Document 7RJp6VyKw0EdNMaMKMY89BQb8

FILE NAME: Visible Dust (VDT) DATE: 1954 DOC#: VDT017 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Book Excerpt - Industrial Dust j yt1 if. INDUSTRIAL DUST if Hygienic Significance, Measurement, and Control ( PHILIP DRINKER, S.B, CEE. Professor of Industrial Hygiene, Harvard. School of Public Health THEODORE HATCH, B.S., S.M. Professor of Industrial Health Engineering, Graduate School of Public Health, Unicersily of Pittsburgh and Research Adviser, Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Mellon Institute Second Edition M cGRAW -HILL BOOK COM PANY, INC. 1054 New York London Toronto ! INDUSTRIAL DUST Copyright, 1936, I95-A, by the McGraw-Hill Book Company* Inc. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-6719 TIIK MAPI,*; PRESS COMPANY, YORK, PA. THTEHEUNLIIVBERRASRIYTY OF TEXAS PREFACE phyCsoicnitarnolaonfdthtehedeunsgt ihnaezear.rd iInn itnhdeupsrtreypaisratthioenjooifntthdisutbyooofk twhee dheavvoeteemd pchoanssiizdeedratbhlee cspoaocpeertaotisvuecnhaotfutrheeofmtehdeicparloabslpeemctasnads hmavaye hreeqlpuirtheme eenntgsinaefefercttoeunngdineeresrtianngd dtheseigmn aannnder oipnerwahtiiocnh hofygdieunsitc- coSnotroflaerqausippmoesnsitb.le, only the basic principles are considered. iTthweiblloboek iosf wsormitteenvafrluoemtothepheynsgiicnieaenrs'swshtaondwpisohinttobuuntdweershtaonpde mduosrtecfounlltyrolthaeppeanrgaitnueseriisnganasepnegcitnseeorfintghempartotebrl,emb.ut iDt eissigonfteonf sthyestepmh.ysician who finally appraises the success of the control hyUginenfoerptuenrmateitlsy,thecuirnrdeinstcripmraincatitceemiinxintgheof fBierlidtisohf aninddumsetrtiraicl puanrittisc.lesTharues,mfaenassuraerde irnatemdieirnoncou. bicWfeeedtoanomtinsuutpepobrutt thdeusset ianncdonpsriasctetincceieisnbthuitshbaovoekm, erely followed the usual nomenclature helMpeadnuysfrwieinthdsthaisndseccoolnldeaegduietisoinn. thAist coouurnrterqyuaenstdsaobmreoaodf thhaevme preliaedd ctericthicnailclayl vmaartioeruisalp. arWtseoefxttheendmtaontuhsecmripotuarnsdincoetrheertshasnukps for their help. Pam ir D rinker T heodore Hatch qrTKHEunLiTyBiK'.AbB.sV'x,; OF TKX.tr, IMITATION 321 on. S 333 lines Approvals. Ve- CHAPTER 1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DUSTS, FUMES, IJ:' AND MISTS s. Efficiency. Coin;eep. 3-17 373 389 a nSdumspiestnssiaornescoofmfimneolny ndaivtuidr eadl pphuern!iodme esnina. stir in Not t . hsoe wfoermlbkof aLtomcaolsispeheitrieis'digieSnt etrhaalltyexotoefndvsisoibvleer, tihsetfhaecedoisfptehresedearth, othnelyMduidrdinleg Wuneusst,uawlhcelnimatamticoscpohnedriitciodnuss, tscuochncaesnttrhaotsioenosf 1 s|ignoring levels (Fig. 1), or in the more recent Donora, iut2. ). Kimsua <ln,sf-.stiini, A|ri|r