Document 7OyDyOo00ag013rNRnJwK3EYe

INDEX "ETHYL NEWS" 1948 "OMOTIVE Safety Plan That Works...............................November ars Around the Corner............................................. April lotels Take to the Road........................................ October \emories on Wheels (antique cars)........... July-August ocketful of Miles (road maps)................................. April peedway to Fame (Indianapolis races).................. May ne Old Traveler................................................July-August ires Bounce Back....................................................... March NATION rngle Airline............................................................. March RPORATION ACTIVITIES and .SONNEL ITEMS \dams, Robert W., appointed manager of San Bernardino gasoline testing laboratory. .April aton Rouge is Talking in Billions Now........... January rewster, Benjamin, appointed manager of technical service operations................July-August 'lothier, Roy N., assigned broader responsibilities............................................................ May iarly Recollections of Tom & Ethyl (by Dr. Robert E. Wilson)...............................February ithyl's First Big Customer -- Standard Oil (Indiana)............................... September :aller, Raymond R., appointed coordinator of employe training activities.....................November :irst Sale of "Ethyl" Gas....................................February :uel Storage Helpmate (pneumacator). . .September 3uy, Dan M., named chairman of Michigan Area Section of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers..............................................June Henry, Major General Stephen G., named manager services section.................. January Huxtable, Leonard L., named operations manager for Central region........................... October It Takes a Missionary to Sell An Idea............ February Lovell, Wheeler G., joins Detroit Research Laboratories................................................... . March Mass Spectrometer...........................................July-August Midgiey, Thomas Jr., memorial plaque. . . .February New Delivery Services for Customers (Terminals)....................................................... September New Drumming Plant at Baton Rouge..................March New Workshop for Chemical Research.................. May Road Research Indoors (chassis dynamometer)...................................... January Sample Service.....................................................November Seventeen Point Six (aviation test engine). . .October Spark Advance and Tachometer Indicator Calibration Stand..................................................March Steam-Heated Refrigeration (jet refrigeration unit)....................................November Take Ethyl for Example (by Charles F. Kettering)................................. February Technique in Service................................................October Test Driver.................................................................October This Business of Service (Ethyl services). . . February Through the Looking Glass (Ethyl history). . February Water Tower, Baton Rouge plant.................. November Weather Made-to-Order (hot and cold rooms).................................................. May Webb, Earle W., Retires as an officer of Ethyl Corporation............................................. March What Canadian Motorists Want (Ethyl survey). .June Williams, Rudy F., appointed superin tendent of terminal plants.......................... September FARM ) 00 Years of Serving Farmers (Oliver Corporation)............ The Farmer is a Business Man . July-August ............ June INDEX "ETHYL NEWS" 1948 GENERAL INTEREST A Camera in Every Car................................................June A Nev' Pitch for Sound...................................... September A Nose for Business....................................................... May And `he Walls Came Tumbling Down............. January Another Isthmian Canal?............................................. April Canada Unlimited............................................. November Convention City .................................. June "Dear Uncle Sam"....................................................... June Diamonds in the Rough................................................April Fair Days Ahead Istate fairs)....................... July-August Grea: Shakes .................................................................June Hearing Aids for Congress............................ November Pony Power ................................................ September Push-Button Sales ............................................. September Rugged Recipes.................................................. November Simply Fantastic ......................................................... May Spec* Up, Man1......................................................... March To the President .....................................................March Underwater Highways ...........................................March With Rod, Gun and Checkbook....................... January PETROLEUM Alaska -- Oil Outpost...................................... July-August Benedum, Mike, Portrait of...........................................May Colonel Drake Was Her Neighbor .................. January Gasoline Quality Abroad................................. September Oil Progress -- Memo to America.....................October PICTURE STORIES Case History (J. I. Case Co.)................................ October The Law at the Crossroads ...................... September The Way to Go...................................................... January SPECIAL ISSUES Twenty-fifth Anniversary of First Sale of "Ethyl" Gasoline..........................................February American Petroleum Institute Convention. December ETC 2335 -rry^r IN THE JANUARY 1948 Major General Stephen G. Henry, after a distinguished career in the U. S. Army, has joined the staff of the Ethyl manufacturing plant at Baton Rouge. He will serve as man ager of the Plant and Employe Services Section. A native of Louisiana, and a graduate of Louisiana State University, General Henry was previously associated with Ethyl Corporation for a brief period in 1930. This occurred while he was on leave of ab sence from the army to study automotive engineering in connection with the army's program for the development of motor transport and tank operations. General Henry serve^l his country in three wars. He was a second lieutenant in the Mexican Border crisis in 1916, an officer in charge of machine gun battalions in France in the first World War, and a key Figure in the evolution of tank and motor transport operations in World War II. Starting as a captain of In fantry in the Regular Army after World War I had ended, he rose to the rank of major general in March, 1943 when he was serving as Command ing General of the 20th Ar mored Division, Camp Camp bell, Ky. For his contribu tion to the development of the Armored Forces, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. BATON ROUGE IS TALKING IN BILLIONS NOW 3 The First billion pounds of ethyl chloride ... the first billion pounds of tetraethyl lead -- these are two production milestones which Ethyl's manufacturing plant has passed or is approaching, as it plans for still greater output. WITH ROD. GUN AND CHECKBOOK 7 Once upon a time, hunting and fishing meant mostly fun instead of money -- but now they've become a big item of expense for many of the nation's 14 million sportsmen. THE WAY TO GO 10 Unusual road signs throughout the world are often as fascinat ing as the interesting and odd places they identify. ...AND THE WALLS CAME TUMBLING DOWN 14 The strange business of housewrecking is taking on new im portance today, as the postwar construction boom gets underway. COLONEL DRAKE WAS HER NEIGHBOR 19 A 93-year-old Titusville, Pa. woman vividly remembers the early days in the history of the oil industry -- because she grew up during those stirring times. In order to widen the fields of reader Interest In Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the authors*. The editors of the News welcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, used by oii com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gaso/ine Edward L. Sheo, president; Stanley T. Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Gonzalez, secretary ETC 2335 The ethyl chloride area, photographed at dusk, is one of the most spectacular parts of the Ethyl plant. Three methods are used to manufacture this important chemical BATON ROUGE IS TALKING IN BILLIONS NOW fkw d,us before (.'hri>mia>. rhe A. Ethvl plant at Baron Rouge quietly passed an imporrunr produc tion milestone. It turned "lit its bil Largest producer of ethyl chloride in the world, Ethyl Corporation turns out its billionth pound of a basic ingredient for "Ethyl" antiknock fluid lionth pound of eth\ ! chloride, one of the kev chemicals needed to hummed and throbbed as they active antiknock atjent in "I th\ 1" manufacture "Ethel'' antiknock manufactured rhe completed prod antiknock rhiid. By the end of De compound. uct at a rare of more than i 5.000.000 cember. pending an c.vacr rall\ of To the casual observer, the event pounds a month. veur-end production ritrures. close might have seemed of little coiisc- But without ethvl chloride in suf to 1.00,s.ooo.oon pounds oi ethvl i|ucnce. The plant continued opera ficient quantities, there could not be chloride had been made at Baron tions with no special rem mnmon or uninterrupted production of fin Roupe since the plant went "on rhe achievement. Its .-."moment w as ished "Ethyl" compound. A clear, srreain" more than a decade ai>o. to supply the petroleum mdustrv colorless liquid, ethvl chloride is Nuncrimc m April the plant will with as much antiknow; compound used in reaction with .1 lead-sodium reach uimrhcr billionth pound mark as possible, and the \a-: nstullarioiis allow to form tetraethyl lead, rhe -- this rime m rhe manulacrure of 3 tetracrhvl lead, which accounts for nearh rwo-rhirds of the weight of `'Etln I" antiknock fluid. Sodium, a much lighter substance used in mak ing Icad-Midium ailin', will take longer rn pass the same production point. .11 r In muh the output at Baton Rouge had passed 300.000.000 pound In rhe end of the vear. First Billion Mark The plant has alreadv turned out enouuli of these and other agents in "Ethvi" rluitl to have topped the billion pound production total for the compound itself. This was dur ing the height of the war. Perhaps this pound of "Ethel" helped power some n|uadron of bombers over Germane, some tank division in Italv. or a fleet of P-T boats in the Pacific. Be the end of 1947. total production of "Ethel" fluid at Ba ton Routre had reached more than a Adjusting the flow of gases needed to yield hydrochloric acid, which is used in making ethyl chloride billion five hundred million pounds. Large as the manufacturing facili ties of che Corporation mav be to have produced these huge amounts. Ethel is spending more than Sjo.000,000 for new construction now under wav, which will greatle in crease the plant's productive capacire. Additions will be made to all manufacturing areas, and will in clude new buildings, installations, and auxiliarv services. Various units Heavy compressors control temperatures and pressures in ethyl chloride manufacture XV will begin operations as soon as chev .ire finished, with the expansion pro gram as a whole scheduled for com pletion in 1949. A S6.000.000 supplementary building program is also progress ing. This month a new drumming plant began operations as a part of a program for providing more flexible shipping services to customer re fineries. Three field terminals strategicallv located on the east and west coasts, and in the mid-continent area, are to be completed as a secondary source of supply for ``Ethyl" com pound. Work is well along on a new medical and personnel building. To Meet Indicated Demands The new manufacturing and dis tribution facilities are being built in order to meet anticipated demands for "Ethyl" antiknock compound. With the nation's growing depen dence upon gasoline-powered trans portation of all kinds, the company is enlarging its operations in order to serve the petroleum industry bet ter. Ethyl sales have already reached an unprecedented peace-time level. While construction is under wav. the plant will be able to accommo date increasing requirements in much the same manner that it met unusual demands for antiknock compound during the war, assuming that supplies of pig lead continue to improve as they have. New meth ods of efficient operation, tech niques for speeding up produc tion. and improvements developed through continuous and extensive research plav an invaluable part in the company's entire manufacturing set-up. Expansion is no new experience for the Baron Rouge plant. New construction has been almost con tinuous during the past 10 years in order to keep step with new de velopments. and to meet an ever increasing need to supply refineries with "Ethyl" compound. The latest installations, added during the war, include major improvements in the tetraethyl lead area, the ethyl chlo ride area, and the sodium buildings. Production soared to 145,000,000 pounds of compound during 1944. which was 43% above the plant's pre-war output. The ethyl chloride area is one of the most interesting parts of the Ethvl plant, from a spectator's standpoint as well as from the point of view of the industrial chemist. The maze of stacks, towers and ma chinery are dramatic symbols of sci ence at work. Technically, the area has attracted widespread attention among industrial chemists for the nature of its achievement and the success of its operations. More than half of the nation's supply of ethyl chloride is made here. Ethyl uses three processes to make Cooling towers are required in ethyl c h I o ride area operations, and are part of the wafer system for all plant use the chemical. In the first process, re finery gases containing ethane and propane are cracked and treated fur ther to give up their quota of ethylene. The ethvlene is then re acted with hydrochloric acid and a catalyst, which produces ethvl chloride. Utilizes Waste Products The second method yields ethvl chloride by the reaction of chlorine with waste products from the ethvl ene process, and is used in a smaller plant first put into operation in 1945 on an experimental basis. Both methods of ethyl chloride produc tion are supplemented bv an older process once used entirely -- the re action of hydrochloric acid and ethyl alcohol. Extensive equipment needed for the manufacture and control of various reactions while ethyl chlo ride is being made is responsible for ETC. 23362 5 much of the "spectator appeal" of the area. Production centers around batteries of furnaces, complex stacks and towers laced together bv steel framework, fractionating col umns, flash drums, and rows of mas sive pumps and compressors. Oper ations continue 24 hours a dav. Ethvl chloride plays its part in the manufacture of "Ethvl" anti knock fluid after it reaches the tetra ethyl lead buildings. Here measured amounts of the chemical are reacted with lead-sodium allov under con trolled temperatures and pressures. Recent improvements in this proc ess have cut the reaction time and increased the vield of tetraethvl lead. Another Plus Factor .Much of Ethvl's success in mak ing so much of its antiknock fluid and the various ingredients stems from the long experience of em ployes in all phases of the manufac turing operations. This experience includes not only service with Ethvl Corporation, but also with refineries, other chemical com panies, industrial development or ganizations, and companies with processes and methods comparable to those at Baton Rouge. Employe Experience Of the ;.joo employes of all kinds at the Baton Rouge plant, 35 per cent, or nearly 900 men, have had direct manufacturing experience of at least five to nine years. Another 10 percent have had from 10 to 14 years' experience. Ethyl expects its "longevity" statistics to show a con tinued increase, since the rate of employe turnover is less than one percent a month. The average credited experience of all employes on the supervisory level at Baton Rouge is 11 years, one month and 1 o days. Twenty-six em ployes, most of them in responsible positions, have had credited experi ence dating back 15 to 25 years. Collectively, the experience of all personnel at Baton Rouge amounts to an astronomical total. In consid ering only their length of sendee with Ethyl at the plant, the working days they have spent add up to more than 3,000 years. Putting it in an imaginative wav, if a single worker could have begun to make the anti knock compound when Moses led his followers out of Egypt around 1440 B. C., he would now be just about equalling the combined length of plant service of all Ethyl employes. He would have to work another 1,000 years to match their previous experience as employes of other companies. Plant in Key Location Customer refineries and the gaso line-consuming public are the ones who benefit not only from Ethyl's manufacturing know-how, but from the location of the plant itself. Practically all raw materials needed to make "Ethvl" compound are ob tained locally except lead, ordinar ily available from central .Mississippi Valiev mines and smelters. Ready access to raw materials simplifies sup ply problems, contributes towards manufacturing economies, and helps insure uninterrupted production. With the development of still bet ter fuels and engines, the company expects to continue its role as a working partner in helping to as sure this country the best and cheap est automotive transportation in the world. These tank cars are part of the fleet used fo transport "Ethyl" antiknock compound. Besides tank car shipments, deliveries from Baton Rouge are also made in drum quan tities. A new drumming plant for these shipments began operations this month ETC 23363 is-- Hunting and fishing add up to a lot of fun and healthful recreation--but they also add up to a lot of expense c'jfc'Ssfr By Harry Botsford he lady of ihe house smiled evident, were the most expensive Tprovocativelv and pointed an foods that came into our kitchen. accusing pencil at her alleged lorDdefensively, I can say that they are and master. also the finest food that comes to the "As nearly as I can figure it,'' she table. chuckled, "the trout you have I suspect that very few sportsmen caught, cost at least Sio a pound. have ever made a cold-blooded, ac Grouse and pheasant seem to average curate analysis of the actual cost of about $20 a brace. Heaven only knows what that wild rurkev cost!" I mumbled some entirely inco herent and slightly contused de fense. The statement had caught me off-guard. The Lady left the study with a slight smile of malice on her nice face. I locked the door, grabbed pencil and paper, dug into <iid records, took a complete inventory of mv gun cabinet, and examined my as sorted fishing gear. 1 'tarred to put down some figures and found that the task was easier than rillinsr out an income tax return, because there Even in ordinary times, the author points out, hunt ing and fishing entailed a sub stantial invest ment for the aver age sportsman. Higher prices all around have turned these sports into expensive hobbies were no deductions. When mv compilations were completed, it seemed advisable to destroy the evidence. The I.adv was right. Indeed, she was more than riffhr. Game and game mb. it was 7 hunting and fishing. It is a practice I do not encourage. In my case, I had an ulterior mo tive. I wanted to confirm a private suspicion that has just become very obvious. I am only one of the 14 million Americans who buy and use hunting ETC 23364 licenses every vear. If only a small percentage of mv fellow sportsmen have an investment comparable to mine -- and mine is modest in mamrespects -- then hunting and fishing have graduated into the realm of Big Business. .Most of us accumulate our hunt ing and fishing gear over a consid erable period of vears. As a result, we seldom tabulate the costs. If you're on good trout waters and vou ruin vour waders, you go out and buy a new pair with the speed of light. If the guide has some special hand-made flies, you'll buy 'em. When 1 started to hunt and fish. I was a youngster and I was able to get along with some prectv primiti\ e equipment. Fish and same were plentiful. And not very smart! But. time and circumstance have changed the picture and have set up newbuying habits that reach deeply into our economy. A cane pole, a few feet of stout string, and a baited hook guaranteed a string of "eatin' fish," You just walked to the nearest stream, lake or pond and went to work. I owned a rifle that cost S4. and a sinoiebarrel shotgun that cost S-. Thev cnused many casualties on squirrels, rabbits and grouse. These were, as I recall it. verv nice days. They are sone now. never to return. We fished and hunted for food and the heck with sport. We wanted fodder for the skillet and .we were not too particular how we got it. A sportsman's ability was meas ured by the number of fish and the game he brought home, not by the fun he had securing them. Today, our sports are expensive. Lots of money if one is to secure the utmost in enjoyment and sport. If you are a fly fisherman, you need a nicely balanced rod, about 4`/2 ounces in weight, about 7 Vi feet in length. You will pay about $50 for a good one. That's just the start; a good automatic reel will cost about St5. Add a double-tapered fly line at S6, plus several sets of long tapered leaders, and the costs start to jump. Now you are down to terminal equipment: dry and wet flies. Most of us carry about 50, in assorted col ors and patterns. From long experi ence. I've found that it's easy to have a $50-8100 investment in flies before you know it. Some of us tie our own flies; this means a further investment in feathers, furs, dyes, silk thread, wax and other items. Clothing, waders, creels, fly boxes, fly oil, scales, landing nets and a host of gadgets can very quickly boost the total in this bracket up to $100. The good trout streams are often hundreds of miles away. To reach them involves wear on a motor car, the consumption of gasoline and motor oils. We must eat. too, and we have voracious and expensive habits. If we belong to a hunting and fishing club, it's rather expensive liv ing, especially if you count the in evitable bridge and poker losses. The services of a good guide will cost about $7 a day. If we hunt or fish outside of our native state, the outof-state license fee will be in the two-figure bracket. Trout fishing is expensive. But. if the angler goes in for bass or musky fishing, entirely different tackle will be needed. If he is a salmon addict, or if he engages in deep-sea fishing, the costs literally soar. But, regardless of what it costs, the dividends in relaxation, in com panionship, in good sport, far offset all of the expense items on which we can place a dollar value. ETC 233 .More than that, whatever the sportsman buv-. uses. breaks and loses and wears out. establish a evclc of dollar-distribiiruin rliar is impor tant. It involves -ueii materials as steel, food, textiles. Mood products, paints, varnishes, petroleum, rubber, aluminum. These are fabricated in hundreds of mills, plants and fac tories, large and small. 1 he sports take recreation dollars from one area to another. It's all on the plus side of our economv. Over 14 million Ameri cans arc engaged in this prodigal dollar-spreading. Hunting is more expensive than fishing. Each ta pe of game requires special guns, clothing and accesso ries. The shotgun used for quail and woodcock is seldom suitable for wild rurkev or ducks. The riric used for squirrel isn't suitable for deer, moose or bear. The light clothing worn in woodcock season will im ire double pneumonia if worn w I 11 (c sitting mi mobile in deep snow .. ll .1 deer cross- ing. Todav's prices o, good guns make an old-timer -rm.idcr. Mans' hunters think rhc\ -D 11 id h.t\ c guns built for even' r\ pc a' game. \ friend who does .1 ot -mail and big game hunting h i - 'Vet ;:....... invested in the come: it- pii iu- gun cabinet. 1 envv him hi-- k'l `I ICkT/i JJ1. .IS would almost unv ardent hunter. There must he rC !' >r !i^j1 - ing and game club- a L'nutvi Stares. .Membership 'UMVC -- and worth it. too. Distances from h<u c and hunting areas -te.t,:.i Cp in .1 Canadian him:: :ig k i.igc 1 had as companions, men oiu \ew Vnrk. Pennsvlvania. K \ ( )111. 1. Kansas and Marv land. 1 he next vear. down at (lorpu- < 1 i"-:i. lex.i'. 1 found about the -.r k ' ,:i'Kr\ . Sunic ut the anglers d: .. :K 5 5 "WH cars, or cars and trade -. TACKLE.'GUNS.' T-jy SPECIAL % their ow n planes; some arrived bv train or airline. That's spreading the transportation dollars prettv widelv. .Manv anglers and hunters own cabins or hunting lodges in their favorite areas. These range from a single log cabin up to large, com fortable dwellings, with their own water and power svstems. The boats range from a simple canoe to a cabin cruiser with a Sr5.000 price tag. Manv states w iselv expend their license monev in restocking fish and game. This sets up a wave of Inn ing and cmplovment of a most substan tial nature. State Laws Help .Most states have enacted good game laws, aimed at the conservation of their game and fish stockpiles. Tliev back up these laws w ith sound enforcement, with programs that keep streams and lakes tilled w ith game fish and keep the w oods anti fields tairlv rich in game of all sorts suitable to the climate and natural tooei. All stares recognize that monev spent in the pursuit of sport is imporranr. whether ir'- domestic or iiur-of-starc monev. In Elks Comm . Pcnnsvh ania. .1 gasoline distributor tells me that his sales during hunting ami fishing seasons arc more than he sells during the balance of the vear. Grocerv stores and hardware stores all share in this prosperin'. Even the telephone companv has a peak w ith long distance calls. The dollar-distriburion generated bv hunting and fishing is difficult to trace in derail. It's almost endless. .Manx sportsmen equip their homes w ith deep freeze units in w liich rhev can preserve their game and fish. \cnison. rlicv know, is excellent in April, trout taste grand in Septem ber. ami quail arc superb 111 Decem ber. Main anglers and hunters go m tor cameras of assorted rvpcs -- ami rhcrc go mi ire dollar-.. ISird di >gs m.n cost Too. plus upkeep -- ami rlicv can lie w orth it. too. Ir - all expensive, bur the sport- men l.irgeiv think abnur rhe our-of- diiur- exeirerienr. thrill and fun rlicv eiiiov. rhe healthful recreation rliar is the tup dividend of the sportsman. from banker to lial.er, from prince ri' pi 1.AT. If w e balance these health di\ - idem! - .igunst the basic expenditure or ciimpmsnr. 1 siispccr that the KlTd * U -lieer e o-r w ill be complerelv 111' i. 11 red In the benefits enjov ed. \- -. -lx u t-nun ot long standing. -n.ir v i'i\ t`\ .mm; f m r<> -ru k !\ :r. ETC 23366 1 AS ANY AMERICAN MOTORIST will IX tell you, you've go: to know where vou're going in order to set there. And so, as he drives along, he faithfully consults the road signs along the wav. But u hat he may not know is that the rest of the world follows the United States in showing the way to all points or' the compass. Modern road signs are to be found in some of the most historic and re mote corners of the world -- like Cairo, Bali and the Khyber Pass -- blending the old ways with: the new. .Many of these signs are printed in several languages, most' often as a guide to English-speaking travellers. And with a touch of showmanship, numerous road-signs serve as free advertisements for local points of in terest or the leading products of an area. On these pages are reproduced some representative road signs found in many countries. When in Detroit, visit the Ethyl Laboratories are designed For over twenty years the Ethyl Laboratories have performed an indispensable function in the organized research of the automotive and oil industries, which continuously brings better and more economical auto motive transportation to the American people. The present modem laboratories incorporate much OF THIS PLASTIC HIGHWAY enables Ethyl engineers to "bring the road into the laboratory." A combination engine and dyna mometer control makes it possible to duplicate on the dyna mometer stand the sequence of engine speed and loading re corded during any actual trip on the highway. The control equipment utilizes a plastic tape and operates on the principle of the familiar player piano. ETC 23369 ETHYL CORPORATION rei nfr-J-rr'v'^^^-V,,,,,, i,wi'u^ ' *aji Ethyl Corporation'a modern research laboratories on Eight Mile Road in uptown Detroit--twenty-five minutes from Washington Boulevard.\ to serve the oil and automotive industries special equipment with many unique features which are of interest to technical people in petroleum and automotive companies. New tools and techniques are continuously being de veloped at Ethyl Laboratories for the express purpose of better solving the interrelated problems of engines, fuels and lubricants, in the never-ending search for better and more economical fuels. Ethyl Corporation cordially invites technologists of oil, automotive and related companies to inspect the Ethyl Research Laboratories and to discuss problems of mutual interest. SPECIAL EQUIPMENT IN THE ETHYL LABORATORIES A- MULTIPLE DISC INERTIA LOAD V .DYNAMOMETER 7 / BLOWER (AIR RESISTANCE ^ LOAD) NLET DAMPER INDOOR "ROAD" KNOCK RATINGS may now be obtained on the rolls of this chas.-i- dynamometer provided with special auto matic control equipment developed by Ethyl Laboratories. Speed-time relation-hips for accelerations run on these rolls duplicate those ohioiiucl on the road. Knock ratings made on the rolls are essen t :ai!\ the same as those made on the road, and their reproducibiii:v better. SPECIAL SINGLE-CYLINDER ENGINE studies indicate fuel antiknock performance under conditions including wide ranges of speed, manifold pressure and compression ratio. The extreme flexi bility of this .-pecial engine makes it possible to rate experimental fuels under conditions which appear likely to exist within the cylinders of engines of the future. RESEARCH 1600 West Elgin 2600 Cajon Ro, LABORATORIES Road. Detroit 20. Michigan Caiifornia ETC 23370 .. GAixl the walh came a&um There's more than meets the eye to the business of wrecking a house. It calls for a rare combination of brain and brawn rough-and-tumble fraternity with a language all their own. It is one in dustry where you can start at the Everybody knows that whatever top and. work vour wav down. goes up must come down. In Held in check during the war the hurly-burly of the buildingyears, the country's wrecking teams game, though, it usually happens are now going to work with a ven that something's got to come down geance. Acres of drooping tene / before anything goes up. And that's ments are being razed to make way where the house wrecker -- the mor for urgently needed postwar hous tician of man-made structures -- ing projects. Army barracks are comes into his own. being ripped apart for the lumber .Most people get as much kick out they contain. Nostalgic mansions of seeing huskv men smash a build- and plush hotels of the "good old ing to smithereens as they do watch days" are biting the dust in the cause ing a circus trapeze act. To the of progress, as unsentimental males casual "sidewalk superintendent," of the rack-and-ruin trade do their wrecking a building appears to be stuff with a heavy hand. mostly a matter of sheer bull Although shortages of materials strength, as simple as taking apart and high costs have held back many a kid's Erector set. And there doesn't construction projects to date, the seem to be much rhvme or reason building wreckers know that a con to all the uproar. struction boom of unprecedented But, like an iceberg, most of the proportions lies ahead. It goes with wrecking drama is hidden from in out savins that they will play a nocent eves. It is an involved, dy highly important part in that boom. namic business with its own pecu And when they get through with liar rules - of - thumb, hair - raising things, they say. you'll never recog hazards and scientific methods of nize the place. destruction. The wrecking crews, By far the fastest way to reduce two-fisted and proud, are a lustv a building to rubble is to drop a bomb on it. But the w reckers say this method of destruction has its shortcomings. Debris litters a neigh borhood. people can get hurt -- and This steel ball, a housewrecking tool, represents 4,000 pounds of destruction 1*r. ETC 23371 there is nothing much left to sell for salvage and pro lit. That, incident.'.IIv. is one of the most important considerations in wrecking a building -- to find what can be salvaged and sold again. At all times, chines like steel girders, copper pipes, and other metal fix tures are worth real cash. Todav, in view of the general shortages of raw materials, their prices are at peak levels. .Most peacetime house wreckers, todav, use one of two svstems. If speed is essential, the wrecking bovs pitch in lighthcartcdlv with their sledge hammers, and knock the walls need for speed, this svstem was used to bash down the thick walls of meat-packing plants on the site of the United Nations' headquarters in New York. Such means of demolition usuallv leave the ground below piled with a mess of debris called "spaghetti" in the trade. But, with the presenc inflated materials' market, most buildings coming down now are made to vield all brick, lumber, glass, and fixtures that mav be used again in new construction. In this more popular method of demolition, laborers start at the rooftop and work their wav down First building of the United Nations Headquarters arises as the way is cleared for other UN structures to be built down with little thought of saving material for re-use. At rimes, a two- ton iron ball, swine me like a pendu lum on a cable attached m a crane boom, is hurried at defenseless avails or chimnevs. tonnimg them like Junior's pile of bii.ck-. because the ball spravs stuff til ..\ er the lot and cuts man-hours. nt u-dinarilv cmploved. How vauw of the ward. pecking at bricks and timber with an eve for salvage. Instead nf letting the condemned structure fall in a heap, thev put the bits and pieces in covered plank runwavs and the stuff "shoots rhe chutes" wirh a rumble to a truck below. This method is called a "broom-clean" |ob. and is ncarlv alwavs used m crow ded districts where pedestrian' and traffic are potential targets for falling mortar. New York's Vander bilt Mansion and the staid Murrav Hill Hotel were given the broomclean treatment. As anvone who has warched the wrecking troupe put on a show knows, there is usuallv a skirt or fence of mesh and wood planking built around the lower floors of the building to prevent bashed craniums. Another precaution is the "bridge-' erected over the sidewalk. Manv wreckers wear plastic helmets for safeev. and some carrv rabbit feet for all-around good luck. Like surgerv, much of a wrecking operation is an inside job. Before a wall is touched bv sledge, the "innards" are first "trimmed." This chore often takes three times as manv daw as the actual wrecking. All plumbing fixtures, valuable molding or decoration, wiring, pipes, and sundrv items are first stripped from the building's interior and carted off bv dealers who buv them tor their own businesses. Win dow s are taken out of their frames; carpets arc ripped up; fireplaces, machinerv. and room partitions are re moved. Its trimming completed, the building is a shell of its former self, and not verv long for this world. During this interior razing, braw nv wreckers often come across a hatch of old love letters, long for gotten. which had been stuffed into a 'ccret wall compartment. During Prohibition, some crews quit work for the dav when thev dug up a cache of imported champagne or liquor. Confederate nionev keeps turning up under ancient flooring, and assorted jcwelrv. deeds, and hu man 'keietons have been uncovered, l hcv hav c vet to strike oil. lint rhe best "rinds" in house w recking are rhe bathtubs, chande lier'. 'teei girders, wood ami stone, uhn'c '.lie often decides whether ETC 23372 15 the wrecking contractor conies one in the red or the black. In the old davs. wrecking men used to hue doomed buildings out right and sell the resulting debris tor what thev could get. Today, there is tar more competition within the trade, most jobs arc dealt out on a bid basis, and the laborers' wages arc the highest in history. Giving a doomed building the oncc-ovcr. a contractor makes an estimate of its resale value. He fig ures how mam' truckloads of bricks lie can sell to a construction jobber, how much of the woodwork is or is not |unk. and how mam- davs the razing " ill take. Time is monev in this business, and chinas move fast. If the contractor bids low enough to get the wrecking job. he imme diately lines up other building trades people w ho would like to buv the salvageable .stuff. The bid price often just pavs the costs for equip ment and labor; salvage brings the profit. In the gloomy lobby of the 6:vc.ir-oid .Murray Hill, on Park Ave nue m \ ew Mirk, recently stood too antiquated peg leg harhtubs. Thev were quickly sold bv the Walsh Wrecking Corporation, svliich tote di .w n the hotel, to a group of build er' putting up inexpensive housing quarters. The '.1111c thing happened w irh dozens of doors and steam ra diator'. One glazier bought and re moved the Murray Hill's pictur es me 'tair.cd glass. Another man purchased its electrical odds and end'. Curious bystanders, aching with no't.iigia. orten plague w rcckers, for lilt- oi buildings or mementos of celebririe'. \\ lien Empire Wrecking Company men were mauling over rlic large Manhattan studios of Metro - (,'oklw vn - Max er in 104O. several people begged for pieces of hnc-a-brac which adorned movie That housewreckers start at the top, and work down, is evi dent in this photo. The chute drops debris to trucks below star .Marion Davies' apartment in the building. Dismantling a church one time, a demolition man was approached bv .1 voung ladv w ho asked w hether she could take aw av a hunk of stone. 1 he Inirlv mail said it would be okay with him but he wondered why she wanted it. ".My husband and I w ere married here three years ago.'' the woman said. "I know it sounds silly, but we thought it would he nice to have a souvenir of it." Like Father, Like Son M recking seems to he a family affair. .Mans* of the house w reckers and ironworkers are doing work their fathers did before them. Some of them, in fact, picked up the hoblw w hen little hoys, anil it has staved with them ever since. 1 hcv arc strong men w irh appe tites like horses. Around larger cities. .1 large number of wrecking men are immigrants from l-'urope. Like the foreman on a New \ork job who is built like a Sherman tank, weighs ; io. and is good football ma terial at the age of 6;. Wielding an 11-pound crowbar or a backbreaking sledge hammer -- the two most important w recking tools -- is a rugged dav's work. 1c is not rare in the industry for a man to rake a vacation that is 111 reality a rest cure. Collapsing walls, up ended spikes, and accidental tails also account for the fact fhar pre miums on workmen's compensation insurance arc high. A contractor often pas s as much as nnc-thu\t of his costs for insurance alone. But the life of a wrecker has its compensations. It's work for a real man -- outdoors and physical. \\ ages today are best even a common la borer draws Si.No per hour in the New York City Local of the Hodcarrier's Union; an iron "monkey gets up to S;.;n per hour. Hack in the early Twenties, a wrecker could expect about Si.;s a day. 16 ETC 23373 Da vs required ro do a particular job varv widely. 1 he Walsh firm aimed at levelling rhe Murrav Hill in 90 davs; a five-dour hrownstone dwelling could be brought down in side of a week. The fabulous Van derbilt .Mansion on New York's Fifth Avenue, where socialites of a bvgone dav graced its portals, is no more after Wreckers and Excava tors, Inc., worked on it for two months. This same eompanv plans on having the promised L'N head quarters' area flat as a football field earlv this Spring, len months were required to clear a thousand decrepit tenement building1- off blocks in lower .Manhattan where spacious new medium-cost apartment houses now stand. Not all house w reck in" is wreck ing houses or buildings. Versatile demolition men tackle anything from a one-room shack to a skvscraper. a factorv. or a rank. Not lontr ago. 1101c than two dozen outmoded 'forage ranks owned b\' an oil eompanv w ere dis mantled b\' a wreck mu rirm. The steel sheets were march-marked" for refitrimi and shipped orf to (mba. where thev now hold Jwm1c.1L for ravon manufacture. In like manner, old water tanks are frcqucntlv dismantled, before the war. it was common to win" .1 cable over the tip of a tower and simplv pull her over like a falling Sequoia with a bulldozer. During the war. manv of these vital struc tures were carefullv taken apart bv wrecking crews to be rebuilt in other locations. One such tank was shipped out to a lonelv Pacific atoll where it was used to give sweaty GFs their first real bath in two months. Tied to New Construction .Most wrecking, though, is closely allied with the construction trade. The more building, the more wreck ing; and the less rime required for dismantling, the better for a con tractor's purse. Even w-hile a build ing is coming down, engineers are 1 already taking earth-soundings to discover how deep thev can drivefoundation pilings for new con struction. Perhaps svmbolic of a trend, the hotel known as "the old ladv of Murrav Hill." where the elder J. P Morgan used to enjov his brandvdipped cigars and w here President Cleveland once had a suite, is now bowing out in favor of a 30-storv office building. The Vanderbilt homestead will also be replaced bv an office build ing. Along rhe river that separates Long Island from Manhattan, the meat-packing houses arc vanishing under w reciters' hammers, and some of the I N buildings w ill take their place. Wreckers and Excavators. New York's once famous Vanderbilt mansion on Fifth Avenue has been razed for a new office building 1: L m yn, t ti f 2S23 '*1 ? ETC 23374 Inc., which is clearing che L"NT area, bid 5506.000 for the five-block job. Located between fashionable Beekman Place and Tudor City -- and overlooking the city jail out on Welfare Island in the riser -- the new UN building's will cost the world around 56; million. The L'nited States is expected to loan this amount to the UN on a 30-year re pay plan. In cities throughout America, big construction projects are being planned, the bigger the better for the wreckers who are called on to break the ground. But. although there is much activity in wrecking circles todav. it still is not a boom. .Wain reason is the slow speed of new construction. Boom or not, the rugged brothers of the demolition fraternity, plung ing in with sledges, bars, and biceps, are lifting the face of American cities. In more wavs than one. you might saw thev are making room for improvement. lAJhafci a ? By Ren Dt'cke Count five points for each correct answer. If your score is at least 50. you know what's going on. If it is 73. or over, you're exceptionally well-informed. If you score 90 or over, show it to the boss -- you're obviously underpaid. 1. These ill-assorted pairs have the same surname. Can you identify them: (a) F. Scott and Geraldine (b) Henry and Harry (c) Margaret and Daniel (d) Orville and Teresa (e) Joseph E. and Marion 2. In which state is the source of the Mississippi River: (a) Mis* souri (b) Wisconsin (c) Min nesota 3. Who introduced ``the watch that made the dollar famous": (a) Waltham (b) Ingersoll (c) Elgin 4. Name the country to which the following monetary units belong: (a) escudo (b) leu (c) zlolv (d) dinar (e) krone 3. W hen were big gloves first worn in a heavyweight cham pionship fight: (a) 1860 (b) 1910 (c) 1892 6. Of what country is Tirana the capital: (a) Lithuania (b) Nigeria (c) Albania 7. What is an isobar: (a) an anti social person (b) a counter where soft drinks are served (c) an imaginary line indicat ing barometric pressure 8. Who wrote "The Merry Wives of Windsor": (a) Dickens (b) Shakespeare (c) Sir Walter Scott 9. What place is sometimes called "The Roof of the World": (a) Tibet (b) Antarctica (c) the Andes 10. Where was "the shot that was heard 'round the world" fired: (a) Bikini (b) Bull Run (c) Concord 11. Identify the following abbrevi ations: (a) VA (b) FHA (c) NAM (d) SEC (e) REA 12. For what sports are these places famous: (a) Goshen, N.Y. (b) Wimbledon. England (c) In dianapolis, Ind. (d) Shrews bury River. N.J. (e) Churchill Downs. Ky. 13. Name the chief U.S. delegate to the UN General Assembly 14. With what sports are the fol lowing terms associated: (a) telemark (b) spare (c) fungo (d) jibe (e) birdie 15. What is a mistral: (a) an ille gal trial (b) a violent wind (c) a foggv dav 16. What is the present name of what formerly were known as the Sandwich Islands: (a) Ku riles (b) Leeward (c) Hawaiian Islands 17. What is the largest fish ever caught by rod and reel: (a) tuna (b) mako shark (c) mar lin 18. What actor and actress won the Academv Award for acting for 1945 19. Where is the deepest reported place in the ocean 20. What is the present salary for the office of: (a) the President of the United States (b) the Vice President (c) a Cabinet member ANSWERS 1. (a) Fitzgerald (b) James (c) Webster (d) W'right (e) Davies Minnesota 3. Ingersoll 4. (a) Portugal (b) Rumania (c) Poland (d) Yugo slavia (e) Denmark and Norway 3. 1892 6. Albania 7. An imaginary line indicating barometric pressure as used in weather forecasting 8. Shakespeare 9. Tibet: the Himalayan Plateau 10. Concord. Mass. 11. (a) Veterans Administration (b) Federal Housing Administration (c) National Association of Manu- facturers (d) Securities and Exchange Commis sion (e) Rural Electrification Administration 12. (a) harness racing (b) tennis (c) automobile racing (d) iceboat racing (e) horse racing 13. Warren R. Austin 14. Skiing (b) bowling (c) baseball (d) sailing (e) golf 15. A violent wind 16. Hawaiian Islands 17. Mako shark 18. Ray Miliand for "The Lost Weekend." and Joan Crawford for "Mildred Pierce" 19. In the Philippines Archipelago -- the "Emden Depth" of 35.400 feet 20. (a) $75,000 (b) $15,000 (c) $15,000 18 ETC 233 Exciting days of oildom's birth are vivid memories for a Titusville resident who recalls the stirring era One of the earliest Drake well pictures shows Mrs. Crumbine as the little girl seated on the left with a playmate in the background. She is shown at the well as she looks today in the photo below Ir is mdki: than 8N years since "Colonel" Edwin L. Drake brought in the first discovery well and starred the oil industry rolling, and yet there is still at least one liv in'! link w ith those stirrinu davs. 1 hat person is a unman nearly 9^ '.cars old - Mrs. Samuel (irumbine -- who still resides in Titusville. Pa., within two miles of the site of I Takes famous oil v ell. A! is. (1 rum bine, a modest, cheerful woman whose looks and sprightly manner belie her vcars. is one of the leu In mu persons u irh first-hand memories that c back m rhe earlv da\ s or rhe oil mdustiu . She has a rich hcriraoc of personal reminis cences. and her memories are as full is rhc\ are varied. 1 he\ include the -'/sior* one Po/i'ifo; Science Jhegnenv Coi/ege C j- o d 2>:a* e >Ve.'i Mcnoi nr 0 ? 1 - ETC 23376 Many oil men who were pupils of Mrs. Grumbine remember her as their teacher at the Drake Street Sc/ioo / in Titusville grow rh of Titusville during its boom thu s, the character of those turbu lent times, and the men who gress up there and developed the industrv -- mam* or whom she knew person ally as pupils in her schoolroom classes. She recalls, too. manv amus ing incidents and times of trageds*. and much or the color and drama of oildom's birth. It was in the Spring of i sA1. a vear and a hair arm* the Drake well was drilled, that .Mrs. Grumbine -- then seven-vear-old Annette M. Fans ell -- njs brought to Titusville bv her pirenrs. 