Renewals. A renewal of a crane operator's certificate may not be issued unless application therefor is made within one year from the expiration date of the certificate sought to be renewed. 10. Hearings. P rio r to the refusal by the Commissioner to issue or renew a certificate, and prior to a determination to revoke or to sus pend a certificate the Commissioner shall hold a hearing upon notice to the interested parties. 11. Contents of Certificate. Each certi ficaie issued shall include the name and address of the applicant, a brief description of him for the purpose of identification, and his photograph. 12. Term of Certificate. Each certificate or renewal issued shall be valid fo r three years from the date issued. 18. Carrying Certificate. Each certified operator shall carry his cer tificate on his person when operating a crane, and failure to produce the certificate upon request by a Department of Labor inspector will be presumptive evidence th a t the operator is not certified. 23-46.15 D erricks--B racing of Foot Blocks. The foot blocks of derricks shall be securely supported and firmly anchored against movement in any direction. 23-46.16 Derricks--Guys. 1. N um ber and Spacing. The top of a guy derrick m ast more than 25 feet in height shall be steadied by not less than 6 wire rope guys so spaced as to make the angles between adjacent guys approximately equal. 2. Attachm ent. W ire rope guys shall be secured by either weldless steel sockets, thim ble and splice connection, thimbles with proper size and number of rope clips, or cast steel guy plates having grooved bearing surfaces of the same shape and size as the wire rope thimbles, using a spliced or wire rope clip attachment. S. Anchoring. Guys shall be attached to strong permanent construc tion o r to substantial "dead men" securely anchored in the ground. 23-46.17 Derricks--B reast Type. Breast derricks shall be guyed from both the fro n t and the rear of the derricks. Where a front guy is not possible because of the use to which the derrick is put, pro vision shall be made to prevent the derrick from tipping over back ward. B reast derricks which are operated by hand power shall have hand grips securely and positively fastened to the shaft and a ratchet and pawl shall be provided which will hold the load. 23-46.18 D erricks-- Construction. 1. Materials. The m ast, boom, fram e and sim ilar parts of a derrick shall be of su itable steel o r of selected wood of proper stren g th and durability. 2. M ast F ittings. On derricks which have a boom longer than the mast, the gudgeon pin, m ast top and gooseneck shall be securely fastened to the top of the mast to prevent the pulling out of these parts when the boom is raised. 3. Cast Iron. C ast iron shall not be used for members or parts subject to tension or torsion. 71 Is n i mUit I`t f PII il 11 ifll `I ft i a 3 23-46.19 Derricks--Capacity C hart. A capacity ch art shall be provided for every derrick. Such charts shall be kept on the job site. Unless furnished by the m anufacturer or builder of the derrick, the capacity chart shall be prepared and certified by a qualified licensed professional engineer and a copy thereof shall be subm itted, on request, to the Commissioner. 23-46.20 Derricks--Load Lim itation. No load shall be lifted by any derrick that exceeds the relevant maximum specified by its capacity chart. 23-47 CONVEYORS AND CABLEWAYS 23-47.1 Walkways. Walkways along conveyor belts shall be kept free of m aterials and, where three feet or more above the ground, shall be provided w ith a safety railing. 23-47.2 Trippers. W here trippers are used to control discharge, a device for throwing the belt drive into neutral shall be installed at each end of the runway. 23-47.3 Spillage. Where conveyor belts cross any traveled way, trays shall be installed to catch spillage. 23-47.4 Overhead Protection. When men work or pass directly below any conveyor, overhead protection shall be provided. 23-47.5 Signal System Required. A signal system shall be used for starting and stopping and raising or lowering of loads. 23-47.6 Riding Prohibited. No person shall ride any conveyor belt or the bucket or load being handled by any cableway. 23-48 EXCAVATING AND GRADING MACHINES 23-48.1 Footing. Excavating machines as herein defined shall not be used where an unstable condition or slope of the ground may cause a dangerous tilt of the machine. To prevent such unstable con dition, m ats of timber or equivalent means to afford stable footing shall be provided. 23-48.2 Protection of Operator. W here the operator may be ex posed to an overhead hazard a cab or equivalent cover affording pro tection against such hazard shall be provided. 23-48.3 Operation. Excavating machines and grading machines shall be operated only by designated persons. No person except the operating crew shall be permitted on an excavating or a grading machine while it is in motion or operation. No person other than the pitm an and excavating crew shall be perm itted to stand w ithin range of the back of a power shovel or within range of the swing of the dipper while the shovel is in operation. When the machine is not in use, the blade or dipper shall rest on the ground. The operator of the machine shall not leave the controls a t any tim e when th e m aster clutch is engaged. Oiling and greasing shall be done only while the machine is a t rest and the master clutch disengaged. The boom or the bucket, dipper or clamshell of a power shovel or crane shall not be passed over the seat or cab of a truck or other transporting equip m ent while any employee is in the cab. 23-48.4 Power Shovel Operation near Power Lines. If a power shovel is operated in such a location th a t any p a rt of the machine or 72 of its load in any position of boom or swing may come within 10 feet of a live power lin e : 1. The power line shall be de-energized, or 2. The power line shall be effectively insulated or isolated, or 3. The power shovel shall be effectively grounded as hereinafter provided. The power shovel shall be provided with a permanent clamp or other means fo r convenient and effective attachment of a grounding conductor. The cable connecting the clamp to the ground shall be equivalent to a No. 2 AWG or larger single conductor, superfiexible, rope-stranded copper, composed of not less than 1600 individual wires, w ith 600 volt covering fo r mechanical protection and with term inal parts th a t insure a good connection with hand-type screw clamps. An effective ground shall be one having a resistance of 25 ohms or less, which shall be measured, or a connection to a continuous under ground m etallic w ater piping system. 