VJHfi. {Cour/rs// Ooj/cc.) incident. (371), that the public becomes concerned with this pthheenootmheernohnanidn, acopnrtaacmtiicnaaltiwonayo.f tWhe.itahtimnocseprhtaeirne iwnidthusdtruiesst,hoans lcoonsgtlyprdesaemnategdinag pargoebnletma,gaifinnsot t pilsanat hmeaalcthhinhearzyarodr, tphreonduucstsa. mEviiesnnuwceithanodutcpreroatdeuscpinogormweoarskuirnagblceodnadmitiaognes,. dust constitutes a In recognition of the hazards and cost of such contamination, gri1ipNiiuymobnerpsp.in34p7u-i3T7uJth. csits refer U> ciirrcspmulimi; items in tin; itiblic- 1 t 2 INDUSTRIAL DUST trhedeuhciegdhinlevtheelsdoufstpyoltlruatdioens. ofBaunt etharelipeor tdeanytiahlahvaezabredesn rleamrgaeilny, abnadttleth. e Bcoengtirnonlinogf winidthusetrmiaplirdicuaslt bcuotntcionmuemsoans-saennseevmere-easnudriensg, itnhseigdhutsitn-ctoonthtreolnaptruorgeraomf duhsats hnaozwardtsheanbdeinsefaiitdeodf bcyonqsuidaenrtaibtale stiuvreesm. etAhondsunfodrertshteanmdeinagsuroefmethnet apnhdyesivcaalluatbieohnavoifodr usotf edxpuost dpuroevt-icdoenstaronlinmceraesausirnegs.ly sound engineering basis for the design of whSicohmaereofimthpeorptahnytsiincaal cpornospideertriaetsionofodfuhsatzsa,rdfus,mienst,haensdammpilsintsg, ainndthaenaplryessiesnotf csuhcahptmera,terTiahlse, saunbdjeincttihseiar claorngterolo,naereanddis,cuinsseitds tchheeomreistitscaflorasmpaenctys,yehaarss.engTahgeedaptphleicaattitoenntioofnthoeftphheyosreictiicstasl aanndd aesxptehreimseunbtjaelctfinodfinthgisstvootlhuemseo,luhtoiwonevoefr,priascrteiclaatlivperolyblenmews., suAchn otougtsettahnedr inmguccohnstrciabtutetiroend omf aatqeruiaarltewr acsenCtuloruydasgaonwdhiScmhobkreosu,gbhyt fWol.loEw.edGiibnb1s93(1283b)y, Snmowokeu,nfAorStutundayteolyj Aoeurtiaolf Dpirsipnet.rseTShyisstewmas, bMyicWrohmyetrlialwic-sGr(9ay3)anadppPeaatrteedrs.onD(u4r4i2n)g, aWndoirnld19W43aDr aIlIl,aVaasllei'ns sWtaonrdldinWg oafr tIh,eexptheynssiicvael rpersoepaerrcthieasdodfefdineenlyordmivoiudseldy mtoaottuerruinndaeirr, wpriothbledmirse.ct aMnducuhseoffultianpspwlicoarktiohnastofotuhnedstiutsdywaoyfinindtuosttreicahl-ndiucaslt htiamnedsbotooktshe(s2e45a,nd33o5t)h. erWsoeurscheasllohf abvaesicocicnafsoiromnattoionrefaenrdmsahnayll fbuemseast,isafniedd,mhisetrse,intoondlyiscthuessbrtiheefepsthyosuitclianlepfroormpe.rties of dusts, duDste,ffiongit,iocnlos.udsT, omailslt,thfeumvaesri,oaunsddissmpeorksee, sGysitbebmss(1in83a)irg, asvuechthaes hgyednreorsaollndaemnoetianegrodsoislp, ewrsheicshysitsemansailnogwouatsert.o the accepted term ProDcuesstseiss lfikoermgerdindbiyngr,ecdruucsihnignge, abrltahsytinmga, taenridalsdritlolinsgmparllodsuizcee. dust particles of sizes from the submicroscopic to the visible, their composition being the same as that of the parent material. P H YSIC AL PROPERTIES IOF O U STS, FUM