Document 7RmN23a8y8r5LjL7eB301Zz2a

T-P jnc Preprintfrom the 1986 BUREAU OF MINES MINERALS YEARBOOK Asbestos UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CTD007088 1 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR * Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES * Oavid S. Brown. Acting Director This publication it a chapter from the current Bureau of Miner Mineral! Yearbook, comprising Voluma /, Motali and Minoralt; Volume H, Aran deport*: DomesMe; Volume III, Area teporft: International. The separate volumes ot the Yearbook are told by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. CTD007089 Asbestos By Robert L. Virta1 U.S. apparent consumption of asbestos declined in 1986. Shipments from domestic mines decreased 11% and imports for con sumption decreased 24% from those of 1985. Adverse publicity on asbestos-related health risks and a proposed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ban of certain asbestos products contributed to the poor market conditions in the United States. Domestic Data Coverage.--Domestic pro duction data for asbestos are developed by the Bureau of Mines by means of a volun tary industry survey. Of the three can vassed operations to which a survey request was sent, all responded, representing 100% of the total production data shown in table 1. Table 1__ Salient asbestos statistics 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 United States: Production <*alear. Quantity____________ _ _____ metric tons. . Value1_________________ Exports and reexports (unmanufactured* Quantity. .................... ___ metric tone- Value. ................. .. ______ thousands. _ Exports and reexports of asbestos products: Value.................................. Imports for consumption (unmanufactured!: Quantity............. .. __ Value. -- _________ Consumption, apparent*-------- _____ metric tone. . World: Proauction______________ _ _ .do_____ 63,515 624,917 58,771 $19,713 $127,867 241,737 $64,925 246.500 `4,559.495 69,906 $27,866 54,634 $19,683 $129,582 196,387 $57,956 217,000 `4.728.867 57.422 $24,238 57.457 $20,485 51,437 $17,367 39.919 $18,346 46.656 $16,489 47,281 $14,520 $163,347 $193,765 $163,896 209,963 $64,749 226,000 4.659,115 142.431 $44,093 162,000 "4,678.287 108.352 $26,537 119.627 *4,522,045 *EBtinuted `'Preliminary `Revised `F.o.b. mine. `Production plus imports, minus exports, plus adjustments in Government and industry stocks. ' Legislation and Government Pro grams.--On January 29, 1986, the EPA announced a proposed ruling that would immediately ban the manufacture, importa tion, and processing of certain asbestos construction materials (asbestos-cement pipe and fittings, roofing felt, flooring felt, felt-backed sheet flooring, vinyl asbestos floor tile, and asbestos clothing) under sec tion 6 of the 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act.* In addition, the mining and importa tion of asbestos and the importation of asbestos products not directly banned would be placed under a permit system. The per mit system' would limit the mining and importation of asbestos to 30% of the 1981, 1982, and 1983 average values and would phase out asbestos use within 10 years. The Occupational Safety and Health Ad ministration (OSHA) enacted a ruling, effec tive July 21, that limits worker exposure to asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite to 0.2 fiber per cubic centimeter per 8-hour work period.' OSHA also required employee training and medical surveillance when exposure levels exceed 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter. A 9-month administrative stay was placed on that portion of the ruling covering the nonasbestiform varieties of tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite.' 1 CTD007090 2 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1986 Worker exposure to the nonasbestiform va rieties was limited to 2.0 fibers per cubic centimeter by the administrative stay. The EPA enacted a ruling, effective June 9, that limits asbestos exposures for State and local government employees who were not protected by OSHA regulations or by State plans approved under the Occupation al Safety and Health Act.1 Exposures for workers engaged in the removal, enclosure, or encapsulation of any friable material containing more than 1% asbestos are limited to 2.0 fibers per cubic centimeter per 8-hour period. The Consumer Product Safety Commis sion issued an enforcement policy for house hold products to which asbestos is intention ally added.