23-48.5 Trenching. M aterial shall not be pushed manually into the path of trenching machines. 23-48.6 Stopping or Parking Machines. The operator of th e ma chine shall not leave his controls until he has lowered the bucket or blade into firm contact with the ground. 23-49 AUTO TRUCKS 23-49.1 Brake Maintenance. Brakes shall be so m aintained that the vehicle with full load may be securely held on any grade th a t may be encountered in normal use on the job. 23-49.2 Blocks. 1. Provision shall be made to apply wheel blocks to trucks ascend ing ramps of steeper than one in ten slope in case the vehicle shall stall or slide. 2. No person shall work under the raised body of a dump truck unless th e body is securely blocked to prevent accidental lowering. 23-49.3 Loading. Trucks shall not be loaded beyond th eir ca pacity and the load shall be trimmed before the truck is set in motion. Loads th a t are apt to become dislodged in tran sit shall be securely lashed in place. 23-49.4 Backing. Trucks shall not be backed or dumped in places where men are working nor backed into a hazardous location, unless guided by a person so stationed th a t he can see the truck driver and the space in back of the vehicle. 23-49.5 Riding. No employee shall be suffered or perm itted to ride on running boards or fenders or elsewhere on a truck or sim ilar vehicle except where a properly constructed seat or platform is pro vided fo r his use. 23-49.6 Dumping. No person shall be within the body (load carrying portion) of a truck while the dumping mechanism is being operated. 23-49.7 Cab Protector. Dump truck bodies which are loaded by mechanical means shall be equipped with a suitable steel cab pro tector, covering a t least the rear quarter of the top of the cab. 23-50 HAND-PROPELLED VEHICLES 23-50.1 Maintenance. Hand-propelled vehicles shall be m ain tained in good repair. Vehicles with damaged handles or loose parts shall not be used. 23-50.2 Wheels and Handles. Wheels shall be m aintained freerunning and well secured to the frame. Buggy handles shall not extend beyond the wheels on either side. 23-50.3 Buggy Counterbalance. Loose w eights shall not be hung on buggy handles as counterbalances. When counterbalance weights are used, they shall be fastened securely to the handles. 23-50.4 Curbing. Curbing shall be provided along edges over which m aterial is dumped to a lower level. 23-50.5 Storage. When not in use, hand-propelled vehicles shall be left in a location away from passageways and places of work. 23-51 L IF T AND FORK TRUCKS 23-51.1 Capacity. A metal plate w ith readily legible etched or stamped figures giving the capacity ratin g in pounds shall be attached to every lift or fork truck. 23-51.2 Loading. No lift or fork truck shall be loaded beyond its capacity rating. No hand-operated pallet tru ck loaded so th a t any point on the load is a t a g reater height than fo u r feet six inches above the floor shall be moved by pushing unless handled by two men. 23-51.3 Brakes and Load-Elevating M echanisms. Every poweroperated lift and fork truck shall be provided with a lockable brake. The load-elevating mechanism shall be lockable at any elevation. 23-51.4 H and-Lift Handles. Every p allet truck having a handlift handle shall be provided with an autom atic device to retain the raised load and free the handle until it is reengaged by the operator. 23-51.5 O perating Surfaces. No lift or fo rk truck, w hether h an d or power-operated, shall be used on any su rface th a t is so uneven as to make upsetting likely. 23-51.6 Packaged Masonry U nits. No m asonry units packaged by means of wire or metal tape shall be handled by a lift or fork truck when any p art of such wire or tape binding is broken. 23-51.7 Loose Masonry Units. Unless palletized m asonry units are securely bound in package form, provision shall be made to prevent spillage. 23-51.8 Support of Pallets. Loaded pallets shall be kept level at all times. Masonry units used as supports shall be securely lashed to the pallet and shall be of proper quality and number to provide stable footing for the load. Loose m aterial and other unstable supports shall not be used. 23-51.9 Protection of Operator. A fte r A pril 2, 1962 every fork lift truck shall be provided with a substantial overhead canopy or screen to protect the operator against falling objects. 23-51.10 Prohibited Use. No lift or fork tru c k shall be in motion when the loaded forks are elevated higher than necessary to clear floor obstructions except as required fo r positioning th e load. 23-52 POW ER BUGGIES 23-52.1 Definition. As used herein, the term "Power Buggy" means an automotive vehicle designed solely for the transportation of m aterials on and about construction and demolition sites. It does not include automobiles, motor trucks, general purpose tractors, _bull dozers, scoops o r other excavating or m aterial handling machinery. 23-52.2 A ssigned Operator. No person other than a trained operator designated by the employer shall operate a power buggy. 23-52.3 Defective Machines. No power buggy shall be operated unless it has th e mechanical characteristics, features and devices herein required and is in good operating condition. Mechanical Requirem ents 23-52.4 Stability. Every power buggy shall be so designed and constructed as to w ithstand w ithout tiltin g : (a) a 45 tu rn a t full rated load and maximum designed forw ard speed; (b) a collision stop against wheel blockage on a level grade a t fu ll rated load and Yz maximum designed forw ard or full reverse speed; (c) lateral traversal of 10% slopes a t full rated load and maximum designed speed. 23-52.5 B raking Power. 1. E very pow er buggy shall be provided w ith brakes and tire sur faces capable o f bringing i t to a full stop w ithin 25 fe et on a level dryplank surface or frictional equivalent at full rated load and maximum designed speed. 