ES, AND M I>S T S 3 iCnotemgmraotnionexoafmropcleks aanrde tthhee omrginaenricaldduustsstslidkeeriwvhedeatfraonmd tfhloeord.is tioFnu, maensd acroenfdoernmseadtiobny. prToycpesicseasl seuxcahmpalsescoamrebuthsteiofnu,mseusblfirmoma btiuclrenisnigzeleiasdgoernethraellzyinbceoloxwide1ppro. duIcnedcofrnotmrasztintco vdaupsotrs., fPumare paSrtmicolkees "ofptreensuflpopcocsuelsatae cveigrtoarionudselyg.r1ee of optical density " (442). Gsisetninegral"lyofitpiasrotifcloersgaonficloowrigvina,pobrutpirtesmsuaryeinwchluicdhe ssyetsttleemsslocwonly ulanrdlyertogsryavstietym.'s1thWatearsehaolrlguanseictihneowrigoirnd, wsuicthh, aresftehreenscmeopkaerftricoum cbhuarnraincgtertiozebdacbcyo,awpoaortdic, leoisl,izeorbeclooawl.0.5Inp.general, smokes are upMonisstusitoarbfloegnsuaclreei foorrbmyedthebyattohmeizcaotniodnenosfaltiiqounidosf. waPtaerrtivcalepoorr droGpelnetersaizlePvraorpieesrtwieisdeolyf dDeupestnsd,inFgumonesti,reacnodndMitiiosntss.preDviasiplienrsge. spyosstietimons wofitdhursetsspoerctottohesrizefinperloypedritviiedsebdemtwaetetnerthine aciorllooicdcaulpaynda tchoellomidaaclrossycsotepmicsr;eygieotntsh. eyTahree psamratilclleesnoaurgehlatrogeerxthhiabnit tshoomsee ionf tbhyelparrgoepemrtaiessseosfocfoltlhoeidssuabnsdtaanlcseostforohmavewphricohpethrteiyesanreotgpeonsesreastseedd. anWd ihsendiaspseorlsidedorinliqtuhied aisirb, rtowkoenimuppoinrttoanftincehlyandgiveisdetadkpearptliacclees: o(1c)cutphieedsbuyrfathcee daisrepaersiesdgmreaattelryialinicsreeaxspeadn,deadndma(n2y) titmheesspoavceer tchrueshveodluimnteo pofartthicelesoroigfi1naclu mp ainsss.izeT, hthuesr,eiwf il1l bcec 1o0f,aqpuaarrttizcleiss wthiethoraigtiontaallbsluorcfka.ce Aarsesaumofin6gsaq dmusatsccoonmcepnatrreadtiownitohf610s0q mcmillifoonr ipnaratniclaeisr pveorlucmubeicoffo1o0t,0o0f0aicr,utfhte. 1 oc of material will be dispersed .phTyshiecaelffaeccttivoiftytheosfe tchheanmgeasteirsialt.o inTtheensirfaytethoef cohxemidiactaiol nanids increased so much that substances like soft, coal and aluminum 1It is usual to spook of acid fumes as denoting a mixture of gas mid mist. Tpahrrtoiculgesh.out this hook, however, we shall use the word to designate only solid powder burn >.. a1ir with explosive violence. Rates of evapora atidosnorapntidonsaonludbeillietcytraorsetatailcsoacitnivcriteyasaerde,inptuendsitfhieed.pheTnhoemaednsaorpof ctihoenmoifcaal greaascftiilomnso,nanthdeitpaalrstoicilnetesrufrefraecsewmitahypahcycseilcearlapteheonrormeteanrda saulwchayassiws eintttiinmga.telSyinacsesotchieatpedhywsiiothlogthiceailr epfhfeycsticoafl daunsdt cphaermticicleasl iamctpivoirttya,ncesmtahlaln plaarrgtiecloensesg.enerally are of more physiological amSoimunitlaoriftyairbaedtwsoerebnedDuupsotns tahnedsuLrifqauciedss.of fGinievidnugsttopatrhtieclleasr,gea