* The policy, effective December 23, requires warning labels to be placed on asbestos-containing products that are likely to release asbestos fibers when handled or used. The EPA announced a final ruling estab lishing effluent limitation guidelines for the discharge of conventional pollutants into navigable waters by specified industrial dischargers.' No changes were made to previous effluent limitation guidelines for asbestos manufacturing. Previous guide lines set no limitations on effluent dis charge with regard to best conventional pollutant control technology except for sol vent recovery, where the best conventional technology is required to control total sus pended solids and pH. On October 22, the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act of 1986 was signed into law.* The act requires EPA to develop regulations for inspecting public and pri vate school buildings for asbestos-con taining materials, evaluating the risk that these materials represent, recommending corrective action and an air monitoring protocol, and issuing disposal guidelines for asbestos-containing materials. Stockpile goals for asbestos were un changed from those of 1985. Table 2.--Stockpile goals and Government inventories for asbestos as of December 31 (Metric tons) Stock.pile goals Total inventories ' 1984 19tft 1986 Amosite Chrysotile__________ Crocidohte________________________________________________________ Total_________________ _____________ ___________________________ 15.422 2,722 __ 18.144 30.855 9.754 33 40.642 30.855 9.772 33 40.660 30.853 9.711 33 40.597 Source: General Service* Administration, Federal Property Service. Environmental Impact--The Interna tional Labor Organization at its 1986 con ference voted to support the controlled use of asbestos.* Its recommendations would require ratifying countries to enact legisla tion that would protect the worker from asbestos exposure; provide for safe, proven asbestos substitutes if the use of asbestos would represent an unacceptable hazard to the worker; ban the use of crocidolite and the use of sprayed asbestos except under special conditions; and establish worker ex posure limits. EPA announced the availability of a regu latory determination for solid waste from the extraction and beneficiation of ores and minerals as required by the Resource Con servation and Recovery Act (RCRA).' The report discussed wastes from asbestos, phos phate, uranium, and several metal mining operations. Approximately 5 million metric tons of waste containing greater than 5% chrysotile were generated from asbestos production according to the EPA report. EPA concluded that current RCRA criteria could not be used to evaluate asbestos waste sites and that different criteria would have to be developed. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Mine shipments decreased 11% in quanti ty and 15% in value from those of 1985. The decreased activity was due primarily to adverse publicity on asbestos-related health risks. Three mines in California and Vermont marketed asbestos. Calaveras Asbestos Ltd. in California led in asbestos sales in the United States, followed by KCAC Inc. and Vermont Asbestos Group Inc. 1 CTD007091 ASBESTOS 3 Table 3.--Asbestos producers in the United States in 1986 State and company County Mine Type of asbestos California Calaveras Asbestos Ltd KCAClnc Vermont Vermont Asbestos Group Inc Calaveras Sun Benito Orleans Copperopolis Santa Rita Lowell Chrysotile Do Do CONSUMPTION AND USES Total U S. asbestos consumption decreas ed 26%. Approximately 98% of the asbestos consumed was chrysotile and 2% was crocidolite. Chrysotile grade 7 was most com monly used, followed by grades 4, 6, and 5. Spinning grades 1, 2, and 3 represented approximately 1% of the total consumption. The packing and flange manufacturers increased their use of asbestos substitutes because of stricter asbestos regulations and increased concern over asbestos-related health risks." Traditionally 80% to 90% of their products contained asbestos. In 1986, slightly over 50% of the products contained asbestos. Table 4.