2. B rakes sh all be capable of being fixed in engagem ent to hold the full load stationary on a 25% grade. 23-52.6 A ccidental Starting. The controls of every power buggy shall be so arranged or shielded th a t they cannot be accidentallyengaged. 23-52.7 W arning Devices. Every power buggy shall be equipped with an easily operable horn or other audible w arning signal. 23-52.8 Seats and Visibility. Every power buggy of the riding type sh all be provided w ith an operator's seat or standing platform designed and secured to prevent slipping off and so located th a t the operator may have maximum practicable driving visibility. 23-52.9 Speed. Every power buggy of th e riding type shall be so designed or equipped th a t it cannot travel fa ste r th an 12 M.P.H. on a level surface. O peration 23-52.10 P arking on Grades. No power buggy shall be left un attended on any grade sufficiently steep to cause it to coast if free of engine and brake resistance. 23-52.11 P ro h ib ite d Operation. No power buggy shall be oper ated : (a) a t a speed g re ater than 12 M.P.H., (b) when carrying more than its full rated load, (c) on insecure or skiddy surfaces or surfaces so inclined or uneven as to endanger stability, (d) on grades steeper than 25% , o r (e) on ram ps, runways, or other surfaces not in com pliance with this rule. 75 23-52.12 Special Requirements for Runways, etc. Runways, ramps, platforms and other surfaces upon which power buggies are operated shall conform to the following requirements: a. They shall be substantially constructed and securely supported, braced and fastened to prevent movement. b. They shall be constructed to sustain without failure at least four times the maximum load for which they are intended. c. The minimum width inside of curbs for any ramp, runway or platform shall be two feet wider than the outside width of any power buggy operated thereon without passing, and two feet wider than twice such buggy width in the places where passing occurs. d. Ramps shall he limited to maximum grades of 25%. e. All runways shall be substantially level transversely. f. The use of curbs along the edges of surfaces upon which power buggies are operated shall be governed by the following provisions: 1. Curbs shall be furnished along all edges which are nearer than ten feet horizontally to the edge of any unenclosed floor area, shaft or other open space into or through which a fall from such surface of more than 24 inches is possible, except as set forth in paragraph 3 below. 2. Where curbs are not required because the buggy is operated on a surface not over 24 inches above an under-surface, such under surface shall be strong enough to sustain the loaded vehicle in the event of a fall thereon. 8. Curbs may be omitted at actual dumping points more than 24 inches above such under-surfaces if the edge over which dumping occurs is provided with bumpers or other means which will effectively stop the buggy from running over the edge while dumping. 4. Curbs must be at least seven inches high, securely fastened and at least equal to a two inch by eight inch plank set on edge against uprights securely fastened and braced at not less than four foot intervals. 23-53 PILE DRIVERS 23-53.1 Footing. Before placing or advancing a pile driver, the ground shall be inspected and, where necessary for firm and level footing, cribbing or timber mats shall be placed. After placing or advancing a pile driver, inspection and correction of the footing shall be made as may be necessary to maintain stability. 23-53.2 Inspection. All pile driving equipment shall be inspected daily before the start of work and every defect shall be immediately corrected before beginning operations. 23-53.8 Protection of Operator. The operator of every pile driver shall be protected from falling objects, steam, cinders and water by a substantial covering. 23-53.4 Qualifications of Operator. Each member of the pile driving crew shall be properly instructed in the work he is to do and the operation shall be in charge of a trained, designated person, who alone shall direct the work and give the operating signals. 23-58.5 Handling of Piles. The preparation of the piles shall be done at a safe distance from the driving operation. During the hoisting of the piles, all persons not actually engaged in operating the equip ment and handling the piles shall be kept from the area. 76 23-53.6 When Not in Use. When the pile driver is not in use the ham m e r shall be chocked or blocked in the leads or lowered to the ground. 23-53.7 Temporary Interruption. The operator of every pile driver shall remain at his post when the driving is interrupted until the hammer has been chocked or blocked in the leads, or has been lowered and is resting on a driven pile or on the ground. 23-53.8 Steam and Air Lines. Steam and air hose shall be securely fastened in place a t couplings and intermediate points to prevent dangerous whipping of the hose in the event of a break. The control valves for steam and air lines shall be located within easy reach of the operator. 23-58.9 Driving Plates, Cushions, Striking Heads. Driving plates, cushions and striking heads shall be securely and positively fastened in such a manner as to prevent their dislodgment during the driving operations. 23-58.10 Ladders. A ladder extending from the bottom of the leads to the overhead sheaves shall be permanently attached to the structure supporting the leads. 23-53.11 Working Platforms. 'Where a structural tower supports the leads, working platforms consisting of not less than two inch planking laid tight shall be provided on all levels of the leads at which it is necessary for men to work. Such platforms shall be provided with a safety railing and toeboard on all sides, except on the hammer or lead side of the platform. Where such platforms cannot be provided a safety belt shall be provided. 23-54 MIXING MACHINES 23-54.1 Charging Skips. Each time before raising or lowering the the charging skip, the operator shall satisfy himself that no one is in the danger area. In addition, there shall be a guard rail on both sides of the charging skip so arranged as to prevent passage under the raised skip. 23-54.2 Hoppers. Hoppers into which a person may fall shall be effectively protected by cross grating with maximum openings of one square foot. 28-54.3 Bucket Hoists. 