1 hex rook a house a short distance south of the village near the Drake well. Hundreds or other ne comers u ere arrivin'! too. lured there In* the prospect of svinning a torrunc from oil. The move must have been a cour ageous one for the Farwclls. Annette had been horn in sleeps* little Ischua. N. Y. in i s,-1. During the ss inter of is'bo-Oi her ramils* had lived with relarix es near L nion (lira*. Pa. Tirusx die in the carls sixties s\ as a marine boom toss n -- lusts*, crude and bois terous. Gamblers outnumbered church-goers. and there were more saloons than grocers* stores. Life was anvthing but comfortable, pleasant and secure. Annette's father became an oil driller and contractor. He svorked along Oil Creek, and at fabulous Pithole. where the expandin'! and fran tic search for more oil brought in some of the enuntrs 's first big pro ducing ss ells. For a s\ hile he oper ated a small refiners* at Pioneer. In 1S6N. along ss ith Abram James and Norman Potter, he organized the Harmonial Oil Company and drilled the famous Harmonial Well, which opened up the Pleasanmllc area. James picked the site for the we 11 bs* the spiritualistic 'guidance of "Lalah." his imaginars* "Indian maiden." Drake was still in Firusville when \nnerrc mined to the village. The ill fortune which dogged his foot steps after his initial triumph had already begun to make itself felt. In i860 his sponsors, the Seneca Oil Compans*. had relieved him of his responsibilities. Bs* iN6i. svhen the Farwells arrived, Drake had man aged to become a local justice of the peace, handling legal documents tor oil leases. He was a tall, bearded man. natu rally well known to evcrvbods* in the communits*. Somcsvhat shs* and retiring, and not in good health, he lived quietly in the village with his wife and child. He was often seen walking alone on the streets pen sively smoking black Pittsburgh stogies. The man had a legendars* quality about him in the minds of the chil dren of those times. From the talk of their elders, all Titusville bos*s and girls regarded him svith a mixture of awe. reverence and fascination. They knesv it was he ssho had made Titusville a center of interest for the entire country. Thes* knesv. of course, that it \\ as this man who had drilled the first oil well, and ssho svas responsible for mans* of the things their parents found both good and bad about the Titussillc boom. Drake left the village for the last time in 1S66. ss hen Annette was ii years old. Discouraged, with little money, and with his health more ss*retched than ever, the former drs goods clerk, hotel desk man. lug gage agent and railroad conductor dropped into obscurits*. He died in Bethlehem. Pa., on November 4. 18S0. As a child. .Mrs. Grumbine spent mans* pleasant hours around the Drake svell. although she will tel! s*ou. with a quick smile, that she did nor understand the historic impor tance of the strange xvnnden derrick and its machinery. F\*cn so. like chil dren of ans* generation, it w.u run 20 ETC 23377 bein'; where men were doing the curious <;rown-up thine' beyond the understanding' of childhood. One dav in 1864. when Annette was plating around the Drake well with two nei'jhbor;ne children. Alice and Robert l.nekc. a photog rapher came alone :nd wanted to take a picture of it. I ic asked all those around to pose for him. Alice Locke and Annette -eared them selves to the right "f the engine- house door. "L'ncle i - 111\ " Smith, the workman who drilled rhe well, sat on a wheelbarrow in the mreuround. while four men. whose identities to day are not known, -rood in front of the engine-house, l'he photograph is one of the earliest ever taken of the well. Elbridge Locke, the father of iter two playmates, tauehr rhe first school Annette attended -- a one- room building of frontier simplicity not far from the Drake well. Later, when the Farwell fanniv moved into a more comfortable home in the vil lage. she attended t- Inch school, front which she was endeared in 18-:. There was plenr. . yountr uirl even in tit.. etre went to dancnc sinuint!' and music les-' ' in the usual round, of -clto. ,|-n-irl festivities. She dev slowed a creat fondness for readme, mb remem bers poriiu! over .wmmnr. of the (livil War in H.wpc-' i I' . r. i. \ I ark Iwain's Innocents Ir was one of her favorite book-. d he stirrint; time- of `w: e mi hoi .d still stand out vivid'v ::i iter mine! today. The oil boom \ a- every where. Titusville hoimicd and re doubled in popular1"! lynn and again.The furious Inmdmc pi ocram. to keep pace with t w 1 ooj. i.r new arrivals, brought b.-imv'. ho tels. houses, new - ..ami. of course, a forest of de , .- I'omjOi! Jibe Creek. Coopers making barrels for shipping oil worked 24 hours a day. There were always new stories of fortunes made and lost overnight. The smelly oil lamps that burned the first crudely distilled petroleum lighted the Farwell home in Titus ville. In fact the smell of oil in those days seemed to be every place. Men returned from the fields often drip ping with the black stuff. Seepage made Oil Creek an open crucible of petroleum at times. An Education First-Hand At home she heard her father talk about exciting happenings on the Titusville Oil Exchange as the price of oil went up or down. .Mrs. Gruntbine also remembers how, in her senior year at high school, the South Improvement Company created a furor by its attempts to monopolize the oil trade. She literally had an "education'- in the infant oil busi ness through her father and his oil activities. Mrs. Grumbine's rather serious in terests prompted her to become a teacher. For sixteen years she taught in the Titusville schools, first in the grades and then in rhe high school. For several years she was principal of the Main Street School. Here she developed interests, associations and friends that have endured throuuhout her busy lifetime. Her cultural activities were highlighted by a me morable performance of Sarah Bern hardt at the Parshall Opera House in Titusville during the Spring of I 88 1. .Many of her pupils later became active in rhe oil industry. Among rhe boys she taught were James H. Archbold of the Imperial Oil Com pany; Willis and John Fertig of the National Oil Company; R. D. Ben son. president of the Tidewater Oil Company; W. S. Benson, vice-presi dent of Tidewater; Tom McKinney, district superintendent of the South Penn Oil Company; Frank H.Payne, president of the Metric Metal Com pany of Eric; and Christy Pavne. vice-president and treasurer of the Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey. Some of Mrs. Grumbine's early The famous Harmonial well, located by `spiritualism," was drilled by Mrs. Grumbine's father, a local oil contractor ETC 23378 j1 '* .r--, 21 OUR COVER: This night scene of the tetraethyl lead area in Eth\Ts manufacturing plant in Baton Rouge. La. was photo graphed in color bv Scott d'Arazien. OUR PICTURES: Pages 711 (except Page 10. second from top). Philip Gendreau; Page 10. second from top. Press Associa tion; Pages --9. illustrations bv Rodlow Willard; Pages 10 and 11. illustrations bv Harold New man; Pages 14-15, official United Nations photos; Page 16. Wide World; Page 1- (left) Acme Newxpictures. (right 1 Interna tional News Photos; Page 18. il lustration bv Ruth Jennings; Pages 19-11. photos courtesy Drake Well Memorial Park Mu seum. friends later attained distinction. Robert D. Locke, whom she knew at the Drake well in her childhood, drilled with A. P. Karns the first oil well in China for the Chinese gov ernment in 1877. George White, an oil man with extensive interests, be came governor of Ohio. Ida .M. Tarbell. who later became a well known author, used to read Shakes peare and French with .Mrs. Grum- of Titusville, v hich started the great bine. The two of them were close fire of 1880. School was dismissed at friends for manv vears. noon as the conflagration spread, Because of her long life in Titus threatening the very existence of the ville since the beginnings of the oil community. Late in the dav she industrv. .Mrs. Grumbine has known stood on the Franklin Street bridge well manv of the great figures in the and watched flaming oil run dow n earlv development of petroleum -- the hill into Oil Creek. Colonel J. J. Carter, E. O. Emerson, Four vears after her marriage to Henrv Harlev, W. H. Abbott, Jos Samuel Grumbine. prominent local eph Seep, James H. Caldwell, J. C. attorney who had taken an active and J. L. McKinnev, A. B. Howland, part in molding the form of earlv Robert McKelvy and many others. oil leases. .Mrs. Grumbine and her She also recalls Colonel E. A. L. husband were trapped bv the fire Roberts, inventor of the Roberts tor and fiood of 1 89:. With several hun pedo used to revitalize dying wells. dred others from Titusville, thev .Mrs. Elizabeth Barnslev, Roberts' were enjoving an outing at Cana- daughter, is still one of her visitors. dohta Lake when the fire and dood In later vears. Fred Howland, presi broke out on a Saturday night. The dent of Kewanee Oil Company, and disaster kept all those at the outing Axtell Bvles, president of the Amer from returning to Titusville until ican Petroleum Institute, became Monday. special friends. Today. .Mrs. Grumbine lives There are memories of disaster as quietly in the same house she Iras well as memories of boom times in occupied for 59 of the 86 vears she .Mrs. Grumbine's store of knowl has spent in Titusville. The vears edge. One morning she looked out have been kind to her. and she en of the window of her home about joys good health. Although her eve- - o'clock and saw lightning strike sight is failing someu hat. her step one of the oil tanks on the hill south daughter and friends read aloud to her from a variety of magazines and books. She is still much interested in what goes on in the v orld. The radio brings good music, and she enjovs RV/KE ST* automobile rides on pleasant davs. .Manv friends of vestervear call frequently, and find .Mrs. Grumbine a gracious and modest hostess. &4S- Among her souvenirs are a papercutter and paper-weight made from the timbers of the Drake well. She is justly proud of the role she plaved as a member of the Canadolua Chap ter. Daughters of the American Rev olution. which finalv succeeded in having an appropriate marker erected ar the site of the well in 1914. "If he had a cigarette lighter, maybe we could sell him some fluid.' To .Mrs. Grumbine. the Tiuis\ ilkboom is not recorded hktorv. L is what reallv happened -- to her. 22 etc 23379 7 v.sKiiSiV&x&i / ... ROAD RESEARCH INDOORS Most of the work of Ethyl's Research Laboratory in San Bernardino, California, consists of road research programs on fuels and engines. Centered in a great natural proving ground of mountain and desert, the San Bernardino Lab conducts programs under a wide variety of highway, altitude, climatic, and other driv ing conditions. But in support of its road research work, the San Bernardino Laboratory also uses important indoor re search facilities, one example of which is illustrated above. The passenger car shown is being operated on a chassis dynamometer in the San Bernardino Labora tory. With this equipment, a vehicle can be operated in gear under controlled conditions closely approxi mating actual road operation. In front of the car can be seen a duct which directs cooling air against the radiator at velocities up to 85 mph. As the car is driven at various speeds on the chassis dynamometer, data on the vehicle's fuel consumption, power output, and other performance characteristics are obtained. Such information is accumulated to indicate the condition of the engines of vehicles before, during, and upon com pletion of road research programs. The research activities at San Bernardino are con ducted in cooperation with Ethyl's larger research laboratories in Detroit. The joint, comprehensive pro grams of these research plants, now as always, are designed to provide ever better and more economical automotive transportation. mm ETC 233i Prt/,urtd undrr d, ,,c:w,, 0f Amman Mu,turn of Sutural Hi,lory. S V Wfieiryou buy gasoline, the TRADE-MARK f "ETHYl^ll identifies gasoline stepped up ^witiL "Ethyl" antiknock fluid mapciwomahTnorvafniooidangotktiphsunthiiegksdeesrentirsruntiqvti<rI'ng..uvk^.-tc.h- d-teni-*)>mlw-u-v:ji:uu:uo.im:rai.skl'ki<:iNi1t;-idr1ai::::u)>mcniivbmt~-dmn.id>ilegtnierrhn"'ni;ian\sa\i:.eggmt-iviiattenitCeatpsoeeroorasftoyasretlrnioapronvddamkoeemunae.rdrdaodvyaftydsmuiwoykooewleuonuirlttaher.thoaotpecde.crVin"kanvasE.ensagptreehn--teVpthrheteivar.edyuei--uogclsslsppeie."el ."i::`.nurk compound. ETC 23381 ANNIVERSARY ISSUE 25 YEARS OF FEBRUARY 1948 On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the first sale of "Ethyl" gasoline, we have selected for this month's cover an illustration which in a way symbolizes the memorable event. The Refiners Oil Co. service station in Dayton, Ohio, where "Ethyl" gasoline first went on sale back in February, 1923, is reflected against a drop of "Ethyl" antiknock compound. Framing the drop of "Ethyl" fluid are graphic representa tions of its three major ingre dients -- a molecule of tetra ethyl lead, on the left, and molecules of ethylene dichlo ride and ethylene dibromide, respectively, on the right. The atoms in each molecule are represented by various colors -- black, for carbon; yellow, for hydrogen; gray, for lead; green, for chlorine, and red, for bromine. Thus, the tetra ethyl lead molecule is seen to consist of one atom of lead surrounded by four groups of carbon and hydrogen atoms, while the ethylene dichloride molecule consists of four atoms of hydrogen, and two each of chlorine and carbon, and the ethylene dibromide molecule is made up of four atoms of hydrogen and two each of carbon and bromine. The illustration was pre pared by Walter Hortens, who was graduated from the Fine arts course at Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1936. This month, Mr. Hortens is leaving for Paris, where he will study painting for a year at the Ecole Nationale des Beaux Arts, FIRST SALE OF "ETHYL" GAS 3 The time was February 2, 1923; the place a service station in Dayton, Ohio. A motorist drove into the station, had his tank filled -- and a new era in automotive transportation began. TAKE ETHYL FOR EXAMPLE By Charles F. Kettering 7 "Boss Ket" has a deep understanding of the human problems of business as well as the economic factors. Using Ethyl as a case history, he explains his philosophy of building an American business from an idea -- as only someone with his long and rich experience could write the story. EARLY RECOLLECTIONS OF TOM AND ETHYL 11 By Dr. Robert E. Wilson Bob Wilson followed the work of his friend Tom Midgley, step by step during the long search for an antiknock compound. Here he relates some anecdotes of that experience which have never before been told. SALESMEN CAN SELL PRODUCTS --BUT IT TAKES A MISSIONARY TO SELL AN IDEA 15 . . . and if was no easy task for Ethyl's representatives to educate the public to the concept of improved motor fuel. THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS 20 Tumultuous events and humdrum experiences of the past quartercentury formed the environment in which "Ethyl" gasoline was born and raised. THIS BUSINESS OF SERVICE 27 "Customer Services," as they have come to be known, started before the first gallon of "Ethyl" gasoline was sold 25 years ago and their development has matched the growth of volume through the years. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl'' antiknock compound, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Edward l. Shea, president; Stanley T. Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Gonzalez, secretory ETC 23383 1 Twenty-five Years Ago... THE REFINERS OIL CO. ETHYL ASSESS!? Product the General flotors Research Corporation. FIRST SALE OF "ETHYL" GAS It was an important day in the history of automotive progress when a motorist drove up to a Dayton station to buy the first gallon ike. Redelle <;a\ r. his ov ercoat ing at Sixth Street. A trolley car rat M collar a -hove and buried his tled past him, and a few pedestrians chin a little deeper in its warmwthe.nt about their business. If it hadn't As his Buick touring car swung into been for the warning indicator on Main Street in Davmn. Ohio, he his gasoline gauge, and a red and pulled out his watch -- ves. he had white sign beside the road, that par plenty of time to make the lab-- ticular morning would have been the General .Motor-. Research Cor like many another in Mike's active poration Laboratory at Moraine life. City. As manager of rhe local GM The gasoline gauge told Mike his recreation center, he had sonic de tank was nearly empty. The red and tails to straighten out before next white sign told him something else. week's events. It was the first of thousands of signs Traffic wasn't especially heavy as which would soon bring welcome Mike approached the -.ulroad cross news to America's motorists. In big capital letters, it read: ETHYL GAS--ANTI-KNOCK GASOLINE." Mike bumped across the railroad tracks and swung into The Refiners Oil Company filling station where the sign, scarcely dry. had been hung only a short time before. Al most at once he spotted 'Shorty'' Wells, a General Motors Research Laboratory worker, and others he recognized. As Alike pulled up to a gasoline pump under the new sign. "Shorty" grinned ar him and walked over to "Ethyl" gasoline was origin ally sold at this service station at Sixth and Main Streets in downtown Dayton 3 ETC 233 the car. .Mike knew this must he the dav his friends at the laboratory had been talking about for a long time. Well." said .Mike. -It looks like vmi've gone and done it. Hoy are things going.1" "Ask me tomorrow." Shortv re plied. "We've just got everything set. In fact vou're the first cus tomer." That's how F. .M. Redelle. long a prominent figure in the sports and recreational life of Davron. became the first man in the country to buv "Kthvl" gasoline on the morning it went on public sale for the first time. The date was February 19:', -- I list rwcntv-rivc years ago this month. Mike will li\es in Davton. and clearly recalls what happened on that Mgniricant date. Like other motorists, however, who literally \\ aired in line later in the day to try our rhe new product, he did not rcali/c he teas taking part in what was actually rhe beginning of a new era in automotive transportation. He had almosr forgotten his place in the scene at rhe sendee station until in quiries about the first customer were made a few years ago. Neither could Alike have known that the gasoline sluicing down the hose into his tank would be the first of countless billions of gallons of "Ethyl" gasoline sold since that morning. There was no wav for him to foresee the important role "Ethyl" antiknock compound was to plav in the development of better engines, better fuels, and the most efficient and economical transportation anv nation has ever had. What Alike-did know already was thar rhe mysterious compound worked. Along with others asso ciated with the laboratory, where the antiknock fluid had been discov ered. Mike had been one of a num ber of General .Motors employes and others who had often used their own cars as mechanical guinea pigs to rrv out the antiknock fluid as well as its experimental predecessors. On the morning Mike Redelle made his purchase of "Ethyl" gas, two groups of men were equally concerned with the wav the new venture would turn out. To the lab oratory staff, headed by Charles F. Kettering, the public sale of gasoline containing "Ethyl" antiknock com pound represented rhe culmination of years of faithful effort. To offi cials of The Refiners Oil Company, it was a daring business venture yet to prove its soundness. They spent weeks making care ful and detailed arrangements for "The Dav." Harry A. Mack, the laboratory's purchasing agent and assistant business manager, took charge of arrangements with Refin ers, and saw to it that enough fluid was ready to mix with 900 gallons of gasoline earmarked for k 4 ETC 23385 oK'Jfj %V Recalling eld times at lunch are these former officials of Refiners Oil Company, (he first to sell "Ethyl" gasoline. From left to right they are Willard E. Talbot, R. M. Beard, Karl S. Meuche, and Fowler S. Parrott. Harry Mack of Ethyl, standing, helped with arrange ments for the first day's sale Mike Redelle, above, first to buy "Ethyl" gasoline, still uses it. Here he is buying a tankful from Harry Reehl, who also figured in the first sale back in 1923 delivery on the dav of tire first sale. The oil company, through Mack, ordered a special globe for the pump from which "Ethyl" >1 inc would be sold, and had the advertising sign painted to attract customers. Refin ers had chosen the station at Sixth and .Main not only because it was conveniently located for how mow n motorists, hut because the com pany s offices were in a budding im mediately adjoinin'?. I xecurncs as sociated with Refiners wanted to keep a close check on the w. \\ the venture would turn our. If Harry Reel'd. Refi lie ''() I ( iimpanv driver-salesman, hau been on rime, the first sale of "I rw, ." gaso line would have taken n . . -m dux before .Mike Redelle became the first customer. Harry was delayed in de livering his load of gasoline to the station -- in fact the delay nearlv cost him his job. It took about an hour for Arthur R. Rrulrakcr. General .Motors chem ist. and Charles R Harding, a labo ratory worker, to pour the "Ethyl" compound into the storage tank as each ion gallons of gasoline was un loaded from the rank truck. Harrv Mack was there too. supervising the operations. Arthur Kelsey, station manager, then ran a few "tests." rilling the glass bowl of the pump w irh blended gasoline. The next dav. blinking with sleep. I'rubaker. Harding and "Shortv" Wells were on hand at <S A.M.. taking care of last-minute derails. Mack arrixed shortly after wards and was joined later bv Refiners Oil Company executives. ETC 23386 Thev included Robert S. King, president; Willard E. Talbot, vicepresident and general manager; Clyde Morner. assistant general manager; Fou ler S. Parrott, secre tary and treasurer; R. M. Beard, su pervisor of stations, and Arza E. Millard, in charge of wholesale dis tribution. Station Manager Kelsey. Assistant Manager John B. Handle, and two part-time high school student aides. Ralph L. Davis and Irvin Curtin, were assigned to take care of the first day's sales. The driveway and the station itself had been scrubbed and swept immaculately. Tension mounted when the first Davton mo torists began to appear on the streets as stores and offices got ready to open for the day's business. Not long after Mike Redelle had made his initial purchase early that morning, motorists bejan to respond in increasing numbers to the news that a new kind of gasoline was be ing sold for the first time. Before the day was over, cars were lined up along the curb, waiting their turn at the "Ethyl" gasoline pump. The Refiners Oil men began to breathe more easily. At least the experiment was oft to a aood start. A* If the first day's results cheered Refiners, they must have brought a tingling exhilaration to one man in particular. He was Thomas .Midg lev, Jr., who had headed up the re search at General Motors which fi nally brought about the discovery of the antiknock properties of tetra ethyl lead, principal ingredient of "Ethyl" antiknock compound. .Midglev dashed back and forth from the laboratory to the service station half a dozen times during the first day's sales, asking questions, talking with customers, and joking with the Refiners officials. Sharing his exuberance were T. A. Bovd, Carroll A. Hochwalt, James P An drew, and others who had worked closely with him on the discovery. The story of how the almost mi raculous antiknock properties of tetraethyl lead were discovered has become a fascinating chapter in the history of automotive transporta tion. It is a story typical of the wav other great discoveries have been made -- through the sweat, the per sistence and the faith of men who believed they could accomplish what they had set out to do. Since 1916, when Midglev first went to 'work for Kettering, the two men and their associates had been looking for an answer to what seemed an insoluble problem -- how to prevent engines from knocking. By the Spring of 19:1, .Midglev and the others were depressed and discouraged. Thev had tried just about all known chemicals mixed with test fuels, and had almost ex hausted their ingenuity. Midglev fi nally decided to make a different kind of survey of possible newchemical compounds, trying an ap proach stemming from the ideas of Dr. Robert E. Wilson. About this time Midglev hit upon the idea of building a "scale model" of the periodic table, using pegs to indicate the results of experiments already made, and the probable ten dency of other compounds as anti knock agents. Short pegs were "duds." and the longer pegs were actually or theoretically the more successful compounds. He found evidence that derivatives of cer tain familiar metals held the most promise. The old fervor had been rekin dled. Midglev and his co-workers, with more confidence than they had enjoyed for a long time, investigated the antiknock properties of tin tetra chloride. Then they tried its ethyl derivative. Tetraethyl tin proved a much more potent antiknock agent than the researchers had expected. But. .Midglev pondered, if tetraethyl tin was good, wouldn't tetraethyl lead be even better? In December. 19:1. Bovd and Hochwalt tried tetraethyl lead ex perimentally in the single cylinder Delco engine which had been used so many times before for tests with (Commue.i on Page ;;i Among those associated with the early days of "Ethyl" antiknock fluid are Dr. Robert A. Kehoe, James P. Andrew, Harry A. Mack, and Robert S. King ETC 23387 CSpRtES F. KETTERING America needs more understand ing of how a business gets going he histok'i of "Krhvl" gasoline important if it is to live and grow. Ttor the first rw entv-tive vears But this simple natural process is not of its life is nut mi verv differenwt ell understood bv most people from that of .in\ other new thing. when dealing with new ideas. The Ideas grow verv much like plants; recent negative attitude of the govvon have to sow the seed, and when ernment toward industrv has been the shoots tit'; come through the largelv brought about because most ground. thc\ are mure render and people in government do not under vulnerable. Proper cultivation and stand the process bv which ideas care of the pi.;:-.: -n tins stare is verv grow. We have seen this manifest in re cent patent decisions in which the ''flash of genius" principle was made the basis of invention. If wc w ere to go back over the vears of our te dious research, it would be verv dif ficult to And at what point the flash of genius came, in the development of "Ethvl" gasoline, because our carlv work was rnostlv a succession ot failures, with just enough suc cesses to keep us going. I should like to emphasize here that in doing a new thing which has no precedent whatever, onlv occasionallv docs anvthing go right; and at least nincrv percent of the time it goes wrong. New and unexpected difficulties have to be overcome, and ETC 23388 even after long searches vield a new discoverv, nobodv knows how to produce the product, or anvthing about its use, or what further de velopments are needed. Growth naturallv introduces another set of problems; the difficulty of expand ing when vou take on new people; and the public naturallv misuses anv new product. It has been mv good fortune to go through at least a dozen of these new developments; two or three of them were chemical, others were elec trical. and still others mechanical. The life historv of all these is verv much the same. There is a period, however, in all such developments which I call the "shirt losing zone." That is the time after the product is put on the market -- the public has started to buv it. but through com petition or misuse, it gets a verv serious set-back. I am sure we all re member this period in Ethvl. This is the most dangerous period in the development of an idea into a busi ness. and having had a large number of experiences. I am sure that a num ber of verv good ideas must have been abandoned at this point. Twenty-five vears ago. when we sold the first tank of "Ethvl" gaso 'He received practicallv all of the line, nobody could have predicted medals that can be given for original what would happen (either good or work in chemistry. Many of his as bad) to this verv new, and at that sociates, like himself, in rhis work time, questionable product. were men who happened to be on No product can be independent location, so to speak, at the time of the people who developed it. The when new problems and new ex story of these earlv developments is periments were devised. so well known to most of our read With this and other histories in ers, that I will not take time to men mind, I am still perfectly willing to tion manv of the incidents here. YVe undertake almost anv new project all know the great part which with the people who happen to be Thomas Midglev and his associates at hand when the work is started, plaved in the development of the provided these people do not have primary product, tetraethvl lead. pre-concelved ideas as ro whether There is one very interesting lesson the experiment is a good or bad one; that came out of this particular de or, if it is good, just how it must velopment, which seems to have come out. The desire to do is in been completelv lost during the ex finitely more important than know travaganza of the war; and that is, ing how. that we developed "Ethvl" gasoline In reviewing the history of Ethvl with the people who happened to be Corporation and its spectacular on the spot at the time the idea was growth and public acceptance, it started. This was not started as a may look fantastic to people who do great research in which a person not understand what the underlying nel department was asked to hunt economics of the product reallv are. for a special type of scientist. Tom The introduction of "Ethyl" anti Midglev started as a Mechanical En knock compound into our automo gineer, and died as President of the bile fuels stimulated an era of auto American Chemical Society. He be motive and fuel progress which has came a chemist because of the prob resulted in a saving of about one- lems and his ability to learn en route. third of the total gasoline bill to the In 1943, a twen tieth anniversary celebration honor ing the first sale of "Ethyl" gasoline brought together this group, all of whom contributed to the success of "Ethyl" antiknock compound. Seated are Thomas Midgley, Charles F. Kettering, and T. A. Boyd. Standing are Carroll A. Hochwalt and Charles A. Thomas ETC 23389 The life history of many new developments, "Boss Ket" points out, is much the some. After a new idea or approach to a problem is suggested, a long and usually costly period of research work follows -- a period Tilled with countless difficulties, disappointments and failures. Finally, after great faith and persistence, a new product is developed It is this period--after the new product is first marketed--that is the most dangerous in the development of an idea into a business. This is what "Boss Ket" calls the "shirt-losing" period of an invention, and a time when a lot of good ideas are abandoned. But if that product survives, and the company makes good, all share in the rewards American public: rh.it is. the net gains to the public :n unproved efhcicncv in the:; oiromobiles were ct]tin 1 to ;ill tho\ would have gotten tl'oni old-fashioned engines using one-third more gasoline. ,md w ere mam* times greater than the ror.il vuiuinc of business done hv the I'.thvl Corporation. n> s.u* nothing of the small percent of rhi- that w as net protit. "I'.rlivl" gasoline o a v er\ good example of w liar I haw often dis cussed as the "iloralc-arnni norem" in business. Tier r, a companv which makes and sells a product, if ir hopes to stav in business, must sell the product for more than it costs. Bv this same thinking, the product must be worth more to the cus tomer than what he paid for it. or the product cannot be a commercial success. In discussing this with a friend of mine, w ho is in the machinerv business, he said that tor their particular line (which is cen trifugal separators), the customer, as a wile, made rwentv-five rimes as much profit bv the use of the ma chine as the manufacturer did tor designing. building and selling it. I iIn I" antiknock compound stand-, in c\ cn belter ratio to its cus tomers the ml companies -- anti to ns iilnmare consumers -- the pub lic in us economic rewards over pi'oin , io rhe corporation than the i ai In i unusual example 1 mentioned, h iiuglu be cited as an example of the *n iplc-prolit s\ stem" ill busi ness. ( >m "i the mam reasons win we kepi nun working on rhe problem ol I. no, I, 111 spue of a lot I't discomeong experiments was that then, as now, people said that America was running short of oil. There was a big reward to the pub lic as well as to the oil and automo bile businesses if we could find a wav ro make automobiles run more miles on a gallon of gasoline. Since "Ethvl" antiknock compound has been on the market its use in gaso line has conserved over a billion bar rels of crude oil. And with todav's increasing demands for still more gasoline, the promise of saving ad ditional billions in the future is evi dence of the soundness of the origi nal research goals, even though no one could then have hoped that the results of that research would offer a promise of such great value to the oil industrv tventv-five vears later. It is verv difficult for manv of us who are in such close association to realize the great importance of auto mobile transportation. Therefore, anvthing that facilitates it, such as a more efficient fuel, has a much deeper economic significance than simply the making and selling of a specific product. When we sold the first few gallons of "Ethvl" gasoline on Main Street in Dayton. Ohio, we could nor realize the troubles which lav ahead anv more than we could visualize the tremendous factor which this would be in our every day transportation. We could have made no prediction then that it would plat- such a dramatic part in the national defense such as was shown in World War II. The British sav that if it had not been for tetra ethyl lead they would have lost the Battle of Britain. Similar expressions of its value can be had from many important people in many important positions. This peacetime development of a new type of fuel, like so many other industrial products, became one of the determining factors in the win ning of the war. I have assembled a series of notes which I hope some day to have writ ten in the form of an early history of Ethyl, not so much from the standpoint of a chronology, but as a typical example of how American industry is developed and serves the world in so many unexpected ways. As we complete this twenty-five years of our history, we look for ward with an entirely different per spective than the one we had when we started. We are a great commer cial organization now which is in a competitive field. The significance of our product is even greater today than it has been at any time in the past. The development of the inter nal combustion engine, and its many applications, is still far from finished and will depend on "Ethyl" fluid more in the future than it ever did in the past. We start the second twentv-five years with a rich background of ex perience and understanding that is just as important, to mv wav of thinking, as having a good product. Our public good will, which Earle Webb has developed along with our customers and sales relationship, merits our attention and respect. We have a good sales organization which is distributed all over the countrv. We have a fine manufacturing plant with well-trained personnel who are endowed not onlv with abilitv but also enthusiasm and foresight. Our product is now proved and ac cepted. Our research and develop ment groups are as fine as can be procured both from the standpoint of personnel and facilities. These re search people have imagination, and initiative of Ethvl quality. It seems to me that our main problem in launching the second twentv-five vears, is to raise our sights high enough to properlv esti mate our opportunities-, because, just as "Ethvl" gasoline created eco nomic situations bevond anvthing that its originators could have fore cast, so will an organization with vitalitv and enthusiasm always outdo anv conservative forecast it might make. It is a profound satisfaction to me to have seen one of our unconven tional ideas make such tremendous progress in twentv-five years, and also to envisage what perfectlv mar velous opportunities still lie ahead. The General Motors Research Corp. lab oratory in Moraine Cify, Ohio, where Thomas Midgley and his associates car ried on the long and costly research work that eventually resulted in tetra ethyl lead. The lab is now a part of the F rigidaire Division of General Motors ^ Tirflffii'fir ijr V EAIU.Y CONTACTS with Tom Midglcv and Ethyl were closely tied with meetings of va rious scientific and technical socie ties. We were both ardent convention hounds, partly because of the scientific stimuli they afforded, but even more because both of us have always had our closest friends among the scientific and engineering fra ternity. Seeing him thus at intervals of several months, the progress he and his associates were making in trying to understand the mechanism of knocking, and learning how to prevent it. made the work appear even more dramatic than it prob ably did to those closely associated with the daily grind of experiments, many of which were doubtless dis appointing. The first time 1 met Tom. in the fall of 1 q i -. he told me the dramatic story of the Mid"lev indicator and showed example' of bow different fuels "write their own calling cards" on his indicator diagrams. He had definitely proven that, contrary to general beiur. knocking and preignition were different things, and that knocking was a chemical char acteristic of the fuel. He pointed out that benzol and cvclohex.mc. which latter he had succeeded in making in his Dayton laboratory, knocked much less than gasoline. and gasoline much less man kerosene. Almost every rime I saw Tom be had some new rhenrv regarding the An old friend and associate of Thomas Midgley tells, in warm and human terms, what it took to find tetraethyl lead mechanism of detonation or of anti knock action, on which I was the professional skeptic. While succes sive theories were usually discred ited by further experimental work, they were always stimulating and frequently led to discoveries of im portance. The most striking ex ample of this was in his early work when he was trying to theorize as to why kerosene knocked worse than gasoline. He seized upon rhe obvious difference in volatility, and postulated that possibly most of the kerosene remained in droplets until after combustion started and then vaporized very suddenly with a re sultant roo-rapid explosion. If this explanation were correct, he rea soned that by dyeing the kerosene it might be possible to make the droplets absorb radiant heat fn mi the combustion chamber and hence vaporize sooner. Had Tom been a good physicist he could have doubtless found bv calculation that this theory w as un tenable. bur being a mechanical en gineer he fortunately decided that it was much easier to try ir out than to do rhe calculations. He accord ingly ucnr rn the stock........ in search of some oil-soluble d\ c. and as usual the stockroom was just out of the desired produce. However, Fred Chase suggested that iodine was oil-soluble and would color the kerosene, so Tom promptly dis solved a substantial quantity of iodine in the kerosene, tested it in a moderately high-compression en gine. and found to his delight that the knocking was eliminated. Tom immediately sent out to scour Dayton for all available samples of oil-soluble dyes and that afternoon tested out several different ones in rapid succession without setting the slightest result from any of them. To clinch the matter, he added a col orless iodine compound to the gaso line and found that this stopped the knock'. Thus, the first theory of de tonation went to start the grave yard. which is now faith' well filled, bur along with its demise came the real birth of Tom as a chemist, and for rhe next few r ears he was an insatiable student of every branch of chemistry to aid him in endeav oring to explain his observations and ro make new compounds for rrial as antiknock agents. Three or four meetings prior to and after the birth of "Ethyl" gaso line stand out in my recollection. I>\ this time I had returned from rhe Chemical Warfare Serv ice to be come Director of the Research Laborators of \pplicd Chemistry at the Mass.ichuserrs Institute of Technol ogy. In the fall of n;:o I was asked ! .1 f i I a 11 ETC 233 92 bv Van .Manning, newly appointed Director of Research of the Ameri can Petroleum Institute, to serve on an advisory committee to recom mend research problems which the Dr. Midgley used this equipment to demonstrate the effectiveness of antiknock agents before the American Chemical Society in 1922 Institute might well finance. When I attended the meeting I was disap pointed to find that two men I had particularly looked forward to see ing. C. F. Kettering of General Mo tors and Dr. W M. Burton. Presi dent of Standard of Indiana, were not present. However, this was com pensated bv the fact that I happened to be seated next to Tom. who was representing Ket. and we spent most of our time discussing ideas and information we had on fuels and lubricants. Tom was then particularly enthu siastic about the possibilities of ani line, though, as always seemed to be the case when he discovered a new antiknock agent, he had to go The late Or. Midgley, at the age of 35, with the first engine he used to test his discovery. The Midgley Opti cal Indicator is on top of the engine to work to improve the methods of manufacture and lower the cost before the agent would be eco nomically feasible. He also had some hopes then for his first ethvl compound, ethvl iodide, if he could just locate a plentiful source of iodine. Mv next significant meeting with Tom was at the Rochester meeting of the American Chemical Society, in April 19:1. where we both be came charter members of the Petro leum Division. Tom was very much interested in a paper which I pre sented on measuring the effective volatility of different fuels, and urged me to go to West Baden in June of that year to present chis in formation before the Spring meet ing of the Society of Automotive Engineers, stopping off at Dayton to visit his laboratory. I was, of course, very happy to do this, and had the good fortune to room with Tom throughout this meeting, at which we really became very well ac quainted. Bv chance on the last day we discovered that we had both been born in a suburb of Beaver Falls, Pa., and that the same doctor had presided over our respective arrivals in the early nineties; and we later discovered that when the Midgley family moved awav when Thomas was four, they sold his folding bed to mv parents, and I and mv brother and sisters successively used it in subsequent years. This naturally led to a very close friendship which lasted throughout our lives. At the West Baden meeting Tom's current enthusiasm was diethvl telluride. which was better than any pre vious antiknock agent. His friends were treated to several rides in highcompression cars over the hills around French Lick Springs. While it was much more efficient per pound or per dollar than aniline, it had the serious drawback that when minute quantities were inhaled or absorbed through the skin it resulted in tellurium "poisoning." the out standing symptom of which was a strong, garlic-like odor apparently given off from every pore of the body and affecting everything and everyone with whom the victim came in close contact. His friends, after even short contact with Tom. who had a bad case, were convinced that this disadvantage would make the commercialization of dierhvl telluride impossible. butTom pointed 12 ETC 23393 out thac as soon as the entire popu lation got infected the problem would disappear, as the victims would soon become unable to detect the odor! This country has many reasons to be grateful for the discoverv of tetraethyl lead, and in my opinion not the least of these is the fact that, had it not been discovered, [ feel sure that Tom would have worked out some wav to put diethyl tclluride across! Its widespread use in the United States might have solved our immigration problem and irarlic-eaters would have felt quite at home. At this meeting I showed Tom a new chart of the periodic system I had drawn up. arranging the ele ments according to both their electropositive and electronegative properties in accordance with Lang muir's new ocrct theory, and bring ing out certain relationships which had not generally been appreciated. Tom was greatly interested in this, especially since he had found that the antiknock properties of various agents were primarily properties of the elements, and had some indica tions that the antiknock effect of an clement varied predictably with its location in the periodic svstem. He later indicated rii.it the effort to put this relationship on a more quanti tative basis for an article, and the use of mv chart of the elements, was largely responsible for trying tetra ethyl lead after great difficulty in getting a suitable volatile lead com pound. It was at the annual meeting of the Society of Automotive Engi neers in New York in January 192: that Tom, with an air of great ex citement and secrecy, showed me a little tetraethyl lead in a test tube and told me that that was really the answer to the whole problem. Its efficiency, he said, was very much higher than that of any previously discovered compound, and it ap peared to be free from every one of the difficulties which had plagued earlier attempts to solve the prob lem, Of course, he did not yet appre ciate either the toxicity or the de posit problems. Shortly thereafter General Motors financed an inves tigation at my M. I. T. laboratory of the feasibility of making tetraisopropvl lead bv an electrolytic action between lead electrodes in a solu tion containing acetone. However, this did not prove competitive with improved methods which were later worked out for the manufacture of tetraethyl lead. Shortly after this, in October 192:, I came to the Standard of In diana as Assistant Director of Re search, carrying with me my great interesc in tetraethyl lead. I took steps immediately to set up an en gine laboratory, and brought mv former associate from M. I. T., Dan Barnard, to design and direct it, par ticularly with a view to studying antiknock problems. I asked Tom to be sure to let me know as soon as he felt that tetraethyl lead was ready for commercial use, as I wanted to interest our company in it. While automotive engineers at that time realized that bv the use of antiknock fuel one could design higher compression engines and ob tain substantial economies as the re sult, there appeared co be almost in superable problems in getting it on a commercial basis. One could not sell high-compression engines unless the fuel was generally available, and one could not expect high antiknock fuel to be widely distributed unless and until there was a real demand and need for ir. Many people in the oil industry felt that this problem was almost insoluble, but Tom's con viction as to the importance of the economy kept him working away and led to the development of the first step in answering this problem, namely, the use of a small metal con tainer which permitted the direct addition of small quantities of "Ethyl" fluid to the gasoline at the pump. This method obviously had m.mv disadvantages and serious health hazards which were not at rirsr appreciated, but it did make it possible to get started without hav ing to overcome the obstacle of making the oil industry install du plicate sets of tanks and pumps to handle premium sasoline. Professor M. T. Bogert present ing Dr. Midgley with the Perkin medal in 1937. Dr. Wilson, on this occasion, delivered the address honoring the medalist 13 ETC 2 3 Early trials at Davton bv a local jobbing company brought out the fact that a surprisingly large num ber of people were willing to pay several cents a gallon premium for a product which they believed to have merit, even though all it did was to wipe out a small amount of knock in engines which were rather badly carboned up. The psychologi cal demand for something new and more expensive was a great help in getting "Ethvl" gasoline on the mar ket. and in establishing the premium grade system which has done so much for automotive progress. Even with this demonstration, how ever, Tom was unsuccessful in interesting any of the larger oil com panies in the East and decided that the only wav to get started was to work with jobbers who would be willing to go to a good deal of trouble in order to have a distinctive product. I persuaded him. however, to come out and talk with our peo ple. and when he told Dr. Burton rhat he could hardly expect a lanje company to go to the large expense and risk the loss of prestige which might result from failure. Dr. Bur ton interrupted to say that the Standard of Indiana was not afraid to pioneer anything if they felt that the venture was technically sound. I was assigned the problem of de termining its soundness, and spent several weeks looking into all as pects, making road tests, etc. In the course of this investigation, with testing methods still rather crude, we found to our mutual sur prise that our cracked gasoline had definitely better antiknock proper ties than straight-run gasoline, and hence needed somewhat less lead than the usual gasolines of that day. The details of the very first con tract with a major company were worked out on a train to Atlantic City, where Tom and I were going to attend a meeting of the American Society for Testing Materials in June 19:3. The principal point of argu ment before we finally reached agreement was as to the length of the exclusive period to which we thought we were entitled if we pioneered the venture in the Mid dle West. Agreement was finally reached in September 1923.