--U.S. asbestos consumption by end use, grade, and type iThouaand metric tonsi Chrysotile1 Grades Grade Grade Grade Grade land.' :l 4 ti Grade 7 T lotal A..m.o. site Crjo,^ hle ulh* er2 T--oIt,a.-l as0?* los I9K.5 total 19MK. Asbestos-cement pipe Asbestos-cement sheet Coatings and compounds Flooring products Friction products Insulation Electrical Thermal Packing and gaskets Paper Plastics Roofing products Textiles Other .. Total* <11 17 IX X 12 1 13 7 1(1411 l.VI4 0 3 4* 7 3 155 5 127 4 i4i i4i ,4, H l.l 14 2 l 5 3.4 17 ti > 2.9 20 5 0 17 4 17 4 20 5 0 3 0 17.1 25.ti 23 i4) i4i > 5 2 1 5 4.8 4 12 3 12.7 ,4, H l4l 4 19 4 19.X 9 i4t 2.x 3.ti 93 103 7XK 113.7 . . 20 19 0 50 17 4 25 6 3 (4| 4.8 12.7 6 19.8 .9 3.6 39 1157 'Estimated distribution based upon data provided by the Asbestos Institute. Montreal. Canada, and the Bureau of Mines, asbestos producer survey ^Bureau of the Census. *Does not include "Other" category in total "Other " contains unspecified fiber type and end use 4Lesathan 1/10 unit. *Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding PRICES The average unit value of domestically metric ton. The average unit value of ex produced asbestos in 1986 was $338 per ported asbestos was $307 per ton. 4 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1986 Tabic 5.--Customs unit values of imported asbestos i Dollars per metric torn 19*2 19*4 19*5 IlIXfi Canada. Chryeotile Cement Crude Spinning Other South Africa. Republic of Amo6ite Crocidoiite 234 2'7 2*4 Tim 1.0*4 570 VI7 `>17 :I2 7:< 1 .'417 .334 3*4 441 2*3 229 771 *40 *09 *30 646 629 705 ."!* 5*2 Source Bureau of the Census FOREIGN TRADE There was a 16% decrease in the total value of asbestos fibers and asbestos prod ucts exported from the United States. The asbestos fiber portion was 8% of total value. Exports of brake linings and disc pads accounted for 76% of the value of all asbes tos products exported. Canada remained the largest importer of U.S. asbestos fibers and products, followed by Japan, Mexico, the Federal Republic of Germany, Brazil, and Venezuela. Canada provided 96% of the asbestos imported into the United States, and the Republic of South Africa provided 4%. Several other countries provided minor amounts. Approximately 95% of asbestos fiber imports was chrysotile. The value of imported asbestos fiber decreased 40%. Table 6.--Countries importing U.S. asbestos fibers and products (Thousand dollars) Country Australia . ......................... Brasil........................................ Canada .................... ................ Germany, Federal Republic of. Japan ........................................ Korea. Republic of ............... Kuwait ............ ........... Mexico Saudi Arabia ___________ Thailand______ ________ Turkey..................................... United Kingdom___ _______ _ Venezuela_____ Other....................... .............. Total1 Unmanu factured fibers l 251 714 75 3.294 190 31 6.261 2 2.330 50 267 2.900 16.366 1985 Manu factured products 1.379 3.:>92 148.663 1.948 10,140 1.814 437 6.483 1.409 332 544 926 3.487 12,325 193.479 Total 1.380 3.843 149,377 2.023 13.434 2.004 468 12.744 1.411 2.662 544 976 3.754 15.225 209,845 Unmanu factured fibers 17 467 605 300 2,981 624 2.667 2,490 166 218 3,864 14,401 1986 Manu factured products 1.341 2,555 123.819 2,746 7.867 825 221 5,593 1,062 354 361 1.313 2.688 12.108 162.851 'Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. Source: Bureau of the Census. Total1 1.358 3.022 124.424 3,047 10,848 1.449 221 8,260 1.062 2.844 361 1.479 2,906 15.972 177.252 Table 7.--U.S. exports and reexports of asbestos and asbestos products Products 1984 Quan tity Value (thou sands) Quan tity Value (thou sands! Quan tity EXPORTS Unmanufactured Crudes, fibers, stucco . _ metric tons_ _ Sand and refuse ............................ - . ----- do_____ Total......................... ......... 26,381 13.398 39,779 $14,106 4.115 18,221 29.382 15.693 45.075 $12,705 3.661 16.366 30.252 16.645 46.897 Value (thou sands' $9,728 4.673 14.401 CTD007093 ASBESTOS 5 Table 7.