'Where a falling hazard exists at the point at which a mixer discharges into a bucket hoist, protection shall be provided by location or a substantial railing. 23-54.4 Flywheels. Flywheels and power transmission mecha nisms shall be kept covered against accidental contact. 23-54.5 Trough Type Mixers. The revolving blades of mixing machines of the trough or batch type shall be guarded with a sub stantial iron grating consisting of crossbars of % inch round stock or its equivalent, spaced not to exceed five inches between bars and located at least five inches above the blades. 23-55 JACKS 28-55.1 Capacity Marking. The rated capacity of every jack shall be legibly marked in a prominent location on the jack by casting or stamping. 2S-55.2 O vertravel. Every jack shall, w here practicable, be pro vided with a positive stop to prevent overtravel; otherwise an indi cator to clearly show overtravel shall be provided on the jack. 23-55.3 Lubrication. Jacks shall be m aintained properly lubri cated. 23-55.4 Loads. When th e object has been lifted to the desired height, blocking or cribbing shall be immediately placed under it. 23-55.5 Supervision. The use of jacks shall a t all times be under the direct supervision of a designated person. 23-56 ELECTRICAL AND PNEUMATIC HAND TOOLS 23-56.1 Pow er Shut-Off Requirem ents. E lectric and pneumatic tools shall be disconnected from the source of power and the pressure in hose lines shall be released before any adjustm ents or repairs are made except replacement of bits in electric drills. The air shall be shut off before disconnecting a ir hose. 23-56.2 E lectrical a n d Hose Lines. E lectric lines and hose lines shall be guarded by location or by covering to prevent severe abrasion. 23-56.3 Grounding E lectrical Tools. E lectrically operated tools shall be grounded during use. The ground wire shall be connected to the frame of the machine and the other end shall be properly grounded. 23-57 WELDING AND FLAME CUTTING 23-57.1 Compressed Gas Cylinders. 1. Cylinders shall be stored in an upright position, away from open flames, radiators and other sources of h e a t and so arranged or placed th at they will not be knocked over or damaged by passing or falling objects. During use cylinders shall be securely lashed to a stationary object unless other suitable provision has been made to prevent their upsetting. During use every cylinder shall have the valve key or wrench set in place on the valve spindle. All cylinders shall be used in an upright position. Cylinders containing oxygen shall not be stored so near to cylinders containing combustible gas, or to combustible material, oil or grease as to create a spontaneous combustion hazard. Cylinder valves shall be closed at all times when not in use. Regulators or reducing valves shall be tightly connected w ith a gastight con nection. Gas or oxygen cylinders shall not be used unless equipped with the proper regulator or automatic reducing valve. All valves shall be opened by hand. 2. Empty cylinders shall be immediately removed from working areas, and stored in a designated location. The valves shall be closed and a tag or sign indicating th a t the tank is empty shall be attached. ' The use of cylinders as rollers, props or supports is forbidden. 23-57.2 Hose and Hose Connections. 1. All hose shall be first quality and of a type m anufactured fo r use on construction jobs. Oxygen hose shall have fittings of a different design and shall be of a different color from the hose used for the fuel gas connections. Hose connections shall be of either the ferrule or clamp type and the hose shall be capable of w ithstanding, without leakage, a pressure equal to a t least tw ice the maximum delivery pressure of the pressure regulators provided on the system but not less than 300 pounds per square inch. 78 2. Hose shall be protected from damage by tru ck s or other moving objects and shall be so placed as not to constitute a falling or tripping hazard. All hose shall be carefully examined at frequent intervals for leaks. Defective hose or connections shall be immediately repaired or replaced. 23-57.3 Torches. 1. Torches shall be lighted by means of frictio n lighters only. 2. W hen torches are changed or when the welding is stopped longer th an five minutes, all cylinder valves shall be closed. 3. M omentary stoppage may be controlled a t the torch valves. 23-57.4 Protection for Workmen. All persons engaged in welding or cutting operations shall be supplied with proper scaffolds where necessary and shall be provided with proper eye protection equipment and appropriate protective apparel. When arc welding is performed n e a r o th er workmen they shall be protected from the arc rays by opaque screens or adequate individual eye protection equipment. 23-57.5 F ire Prevention. 1. Oily and greasy substances shall be kept fro m the cylinders, hoses and torches. Cylinder valves and connections shall not be lubricated. 2. W here there is a hazard to other workmen from flying particles of m etal or injury to the eyes, there shall be provided proper and in combustible screening immediately below or around the welding operation. 3. W henever welding or cutting operations are performed in the vicinity of any combustible material, there shall be provided, within easy reach of the operators, at least one approved fire extinguisher or fire pails filled with an appropriate extinguishing agent. 23-57.6 Tanks or Containers--Explosion Hazard. Before any welding or flame cutting is done on any tank or container th a t con tained m aterial which may generate flammable vapor upon application of heat, all pipe connected thereto shall be disconnected or blanked off. R esidual flammable m aterial shall be removed and the tank shall be completely purged with a suitable purging agent. 23-58 LEAD FUMES AND DUST--STRUCTURAL STEEL All hot riveting, welding, flame cleaning or flame cutting of struc tu ral steel or other metal members th at have been coated with any compound containing lead or any other substance which may create toxic fumes when heated, shall be conducted as herein provided. 