----- - While there were times in the early years, with the toxicity scare and deposit troubles, that we were both seriously worried, the contract worked out to the mutual advan- America's first antiknock factory. This crude appara tus made tetraethyl lead in one-gallon batches at the Gen eral Motors Research Corp. laboratories in Moraine City, Ohio j:age of both companies, and to Tom and me personally in bringing us to the attention of the higher-ups in our respective companies. The history of Ethyl from these early days is well documented, but there is one more incident which should be mentioned. When nego tiating the contract I had urged on Tom that General Motors consider taking us in as a partner because I was sure we could help in solving the marketing and other problems. Tom said General .Motors was not interested, but that if they later be came interested, he would let me know. Several months later he said that they might be interested in a partnership arrangement and asked me to sound out our people. I talked with Dr. Burton, who said that the Indiana Company would definitely not be interested in a sideline of this kind, and I so advised Tom. About two months later Col. R. W Stewart, Chairman of our Board, telephoned me at Whiting to ask if I knew anything about a proposed partnership between the Standard of New Jersey and General .Motors to handle ''Ethyl'' antiknock fluid. I told him of mv conversation with Dr. Burton, about which he appar ently did nor know. He got busy on the telephone with Mr. Sloan and promptly went to New York. Any one who thinks there is not compe tition between the Standard Oil companies should have sat in on that meeting! The Colonel was told, however, that the deal had already been agreed upon and that they were not willing to reopen it. Had it not been for this I would probably have sat with Tom on the Ethvl Board, as I did for many years on the Board of the American Chemical Society. Be that as it may. I shall never forcret. nor cease to be thankful for. msmany associations with Torn and Ethyl. ETC 23395 No crowd was foo big or too little for an Ethyl man, demonstrating the merits of "Ethyl" gasoline he iim.SE lights dim. Footlights Tgo on. A hush falls over the au dience. The curtain goes up. An opening night on Broadway? No Not an evening gown is in sight Coveralls are the fashion here. This is no Theater Guild production. It's the Progressive Oil Company Show for an exclusive audience: their dealers. The scripr is held together by a slender thread of story and its moral is plain -- how to sell more tires, bat teries and accessories. The Proijres- Refiners Oil Co., as the side curfain on fhis de monstration truck proudly proclaims, was the first to market "Ethyl" gas oline. It was a I so the first of many oil companies which, in cooperation with Ethyl Corp., gave demonstrations at service stations showing the mean ing of better fuels ETC 23396 sive Oil Companv is just using the glamour and trappings of the stage to get more power from sales pro motion and merchandising tools. Teaching by precept, showmanship in business -- call it what you will. Xow look at the cast. That tall man plat ing the part of the cus tomer is John Jones. Ethvl represen tative. And what, vou ask, is an Ethvl representative doing at a Progressive TBA meeting? Just helping out. In this case he's taking the place of a man who became ill at the last moment. But it's an old custom with Ethvl men. A good part of their time is spent helping out customer companies, and the stage is no stranger to them. Ethvl men in the earlv davs had to be not onlv showmen but mis sionaries. Their text book was a knocking engine and their pulpit was anv handv street comer. When an Ethvl man left home in those fabulous earlv davs. he kissed his wife and children goodbv with added fervor, because he knew it might be weeks, perhaps months, be fore he saw them again. One rep resentative. in fact, was awav from home for 21 months, living out of a suitcase in a hotel room. Territories covering a dozen states were not un common for these field men. Fif teen meetings in twelve towns in six davs was not an unusual week's work. The Ethvl representatives, then as now, were all trained in engineering, and were well versed in the techni cal phases of their subject. But be sides being technical men, they also had to be travelling showmen, mov ing from town to town, promoting their own show -- and taking the bitter with the sweet. They lectured, they instructed, and what is more important, they sold the oil indus try and the public on the merits of "Ethyl" gasoline. Theirs was a vital role in starting the Ethyl Corpora tion on the road to success. In the beginning, their job was primarily to assist in the installation of "Ethyl" fluid mixing plants at re fineries, to advise on the standard safety precautions, and to talk be fore groups of oil company em ployes and service station dealers. Later, almost always in cooperation with an oil company, they arranged to give demonstrations of "Ethyl" gasoline at a local service station, to which the public at large was cor dially invited. The original one-cylinder demon stration engine an Ethvl man trans ported, weighed nearlv 600 pounds. It had to be uncrated before each demonstration and then crated up again. It had to be in A-i condition at all times. Consequently, the Ethvl representative had to be, among other things, a good mechanic. Resourcefulness was a prerequi site. These field men were supposed to be experts, and unless they an swered the questions thrown at them quickly and conclusively, the dem onstration lost its impact. One day, they might appear before a scien tific or civic group. The next day, they might simplv "talk" to a meet ing of oil people or garage men. But in all cases, thev had to have the answers. Worked All Hours Hours meant nothing. After an evening demonstration, and a great manv of them were held at night, the representative might get in volved in a discussion that would last into the small hours. When it was over, he would crate his engine, grab a few winks of sleep, and move on to the next assignment. When assiOgned to work with Ethyl's customer companies, these men had definite programs laid out for them. Their main job was to hold educational meetings for oil companv personnel and to give dem onstrations at service stations. But occasionallv, as their work schedules permitted, the Ethvl men were given roving assignments. In these cases, their instructions from the home office were to "tell the v l <e~ 16 ui1 iiLiPwiMiaBypi A child of the 600-lb. demonstra tion engine of Ethyl's early days is this later model which fits snugly into the trunk compartment of a car etc 23397 . .if ---- - . gtgHWWeBWWWBWPg"1 * * ~~ <91 "' -- Shown on this page are some of the men who served as Ethyl's field representatives during the I920's. Each of them has been associated with Ethyl since 7928 or earlier A HARRY W. KALEY Vice President -- Sales OSCAR B. LEWIS Assistant General Sales Manager HARRY A. MACK Sales Coordinator, Central Region public about the merits of 'Ethvl' gasoline." Bevond rii.it. each man was on his own. Street corner meetings were not uncommon. Pick a likclv-luoking spot . . . collect a emu d . . . go into action. If the crowd was slow in collecting, the Ethvl man frcquentlv drew attention to lm demonstration by starting up the engine and al lowing it to knoclr. It wasn't too dirriculr to draw a crowd because \mcricans .atwavs love a show . . . parncularlv a free one. And it was a good show! First of all. because it concerned the auto mobile which was a subject of rapidlv growing interest in the mid i9:o's. Also, because there were in triguing instruments-to watch -- the demonstrating engine, a .Midglcv bouncing pin connected with an electric bulb which showed bv flashes the severin' of the detonation, and a volt meter connected with the engine.which gave an indication of power output. The demonstrating engine was high compression and would detonate on almost anv com mercial fuel then available except "I.'.thvl" gasoline. The demonstration itself had over tones of magic. Using a commercial fuel, probablv purchased that dav at a local service station, the demonsrraror would start the onc-cvlinder motor. As the engine warmed up. the knock became apparent. The audience could hear it; second, the electric bulb connected with the bouncing pin would start dashing like a Roman candle. The needle on mmm 17 ETC 2 Hi This Standard of Ohio demonstration truck, set up in front of a station in Findlay, Ohio, adver tised a demonstration of "Efhyf" gasoline in J928 the volt meter was low and slug gish. reflecting the tact that the en gine's power output was low. The demonstrator called attention to all of this in a running commentarv. Then came the magic. Using a medicine dropper, he put two or three drops of "Eth\T' antiknock compound into the gasoline. The audible knock ceased almost immediatelv. The bulb stopped flashing. The needle on the volt meter came n\iV to life with a jerk, as the engine speeded up. Before it became stationarv again, it indicated a substan tial increase in power output. There was no trick to it. It was a demonstration based on a sound scientific principle -- the principle that better fuels make possible bet ter engines, and that better engines give more power and better per formance. Naturally, there were skeptics in manv an audience. It was hard enough for them to understand that gasoline qualitv had any bearing on engine performance, in the first place, much less to appreciate that something added to the gasoline would affect its qualitv. Accordinglv, for the benefit of these people, the Ethyl engineer would frequently carry his demon stration further and show them the difference between ''Ethyl" fluid as a knock inhibitor, on the one hand, and of substances like amyl nitrate and isopropyl nitrate as knock in ducers, on the other. By addins a During the late 30's, an important Ethyl field activity was its ll i *. N omcu&T? "Tune-Up Clinics." At the left, and on the v SAFETY CAR next page, are scenes T-- >v of two of these clin ics, which toured the country for two years ETC 23399 lew drops of amvl nitrate or isopropvl nitrate to the test fuel, the engine was made to knock. Then, In- adding '['.tin 1" fluid to the fuel, rhe knock of course disappeared. That usuallv was enough to con vince the audience that the knocking Tendencies of a fuel were closelv re lated to its chemical composition. For the most part, each audience w atched the demonstration with in terested and thoughtful eves, crowd ing around the demonstration en gine, intrigued bv its special attach ments, and asking innumerable ques tions of the F.thvl engineer. Thev remembered how the familv car had knocked the dav before going up Oak Street hill, and determined to trv this new fuel next time thev bought gasoline. Slowlv but surelv, public demand for "Ethvl" gasoline increased. Meanwhile the demonstrations went on -- at Rotarv Club lunch eons. in town halls, in engineering and chemical -ocietv meetings, and at schools and colleges. Automobile distributors and dealers arranged for demonstrations for their own per sonnel. Exhibit* w ere set up at state and countv fairs. One Ethvl repre sentative once gat e his talk from a church pulpit with minister, choir and parishioners in the pews. About 1930, the missionary as pects of the Ethvl meetings began to give wav to more formalized ac tivities. Field men concentrated their efforts entirely with the sales forces of customer oil companies, and this work increased rapidly as more and more oil companies began selling "Ethyl" gasoline. Some marketers purchased demonstrating engines from Ethvl and began to train their own personnel on the merits of their own individual gasolines containing "Ethvl" antiknock compound. Ethyl's Tune-Up Clinics However. Ethvl men continued to give demonstrations for customer companies and other interested groups for many vears, and thev never lost their talent for showman ship. In the late 1930's the Corpora tion established an elaborate runeup clinic program. Nine separate portable clinics, complete with dy namometers, toured the United States for more than two years. These clinics, which appeared in every important city- of 50,000 or more, helped make the nation "tuneup" conscious through promotion of a better understanding of fuels and motors. Night after night the personnel who staffed the clinics put on dem onstrations for service station men of one customer oil company after another. Sandwiched in between were demonstrations for automobile distributors and dealers and their personnel. Because the "show " w as interesting and educational, many men came back a second and third time. When the territory was cov ered. the clinic men moved on to the next town. Similar educational programs were carried on in the farm tractor field, with manufacturers of buses and trucks, and with fleet operators gen erally. A handful of Ethvl men started and carried on a movement which has practically revolutionized the farm tractor. Bv dint of persis tence and hard work thev eventu ally sold the high compression prin ciple to all the farm tractor manu facturers. In these days of gasoline short ages. there is less of this exploitation work to do. but rhe Ethvl repre sentatives still work closely with cus tomer companies. Thev are still good showmen, reads' to make a speech, give a demonstration or otherwise be of assistance at any time and any place. THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS In addition to being a contribution to automotive progress, "Ethyl" gasoline since its introduction, in 1923, has become a part of the American scene A MERiCA in the 19:0 s was some thing wonderful to behold. Jazz captured the eager imagina tion of America's "flaming youth," and bear out the fast tempo of the times. . . . Men took to wearing wrist watches, and women began smoking cigarettes in public. . . . Gangsters were famous national fig ures, as bootleg liquor and the cor ner speakeasv made a mockerv of Prohibition. . . . The flapper, de scribed so accurately in John Held, Jr.'s sketches, strutted across the scene in her short skirt and bobbed hair. . . . College bovs ran around in raccoon coats too big for them. . . . And a lot of people who should have known better tried to set rich quick in the stock market. Bur underneath the veneer of easv times and plush living was something real and substantial about this era of "Coolidge prosperity." The United States had emerged from World War I to find itself the greatest industrial nation on earth. The oil, automotive and radio indus tries, among others, came into their own as basic factors in the national economy. The automobile popula tion reached the unheard-of total of 26/2 million vehicles, with the industry in one year producing more than 4 /2 million passenger cars -- a record, incidentally, that still stands. It was in the midst of this kaleido scope of events that "Ethyl" gaso line began its career. The simple announcement that "Ethyl" gasoline was put on sale created less than a ripple in the pub lic press. People wanted to know whether the groundhog had seen his shadow that February morning in 1923, rather than learning about that new "antiknock gasoline." Still, by the middle of 19:3, "Ethyl" gasoline was on sale at manv service stations in Ohio, and a few months later. Standard Oil Co. of Indiana started distributing "Ethyl" gasoline in a dozen other states. Bv the time "Ethvl" gasoline was one vear old, the United States was shifting into the high gear of pros perin'. The postwar housing boom was in full swing. The automobile industrv was producing over three million cars a vear. And, as further signs of the times, the dapper Prince of Wales came to visit the United States while Germanv sent the diri gible ZR-3 on a goodwill flight from Friedrichshafen. The vear 19:4 was memorable, too, because it provided the first spectacular public demonstration of the value of "Ethvl" gasoline. The time was .Memorial Dav; the place, the famous Indianapolis Speedwav. Seeking to demonstrate publicly that "Ethvl'' fluid increased the power of gasoline, Tom .Midglev persuaded a number of the drivers The three presidents, past and present, of Ethyl Corp. are shown together -- Earle W. Webb, Charles F. Ketter ing, and Edward L. Shea. Mr. Shea assumed office in 1947 ETC 23401 in the race to use it in their fuel. 2i, 1925 -- less than a year after the The scarcity of bromine was a At the end of that gruelling 500- company was formed, and was simple bottleneck. The manufacture mile grind, the first three cars to succeeded in the presidency by of sufficient "Echvl" antiknock' cross the finish line came in on Earle W. Webb, who held that posi compound for one-fourth of the gasoline phis 'Ethyl" compound. tion for 22 years. Last August, nation's gasoline would require more It was in 19:4. also, that Ethvl Edward L. Shea became the third bromine than the nation's entire (Gasoline) "Corporation was born president of Ethyl Corporation, output. as the successor to the General .Mo succeeding .Mr. Webb. Some of the men concerned with tors Research Corporation and the General Motors Chemical Co., both No Easy Road the problem suggested that the sea might be "mined" to provide the of which had marketed "Ethvl" With the economic value of its amount of bromine required. It was antiknock compound previously. product demonstrated, and with a a daring thought, but bold thinking The corporate parents of the new growing number of oil companies was required. A semi-experimental company were General .Motors and expressing interest, the infant Ethyl seaside pilot plant had been set up Standard Oil Co. ( X. J.). Corporation might be supposed to at Ocean City, .Maryland, during the For the most part, the research have an easy road to success. Noth winter of 1924-25 to test the theory, that led to the discovery of tetra ing was further from the truth. Be and research there indicated that ethyl lead as an antiknock agent had fore Ethyl Corporation made the separating bromine from ocean been conducted under General .Mo grade, it had to overcome two cru water might not be impossible. Yet, tors auspices. Xow. in 19:4, con cial hurdles. Before its product be it had never been done. Nor did sulting chemists of Standard Oil had came a commercial success, its spon many people think it worth trying, evolved a cheaper and simpler sors were more than three million with only 67 parts of bromine to be method of manufacturing the com dollars in the red. This is what "Boss found, on the average, in every mil pound. Realizing the potential im Ket" refers to as the "shirt-losing lion parts of sea water. f portance of their respective discov period" of a new invention. To expound the bromine extrac eries to both oil and automotive It was in 1925, the year that Clar tion theory further, a former Great progress, G.M and Standard agreed ence Darrow and William Jennings Lakes steamer was purchased by the upon the formation of a separate, Bryan debated in the Scopes evolu Corporation, renamed the S.S. Ethyl, jointly-owned company. tion or "monkey" trial, that Ethvl and sent to the Bethlehem shipyards The presidency of the new Ethvl met and faced two of its most criti at Wilmington, Del., for conversion company was assumed bv Charles cal problems. The first of these was into a floating chemical factory. F. Kettering, who had been the first the lack of enough bromine to make After ten weeks of refitting, she put man to probe the riddle of knock large quantities of the product. The out to sea on April 2-. 1925, and and who had directed Thomas other was the "poison-scare" pub cruised the waters of the Gulf Midgley, Jr. and his associates in the licity which dubbed the new gaso Stream for a week. long and costly research that fol line "loony gas" and said that its The bromine extraction equip lowed. "Boss Ket" resigned on April sale was a public hazard. ment aboard the vessel was used for The Indianapolis Speedway. The 500mile race here in 1924 gave "Ethyl" fluid its first big public test -- and v i c t o r y mr 23402 onlv about six hours --at an indi cated cost of $60,000 an hour -- but that S360.000 experiment more than paid for itself. It pros ed conclusivelv that bromine in a usable form could be recos-ered from sea water on a commercial basis. Todav. there stand along Amer ica's coastlines two monuments to the theorv proved bv the good ship Ethyl: these are the Ethvl-Dow bromtne extraction plants at Kure Beach. N. C.. and Freeport. Texas. The Kure Beach installation has been on a standbv status since war's end. but the newer plant at Freeport, which was built during the war. is in active operation and capable of producing 30 mil lion pounds of ethvlene dibromide vearlv. Coincidentallv. on almost the very dav that the S.S. Ethyl was return ing to port from her historic journet'. the Ethvl Corporation met the "poison-scare" publicitv bv what has been described as one of the boldest and most successful acts of public relations in American busi ness annals. Bv unanimous vote of the board of directors on Mav 5. 19:5. "Ethvl" antiknock fluid was withdraw n from the market pend ing the outcome of an investigation as to whether there was anv hazard in the public sale and use of "Ethvl" gasoline. This investigation was con ducted under the auspices of the Surgeon General of the United Stare-- Public Health Service. The product was off the market for more than a vear. during which time exhaustive studies were made into all phases of its distribution and use. The committee of experts re ported in Jnnuarv. 19:6 after many months' studv that there were "no good grounds" for prohibiting the use ut "Ethvl" antiknock compound in gasoline. provided that proper satetv regulations were followed. Ethyl's officials kept the compound off the market until June of that vear. when all the recommended safety measures were put into oper ation. When "Ethvl" gasoline went back in service stations again, in the sum mer of 1926. its sales area consisted of :8 states. A vear later, it could be purchased in everv state in the Union. .Meanwhile, the Corpora tion's research staff had been busilv engaged on another problem: a yardstick for power. Up until that time, there was no generally accepted means of meas uring the antiknock value of gaso line. Refiners used methods such as "Benzol Equivalent," ``Highest Use ful Compression Ratio," and so on. There was a need for improvement and uniformity in the evaluation of antiknock performance. The Octane Scale Seeking to obtain a stable yard stick. Dr. Graham Edgar selected two pure chemicals, both hydro carbons in the gasoline boiling range. One was iso-octane, synthe sized then for the first time, to pro vide a hydrocarbon which would not knock in the highest compres sion engine in existence. The other w as normal heptane, guaranteed to knock the daylights out of any motor going. To these he assigned the arbitrary values of 100 and zero respectively. Thus, it came about that a mixture of 40T heptane and 60% octane was said to have an octane number of 60; a mixture of 30% heptane and 70% octane had an octane number of 70; and so on. The octane scale w hich was generallv adopted in 1930 represented a signal contribution. Not onlv did it permit the oil industry to dis card its former cumbersome meth ods; it contributed to the uniformity Dr. Graham Edgar, who invent ed the octane scale in 1926 of antiknock value of fuels; pro vided a basis for the gradual but sure improvement in antiknock value through the years; and it has been of great service to the automobile manufacturer bv permitting him to design engines to take advantage of higher antiknock fuels, as they be come available. The first modern high compres sion engine came along around this time. This teas Chrvsler's famous "Red Head" engine, which demon strated the additional power that automobile engines could develop when designed specifically for bet ter fuels. In introducing the new engine, which was made available as an optional motor. Chrysler stamped the words "USE ETHh E GAS" on the cap of the gas tank of each car it powered. .Meanwhile. Ethyl's research and technical people had been continu ing their exploratory studies -- and seeking to spread more widely the significance of better engines oper ated on better fuels. True, they now had the new octane scale w ith which to rate the antiknock performance of gasolines. It was also possible to produce gasolines ot higher octane value than currently in use. Bur they still had to convince people to what 22 ETC 234 Tre-cng- me extent the further possibilities of the internal combustion engine could then be realized. To do that, EtlixTs engineering research staff in 19:9 purchased a new automobile of that vear. stepped up its compression ratio, and proceeded to operate it on high oc tane gasoline. The engineers then arranged for a race to be held in Davton against a standard make of the same vear. In that race, a climb up a steep hill, rhev predicted that their entrv would perform iori, better than the competing car. To give the high compression automobile the :or.' extra load, Earl Bartholomew, of Ethvl's Research Laboratories, piled four passengers into the car, and the race was on. With their throttles jammed to the floorboards, both vehicles raced up the hill. Thev reached the top of it at e.xactlv the same moment, proving the aoT claim to the amazement of all. 'Chrysler's famous "Red Head," shown here, was the first high compression engine designed for high antiknock fuels "Boss Ket" points out to Dr. R. E. Wilson features of the latest high compression engine, his new experimental model That Davton race led Ethvl to purchase 150 of these experimental cars in order to demonstrate the im proved performance of high com pression engines run on high octane gasoline. Thev became known as "mvsterv cars" to the public -- but what made them tick was no mvs terv to the automobile industrv. Soon, numerous manufacturers be gan introducing high compression models, and the public responded enthusiasticallv. In 19:-, the vear that Lindbergh flew from N'ew York to Paris, '`Ethvl" gasoline had become a na tional product.supported bv national advertising. That same vear. too. marked the transfer of Ethvl's re search laboratories to Detroit, after two vears of operation in a small garage in Yonkers. X. Y. Bv moving to Detroit. Ethvl's labs could be situ ated in the heart of the automotive industrv and at a more central geo graphical location to the petroleum industrv. Ever since then. Ethel's Detroit Labs have worked closely with technical men in the oil and automotive industries on fuel-engine-luhrication problems and the technological improvements that have alwavs been underwav. It is interesting to note that the average car owner todav uses a far better grade of fuel than Lindbergh had to fix the Atlantic. In h;;s. EtlnTs shirt-losing pe riod was oxer. New facilities and services to the oil industry were added. The first of Ethvl's branch gasoline testing laboratories xvas built. Meanwhile, the country at large xx as building itself up to the awful letdown that was to come in Octo ber. 19:1;. w hen the stock market crashed. .Millions of investors lost their shirts. \ lillions of brc.nixx innci's w ere thrown our of work. Fanners sU'.icrcd sg. erelx . Numerous banks 23 ETC 23404 THENO N ANTIKNOCK OMJTt OF OASCUNES SOLO IN TIC UNITED STATES Despite wars, temporary shortages, and other problems, gasoline quality has shown a broad increase since 1930 went to the wall. And all around, there was ample evidence of the miserv of the times. In common with American busi ness at large, the oil and automotive industries had been hard hit bv the depression. The oil industry saw demand fall oft, saw gasoline prices drop, saw the percentage of ''Ethyl'' gasoline sales decline. The auto mobile industry saw its passenger car production fall away to onefourth the peak volume of 19:9. Meanwhile, more motorists began turning to third-grade motor fuel and tried to ignore the insistent knock in their cars as they pulled away from stop-lights or climbed a hili.' Introduced New Brand It was at this time that Ethyl's management decided to offer to the petroleum industry a mixture of tetraethyl lead in an antiknock com pound called "O" brand. This intro duced antiknock compound in regu lar grade gasoline for the first time in the United States, beginning in April. 19;;. Significantly, within a year, the average octane number of "house-brand" gasolines increased from 63.5 AST,VI to 69 AST.M. The rise in the octane value of gasolines during the depression years had another far-reaching effect. It was matched bv corresponding in creases in compression ratios of succeeding new automobile mod els. Introducing them first as op tional and then as standard equip ment. more and more automobile manufacturers turned to high com pression engines in the 1930's. The result was that the motoring public benefited from the added power, better performance and greater fuel economy made possible by better engines operating on better fuels. The country was still deep in the depression when members of Ethyl's sales staff turned their attention to another field: agriculture. They saw an opportunity to apply the benefits of modern gasoline to the power machinery of farming, thereby help ing farmers to produce more in less time with greater efficiency. But farm income then was less than half u hat it is today. One out of every7 12 farms was changing hands--half of the time through forced sales. Farmers had to be shown the dollars-and-cents value of gasoline in their tractors. On July 31, 1934, Clarence Dauberman, a Kanesville, 111., farmer, permitted George Krieger, of the Ethyl Corporation, to convert his 16-year-old tractor to high com pression. This was done by replac ing the pistons with high compres sion pistons, installing "cold" spark plugs, and installing a gasoline mani fold and carburetor. With his tractor using gasoline. .Mr. Dauberman gained such renown that interested neighbors from miles around flocked to his farm to try it out. The following year, the first high compression tractor was manufac tured. designed to operate on 70octane regular grade gasoline. And that was only the beginning. Today, three out of every five tractors in use are high compression models, with gasoline bv far the preferred fuel. Every tractor manufacturer, moreoyer. now produces one or more gasoline burning models. Aided Farm Production High compression spurred the growth of farm mechanization. What this increased mechanization has meant is evident in recent farm production records. Since war's end. farmers have been producing about a third more than pre-war -- and do ing it with 10T fewer workers. .Meanwhile, in 1934. the first plant for extracting bromine from sea water was opened at Kure Beach. N. C, only a year after Ethyl and the Dow Chemical Co. had formed the jointly-owned Ethyl-Dow Chemical Co. to carry on this ac tivity. Another milestone came when members of Ethyl's Detroit research 24 ETC 23405 staff traveled to San Bernardino, Cal., to conduct a scries of road.tests in 1935- There, in a great natural proving..ground of mountain and desert, fuels and engines were put through their paces. San Bernardino was found to be so satisfactory for road-test programs that three years later Ethyl established a permanent laboratory there primarily for this purpose. A year later, when the first tetra ethyl lead unit went into operation at Baton Rouge, there was little inkling that the plant would one day become the largest of its kind in the world. Yet, the subsequent years have been marked bv continuous growth and expansion -- that even today is not yet completed. Currently, a con struction program of over $20 mil lion is underway. The Ethyl-Dow plant at Kure Beach, N. C., was the first in the world to extract bromine from sea water Some four years after its Baton Rouge plant went into operation. Ethyl could announce the opening of new research facilities in Detroit. Located on a 26-acre tract, the re search laboratories boasted the most modem equipment for comprehen sive research programs on fuels, lu bricants and engines. Yet, the paint was hardly dry on the laboratory buildings when Ethyl's research fa cilities were enlisted in the war ef fort. During the war, Ethyl's labs were engaged almost exclusively in research projects on behalf of the armed forces, w'hile various Ethyl technical personnel worked directly with the armed forces or the war agencies, lending their advice and assistance. Motorists remember the war years, not only for gasoline ration ing, but also for the sacrifice in arasoline quality they entailed. .Many a car suffered from "wartime knock," labored up hills, and frequently had to be tuned down in order to get along on the inferior wartime fuels. But the "Ethyl" antiknock fluid that was missing from civilian gasolines was at the righting fronts, where it was used in virtually every gallon As the demand f. >r sasoline recovered from its depression low -- and began to -imw a steady in crease -- it became apoarent that ex isting facilities manufacturin';' antiknock comp"umm would prove inadequate for indicated future requirements. Acci'dint! !v. Ethyl Corporation decided r<> construct a new plant in Baton Rmiue. La. This was in the Fall of nr,',. An airview of Ethyl Corp.'s manufacturing plant in Baton Rouge, where "Ethyl" anti knock compound is produced ETC 23406 of military and aviation grades of gasoline. To powerful aviation supcrfuels. developed during the war. "Ethyl" fluid gat e the final, decisive lift in octane rating, a lift that helped establish the aerial superiority of the Allies. For their part. Ethyl's manu facturing employes at Baton Rouge were awarded the Armv-Xavv "E" in reflection of their achievement in increasing production 43 O above the pre-war level. With the return of peace. "Ethyl'' gasoline was again freely available to the motoring public. And so eag erly did car owners demand "Ethyl" gasoline, after the war-long drought, that "Ethyl" gasoline sales accounted for more than 45%. of total gasoline sales. Subsequently, however, in com mon with the oil industry at large. Ethyl Corporation ran into short ages on the basis of the public's un precedented demand for petroleum products. In Ethyl's case, it was a reconversion shortage of metallic lead, which developed during 1946, and which resulted in temporary re strictions upon the manufacture and boratories are centerec - fuels and engines in afl'gsreSaatnnBaeturnraalrapuroving gr use of "Ethvl" antiknock compound during that year. At the same time, an octane ceiling was in effect on motor fuels during 1946. Since the lifting of these controls. Ethvl Corporation has had the ob jective of increasing its current pro duction of "Ethvl" antiknock com pound and of expanding its manu facturing capacity to anticipate fu ture requirements. The expansion program now underw av at Baton Rouge is in reflection of that aim. Nineteen-Year Record Looking back, many billions of gallons of "Ethyl" gasoline have been consumed bv American mo torists during the past z; years. In fact, for the 19 years since records have been kept, more than 60 bil lion gallons of premium grade gaso line and more than jjo billion gal lons of housebrand gasolines have been improved bv the antiknock compounds supplied bv Ethyl Cor poration. Observance of the silver anniver sary of the time "Ethyl" anti knock compound was first mar keted, comes with a sense of some satisfaction. Originally, bv reducing the degree of fuel knock, it permit ted the development of more pov erful engines with higher compres sion ratios, thereby aiding in a great era of automotive progress. At the same time, it has enhanced the con tribution of each subsequent ad vance in refining technology. And -- great satisfaction comes from know ing that "Ethyl" gasoline, in a very real sense, has become a basic part of the American scene. Ethyl's principal research activities are conducted at its modern Detroit Research Laboratories, opened in 1942 ETC 23407 Ethyl's field representatives present educational programs before groups of service station personnel and automobile dealers, as one of the Corporation's many services THIS BUSINESS OF SERVICE Paralleling the growth of "Ethyl" gasoline these past 25 years has been the growth of many useful services To look back. .1 quarter or a cen tury to its origin is a pleasant experience for anv company. Ethyl is no exception. Recalling the dis- covery of a successful antiknock fluid, the first public sale of "Ethyl" gasoline, and the siib-equent found ing of the company give perspec tive and meaning :ur Ethyl Cor poration has been during rhe years. The company hu> had its pioneers, its builders and its leaders. It has ex panded from a small croup of men. scrying a limited market, to a na tional organization. It has inyested millions of dollars for the manufac ture and distribution of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, and employs nearly 4,000 men and. women in its plant, offices and 'ai,r.itones. Bu t a more sc lection prompcs the obseryation that many companies haye had interesting be ginnings, and haye grown up in much the same manner during the time Ethyl was taking on a mature stature. .Many haye outstripped Ethyl in terms of plant investment, in number of employes, and in ways brought about bv the particular character and requirements of their businesses. .More than considering physical growth as a hallmark1 of success. Echvl looks with gratified realiza tion to the nature and scope of the services it has offered to the oil and automotive industries since the days when the now familiar "Ethyl" trade-mark became a recognized emblem. In fact the company's serv ices contribute to every field in which the energy of gasoline is uti lized. The grow th of these services has paralleled the company's progress in supplying antiknock chemicals to help the oil industry give the nation the best gasolines in the world. The formula of its antiknock fluid has been improved and Ethyl's services have become more effective during the past years. In a very real sense, the achievements of the past quarter century are achievements in service as well as in product. To be sure, these services center initially around the best utilization of the antiknock quality of gasoline. During the time they have been ex panded. diversified and strengthened through experience. Ethyl's coop erative enterprises have reached not only customer refineries and auto motive industries, but the public as well. In more recent t ears the com- 27 ETC 23408 (o) ^ ETHYL'S MANU Largest of its kind in the world, the Ethyl plant at Baton Rouge, La., is completely "integrated," producing FACTURING nearly all the intermediate chemicals needed in the PLANT manufacturing processes as well as the finished anti knock compound. The expansion program at-Baton Rouge, now underway, will increase substantially the plant's capacity for making ontiknock compounds. RESEARCH LABORATORIES Ethyl Corporation maintains groups of research labora tories in Detroit and San Bernardino, Cal. The Detroit laboratories, where the major part of Ethyl's research work is performed, carry on cooperative programs in studies of fuels, lubricants ond engines. The smaller laboratories in San Bernardino are used primarily for the road testing of fuels and engines. ETHYL-DOW BROMINE EXTRACTION PLANTS Ethylene dibromide, one of the ingredients in finished `'Ethyl" ontiknock compound, is produced by the EthylDow Chemical Co., which is owned jointly by Ethyl Corporation ond the Dow Chemical Co. The bromine so used to moke ethylene dibromide is obtained by extract ing it ftom sea water. The first bromine extraction plant, now in a standby condition, is located ot Kure Beach, N. C. The second and newer plant, which supplies Ethyl's needs, is at Freeport, Texas. GASOLINE TESTING LABORATORIES FIELD STORAGE TERMINALS Ethyl's five gasoline testing laboratories, located at key points throughout the country, annually test more than 25,000 gasoline samples as a service both to refiners and to the motoring public. New field terminals for the storage and distribution of "Ethyl'' antiknock compound will be strategically situ ated throughout the country. ETHYL'S REGIONAL OFFICES Four regional offices are maintained by Ethyl Corpora tion, as focal points for serving customer oil companies, in New York, Chicago, Tulsa and Los Angeles. OTHER SALES OFFICES Supplementing the work of Ethyl's regional offices ore smaller sales offices in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Dayton, Kansas City, Mo., Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, San Fran cisco, and Seattle. In addition, members of Ethyl's field staff operate from scores of intermediate points. PRINCIPAL PLANTS, L piinv has also worked closelv with farm tractor manufacturers and dealers, and with the aviation in dustry. The idea of service to all those concerned wirh gasoline-powered rran'iiiii tatinn stems from the days w hen the foundations of the Ethvl Corporation were being laid. The first of hundreds of close working relationships with customer organi zations was set up it sears ago with I he Refiners Oil Company in Dayton. pioneer distributors of "Ethyl" gasoline. Ethvl sales, from the earliest vears. owe much of their expansion to tlic fact that representatives of the Sales Department have been constantly aware of the importance of service to actual or potential customers. Thev have established a reputation for attention to a wide variety of problems in which their interests and broad experience qualify- them. A prime obligation of any com pany. of course, is to assure its cus tomers a high quality product. As engine designs w ere improved and as more modern fuels were devel oped during the years. Ethvl intro duced seven major changes in the formula for making "Ethyl" anti knock riuid. in keeping with chang ing requirements. Much of the work now under wav on the improve ment of engines and fuels is coordi nated with Ethyl's own research. Making a better product has the companion undertaking of improv ing manufacturing methods. The company's plant at Baton Rouge, largest of its kind in the world, is an outstanding example of how a number of integrated operations have been geared to keep pace w ith progress in research and in chemi cal engineering. Today the plant is producing "Ethvl" antiknock com pound at the rate of more than 000,000 pounds a month. Xew processes used to produce ethvl chloride, an important chemi cal needed in the manufacture of 28 ETC 23409 Sxamsas crrr ^onorrJ OATTOH <4`Wl . TONKtBS. SlUtQH fHIVMtU'*"* (dimooi*J [=$2i^ DALLAS MOurroHp R'^AT^O'N^,ROU6T ATLANTA KUftf *tACM*| Jill ABORATORIES AND OFFICES OF ETHYL CORPORATION tetraethyl lead, are t\ pical of how Ethyl has pioneered in its manu facturing techniques. The present quantity and quality of "Ethyl" compound production would he im possible without the use of these and other highly specialised operations at the Ethyl plant. from the time "Erin !" antiknock compound leayes the baton Rouge plant until it reaches the consumer. I thyl men work hand in hand with men in the petroleum industry. Ten thousand tank cars ,if the fluid are delivered during a tear, Customers are also served by rank trucks and by drum shipments. One of the earliest , oii'iderations of Ethyl's Sales Department was the safety of all those who handle "Eth\T' antiknock compound, in cluding the personnel of customer refineries. As a result of construc tive efforts it initiated through the t ears, the Safety Department has de veloped an unusually effective pro gram and a noteworthy record of accomplishment. Safety engineers have paid par ticular attention to recommended measures which should be followed at blending installations, and during the cleaning or repair of storage ranks which hat e contained leaded gasoline. Although the blending of "Ethyl" antiknock fluid with gasoline takes place under sealed conditions, regu lar inspections of a blending plant lit an I'.thvl safety engineer provide a systematic check that it is operat ing satisfactorily. Moreover, the company's broad experience is shared freely with oil companies hieh are planning or building new blending plants. I'.thvl engineers hate also helped in the development of improved storage tank design, from a safety standpoint, bt sug gesting numerous improvements. In rile matter of storage tanks, the ad\isorv sen ices of Ethyl's safety engineers are available whenever a rank which has contained leaded 29 i ETC 23410 Ethyl's safety engineers are always available to advise on cleaning gasoline storage tanks gasoline has to be entered for clean ing or for repair work. Besides their specialized knowledge of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, these engineers are well versed in all the hazards of gasoline, and can point to an enviable safetv record in the manv thousands of tank cleanings thev have attended. A recent use ful contribution to safetv equip ment is Ethyl's newlv developed lead-in-air analvzer. which can de tect the presence of minute amounts of lead in the atmosphere long be fore this condition might become hazardous. Unknown to manv among the general public -- but of great sendee to the oil industry and in turn to motorists -- are Ethyl's five gasoline testing laboratories, strategically lo cated throughout the country. The work of these laboratories is pan of the services offered to customer re finers as mutually helpful marketing aids. In a typical year, the laboratories will handle some :t.ooo samples from oil refineries, from bulk plants, and from filling stations. Each sam ple undergoes anywhere from one to nine standard tests. Refinery samples are tested to check the amount of antiknock com pound needed to make gasoline con form to standards set for it. Field samples provide a spot check against possible deterioration or contamina tion of the fuel after it leaves the re finery. And as a result of its work, EthvI is able to furnish the automo tive and petroleum industries with useful quarterly surveys of gasoline quality, and of trends in quality. Customer companies are informed of the results of individual analyses of samples as an aid to them in con trolling the quality of their gasoline blends. In many cases. Ethyl's work provides data to supplement the findings of the oil companies' own laboratories. Ethyl's testing labora tories have frequently been called upon to test samples refined by new processes and equipment, while sepa rate investigations of these fuels are made at the Ethyl Research Labora tories in Detroit. To promote the proper use of petroleum products. Ethyl has pro duced, as part of a broad educational program, a series of films on such topics as engine maintenance, gaso line handling, tractor operation and related subjects. These films are de signed to help those dealing with Ethyl's five gasoline test ing laboratories annually test over 25,000 samples on behalf of the oil industry 30 ETC 23411 petroleum products and services, and with automotive maintenance. The company's Refinery Safety Show, which has been seen bv thou sands of oil industry personnel, is typical of another kind of educa tional service. Every year Ethvl rep resentatives assist oil companies bv participating in hundreds of meet ings, discussions and demonstrations for such groups as automobile deal ers, fleet operators, farmers and farm equipment groups, garage mechan ics and service station operators. Thousands of copies of an educa tional booklet. "Professional Driv ing," are among the publications Ethyl has distributed widely. In a company which was born of research, perhaps it is not surprising to find that Ethvl gives research an especially important place among its services. The Ethvi Research Labo ratories in Detroit are a center for broad, fundamental and closely in tegrated investigations which had their beginnings when the first com pany laboratory was set up more than two decades ago. Time was. in the early days of the automobile, when the problems of engines and fueis were considered more or less separately. Today, how ever. it is an accepted axiom that "the engine must fit the fuel and the fuel must fit the engine." Therefore, a recognition that engines, fuels and lubricants have cloe and interde pendent relation.'iiin< has been the underlying phib >. .pliv of all re search activities. Ethvl scientist' '.Mirk closely with petroleum technologies -- cooperat ive two top pictures illus trate two of Ethyl's regular services -- its work in the farm field and with opera tors of bus and truck fleets. The audience below is watch ing an Ethyl representative present a demonstration on the safe handling of gasoline 31 ing with them in studying and test leys. deserts and nearby coastline, in commercial engines. They also ing their products to meet the ad can duplicate almost all highway assist fleet owners in the solution of vancing requirements of engines. conditions found in various parts of maintenance problems. And. on the other side of the pic the United States. Complementing these efforts is ture. Ethvl researchers cooperate in In the work of Ethyl's research the work of the Technical Service the same wav with engine manufac and technical staff in the farm field, Division of Ethyl's Detroit labora turers. so that future engines mas- tests on fuels and engines are car tories. which works with manufac make the best use of available fuels ried out on a comprehensive scale turers of commercial vehicles on the i and lubricants. I in cooperation with farm equipment best use of present and future fuels. i Joint efforts of this character have manufacturers. This kind of research Through the activities of both its had important bearing on the solu is increasingly significant in the field and technical service groups, tion of mans- ensine-fuel-lubrication light of the growing importance of Ethyl acts as a liaison among fleet problems in automobiles, trucks, gasoline-powered farm machinery. operators, gasoline refiners, and en buses, planes and mechanized farm In a recent poll, eight out of ten gine manufacturers--making known equipment. Ethyl's research pro farmers reported they prefer gaso the fleet owners' desires and require gram has brought about a better un line tractors. ments. and reporting back to them derstanding of these problems, and Operators of truck and bus fleets significant trends and developments Ethyl's technical services have are of course large consumers of in fuels and motors. spread this understanding to those gasoline, and to them the quality of These are some of the services svho fuel, lubricate and maintain the motor fuels is particularly important which have been developed in the nation's vehicles. as it bears on operating performance quarter of a century during which A fleet of cars and trucks is used and economy. In cooperation with Ethyl has been a part of the oil busi for actual road tests to substantiate customer oil companies. Ethyl fleet ness. .Most of them have been de and supplement laboratory findings. engineers work closely with truck signed to add a plus to the value of Ethvl also maintains a laboratory and bus operators, lending their the product sold to customers, but and a large fleet of test vehicles at technical advice and assistance. One all have been operated with the long San Bernardino. California. The ter purpose of their work is to help run interests of both the oil and au rain here, with its mountains, val promote the best utilization of fuels tomotive industries in mind. These engine dynamometers are part of the modern equipment in use at Ethyl's Detroit labs i FIRST SALE OF "ETHYL" GAS /Continued from Page 61 litcrallv hundreds of different com pounds. Results w ere instantaneous. Scarcelv able to contain themselves, the group double-checked their and dreamed. It was a dav thev would alwavs remember -- Decem ber 9, 1921. The passing of time has long since trial run the nc.