manadssgoasfessu. chTphaertmicalesss acsasnumheescosmomperesosfetdh,eanpdropiterstpielasshoefslilqikueidas laiqpuipide,wanhdenribpepilnegs acraerfroierdmeind wa hpeanila. stIotnecains dbreopppoeudreindtotharotuanghk of Dduusstt. can be "distilled" by passing air through it; the amount wcailrlrie"devoavpeorrvaateri"esawcitohntshtaenatiravmeoloucnitt,y.andA tfhixeedairratweiollf abiercoflmowe "thseatwuhraotleedb.o"dyWofhdeunstthweiallirbsepceaerdrireedacohveesr,aic.ee.r,tathine cdruitsict a"l bvoailluse.", In these examples air velocity corresponds to temperature (293). PARTICLE DYNAMICS theLiekaertahn,yboutthbeercbaoudsey,oaf imtsicrreolsactiovpeilcypgarretiactlesuisrfaatcteraacrteeadpteorwuanridt opfarmticalses daoneds nthoet fcaollnsweqituhenintchreigashinagirvereloscisittayncaec,coardninagir-tboorthnee foarldl,intahrey alairwroefsisgtraanvciety.impAolsmedosutpiomnmtehdeiaptealryticalfeterbailtanstcaerststhtoe gpraartviictlaet-itohneanl fsoertctlee,stahtusiteprceovnensttainngt tfeurrmthineralgvaienloicnitysp,ewedh.ichTfhoer meviecnromsciollpimiceptearrsticpleershiosulor.w, Abseinagcmonesaesquureendcei,n dcuesnttismusepteernssiaonnds iBneaciaruhseavoefcthonesgidreeraatbaleirsrteasbiisltiatyncaendit misadyifpfiecruslitsttofoprrloonjegcpt emriiocdros. fsrcoompicthpearatiicr.lesItnhraousgehnsae,irtahnedfienqeusatlplyardtiifcfliecsulbt etcoomreemoavpeatrhtemof theThaeirdiytsnealfm. ic properties of microscopic particles are thus of the * <u u n/flu i n v r a m ia & u r d u s t s , I'U M ilS , A N D M IS T S cgorenatrtoels.t imTphoertcahnacreacitneraisctiocnssiodfedrautsiot ndiosfpedrossiotnhainztaordtsheanadir,thtehier cspornetardolooffdduussttyawparyocfersosmes,itasnsdouthrcee por|ogbelenmersatoifonaiorrcrleelaenaisneg, tahree aP!hlyisnitoimlogaitcealyllyr,eltahteesdetoprtohpeerdtyiensamariec baelshoavoiformoafjaoirr-cboonrnceerndufsot.r rtheteeyntliaorngeolfyindheatleerdmdinuest tihnethdeeprethspiorfatpoerynettrraactitoannda,nhdendceeg,reliemoift itthethleundgu-sdtohsaazgaerdr.ate in relation to air concentration and with paGrtiecnleertahlroLuagwh aoifr vRaersieisstawnicthe.theRseisziestaajnidceshtaopethoef tthreavpealrtiocflea, awriethcoitms bvienleodciitny,thaendfowlliotwh itnhgegfeluniedraitlyeoqfutahteioanir:. These factors 51 _ Cp2Au* where ffl = resistance *C4 -= pcrooejfeficctieedntaorfeareosfisptaanrtciecle u p ----apiarrtdicelnesivtyelocity relative to air Tbuhte dvraargiecsoesffyisctieenmtaCticisalnloyt cwointhstanthtefordaimll ecnosniodnitlieosnss oRfemynootilodns pnaurmtibcleer dRieam~etuerd.p/pC, palsboeivnagritehsewviitshcotshietyshoafpteheofaitrheanpdardtictlhee, theThefefercetlabteioinngshdipiffCere=nt/(fRore)d,ifffuerrtehnetrvsaimlupeslifoiefdRfer.om the curves aofrLanagpepleofanRdeSfhroemppa1rCdM(2t7o5)>, i1s0ssh.owTnheforreslpathieornesshiinp Fhiags. 