23-58.1 Hot Riveting or Welding. W here hot riveting or welding of s tru c tu ra l steel or other metal members is to be done in confined spaces, th e contact surfaced! exterior surfaces, and rivet holes of field joints to be hot riveted, shall be free of any compound containing lead or other substance which may create toxic fum es when heated. ^ 23-58.2 Cleaning Coated Surfaces. 1. R ivet holes shall be cleaned of p ain t by ream ing or other suitable method. 2. All surfaces adjoining rivet holes and surfaces subject to heat from welding shall be so cleaned as to prevent th e creation of noxious fumes during riveting or welding. 79 3. Where cleaning is done with a torch, the worker shall be provided with a respirator approved for such use. Where cleaning is done by a mechanical method, such as scraping or grinding, the worker shall be provided with a respirator approved for such use. 23-58.3 Flame- Cleaning or Flame Cutting Operations. Unless proper local exhaust ventilation is provided all employees performing flame cleaning or flame cutting operations on metals that have been coated with any compound containing lead or any other substance which may create toxic fumes when heated and all employees working within a radius of 15 feet of such operations, shall be provided with an approved respirator. 23-59 PAINTING 23-59.1 Definition. Confined space means a room or enclosure having no means of ventilation other than one entrance opening and which enclosure is of such dimensions that the painter is required to work inside the enclosure; such confined space may be a tank, an elevator car, a compartment, a closet or a similar enclosed space. 23-59.2 General. Painting, including the use of coating materials, paint removers, stains, solvents and abrasives, shall be so carried on as to prevent the dissemination of materials into the air breathed by employees in quantities tending to injure health. 23-59.3 Spraying. Employees engaged in spray painting opera tions, or whose work is in such close proximity to such operations that they are exposed thereby to the spray mists, shall be provided with respirators approved for such use. Spray operators shall be provided with protective oil, grease or cream to apply to exposed parts of their bodies. Where such work is done in tanks, vats and sim ilar enclosed vessels, protection shall be provided by means of mechanical exhaust ventilation in addition to the required respirators. 2S-59.4 Brush Work. Employees engaged in brush painting with other than water mixed paint and in a confined space shall be pro vided with approved respirators. Where such work is done in tanks, vats and similar enclosed vessels, protection shall be provided by means of mechanical exhaust ventilation in addition to the required respirators. 23-59.5 Coating Removal. Where solvents containing benzene or carbon tetrachloride are used for coating removal, approved respira tors shall be provided. In a confined space where such work is done with any volatile solvent, protection shall be provided by means of mechanical exhaust ventilation in addition to approved respirators. 23-59.6 Machine Sanding. An approved respirator shall be pro vided for all persons doing machine sanding unless the sandpaper is wetted with oil or water, or the sanding machine is provided with a dust collector. 23-60 EXHAUST GASES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 23-60.1 Prohibited Employment. No employer shall require or permit any employee to work in a breathing zone atmosphere con taining exhaust gases in a concentration tending to injure health. 80 23-60.2 Presumptions. An atmosphere in which exhaust gases are visible or create irritating or nauseous fumes shall be presumed to contain such gases in a concentration tending to injure health. No contrary presumption shall obtain by reason of the absence of such visibility or fumes. 23-60.3 Maintenance of Engines. All internal combustion engines and their accessories shall, as fa r as is practicable, be kept in such rep air and adjustment as to create no gases other than those inci dental to normal operation. Gaskets, manifolds, mufflers, exhaust piping and all connections shall be maintained free of leaks and secured against displacement. 23-60.4 Enclosed Spaces. No stationary internal combustion en gine shall be operated under any conditions which allow introduction of its exhaust gases into an occupied enclosed space. Operation of o th er interna] combustion engines within such a space is prohibited except for the necessary entrance and departure of vehicles and except when such space is so ventilated as to assure an atmosphere fre e from exhaust gases in a concentration tending to injure health. 23-60.5 Exhaust Piping. The exhaust piping of each internal combustion engine shall be so installed as to discharge exhaust gases away from the operator and other persons employed nearby. 23-60.6 Special Trucks. 1. Every motor truck for the transportation of ready mixed concrete or other material, which requires during loading or unloading the continuous operation of any engine attached to the truck, shall be equipped with exhaust piping to discharge above the truck all exhaust gases created during loading or unloading. 2. The contractor, builder or other person in charge of any job whereon such trucks are used shall provide such supplementary piping o r other equipment as may be necessary to divert the exhaust gases from the breathing zone of the employees. 23-61 EXPLOSIVES The provisions of this article shall apply in addition to the pro visions of Industrial Code Buie No. 39 relating to the possession, handling, storage and transportation of explosives and article 16 of th e Labor Law printed with said Rule. 23-61.1 Storage. All magazines and all enclosures used for stor age of explosives shall be kept locked at all times except during the tim e of placing explosives therein or removing explosives therefrom. 23-61.2 Access to Explosives. Only designated persons shall have access to magazines or storage enclosures. 23-61.3 Handling--Personnel. Only designated persons shall handle or use explosives. 