\t dav. established the fact that the discov Just about even bodv u orking on ert' of what tetraethvl lead can do the problem was on hand that morn was like tapping an almost unlim ing when .Midglev started up the ited reservoir of new energv. The engine. Again t c t r a c t h v 1 lead coordinated efforts of the automo stopped the metallic jangle of the tive and petroleum industries, aided engine's ear-splitting knock at once. bv "Ethvl" compound, have been Midglev then tried tetraethvl lead able to nearlv triple the power of in various concentrations and under as manv conditions as his excitement gave him the patier.ee to think of. The rests worked. .Midglev. Bowl. Huchu alt and the others danced a non-scientiric jig around the labnramrv. Certain at last that thev had cornered their elusive quarrv. Midglev reported the discovert' to Kettering. For hours the two men talked, planned gasoline engines, and to increase the mileage per gallon of gasoline bv better than 25 percent. Looking at it another wav, the widespread use of "Erin I" anti knock compound in bv far most of the gasolines marketed todav rep resents an annual saving to the pub lic of at least one billion dollars. Bv promoting efficient use of gaso line. "Ethel" antiknock is an impor tant factor in fuel conservation. The compound adds to the nation's cars and trucks the equivalent horse- The Dayton Power and Light Company was the first fleet user of "Ethyl" gasoline in 1923, when models like those below were on the road. The two Dayton Power men who first decided to try "Ethyl" gas are shown as they look today -- Fred Lewis, left, and Oscar B. Reemelin, vice president SC! :r 1 MO,. IT ST ETC 23414 OUR PICTURES . . . Pages 4 (lower right), 5, 6, and 33 (right), Commercial Photos, Inc., Dayton; Page 7, A. Devanev, Inc.; Page 9, illustration by Walter Hortens; Page 20, Camera Asso ciates; Page :i. Press Associa tion; Page 23 (bottom >. courtesy General Motors Corp.; Pages 28-29, map bv Harold Newman; Page 33 (left3, courtesv Davton Power & Light Co. [ j j j j j j power of well over 50 Hoover Dams everv vear. After the discovery, there were still a number of thornv problems to be solved before tetraethyl lead could be sold commercially on a practical basis, but to .Midglev and his co-workers, by this rime includ ing Charles A. Thomas, the job seemed relatively simple. Satisfac tory additives had to be found to control certain combustion reac tions. for one thing, but the first sale that wintry day in 1923 saw the most important of their difficulties overcome. At first .Midglev was unable to arouse much interest in the com pound. but eventually he found a customer practically in his front yard. A close friend happened to be Willard E. Talbot, vice-president and general manager of The Refin ers Oil Company, the largest inde pendent oil company in Ohio at that time. One Saturday, Midglev tele phoned Talbot and invited him to lunch at the Davton Engineers Club. From 12:30 until 3:30. Talbot lis tened to the story of tetraethyl lead and its discovery. Would Refiners Oil Company be the first to market a gasoline con taining the new antiknock fluid? Talbot discussed the proposal with Robert S. King, president of Re finers. and others in the company. At length they agreed, and reached a verbal understanding with Gen eral Motors that Refiners would market "Ethyl" gasoline in Ohio. Sales at the station at Sixth and Main were so successful, after a few weeks, that Refiners also made it available at a second station at South .Main and the Cincinnati Pike. On some days as much as 80 percent of all sales at the two stations was "Ethyl" gasoline. Not long after Mike Redelle had made his first purchase, another Davton motorist drove into the same service station and asked for a tankful of "Ethyl" gasoline. His Ford had knocked like the seven furies driving down Main Street, but as soon as he drove away with the new fuel, his car purred like a kitten. Supervised a Fleet The duly-impressed motorist was Fred Lewis, transportation superin tendent of the Davton Power and Light Company. As supervisor of a fleet of 65 cars and trucks, he was on the lookout for something which would not only stop knock, but re duce operating upkeep and mainte nance costs. He lost no time in tell ing O. B. Reemelin, general superin tendent of the utility, about his per sonal experience with "Ethyl" gaso line. Reemelin, who knew Midglev well, decided to find out more about the new gasoline additive. Reemelin invited Midglev for lunch. This time Midglev listened to an expla nation of the Dayton Power and Light Company's problems. They agreed to use the utility company's fleet in order to test experimental mixes of "Ethyl" fluid and ffasoline. The Davton Power and Light Company, on June 1. 1923, accord ingly became the first of thousands of operators of larsje flcecs of motor vehicles which today use "Ethyl" gasoline. The Davton company found that operating and mainte nance costs dropped by two-thirds through the use of "Ethyl" gasoline. Since 1923, their fleet has been en larged to 384 units. They still use "Ethvl" gasoline exclusively. By midsummer that year. The Re finers Oil Company had expanded its distribution of the new gasoline to all 75 of the oil company's service stations. In certain non-competitive areas, Refiners also sold "Ethyl" gasoline to the Sinclair Refining Company. Before long, Refiners found itself the talk of the petroleum industry. In West Virginia, the Spears and Riddle Company became distribu tors of the new compound. Larger oil companies then began to show an interest in the product. Standard Oil of Indiana offered "Ethyl" gaso line to motorists at a few stations in Muncie. Ind.. during the summer, and the results were such that the Indiana Company entered into a contract with General .Motors Chemical Company. The first year of "Ethyl" gasoline sales, beginning with the small amounts sold to curious motorists on February 2, was only a small indication of what was to follow, promising as that first year might have been. A quarter century may not be a long period of time, but it has seen astonishing progress in put ting the nation on wheels. The founding of the Ethvl Corporation is a part of that picture, occupying a significant place in the develop ment of the modern automotive and oil industries. But these develop ments are part of another story. In the Ethyl Research Labo ratories in Detroit there is a memorial plaque, shown on the next page, in honor of the late Thomas Midgley, Jr. 34 ETC 2341 ETC 23417 EARLE WEBB RETIRES AS AN OFFICER OF ETHYL CORPORATION He will continue, however, to serve as a Director and will be available for advice and counsel aving reached ivr-rcment .u>-c he will continue to serve as a Direc H on February orb. law. I'arle W1 tor and will maintain space in the ^'cbb has resigned i- ( luinn.m Nofew Mirk offices w here he will he the Board of Eth\ I ( orporanon. available for advice and counsel. alter an association n nearly ;; .Mr. Webb has been associated years with the Como in'. . White re with Ethyl Corporation for all but linquishing all admir>- -aro c dmien eight months of its entire existence. Joining it as President in April. 19:5, he served in that office until August. 104' when Edward L. Shea was named to succeed him in the presi dency and Mr. Webb was elected Chairman of the Board. Earle Webb's interest and active assurance in Ethyl's business affairs even preceded its formal incorpora tion. He joined the then infant com pany, moreover, in its darkest hours, and saw it through the critical years that followed. And his business phi losophy was a major factor in the Corporation's eventual success. This is "what Charles F. Kettering had in mind when he recently declared. "The public good will, which Earle Webb has developed through the years, merits our attention and re spect." Nafive of North Carolina Mr. Webb, who was born in Morehead City. X. C.. on February 9. 18S3. attended Trinity College mow Duke University) for three years and took his senior year at the Uni versin' of .Michigan, where he was graduated. Later he attended the Xew York Law School, and was ad mitted to the Xew York bar in 1904. After practicing law in New York for a period of 1- years, during which time he served as attorney for several large corporations. Mr. Webb in 1922 joined General Mo tors as general attorney, with head quarters in Detroit. It was in this capacity that he rirsr came into contact with the subject of antiknock compounds for gaso line. At that time. Thomas Midglev. Jr. and his associates at the General Motors Research Laboratories had discovered terraethvl lead, and ar rangements had been made for man ufacturing the finished "Ethyl" anti knock compound in commercial quantities. Now. General Motors was ready to place the compound on the market. Accordingly. Earle Webb, as attorney for General Mo tors. was asked to draw up the in corporation papers for the General Motors Chemical Co., which w as to handle the marketing of "Ethvl" fluid. This he did. and GM Chemi cal began operations on March -. 19:3, a little more than a month after "Ethyl" gasoline first went on sale at a single service station in Dayton, O. As one of the original directors of General Motors Chemical Co., Mr. Webb had occasion to follow the progress of "Ethyl" fluid that first year. He knew of the large expenditure of time and money that went into the research leading up to it. He knew, too, that the product was of definite value in increasing the efficiency of gasoline. But he also knew that the product was new and untried except in a small area in Ohio. The business of General Motors Chemical Co. was something less than spectacular. At the end of 19:3, it had three customers. True, one of these was Standard Oil Co. (In diana), whose endorsement of the product was to mean a great deal during its formative years. But, meanwhile, there were plenty of problems to be solved. How Ethyl Was Formed One of these problems was met in 1924, when consulting chemists of the Standard Oil Co. (N. J.) evolved a more efficient and less ex pensive method of making tetra ethyl lead: the ethvl chloride proc ess. After a series of conferences be tween GM and Jersey officials, it was decided to form a jointly-owned company to succeed the General Motors Chemical Co. Thus it was that Ethvl (Gasoline) Corporation came into being in August. 1914. Charles F. Kettering, who had di rected Tom Midglev's search for a successful antiknock agent, agreed to serve as its president for a time, until the pressure of his research du ties compelled him to give all of his rime to the research laboratory. Less than a year after it began operations, the infant corporation came near a precipice. It ran into toxicity problems related solely to experimentation in connection with a new method of manufacture of the concentrated tetraethyl lead. These problems had nothing to do with the use of the fluid in gasoline, but there was considerable publicity which was grossly misleading in this respect. As a result, the Board of Directors on May 5. 192 5, suspended operations except in a very limited area to afford a committee of experts appointed by the Surgeon General of the United States an opportunity to make an examination to determine whether there was a health hazard in the distribution and use of "Ethyl" antiknock compound in gasoline. In January. 19:6 the Committee re ported that there were no good grounds for prohibiting its use if controlled bv proper regulations. Ethvl Corporation's staff spent the next four months putting the Com mittee's recommendations into ef fect. as well as the Corporation's own improvements. When Ethvl Corporation resumed business in June. 1926. it not only had to start from scratch; its spon sors were deeper than ever in the hole. That deficit added up to sev eral million dollars before the corner was turned. In 19:6. with a clean bill of health and the merits of the product as its principal assets, the Company con vinced twelve oil companies of the advantages of "Ethvl" gasoline, in addition to resuming contractual re lations with its seven previous cus tomers. In 19:-. it added ten more customers; in 19:8. another six. Fi nally. in 1929. when 29 additional oil companies became customers, it was able to pay the first dividend to its stockholders. Meanwhile, as it prospered. Ethyl expanded its usefulness and service to the oil industry. Its central re- 4 ETC 23419 sc.irch laboratories -- which were successively quartered in a former caras'e and an automobile showroom until thev acquired their present 26.icre site in Detroit -- crew from an miifinal six-man' ream to a w ellrounded staff with specialized de partments. The first of Ethyl's chain of gasoline testing laboratories was established. Other services which have become as familiar as the "Ethyl" emblem were started or strengthened. Industrywide Problem During the earl\ i<;;o\. despite rhe developing depression. ''I'.thvl" rkiid was being marketed to a stillcrowing number of ml companies, bur. meanwhile, a disturbing devel opment was taking place. Motorists in increasing numbers w ere turning ro lower quality gasoline, even though it entailed a severe sacrifice in engine performance and fuel economy. This affected rhe fortunes of the oil industry at kirce. as well as those of Ethyl Corporation. As this situation ocean to nuke itself felt throughout rhe oil indus try. Air. Webb reported to Ethyl's board of Directors that a. number of oil companies were de'in.m of add ing an antiknock compound to their regular grade aasolim. ! he problem "'as long debated. I mails, after much deliberation and. -rude, an af firmative decision ' - -ached, and "Q brand of antilm. c . cunpound was offered to the of mdii'tiw . be ginning in April 19;;. It marked rhe first time that an antiknock com pound was added to hmwv.iir.md cas"lincs. Inreresringh enough, rhe same year also saw sak' \viation Miv of "Ethyl" fluid reach a 'iimmently large volume r.. ; l 1 sr 1 f\ a separate classification . m die ( I.>rporarinn s sales chart-. 1 hree years later. rw demand for its antiknock con nmunU -buy THIS MONTH'S COVER npYPICAL OF THE many pieces -L of specialized equipment which have been designed and developed by the Ethyl Corporation Research Laboratories in Detroit is the Spark Advance and Tachometer Indicator Calibration Stand shown on the cover. The purpose of the calibration >tand is to check the tachometer and spark advance indicators of the elec* tronic instrument (shown on top of the calibrator) used in Ethyl's road research programs. Exacting and frequent calibration of these two meters assures complete reliability of readings obtained in road test work. The tachometer indicator must, of course, be true if engine speeds of vehicles under test on the highway are to be recorded correctly, while the accuracy of the spark ad vance indicator is essential if the spark ud'anee setting at which anti knock ratings arc made i* to remain reliable. Basically, the calibrator is in tended to simulate conditions under which the electronic instrument is employed in road research vehicles. Although the calibration stand ha> been in use us a finished product for onl> *ix months, it has created much interest among technical peo ple outside of Ethyl Corporation. Several oil and automotive com panies. on the basis of information supplied by Ethyl's research labora tories. have built, or are having built, similar 'land*. ing a steads' increase. Ethyl's Board decided to build a completely in tegrated manufacturing plant in Baton Rouije. La. Construction be gan in 1956; the first shipments of finished "Ethyl" fluid were made a t ear later. Since then, this modern plant has fulfilled its evert' expecta tion. and is today the largest of its kind in the world. Ethyl Corporation has come a long wav since 192s. when its vcr\ existence was touch-and-uo. From a speculative \ enturc w irh a dubious tururc. it has become an integral parr of the oil industry. From rhe handful of companies which, w irh some misniviniis. tried out its new produce Erln l today is privileged to serve 240 companies in the oil inviu-rr\ . Meanwhile, its antiknock compounds Irate come to be used in approximately S; M of all ifasnlinc in the 1'iwtcd Stares. Canada and Mex ico. ami the >;rearer part of all avia tion gasoline in the world. In reporting the retirement of Mr. Webb, it is grarifvinc to be able to add rhar he w III continue to serve mi I tin I s board of Directors. Earle Webb - career in Erhvl is more than ,i record ot achievements, ir is an inspiration to rhe entire ore.mi- /. irion ; Flying strange cargoes through the wild interior of Guatemala is all in the day's work for these airmen By George M. Galster nly thk uni And the pvthon chine parts, and sick animals -- he O were airsick. The bumpy now looked at his watch and cut weather did not bother the peoplteh.e speed of the ancient Ford tri The passengers -- animal and hu motor. Ahead of him lav a flat jun man -- were standing stiff-legged or gle land hemmed in bv precipitous squatting in the dim airplane cabin. hills. The tropical rain had stopped, Some of the people w ere perched on and a hot sun made the thick vege hags of coffee beans. One golden- tation steam like a vast smoldering brow n bov relaxed full length along fire. side a bundle of maize. The old ladv There was no beacon here, no w ho had the goat in tow kept look striking landmarks; the pilot had to ing out the platter-size w indow, in fly in "bv the seat of his pants." Sud tently watching the green treetops denly he throttled wav back and and steep mountainsides blur past tipped the nose toward the ground. w ith dizzv speed. But no airfield was in sight. Then, This was an "operations as usual" in another instant, a rectangular hole flight of Aviateca. Guatemala's jun appeared like magic in the jungle gle airline. floor. This was the airstrip -- but Up front at the controls sat a such an airstripl It was short, nar young American pilot who used to row and unpaved. A Piper Cub rlv global armv transports. Unmind could land easily -- but the pilot was ful of his motlev cargo -- bananas, bringing in a lumbering trnnsport.- taw in -skinncd natives, chicle, ma \aving the plane into a cross wind. the pilot aimed straighc for the strip and dropped the ship lower and lower. It seemed rhea- would crash in the tree limbs. But with a deft skill many stateside pilots might envv, the pilot stalled his heavy plane neatly onto the grassy runwav and braked her to a jerkv halt. No sooner had the plane stopped rolling than a score of shouting, grinning natives came running on the field. They were followed by barking dogs and w ailing "chicos" in the raw. Some of the men bran dished fierce three-foot machetes as if poised to attack. But they were not angrv. Far from it. They were very happy, for again the noisy air plane had brought them their only contact with the outside world, and soon they were exchanging excited bits of gossip with the plane's pas sengers. Flying the jungle run in Guate mala. "The Land of Trees." is no cinch. It has many aspects of the oldtime movie thriller. You never know what is going to happen next among the uncharted jungles, vol canic peaks, sudden storms, and weird cargoes. ETC 23421 But the pilots -- most of them Americans -- like it. And the siestaloving passengers accept the thrills along with Mavan ruins, ox carts, poisonous snakes, and Sapodilla trees. In this lush neck of Central Amer ica. an airline pilot -- rhev call them hush pilots or jungle jockevs -- must he a philosopher, grease monkev, navigator, weather prophet, and businessman rolled in one. And the -cat of his pants must he intuitive. Often, that is all he has to flv bv. Air penetration of the rich Guate malan highlands began in 19:9 when a U. S. citizen and weathered fiver. Alfredo Denbv, brought in a singleengine Curtiss monoplane. Since then, the fleet ha* crown to two DC-a's, two DC-;\ .i Norseman, and the trustworthv Ford. In its 'tormv career the companv has changed ownership and name sev eral times, has been twice expropri ated bv the Guatemalan govern ment. and was once blacklisted bv the U. S. Department of State. Todav this companv is called \erovias de Guarenulteca -- Aviarcca for short--and h managed ba the local Air Mini'trv. Actual op erations of the line, though, have always been handled in a small but proficient group of -airmen from the States. Any similaritv between this jun gle air service and a commercial airiinc in the United Srares is purelv coincidental. George Shleppv. A\ larecaA chief pilot and head of operations, laughs " hen you mention schedules. The whcdules. he savs. are -fluid" -- meaning that flight' are made when and where thev are needed most. Gurlying station master' relav infor mation by radio each afternoon and ier the head office in ( l-.nremala Citv -now how things .rmd. From this data, a tentative sche.mie > made up for the following dav. This is ad hered to -- unless something hap pens. Then the pilot flving the plane uses his own judgment. One time, Johnnv Matthews, a Parks Air College alumnus, was skimming along near the mountains over in the western section, when he received a hurrv-up radio call. A man had been gored by a bull. There was no doctor, no roads -- could he please help? Johnnv found the spot the mes sage came from and managed to land in the limited space. The wounded man, groaning, was loaded on board and the plane began its take-off run. But then it stopped. The held was soggv, the cargo heavv, and it looked as though Johnnv were stuck. Suddenlv pilot .Matthews came to a decision. He dumped all the cargo he had previouslv been carrving, and with the lightened plane, he cleared the trees ar the edge of the held and got the man to a hospital in time. Another Aviateca pilot. Dick Davis, will never forget the time he had two non-paving passengers aboard without his knowledge. Trouble was. thev did not come on I*-* . Grassy clearings are the runways, and jungle huts the terminal buildings, for this venturesome air service. Barefooted passengers who have never seen a train or car nonchalantly unload their baggage at a way station 7 the plane in the usual manner -- thev materialized in flight. Twins. Their Guatemalan mother thought there was something angelic about having them up in the blue skv like that, while the father gratefullv named one of them Ricardo, after the pilot. But even tw ins take second place to inanimate cargo in Guatemala. The government encourages com mercial distributors to cover the whole country bv offering flat air rates of seven cents a pound for luxury items and four cents for staple goods. Soap, movie films, safetv razors, powdered milk. DDT. tires, oil. and wagon wheels often get priority over mere human air travelers. If vou were to drop around to Guatemala Citv's proud airport. Aurora, some 5 A. .M.. when the sun is edging over the nearbv moun tains. vou would see native mechan ics move sleepily about topping off gas tanks and rving down cargo. The array of variegated air freight, solemn passengers, and assorted ani mals might lead vou to think a car nival was headed for the clouds. Pythons, incidentally, are com mon passengers. Manv native famil ies keep a small species of harmless pvthon around their huts, in order to ward off mice and other rodents, and take them along with them when they move. But the pythons, like most animal passengers, frequently get airsick and cause the pilots more trouble than the human air travelers. In a land wirh few roadways hut plenty of matted undergrowth and towering mountains, the airplane people are doing things that no other form of transport could do. Thev arc making regular flights to Flores, tor instance, almost daily. About 90 minutes bv air from the capital, it would take two weeks and cost tv ice as much to get to Flores bv land. Guatemala, most populous of the Central American republics, is also rich in undeveloped natural re sources. El Peten, the dense jungle area in the north, covers nearly a third of the entire country but has only one person per square mile. .Manv of these jungles have defied exploration. Only here and there do you find a chicle-gathering settle ment where the Sapodilla tree is tapped for the basic ingredient of chewing gum. Into such virgin areas the pioneering American pilots bring their skv wagons laden with machinery, jeeps, building materials, and technicians. Thev are boosting a static 19th century way of life into a thriving and industrial :oth. People, Products and Progress Eight out of ten people in Guate mala go barefoot. Most of them live in the tevipiada region, ranging from 3.000 to 8,000 feet in altitude, where the days are warm and the nights cool. A passenger on an Aviateca plane could look out his window and see mountain slopes covered with green coffee trees. Sixty percent of this small republic's famous Arabica cof fee is exported, much of it to North America. They have a virtual mo nopoly on chicle growing -- and. again, we buy almost the whole out put. As main- as four million bunches of Guatemalan bananas are sent to the United States yearly. Other things that Xviarcca's venturesome pilots are flying out of the interior include cinchona (quinine), sugar, timber, and pure sulphur produced hv active volcanoes. The voting North Americans who enjoy zipping through clear tropic skies regret the fact there are only two paved runways in Guatemala. One of these is at the capital. Ron miles south of New Orleans. The other is ar Puerto Barrios on the west coast. In most spots the land ing strip is a grassy plateau, a stretch of level beach, or a postage-stamp clearing in the jungle. At Dos La gunas, for instance, the scrip can be used in one direction only and a pilot likes to wait for the wind to blow that one wav. This often causes de lays and close calls. Much of Guate mala, bv the way. is uncharted. When it rains, it rains buckets in this small, high country. The grassy fields get spongy. A pilot must know every danger spor like a .Mississippi river man knows his reefs and shoals. During the drv season, drowsv cat tle munch grass in the clearings, and before a pilot can land his plane, he frequently has to buzz the field to shoo the bovines away. Some acute observers have said that the operations of Aviateca's crews and planes have accelerated development of the Guatemalan backwoods bv 150 years. This is easy to believe when vou see the faces of old Indians up near Poptun near rhe Mexican border. Ir is near here that the republic is building an agricultural colony entirely sustained bv airplane. Lime stone. machines, seeds, implements, and farm specialists are all flown in. Near the sire of this ambitious so cial experiment sits a tint' and an cient village that once saw the golden days of the Mavan Empire. Natives still talk Mavan dialect in rhe streers and visit the crumbling temples not far awnv. When the shinv and imisv metal bird alights from the skv and lets ouc its cargo of bright new tools, jeeps, and other modern gadgets, these aborigines just sit in rhe sun and watch. Their faces show they have nine'll in common wirli Buck Rogers -- expressions of perplexed amazement at these unreal tilings and men. seemingly from another world. 8 ETC 23423 Spontaneous gifts pour into the White House almost daily, in a custom dating back to George Washington's time By Mildred Diefenderfer m-.k'i ikv. it seems, is Christmas E at the White House. For. hardlv does a :4-hour period pass during which at least one gift ad dressed to the President of the United States doesn't arrive at the famous man sion at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. Probably no American is the recipient of more unsolicited of ferings than the nation's Chief Executive, and whether it's a ceremonial garment from a remote African clan or a Bible from a church societs back home, a majority of the gifts are presented to the President in person. Last year. President Truman re ceived over a thousand gifts (be sides ncarlv two million personallyaddressed messages). I he volume of gifts was about tw entv rimes as large as that received bv Presidents Wil son. Harding or Coolidgc. The gifts-poured into the White House troni people m ail walks of life all over the globe. Bur most of them, ot course, came troni Ameri cans. individually and collectively. Not all the gifts came from wellwishers. however. Some donors, like a disgruntled poultry tanner .1 cou- 1 Top, President Truman in 1946 receiving a new model Ford from Henry Ford II. Left, Boy Scouts from Wisconsin presenting a new trout Fish ing rod to President Coolidge etc 23424 A 1400-pound cheese was given to President Jackson by New York State residents. It was exhibited in several Eastern cities, and then cut up at a White House public reception (leftl. People hacked at the cheese for hours, leaving the President with next to none A California hunter gave the bear chair (above) to President Johnson and the elk horn chair (below) to President Lincoln Foodstuffs of all kinds are oni of the most popular gifts to President. Witness fright) thi: oversized Thanksgiving pie give, President Taft some 36 years ag pie of vears ago, used this means of calling the President's attention to their personal plight. This particu lar farmer shipped a crate of babv chicks to the White House to reg ister his dismay in not being able to get feed for his brood during the shortage-plagued war years. Although by far the majority of bestowals made upon Presidents have gone to our present Chief Ex ecutive and his immediate predeces sor, the custom of giving gifts to the President daces back to the birth of the office. Even before the White House was built, George Washington penned thank-you notes for apples, cheeses, Jerusalem artichokes, flower roocs, seeds, and unidentified "salt water delicacies." Another of Gen. Washington's treasures was a pair of Spanish swords. A centurv and a half later, swords from all corners of the earth were presented to the two men who occupied the White House during World War II. Among Franklin D. Roosevelt's collection was a specially-designed Damascus steel sword in a diamondstudded scabbard and hilt. It was with the compliments of King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia. President Truman's gift sword array includes, among others, a kukri, or ceremonial sword, given him bv the commanding general of Nepal. M*W President Hoover's 58th birthday cake was baked by the head baker of the S.S. Manhattan, which made its maiden voyage the same day g-!IBJWy .HJ ETC 23425 This model of the French battleship Richelieu was a wartime gift to President Roose velt on behalf of the French people But outranking su ords as more popular gifts are foodstuffs and deli cacies. Sixtv-pound Pennsvlvania cherry pies and 45-pound salmon, such as have been given .Mr. Tru man. are typical examples. Of all the gifts that have come President Truman's wav during his three rears in the White House, however, probably none had such meaning as one presented him In- the Sioux Nations of South Dakota back in September, 1945. The Sioux, it "ill be remembered, had joined in declaring war on the Japanese right after Pearl Harbor. Their gift to Mr. Truman was the pipe of peace u inch the tribal chiefs had ju-r -moked to mark the end of the hostilities ft From a group of young Alabama farmers, Presi dent Truman re ceived an Aber deen Angus calf. The presentation took place on the White House lawn IA A `Irtr *r The hundreds of odd gifts received by the (ale President Frank lin D. Roosevelt are on public display at his Hyde Park, N. Y., estate. In the Oddi ties Room (left) may be seen such presents as German beer mugs and hand-carved clocks ETC 23426 By Pat Kelly Supervisor of Announcers National Broadcasting Company You, too, can speak more easily, clearly and effectively -- whether your audience is one or ten thousand people enry Jones was w hat vou H would call a nice fellow, had speeches brought in onlv nickels and dimes to the communitv chest, when a good job and monev in the bandko, llar bills were needed. and was w ell-liked in his commu The fourth group Henrv ad nin'. He could alwavs be counted dressed was a women's club. His upon to help out in anv worthwhile wife was in the audience and was cause, until the time he was asked shocked when she heard his bum to take the stump on behalf of bling efforts. When thev got home charirv drive. that night, Henrv heard from his The wav it happened, the citizens' wife, but plenty. welfare group asked Henrv if be "Heavens!" she cried, shaking her would make a few talks around tow n head. "If I'd closed mv eves today in order to help raise monev for a I'd never know that was my hus new child care center. band speaking up there." She looked Henrv. of course, agreed. But at her spouse with concern. "Hon- though he knew his subject thor- estlv, Henrv. whv don't vou relax oughlv and sincerelv believ ed in the and just be yourself. You'd be much, cause. Henrv was .somethin? less much better." than spectacular as a speaker. He Henrv shrugged his shoulders. hemmed and hawed on the rostrum, "Well -- nil -- 1 just seem to sort of got stage fright and froze up -- even get tied in knots w lien I'm talking to though mane of the people m each a bunch ot people like that . . ." audience were his own friends and "Nos. and that's nor all." Mrs. neighbors. The result'- Heim's Jones broke in. " 1 he wav vou fidg eted! Didn't know what to do with vour hands. And sometimes vou mumbled just as though vou had a mouthful of oatmeal, and then at the end. bang! vou went like a house afire. Goodness! Those girls won t bite vou!'' All in all. Henrv had a pretty bad day. In some wavs, it was a good deal his own fault. 'lou see. Henrv Jones is nor much different than a lot of us. When a crowd of eves and ears are aimed at him, he becomes dustered and tries to recall what he learned in his high school elocution class. Or he apes the hand motions and speech inflections of a good speaker he saw one time at his Rotary lunch. But for Henry, somehow, these things do not quite come off -- and for simple reason. Henrv Jones, as a speaker, is strain ing to he something that Henrv Jones as a person is <mt. 12 ETC 23427 Like our woeful Mr. Junes, many people have found riiur man is his ,i\vn worst enenn. Ilv mauling words, stumbling over "uhs'' and cr-ahs," bv lack of 'cif-conridencc, and by strait-jacketinu rheir mus cles, thev cramp rheir own scale. But there's another side to this business of speaking. Nearly every person can, by his n\>. n etforts. improve his speaking abilir\. And, as lias been proven tinic and .main. sur prising rewards and pleasant deep satisfaction come tn the man who can stand up and talk e.isilv. clearly, and convincingly. This applies whether your audicme is a political rails' of ten thousand <r just one per son in an office. Who are some ov.'iiinn speech duffers among us? Well, we all know the Hem'n Hawer. He is not too -ure of what he wants to say. and ierkilv bumbles through his speech . h.de his listen ers frown and yawn. There is the Ciuilty One. who talk- umcklv out "f the side of his mouth and shifts his gaze about as if - inia for a his gymnastics than over the mean ing of the words he speaks. There is also the Windmill, full of breeze and bluster; and the Know-It-All, the Patronizing Father, the Mara thon Champ -- the list is endless. Perhaps you are not one of these. If you get that pleasing sensation of talking "with" instead of "at" people; if you are at ease with your self and feel you are getting your ideas and beliefs oyer to them with no strain, then you mav classify- as the Happy Choice. Here, in essence, lies the only rea son we talk at all -- to transfer our thoughts and feelings to the mind and heart of another human being. The better we do this, the better our chance for success every time we use our talking apparatus. And we do use it often. Evenbusinessman knows the value of speaking effectively. Salesmen must talk with conviction to every pros pect. Parents talk to their children for instruction, for shaping their very lives. An employer uses his talk-ability- when he speaks to em ployes, stimulating them to greater effort or explaining company po icy. In casual social gatherings, you talk to amuse, to inform, to impure, to praise. Study of speech will not over night make you ; nor will hordes of "friends" swarm around you. But if you zmnt to im prove the effectiveness of your calk, honest practice of better speech hab its will help you deyelop your ideas and express them with clearness and strength. You may never become a Lincoln or a Barrymore, but you can become a more useful and re spected citizen, business man. and personality. And. more important, you will be on better terms with yourself. .Most of us have trouble hearing our "outside" voice -- the voice that others hear. When we calk, the sound rumbles around inside our skull ami resonating bones so that e hear a confusing mixture of vi bration'. echoes, and a distorted tersion of our spoken voice. For the uninitiated, it comes as a real shock to hear v hat thev actually sound like on the outside. Many speech coaches make their students speak into a paper cone or against a flat vail -- thus, throw ini* some of the true speech back to the student ' ears. Radio announcers hat e a simple trick which helps them lieai' themselves. Thev put the tips of the ringers just back of the car with the palm tacinti close to the cheek. In ir and hear your t nice "proicct itself more. You'll sense v hen tour rone is too monotonous Pal Kelly, the author of this article, instructs a class at the NBC Announ cers School In (he fine points of de livering a radio script most effectively ETC 23428 "A nr sour pronunciation is mudds'. Of course, a recording' of vour \oice is perhaps sour best analvsis. Lisceninff to vour own voice on wa.\, vou are likelv to sav. "Do [ sound like. THAT!-" Everv colloquial accetit. slurred, word, and whine or grumble will show up plain as dav. liv these methods vou can see for vourself if there is anvthins vou feel needs changing in vour speech ma chine. If there is. the job now is to take specific faults one at a time and put them in proper working order. Teachers and books may be of help, but the onlv final cure is up to you. Here, brieriv, are a few fundamen tals that public speakin? teachers alwavs stress. Number one. obviouslv. is vour bodilv health and bearing. Singers and speakers never perform too soon after a heavv meal. And. since speak ing is a phvsical. as well as mental, technique, it is practical to be in top shape at all times. Stand and sit ""high" so vour spine is not hunched ur caved-in. This will leave vour chest cavitv open and dexible and vour throat passages relaxed. While talking, vou should breathe more deeplv than usual. Think of a bagpipe or accordion -- vour dia phragm performs the same function: to supply a steadv source of air for the sound valves. Breathe "into"' vour stomach. Note the wav the filling "reservoir of air'' in vour dia phragm will press out the lower ribs. Control of breath is the most important single aspect in singing or speaking. Feel vou have a constant supply -- and replenish it often be fore vou run out. Breathe often w hen speaking. In`quick, out slow. Forget "Stage Fright" When vou feel jitterv or weak as vou step out to face an audience, don't turn and run. Everv good speaker gets "stage fright." Instead, take a few deep bellv-breaths. Above all, relax. A speaker "tied in knots" or stiff with fright may as well put a gag in his mouth. Be sides. he makes his listeners feel the same wav. Let vour muscles go -- not bv sheer will power -- but bv thinking about what vou want to sav and how vou are going to sav it. It will also help to release anv ten sion on vour throat, tongue, or chest muscles. Waggle vour jaw a few times. Yawn and feel those resonat ing chambers loosen up. Grin and pucker vour lips to unparalvze vour GALLERY OF SPEECH DUFFERS face muscles. Even a couple of knee bends will do wonders for vour poise. Three common reasons manv peo ple have difficulty being heard or understood are the "lazv tongue,'' the "rigid jaw," and the "wooden lips." These tools are meant to be used; move them freelv when vou talk. And when vou speak, remem ber to pronounce the consonants correctlv -- enunciating them distinctlv and vet lightlv. Form words high and forw ard in vour mouth, not back in your gul let. Let vour jaw bone drop wide on vowels -- and there's a vowel in everv word. Forget about vour throat. If vour voice is supported by a full column of air from an ac tive diaphragm, vour vocal chords will take care of themselves. This is a sound practice in speaking or sing ing. Manv well-known people of the stage and public life take singing lessons as a matter of course. Trv this little stunt. Pull in a quick breath as though vou were going to veil "Hes!" But don't s ell -- let out that air pressure on a long-drawn "ah." and note how the breath literallv spills up from below. Your voice should vibrate the front bone structure or "mask" of s our face when vou do this. Or grunt vigorouslv on "Hnim." Feel where s our voice is "placed" in the roof of s our mouth -- not in s'our nose or throar. This is svhere it should be. These, then, are the first basicsteps toss ard easier, more pow erful speech -- breathe deeplsv keep an open throat, a loose flexible mouth and tongue, and talk "up and over in the roof of the mouth. When you find elements that s\ ill help your speech, practice them over and over again. .Make them habits and make them narural. When listeners sus pect S'ou are usinsj conscious i lAomimieA on Faye > 14 ETC. 2342 vjll MS *1 - --7%? While many problems remain, the tire industry in 1947 set a manv contingencies, including the new record and is now introducing many new improvements Ir may still be difficult for the average car owner to obtain a new model as quicklv ns he would like, bur rires -- after six \ ears in short supple- -- are back on the mar ket in abundance. possible to achieve and exceed pro duction goals in 1947. The use of a minimum percent age of svnthetic in tires and tubes is required bv law. In view of this, the question has been raised as to comparative price of natural and svnthetic. developments in the re search laboratories, and long-term legislation governing the stockpiling of natural rubber and the production and use of svnthetic rubber. How ever. it is significant to note that the voluntarv consumption of svn Last year, the industrv turned out whether the tire manufacturers thetic during 194- was far in excess around 95 million tires and -y mil will continue to use svnthetic to of the minimum required bv law. lion tubes, establishing in all-time anv great extent when natural rub according to statistics released bv record in both categories. This ber is again abundant and govern the Rubber .Manufacturers Associa meant not onlv equipping new ment restrictions have been re tion. This mav indicate a trend, al model cars, trucks, and buses, as moved. The answer depends on though tire spokesmen are not in they came olf the j"vmblv lines, but also replenishing rile needs of cars on the road. Car, truck, and bus tires rolling off the production lines last year not only exceeded the year's goal, but broke all records This is not to sav. however, that rhe industry is entirek out of the woods. For one thine, natural rub- ner is not vet available ::i -urncient quantities and at price' reasonable -J enough to meet the industrv's re quirements. Meanwhile, the indus try continues to operate under gov ernment restrictions rcjuinnu the use of certain percentage- of -vn- dieric. And overshadow my even- tlung else is the future of the na- !l,ns synthetic rubber pimgiviin. M irh natural rubber -mink -.rill '"-'low normal, indusnw - agree that onlv through ibilirr or svnthetic wj vti 15 m ETC 23430 Supplies of natural rubber from plantations in Liberia (top), the East Indies and elsewhere are still below tire industry require ments. Synthetic rubber, of which on intermediate manu facturing step is shown here /bottom), made possible the outstanding production record for tires and tubes during 1947 at>reement on the subject:. 