2befeonr dCivuidpeodn inRteo. thFreoer zhoingehs avcaclouredsinogf toRethe(>n1at0u3r)e, oCf diespreenadseonncaebloyf cthoensztoannet aonf dtufrobruslpenhtermesothioasn awnhaevreertahgeevviascluoesitoyf 0o.f44th. e Taihrishaiss pnaorteifcfleectd. iamFoertetrhaisndrevgeiolonc, irteysi(sNtaenwcetonv)artihesusw; ith the squares of 0i = fcpdV vFaorriesspihnevreerss,elyk w=ith0.4R4e:X ir/8. When Re < 3.0, however, C l 1 26 INDUSTRIAL DUST mthoavneminednrtyonwdearythedrayasndcaarrlsieosfarowmaythmeofreacdtutsht.at the greater air noStiucpeearb8lealuerfafelicntgupthoen asutmspoesnpshioenres owfidthusmtsoainstdurfeumdeosesowhianvge toa tchoendfeancstetsh. atTthhee papaprtliicclaetsioanctofaslinvuecslteeiaumpoinn awirhicclheatnhiengmiosismtuorree reaffpeicdtiitvye wthitahn wahiwchatecrlosupdrsaoyf. zinInc oFxigidse. a9nadntdob1a0ccios sshmoowkne cthane fboeuncdleatrheed euffpiciwenitchy sotfeawma.terIbnlacsotsntfroarstclteoantihnigs,mWinaerraeinr t(o43b6e) odonlyno6t2impperrovceencto.ndDitiuornisn,gacdcroyrddinrigllitnog,Haerxrtienrgntaolnw(2a0te6r), bwlahsiltes tGhreayre(a1ll8y8)fisnteatdeusstth.'at water blasts and sprays fail to bring down OPTICAL PROPERTIES deTmhoensptrreasteendcebyordiarbescetnincge aofbseuasmpenodfeldigdhtustht rinoutghhe aairdaisrkeeansieldy uronolemssctohnetraeinairnegstuhsepednudsetdy saoirli.d oTrhleiqbueidampawrtiilcllensottobererfelevcetaltehde slitguhdti.es Tofhaistmteosstp, hwerhiicchpowllaustiofinrs,tisusoende boyf gTryeantdsaellnsinitihviistyc.lassic susTpheendoepdticmaal tbeerhiaalv, isourcohfaasniatsertorsaonlsvpaarrieenscwyiathndthsehanpaetu, rbeuotfitthies isnufslpueennscieodn.toDaisgtirnecattieorn dmeagyrebee bmyadteheinstihzies coofnpnaecrttiicolnesbeitnwethene wtwhoicchlarsesfelsecotf apnardticrelefsra: ctht olsigehltaragcecrotrhdainngthtoe wthaevegleenngerthaloofplitgichat!, ltahwans, tahnedwaavseeleconngdth gorfoluigphtc.ontTahineisnegpapratritcilcelsesscsaetntesirblliyghstmianllaelrl dthireeclitgiohnts; wthiethliagnhtinistepnosliatyriztehdattovaariecsonwsiitdhertahbeleweaxvteelnetn.gthThoef liinghatpslcaantetepreerdpebnydliacruglearptaorttihcelesinicsidaelsnot pboelaamri.zed to some extent haPs asrhtoicwlenstLhaartgtehrethinatnenthsietyWoafvleiglehntgrtehfloefctLeidghbty. paTrotilcmleasnl(a4r1g4e)r than 0 8 to 0.7 p is given by the equation 1See Chap. 16 for a discussion of spray-type air cleaners. PH YSIC AL PHOPEUTI Bh OF D U STS, FUMES, AMD M IS T S 2', where Ic ----icnotnecnesnittyratoifonref(lwecetiegdhtl)igohftdust per unit volume Since d -- particle size c -- L dl<rn wherena --~ nduenmsbiteyrooff dpuarstticplaerstipcelersunit volume of the suspension we maj- write, I = fcW dwuhsetr.e