--U.S. exports and reexports of asbestos and asbestos products --Continued Products Quan tity Value thou sands! EXPORTS --Continued Manufactured: Asbestos fibers Brake linings and disk brake pads Clutch facings and linings Gaskets insulation Packing and seals Shingles and clapboard Other articles of asbestos Other articles, n.s p f Total metric tons do number metric tons do do do do . do !).> NA NA 27r, NA 1.150 2.09X 1.759 NA XX $5,067 103.303 23.206 1.M5 .1.720 !MH^t l.m:. 2.595 10.306 162.090 REEXPORTS Unmanufactured: Crudes and fibers . . Sand and refuse ........... metric tons . . . do. . Total1 _ . . ............................ Manufactured: Asbestos fibers................. Brake linings and disk brake pads . . . . do_____ Clutch facings and linings................. number. . Gaskets.................... metric tons. . Insulation......................... Packing and seals.............................. Other articles of asbestos ...___ . . . do. . . . Other articles, n-s.p.f......................... Total___ _______ 140 140 1 NA NA 46 i*i i*i NA XX rRevised. NA Not available. XX Not applicable. `Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. *Leas than 1/2 unit Source: Bureau of the Census. 12' 123 47 194 136 to l 264 657 Quan tity Value (thou sands* 60T NA NA 7k NA 1.192 9X4 1,52! NA XX $3,793 144.202 20.71m OOO 4..'i60 ho:i 2.4-17 IUIII 193.476 71 212 :>2 581 12:1 i*i 3 NA m NA 73 1 IK NA '1 4 NA 20 NA 1 XX r3U Quan tity Valup 'thou sands) 723 NA NA 2iW NA K20 KM0 1 014 NA XX $3,902 liui.'t Mi. 1X7 1.2X5 I.HM9 6.373 1.553 7.442 102X.I 429 9K 54 20 m 119 NA 222 NA 004 0 NA 24 i*> 50 NA 4 NA 78 XX 1,043 Table 8.--U.S. imports for consumption of asbestos fibers, by type, origin, and value Type Canada Quantity (metric tonal Value (thou sands) South Africa, Republic of Quantity (metric tons) Value (thou sands) 1984 1985: Amasite ._ Chrysotile: Crude . ___ Spinning fibers All other .... Crocidoliteibluei .. Other (unspecified asbestos type)___ Total1___ 1986: Chrysotile. Crude ... Spinning fibers All other_____ Crocidohtetbluei . _ Other < unspecified asbestos type)___ Total1 ... 195,651 $56,267 94 1,990 127.307 1.728 131.119 86 1.454 36,045 . 962 38,547 20 596 101.273 1.626 103,517 12 304 23,065 434 23.814 13,912 121 174 522 4.794 5,374 10.985 192 227 1.968 2.068 4,455 $8,033 100 100 301 2,726 1.997 5,224 104 139 1,154 1.109 2.506 1 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. Source Bureau of the Census. Other Quantity (metric tons) Value (thou sands) 400 $449 90 110 37 16 200 196 327 322 107 94 20 253 119 380 217 Total1 Quantity (metric tons) Value (thou sands) 209,963 $64,749 121 268 2.080 127.866 4.794 7,302 142,431 100 187 1,564 36,362 2,726 3,155 44.093 212 598 101.607 1.988 3.947 108.352 116 304 23.291 1.158 1.662 26,537 6 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1986 WORLD REVIEW World production of asbestoe decreased slightly from that of 1985. The major pro duction change occurred in Canada, where shipments were down 110,000 tons. The U SS R remained the largest producer of asbestos, followed by Canada. Brazil, Zimbabwe, China, the Republic of South Africa, and Italy. Canada.--Three Canadian asbestos pro ducers, Asbestos Corp. Ltd., Bell Asbestos Mines Ltd., and Lac d'Amiante du Quebec, formed a partnership, effective July 1, 1986, that strengthened their resources and im proved their position in domestic and export markets." The new partnership was gov erned by a board of directors, although each facility operated under local management. The partnership controlled approximately 50% of the asbestoe production in the Prov ince of Quebec. Carey Canada Inc., a subsidiary of the Jim Walter Corp., permanently closed its chrysotile mine in the Beauce Mountains, near East Broughton, Quebec.'1 Economic conditions made the mine unprofitable. Car ey Canada produced chrysotile grades 4D to 7W for asphalt compounds, friction materi als, asbestos paper, vinyl asbestos tile, gas kets, phenolic compounds, and caulking compounds. The company marketed asbes tos primarily in North America and Asia. China.