1 liev aurce. how ever, that the really tough problems concerning svnthetic have been solved and that svnthetic very definitely contains qualities which natural rubber lacks. For that rea son. among others, many manufac turers are of the opinion that svn thetic rubber will continue to be used in future tires, even after nat ural rubber again is plentiful. A Place for Each The consensus seems to be that both natural and svnthetic rubber have and will continue to have a place in the tire picture. At a recent congressional committee hearing, the industry expressed confidence in the future of svnthetic and urged retention of general-purpose syn thetic rubber capacity equal to boo.ooo tons a t ear, the amount pro duced in 1947 bv American svn thetic plants. Approximately -- per cent of this total w as used last vear 1 together w irh some natural rub ber 1 to produce the industry's 95 million tires and -9 million tubes. \nd most of these tires and tubes ire regarded bv the industry as su perior to prewar all-natural rubber products. He that as it mav. the rubber in dustry seems to be reads' to move in anv direction that will result in the continued improvement of nwrorinc. Tire experts pronounce toda\ s combination svnrheric-narurai rub ber tires to be as advanced as scientuie research ami field restmu can make them. It has been said that these tires differ from the tires of forty years ago as much as an automobile then and now. The tire industry freely admits that the first svnthetic tires were poor substitutes for those made of natural rubber. With nine-tenths of its basic raw material lost after Pearl Harbor, the industry was forced not only to produce .1 substitute raw material "overnight" but also to learn how to make satisfactory tires out of it. The first tires to come out of this rapid change-over were bound to be far from perfection. But six t ears of experience, research, and testin'; have brought tremen dous progress. Tests indicate that tod.n s tires do not wear out as quicklt or crack, overhear, ami rear aparr as rhc\ dui 16 ETC 23431 r In 194^- Skid-proof qualities have been immeasurablv improved, also. Ibdav's best svntiietic tire, using a combination of svnrhctic and natural rubber with ravnn cord, is said to u car as well or even better than pre war tires made entirely of natural rubber. Through construction changes and improvements, both carcass and tread have been made stronger and safer than ever before. Boday's tires, industry spokesmen ..n\ are lighter, cooler running and more resistant to the harmful effects of heat. cold, sunlight. cuts, bruises and chemicals. In addition, thev can vafelv take several retreads. Truck and bus tires, which under go heavier wear than passenger car tires, contain a higher percentage of natural rubber, because natural rubber does not '`hear up" as quicklv as svnthetic. Tire men point out. however, chat heat is the maior cause for all truck tire failure whether the tires are natural or .vnehetic. Bv the use of improved corton. ravnn and nvlon cord, the performance and safety of these tires have been im measurablv improved. ter than a natural rubber tube and perform much better after being punctured. Research on tube con struction is keeping pace with that on tires themselves, and some indus trv spokesmen predict outstanding developments in this field in the near future. Tubeless Tire Introduced Other developments, too. are com ing along. The long-awaited tubeless tire was recentlv introduced. This new-principle tire is reported to re duce the possibility- of blow-out to a minimum. Research on the use of wire cord to replace textiles has long been under wav; several companies have reported successful tests of `wire" tires. Until recentlv, the ma jor disadvantage of wire cord has been its low fatigue life, especiallv in heavv-dutv tires. Rubber tech nicians are confident that a solution to this problem is not far off. Glass fabrics, which show excel lent heat resistance and tensile strength, are being tested hopefullv. Inelasticitv, their principal disadvan tage, is being successfullv overcome. Research continues in the newer svnthetic fibers, such as ravon and nvlon. which show better resistance to bruises and blowouts and are longer wearing than conventional tire fabrics. Through research, producers arc continuing to make cotton more uni form. stronger, more heat-resistant and less expensive than in the past. Cotton fabrics, incidentals, are still widelv used in passenger and light truck tires, and have not been "counted out" of the tire picture bv anv means. In sum. new and varied uses and combinations of sv nthetic as well as natural rubber can be expected, in dustrv spokesmen sav. Whereas it was once predicting a "100.000mile" tire, the industrv has raised its sights much higher. ``Whv not a million-mile tire?" an informed tire man asked recentlv. That statement seems to be representative of tire in dustrv rhinking todav. New Low-Pressure Tire One of the nw-i recent trends in the tire industrv i. toward rite socalled low-pressure are. v\ inch com bines more air volume and less air pressure than U'tiai. Instead of "nincing overar, ccr. rtie lowpressure tire is repots,I tn "roll" over obstructions, absorbing more mad 'hocks than rhe ordinary- passenger nre. .Many new mode! car', it s pre dicted. will carrv the low-pressure rirc as original equinment. It is abo believed that rhe low -pressure prin ciple will eventual!', be mcornor.ved 11 a u ider range of tire'. "BurvI ' rubes -- first introduced the general public n 0,40 -- con!||iiic to be popuin. Mu-e tubes, tests show, bold ai: . u\ times bet Heavy duty tires, shown leaving the building room, hove been made stronger and saf er by the use of rayon, nylon and improved cotton 17 ETC 23432 t's easy ro see the benefits to a I community or a region when a new industrial plant is erected, a bridge is put across a river, a mod ern highway is built. But not so readily apparent are the benefits created when rivers and har bors are improved. This includes the ' deepening of channels to insure a safe passage for ships, the building of new canals to expedite the flow of water-borne commerce, and such things as straightening out river bends and building floodwavs. in order to lessen the danger and dam age of floods. Vet. without such necessary water way projects, consider what might happen to that new industrial plant, highway and bridge. The plant, for instance, might not be built for want of a navigable waterway, near at hand, for obtain ing irs raw materials at low cost and shipping its finished products out again. Or. with no man-made means of controlling it. a rampaging river could inundate the highway, block ing all movement of traffic, and even topple the bridge in irs furv. This underscores the importance lit a highly interesting industrial Under-Water Highways Whether it's deepening a river channel, digging a canal, or helping to control floods, it's all part of the interesting work done by dredges A dipper dredge at work widen ing a channel, with a disposal barge standing by to receive the excavated rock and soil technique: the business of dredging. The improvements brought on by deepening rivers and building new waterways may not always be vis ible to the naked eve. but they are still very tangible and real. Houston. Texas, witnessed a tre mendous change when its famous Ship Channel was dredged, connect ing that lusts' city with the Gulf Coast over 50 miles away -- and thence to the rest of the world. Once a landlocked city. Houston today is one of the busiest saltwater ports in the country. People who live in Stockton, Cali fornia, can also testify to the value of dredging improvements. Time was when' this city was as inland as if it were in the center of an Illinois prairie. Todav, Stockton is also a thriving port tor deep-sea com merce, a transformation made pos sible by digging a m-foot channel to the Pacific Ocean, -ft miles away. In like manner, ports throughout the entire country owe their growth and importance, in lame measure, to improvements made by dredging. In fact, nearly every navigable stretch of water in the country, whether it be a river, harbor, canal or seaway, had to be dredged before ships and vessels could make use of it. Interestingly enough, besides cut ting through places where water could freely travel, dredging is also responsible for creating a number of dry land areas. Places like .Miami Beach, the Davis Lies in Tampa Bay. and the huge Id lew ild Airport in New York Citv were all actually built up with underwater soil brought in by dredges. Today, the United Stares is mak ing greater use of its inland and coastal water routes rhan ever be fore. Freighters and passenger liners enter and leave it< coastal seaports by deepwater channels made nav igable by dredges. In addition, the vast network of internal and Great Lakes water route', developed and improved by dredging, carries more tonnage more miles than any other waterway system. With nearly hair rhe U. S. mer chant fleet consoling of tankers alone, navigable channels and berths along the seacoast' arc essential to the oil industry. So. too. arc the in land waterways, v inch rhe indus try uses extensiveiv Transporting oi: in w arer began in the 1860's, when the first Penn sylvania wells began flowing. Oil was moved on flatboats which were steered by poles and floated with the current from the upper reaches of the Allegheny river to the Pitts burgh area. Since then, with the cre ative dredging of deeper channels, water transport of oil has become an outstanding factor in its distri bution. Size of Inland Waterways There are now more than 26.000 miles of navigable water in the United States, one-third of which has a depth of nine feet or. more. .Modem river towboats of 2.400 horsepower can push along twelvi q.000-barrel barges at a clip, making a total capacity for one tow of 108.000 barrels of petroleum prod ucts. A good deal of dredging, as any one who lives in a major port can tell you. takes place in harbors and seaways where shifting tides and sand erosion keep dredges constanrh on the go. It is seldom you can And such a thing as a "natural" harbor or docksire. Though a body of \\ arer mav look ideal when seen from 19 ETC 23434 A government-owned hydraulic dredge. Its sharp rotor blades (right) cut loose the underwater material, which is then drawn up by suction and piped to a disposal area of the millions of tons of sediment and silt that constantlv collect. Dredges, too. plav a significant role in flood control work. Here these maritime jacks-of-all-trades do such things as helping to build levees, on the one hand, and digging river cut-offs on the other. And as one in teresting sideline, dredges are even used in the swamplands and bavous of Louisiana and Texas, where thev figure in nil operations bv preparing the sites for drilling rigs. Almost all dredges are similar in general appearance. Afloat in a channel, a dredge looks very much like an overgrown two-storv house boat. v irh its slab sides topped bv a flat roof. Yet. despite their ordinary appearance, thev are expensive pieces of equipment, some of them cowing a million dollars and more apiece. In addition, the necessary tugs, scows and other floating equip ment that assist in a dredging opera tion also entail a substantial invest ment. The nose, nr business end. of a dredge is its distinguishing feature and the source of its nickname. Ba- sicallv. there are four types of dredges. One is the hydraulic dredge, which works on a suction principle. Lowering a huge pipe down to a river bottom, sharp rotor blades around the pipe opening bite into the bed of a stream. A cen trifugal pump sucks the loosened material up through the pipe and pumps it through a pipeline to a dis posal area. /Move Earth Efficiently Hydraulic dredges, it is claimed, can move more earth per hour, and at lower cost, than any other type of equipment. Operating with pumps of t.ooo to 6.0(50 hp. and with suc tion and discharge lines ranging from to 50 inches in diameter, these dredges hare been known to pump dredged material for distances of 15,000 to ao.ooo feet -- discharg ing it in deep water or behind pre pared levees. Among other things, these hydraulic dredges are used when wasteland is to be filled in. Several airports were built in this manner, as v as part of the site of the San Francisco World's Fair. A special kind of hydraulic dredge is the self-propelled hopper. This dredge not only draws up waste material from a streambed. but de posits the fill in its hold, later taking the load our to sea for dumping. It is used when no convenient dis posal area is available at the exca vation site. One such hopper dredge has been kept busy for years in New York Harbor, removing shoals and sediment and sewage like a vacuum cleaner working underwater. What will be the world's largest hopper dredge is now under construction. Being built at a cost of nine million dollars, the vessel will be 5:6 feet long and will have a fill capacity of S.000 cubic yards of material. When harder material is to be re moved -- material that has to he drilled and blasted -- a dipper dredge comes into plav. Literally a power shovel on a ship's hull, this dredge can reach down and forward tor a distance of up ro 90 feet, depending upon the length of its "dipper stick, and dump each load of fill in a barge alongside. Dredges ot rhis type did yeoman service during the war. ex- 20 ETC 23435 1 i cavating sites tor graving docks used in building vessels. For the deepest kind of under water digging, a bucket dredge is used. Although it doesn't compare in capacity-with other kinds of dredges, it can nevertheless go fur ther down into deep water than anv other. This was the onlv kind of dredge that could dig the deep trench, at the bottom of rite Detroit river, in which the underwater ve hicular tunnel between Detroit and Windsor, Ont., now rests. Bucket dredges, w hose scoops are attached to long cables, take their name from the kind of bucket used. One of these is a clamshell, so called because its two sides clamp together in the manner of a clam. Another is an orange peel, w Inch means a bucket with four ode', or lips, that come together when it takes a bite out of a river bottom. Still another kind of dredge is the ladder dredge. But instead of clear ing shipping lanes, it- is used almost entirely in mining gold and precious metals in the Far West and along the river beds of Alaska. This dredge has an endless chain of iron buckets churning up the bottom of a stream. The buckets dump the gravel and mud into a hopper w here it is processed and the mera! recovered. .Most of the cost of improving waterways, which includes dredg ing. has been borne in the federal government since when it au thorized the expenditure .f Sc ;n for pulling snags our of a. river. Two years later. Chief bonce .Marshall ruled that water navig irion was of national concern, and ( . >ng l ess spent Sit.S-i: to remove treacherous liars from the Ohio rive r. For the present meal v ear. Con gress has authorized, the expenditure of over Si 17 million n,r improving rivers and harbor-, m which more than half is being -pc ir on dredging. In addition, another $298 million has been allotted for flood control work, in which dredging also fig ures. For the fiscal year beginning July 1, President Truman has sub mitted a budgetary request of Si60 million for maintaining and improv ing rivers and harbors and $381 mil lion for general flood control. The money spent on dredging goes to pay for the work performed by the U. S. Army Engineers and some 100 private contractors. Work 0/ Army Engineers The Army Engineers supervise the development and improvement of all federal waterways. They also do an estimated one-third of all newwork undertaken, and the greater part of the work of maintenance, which takes in such things as keeping harbors and ship lanes cleared of sediment and holding the Panama and other canals to a safe depth. The Army Engineers operate a large dredging fleet which numbers many hydraulic suction dredges in its ranks. The private companies range all the way from small firms owning a A bucket dredge in action. Dred ges of this kind are used for the deepest kind of underwater work single dredge on up to nationwide enterprises operating whole fleets of dredging equipment. Some firms are specialists, handling only hydraulic or dipper work, for example. Others are equipped to do anything that comes their way. As much as has been accomplished through the construction of new waterways, much more remains to be done. Among the projects which have been authorized are the Florida Barge Canal and the Sacramento Deep Mater Ship Canal. Funds for these projects, how ever, have not vet been appropriated. In addition, other projects are in the planning or discussion stage. These include the proposed deep water canal from New Orleans to the Gulf, improvements to the Panama -Canal or the construction of an alternate route, and the pro posed Sr. Lawrence seaway which came up for Congressional action again this session. When, as and if these new projects come into being, dredging men say, they will contribute to the country's welfare through improved water transportation facilities. 21 9' 'i ETC 2343 SPEAK UP, MAN! (Continued from Page 14) "tricks'1 or voice techniques, they mav forget what you have to say and watch vour antics instead. One wav to practice your talk is to stand in front of a mirror and critically watch vour tongue, lips, and facial expressions. Are they flex ible, or strained? Is vour face pleas ant and assured? Does vour voice carry easily across the room with no sense of yelling; Are you conver sational, or are you ranting on a soapbox; Read aloud to yourself or to a discerning friend. Your family fn any speech -- whether a casual talk with an employe or a speech at a banquet -- keep your listener in mind might not be too objective about it. Success breeds success--and it's ural, a man w ith something to sax- a wonderful feeling. When you worth listening to.11 catch on to the ideas of better Let us suppose x'ou have a date member char plain everyday xvords speech, make use of them at every to speak before a certain club. It is and phrasings are aiwa\-s best. Say opportunity -- at club or lodge but common sense to consider some things simply and directly. Lincoln meetings, in office planning sessions, steps in \`our presentation before did. So did Shakespeare. social groups, in any of vour every you go. .Make xour sentences about 8 to day situations. At the beginning, if First, of course, you must know 17 xvords each in length. This xvill you falter a bit, don't crawl back the type of people who will hear prevenc xou from running out of in a shell. Just pause and relax, con x'ou; knowing them, \-ou will do a breath when x'ou talk -- and help centrate on what you want to saw better job on the words and word- vour thoughts to sink into vour lis then go ahead to the next step. It pictures you use. You should also teners' minds. is a gradual process, and often, it is have in mind what reaction \-ou wish There are speeches and speeches. a slow but solid growth. to create in those people's minds. In an\- speech -- a phone call, a pep A wise tip one radio network gives N'ow with purpose and people talk to employes, a thank-you to announcers can apply to anv of defined, gather the material and speech at a banquet, or just a casual us. "The voice itself is not of prime thought for the speech. Then trim talk xvith an acquaintance -- remem importance." it savs. "The intelli this down to essentials, and outline ber to keep x-our listener in mind. gence of the announcer is the fun \-our talk as briefly and clearlx- as Watch his. or their, ex_es and faces. damental requisite. Except where a you can. Some of our best speakers See if their expression shoxvs that script calls for another interpreta always use xvritten outlines, even for x'ou are real!\- communicating -- tion. he should speak as an educated short talks. getting vour thoughts and ideas American, familiar with various Whether vour listeners are col across xvith conviccion. parts of the country, sincere and nat lege professors or ordinar\r folk, re Noxv, let us be up and doing. You feel sure \-ou can speak a little better OUR PICTURES . . . Pages 6, 9. illustrations by Harold N'exvman; Pages 9, 10 `bottom right), n (right, top and center). Press Association; Page 10 (top`. Bettman Archive. Pages 10 `insert and bottom left-). 11 (top left), Culver Service; Page 11 (bottom). Wide World; Pages ir-14, 22, illustrations by Rodlow Willard; Page 13. courtesy National Broadcasting Co.; Page 15 (top;, courtesy Rubber .Manufacturers Association; Paces 1(bottom). 16 (bottom), courtesy United States Rubber Co.; Pages i6~ `topi. 17, courtesv Building America; Pages 18 (top). 19. :i. courtesy Arundel Corp.; Page 18 (bottom), courtesy Houston Chamber of Commerce; Page :o, courtesv Marine News: Page A. Devanev, Inc. than x'ou do now; vou are confi dent even a small improvement xvill flood x'ou with a buox'ant sensation chat makes X'ou glad to be alix'e. So -- Take a stomach-full of air. Relax. Look with a smile at x-our listener. Float x-our voice high in x-our mouth on a mountain of air. Get up and speak xvell. of. and for vourself. 22 ETC 23437 mmumm  v.: :^r -11 T'r'zrf-y<'r vT:-< 1 -o&gWSS E8*g NEW DRUMMING PLANT AT BATON ROUGE Pictured above is the new drumming plant at Ethyl's manufacturing plant at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, which recently went into operation. The new unit is designed to handle drum shipments of finished "Ethyl" anti knock compound, supplementing the shipments made from the plant in tank car quantities. After all the ingredients of "Ethyl" fluid have been blended, in the final manufacturing step, the finished fluid destined for drum shipment is transferred from the blending plant to the drumming plant. Filled drums are loaded into box cars at the left, or west, side of the plant. Besides its filling and weighing equipment, the new drumming plant also Has facilities for inspecting and servicing drums. It represents part of a program under taken last year by Ethyl Corporation to achieve still greater flexibility of operations in meeting the require ments of customer companies. ETC 23' Black spots on a yellow background form the unmistakable markings of the LEOPARD. A streamlined body clearly identifies the CHEETAH -- the fastest animal on four feet. To get the most mileage from your car, use high quality gasoline improved with "Ethy1' ' antiknock fluid and have your motor service man tune up your engine to take full ad vantage of its higher quality. In these days when the oil industry is working night and day to keep up with the demand for gasoline, you can help conserve gasoline by driving only when necessary and avoiding long trips. Don't drive at high speeds, make "jack rabbit" starts or let your engine "idle" when parked. Have your car serviced regularly and keep tires properly inflated. Ethyl Corporation, N. Y. -- makers of "Ethyl" antiknock compound. ETC 23439 APRIL * 1948 r IN THE i " AloPnRrIL 1948 i i Robert W. Adams, who has been a gasoline testing chem ist for Ethyl Corporation for 18 years, has been promoted to the position of branch man ager of the company's gaso line testing laboratory at San Bernardino, California. He succeeds Charles A. Rankin, who has been transferred to the gasoline testing labora tory in Tulsa, Oklahoma, as branch manager. Mr. Adams, a native of Ohio and graduate of Ohio Northern University, joined Ethyl Corporation in 1930 as a chemist in the gasoline test ing laboratory in Detroit, Michigan. Eight years later he was transferred to the gaso line testing laboratory in San Bernardino where he has served for the past ten years. In Tulsa, Mr. Rankin will succeed William C. Ludt, who has been transferred to the testing laboratory at North Kansas City, Missouri, as branch manager. Ethyl Corporation maintains gasoline testing laboratories also in Yonkers, New York, where Fred P. Robinson is branch manager, and at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, where Tucker E. Dawson is in charge. The five laboratories, super vised by John Clifford Pope, serve oil refiners by regularly testing and analyzing gaso line samples from all parts of the country and providing consulting facilities on knock testing and related problems. CARS AROUND THE CORNER 3 New model automobiles hold a double meaning for the public this year. Not only are motorists looking forward to a greater output of vehicles, but present and forthcoming models incor porate many new changes and improvements for added driving comfort and efficiency. DIAMONDS IN THE ROUGH 8 They don't show up in the baseball statistics, but many a ball game has been won -- not by hitting or pitching -- but by the verbal barbs thrown at opposing players. ANOTHER ISTHMIAN CANAL? 14 The Panama Canal is the only waterway that was ever built across Central America -- but it is not the only route that was ever considered. Today, amid plans to "do something" about improving the Canal, the age-old question of an alternate route has been revived. POCKETFUL OF MILES 18 Road maps, of which some ISO million copies are distributed annually, provide motorists with the most helpful and compre hensive information that modern cartography can produce. In order to widen the fields of reader Interest in Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles ere the authors'. The editors of the News welcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, used by oil com-, panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Edward L. Shea, president; Stanley T. Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Gonzalez, secretory r % ->35 M I TJtJ go**'* Besides introducing many new models and improvements, the auto industry this year is shooting for a new production record X Dl'.TROIT THIS .MON I II. it's Still Illl I even bet that the automotive in dustry can and will nuke this the most productive or ill its vears of automobile manufacture. Because ot rirsr quaimr losses in production due to unexpected plant shutdowns, the chance' of surpass ing 19:9 s alltime peak output of 5.558.000 vehicles are 'kniuier than they were at the beginning of the year. But optimism sril! prevails. and the feeling is that 194 - pro,.luction. if not a new mark, w n't be tar oti the record set alnuo decade' a <40. Considerin'! that - M'o. md op erating conditions are still far from normal, the industry's task is a her culean one. Setting an alltime pro duction standard will require the manufacture of some 5! f million passenger cars, trucks, and buses. More than four million of these units will be pleasure cars, if the bull'seye in the production target is hit. Admittedly, the industry has the capacity to produce ;W more than last year's volume of to ,-8.000 pas senger cars. But shortages and other conditions over which manufactur ers have no control undoubted!, w ill limit output u el! below this po tential. Flic 194- passenger car pro duction was over that of the previous year and was exceeded only in two other peacetime years. 19:9 and 19;-. With fingers crossed that there arc no cripplinu strikes such as those of two years ago and that the flow of steel and iron continues at its first quarter level, tew doubt that rhe 194- figure will be equalled or bettered. Whether the 10',' to 1,-'. increase in production neces- s.m to surpass all previous \ cars can be achieved is not as assured. What ever \ ohmic or \ chicles is produced, it will 40 .1 lone was toward meet1 nt: motorists pent-up demand lor c ii-s But it also imams an added bin - ETC 23442 Typical of the new facilities which the auto industry has built as part of its huge postwar construction program is Chevrolet's new assembly plant in Flint, Michigan den tor gasoline to carrv. in a pe riod of unprecedented demand. American and Canadian plants -- the latter producing about ,-T of the annual automotive output -- got otf to a firing start in januarv bv turning out t:.ooo more units than thev did in Januarv 194-. But then a twn-wcek closing of some Detroit plants in February, due to a shortage of natural gas. more than wiped out this gain. However, some of the Feb ruary loss was reclaimed bv working rhe affected plants overtime. Steel the Big Problem As always, steel, along with man power. is the kev to automobile pro duction. Lntil the coal strike set in last month, the outlook on steel was brighter than at any time during the posrw ar period, with supplies show ing an improvement during the final months of 194- and w ith indica tions of .1 continued gain. Now. how ever. rhe fare of automobile produc tion. tied as it is to steel production. hinges on the availability' of coal. And over the longer terms, the in dustry's plans will be affected by developments being shaped bv inter national events. Several factors loom large in this connection. The shipments abroad of larger amounts of American prod ucts and basic materials under the European Recovery Program will obviously limit the supply of goods available for home use. .Moreover, there is rhe possibility that the gov ernment may allocate certain basic materials. In effect, savs the Auto mobile Manufacturers Association, this would mean the arbitrary fixing of production quotas for automo biles. among hundreds of other products. To increase their supplies of steel, at least tv o automotive manufac turers are conducting nationwide scrap iron and steel hunts reminis cent ot the war years. Typical of the aggressiveness and far-sightedness it has always dis played. the automotive industry is going to all extremes to satisfy the American public's seemingly' insati able appetite for new cars. Looking to the future, it is completing a bil lion dollar expansion program that will permit an immediate step-up in production once supplies again be come ample. General Motors is spending S500 million in postwar ex pansion and modernization. Ford has put out Sato million since war's end for new assembly plants and parts and service depots. These examples hold true for companies all down the line. In the meantime, current produc tion schedules are being met by in genious wavs and means. One com pany. for example, has been spend ing as much as Sto.ooo weekly to obtain supplies by special delivery via air. rail, and truck. At one point, this firm was using chartered planes to shuttle eight tons of manufactur ing materials daily from tw o Eastern cities to Detroit. Another company. 4 ETC 2344 faced with a shutdown because of a scarcitv of metal, located 25 tons of steel in Buffalo one afternoon. Cargo planes flew rhc find to Derroit during the night, and the plant continued operations on schedule when the workers'arrived the next morning. Another achievement not to be overlooked in the industry's all-out effort to sustain America's vehicle population of 37-phis million units is the record output of replacement parts. Nearly S::; billion worth (wholesale) of such parts were pro duced for the domestic market in 1947 -- more than four times the dol lar volume of parr-, manufactured annually in pre-war years. Included in this staggering total were well over one million replacement en- gines. Although 1947's huge produc tion considerably eased the parts shortage, demand for and produc tion of replacement parts are ex pected to continue at a heavy pace in view of the fact that the average car in use today is nine years old compared to 5!; years before the war. Whatever the industry's concern over its several postwar problems. jR feted the automobiles tliat are rolling from the assembly lines of Detroit, Flint. Lansing', South Bend, and other manufacturing centers in ever-in creasing numbers are the sleekest, most powerful, and most evc-appealing ever put together. Each make, of course, has its dis tinguishing characteristics, and each has new features to reflect the mod ern times. But. basically, the current Illustrative of the newer designs in body styling are these 1948 Hudson IaboveI and Cadillac four-door sedans M trends in design and construction seek the same goal: to give a smoother and safer ride in a car having the most powerful engine practicable. If it were possible to combine rhc leading features of the new models into one automobile, the result prob ably would fall in the category of a design engineer s dream. Compos ite car 104X is longer, lower, and Three of the new coupes in Studebaker's 1948 lines are, from top to bottom, the busi ness coupe, the convertible, and the five-passenger coupe 5 ETC 23444 f*w LWBIW * tkider chan anv of its predecessors. Larger curved-glass windshields and rear windows provide greater vision. The front fenders blend into the ex tended sides of the bodv, continuing in an unbroken line to the rear fend ers. Exterior chrome trim is not as extensive as on previous postwar models. The tires are the new low -pressure and wide-rimmed cvpe. w hich are designed to absorb the shock of bumps from the side as well as from directly underneath. As a further safety and ride-easv feature, the car is equipped with a safety rim that makes it virtually impossible to throw a tire, even in a blowout at high speed. Inside the 1948 composite automo bile are roomier, wider seats. The luxurious upholstery rests on a layer or layers of soft foam rubber, and the trim is modern and smart. Auto matic heat and ventilation prevents drafts, fogged-up windows and other unfavorable element conditions. The driving instruments, instead of ex tending halfway across the dash board, are clustered in a compact group around the steerins column. Gear shifting, as such, is eliminated through the use of a fixed ratio type automatic transmission or a torque converter unit. (The torque con verter was introduced bv Buick as optional equipment on its 1948 mod els as Dvnaflow Drive. This type of transmission enables a vehicle to ad just itself automatically and continu ally to the various driving condi tions.) On the basis of the average stand ard compression ratio of 194S nrod- Typifying the trend toward wider cars with lower cen ters of gravity are these new Packard, Oldsmobile and Frazer models. Oldsmobile, incidentally, this year is celebrating the golden an niversary of its founding v .> ETC 23445 els. the composite cur is powered by :i six- or eighr-cvlinder engine of 6.73 to 1. In all likelihood, today's cars cost slightly mare than the automobiles of last vear, although the price of manv models remains virtuallv un changed. In a feu cases, current prices are even less than those of similar 1947 models. Whether there are further price advances depends almost entirely on imu much wages and the cost of supplies continue to spiral upward. .Mounting costs re cently caused one large manufac turer to lay off its entire night shift to avoid raising auto prices. Vet. it is interesting to note that, pound for pound, the American automobile re mains a comparatively cheap com modity. Present models average be tween 47 and 50 cents a pound, whereas some of the earliest "horse less carriages" sold for two to four times as much on a per-pound basis. Some of the features of the 1948 representative auto, now exclusive with a single manufacturer, un doubtedly will be incorporated on other 1949 cars, for instance, the swing toward the "pontoon" body styling is expected to continue and grow. .More new cars will have a lower center of gr.n its . Special em phasis will be placed on innovations that make for still '.Her and more comfortable riding. Mid some man ufacturers are reported ready to adopt the never t\ pc- of clutch-less transmissions. Almost certainly, the 1949 models will carry engines of higher com pression ratio than tho->e in the pres ent new cars. As noted, the average standard compression ratio of the 1948 automobile is 'V-; ro 1. com pared to 6.68 to 1 for 104' models. Seven conventional cat' oner pres ent models with standard compres sion ratios ranging from -,tn 1 up to ; to 1. They are 1 ..d iliac, Fra/er. Kaiser, Lincoln, Nash, Oldsmobile's Futuramic series, and Packard. The bantam-size Croslev offers a stand ard compression ratio of 7.5 to 1. In addition to increasing their compres sion ratios over 1947, several manu facturers have made optional high compression heads available on a number of additional models. The highest optional compression ratio for 1948 is 7.5 to 1. New Models This Month The actual parade of 1949 models is scheduled to get under way this month when the new Lincoln and .Mercury creations are unveiled. Lincoln-.Mercurv announced a feu months ago that it was expending $ 150 million to produce 2 jo,ooo cars this year (almost 100,000 more than in 1947) in an effort to capture an additional 50% share of the market in the middle and upper-price fields. The new Lincoln is to be powered with a newly designed V-8 type en gine. and will boast a completely new chassis "from road to roof." Other companies expected to in troduce '1949 models before the lat ter part of the year are Ford. Nash, and Kaiser-Frazer. Most other man ufacturers will not come out w ith their '49 cars until late Fall. No de tails of the Nash and Kaiser-Frazer models had been released as this was written, but Ford has s^p) that its new cars, slated for June showing, will be completely changed. While awaiting next t ear s mod els, automotive circles are humming with the usual rumors that two or more of the independent producers are about to merge. But these re ports float around Detroit continu ously. and aren't taken too seriously. The latest, which may have more foundation than some previous ones, has two of the better known inde pendent manufacturers combining forces before the year is out. Detroit also is awaiting the pro jected appearance of several new makes. A number of organizations, particularly for the production of Continued on Page 2: / This photo shows how windshield vision has been increased in a representative 1948 model. The broken white line de notes the windshield area in a 1947 model of the same car 7 ETC 23446 Battleground for some of the world's most highly developed heckling is the baseball park. There, name-calling is an art that frequently wins the game IN THE ROUGH By J. K. Westerfield sually the fans at a ball game Dodger Manager Leo U can': hear what the plavers Durocher (left) was unrestrained as he have to sav. And if they could thetroeld Ump George Mager- is no doubt that gate receipts would kurth that he thought take a ding skyward. his judgment was bad If you are skeptical, consider the Southern ball club owner who se cretly had microphones planted in the players' dugours. The results shocked a lot of the frailer sex. but a few thousand spectators learned that one of their stars had six toes and that he took a merciless ribbing from the yisitors. The home crowd heard comments like "Hey. Deegan. do you need extra spikes on dem violin cases vou call shoes.-" and "Does mother have to make special Keen competition is the cause of most um pire-team arguments, but some are staged in hope of "better" de cisions in later play socks for Mr. Duckfoot Deegan?" Such wisecracks helped make life interesting and exciting for the base ball plaver. To the fans in the know, such rib bing is known as "jockeying." and the gents who indulge in this pastime 8 ETC 23447 rr1 imjuni j>hi% j are known as "diamond jockeys.'' Such a character is w orrh his weight in hot air to a ball club. When the Yanks lured "Chuck" Dressen awav from the Dodgers, rhev were seeking inure than a coach to tell a plaver u hen to steal a base. An accomplished heckler like Dres sen can win a lot of games with just his mouth and his ability to sling verbal irritants at rhe enemy. Dres sen has developed rhe art of banter into a communication system be tween the bench and the pitcher. If Dressen calls an opposition batter a "droopy drip from Dubuque." he really means that his luirler should toss a curve. In that wav. his heck ling accomplishes a double purpose. Gents of the diamond, like Leftv Gomez, who is an airplane enthusi ast, invite some high-powered heck ling. Leftv had the halm of taking time out every time an airplane dew over the ball park. On many an occasion he'd interrupt his delivery to stop and stare at a passing plane. He'd mutter something about a DC-? or a P-40 and then ruin hack to the business at hand. Opposing teams soon discovered rhi- chink in his armor. One day, at the height of a plane gazing session, the bo\ s on the bench started running around the bull pen making like airplane'. The climax came when the eneim bat bov let fly with a model inane w hich hit the wide blue over rhe diamond. Need less to say, Leftv s pitching took a nose dive and (ionic/ did rhe rest of his plane gazing that d.n from the window of the shower room. Another form or heckling is that done by a batter w bile at the plate. Ed Stankv. recent I v of rhe Dodgers, is a master at the art of pitcher baiting. According to a..... i baseball'strat egy. the job of .; lead-'ill hitter is to get on base. Second Baseman Stankv. who isn't a heavy hitter, usually manages to get there. In a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates, he harassed his wav into three walks. On his way to the plate for the fourth time he loudly an nounced: `Til make 'em walk me again." Then he turned on the heat. Wiggling and waggling at the plate as he crowded it, he irritated both Pitcher Johnny Lanning and Umpire George Barr, who ordered him to behave and get back into the batter's box. But it was too late. The count was three and two, and Stankv began to carefully foul any likely ball that came along. He got his fourth ball and then trotted noncha lantly off to first base after he dropped his bat squarely across the home plate as an added insult to the enemy. Pirate Catcher A1 Lopez hurt his toe kicking the bat halfway to the pitcher's box. But Stankv's fourth walk soon became the Brooks' winning' run. While "Lippv" Leo Durocher is perhaps best known for his verbal tirades of recent years, he did his name-calling for box office reasons, and was not the type of heckler who heckles to win ball games. Unquestionably the king of caus tic comment is Jimmy Dykes, recent White Sox manager. A few years ago during a game between the White Sox and Boston, Boston's pitcher, a chap unfortunately named Herbie Hash, was doing right well by himself when suddenly Jimmy Dykes turned on the gas. You don't have to be told what Dykes said about young Herbie. One word de scribes all the comments: "Ham- Jimmy Dykes (right), former Chicago White Sox manager, is considered a top man among baseball's expert hecklers. George Stirnweiss (below) of the Yanks loses no time in getting steamed up at Ump Parapella * i> tir**.*.: *<*-* -- 9 ETC 23448 i burger." The taunts reached the ears of Umpire Lou Rolls. He halted the game and approached the Chicago dugout. "Now. Jimmv," he warned, "vou know the rules. Lav off that 'hash' routine!'' Jimmv agreed to be a good bov, but as the diamond .M. P. ambled back to his position Dvkes cut loose with: "Hew Lou. do vou like vours with a poached egg"' That started off a verbal barrage from Dvkes and his bovs on the bench. The vexa tions detailed stvles of serving hash without ever mentioning the name of that delicacv. Lons before thev had skimmed the entire cook book, the Boston chucker was under a warm shower in the Red Sox club house. The razz bovs had ridden another mount.successfullv. A ball plaver's private life is lus cious and fair game to the obnoxious men of nettle. '`Whiter" .Moore, a Cincinnati fast bailer, ran afoul of the Yankees in the 1959 World Series. The night before the Series game in which he was to pitch. Vernon "Lefty" Gomez, former Yankee pitcher, liked to watch airplanes so much that he in vited cruel razzing from rivals Whites' was out driving, happened to stall his car on a railroad track -- and the Yankees got wind of the in cident. Whiter s first appearance in the Series drew a tremendous blast from the New York bench. "Whooooo! Whoooooo!" came imitations of a train whistle. "Get that car off the track, here comes the flier! Whooooo!'' The riding cost .Moore a few bad minutes, but he got hold of himself and came through without anv scars. As a rule the National League clubs aren't quite so jockev con scious as the American League out fits. but the "Bums" and the St. Louis "Gas House Gang'' would give the Societv for the Furtherance of Noise Abatement a job for life. In 1934 (the rear of the two Deans) the Cards were due to meet the Tigers in the World Series. "Schoolbov" Rowe, winner of 24 ball games, was being lionized in Detroit as the man who would show "Me and Paul" a few tricks about pitching. But the Tiger star made one mistake. He w ound up a radio broadcast bv inquiring of his fian cee: "Hov'm I doing, Edna"' That did it. While St. Louis base hits were bouncing around the out field the next afternoon, a bench full of "Gas Housers" w as dancing up and down screaming: "How'm 1 do ing. Edna"' Oh. ves. Row e lost the game. "Jumping Joe" Dugan, onetime Yankee third baseman, was a better than fair bov when it came to dish ing out billingsgate. He is known for a now historic comment which is told w henever baseball men gather around the hot stove to reminisce. It was in the 19: 3 World Series. Joe was at bat in a tough spot, two men were on base, and the Yankees were trailing bv one run. Dugan called tor time and took .1 couple of steps toward Jack Scott, the big Giant pitcher. "Hev. Scottie. he called, "pull in 10 ETC 23449 m \ our ears. You look juse like a loving cup!" That crack so upset Scott that lie wild-pitched a run home, making Dugan's subsequent single an anti climax. When an opposing plat er has a few errors charged against him. he is w ide open for am kind of com ment. "Gee" Walker, the eccentric outfielder for the l iters at the time, rook a hand in w inning the 1934 World Series from his sear on the bench. The Tigers had copped the previous game, helped bv a pair of errors charged to Hill Delancev, the St. Louis catcher. W alker cut loose his verbal artillcrv on the already unhappy Card catcher, as soon as he appeared on the field. "Delanccy lost the lull game! Dclancey lost the lull came!" he chanted monotommslv. Bill stood the Tiger's chant as long as he could and then he let go. "I'm not sitting on rhe bench any how, wise guy," he snapped. "And I didn't lose a ball game!" Walker replied happily, and he re sumed his chant. The result: Delancev fanned three times that afternoon, once with the tying run on base. There is. however. .1 limit to how far a game of jockeying can <40. Aside from a brand of vilification that would provoke an umpire to send a foul-mouthed person to the showers notwithstanding, both play ers and owners alike have a sort of gentlemen's agreement as to what does and what does nor constitute fair comment and criticism. Some years ago. a certain ball player was known to imbibe too freely at times. Eventually, how ever, he reformed and fairhfuilv refrained from drinking any inrosicarinu bev erages. The jockeys, however, con tinued to razz him about his past habits whenever he came w irhin ear shot. The owners of his ball club pro tested to league headquarters. A man who was courageous enough to stop his bad habits, they insisted, should be encouraged in that direction. The league officials rightly agreed and established an official closed season on the razz artists, so far as this hall player was concerned. Every now and then the jockeys have to eat their words. During the 1939 Series, the Yankees got on Frank McCormick of the Cincinnati Reds. The Yankee heavy hitters be gan to give Frank the business about the tantalizing Texas Leaguers he dropped just out of their reach. The Heckling Backfired "He's hitting the ball with his thumbs!" they shouted. "Boy, I'd hate to do that. He'll wear 'em right off! He'd better be careful!" But .McCormick was unconcerned and he went about his business of acquir ing a .400 Series average. After each base hit he'd salute the New York dugout gang. Standing on the sack, he would deliberately look over and laugh scornfully. The Yanks kept up their riding, but it was rather anemic. McCormick was paying them back only too well for their slurs. In rhe days when Mickey Coch rane w as makings name for himself as a catcher, he came to hat facing Pitcher. Burleigh Grimes of the Car dinals. Grimes started making un complimentary remarks about Coch rane's cars. "If you could only run faster, you'd rake off!" Grimes shouted from the mound. .Mickey began to get hot under the collar and lie snarled. "Is that right. Bluebeard- Just throw one up here and watch tbiit take off!" .Mickey took a hire at the next pitch and sent it soaring into the stands. For the rest of the series Grimes was a silent gent whenever Mickey came to hat. Perhaps the remark to end all re marks from the bench came from Babe Ruth. During the World Series between the Yankees and the Cubs, the Chicago club had been riding Rurh rather hard. Ruth stepped up to bat. pointed to the stands and hit the ball exactly to the spot where he pointed. After a leisurely trot around the bases, he walked over to rhe Cub dugout and doffed his hat with mock solemnity and said. "When you guvs can make SS0.000 a year--that's the rime to pop off." A lot of ball players have been trying to think of an answer to that one. So far none has succeeded. Wonderful pickup, hasn't it?" 11 ETC 23450 THE ETHYL CORPORATION SERVES THE PROGRESSIVE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY Through Research I \ Refiners face challenging problems in producing gasoline for engines now under development .. oday in the engineering departments of Tmany automobile companies the develop ment of new engines requiring fuels of higher antiknock quality, and promising new high levels of performance and economy, has reached an advanced stage. Many refiners are studying means for pro viding economically the fuels required by these new engines. Six major factors combine to make this a challenging task: 1. Just before the war, manv new refining processes to improve fuel antiknock quality became commercially practicable. The war's demands for gasoline forced immediate ex pansion of refining capacity for high produc- Kthyl Corporation's Laboratories at Detroit--as well as at San Bernardino. California -- urr designed for research and service on problems of fucCrnginc-lubricant interrelationships. tion of antiknock fuels, regardless of cost or .if eventual peacetime utility. Consequently, much of the equipment built in the war pro tram involved processes which had not been thoroughly evaluated on a commercial scale for peacetime use. 2. Even without advances in engines, a long period would have been required to find the best way to integrate the new refining processes into peacetime operations. Each process must be studied with respect to the range of conditions under which it may be carried out, as well as in relation to older processes and still others which might be in stalled. Stocks produced by the new processes must be appraised as components for fuels to be used in automobile engines. 