kT'huinsc,luthdeessstreevnegrathl pohfytshicealTycnodnastlal nbtseapmervtaairnieinsgditroectthlye Ftetrom. s1o1.i MRevlaatniodn<r9b.etw(CeeonurttyesnyidJal.luFnreatBnkrlirneaIdni$ntg.) and particle sue expressed in wpeinthsiotnh.e sFurofraceeqauraela wcoeingchetntcraotniocnenotrfattihoenspaprteircleusniint vthoelusmues, however, the strength of the beam varies inversely with size (FiPga-rt1i1c)l.es Smaller than, the Wavelength of Light. In this region the intensity of the beam varies, according to Rayleigh, 28 INDUSTRIAL DUST iwnitthhecfoonlcloewntirnagtimona,nnsiezre:, and waveleng<th of the incident beam T " krVai9 " lc'Xc*d5 whAegreaiXn,--thweaivnetleennsgitthy ovfarliigeshtwith, the concentration of dust in bthyethsueswpeanvseiolenn.gthItofisliaglhsot; irnefdlureanycse,dfotor eaxacmopnlsei,dearraeblsecadtteegrreede wofiththeonlsypeocntreu-mtw.elftChotnhveerisnetleyn,sitthye olfonthge rraayyss aatrethterasnhsomrtitetendd tHheroncueg,hthae sTuyspnednaslilobneatmo adegvreelaotpeerddbeygrmeeintuhtaenptahrteicvleioslaept preaayrss. fbrloume itnhceoelonrdw. heTnhvisieewxepdlaaintsritghhet balnugelecsoalonrdorfetdhwe hsekny,ewxahmicihneids mprionduutceedparetsiscelenst,ialalnyd btyhelirgehdt astcastutenrseedt, bwyhicgha,ecommoelesctuolesusanbdy struarnfascmei.ssion through the dust atmosphere near the earth's ligFhot rinecqrueaalsewsigrahptidcloyncweinthtraptiaorntisc,lethseizientteonsaitymoafxitmheumscaitntertehde rtehgeinondeccorrereassepsonldesinsgratopitdhley wwaivtheleangfuthrthoferthiencinrecaidseenitnbseiazme, athnde teexrpmosneonftthoef dvacrhiaatnigoinnginfrsotmren3gttho o--f 1t.he Ttrhainssmis intticeedlybesahmowwnitihn paArticmleorseizeco(4m-0p7l)etien Fthiego. r1e2t.ical treatment of the laws of light sDcuartitnerginWg obrlyd sWmaarll IIp,artthicilseswawsasemdpelovyeleodpeedxtebnysivMeliye in(31t3h)e. o(2p4ti5c)a)wshtouddyevoeflohpoemdomgeentehooudssafeorrosdoelstebrmy iLnaatMioneroafnpdaratsiscoleciasitzees manisdsicoonncoefntlrigathiot no,fbdasifefderuepnot nwtahveesleenlegctthivseasncdatttehreinvgaarniadtitornanisn dheogwreeveeorf, ptooltahreizasttiuodnywoifthpapratritcilcelse osifzue.nifoTrhme msizeethaonddishlaismliittetdle, apOplbicsactuiroinngtoPtohwe esrt.udyThoef hienteternogsietnj'eooufsaindliugshttriabledaumstsp.assing itnhcroreuagshe aindtuhset sduissptaenncseiofnrowmhetnhevileiwghetdsoonurecnedadsewcreelalsaess wwiitthh aann increase in dust concentration. Simon and bis coworkers (389) rtt/ n .'