23-61.4 The Blaster. A person shall be designated to perform the duties of a blaster hereinafter specified and no person other than a blaster shall perform such duties. Such person shall be thoroughly fam iliar with the installation and use of all appliances in connection w ith blasting operations and shall herein be known as the blaster. 23-61.5 Smoking and Open Lights. Smoking, open lights and flame or spark producing devices are prohibited in or around any explosives magazine or storage enclosures. 81 23-61.6 Marking. Every package of explosives and of detonators shall be plainly marked so as to designate its kind and grade, the name and address of its manufacturer and the date of its manufacture. All cases containing explosives for underground shall be clearly marked with the fume classification of its contents. No explosives other than those in fume classes 1, 2 or 3 shall be used in confined spaces. 23-61.7 Prohibited Explosives. No black powder or straight nitro- | p glycerin dynamite shall be used. No deteriorated or frozen dynamite TM shall be used. 23-61.8 Destroying Explosives. Explosives and detonators which have deteriorated, or have been damaged so that they have become unfit for use, shall be destroyed by designated persons experienced in this work. 28-61.9 Magazines--For Explosives Other Than Detonators. Detonators, blasting supplies, tools or metals shall not be stored in any magazine containing other explosives. Such magazines shall be devoted'exclusively to the storage of such other explosives. 23-61.10 Magazines for Detonators. Detonators shall be stored in a separate magazine and no tools or materials or explosives other than detonators shall be stored in a detonator magazine. 23-61.11 Opening Packages. Packages of explosives shall no t be opened at any point less than 50 feet distant from any magazine, and metallic instruments shall not be used for opening packages of explosives. 23-61.12 Deepening Holes. Drilling in any hole that has a t any time contained explosives is strictly prohibited. 23-61.13 Size of Holes. All drill holes shall be of sufficient size and cartridges of explosives of proper size shall be selected so th at the cartridges of explosives can be easily inserted to the bottom of the holes without forcing or ramming. 23-61.14 Removing Cartridge Wrappers. Dynamite shall not be removed from its original wrapper before being loaded into bore holes. 23-61.15 Loading--Other Operations. The loading of holes shall be under the direct supervision of the blaster. Holes shall not be loaded in dangerous proximity to drilling or any other operations. 23-61.16 Loading and Tamping. In loading and tamping explo sives only a hardwood rod free from any metal parts shall be used. 23-61.17 Firing. All firing shall be done by the blaster. All charges shall be fired by means of a blasting machine or by means of an electric power circuit of not more than 440 volts. Such means of firing shall at all times be maintained in good operating condition. 23-61.18 Connecting Up Detonators. All connections shall be made by the blaster. When firing with a blasting machine, detonators shall be connected up in series or in parallel series circuits. When firing with a power circuit, detonators may be connected up in straig h t series, parallel series or in straight parallel circuits. 28-61.19 Blasting Circuit--Type. Blasting circuits shall be thor oughly insulated, and damaged leading wire shall not be used. All circuits used for blasting shall be ungrounded circuits. 82 23-61.20 Making Connections. The leg wires of detonators shall be kept short-circuited until connected into the circuit or to the lead ing wires, and the power source end of the circuit or leading wires shall be short-circuited during the time connections are being made at the face and until attached to the blasting machine or to the power circuit. 23-61.21 Testing Circuits. Electric blasting caps and blasting circuits shall be tested only by the blaster and by the use of a blasting galvonometer designed for testing blasting circuits. 23-61.22 Firing Switch. When firing by means of a power circuit, the same shall be controlled by a switch located outside of the danger zone. Such switch shall be fixed in position and wholly enclosed in a tight box which shall be kept locked at all times except while firing, and no person other than the blaster shall have access to the switch. The switch shall be provided with a short circuit in "off" position and shall be so arranged that the box can be locked only when the switch is on the "off" position. 23-61.23 Blasting Circuit--Plugs. When firing by means of a i power circuit such circuit shall at all times be broken in at least one place by a gap of at least five feet on the incoming side of the switch ' except during the firing operation. The connections at such gap shall be made by means of plugs. 23-61.24 Use of Blasting Machines. When firing by means of a blasting machine, the leading wire shall not be connected to the blast ing machine until immediately before the time of firing and shall be disconnected from the blasting machine and short-circuited imme diately after firing. r v 23-61.25 Warning and Retreat. Before firing, the blaster shall 1 sound a warning distinctly audible to all persons within the danger zone and all such persons shall retire to a safe distance or to a safe shelter. No blast shall be fired while any person is in the danger zone as determined by the blaster. 23-61.26 Return to the Blast Area. No person shall return from such safe distance or shelter until permitted to do so by the blaster as announced by audible or visible signal. 23-61.27 Misfires. Immediately following the blast, the area shall be examined by the blaster for evidence of misfired charges. Immedi ately on learning of a misfire, every person in the danger zone shall retire to a safe distance or a safe shelter. The misfire shall be reported at once by the blaster to the person present in charge and control. The latter shall designate the necessary personnel to dispose of the misfire and shall determine the safe and proper method of its disposal. No persons except those designated to effect such disposal shall enter the danger zone until the misfire has been disposed of. 23-61.28 Reloading Holes. In case a charge fires without shatter ing the burden, it is permissible to reload the bore hole, but only after the temperature of the hole has been reduced by water or otherwise to not more than 100 degrees F. 23-61.29 Blasting Mat. Wherever any person may be endangered the rock to be blasted shall be covered on all exposed sides with a strong woven matting of rope not less than l l/2 inches in diameter, or of wire rope not less than % inch in diameter, or other covering which J 83 t """S. will be equally effective in preventing particles from being projected into the air by the blast. 