3. Certain new engine developments tend to upset previous concepts of fuel antiknock quality and to reduce the reliability of con ventional laboratory knock ratings as indi cators of road performance. 4. Stocks produced by the differ ent refining processes may exhibit ex| treme variation in sensitivity to tett raethvl lead. Fuels which.without lead, j are only mediocre may head the list * after its addition. 5. The degree of cleanliness with which different gasolines burn in en gines covers a wide range. .6 Cost of the finished gasoline and the number of gallons of it obtainable from a barrel of crude are vital considerations. To sum up, the refiner's problem is one of combining, in proper proportions with tetra ethyl lead, a wide variety of hydrocarbons having the proper -volatility, stability, anti knock and burning properties to form ac ceptable, economical gasoline. Having been closely associated with the engineering departments of automotive com panies and the laboratories of oil companies for over twenty years, the Ethyl Laboratories have been able to conduct broad programs to appraise hydrocarbons, singly and collec tively, not only in relation to current engines, but,more importantly, with respect to engines of the future. In their service to oil companies, the Ethyl Laboratories draw from the infor mation accumulated in these broad programs and, when specific problems indicate the need, join with refiners in cooperative research pro jects designed to extend the knowledge. During the coming period of accelerated technological development, advances in auto motive transportation will result from the closest cooperation of the designers of engines and of all who contribute to the production of fuels and lubricants for their operation. The Ethyl Corporation Research Labora tories plan to cooperate fully in making their contribution to this joint effort. a "ETHYL- heSearch Laboratories 1600 Wast feight] Mile (Road! -CORPORATION Cpunit gQ.lMirliipan 1'2600 Ca jon Road San Bernardino, ETC 23452 Above, the battleship, Missouri, inching its way through the Panama Canal, shows how cramped for size the Canal has become. Left, the pro posed sea-level Panama Canal (gray lineI roughly parallels the present route By John E. Kelly Locks, Pedro Miguel Locks, and the Gatun Locks -- could put the entire ver since the war. the future E of the Panama Canal has been canal out of commission for possibly \ears, making direct contact be- a big and '.mowin': problem. It is threu een the Atlantic and Pacific mean onlv man-made shortcut between while impossible. the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Its Moreover, the physical limitations vulnerability to attack in time of war of the 4o-mi)e waterway are well- is widelv recognized. And it is ad known. At present, battleships like mittedly becoming obsolete for the the Missouri barely inch their way constantly bigger ships bein'! built. through its i 10-foot lock chambers; The vulnerability of the Canal was the biggest aircraft carriers afloat a war-long headache to U. S. defense are too \\ ide to 40 through the Canal. forces. A sinelc bomb hit on anvof And considering its capacity, it has its three kev points -- Miraflorcs been estimated that u ithin another 17 rears, the Canal will he unable to handle the anticipated traffic load. To correct this condition, a host of proposals have been made. They ran^e all the way from making the present canal a sea-level waterway to building an alternate route in M exico, Nicaragua or Colombia. Probably the furthest along of all proposals is the one that would build a sea-level canal across Panama, closely paralleling: the present route. This project, recommended by the Army, would require only one tidal lock (to adjust for differences bc- 14 ETC 23453 tween Atlantic and Pacific tides), and would cost some 5:.5 billion. However, great consternation was caused when, some months ago. the Panamanian Congress refused to per mit the United States to continue maintaining air bases in Panama for the defense of the canal. Following this sudden turn of ev ents, the pos sibilities of constructing alternate routes have been considered with renewed interest. Curiously enough, the prospect of a navigable waterway connecting the Atlantic and Paciric lias intrigued explorers for many centuries. Even before the true geography of the Americas was understood, early European adventurers sought wavs through or around the New World. Three centuries before Columbus arrived, Norsemen sailed their dragon ships into Hudson's Bay. thinking North America an island. Henry Hudson reached w hat is now Albany before becoming convinced he had not found the Northwest Passage. The Spaniards combed the coast from Florida m Buenos Aires for a strait leading to the China Sea. Finding none, their thoughts turned to building a canal, and canal plan ning has been a major (lentral Amer ican theme ever since. From the first, at least three other countries have vied with Panama as the site of an interoccanic canal through Central America. In it to, a Porruc'iew traveler wrote a book nnu. nmonu other routes, a canal across the .Mexi can isthmus of Tehuantepec. This waterway would extend from Puerto Rico, on the Gulf, to Salina Cruz, on the Pacific. The distance is 125 miles and the highest point. Chi vela Pass, 735 feet above sea level. Favored the Mexican Route Despite these obstacles, the possi bility of some kind of route across the Tehuantepec isthmus has at tracted its share of proponents in the last century. James B. Eads, who gained fame for taming the mouth of the .Mississippi, proposed a ship railway across the isthmus. Judah E Benjamin, who served as Secretary of War and State in Jefferson Davis' provisional Confederate govern ment, promoted a Tehuantepec Ca nal Company. Currently. Senator Dennis Chavez, of New Mexico, has proposed that a canal he built across the isthmus. Control of the Tehuantepec route was a factor in the w ar with .Mexico in 1S47. and the peace treaty pro vided for a payment of Si 5 million by the United States for perpetual rights to build a canal there. While a canal was never built across the isthmus, the .Mexican Government completed a ipa-mile railway there in 1907. A second proposal, as old as the "-a* ' r'-.W Top, a view of Lake Nicara gua and the mainland. The lake would play a key role in any canal through that country. Bottom, a scene in Tehuantepec, which has also been put forward as a route for a second isthmian canal 15 4-- ETC 23454 r Proposals for cutting a canal across the Central American isthmus are almost as old as the discovery of America. Here, on a map of 1850, are the four routes then consid ered as the most likely for a canal--Tehuantepec, Nicaragua, Panama and Colombia Tehuantepec plan, would link the Atlantic and Pacific through Colom bia. bv cutting a canal between the headwaters of the Atrato and San Juan rivers. This would provide a 300-mile fresh water route from the Gulf of Uraba. on the Atlantic side, to the mouth of the San Juan river on the Pacific, above the port of Buenaventura. However, the route, including the proposed canal, would traverse through hundreds of miles of wild jungle. Of all the isthmian canal proposals (some 30 plans have reportedlv been under consideration), the Nicara guan project has undoubredlv the most fascinating historv. It is among the oldest of all canal plans, prog ressed as far as the actual start of construction in the 1890's, but lost out in the end to the Panama Canal bv a strange coincidence. The first white man to propose connecting the Atlantic and Pacific by a Central American canal was the Spanish discoverer of Nicaragua 1 which was named after an Indian chief of that name). The Spaniard was Gil Gonzales de Availa. who wrote his king about it back in 1523. ".Martens of state move slowlv," runs an old Spanish proverb, and it was not until 1 780 -- more than 2 to vears later -- that a parrv of Spanish engi neers arrived to survev the route. Nothing came of these earlv ef forts. however, until the last cen- turv, when subsequent proposals came thick and fast. Individual pro moters and bankers formed compa nies. Preliminarv engineering survevs were made. The governments of various nations made efforts to put through a canal. The principal rivals in virtuallv all canal ventures were the United States and Great Britain. To further their cause, the British seized the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua. The United States countered bv signing a treatv with the Nicaraguan Repub lic. obtaining exclusive rights to dig and operate a canal. Before 1848. a Central American canal was a political asset only. There wasn't sufficient commerce to 16 ETC 23455 pav the estimated expenses. The California Gold Rush, however, changed all that. The quickest, easiest and cheapest wav from'New \ork to the West was bv steamer to the isthmus, mak ing connection bv niulcback or afoot to another ship on the Pacific side. The Pacific .Mail Steamship Com pany operated a route through Pan ama. During its first ten vears. the Pacific Mail carried 1-5.000 passen gers and $:oo million in gold bullion. Seeing enormous possibilities in a route through Nicaragua -- w hich would shorten the entire journey -- Cornelius Vanderbilt contracted with Nicaragua to build a canal in twelve vears, meanwhile possessing the right to transport passengers across the isthmus bv lake and river steamers and stage coaches. \ anderbilt's canal-building plan fell v ictim to one of the periodic political up heavals in Nicaragua, and the war between the states came and passed, and still no canal was dug. Recurrentlv, in the latter part of the last centurv, efforts were made to build a canal. Work was actuallv started bv one compam . granted a concession in 188-. but the project was abandoned. Following a favorable report bv the Isthmian Canal Commission in 1899. it looked for a time that the Nicaraguan project might rinallv go through -- under United States' aus pices. But then the whole picture suddenlv changed w hen a French companv. which had been m ine to dig a canal through Panama, offered to sell its concession to the United States for $40 million. This news reached Washington during a Congressional debate over the Nicaraguan route. I he House of Representatives hud -u-r passed the Hepburn bill, authorizing con struction of a Si'" million canal there. It seemed cerru.n mu the Sen ate would concur when a supporter of the Panama venture. Senator Spooner, plaved his trump card. One of the '`trade-marks" of Cen tral America, which appears on the great seals of several isthmian repub lics, is the chain of volcanoes lining the Pacific coast. Some smoke continuouslv, others belch fire, a few erupt at intervals. Nicaragua has its share of the conical giants, including Ometepe on an island in Lake Nica ragua and fierv Momotombo on the shore of Lake Managua. When Senator Spooner arose to speak against the Nicaraguan canal, he waved aloft a colorful set of Nica raguan stamps. Issued in 1900, the adhesives portraved Momotombo in eruption, with lava pouring down its sides. The Senators listened to prophecies of earthquake and dis aster. then voted for Panama which has no volcanoes, thank vou. Although the United States com pleted. and put into operation, the Panama Canal, interest in the Nica raguan project has not been appre ciable diminished through the vears. In 1916. the United States paid Nica ragua S3 million, under a treatv, for an option to construct a canal. Sev eral times, since then, the plan has been reviewed, and reports and survevs made. Nicaragua vs. Panama The Nicaraguan route has some strong talking points. For one thing, it would greatlv shorten a trip, saw from New Orleans to San Francisco, resulting in a saving of time and fuel. The Panama Canal is the shorter route -- 40 miles against 1*4 in Nicaragua -- but most of the Nicaraguan route is water, lake and navigable river, with onlv miles of actual excavation. F.qunllv important. Culebra Hill in Panama, which must be completelv removed in the widening and deepening operation contemplated, is over. 500 feet high, while no point on the Nicaraguan line rises more than 140 feet above sea level. More over, the Nicaraguan route would be free of the earth slides which constantlv bedevil the present canal. The Freshwater Sea In building the Panama Canal, one of the greatest problems, an ade quate supplv of water for the locks, was solved bv the creation of Gatun Lake. The artificial lake, 90 feet deep, floods 184 square miles, or about twice the area of the citv of Cleveland. The Nicaraguan canal would be fed bv Lake Nicaragua, the largest sheet of inland water be tween Lake Michigan in North America and Titicaca in Peru. The Freshwater Sea. as the Spanish ex plorers called it, is nearlv twice the size of Delaware and ;oo feet deep, and is connected to the Atlantic ocean bv the navigable San Juan river, and separated from the Pacific bv onlv 13 miles of low land. In reserve is Lake Managua, itself to bv :5 miles in area, which empties into Lake Nicaragua through the river Tipirapa. The contemplated route would involve digging a chan nel on the Caribbean side to the San Juan river, would follow the course of the river and make use of Lake Nicaragua, and would pass through a second canal, to be built, emprving into the Pacific at Brito. Nicaragua. As this is written, no one knows tor sure w hat action mav be finallv taken with respect to a canal across Central Xmerica. The original plan for rebuilding the Panama Canal mav go through, provided that Xmerican diflerences with that counrrv s government are com posed. Il it does, there will still be those who argue that two canals are berter than one -- and not w lthour on id reason. POCKETFUL OF k vou were to open the glove tions. The oil companies, by the I compartment of a typical car. way, distributed more maps than all the chances are that rive road maps,other organizations combined. on the average, would tumble out The principal use of road maps -- together u ith the odd assortment continues to be in connection with of trinkets and gadgets that every vacation travel. However, motorists motorist seems to carry as standard are using them increasingly for equipment. information concerning alternate For that is, roughly, the ratio of routes, short cuts, new roads, scenic road maps to cars in a typical year. routes, and other phases of their day- In 194'. the map makers turned out to-day driving. an estimated 150 million maps for The road map has come a long use primarily by the nation's ;o mil \\ ay from its origin in the "way back lion car owners. when" days of automobile transpor These road maps were distributed tation. The date of the first map is -- almost entirely free -- by oil com disputed, bur it u as probably around panies. state road departments, au the beginning of the century. Ac tomobile clubs. Chambers of Com tually. the first road maps evolved merce. and certain other organiza from bicyclists' maps that had been popular for a number of years previously. In the days when automobile driv ing was still an intrepid adventure, motorists depended on maps appear ing in various guide books. Not onh did these guides contain maps, but also photographs, rules of the road, and such quaint directions as. "At theschoolhouse. turn right, and con tinue for two and a quarter miles to large red barn with silo. Jog left and proceed three miles to fork in the road ..." Roads were then known by names instead of numbers, such as "Woodpecker Trail." "Rob ert E. Lee Highway." "Boston Post Road." etc. -- all of which contrib uted to the general confusion. 18 ETC 23451 A lot of care, skill -- and expense -- goes into the preparation of road maps, which the nation's motorists use by the millions These road maps are real old-timers. At the left is an AAA strip map of 1917, showing the route from New York City to New London, Conn. At the top is a transcontinental road map of 1917, while underneath it is a map of "the country around New York" in 1904. Directly obove is o 19 J 4 tour book MILES Other road maps, which rolled up in a cylinder, were atrached to the dashboard. Some were even printed on balloons, which w ere inflated when needed. It was not Ion? ben ire publishers began improving their product. First, a scale of mile' was added; then a description of roads, toll in formation, census fiuures. and finally a touch of color. The individual fold-up type became incrcasinylv popular. These were still a far cry from the modern, derailed maps made available to mororists today, but they were a beginning. The ran?e of information con tained in today's maps is encyclo paedic when compared with the maps of the early 1900's. A typical road map of 1948 contains such di verse information as towns and cities, federal and state highways, distances between towns, state capi tals, airports, county divisions, mili tary installations, points of historical interest, toll roads and bridges, fer ries and ferry schedules, gasoline taxes, waterways, and speed limits. With the rapid increase in the number of highways and automo biles, map publishers have found that the ordinary road map is really good for only one touring season; after that, so many changes will have been made in highways, bridges, etc., that the map is no longer reliable. Today, the job of keeping track of three million miles of U. S. high ways is truly a herculean task. The map makers must continually keep a fleet of cars on the road, checking mileage and other figures, highway and bridge construction, general in formation and travel conditions. Furthermore, close liaison must be maintained with the state highway departments. During the war, roadbuilding and maintenance came almost to a stand still. Now. although plans for the long-predicted superhighways have been slowed, repairs to existing roads are being made in every state, thus adding to the already heavy task of the experts who gather, sort. sift, and check data for road maps. The past severe winter made the situation even worse, to say nothin? of the record floods that have left some roads in bad repair and washed our others. For all their painstaking efforts ru avoid mistakes, the publishers oc casionally receive letters from dis gruntled motorists. "Your map shows highway.......... in............ state to be a first-class road. Well, let me tell you, it ain't -- not bv a long shot. I traveled it last week, and you can take it from me Off goes a checking car for first hand information. When you pick up a map at your service station or auto club, you can rest assured that its reliability is nearly perfect -- and that it took a year and longer to make it that way. A Specialized Business Today's maps are not usually pub lished by the companies distributing them, because cartography requires too many specialized skills. This is still done by those publishing houses that pioneered in the road map field back in the early 1900's. In fact, about 90% of the road maps pub lished in the United States today come from three of these early firms: Clousha and Rand .McNally in Ghicago. and General Drafting in New York. New maps are usually issued in the spring, the first being those of the southern states -- then the middle group, and finally the northern states. Demand is so heavy that re orders are often placed monthly. Many of the distributing agencies have road maps of Canada and Mex ico. in addition to the United States. Some offer maps of the Central and South American republics as well as several countries in Furope. Map publishers have just about as much trouble kcepin? track of F.uropcan boundaries as the State Department. Preparing a road map of any for eign area, however, requires much more rime to produce than a domes tic map. One publisher states that it took lum over three years to col lect the mtormation for .1 map of one particular country in Cenrral Xmei'ica. 19 ETC 234 But collecting information for a map is onlv the first step. Produc tion and printing mav take several additional months. In preparing the first draft, it is usuallv necessary to hand-letter all names -- a process which mas- take as long as two months. Then, when it comes to the final draft, each sym bol, number, and name must be set in type individually and stamped on the map by hand. Uniformity in Symbols Incidentally, map symbols indicat ing federal highways, state highwavs, airports, state capitals, etc., are almost identical on all road maps. The various distributors say that they did not achieve this uniformity by getting together and agreeing fin symbols. Rather, they separately ar rived at the same symbols by trial and error. Drawing in the mountains is the final step in the drafting proc ess. This painstaking operation is done entirely by hand and must be carried out in a manner that will not confuse road lines, place names, etc. Finally, the map goes to an editor for checking. He goes over the draftsman's work several times -- v ith a magnifying glass -- before approving it for printing. Four printing plates arc then made -- one for each color. Before this step, however, an "opaquer" must prepare four glass negatives -- in each instance, all color' but one be ing painted nut. The plates that emerge from this long, involved process usuallv last for 100.000 im pressions. After printing, folding, and packaging, the maps are ready for distribution. Methods of distribution vane State road departments. Chambers of Commerce, and certain miscellane ous organizations furnish maps of rheir particular areas to persons re questing them. The automobile clubs, as a rule, supply their mem bers only. As indicated previously, the bulk of the road maps published each year are distributed by the various oil companies. .Most oil companies sup ply service stations with maps to hand to customers who request them; others have established tourist infor mation centers -- offices equipped to answer written and telephoned quer ies from puzzled motorists, in addi tion to supplying maps. Some halfdozen oil companies have carried the touring service idea a step fur ther and set up offices where motor ists may visit and personally discuss touring problems. There are. broadly, two systems of operating touring services. Some oil companies, knowing that the car tographers have the trained person nel and necessary knowledge at their finger tips, let them handle all aspects of the touring service, under the oil company's name. Others prefer to use their own personnel and handle the whole operation them selves. Typical of the queries received by the touring services is the letter from a lady on Long Island, which read. "I would like to take a fourteen-dav motor trip ... Can you recommend a good one? Direction does not matter." And a man from South Bend wrote. "1 am taking a trip this sum mer. We would like to travel about a.too miles. The destination doesn't matter because it is going to be our honeymoon. So will you please ad vise us and send a marked map?" These are routine queries and easily answered. Some motorists, however, pose tough problems for Below are some of the steps involved in preparing a road map. Left, a nameplace is stamped on a map with a special instrument. Center, the preliminary draft of a map is carefully checked for accuracy. Right, a twin-pointed pen is used to indicate rail lines. At the far right, the personnel of a touring service are kept busy answering motorists' requests 20 ETC 234 the routers in the service centers. A doctor wrote, saving that he had a patient who wanted r<> drive coastto-coast -- but.he had to avoid high altitudes because of his health. The routers planned a cross-country trip on which all roads were well under 4.000 feet above sea level, and sent marked maps for the journev. One tourist who hared repetition asked how he could drive through everv state capital u ithout back tracking. He couldn't bear, he said, to travel anv part of the same road twice. The tourist venter planned the trip. One winter afternoon, a motorist telephoned a New Mirk touring service office and said that he was driving to Indiana the next dav. ``Are the roads clear?" he inquired. "Will I have to detour anvuhere?" With its up-to-the-minute information re garding travel conditions, the tour ing office was able to answer this inquirv immediatelv. Not all of the inquiries come from motorists. Hitchhikers sometimes ask for a list of the most traveled roads. A man once wrote to a tour ing service, explaining that he in tended to roller skate from Chicago to Los Angeles and wanted to know the route that avoided as many hills as possible. And from Hampton, N. S., Can ada. came a letter written in a deli cate. wavering script: "I am a re tired school teacher, a bachelor, living alone--and I have rather a lonelv life. I derive much pleasure from maps showing places which I read or hear about on the radio. If vou care to send me some maps, they will be much appreciated." The travel offices where motorists mav personally discuss their touring problems 'are located in several of the large cities, usually in a centrallylocated office building or hotel. In these offices, several routers stand behind a wide counter, below w hich are arranged -- in neat pigeonholes -- maps of even- part of the United States serviced bv the company. The visitor approaches the counter and tells a router the des tination he has in mind. The router whips out the proper maps, traces the most desirable route in trans parent ink, suggests scenic detours and points of interest, and marks the places (if ant') where the motor ist w ill encounter highway construc tion. bridge or ferrv tolls, etc. If the motorist is planning a long trip, he mav leave the office with seven, eight, or a dozen road maps in his pocket. All of this service is given gratuitously. The oil companies' latest device in the wav of maps is the cruising guide--a chart given to small boat owners. These guides show chan nels. depths, lighthouses, buovs. Coast Guard lifeboat stations, vacht dubs. etc. -- but are not intended to take the place of the charts, coast pilots and current tables issued bv the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Several organizations are already considering the possibility of air maps, developed along the same gen eral lines as road maps and cruising guides. The demand is nor sufficient at present ro w arrant production of these maps on a large scale, but plans are being made, nevertheless, to sup ply air travelers' map needs when the "tainilv airplane'' becomes a more common feature of the \mcric.in scene. Meanwhile, the distributors of road maps rake satisfaction from the fact rlur mornnsrs today are receiv ing the best in modern, scientific r ji'n ig r ipln 21 ETC 23460 CARS AROUND THE CORNER i C.nutimied trow Page i bantam size cars, har e been formed and hope ro get into volume produc tion during 1948. The most talked ot possible new entry into the con ventional passenger car held con tinues to be the rear-drive Tucker '4S. Recent advertisements said the Tucker would be available "in a mat ter ot months." Interest in the bantam car stems from the tact that certain segments ot the public recently have indicated a desire for cars costing under 51.000. While most manufacturers have been concentrating on the pro duction of bigger automobiles, the one established maker of bantam cars is producing in coniparativelv large numbers and a few postwar com panies have displayed pilot models of their small cars. In shooting for an all-time record production, while at the same time turning out the finest cars ever assembled, the automotive industry realizes thar a backlog of six million orders makes it a physical impossi bility to produce a new vehicle this year for all who wanr one. In fact, it mav be igso or r9-t t before it is po'sihle to walk into an automobile showroom, select from a varieev of models, and then have that auto de livered ro vour door rhe follow ing Jav. Until that goal is reached, die autoiii.itiie imiusrrv can do no more than it is currently doing. Manufac turers have pledged themselves to produce every lasr car. truck, and bus ot which their facilities are capa ble. The rarget for which rhe indus try is aiming is the highest possible. Given an adeiptarc supply of mate rials and nr.nipi>u er. it is confident it can write automotive mass produc tion history in 104S. 1 OUR COVER: In an average year, tile automobiles and truck-and-rrailer units that make up the fleet of rhe Ethvl Corporation road research laboratory at San Bernardino, California, travel'better than half-a-million miles over one of the nation's greatest natural proving grounds. On the cover, part of Ethyl's fleet is viewed approaching the summit of 4.301 -foot high Cajon Pass, one of the many steep mountainous highways in the area. At the other extreme, on the nearbv Mojave Desert, there arc long roads of almost absolute flatness. The wide range of topography and weather conditions in the area around San Bernardino permits research on fuels and engines the vear round under a range of conditions representative of those encountered in a large propor tion at the United States. Road research, as conducted bv both the San Bernardino and Detroit labora tories of Ethyl Corporation, is an essential part of the procedure for evaluating fuels, engines and lubricants. (The phocograph was taken by Larrv Kelley). 1 OUR PICTURES: Pages 3-4, courtesy Chevrolet Motor Division. Page 5 'topi, cour tesy Hudson .Motor Car Co.-, (center), courtesv Cadillac Motor Car Division; 1 bottom) courtesv The Studebaker Corp.; Page 6 itop). courtesv Packard .Motor Car Co. (center), courtesv Oldsmobile Division; (bottom), courtesv- KaiscrFrazcr Corp.; Page 7, courtesv Fisher Bodv Division; Pages 8 (except top> through u. and 15 (top). Press Association; Page 8 (top), courtesv New York Yankees; Page 11, cartoon bv M. J. Davis; Page 14 1 left). M'ide World; (right), Acme Ncwspicturcs Inc. Page ij (bottom). Black Star; Pages 16 and 18. maps courtesv Map Room. New York Public Librarv; Pages :o-:i, courtesy Standard Oil Co. (X. J.); Page :z, cartoon. Laughs. Unlimited. Third cover, Philip Gendrcau. 22 ETC 23461 *Pr*fiarrd in cooperation utM sp<*cmii)ts of ihe .1m*rieon Museum or Sorurat History, .V,)'. THE BLACK WIDOW, whose bite may be fatal, is identified by the red hour-glass marking on its stomach. The other spider is a harmless species. WHICH IS THE OSTRICH? The plume-like jeathers and long nerl; marl; the ostrich fright). The other bird is an emu. L~ -Z. BUTTERFLY or MOTH? The dis tinguishing characteristic of the butterfly (left) is the little knobs on the ends of its an tennae, or feelers. The moth doesn't have these little knobs. When you buy gasoline... "TRADEMARK jjjuniiEBUM iu. THEY LOOK ALIKE, BUT . . . the poisonous coral snake (top) has red bands bordered by yel low rings. The harmless scarlet king snake has red bands bor dered by black rings. identifies gasoline stepped up with "ETHYL" antiknock fluid To get the most mileage from your car -- use high quality gasoline improved with "Ethyl" antiknock fluid and have your motor service man tune up your engine to take full advantage of its higher quality. In these days when the oil industry is working night and day to keep up with the demand for gasoline, you can help conserve gasoline by driving only when necessary and avoiding long trips. Don't drive at high speeds, make "jack rabhit" starts or let your engine "idle" when parked. Have your car serviced regularly and keep tires properly in flated. Ethyl Corporation. .V. -- makers at "Etlnl antiknock compound. ETC 23463 MAY 1948 IN THE Swxt/I/Btos May Ethyl's expansion program -- in which the Corporation is expending more than $28 mil lion to increase its manufac turing capacity -- accents the importance of the work of a number of people who direct various phases of the manu facturing operations. Among them is Roy N. Clothier, Man ager of the Operations Section at the Ethyl plant in Baton Rouge, La., who is being as signed broader responsibili ties to insure uninterrupted smoothness in all manufac turing operations during the course of the expansion pro gram. One of Mr. Clothier's re sponsibilities is to have the Baton Rouge plant achieve maximum production with its existing facilities until the new manufacturing units are completed. As part of this, it is interesting to note that an over-all production increase of more than 40% has been attained at the Ethyl plant, as a result of efficiencies, econo mies and new streamlined operations methods devel oped during the past year. Mr. Clothier, who has been associated with Ethyl since 1939, works closely with all section managers in the de velopment, execution and co ordination of authorized pro grams. Superintendents in the three manufacturing areas of the plant look to him for guidance in bringing their separate operations together into a unified pattern. Close to 1,200 men -- a third of the plant's personnel -- are re sponsible to him. A native of Fairvalley, Okla., Mr. Clothier had wide experience in developing and operating refinery processes and facilities for the petroleum industry, before joining Ethyl. SPEEDWAY TO FAME 3 For ten years, the speed record for the 500-mile Indianapolis race has stood at 117.2 mph. But this year, a new record is more than a possibility as the nation's top drivers prepare for the event. A NOSE FOR BUSINESS 8 All of the odors known to man can be reduced to a basic four. In so doing, a new odor classification system is proving to be a boon to many businesses. PORTRAIT OF MIKE BENEDUM 12 To oil men generally, the new Benedum Field in West Texas repre sents the outstanding discovery of recent years. But to Michael L. Benedum -- for whom the field was named -- the discovery is just another milestone in a lifetime of wildcatting. NEW WORKSHOP FOR CHEMICAL RESEARCH 16 A new addition to Ethyl's Research Laboratories in Detroit will provide enlarged facilities for Ethyl's research staff. SIMPLY FANTASTIC 19 Out of the general growth of pulp magazines has emerged a specialized type that blends science with Fiction. Today, these science fiction magazines are enjoying a wide appeal -- and for a curious reason. In order to widen the fields of reader Interest In Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the authors'. The editors of the News welcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, used by oil com* ponies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Edward L Shea, president; Stanley T. Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Gonzalez, secretary Up and down I-IimimltI.iiiJ and for acres around, rhere i> but one main topic of conv ersation this time of vear. Along the banks of the Wabash -- and wherever else there are rabid auto racinc enthusiasts -- the buzzing is of the tMrrhcoimns 500-mile .Memorial Dav race at the historic Indianapolis .Muror Speedwav. And there's plentv to raik about, too. For. the breakneck competition, which budded again in n/4.6 after a five-vear span of wartime inuctivitv. is due to blossom forth this Mav 31 in all its postwar eiorv. For this, the tend running of the classic, guaranteed prize nioiuv :s. being maintained at the rev i\: ;11h -et lav year, new rules are in effect to make for faster racing times, and foreign models are back on the oval to sea son the holidav proceedings with an international flavor. More impor tant. from the contestant's stand point. specialized engine and car parts are again generallv available. Drivers and Cars Must Be Fit Denton drivers and their highlvtrained pit crews spend anxious months preparing for the strenuous :6u minutes -- more or less -- of competition. Not onlv the cars, bur the drivers themselves, must be in tip-top shape. A man whose phvsicnl condition will not permit him to withstand the rigors of the wheeled combat has no place on the Speed way. The stringent Indianapolis regulations also rule out, as unde sirable menaces, drivers of the "irre sponsible" tvpe. 1 raditionall v. the Indianapolis whirl gets under wav at 10 a.m. 1 (.S 1 . Some tour hours and to minutes later, the familiar black and w hire checkered Hat; waves home the winner. Waiting for him at the 3 ETC -mph, set by the late Floyd Roberts in 1938, goes bv the boards. Another factor that makes for faster times is the lifting of restric tions governing the weight and body style of cars. This was done last year. Prior to 194'. vehicles had to scale at least 1.850 pounds, while being not less than 3:.46 inches wide. With these limitations off. the some cars duced as much as 250 pounds with a resultant average increase in speed of three mph. The removal of the minimum width requirements has brought about, among other things, cars barely wide enough to accom modate the driver. Rules for piston displacement and Wilbur Shaw, now president of the Indianapolis Speedway, wearily waves after his third victory in 1940. The Clas sic's top prize winner, Shaw won over $91,000 in 13 years superchargers for the 1948 race re main unchanged, permitting two types of entries. Cars equipped with non-stock supercharged engines are end of the too trips around the tvo- shortage of essential racing car ma limited to a maximum piston dis and-a-half mile course are both fame terials, particularly the high tvpe of placement of 183.06 cubic inches, and fortune. His name is blazoned bearing metals required. Now, how while the top for non-stock engines in large tvpe across the nation's ever. for the first time since before without superchargers is 274.59 cu" sports pages, and his earnings mount the war, these important metals are bic inches. high into the tens of thousands of again to be had. So it will not come This is a far cry from the en dollars. Perhaps he won't take down as a surprise if the 500-mile Speed gines of 1911. w hen the Indianapolis as much as the record S65.000 or so way record average speed of 1 17.20 "500" was first held. The rugged Billv Arnold realized from winning the 1930 event, but the champion certainlv will have new income tax A group of drivers taking a refresher course on the various flags which are used to signal them during the race obligations. But before he can hope to win the .Memorial Dav outing, the man be hind the wheel first must qualify as one of the maximum 13 starters. To do rii.it. lie is required to average at least 1 is mph during a 10-mile pre race spin in the davs just before the "bin w hirl." If it needed such stimulus, this years "too' carries added impor tance because a new speed record is more than just a possibility. The availability of top quality re placement parts and certain metals accounts for the thinking in this di rection. Even in 194" there was a 4 95m ETC 23467 giants of that inaugural vear were allowed a piston displacement of 600 cubic inches, and most of the earlv engines were huge in compari son even with modern bus and truck motors. As engineers and designers have strived for -- and attained -- ever greater power and crHciencv in au tomotive engines of all tvpes vear after vear, the size and design of the racing car motor have under gone drastic changes. From the mammoth engines of decades ago has evolved today's engines -- com pact. small, and more now erful than most pioneer racing drivers ever dreamed possible. Back in 1911, when Rav Harroun piloted his six-evlinder .Marrnon Wasp to victory at the average speed of 74.59 mph, the gailerv at the first Indianapolis event w as dazzled. But modern drivers, it has been noted, could run the "500." make a round trip to Louisville, and be back at the Speedway in time to smoke a cigar while waiting rn greet the w in ner of the 1911 conrc't. Vastly im proved engines and ear design, plus superior fuels, spell the difference, of course. From the crowd of about ;n.ooo that witnessed Harrounk triumph, the Memorial Day speed derbv has matured into America's best-at tended single sports c\enr. Some S5.000 can he seated m the grand stands. and there is room 100.000 more in the spacious mheid and pad- dock. And even grearcr irrendanccs -- too.ooo or more -- are a possibil ity in the not-too-distanr future, in asmuch as additional -eats arc plan ned as soon as government restric tions on this type of coiwrucrion arc removed. To the average fan. the Indianapo lis contest is primarik one between man-car twosomes to determine which combination cm mit-facc the other. But there is much more to it than that. Race tracks in general and the Speedway in particular serve as in valuable proving grounds where en gineers may subject new laboratory developments to the most gruelling of all road tests. The Indianapolis plant was built in 1909 specifically as a proving ground for automotive vehicles and, although its original use has changed, it has remained at the disposal of the automotive and petroleum industries ever since. Paced Many Improvements lr is not unusual that a refinement or improvement tested during a Me morial Day race will be found in corporated in the passenger car or commercial vehicle of a few years hence. Such, at least, has held true in the past. Among the automotive de velopments to which the racing clas sic has contributed are straight-eight engines, four-wheel brakes, high speed balloon tires, long-wear tires, safety glass, and the rear-view mir ror. Many technical men agree that the wear and tear on engines in the 500-mile competition corresponds to 50.000 miles of normal passenger car driving. The continual vibration from pounding over the brick-lavered track can literally shake a car to pieces, and drivers often lose as much as ten pounds in a single race. So exacting is the ride that usually only one out of three starting driv ers completes the full route. Those who do end up with severely blis tered hands and an ear "buzzing'' that lingers for days. .Mechanical defects are a constant source of heartbreak to drivers and their crews. Take that never-to-beforgotten incident of 191:. Ralph DePalma was leading with only a short distance to go when his Mer cedes just stopped dead. DePalma hopped out of the car and began to tinker with its engine. When that proved hopeless, the plucky Italian driver did the next best thing. With the help of his mechanic, he pushed his racer across the finish line -- and even so only one vehicle heat him to it. Rut the rules didn't allow that sort of thing, so DePalma stood dis qualified at 19S laps. Frank' R. Elliott also saw almost The first 500-mile race in 1911 was won by Ray Harroun who drove his Mormon to victory at a speed of 74.59 mph 5 l ETC 23468 to Elliott's car. for example, led to changes of design and material which greatlv improved valve spring characteristics. In turn. these changes made possible, in some measure, higher speeds in automo tive engines. Ethvl Corporation has in a wavparticipated in the Indianapolis races of the past quarter-cenrurv. This it has done bv offering the services of its representatives to anv entrant who requested advice and assistance on problems relating directly to the fuel. Needed Better Fuels cerrain victory turn into defeat -- all because :o cents' worth of engine material failed. Elliott, now an Ethvl Corporation fleet engineer in the Wesrern sales region, was leading the 19:6 race and had only :X laps to finish. Then, suddenly, a valve spring snapped and he was put out of the running. But such incidents have their redeeming features, as do most such track breakdowns. What happened For many famil ies, the race is an annual oufing. They arrive early, prepared to spend the day, and when they lack seats in the grandstand, they put their cars and trucks to good use Previous to the mid-i9:os. fuel was of little concern to the Indian apolis contestants because the low compression engines of those davs could operate satisfactorily enough on anv good straightrun gasoline with some higher octane fractions and benzol added. But as the piston displacement of the racing engine was steadily reduced -- from cu bic inches maximum in 19:: to 91 1 cubic inches in 19:6. for example -- the need for new and special fuels to eliminate knock in the smaller motors of higher compression be came apparent. Significantly and appropriately. "Ethvl" antiknock compound was developed and first marketed during this particular period of engine im provement. The first use of "Ethyl" gasoline in Indianapolis racing cars occurred in 19:3. Men associated w ith the de velopment of "Ethvl" antiknock compound rook a small quantity of the fluid to the Speedway that year and arranged for a few drivers to run their racers on gasoline treated with it. "Ethvl" gasoline had just gone on the marker on a limited scale, and was far from the widely known product that it is today. Thus, its use in rhe n;: 1 event was i* ETC 23469 purelv on an experimental basis. The following year. however, "Ethyl" gasoline was suhmirted to a full-dress, public demonstration at Indianapolis. One-third of the :i racers that started rite 10:4 contest were powered on gasoline contain ing '`Ethel-' antiknock compound. At the end of the grind. those seven cars had won the first 'even places. Increased Power Output The superiority of the improved gasoline was immediately obvious to racing men. Drivers found that not only did the leaded gasoline permit an increase in compression pressures, but that by controlling detonation it lowered engine temperature. Prior to the availability of the improved fuel, overhearing due to knock had caused valves to stick', warp, and burn, to mention just one complaint to be heard along the Speedway's "gasoline alley." For the most part. Indianapolis racing cars used u liar was com monly termed a 14-20-',> mix. This was a blend of 14 cubic centimeters of tetraethyl lead, the prime in gredient of ``Ethyl" antiknock com pound; :o% benzol, and 80% avia tion base fuel. Other mixtures also were employed, however, so that the addition of 14 cc. of tetraethyl lead to each gallon of gasoline was neither a set nor uniform blend. .Many gasoline-powered racing cars now use commercial aviation fuels of the highest performance number w ith "Ethyl" fluid added. In recent years, some race drivers have turned to alcohol mixtures in stead of gasoline. Experienced Speedway observers say, however, that the use of alcohol fuels on that track has reached its peak, and fore cast that gasoline will remain the favorite fuel of most contestants. Alcohol fuels, usually consisting of upwards of 80% methyl alcohol, cost about Si a gallon and give four miles to the gallon. Thus, 125 gal lons are needed for the 500 miles. In contrast, the 1937 Speedway winner consumed only slightly more than gallons of gasoline. As for rocker-propelled racing cars, one guess is as good as an other. A rocket racer was tested on the Indianapolis oval in 1946, but it was strictly a private experiment and was not w irnessed officially. Experiment with Rockets Using 41- and 70-pound rockets, the driver estimated he upped his speed 20 to 40 tvtph. respectively, al though for only a limited span of time. Opponents of the idea point out that rockets at present arc im practicable for one important rea son. if none other: The heat and thrust of the rocket, and the ensu ing heavy pall of smoke, might in jure or temporarily "blind" other drivers. Whatever the fate of the rocket racer and other future design devel opments. the Speedway manage ment intends to stand by its fixed policy of making the Indianapolis .Memorial Day races "a continuing contribution to the safety, speed, and economy of passenger cars and trucks ro be driv en by the public in the years to come." Accidents and injuries are all part of the game to the racing drivers. Here, a driver speeds on while a wrecking crew quickly prepares to carry away two disabled racing cars 1 -MSPWsMi ,!J__ J.V, ETC 23470 . r- By reducing the world of the nose to four basic smells, a new odor classi fication system is helping industries to make their products smell just right By E. IV. Aloe Nab research chemists, the biggest of its kind in the world. .Mr. Crocker is avk you kvfr smelled a we: H dog? You'd rather not? But Little's Smeller-ln-Chief, a man re garded bv the profession as one vou have smelled strong cheese, anodf the world's outstanding odor you've dozed bv the fire. and You've experts. had beer, or at least lemonade. About :o vears ago, Crocker, Verv well, then. Consider vour- working with an associate, L. F. self a Nose Doctor, that is. a Ph.D. Henderson, determined to simplify' in the profession of smelling. You've the world of the nose. He succeeded had all the experience necessarv to so well he almost eliminated smell t|ualifv vou to analvze and describe entirelv. He boiled all the smells in everv odor in the world. the world down to four basic odors. At least that's what Ernest C. The four basic odors, according to Crocker of Arthur D. Little. Inc. Crocker-Henderson. are: i. Fra will tell vou. Little's is a Cambridge. grance; :. Acid; ;. Burnt; 4. Ca- Massachusetts concern of industrial prvlic. "Caprvlic" comes from a Testing volatile flavors. The success of many a con sumer product depends upon its having a proper flavor Latin word meaning "goaty." It re fers to all animal odors. It's most readily identified as the smell of a wet dog. It's also the most noticeable odor in old cheese. "Burnt" is the predominant odor in burned toast, tar, a wood fire. "Acid" is the main smell in any acid, and in many foods containing acid such as apples and the citrus fruits. "Fragrance" is. of course, the chief property of flow ers and perfumes. One of the Four in All To classify the world of odors was astonishing enough. But Messrs. Crocker and Henderson went on from there to demonstrate that everv smell in the world partakes of each of the four basic odors. In most fruits, for example, fra grance is nearly as prominent as acid. In some fruits such as papavas the wet dog smell mar be more prominent than either. "Wet dog." that is. caprvlic. is an important odor component in spicy smells, woodsv smells, burnt smells, even flowery smells. In fact, the most successful perfumes have subtle hints of caprvlic to give them sex appeal. Caprvlic is the most important in gredient in fishy smells, metallic smells, rancid smells and the smell of infection. 