--Approximately 100 asbestoscement (A-C) manufacturing plants operat ed with 200 production lines.1* Production of shingle and board were operating below capacity because of shortages of asbestos and cement. Expansion was anticipated to meet increasing demands for new markets such as in power station cooling towers, ventilation and roofing needs in textile mills, guard structures in fertilizer plants, and replacements for traditional clay brick structures. Plans were made to increase asbestos production and upgrade existing mill and plant equipment. Italy.--Asbestos was produced by only one company, Amiantifera di Balangero S.p.A., from a surface mine at San Vittore." The crushed rock was processed in an auto mated plant where the fibers were removed from the host rock, dried in static vertical and revolving horizontal driers, and graded. Automated sampling was performed every 6 minutes to determine fiber quality. Approx imately 70% of the asbestoe was used by the A-C industry. Other uses included gaskets, brake linings, paint filler, and insulation material. Over 50% of manufactured prod ucts was exported. .Morocco.--Although chrysotile deposits occur near Bou Azzer and Inguiem, no domestic production was undertaken." De mand for asbestos was met by imports, primarily from Canada and Botswana. As bestos was consumed primarily by the do mestic A-C industry for building and irriga tion projects. Despite domestic demand, 30% to 50% of A-C products was exported to neighboring countries. South Africa, Republic of.--Griqualand Exploration and Finance Co. Ltd. imple mented an environmental program to revegetate old mine dumps.'* The mine dumps, which had been previously covered by soil and grass, were exposed owing to the grazing of livestock. The companies began planting vegetation that provides a dense soil cover and is impenetrable by animals. Table 9.--Asbestos: World production, by country' (Metric tons) Country* Argentina----------------------------------------------Australia------------------------------------------------Brazil (fiberi_____________________________ Bulgaria________________________________ Canada (shipments!_____________________ China*---------------------------------------------------Colombia________________________________ Cyprus Egypt-------------------------Greece __________________________________ India______ ___________ Indonesia*______________________________ Italy-------------------------------------------------------Japan* ----------Korea. Republic of_______________________ Mozambique________________ South Africa. Republic of . . ___________ _ _ Swaziland_____________________________ _ See footnotes at end of table. 1982 1.218 18.587 145,998 600 834.000 110,000 *5,400 18.952 424 17.016 26,761 25.000 116.410 a4.l35 15,933 g52 211,860 30,145 1983 1,240 '3.909 158.885 700 858,000 160.000 *5.400 17.288 245 31.811 24.873 25.000 139.054 4.000 12.-506 ' *600 221.111 26.287 1984 1.093 134.788 500 837.000 135.000 9.982 7.429 *325 45,376 25.450 25,000 147.272 4.000 8.062 '*400 167.389 2-5.832 1980" *1.200 172.027 400 750.000 *150.000 12.435 16.360 *325 46.811 30.183 25.000 136.006 4.000 4.703 55 163.574 25.130 1986* 1.100 175.000 500 ^o.ooo 150.000 13.000 16.000 300 48.000 30.000 25.000 3115.208 4.000 5.000 140.000 25,000 CTD007095 ASBESTOS Table 9.--Asbestos: World production, by country1 --Continued Metric tons' Country* m2 19*3 19*4 w,p 19*0* Taiwan Turkev .. USSR' ... United States<aold or used by producers' Yugoslavia Zimbabwe Total 2.392 95* r2,700.000 63.515 11 ,657 '197.0X2 2>l!) i.-iin '2.000.000 69.906 in.502 *153.2*2! 1.355 1.439 '2.950.000 57.422 165.3*5 '4.72X,S(i7 4.659,115 625 I..T00 '2.900.000 57.457 6.916 173.5*0 4.67K.2M7 1.500 2.90fl.flnn *..1.437 7.00(1 174,000 4.522.045 'Estimated Preliminary rRevised. 'Table includes data available through Apr 2b, INK" *ln addition to the countries listed. Afghanistan. Czechoslovakia. North Korea, and Romania also produce asbestos, but output is not officially reported, and available general information is inadequate for the formulation of reliable estimates of output levels. ^Reported figure TECHNOLOGY A semiquantitative method for distin guishing between asbestiform and nonasbestiform crystals was developed. The flex ibilities of several asbestiform and nonasbestiform tremolite crystals were measured and their bending strengths were calculat ed. The asbestiform and nonasbestiform varieties of tremolite could be differentiated using this technique. A process was developed to synthesize zeolites using chrysotile as a starting material.'