23-61.30 Operations during E lectrical Storms. All use of explo sives and any handling thereof shall be stopped immediately upon the approach of a thunderstorm and all personnel in th e area shall imme diately seek a place of safety in a proper location designated by the person in charge of the job. 23-61.31 P rohibited Use of Two-Way Communication. No twoway radio signal or radio telephone communication shall be used in a blasting area and a sign to th at effect shall be conspicuously posted. 23-62 IMMINENT DANGER--NOTICE, WARNING AND AVOIDANCE Where noncompliance with a provision of this rule causes or tends to cause imminent danger to a person employed in construction or demolition work and w ritten notice th ere o f is given by the Commis sioner to the appropriate employer, owner, contractor or subcon tractor, or to his agent, such person shall either (1) at once effect compliance sufficiently to end the danger or (2) unless the Commis sioner does such posting or tagging on h is behalf, forthw ith post th e dangerous area or tag the dangerous device or m aterial with suitable posters or signs warning of the danger and forbidding unauthorized entry into the area or unauthorized use of the device or material, and shall maintain such posters or signs until the danger has been ended. While such noncompliance exists no employer shall suffer or perm it any person employed by him to enter or be w ithin an area or to use a device or m aterial as to which he has received such a notice of im m inent danger, or which is so posted or tagged, except to effect com pliance with this rule. No unauthorized person shall remove such a poster or sign. 23-63 SEVERABILITY If any provision of this rule or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of this rule which can be given effect without the invalid provisions or applications and to this end the provisions of this rule are declared to be severable. 84 STATE OF NEW YORK ) DEPARTMENT OF LABOR ) SS: BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS ) In pursuance of the authority vested in me by subdivision I of section 102 of the Executive Law, I, H. MYRON LEWIS, Chairman of the New York State Board of Standards and Appeals, DO HEREBY CERTIFY that the copy of Industrial Code Rule No. 23, Protection of Persons Employed in Construction and Demolition Work, hereto attached is a correct tran script of the said rule as amended by the Board on the 28th day of June, 1963, and prescribed to take effect on the 1st day of August, 1963, pursuant to the authority of sections 27-a, 28, 29, 200, 241, 241*a and 242 of the Labor Law, and that the original amendment of the said rule has been duly filed in the office of the Secretary of State of the State of New York on July 31, 1963. Given under my hand and the seal of office of the Department of Labor at the City of Albany on the 31st day of July, 1963 s r* o t H. MYRON LEWIS Chairman, New York State Board of Standards and Appeals no. z i it i "J .$, Industrial Code Rule No. 23 & a?*?* ^Protection of Persons Employed in Construction and Demolition Work HISTORICAL NOTES Industrial Code Bulletin No. 23 relating to Erection, Repair or Demo lition of Buildings, which was adopted by the State Industrial Commis sion, became effective April 15, 1920. This was repealed by the Board of Standards and Appeals when Industrial Code Rule No. 23 relating to Protection of Persons Employed in the Erection, Repair or Demolition of Buildings or Structures, adopted by the Board October 1, 1941, be came effective on February 1, 1942. The Board has further amended or revised Industrial Code Rule No. 23, effective su ccessively on October 1, 1944; July 1, 1947; February 1, 1950; September 15, 1951; April 15, 1954; December 22, 1954; July 1, 1957; November 1, 1959; April 2, 1962 and August 1, 1963- The present title of the rule has been used since July 1, 1957. / * AMENDMENTS TO CODE RULE NO. 23 NOTE Section 23-46.14 Cranes - Operators was amended effective August 1, 1963, as follows, replacing Section 23-46.14 as amended effective April 2, 1962. Rule 23-46.14 as amended effective Augusr 1, 196323-46.14 Cranes - Operators. 1. Finding of Fact. The Boatd finds that the trade or occupation of - operating cranes of die type below described in construction and demoli tion work involves such elements of danger to the lives, health and safe ty of persons employed in such work as to require special regulations for theit protection and the protection of other employees and die public in that such cranes may fall over, or collapse, or contact electric power lines, or dislodge material and cause it to fall, or fail to support in tended loads and convey them safely, unless operated by persons or proper ability, judgment and diligence. 2. Limited Application of Section 23-46.14. This section applies only to cranes having a manufacturer's maximum rated capacity exceed ing 5 tons, operated in construction or demolition work, and of the fol lowing type: that type of crane which consists of a mobile carriermounted, power-operated hoisting machine utilizing hoisting rope and a power-operated boom moveable laterally by rotation of the machine on the carrier. The word "crane" as used in this section refers only to a crane to which this section applies. 3. Certificate of Competence Required. No person, whether the owner cr otherwise, shall operate a crane in the state unless he is a cer- ^ 3 tified crane operator by reason of the fact that: a. He holds a valid certificate of competence, issued by the Commis sioner, to operate a crane; or b. He is at least 21 years of age and holds a valid license issued by the federal government, a state government, or by any political sub division of this or any other state, and such license has been accepted in writing by die Commissioner as equivalent to a certificate of compe tence issued by him. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions: 1. A person who is at least 21 years of age and who is employed by die federal government, the state or a political sub-division, agency or authority of the state may operate a crane owned or leased by the federal government, the state or such political sub-division, agency or authority if his assigned duties include operation of a crane; 2. A person who is at least 21 years of age and who is employed only to test or repair a crane may operate it for such purpose while (a) under direct supervision of a certified crane operator; cr (b) under direct supervision of a person, employed by the federal government, the state, or a political sub-division, agency or authority of the state, whose ^ assigned duties include the operation of a crane; 3* An apprentice or learner who is at least 18 years of age and who has the permission of the owner or lessee of a crane to take instruction in its operation may operate such crane (a) under the direct supervision of a certified crane operator; or (b) under direct supervision of a person, employed by the federal government, the state, or a political sub division, agency or authority of the state, whose assigned duties in clude the operation of a crane. 4. Application Forms, and Photographs. Application for a certificate of competence or for a renewal thereof shall be made on forms provided by the Commissioner. Upon notice from the Commissioner to an applicant that a certificate of competence or a renewal will be issued to him, the applicant must forward photographs of himself in such numbers and sizes as the Commissioner shall prescribe, and such photographs must have been taken within 30 days of the request for such photographs. 5. Physical Condition. No person suffering from a physical hand icap or illn ess, such as epilepsy, heart disease, or an uncocrecred defect in vision or hearing, that might diminish his competence, shall be certified by the Commissioner. 6. Experience Required. An applicant for a certificate must be at least 21 years of age and must have had practical experience in the operation of cranes for at least three years and in addition have a prac tical knowledge of crane maintenance. 7. Examining Board. The Commissioner may appoint an Examining Board which shall consist of at least 3 members, at least one of whom shall be a crane operator who holds a valid certificate of competence, issued by the Commissioner, and at least one of whom shall be a representative of crane owners. The members of die Examining Board shall serve at the pleasure of the Commissioner and their duties will include (a) the examination of applicants and their qualifications, and the making of recommendations to the Commissioner with respect to the experience and competence of the applicants; (b) the holding of hearings regarding appeals following denials of certificates; (c) the holding of hearings prior to determinations of the Commissioner to suspend or revoke certificates, or to refuse to issue renewals of certificates; and (d) the reporting of findings and recommendations to the Commissioner with respect to such hearings. The acts and proceedings of the Examining Board shall be in accord ance with regulations issued by the Commissioner. 8. General Examination. Each applicant fot a certificate will, and each applicant for a renewal may, be required by the Commissioner to pass an appropriate general examination. 9. Operating Examination. An applicant who passes the general ex amination will also be required to pass a practical examination in crane operation, except that the Commissioner may waive this requirement with respect to an applicant for the renewal of a certificate of competence. 10. Contents of Certificate. Each certificate issued shall include the name and address of the certified crane operator, a brier description of him for the purpose of identification, and His photograph. 11. Term of Certificate. Each certificate or renewal shall be valid for 3 years from the date issued, unless its term is extended by the Commissioner or unless it is sooner suspended or revoked. The Commissioner may extend the term of any certificate as he may find necessary to relieve a certified operator of unnecessary hardship. 12. Carrying Certificate. Each certified operator shall carry his certificate on his person when operating a crane, and failure to produce the certificate upon request by a Department of Labor inspector will be presumptive evidence that the operator is not certified. 13 Renewals. An application for renewal of a crane operator's certificate shall be made within one year from the expiration date of the certificate sought to be renewed, except that the Commissioner may extend the time to make such application to prevent undue hardship to a certified operator. 14. Suspension, Revocation, Refusal to Renew, Denial of Certifi cates; Hearings. a. The Commissioner may, upon notice to the interested parties and after a hearing before the Examining Board, suspend or revoke a certifi cate upon finding that the certified operator has failed to comply with an order o f the Commissioner; or that the certified operator is not a person of proper competence, judgment, or ability; or for other good cause shown. b. Prior to a determination by the Commissioner not to renew a certificate of competence the Commissioner shall require a hearing be fore the Examining Board, upon notice to the interested parties. c. An applicant^ whose application for a certificate has been denied by the Commissioner may, upon his written request made to the Commis sioner within 30 days after the mailing or personal delivery to him of a notice of such denial, have a hearing before the Examining Board. Such hearing shall be held by the Examining Board, which shall make its recommendations to the Commissioner within 3 days after the hearing has been concluded. A written notice of the Commissioner's decision, containing the reasons therefor, shall be promptly given to the certified operator or applicant, as the case may be, and to any interested parties who appeared at the hearing. Every hearing shall be held in accordance with such regulations as the Commissioner may establish.