1 8 etc 23471 There's a trace of burnt in every smell, too. Burnt is most noticeable in things which acru.illv are burnt, like charcoal broiled steaks and fires, but it's also obvious in such things as "oriental" perfumes, spices, mustv old rooms and festering' wounds. Acid is the most ubiquitous smell of all. It's at least the second strong est component of nearlv exerv odor. It's strong in garlic, for example. Fragrance is alwavs present, some times to an astonishing degree, even in odors which are usuallv thought of as altogether disagreeable -- odors like fish-scales or sour milk. With smells thus digested and interrelated, Crocker and Hender son decided what thev needed was an odor language. So thev set up the "Crocker-Henderson Odor Classifi cation Svstem." Mr. Crocker, a quick, intense, chunkv. little man who's now carrving on the work alone, is busv using this svstem to set up an "odor directorv" which at present lists hundreds of odors. To classify an odor, you take a Crocker-Henderson odor classifica tion set, a chess-sized board with 5: tottles in four rows of eight bottles :ach. The eight bottles in each row epresent the eight degrees of inten sity of the four basic odors. Then, hinking of the smell you want to lassify as a four note chord on the nano. you close your ex es and smell or one note at a time. Suppose you've picked up from .Mr. Crocker's bottle-forest of a lab oratory table something that smells at first sniff like smelling salts. (It's really concentrated orange blossoms; trade name; "Neroli Absolute"; cost, S300 a pound.) Sniff cautiously thinking only of fragrance. If your nose is educated you'll jot down the figure "8." Then for acid you'll put down "3"; for burnt "4"; and for caprvlic "5." Your concentrated or ange blossom now reads like a tele phone number -- 8345. That, in brief, is its odor classification num ber. Here are a few more odor classifi cation numbers: Oil of lime --7333; oil of orange -- 6333; foil of lime is sweeter); lavender -- 82:4; svn amber (syn thetic ambergris) -- 8144; mountain laurel -- 6,-65; indole -- 6:38; coumarin -- 3114 tit smells like fresh hay). All except mountain laurel and in dole are pleasant odors. Mountain The illustrations below represent the four basic odors, as most commonly found in nature -- a lemon, for acid; wet dogs, for caprylic; flowers, for fragrance; and a fire, for burnt I f " laurel is so pungent it hurts vour nose; indole stinks. Odor classification numbers re veal some weird things about smells. Take oil of peppermint (OCN 7::;), add one degree of each basicodor, so that you get OCN H334, and \ ou have the smell of a rose. Or take oil of cloves. 7563. Sim ple add one degree of caprvlic, pro ducing odor number 7564. and In and behold, vou have practically the smell of spruce trees (7465). Actually there's a catch to it. All talk of "adding one degree of each basic odor" is purely hypothetical, because nobody's ever isolated a ba sic odor: so vou can't make spruce out of cloves or roses out of pep permints. The closest odor technicians can come to altering smells is by mixingother smells with them. But even then vou never get one final odor number for the w hole blend. Vou continue to smell each odor sepa rately. if your nose is keen enough. .Mr. Crocker's Odor Classification System, now available at 5?t a set 1 it's manufactured by the Cargille Scientific Co. 1 to men-in-the-street. is obviously a great deal more than a potentially intriguing toy for par lor games, it is. Mr. Crocker de clares. the only means that industries w hich rely on smells have to stand ardize their basic products. Smells play a far more important role in American life than most peo ple have any idea of. The reason American cigarettes sell like hot cakes abroad is that they're subtly perfumed. The perfume disguises the obvious tobacco odor most Brit ish and Continental cigarettes have. Science has discovered that our so-called "tastes" in food are really our smells, that the smell of roast beef, for example, really influences our liking for it a lot more than the wax it really- tastes. Anyone who's ever tried to eat a delicious dinner , Fresh fish depends for its rather with a cold in the nose knows that. pleasing salt w ater smell not on how What starts our saliva flowing be recently it left the ocean but on how fore a meal is the swell of food. The it was handled after it w as caught. gourmet hates to eat at large ban If careless fishermen pierce it with quets hecause he knows the food is their forks while pitching it from almost certain to be de-aromarized schooner to wharf, it's apt to de before it gets to him. He can't stand teriorate rapidly. It becomes in eating in cafeterias either, because fected with its own bacteria which he knows that steam heat under un crawl around on its slimy scales covered serving dishes positively looking for a way inside. As a re guarantees that all the appetizing- sult. its caprvlicness increases, its aromas will evaporate and disappear. acidity and fragrance decline. The Little Co. has done a lot of Coffee extract manufacturers are work on food aromas. Ernest trying to lick the problem of emu Crocker found out that what makes lating the aromatic freshness of the The proper odor means good business not only tor products but also for public places like hotels, restaurants and trains broiled steak taste so good is the smell of burned fat which has blended with it the juices and fibers of the meat. The flavor is mostly in the fat molecules. The flavor, that is. the smell in roast meat, on the other hand, is mostly in the cooked fibers. Tasty apple concentrates are nowbeing manufactured by distilling off the aroma of apple juice, setting it aside until the residue is concen trated to a thick syrup, then adding water. real thing. They can't help losing it in the drying process. They're ex perimenting with putting it back synthetically. If a soap manufacturer comes to Little's and says his customers want to smell as if they've just had a bath. Crocker will work up a perfume with a very low "volatility-." mean ing. of course, it will vaporize very slowly. If another manufacturer says his customers don't want to smell as if they've just had a bath. Crocker 10 ETC 23473 '/ will give him a highlx volatile per fume. One of Crocker's most compli cated jobs is fooling people xx ho have to take medicine. "We can t make it taste too good," lie explains. "We have to leave a hint of had taste so people will think rhcv're taking something that's mind for them." Another difficult! is that fhev don't dare to make the flavor exactlv like some naturai product such as orange or chocolate or w interscreen. "If we diil.'' ( docker savs. "the\` might associate oranges and chocolate and winters;reen with be ing sick and thev'd newer want to touch them again." A final coal in flavoring1 medicine is t<> pur m -omcthing that will give the medicine a hand in its job. That'' win fruit flavors arc so comm-laxatives. Although Crocker fools around with even1 smell \ou cam imagine, and some that you prolublx can't, he has no illusions about perfume. "Don t ask me if w e create new per fumes," he declares. " I here aren't manv more to be created." Crocker feels that the great French perfumers of the curls twen tieth cenrurv. especiailx (kite, his personal idol, composed most of the more obvious sviiumoiiie' in the One big problem, Mr. Crocker finds, is to give medicines the proper flavor. They must be made palatable--and yet not taste too good world of fragrance. Thev explored natural fragrance, he savs, and with the odorants then available thev made evert' conceivable mixture of natural with synthetic fragrances. The best prospect for a really "new" perfume which Crocker holds forth is a new synthetic fra grance. You can actually w eigh and meas ure a smell. What the human nose detects as fragrance is simply the evaporation of solutions and sub stances. It takes an awful lot of evap oration to make a smell. There are billions of molecules in one sniff. Probably only an organ as extraordi nary as a nose could cope with the problem. Fortunately a nose, human, is so sensitise it will notice the pres ence of odor even when one part odor is diluted with a million parts air. Human and animal odor prefer ences vary by age and by species. Most children like fishy smells. They'll down cod liver oil quickh . Grown-ups. on the other hand, it has been pretty well established, like beer and whiskey < acid odors) .1 lot better than most children do. Humans'in general like fragrant wuells best, acid smells second best, burnt smells next, and caprvlic smells least of all. Hut dogs and other animals seem to prefer caprvlic. Crocker has learned. In fact, he savs. it's not fair to people to say that dogs are better smellers. True, a dog's area of nasal sensitivity is four or five times as large as a man's, but most dogs have no interest in fra grance at all. very little of acid, but very much in burnt, and most in caprvlic. People can train themselves to beat dogs at the smelling game. Crocker believes. For one thing the human nose has the remarkable ability, given proper training, to smell a substance exclusively for one of the four basic odors, oblivious momen tarily to the other three. That's w hv it's possible to analv/.e and describe smells in such detail. Also on the side of people as compared with dogs is that while dogs aren't interested in fragrance, people can acruallv learn to like capn lie." lie don't mind it any more." Crocker sax s. wax ing his hand around the lab and including half a dozen assistants. "We can't afford to stick up our noses at any smell. We hax e to be dogs around here. And do xmi knoxx "- We x e found there's some good in everx smell." P af' ' 'A I ETC 23474 * I PORTRAIT OF mike benedum The new Benedum field is generally known as 1947's outstanding discovery -- but to one man it represents simply another milestone in a lifetime of wildcatting By Robert P. Brundage Within a month after "Alford Michael L. Benedum Number One" came in, drilling con okty years ACiO, when the gaso Fline buggy was just catching on tractors and petroleum geologists were describing it in terms ranging with the public and the nation wasfrom "greatest oil discovery of will, ultimately yield (more test wells will first have to be drilled), there seems to be no question that working up an insatiable thirst for 1947" to "greatest oil discovery in it will become an important pro oil. a voung West Virginia wildcat West Texas." Paying tribute to the ducer. On the basis of its first dis ter named .Michael Late Benedum man whose faith was rewarded by covery well, preliminary estimates struck oil -- the famous Caddo the discovery, the Texas Railroad of its reserves range all the way from Field in Louisiana. Commission named the area "the 100 million barrels to 500 and 600 After World Mar 1. when the Benedum field." million barrels. Whatever its ulti country began to spin its present While it is impossible to foretell mate position, most people agreed web of highways and the auto how much oil the Benedum field that the Benedum field ranked as mobile began to drink unprece dented quantities of gasoline, this same "Mike" Benedum continued to search for oil -- and made a number of notable discoveries. Then again last December, amid Bringing in a wagonload of supplies to the Caddo: Field of Louisiana, discovered by Mr. Benedum in 1909. To date, the field has produced 175 million barrels of oil a renewed wave of oil shortage talk. .Mike Benedum, now -8 years old. was responsible for opening up a new oil field in the United States -- a field which experts say may be one of the biggest discovered in the last i - years. It was a well in a wild, wind-swept prairie in Upton County. West Texas, a hundred miles or so south east of the southeastern corner of New .Mexico. It was jointly owned by the Plymouth Oil Co., one of the many concerns which Mr. Benedum controls, and the Slick-Urschel Oil Co. of San Antonio. Texas, which completed the acrual drilling job. 12 ETC 23475 I ^ the outstanding discovery of 1947. lind Oil and Gas Co. -- brought in among many others. His drills But instead of resting on his the first producing well in the world roamed the world. He opened up j laurels, Mr. Benedum meanwhile completely out of sight of land. Lo Colombia's famous "Tropical'' field j embarked on another venture that cated ten miles off the coast of Lou and wax among the first to probe I promises to be at least as exciting -- isiana in the Gulf of Mexico, the for oil in Roumania's Ploesti fields, exploring the Gulf of .Mexico. In well is estimated to indicate an un at Queen Marie's personal invitation. competitive bidding last November, derwater oil field of possibly 100 Even at 78, wintering in Florida ^ one of his companies was a succexs- million barrels. Other companies from January to May, Mike Bene 't> ful bidder, toOiicrhcr u ith a number have been engaged in exploring for dum keeps a keen eve on all his en 1 of other oil companies, for a total oil in the Gulf, or have announced terprises: The Plymouth Oil Com I of 600,000 acres of offshore sub- plans to do so, wdth more than pany, The Big Lake Oil Company. '1 merged land offered for lease bv the 1.800.000 acres of offshore land un The General Oil Sales Corporation, state of Texas. To develop his acre- der lease from Louisiana besides the The Republic Oil Refining Com | age, Mr. Benedum formed a new 600.000 acres off the Texas coast pany, the Duval! Gasoline Company, 1, company, the Mclben Oil Co., which previously noted. The Duvall Pipeline Company, the [ is reportedly planning to drill four In participating in the search for Republic Pipeline Company, the | test wells. oil in' the Gulf of Mexico, Mr. Hiawatha Oil and Gas Company, l Oil men like Mr. Benedum be- Benedum is embarking on merely The Ben-tex Oil Company, and the 'i lieve that the submerged lands in another venture in a lifetime of wild- Benedum-Trees Oil Company. ' the Gulf of Mexico promise to add catting. Mike is a man with one supreme huge new oil reserves to rhe nation's total, just as the California tidelands Made Important Discoveries ambition: finding oil. The money oil means is incidental. Mike loses have long since become important Starting on a shoe-string in West interest in a project once lie's struck producers, Virginia at the end of the last cen oil. his associates sav; all he cares Dramatic proof of this came some tury. he went on to make the first about, then, is rhe next well. i months ago when three companies big oil strike in Illinois, prove the Each dav Mike can tell you pre -- Kerr-.McGee Oil Industries. Inc.. Louisiana "Caddo.'' and help de cisely how many wells he has drill Phillips Petroleum Co., and Stano- velop important fields in Texas. ing. in which quarters of the world, and what depth they've reached. His interest in such matters is as keen as another citizen's would be in major-league batting averages. Hooperatinos. or how the race horses have been finishing. Devotees of such statistics could do well to emulate his serenity. His followers sav they've never known .1 man w ho had rhe ability to "u rite off" his failures, mentally and emo tionally. rhe w av Mike does. "When he misses he accepts it. and never talks about it again." one of them observed. "He starts rhinkintr riiffit .y. .n about rhe next one." When people rax Mike w irli beinc an "in- The successful completion of Alford No. 1, the discovery well in the Benedum field, finally brought to a happy ending a half-million dollar gamble lasting nearly 10 years ETC 23476 Walter S. Hallanan, president of Plymouth Oil Co., is well known throughout the industry corrigible optimist" he replies: "Of course. You have to be to survive in this game." He is also somethin" of a spartan in his personal habits. He goes to bed at nine each night. never drinks, doesn't smoke at all. and never comes closer to cussing than '`Bv Jingo!" But though .Mike is tough. mentallv and phvxicallv. he's not "rough" as the popular legends about successful oil men w ould have vuu believe. His manners are pol ished. almost debonair, and he is verv dignified, a characteristic ex pressed in the militarv erectness with which he holds himself. Though historv already knows him as "Mike." onlv a few old friends call him that ro his face, (.'lose asso ciates refer to him as "M. [.." The rest of the world still addresses him as "Mr. Bencdum." Mans' have called Mike Benedum one of the "great gamblers" of historv. .Mike resents that. He denies that he's a gambler in the ordinary sense of the word. He's apt to lec ture his mi n cmploves on the evils ot gambling. "If \ou win." he's apt to argue w ith a .would-be gambler. "vou win somebodv else's monev. If / win. evcrvbodv wins; nobodv loses." When Mike savs "evervhodv wins" vou can almost take him lit erally. More than a few of the sec retaries and humble staff members working in the Benedum-Trees Building have won a great manv thousands of dollars through bus ing shares in leases .Mike has offered them. A number of Benedum em ployes are said to hold royalty worth S2500 an acre near the Alford which Mike bought for them sev eral years ago for 10 an acre. To men who grew up thinking oil was the sweetest smelling thing in the world, no oil has ever smelled anv sweeter than the oil the Alford brought in. As a saga of victory over doubt and successive setbacks, the Alford is a tine symbol of the determination and courage that goes into the nation's treasure hunt for oil -- and of the possible rewards for this herculean effort. Plymouth Oil Co., run bv one of .Mike s top lieutenants. Maker Hal lanan. started drilling: the Alford in Mav. 1041. near the middle of a block of 1 :,ooo acres. Benedum and Hallanan felt the well was a very good gamble, because several years before oil had been found only nine miles awav in a limestone formation called the "Ellcnburger." They were trusting that this "Fllenburger" continued north to their lease. The onlv trouble w as the F.llenluirger was 9000 feet deep where oil had been struck. This meant thev might be in for drilling problems. They were. 1 hev drilled 10.000 feet in five months without hitting the Ellenburger. It took them seven months to make the next 3H4 feet. One dav the hole would cave in. the next they would wear out a bit trying to bite through the toughest of all underground formations, chert, the next they w ould lose their drill in the hole and have to spend weeks fishing it out. Once thev wore out two bits in 24 hours drill ing six inches. Finally thev decided to let the hole "cool off" for aw Inle. This was in 1942. and during the war it was hard to get drilling supplies, so they didn't return until 194b. Then they faced new disappointment. They -as 14 ETC 23477 found that the "liner.". the steel sheathing thev had -.unit in the hole to keep it from caving in. had caved in itself. Thev couldn't net the drill pipe through it. B\ this time thev had alreadv spent half a million dol lars and it was costing them SKoo a dav just to keep a drilling rig on the site. Thev found a partner in Fred Turner, a lifetime oil man from Mid land. Texas, who agreed to complete the hole in return for a half interest in the 800 acres immediatclv sur rounding it and a third of the re maining acreage in the 12.000 acre block. Turner, in turn, got a "free ride" when he made a deal with 51vear-old Tom Slick of the SlickUrschel Oil Co. to take his place in the partnership with Pl\ mouth and to complete the well in exchange for a one-eighth interest in what ever oil Slick-Urschel struck in the Alford or the rest of its acreage. Drilled At an Angle Slick-LTschel hacked up the hole Plymouth had dug. cut .1 "w indow" in the liner at 8.400 feet and dialled back down at a - decree ancle. Using improved drill me tools thev were able to penetrate the chert, and thev hit the Fllenburger and oil at 11,0:0 feet. Thev kept on happilv through 100: feet more of pav formation without getting to the bottom of the Fllenburger. The drill!nu crew * u n.. made the Alford pav oti operated under the kind ot conditions that allows Tex ans to boast vou have to be touch to live down there. The West Texas area where the Alford is located is .1 barren, w indswept waste w hich once looked so unpromising to the Unix er-irv of inedum gas well coming in. The. of considerable size, is located e Shreveport section of Louisiana Texas that thev called off a geologi cal survev of it. claiming it wasn't worth it. When the Alford finallv came in last December it reminded some of .Mike's old cronies of Stiles Number 4, his well which proved the Lou isiana Caddo field 40 vears before. Looked Better and Better Mike's brother-in-law John Lantz was running the drilling crew, so the storv goes. When the well came in at a depth of 1: feet -- as deep a well for those davs as the Alford's i:.o:: feet is for todav -- John flogged a horse to Vivian, the near est town and called Mike and his friend and informal partner, Joe Trees, in Pittsburgh. "She's in. Mike, and doing 1000 barrels." "Fine." Mike said. "We ll leave Saturdav." Three hours later Lantz was on the phone again. "I just wanted vou to know,' he said. "This well's a humdinger, doing better than 2.500 barrels." "Fine." Mike replied. "We'll start tomorrow." Once more that dav Mike's tele phone in Pittsburgh rang and there w as Lantz breathless on the other end again. "Mike, she's doing 5.000 barrels and hasn't begun to settle down." "John, don't vou bother to call us anv more." Mike is supposed to have replied. "Joe and 1 are coming right awav." Alford Number One also kept looking better and better. Neither Plvmouth nor Slick-Urschel could quite credit its potentialities. The\ tried to keep it a secret until then were sure, and succeeded so well that word didn't leak out to the public until a month after it came in. Bur after the news was our. peo ple were quick to realize that the Alford was nor simple a successful wildcat but that it indicated a held of major importance. Some placed its potentialities at greater than the Big Lake field, w hich .Mr. Bcncdum developed and w hich since 192 5 has produced almost 100 million barrels of oil. Others went even further in their praise. Said F.rnest O. Thomp son, chairman of the Texas Railroad Commission, in a message to Plv mouth and Slick-Urschel. "Vou have brought in a tremendous new oil field at a time when oil is sorelv needed. It is perhaps the greatest discovert- in Texas since the Fast Texas field 1- vears ago." Touched Off a Boom Completion of the Alford set off the fiercest oil fever in the recent historv of Texas. Land near the Al ford has been leasing for Si000 to S5.500 an acre. Plvmouth and SlickUrschel have a joint interest in the 800 acres immediatelv surrounding the Alford. Then, in a square sur rounding this inner area. Plvmouth owns Soon acres and Sliek-L rsehel 4000 acres. Rrnalrv dircctlv under the Al ford has sold for as high as ibooo an acre. ! hat s as much as the best cirrus and avocado orchards were bringing at the peak of the wartime la ml boom in southern California. 1 he discovers of the Bcncdum held s\ mboli/cs main things, lii Mr. Bcncdum. as it would to am wildcatter, it represents a personal satisfaction and reward for a halfmillion dollar gamble that lasted for ncarlv ten \ cars. To the oil mdustrv. it represents a new oil field of great promise, alter a war-long period in which exploration efforts were sc\ crch hampered. But to the countrv at large, it demonstrates that a lot of ml still remains to be discovered beneath our soil -- and u ill be bi ouglit in as long as men of \ ision .me' : 1 e-c to do it new workshop Completion of a new building, and conversion of an existing structure, will provide en larged facilities for Ethyl's staff FOR CHEMICAL RESEARCH m: ok thk planned features of O the modern Ethvl Corporation Research Laboratories in suburban Detroit is that thev are designed and equipped to permit such expansion in physical size and scope of activ ity as mas- be necessars- to help solve the manv complex technical prob lems of the engine-fuel-lubricant relationship. For the past six years, since their completion early in 194a. the pres ent Laboratories' accommodations have proved adequate. Now. how ever. it has become necessary to en large the facilities available for chemical research activities. To supply the extra working area This is the new 7,500 square toot Chemical Workshop building in Detroit immediately after its completion needed, a new Chemical Workshop of chemical engineering equipment; pressures substantially higher than building has been constructed on the a room for air compressors, a super their working pressure, and arc :6 acres of Laboratories property. centrifuge, and a Dowtherm heat equipped with frangible discs to re This structure provides Ethyl's re ing system; three offices, a storage lieve excessiv e pressure. search staff with approximately room, a wash room, a shower room, Also located in the general pro -.500 square feet of additional space and a locker room. cessing laboratory are a glass-lined in which to carry on studies and Largest of the 12 individual rooms, kettle and a glass-lined condenser experiments. The building is of one- occupying one-third of the struc having drain valves also lined with story height and 50 feet wide and ture's area, is the general processing glass. Typical of the new equipment 150 feet long, and its architectural style is in keeping with that of the tour other principal research build ings. As a further part of the program to enlarge the chemical research facilities, an existing building, here tofore used for chemical workshop laboratory. Here, among other equipment, is located a complete 1 100 scale tetraethyl lead manu facturing plant. \\ hich formerly was housed in the 'original Chemical Workshop building, now being re modeled. This plant makes available an au being installed in the building, this apparatus is of the latest design and construction. The glass-lined equip ment is used in studies or prepara tions involving corrosive reactions. The apparatus for distillations in the Chemical Workshop building has capacities greater than the col operations, is being converted into toclave for the various tetraethyl umns in the Ethvl general chemical additional laboratory space for gen lead manufacturing process studies research laboratories and is em eral research on chemical products. conducted at the Ethvl Laboratories. ployed. of course, to produce Contained in the newiv-built A rocking autoclave capable of op batches of fuels and lubricants larger Chemical Workshop are a general eration at pressures as high as 5.000 than laboratory samples. The largest processing room-, an alloy prepara pounds per square inch also is pro still has a ,-o-gal!nn capacity, and tion room; a distillation mom. a vided for In drogenarion experi can be heated to a temperature of shop for the repair and maintenance ments. The uurocl.ncs arc tested at ;on degrees C. This still is equipped 16 ETC 23479 with one each of 3-inch and 5-inch packed columns, and has a special reflux control and light-ends con denser. Part of the distillation room has been set aside for tests concerned with the storage of gasoline sam ples at constant temperature. A hot air bath, capable of cioselv con trolled temperatures in the range of 90 to 150 degrees F.. is available for such storage tests. In the alloy preparation room, where small batches of alloy are made and where alloy manufactur ing studies are conducted, tempera tures up to 700 degrees F. are pro duced by an electrically heated crucible furnace. In addition to the normal apparatus, the alloy prepa ration room contains a new piece of experimental equipment called "flame study" apparatus. This is used for research on the process of combustion. The Chemical Workshop build ing has a central system which can heat reaction vessels to temperatures Left: Small scale quantitative studies are an important phase of the constant re search effort to improve the process of manufacturing "Ethyl" fluid. Because of the complexity of the reac tions involved, some of these studies are made, through the use of small bombs, in many chambers, and the results determined by statistical methods as high as 300 degrees C. Also avail able is a three-ton portable refrig erating unit, which can be moved about the structure as needed for cooling purposes during certain re search operations. The unit will produce any desired degree of cold ness down to minus 15 or :o de grees F. All modern safety and utilitarian features have been combined into the new Chemical Workshop build ing. In those rooms where opera tions involving combustible vapors are conducted, electrical installa tions are of the explosion-proof tvpe. Utility and service pipe mains are equipped with plugged T fittings at intervals of not more than 10 feet to permit the addition of future branch service lines without cutting into present lines. One of the unique features of the new building is its ventilating sys tem. This consists of a large blower connected to a duct with controlled louvred outlets to supply fresh air to four rooms and a separate air dis charge blower in each of those four rooms. The large blower is capable Left: Studies of many chemical re actions call for special equipment, which in turn requires conferences between chemists and design engi neers. Here, a group discusses a small-scale stirred autoclave used in research on the manufacture of tetraethyl lead. Below: This build ing, which formerly served as a chem ical workshop, presently is being remodeled into general laboratories for research on chemical products of supplying :<>.ooo cubic feet of pre-heated fresh make-up air per minute, anti the exhaust blowers vary in capacity from z.ooo to 4.000 cubic feet per minute. The four roonis which arc ventilated bv this system arc the general processing room, the alloy preparation room, the distillation room, and the shop. Turning on any of the exhaust blowers starts the fresh make-up air blower into operation and also opens the controlled louvred outlet which serves the room in which the operatin'? exhaust blower is located. A Pressurestat in the fresh air duct modulates a damper on the inlet of the fresh air blower to keep pressure in the duct slightly above atmos pheric pressure. Each blower can be controlled individually, or all can be operated at the same time. The system for make-up and ex haust of air can be operated in three ways -- to balance air exhausted, to build up a slight pressure, or to cre ate a slight: vacuum. When the switch for the make-up air blower motor is set in the Auto matic position, and an exhaust blower unit in an area is turned on. prc-hcated fresh make-up air is au tomatically supplied to that area in volume equal to that being ex hausted. With the switch for the make-up blower motor set in the .Manual position, fresh air is forced into all rooms. This procedure will be em ployed with the windows tightly closed when it is desired to use the rooms under a slight pressure. It also w ill be followed on Summer evenings in order to force stale warm air out of the rooms through slightly opened windows and to cool them for use the next day. With the make-up air blower motor switch set in the Off position, no make-up air is supplied when the exhaust blowers are started. This makes it possible to maintain a slight vacuum in the rooms when desired. The system was conceived bv Karl Kuhn, staff architect of the Ethvl Laboratories, who prepared plans and specifications for both the new structure and the remodeling of the former Chemical Workshop. In taking over the floor space of the former Chemical Workshop building, now being remodeled, the general chemical research labora tories will add nine experiment and study rooms and an office to their facilities. This building, incidentally, was the first constructed and put into use at the present location of the Ethvl Laboratories on West Eight .Mile Road. That was in 1936. Three years later, the chemical re search laboratory w as moved to the present location from the original Detroit site on East Milwaukee Ave nue. The engineering and aeronau tical laboratories, together with the Technical Service Division and other personnel, completed occupation of the new facilities early in 194:. In their entirety, the Ethvl Cor poration Laboratories are devoted to research that will bring about ever better fuels and ever better en gines. To achieve that goal, the Lab oratories operate in close liaison with the industries which they serve. On the one hand, Ethvl research per sonnel cooperate with refiners- tech nologists in developing petroleum products to meet the advancing re quirements of engines. And on the other, they cooperate with engine manufacturers so that future power plants may best utilize advancements in fuels and lubricants. It is to permit this research to expand both in application and scope that the Ethvl Laboratories are undergoing their first post-war enlargement. Like the current S:8 million dollar construction program at the "Ethyl" antiknock compound manufacturing plant in Baton Rouge, the erection of the Chemical Work shop building in Detroit is another expression of Ethyl's conviction that great gains in engine and fuel prog ress are vet to lie recorded. SNAKE OIL ON THE HOOF Mo*l people* ihink of a pitch a- -omething a man does with a baseball or a horseshoe. But ,-onie 40.000 glib. fasttalking and alert Americans know better. A pitch, to them, is strictly a business matter. It is also a place of business, a show window, and a free -how which pa>* olV -- for them. A pitch man -- or woman -- is a sidewalk sales person. He -ell- anything light, cheap, and portable. It might be an inferior silverware poli-h -- "fUkvim*` in their sidewalk lingo -- which is easily compounded in a bathroom at three cents j jar. and which they -ell for 35 cents. Other stock in trade are what the\ call ''blocks.** which are watehcco-ting S3 and selling at Si2. "Inkstick>." or fountain pen-, are -till another fa\orite item of merchandise, which the pitchman mark- up from half a dollar or les- to whatever the traffic will hear. When the cops are not too "ho-s-tile.** a good pilch artist will make 50 "spiels.** or talk.-, a day. sometimes in as many different locations. A middle-aged Chicago woman, who has been in the business since she was 15. averages $7,000 a year and travels with the seasons. Other- earn as much a- S15.000 a year. The total take is said to be more than SI00 million annually. Police records indicate that there are about 1.500 women in the profession. The tools of the trade are a trip or tripod, which forms part of a collapsible table, and a kei-ter, or -uitcase. to carry the merchandise. In a lew big cities good for long stavs. the pitch workers take out ''read er-. " or city licenses. Bui most of them would rather lake a chance on the small line nsnall> imposed when they arc run in. V- a rule they are just cha-ed -- and lhe> like it. ETC 23481 SX*PIY eANTA'T,t Want to take a trip to the moon, learn about microbe men, see how things will be TOO years from now? You can -- through the medium of a science fiction magazine As Jirnrnv Crane looked into the magnatron microscope, the full im pact of what humanity yeas facing struck home. Here eras a world. .1 completely unknown -world of microbe-sized men. -.chose scientific achievements dwaned those of the big world. `'This is mad." limmv said to Professor Garttnd. "Here is a world of microscopic proportions plotting to overthrow us. Lord knows how many midget worlds there might be. how main planets. ir/'v these people even look like ns and if it wasn't for your .emarkahte microscope we'd never know they existed." Fantastic, vou sax ; \ piece of fic tion? You're right m >rii counts Nor onlv is the foregoing cveerpr a piece of fiction, but it is .1 special kind of literature--know n as science fiction--w hich is hungnlx devoured everv month bv thousands of avid readers. In that wonderful realm of scien tific fantasv. anything can happen and usually does. Heroes fix' rocker dup- ro the moon, engage in intcrplaner.irx xxai s. explore rlic remotest turner of the universe. Robot men. de\ i-ed ro in' slaves, turn on their human masters. Races of microbe-sized people are discovered. Insects grow to gargan tuan proportions and engage in ti tanic struggles with the people of the world. And, quite casually, time moves forward, backwards or stands still -- whatever the author's whim. Not only are these things taken for granted, but readers of science fiction years ago heard of the scien tific marvels which today are shak ing the world of real life. Jet propul sion, television, telepathy (including brain waxes) and electronic calcu lators are all old stuff to the readers of science fiction, who take them as casually as you take turning on your ra dio. There arc about a half-dozen magazines devoted to science fiction. The1.' are known to the public un der such names as Amazing Stories. Fantastic Adventures. Thrilling Wonder Stories. Startling Stories. Astounding Science Fiction, and Planet Stones. Facli magazine is read with great relish by about 1 ,-0.000 persons, and the readership of the entire group probably totals close to .1 million individuals. Most science fieri on magazines are 19 one as fast as that--even in the pulps. vments that just will not work, it's The pulp magazines, which are real relaxation to read about these read bv about io million readers, are science fiction scientists whose ex classified as Westerns, detective, ro periments always work." mance, adventure, or whatever other Science fiction has enjoyed a sus broad field they may cover. The tained growth in popularity through science fiction pulps, however, are the years. One reason it appeals to in a class bv themselves, and are, in its audience, particularly its non fact, considered the aristocracy of technical readers, is the high batting pulpdom. average of its authors in predicting Half of their readers are high future scientific developments. In school or college students, and the books and in magazines these writers other half are adults. It has been have at times been uncannily accu estimated that more than 10% of all rate in foretelling things to come. sold on newsstands and each copv is science fiction readers are profes The classic example is Jules Verne, read bv probablv five or six indi sional people such as doctors, physi who in his book "Twenty Thousand viduals before it goes to the rag man cists, professors, and lawyers. The Leagues Under the Sea," predicted or becomes a treasured part of a readers are a loyal, intelligent group, things years ahead of his time. So science fiction fan's collection. Tes and once a science fiction magazine accurately did he describe a subma timonials of the long life of each is well established, it prettv well rine periscope around 1865 that :o science fiction magazine could come manages to hold onto its circulation. years later, when Lewis Nixon, head from almost any reader who has had his name in the letters-to-the-editor Offer Relaxation and Escape of a submarine company, applied for a patent on the device, he was re column of a given issue. In one case, How is it that a science fiction fused it on the basis that the inven a reader reported receiving corre magazine can attract such highly in tion "was not new." Another ex spondence 11 years after a magazine telligent readers? The biggest reason ample is the late H. G. Wells who first published his letter requesting is that these fantastic stories offer predicted world upheavals as well as a "pen pal." them a means of relaxation and es scientific developments. Back in Today's science fiction magazine cape from the concentration of their 193 3 he predicted a naval war with is known as a pulp magazine because daily tasks. .More than one erudite Japan in 1937 and a war beeween it is printed on inexpensive pulp college professor has been caught Poland and Germany in 1940. For paper. Like other "pulps," it has its with a science fiction magazine un 1955 forecast a "Raid of Germs" roots in the dime novel of a bvgone der his arm, probably sandwiched which will destroy half the world day. All of the pulps have come a between some technical reports he population, and 1968 calls for a long way since their dime novel was taking home to study. Savs an "landslip" to destroy London. And days when all the villains were ultra industrial chemist, an avid reader, long before the recent war. another black and all the heroes super white. "After working all day on experi- science fiction writer described ra Those were the davs when the dar with reasonable detail, but he authors got their characters into un called it a "meteor locator." believable jams, but thought nothing And to show how close science of using super-human abilities to get fiction writers can sometimes conic them out. One tvpical case involved to actual developments, consider this the writer of a serial who left his excerpt from an article bv Anson hero stranded in an "inescapable MacDonald, which appeared in a hole 30 feet deep, face to face with a 1941 issue of the magazine Astound deadly rattlesnake." In the next in ing Science Fiction: stalment, the author calmlv wrote, Someone in the United States "With one mightv spring Terris government had realized the terrific jumped out of the well. . . ." Todav, potentialities of uranium '57 and . Terris would have to be endowed i with supernatural powers to pull had rounded up every research man in the country and had sworn 20 ETC 23483 them to silence. Atomic power, if ever developed, was planned to be a government monopoly, at least until the war was over. It might turn out to be the most incredibly powerful explosive ever dreamed of, and it might be the source of incredible power.. . . We were searching . . . for a way to use U-235 in a bomb that would be a whole air raid in itself, a single explosion that would flatten out an entire industrial center. . . . We had all the genius in the field that the United States could pro duce, men from Chicago. Columbia, Cornell, M.I.T.. Berkeley, every radiation laboratory in the country, as well as a couple u\ broad-A boss lent to us by the British . . . Canada supplied us with all the uranium we asked for -- tons o\ the treacherous stuff -- from the Great Bear Lake, up near the Yukon. When government intelligence ;igents read MacDonald's storv thev dropped in on theedimrof .