.'u , l'icurmiiTlKS OF DUSTS, FUMES, AND MISTS Fio. 12. Variation in light ti ansrniasion with particle sise. {Ajter Siute, ourle&y J. Franklin Inst.) hofavoepashqouwe nspbhyertihceaol rpeatirctaicllceos nosfiduenriaftoiormns,siaases,umthiantg tah esuisnpteennssiiotyn of light changes according to the logarithmic equation L - = LueMU,ui where L and Lq = irnetsepnescittiiveeslyof incident and emergent beams, l -- laernegmtheaosfupreadth between points where Lo and L mn ----nwuemigbhetrcoofnpceanrttircalteisonpeorfudnuisttvpoelrumuneitofvaoilrume cr - dofenasirity of material of which the dust is composed i I 30 INDUSTRIAL DUST cenWtagriettreenduicntiaonnoitnhetirghwt-afyo,r tahigsivreenlatcioolnusmhniposfhtohwesdtuhsat-tlatdieen`paerir tishactohtshteahpt,errceegnatradgleessvaolfutehevainriteesnsditiyrecoftlythewiinthcidthenet nbuemamb,eranodf paTrthicelecso, rlreencgtnthesosfopfatthhi,s athnedosrqetuiacrael eoqfupaatritoicnlewsaiszed.emonstrated tbiyveSlyimhoenav(3y89c)o,nwcehnotrdaetsiocrniboefs adumstetihnodbloafstm-fuearnsuacrienggathsebraeslead upIotnisthfirseqeuqeunattliyons.uggested that this phenomenon could be used aasn ainsdiumsptrleiaml eestthaobdlisfhomr deentte. rmTinhienagptphleiccaotinocneonftrtahteioanboovf eduesqtuian ctioonntetnotiaopnr.actAicsasul mpreobalecmon, cheonwtreavteior,ninodf i1c0atmesiltlhioenfaplalartciycloefs tpheisr ucunbifiocrmfoodtiaomfetaeirr o(f3520n,paanrtdicdleesteprmerinceutbhice dciesntatinmceetel rn)ecwesitsharya Etontreerdiuncge tthheesleighvtaliunetesnsinitythoenlyab5opveer ceeqnuta,thioen.,,frwome g10e0t to 95. l = 47 in bOebvefiofeucstliyv,e,thainsyd' idsutasntcreecisortodoergmreuasttfobrepsraenctsiictiavleustoe, aaltdheogurgeeh atos close as 10 million particles per cubic foot. t CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF DUSTS AND FUMES UPON MAN abEilxitpyo:s(uIr)e thtoe dpunestusmcoacnonpiroosdesucaeresecvaeursaelddoisntliyncbtytyupgelsJoohfaJd.i; teiiothne;r (b2r)eastyhsitnegmiocr tsowMaClloewfiinggctgo_facree_rtpariondducuesdts_sauscthheas rleesaudltan< mmaentagllaincesoex;id(e3)fummeetsa;l-afnudme(4)feavneralilsercgaiucsreedacbtiyonin, haaslitnygpifcieerdtabi hsuabystfaenvceer,s.is tDheudstirienchtarleastiuolnt oisf bthreeautshuinalgcpaoulsleenofodxiosathbeirlitoyr;goannl inRtheespciarsaetioofna afenwd dDusutsstarIenhthalearteioont.herTmheodleusnogfsenartreanncoen. syn tmheetricchaelstb, ilaantedralthsetyrucctoumremsuenniccaasteedwiintha trhaethneor seelaasntidc cmavoiutt; sthiornosu,gohr tlhoebetsr,acahneda,thoer wriginhdj,pilpuen.g hTahsethlerfete;lutnhge hraigshttwloundgivii about 12 per cent larger than the left. (Fig. 13) ' T. RIGHT BRONCHUS UPPER LOBE RIGHTLUNG--- BRONCHIAL UfEaPPPMAERRUTSLeCmTBOiE-tfj-i|T:g BRONCHIAL--Air RAMUS TO LMOIDBDELE ' RUDDLE-- ( LOBE . TRACHEA eft bronchus BRONCHIAL. RAMUS sJO UPPER LOBS : S i oUPPER-LOSE --LEFT LUNG mJirnia?em:tiutsi ; LOWER \\iOBE : BRONCHIAL% `RAMUS TO LOITER ( LOBE 'LOWER-LOBE- '^M -J-Iov/E R LOBE Fio, 13. lungs, broncia, and troch3e1a. (After ScbeUa and McMwrich.)