* The magnesium was stripped from the chrysotile structure. The remain ing siliceous material was mixed with alu mina and heated under pressure to synthe size zeolite crystals. Production of 1 ton of zeolite consumes 2 tons of chrysotile. If economically feasible, this synthesis process will create a new market for chrysotile. Asbestos is used in pressure pipe to pro vide reinforcement strength, improve the drainage characteristics, and provide di mensional stability to uncured pipe. With concerns over asbestos-related environ mental issues, asbestos used in A-C pipe and sheet was facing competition from a variety of artificial and natural fibers. In general, these substitute fibers did not have the same reinforcing properties, did not bind as well with the cement and silica particles, and did not disperse in the cement matrix as well as asbestos." A study of A-C pipe, polyvinyl chloride (PVCl pipe, and ductile iron (Dll pipe indi cated that A-C pipe was more cost effective over a wide range of diameters, strength classes, and applications than either PVC or DI pipe." A-C pipe is more versatile because interior and exterior coatings are not re quired for corrosion resistance; for a given diameter, A-C pipe has higher crush and burst strengths; use of rubber sealing rings provides joint flexibility, shock resistance, pipe-expansion and pipe deflection; A-C pipe has a smooth bore, which results in a low coefficient of friction; and a single manu facturing facility can make all forms of A-C pipe. The packing and flange manufacturers investigated the use of asbestos substitutes in packings and gaskets." The major re placements were flexible graphite, carbon and graphite yarn, glass fibers, aramid, polybenzimidazale, polytetrafluoroethylene, ceramics, mica, and metals. Although none of these substitutes possessed all of the desirable properties of asbestos, packings and gaskets of equal or superior quality were produced using a combination of as bestos substitutes. Asbestos substitutes, however, were still not adaptable to many severe use applications and were more cost ly than asbestos. The Chlorine Institute estimated that replacing asbestos diaphragm cells with nonasbestos membrane cells would cost the U.S. chlor-alkali industry $2 million.*1 Approximately 97% of the chlorine pro duced in the United States was generated using diaphragm cells. No substitute had the strength, physical structure, and chemi cal resistance to acids and alkalies of asbes tos. An alternative to replacing asbestos with asbestos substitutes was converting diaphragm cells to membrane cells. Mem branes consisting of carboxylic-sulfonic compounds were developed to fit around the anodes of the diaphragm cell. Use of these membranes was reported to reduce electric ity costs by 20% and produce high-purity 8 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1986 caustic soda of 30% to 35% concentration. Techniques for evaluating and controlling asbestos exposures were developed " All of these techniques focus on evaluating the health risk posed by asbestos materials in the workplace. Detailed information on the type of asbestos, condition of the asbestos material, and activity levels are a few of the considerations of these risk management programs. A technique for encapsulating asbestos in buildings using a low-density cellular poly mer insulation was developed." The poly mer insulation formed a durable coating over the asbestos that was more abrasion and impact resistant than resin coatings. The durable coating reduced the risk of asbestos release through abrasion. Encap sulation using the cellular polymer insula tion costs from 50% to 75% less than asbestos removal and eliminates the poten tial for Tiber release that may occur during removal operations. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc., Standard Oil Co., Rhodes-American, Ash land Oil Inc., and Union Carbide Corp. formed a coalition to promote the use of asbestos substitutes." The coalition, called Alternative Materials Institute (AMI), re ported that substitutes such as aramid fi bers, carbon fibers, graphite, and other mineral and artificial fibers are available and that the transition to asbestos alterna tives has already begun for some products. AMI will focus on providing up-to-date in formation on the availability and use of safe and effective alternatives to asbestos. Several products that could replace asbes tos in hot glass handling processes were developed." Using glass fiber fabrics im pregnated with fluorocarbon resins, materi als with high temperature capabilities, and a dry lubricated wear surface were produc ed Several of these materials could be molded to shape and had applications up to 1,000* F. `Physical scientist. Division of Industrial Minerals. 'Federal Register. Environmental Protection Agency. Asbestos: Proposed Mining and Import Restrictions and Proposed Manufacturing. Importation, and Procenino Prohibitions V .51. No. 19. Jan 29. 1986. pp. :rra^-3To * *-------- . Occupational Safety and Health Administra tion. Occupational Exposure to Asbeatoa. Tremolite, Anthophylhte. and Actinolite: Final Rules. V 51. No no June 20.1986. pp. 22612-22790. *-------- . Occupational Safety and Health Administra tion. Occupational Exposure to Asbestos. Tremolite. Anthophyliite. and Actinolite. V 51. No 201. Oct 17, 1986 pp. 37002-37007 5-------- Environmental Protection Agency Asbestos Abatement Projects V. 51. No 80. Apr 25.1986. pp. 157221.5733. *-------- Consumer Product Safety Commiasion. Label ing of Asbestos-Containing Household Products: Enforce ment Policy V 51. No 185, Sept. 24.1986, pp 33910-33912 7-------- . Environmental Protection Agency Best Con ventional Pollutant Control Technology- Effluent Limita tions Guidelines V 51. No. 131. July 9. 1986. pp 2497424987. -------- Environmental Protection Agency. Regulations Required by the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act of 1986. V 51. No 250. Dec 31.1986. pp. 47265-17266. 'Asbestos The Convention of Asbestos V 2. No l. 4th querter 1986. pp. 8-9 `Federal Register. Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Determination for Wastes From the Extraction and Beneuciation of Ores and Minerals. V. 51. No 128. July 3.1986. pp. 24496-24502. ``Parkinson. G Makers of Gaskets. Packings TryAsbestos Replacements. Chem. Eng., v. 93, No. 20. Oct. 27.1986, pp. 23-26. `'Asbestos Thetford Mines Asbestos Mining Activities Now Pooled. V 1, No. 4, 2d querter 1986. p. 12. `'Industrial Minerals iLondon). Carey To Close Asbestos Mine. No. 223. Apr. 1986. p. 15. `Griffiths. J. First International AC Conference. Ind. Miner.)London), No. 226. July 1986. pp.69-71. `'Robbins, J Italy's Industrial Minerals. Ind. Miner (London). No. 231, Dec. 1986. pp. 19*50. `'Power. T. Morocco. Ind. Miner. (London/. No. 225, June 1986. pp. 43-44. `'Engineering and Mining Journal. An Environmental Clean-Up Program. V 187, No. 12, Dec. 1986. p. 68. `'O'Hanley, D. S., and T. Zoltai. A Semi-Quantitative Method for Distinguishing Asbestiform and Nonasbestiform Acicular Crystals: Data for Tremolite. Paper in Proceedings of the International Mineralogies! Associa tion Meeting. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA. 1986. p. 189. `Mining Journal. Zeolite Research Offers Hope. V. 307 No. 7897, Dec. 26.1986, p. 458. Clarke. G. Certainteed in Profile. Ind. Miner. (London). No. 223. Apr. 1986. pp. 68-75. "Chevalier-Bultel. J. P. A-C Pipe has the Competitive Edge. Asbestos, v. 2, No. 1.4th quarter 1986, p. 6. "Work cited in footnote 11. **Chemical Engineering. Asbestos Users Step Up Search for Substitutes. V. 93. No. 20, Oct. 27.1986. pp. 18-21. MP&ull. J. M.. M. Com. P. S. J. Lees, and P- N. Breysse. Nonoccupational Exposure to Asbestos in Buildings: A Practical Risk Management Program. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., v. 47. No. 8. Aug. 1986, pp. 497-504. **Toxic Materials News. New Asbestos Encasement System Found Safer, Leas Costly Than Removal. V 13, No. 41. Oct. 15.1986. p. 325. **Toxic Materials News. Firms Form Coalition To Pro mote Alternatives To Asbestos. V. 13. No. 51. Dec. 31,1986, p. 404. ''Glass. Replacing Asbestos in the Handling of Hot Glass. V. 63, No. 3. Mar. 1986, p. 95. US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1987- 181-4 3 2 / 6 0 0 1 4 RECEIVED AUG 10 RECTI RVCMKTG CTD007098