-Dro/wifing to find out "w ho was talking." The editor Had a hard time convinc ing them that his writer really wasn't "in the know Science fiction w l iters can give tree rein to their imagination in de scribing future scientific wonders. But thev have to be careful to be technically accurate when actual scientific progress catches: up with them. An author, for example, can no longer talk lightly of jet propul sion and rocket craft but must de scribe them in the light of present knowledge and development. More than that, their descriptions of fan tastic wonders must have a plausible basis. One subject with which the writ ers have a perpetual field day is the matter of time. One of their most frequently advanced concepts of time is that it is the fourth dimen sion; and that being so, they readily project their characters into this realm. With their amazing theories of time, they have their characters step into the fourth dimension and take a look at what they did ten years ago--or what they'll be doing ten years hence. They bring Julius Caesar and William Shakespeare into the 20th century and let them have a fling at Congress. They get in volved in time plots such as the one in which a judge sentenced a man to die--only to learn a5 years later, that the man he condemned was his own son who had himself born 25 years too soon. Still another time story wrinkle is the suspended animation story. This sometimes involves the use of a quick freeze process which keeps the characters on ice for a few thou sand years and thaws them out for action in future centuries when the world is devoid of humans who have exterminated themselves with thenwars. .Molecular action is also fair ter ritory for the science fiction writer. One pre-war story revolved around a German scientist who stopped the war by "freezing" everyone in the eastern hemisphere. He had invented a machine which, through electric waves, had slowed up molecular ac tion to the point of creating a quick freeze and a state of suspended ani- 21 mation. His invention backfired when he found that he had frozen his own daughter and had doubled the oxvgen content of the atmos phere in the western hemisphere. The supercharged airspeeded up the lives of the people and made a ciga rette burn like a blow torch. Of course the author had to find a wav to get things back to normal and stop the war. If vou chink truth serums are something new, take a look at how the science fiction authors have cov ered that field. The noble idea of having evervone tell the truth so fascinated one author that he had his hero spray a ``truth cloud" over an entire citv. He timed his truth-compelling cam paign at election time and the re sults turned out according to the Frankenstein monster formula. First of all the hero found himself telling his fiancee a few personal facts about the hats she wore. "Old friends" started telling each other how thev reallv felt and bedlam broke loose until the effects of the cloud wore off and things got back to their "dis honest normal." Good Guys and Bad Guys Naturally, robot and monscer stories are a staple part of the diet offered science fiction readers each monch, and the Frankenstein mon ster formula gets a good going over. But. interestinglv enough, not all of the Frankenstein monsters are fierce lumbering giants. Nor, for that mat ter, are all the robots necessarily bad. Take the case of Adam Link, ro bot extraordinary. Adam wasn't exactly handsome, but he was a good guv. But one dav, while rescuing a child from the path of a truck, he accidently broke the child s wrist. Adam was arrested, charged \\ ith being a menace to so ciety, and brought to trial. The defense argued that Adam was as good as any human but that his superhuman abilities caused jeal ous resentment on the part of his "flesh and blood brothers." The state argued that Adam would al ways be a potential menace and that humanity would never know at what moment robots might turn against their makers and wipe hu mans off the face of the earth. The state won its case and Adam Link was destroyed by removing his "iradium brain." The Readers Had Their Way The readers, however, wouldn't stand for such unfair treatment. A few weeks after the magazine hit the newsstands letters, phone calls, cables, and personal delegations started demanding that the editor bring Adam Link back to life in a sequel. And, as you might guess, the readers had their way and Adam Link lived on the pages of the maga zine for many years thereafter. Even though the atomic bomb was not entirely new to science fic tion readers, many of them were surprised when they realized how quickly real-life science was catch ing up with their world of fantasy. The fans, who for years have been holding meetings, collecting maga zines, discussing stories, and gener ally taking a deep interest in this type of literature, began talking in a more serious vein. They realized, says Ray Palmer, editor of Amazing Stories, that both they and the writ ers of science fiction tales were the "imagination bovs in the world of science," and that today's inven tions of fiction might be very real accomplishments tomorrow'. Even Mr. Palmer regards quite soberly some of the things being discussed in science fiction. "Think of what the world would be like," he savs, "if human actions were controlled bv brain waves. It mav sound impos sible, but so did a lot of other things that have appeared in science fic tion." Today, amid a general quickening interest in factual as well as fictional science, the authors are facing what they regard as their greatest test. Thev find they must explain to their readers how we can hope to live in peace and harmony in the future world of science which knocks so ominously at our front door. Science fiction is no longer merely a trend in story telling, but a definite part of the thinking of our times by a great many people. OUR COVER . . . Limned against a fleecy Louisiana skv are two of the many storage tanks in use at Eth\Ts manufacturing plant in Baton Rouge. These tanks, among others, are used to store ethvl chloride prior to that chemical's use in the final reaction to produce tetra ethyl lead, the active antiknock ingredient of "Ethyl" antiknock compound. Each of the two tanks shown has a capacitv of close to 50.000 gallons of ethyl chloride, w'hile larger tanks in use at the plant have double that capacity. The color photograph was taken bv Scott d'Arazicn. OUR PICTURES . . . Pages 3 and 4 (bottom), Press Association; Pages 4 (top) and 5-7. courtesy Indianapolis Speedwav; Pages 8-11. courtesy Arthur D. Little. Inc.; Pages 9-it. cartoons bv Ruth C. Jennings, Pages 12-14, courtesy Plymouth Oil Co.; Pages iq-:i. illustrations courtesy Standard .Magazine. Inc. 22 ETC 23485 ..MIPfr; 'Ll WEATHER MADE-TO-ORDER Operating a vehicle at 150 degrees above zero on a dark winter day or at 10 degrees below zero in the dead of summer is no trick for engineer* at the Ethyl Corporation Research Laboratories in Detroit. This 160 degree range in air temperature is available in the Laboratories* hot and void rooms, each of which contains a >pecially-developed cha --i- dynamometer for indoor tests in support of Ethyl's year-round road research programs at Detroit and San Bernardino. Calif. The chassis dyna mometer equipment play- an important role in many fuel development projects at the Ktlid Laboratories since it may be used for *kroadM knock te-ting at any time without inter ference from traffic, inclement weather, or any of a number of other complications which often delay such work on tiie open highway. Together, the unique hot and cold rooms serve to bring the highway into the laboratory. Any day -- every day -- the chassis dynamometer- can be made to simulate substan tially any desired weather and road gradient. Tims, fuel antiknock quality is determined under virtually the same conditions as those encountered in actual driving -- and yritli more consistent result-. Briefly, this is one of die way- a vehicle goes through its paces on the chassis dynamometer. \ number of accelera tions through a speed range -m-h a- d to 60 mph are made on the dynamometer rolls with (lie engine operating on several reference fuels of diff erent known octane numbers. For each reference fuel, a measurement of (lie spark ad vance is recorded to give what is called "trace.** or very slight knock, at the speed at yyhich knocking tendency U greatest. From these measurements a curve is plotted of "trace" knock spark advance yer-u- fuel octane number for the vehicle involved. Then a similar acceleration run i- made on the commer cial or experimental fuel to he knock rated. The road octane number is determined from the curve by noting the spark advance setting which the \ehicle required for "trace** knock on this fuel. Rating fuels under acceleration conditions is essential in order to duplicate as closely as possible the transient condi tions experienced by a \elude in actual operation. For ex ample. the temperatures of the engine during acceleration are different than under constant speed. Titus, diff erent data are obtained for a vehicle traveling, say. 40 mph at constant speed and one traveling 40 mph during acceleration. Circumventing out-ide yyenther and driving obstacles through use of the hot and cold room chassis dynamometers is another example of luiw F.tlid research, now in its third decade, is helping to acliie'c further progress by aiding refiners in the economical production of improyed fuels. I t*!; ETC 23486 i 1/7' m The distinguishing feature of all HUMMINGBIRDS istheirhigh-speedwings, which enable them to fly backwards. When you see these birds ITHE TRADEMARKS' OF NATURE, identify them for you 1 < S'. i- i K L : r a When you buy gasoline "TODHMRK "FTVWl" identifies gasoline stepped up ; with'tthyrantiknock fluid Don Zckelberry, illustrator of the "Audubon Bird Guide" To get the best performance from your car, use uquality gasoline improved with "Ethyl" anti- rluid -- the famous ingredient that steps up .4 brown coat and \el!ow wing lining identify the FLICKER . . . a .'prcii-s of woodpecker. ' w*w and performance. To show you that their best ~a> > 1 jnt contains "Ethyl" fluid, gasoline companies display "Ethyl trade-marks on their pumps. ..):nl" antiknock compound is made by Ethyl Corpurntinn. ('in "sir /> " lldl H (/, .\ew Yol'h 1 ' . .V. Y. ETC 23487 j IN THE TJTUTMN1E 1948 Dan M. Guy, head of the Agricultural Section of the Technical Service Division at the Ethyl Corporation Re search Laboratories in Detroit, has been elected chairman of the Michigan Area Section of the American Society of Agri cultural Engineers. The fact that the Michigan Area Sec tion will act as host to the na tional ASAE convention next year promises to make his chairmanship an especially full one. Recognized as one of the leading authorities on the proper utilization of fuels in tractors and other gasoline powered farm equipment, Mr. Guy has been head of the Agricultural Section at the Ethyl Laboratories since April, 1942. This Section maintains close liaison with the farm equipment industry in order to keep manufacturers in formed of trends in fuel qual ity and characteristics. This liaison, in turn, enables the Agricultural Section to keep abreast of the industry's en gineering and marketing plans which may have a defi nite influence on the future fuel requirements of farm machinery. Prior to his transfer to De troit six years ago, Mr. Guy served for 11 years as an Ethyl Corporation agricultural engineer in Louisiana and Texas. As such, he aided in the revolution in power farm ing brought about by the high compression tractor. Mr. Guy was born in Co lumbus, Ohio, and is a grad uate of Georgia School of Technology. In addition to the American Society of Agricul tural Engineers, he is a mem ber of the Society of Auto motive Engineers and the Detroit Agricultural Club. CONVENTION CITY 3 Whoever he may be, fhe next President of the United States will be nominated at Philadelphia -- the site of three big national conventions. What's more, at least a million Americans outside the Convention Hall will be able to see what's happening -- thanks to the growth of television. THE FARMER IS A BUSINESS MAN 7 There are farmers and farmers. A true understanding of their economic status lies in knowing more about those farmers who produce the major share of our crops -- and who manage their farms along scientific business lines. "DEAR UNCLE SAM" 11 Some of the most impossible letters -- relating to everything from national defense to new and fantastic inventions -- are sent to Government officials. While many of them are of the crackpot variety, all must be investigated and duly acknowledged. WHAT CANADIAN MOTORISTS WANT 14 An Ethyl survey of Canadian drivers' buying habits and prefer ences reveals some interesting facts about their choice of gaso line and motor oil, and their selection of service stations. GREAT SHAKES 16 To keep track of the some 85 earthquakes that happen every day, scientists use an ingenious instrument, the seismograph. The same instrument is also used in exploring for oil. A CAMERA IN EVERY CAR 20 An ordinary camera -- kept handy on the front seat or in the glove compartment of a car -- can find important everyday usefulness. In order to widen the fields of reader interest In Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the authors'. The editors of the News welcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Edward L. Shea, president; Stanley T. Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Gonzalez, secretary 1 i ETC 23489 fo* Co? ILLIHO PoVE*T,* By North Clarey Philadelphia is the scene of much hustle and bustle these days, as it prepares for not two -- but three political conventions his year, for the first time in T116 years of national conven Another cogent argument was supplied bv the All-Philadelphia tions, more people than ever beforCeitizens Committee. This, a non will have a chance to watch our partisan group of civic leaders, $50,000 for each group -- to be spent on entertainment alone. Add to this voluntary half-mil lion. of goodwill offering, a match next President and V ice-President raised a kitty of $200,000 among ing S500.000 which the city authori being nominated -- from a front row seat in Convention Hall. Phila delphia. local citizens and industries to un derwrite some expenses of the Re publican meeting. The same group ties have appropriated to freshen things up around town -- mainly the municipallv-owned Convention Hall All the circus-like pageantry of then dug up another $200,000 to itself -- and you get quite a sizable delegations, signs, parade.-,, banners, give the Democrats. Then, when stake that Philadelphia pushed onto celebrities and speeches will appear someone asked about rest and recre the table to capture the two major on the screens of television receiv ation for the delegates and their conventions. ers in 13 populous stares. On a net wives, the Citizens Committee rang Not a dollar of this can be used work of 14 kev stations in Washing more doorbells till they had another bv cither party for campaign pur- ton, Baltimore, Philadelphia. New York. Boston, and Schencctadv. tele -T si ~ 1 vision audiences will actuallv be able to see their candidates in the making. For this is the Year that television steps out of its swaddling clothes. It becomes, overnight, one of the important publicity agencies that carry big events to the people. .Maybe that was the deciding fac tor in bringing not one. not two. but three parties to the liuistv old City of Brotherly Love tin's summer. The CBS television studio in New York reporting the 1944 e I e c t i o n returns. This year, about half of the video public will be able to "at tend" the conventions recast, For. neither Chicago, the preference of Republicans, nor 'vm 1 rancisco. choice of the Democrat-, could claim to be the cent-: video nerv ork in the me omv i r r \. ETC 23490 poses. The monev muse be spent in Philadelphia for legitimate expenses of the two gatherings. And don't think for a minute that a million dollars matches the cost of getting a couple of candidates nominated. -- There is a matter of railroad, bus, airplane, or other forms of transpor tation charge for some :o.ooo peo ple. for each convention. There is the item of hotel bills; there are tele phone. telegraph, cable and wireless facilities to be paid for; there is laundrv, food, and a present for the kids. This is not onlv the biggest convention vear in historv bv anv previous standards, but its cost is just about doubled bv inflation -- a phenomenon which the Republi cans ascribe to the Democrats, and which the Democrats lav at the door of the Republicans. What do Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania communities which joined in the invitation get back for their million dollars plus: Phis and Minus Dollar wise, it looks like a losing proposition. One promoter estimates President Harry S. Truman is almost sure to be nominated at the Democratic Convention or drinks. The double room and bath that has been bringing $8 a day will cost Si2 -- a pretty minor increase in all to offset the losses in curred by the innkeepers in shooing away regular patrons for two weeks. All of the hotels have surrendered their reservation desks to the con vention managers and evicted all but a few permanent guests, providing hostesses and bigwigs of the two parties. A parry delegate craving quiet can get a completely furnished and staffed house not too far from the hall for Si.000 a week. Or he can get himself a small room which the housing committee calls "satis factory but not preferred" for Si.50 a night. The Republicans will begin arriv ing in force on Friday, June 18. Their meetings start on .Monday, the 21 st, and are expected to xvind up in five days. The Democrats take their five davs beginning July 12. The third partv originallv thought it could nominate the Henrv Wallace-Glen Tavlor team and complete its work in two days, July 24-25. but it has now asked for the use of the hall on July 23 as well. So far, no one in Philadelphia has gone out to raise $200,000 for the Wallace parry's expenses. This group wanted to sell admission tickets, but was told No. No rent will be charged for the use of Convention Hall -- bv anv of the parties. Will Inherit Improvements that the total "take" will not exceed a pool of 6.000 hotel rooms. Incidentally, the Wallace conven Sio million with the margin of net The overflow will be handled tion will get a break through inher profit our of that prettv small. A partly in Atlantic Citv, with special iting, at no extra cost, all of the tem convention does not enrich the host trains morning and night, and partly porary improvements installed for cits'. in private homes in the citv and the Republicans and Democrats. Hotels, bv agreement, are to get suburbs. Whole estates along the This is no small matter. For one a co'V increase in room rates, with .Main Line or in Chestnut Hill are thing, the older parties are splitting no advance in their prices of food being taken over bv Washington Gov. Earl Warren Sen. Arthur Vandenberg Rep. Joseph Martin MocArthur Gen. Douglas J ETC 23491 Three leading candidates in the race for pledged delegates at the Republican Convention: Gov. Thomas E. Dewey, Har old E. Stassen, and Sen. Robert A. Taft jo-jo some sizable construction bills, among them an item of Sjj.ooo for press, radio and telev ision facilities. Tables are being installed for 8jo working members of the press on either side of the giant stage, and provision is being made for 2 jo radio and television men. Anv ordinary citizen wanting to see the speakers in action would do well to avoid Convention Hall and get in touch with a friend who has a television set. The hall seats 1.000 VIP's on the stage, and 13,200 on the main floor and in the balcunv. Seats must be assigned to roughly 1.100 delegates and their wives. .1 like number of alternates with r/.v.v u ivcs. several Gen. DwigHI Eisenhower hundred members of Congress, ap proximately 3,000 press, radio and special representatives, many non official party brass hats, and several thousand Philadelphia burghers who contributed monev to attract the conventions. That being the case, the supply of tickets is a little short of demand -- perhaps twenty to thirty thousand short. As a harassed member of the Republican commit tee on arrangements said (while tactfully promising someone on the telephone to `do the best he could,') if the convention were to be in the middle of King Ranch some of the onlookers would nevertheless find themselves outside of Texas: Chicago Had Same Problem Chicago, which has entertained twelve Republican conventions, has a hall seating 20.000, and still had ticket trouble in years when public interest could not approach that en gendered by this year's free-for-all fight for the G.O.P. nomination. At the two party headquarters in Phila delphia's Bellevue-Stratford. it looks as though everybody is trying to get into the act. Cheering loud enough to be heard in a crowd of fourteen thou sand is hard on the throat, but lubri cating the vocal chords will be a serious problem at Philadelphia. The hall is two miles from the hotel center, out by the University of Pennsylvania grounds, where liquor dispensaries are scarce. The citv prohibits the sale of anything stronger than pop in any part of the huge auditorium. Downstairs, a thousand white-coated workers will Another contender who is al most sure of nomination is Henry A. Wallace, who has created a party of his own The men at the left have all been mentioned as Presidential possibili ties. One of them may conceivably emerge as the nominee of 1948 5 ETC 23492 * t sell-all kinds of food from a hot dog to a roast duck, but no whiskey, beer or wines, however light. For the fourth estate, tw o cocktaildinner parties, on the Saturday nights preceding the meetings, have been planned on a scale that should set some kind of a record. Seacs have been provided for 1,600 writers, commentators and camera men. Yes. the press should have a good time in Philadelphia this June and July -- and Philadelphia intends to make the most of its dav in the spot light. For several weeks every front page in the country will be full of stories datelined "Philadelphia . . The staffs of all Washington news bureaus will converge on the new national news center, as will some 500 featured bv-line columnists, commentators, and typewriter chat ter artists. Lake Success, even Washington, will move to Page 2 for awhile. This is the reward Philadelphia seeks -- to be at the center of things, to be on evervone's lips, for awhile. It's good for business -- good for growth. Only once before have the Demo crats held a convention in Philadel phia -- in 1936. to put up F.D.R. for his second term. The site of all three presidential conventions is the Phila delphia Convention Hall, which is some two miles from the center of the city. The interior of the hall has no posts or pillars, seats 13,200 in the arena and 1,000 on the stage Fifth Visit for G.O.P. Republicans, on the other hand, are paving their fifth visit this year. It was in the Quaker Citv they actually got their start, when in 1856. less than two years old, the party convened to nominate General John C. Fremont and adopt a platform opposing the extension of slavery, advocating the improvement of riv ers and harbors, and building, with federal aid. a transcontinental rail road. Convention Hall, the modern S5.3j2.ooo cavern of steel, marble and limestone, stands on the same site as the little frame building where the General was nominated 92 years ago. It is one of the most completely equipped auditoriums in the world -- and without a single post or col umn to block the view. There arc 60 exits. .More to the point, from a convention standpoint, there are 24 private meetimi rooms tucked around here and there. Presumably there will be no cameras to record the many meetings that will take place in these little rooms, some of which may have more influence than actual maneuvers on the main floor. 6 ETC 23493 1' ` i THE FARMER IS A By Ladd Haystead The modem farmer operates his farm with essentially the same technique as a business executive -- and has a sound and prosperous business to show for it Ix mv profession u. capacity as an agricultural counselor to busi ness concerns, I am continually sur prised at how mans' acute and knowledgeable executives have a rhirtv-vears-out-uf-datc conception of the farmer. NTot many think the farmer is still buying Brookh n Bridge. Even fewer think he is the radio carica ture that sings hiil-biilv sontrs. But. unfortunately, many still see the farmer as a pastoral fellow, a little slow on the uptake, rustic, not too literate, and forever crying to \\ ashington for a hand-out. Part of this misconception comes from the testimony before various H ouse and Senate committees by farm "leaders." bureaucrats, and members with rural constituencies on the hunt for pork barrel. X'cus- paper readers are bombarded with stories of rural slums, bad housing, horrible health conditions, and all round poverty on the soil. And such testimony is in fact true -- bur true for only a minority of the soil men. There is rural poverty as well as urban poverty. But there is also rural competence, inrellicencc and shrewd business m.in.memcnt. It is indeed stramre that anyone Not only' do farmers know the importance of modern power machinery, but they also know how to apply its benefits most widely should think a fellow (the Ameri can Farmer) who owns Si 11 billion in total assets, makes S34 billion of income (in 1947), has better than Sao billion of liquid assets, and owes less than S6 billion mortgage debt on his plant is naive and just luckv. The management of such an industry can no more be on a haphazard or "luck" basis than the management of the automotive or oil business. And, in fact, it is not. How then can we reconcile the seeming ambivalence of one set of leaders crying about the farmers' sorry situation, and here and there, almost silently, a few people saving that the farmer is as alert as any other business man? The answer probably comes from income breakdown. About one-third of the farmers gets 80% of the total farm income, one-third gets most of the re mainder. and the final third averages anywhere from a few hundreds of dollars income annually to actually going in the red. The latter group is the one pointed to when appro priation bills come up. Their lot is indeed a sorrv one. Below: Two hours after leaving the field, these lima beans are packed and frozen. Right: Farmers' pros perity has also meant new kitchens But the people who want to "do something for the farmer'' fail to point out that farm income in this lowest group is not the only income. In point of fact, nunv of these lowincome farmers are not primarily farmers at all.instead they are lum bermen, miners, fishermen, factory employes, seasonal workers, handcraftsmen, semi-rctircd folk. Nearly three-quarters of a million of them live on what the census calls "farms," but in truth get their major income from the city. On the other hand, it's the top third (1,900,000 people) who feed and clothe the 1 iN million urbanites. And that segment is about as man agement-conscious as any group of executives you would meet. They have to plan and execute on the basis of more variables than practically any other business man. Vet they don't depend on luck -- for year after year, in good times and bad, they manage to stay on top of the farm heap. First, they must be alert to world conditions--more so rhan any other business man not directly in the ex port trade. What happens to Argen tine and Australian wheat is of Ladd Haystead, who is a well-known farm writer and formerly editor of The Farm Column of Fortune magazine, is the co-author of a new book on farming. In cooperation with Dr. Herrell DeGraff, pro fessor of agricultural econom ics at Cornell University, he has written "The Business of Farming," which is intended to serve as a practical manual of farm management. The new book, which is published by the University of Oklahoma Press, is addressed to such fields as soil management, equipment management, labor manage ment, and farm organization -- in order to help farmers op erate their farms most effi ciently. trenchant concern, as we have seen in recent months in the commodity markets. Whether or not the Orient gets cotton. Britain gets meat, or the Philippines ship copra (a competitor of domestic tallow and oilseed plants) will have a bearing on the crop choice of the year. Next comes the question of the availability or shortage of fertilizer and agricultural chemicals. If the demand exceeds the supply, such chemical helps as DDT. ;.4-D. IPC, BHC. et al.. may be hard to find. They are needed to help fight pests, thereby raising or keeping up yields. If gasoline is short or in poor distri bution. there will be lost tractor days for the power-farming owners -- and they are the business men-farmers in the top third. Seeds must be chosen well in ad vance. And the long winter nights are times when these managementfarmers are busily studying the re ports of the scientists in the state ex periment stations and the seed houses on new strains that will be diseaseresistant and have the least weather hazard. A seed that is fine for one soil type or climate may not even be a good gamble in another. Then comes the weather jeop ardy. Will fields be dry enough for seed-bed fitting- Will late frosts make replanting necessary? Can cul tivating be done when needed, or must the chemical weeders be thrown into the deal? Or. in this modern scientific day. will it be nec essary for the community to get to gether. make up a pot. and hire an airplane to "create'' rain? In Kan sas. a tirm called Snow. Inc., was re cently formed to provide the needed winter cover that protects the wheat crop. And all the time the anxiety about the crop is in mind, the smart farmer must decide whether or not to go into the pit and hedge his crop. If he is a livestock man. he must proph esy corrccrk what the markers will he fm. t;n. nr i No days hence. In some cases, he must guess right for two years ahead. Therefore, lie must study charts, statistics, and the re ports <m general business conditions. Business forecasting is the verv es- 9 ETc 23496 up to the $ 12.000 per worker on the big commercial farms of the Middle West. As every operation on the farm becomes mechanized except the mas ticating of feedstuffs bv livestock itamin pills), the $8,000 capitalization per worker that Industry has long boasted of seems relatively modest in compari son. Grain harvesters costing around $4,000 sold like hot cakes last t ear on the West Coast, were worked around the clock almost to exhaus tion during the season, and then were shipped east to Texas and sold for $5,000. And the supply never Fleets of farm tractors are kept at peak efficiency by the best utilization of fuels and regular maintenance sence of his prosperity. That's whv course, if he is one of the fabulous it is not at all uncommon to find the Californians, now the richest farm caught up to the demand. And did you note that the orig inal vocational group to go to Europe to study the implications of the Marshall Plan at first hand was U'lll Street journal or the journal state, his business may be anywhere not composed of business men or of Commerce on a farmer's desk. from Si00,000 on up. Last year, financiers, but of twentv-odd Iowa That's whv many a farmer who has choice citrus land sold for $6,000 an farmers who paid over S 1.500 travel no interest in the radio soap operas acre -- and 40 acres is considered just money apiece out of their own pock keeps the radio going in the barn a nice one-familv job. ets, to get grass-roots informationi- and on the tractor for market reports The management farmer's invest Also. it is true that as a vocation, and economists' panel discussions, ment in machinery may run any farming boasts of more private air i Of course, it must be admitted that where from a scant $3,000 on a small planes than any other segment of in the fall the radios will be tuned New Jersey vegetable operation business. to the World Series.) It is not to be wondered, then, that Iowa, almost totally a farm through the $6,000 to $10,000 of Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky, Reuben is not Reuben any more. He is Mister Farmer-Business man. state, has the highest literacy rate of ana' political subdivision on earth. Average incomes of Iowa farmers, bv the wav. run from seven to ten thousand dollars. That means many an Iowan is making several tens of thousands of dollars to keep the av erage so high, for there are spots in even that favored state where rural poverty is know n. This business man-farmer will own an operation capitalized for some thing over Sir.ooo in Indiana, prob ably well over Stt.ooo in Iowa or the rich central belt of Illinois, and if he is a New York dairyman it MwAttntlMieO will be upwards of Sto.ooo. Of "Are you the lady of the house?" 10 ETC 23497 n 3>e&b l/(*icle Sam jt. By Shirley H. Scheibla Everybody with an idea, it seems, writes Uncle Sam about it. Handling these letters is a job that often puts Washington officials in a dither ncle sa.m. the nation's No. i U correspondent, is getting more see that he gets a paratrooper uni form to go with his handsome boots, than his usual flood of peculiar moafil which he drew a picture. "I want these davs. that outfit, Sir. That's the way it is,'' "It is mv dutv to warn vou," one he told them. V citizen wrote Navv headquarters One federal functionary has a the other daw "that the Russians are tunneling down here from Alaska and soon Will siphon off our oil reserves.'' This is typical of epistles pouring in from all over the country. In gov ernment lingo they're classified as plausible explanation for the rash of letter writers. "The heat begins to get people this time of year." he says. Other officials think the new emphasis on national defense makes the citizens more minded. .Many of them are serious in offering their help. "Call me if I can be of assistance in affairs of seated' a professional clairvoyant wrote Secretary of State Marshall. Declared anorher, "I can crackpot letters. Some federal officials attribute the deluge to new cases of war jit ters. Other communications make it clear, however, that the writers want to reap the advantages of peace be fore the ripening of anorher mili tary emergency. n\\ SALEL WRITING^ NEEPS One deluded gentleman, tor in stance. didn't know that the Gov ernment already ha> disposed of the Big Inch and Little Inch pipelines. He sent the War Asset.-. Administra tion one dollar wirh the explanation jo that 60 cents w as for the Big Inch and 40 cents for the Little Inch. Another intent lettcr-w l iter ap proached the Joint (duets of Staff with his problem. He had bought a pair of paratrooper boors from gov ernment surplus -rocks. Now. he said, he wants the hunt (ducts rn 11 this document over to the Inventors' Council of the Commerce Depart ment. There's always the chance that some letter may contain the germ of a brilliant idea which mat- look like crackpot material to the non-scientific officials reading their mail. The Council itself has a secret file of 1 j ideas for sabotage which its members say w ould be very useful in the event of war. A number of these originated in "crackpot letters" sent to the Council. An idea for preventing plane wrecks now is on its wav to the inventors' group. A writer said the thing to do was to eliminate the take-off because most accidents oc cake a crumpet medium to the west coast and radio che voices of the de parted and let the Lord advise us." country. This Wepon I call the (Artifical Gravity) Controled, or Gravitation power. This type of cur at that time. He would, there fore, build a huge airfield at an ele Still another divulged that the spirit Wepon works very close in regar to of George Washington wrote to him the Atom Bomb, because of the basic on 5x7 inch cards, giving him the physics applied in the manufacture grim warning that "this civilization of Atomic power. has onlv 31 more vears to run." "Here is how we do, 1st. We start President Truman got a crvptic research with a giant magnetic Bar. piece of advice. "If we can't get the 2nd. We place a piece of Material Russians to do what we want them whitch is radio active in the Middle to. drop a bomb on them and let of the Bar. 3th. We subject these 2 them have it, and thev will come to to the havev chargeing of the cly- their senses." one letter suggested. clone for a long period of time. Thus Atom Bomb Spurs Proposals we have 3 types of Electronics working against each other, and it Talk of new atomic weapons serves as a spur for the new spurt in strange letters. The prize of the Department of National Defense is a proposal for the defense of the atom bomb. Officers there insist it can't be fullv appreciated unless quoted in its entirety with its orig should produce something. "I don't say this will produce arti fical gravity, but it will do to start on. and from here we can go on, until we acchicf our gold. Some where in the manufacture of atomic power, we have overlooked the missing lenk whitch causes the vation of 300 feec with an abrupt drop at the end. After the plane negotiated the runway, a gigantic parachute would permit the plane to float off into space at the end of the field. Some of the industrious inventors inal spelling. Here it is: "I would like to suject to vour dept, that there is as vet another atoms to be atoms. Somewhere along this line is the answer to artifical gravity. And when we find that aren't so anxious to give the details of their discoveries, however. One individual would onlv disclose that Secret Wepon. more deadly and de structive than Germ Warfare of the Atom Bomb. This Wepon has not vet been invented, but research maybe gaining perfection in another missing lenk. we will have the de fence of the atom bomb.'' Though they hate to part with it. the National Defense authorities say regulations require them to turn his secret weapon was a means of preventing war -- but that it was not a gun. bomb, plane or military weapon. He offered to tell the secret to President Truman if the govern- 12 ETC 234 JWUkWiWJS ment would pav his expenses for coming to Washington. Instead armv intelligence agents checked up on him just to see if he had a source of undisclosed scientific secrets. Thev still don't know what he was talking about. Some letters find their wav to the FBI, too. One writer asked National Defense officials. `Is gold bank at Fort Knox intactThev sav thev think thev ought to turn the query over to J. Edgar Hoover just in case the curious man is contemplating something rash. No matter what the crackpots sav, however, thev alvavs get an indi vidual answer. ``Form letters infuri ate them," one federal official ex plains. He points out. too. that it's often difficult to discriminate be <Li iii srd tween a crackpot and an illiterate person trving to explain a serious problem. Then ton. the truth is often so strange that it mav sound like a hallucination when it's put down on paper. During the war an armv enlisted man told the War Department the details of the scandal on General Bennett Meyers which a Congres sional investigating committee later turned up. The letter was ignored. Since that incident, however, the Government agencies have been me ticulously careful in handling their mail. Navy Public Relations But one navv lieutenant appar ently did too well in his replv to an elderly widow. He got an answer on pink stationery with two pictures of flowers pasted in the upper left corner. "I am keeping vour letter for a keepsake, as it has the tone of friendships of a person I can get along with, as I am an affectionate sensible person," the widow in formed him. She confessed to being "middle-aged," having been bom in 1898. The ladv said she would marrv a gentleman who would settle down to home-making. Here is how she described herself: "I am French, German, Swiss, Irish. I was a musician, pianist, vio linist, singer, actress and dancer un til mv partner went to California. I also composed song poems and edu cated mvself at college. I was a visual precision inspector nights and cooked for three a dav." A postcript warned the lieutenant to write again onlv if he was single. .Most of the men aren't so easilv pleased with the answers to their requests. A mid-westerner asked WAA to send him some information on a steel plant because he was in terested in purchasing it. When he received a WAA pamphlet on the plant, he returned it with a pencilled notation that the information was inadequate. The agency then sent him a complete brochure. He scribbled a note on that, too, and sent it back. What in the world did he have to do, he wanted to know, to get some in formation on the steel plant- Though these epistles plague Washington officialdom, the agen cies worrv too when they don't get them. Before the Labor Department received its recent budget cut, the crackpot mail fell off. "That was a bad sign and we had a hunch we were in for a tough time," one de partment authoritv explains. "We knew it meant that public interest in us was declining," he adds. The National Labor Relations Board, on the other hand, is buoved bv the fact that the peculiar mail is beginning to come in. Officials take it as an indication of the board's public appeal. Workers write strange letters about evervthing from their plant problems to the size of their pav checks. National Defense Secretarv James Forrestal. however, is beginning to get perplexed bv the whole matter. Anxious to please, he joined a pipe smokers club. This resulted in a deluge of messages remonstrating with him for smoking. Now his rule is that he won't join anv club or sociecv in which he can't take an active part. Of one thing the Government agencies are sure. This kind of letrer-u tiring could onlv rake.place in America. Onlv in a government of the people would the citizens write ro "Dear Harrv" at the White House and correspond with Uncle Sam on everv subject from matriniunv ro atom bombs. ETC 23500 13 iHr V. WHAT CANADIAN MOTORISTS WANT The majority of Canadians, an Ethyl survey shows, prefer premium gasoline, and patronize one service station regularly cross-section of the Canadian motor ing public, the survey was con ducted according to the latest data ANADIAN MOTORISTS, for whom C their automobiles are a daily necessity, know the importance of covering Canadian motorists and their distribution bv regions and classes. One out of everv four Cana operating their cars at peak effi dian motorists interviewed is a ciency. They show the same decided farmer; nearly one out of five is a preference for quality in gasolines skilled laborer; one in six is a busi and motor oils as do American ness executive, and one out of ten drirers. More, the majority of them is engaged in selling. Slightly more patronize one sendee station, usually than half of all Canadian motorists near their home, are predominantly' are in the upper income brackets; loyal to that station because of the nearly half of them are between 30 service given, but when on the road and 44 years of age, and more than will select a service station primarily 69G own their own homes. The because of the brand of gasoline sold. average Canadian car in use, accord These are some of rhe highlights ing to the survey, is 7 Vi vears old. of an interesting survey recently concluded by Ethyl Corporation. Service Station Choice Entitled "The Canadian Motorist -- One of the four fields of inquiry A Stud\- of His Gasoline and Oil which the survey explored related Buying Habits and Preferences." to the service station preferences of the survey was undertaken primar motorists. And here, it was learned, ily as a service to the Canadian oil more than three out of every five industry. But it reveals, in addition, Canadian motorists are regular cus many things of general interest tomers of the' same service station. about Canadian motorists. Preferences for one particular sta To learn the buying habits and tion ranged from 51 ri of the drivers preferences of Canadian motorists. interviewed in the Maritime Prov Canadian Facts. Ltd., of Toronto, inces to 66ri of rhe drivers inter which conducted the survey on be viewed in Ontario. Moreover, this half of Ethyl, held personal inter preference held true for 65% of all views with i.-98 drivers. These' urban drivers and 55 rf of rural interviews, which took place most motorists. often in. or just outside, the motor Besides being regular customers of ists' homes, were conducted in 96 one service station, slightly more different areas of the Dominion, and than half of all motorists said they encompassed the Maritime Prov patronized the service station near inces. Quebec. Ontario, the Prairie their homes, while another ::C Provinces, and British Columbia. used the station near their place of In order to reach a representative business, and i-C used a station where they do their shopping. Drivers preferring service stations near their homes ranged from 3:^ of all drivers in the Prairie Provinces to 60ft of all drivers in Ontario. The service given is the outstand ing reason why Canadian motorists patronize the same station. This was the opinion advanced by 7 3 fL of the motorists. Next to service, the ma jority of motorists cited the con venient location of the station, the personality of the attendant, and the brand of gasoline sold as other im portant reasons for patronizing the station. While the brand of gasoline sold ranked fourth among the reasons for patronizing one service station regu larly. it is the major factor influenc ing motorists' choice of a service scation when they are on the road. Sixtv-four percent of all motorists interviewed cited the brand of gaso line as the predominant reason for selecting a given station on the road, followed bv such others as the ease of driving in and out of a station, the cleanliness of rest rooms, and the general appearance of a station. Turning to the subject of motor oils, half of all the drivers reported that they buv one brand of oil ex clusively -- and nearly half declared they bought premium oil for their cars. The reasons"- Good perform ance is rhe leading reason, in Cana dian motorists' opinion, follow ed by the quality and economy they found in the brand. .Many interesting disclosures came to light as to the gasoline buying 14 ETC 23501 MWutyp mm habits and preferences nf motorists. Eight our of ten motorists buv the same brand nf gasoline exclu sively or quite regularly. Fortv-tvo percent sav the\' buv one brand ex clusively while another forev-one percent buv one brand quite regu larly. Only i-r declare that they buv the same brand only occasion ally. Questioned further as to their gasoline preferences, nearly one out of every three motorists, or ;irfc, declared that good performance prompted them to buy one brand of gasoline exclusively. The second reason cited was the quality of the gasoline, followed bv such factors as the availability of the gasoline, and a preference for a dealer and the service he provided. Premium grade gasoline is the choice of two out of every three Canadian motorists. For Canada as a whole. 67% of all drivers said they had bought premium grade gasoline the last time they tilled their tanks. This preference for premium gaso line ranged from of all drivers in the Prairies up to of all driv ers in Quebec and British Columbia. Not only is premium gasoline the choice of most Canadian motorists, but it is also boviglu most consist ently by them. Nearly three our of four motor ists declared the\ buy premium grade motor fuel e.wludvelv against only 40^ buying tegular grade. And the preference tor premium gasoline ranged pretty closely throughout the Dominion, ranging front 71% of all motornts in On tario and the Prairie' to m1, ,,f ull drivers in British Columbia. This preference for premium gasoline, moreover, held true for -8'.'- of urban drivers as against 67% of rural motorists. Premium grade gasoline won the endorsement of most motorists for two important reasons: good per formance and quality' of the grade. Fifty-eight percent of all drivers said thev buv premium gasoline ex clusively because of its good per formance, while another 27% said the quality of the gasoline accounted for their choice. ``Ethyl" Trade-Mark Influence One especially interesting phase of the survey related to the influence of the "Ethvl" trade-mark on the gasoline preferences of Canadian motorists. Each of the 1.798 motorists inter viewed was handed a card (see illus tration) showing five different gaso line pumps of a hypothetical brand. Each of these pumps, as can be seen, was differently labelled. The motor ists were then asked, "Suppose you were to drive up to a service station that sold brands of gasoline with which you were not familiar. If these were the pumps, from which would you buy?" Without hesitation, 55% of all drivers pointed to the pump with the "Ethyl" trade-mark as their choice. Asked whv they selected the pump with the "Ethyl" emblem, 62% of these motorists said because thev knew the gasoline contained "Ethyl" antiknock compound, while another 25% cited the quality of the gaso line as the reason. It was one thing to determine the influence of the "Ethyl" emblem upon the motoring public when buying an unknow n brand of gaso line. But. in order to obtain a com plete picture, each motorist was next handed a card showing four familiar brands of gasoline. Each of these brands was represented by two pumps -- one displaying the "Ethyl" trade-mark and the other without it. Once again, Canadian motorists, expressed a decided preference for the "Ethvl" pump. In answer to the question. "From which of these two pumps would you expect to get higher quality . . . ?" 65Of of all motorists pointed to the pump with the "Ethyl" emblem. Asked whv they make that selection. 62^ said because of the "Ethyl" fluid content of the gasoline, w hile 18' i cited the factor of quality, and another 14% pointed ro performance. Ethyl's survey confirms a longheld belief: Canadian motorists want the same things that American driv ers do. Not only do Canadians show a decided preference for pre mium gasoline --and even in a greater degree -- hut thev share w irh Ameri can motorists the same high regard tor the "F.rhvl" trade-mark. 55 % of Canadian motorists, if unfamiliar with a gasoline brand, would buy from the pump displaying the "Ethyl" emblem. Only 15 %, all told, would buy from the other four pumps, while 30% expressed no preference ETC The seismograph is a double threat instrument. It helps man search for oil and keeps track of a trembling earth A;:.: --' nr ftiii. ' a French and probably the world. The seis for earthquake data from Fordham, ' M 11, d iliat the best mograph vault which he runs at California Tech at Pasadena, Calif., 11" . f1 iJ,,, (,irn|. ""h ,' l|,(i , 11,, ,, ''imposition '' 1 du- a look at it. '"'d collecting ' 1,1 "I digging an 1,1 almut a half- '*'"l t miles deep. so much be- Fordham University is the largest underground observatory in the world and Father Lynch often re fers to it as "Palomar in reverse." Father Lynch has been studying earthquakes for :8 of his 53 years and he believes that we would have and other colleges. This information enables the Coast Survey scientists to definitely locate almost any earth quake. In the case of the 1946 Quake the center was a point 50 miles south of the Alaskan mainland. The eruption generated a tidal ``"hi' practicalities. a bursting planet if we didn't have wave about 30 feet high and a mile ' I. MiK crnins the quakes once in a while as an outlet from crest to crest. The wave rolled '1 ' " , miles under- for the earth's nervous energy. He along at 300 miles an hour and took l" 1 "iv. thought it consoles those who are quake con around six hours to reach the citv I'l'iui' . ,, 1" .nn* molten mass, i ... scious bv pointing out that most of Hilo, on the island of Hawaii. "i'l uni. ' ! f.i's .mJ intense earthquakes occur at the bottom of (Similar waves have killed as mam Mil.. >" 11 the sea and other unpopulated places. as 30,000 Japanese in one swamp " .i ' h.is vet had a One of the last life-taking Great ing). The six hour elapsed time, n miles, we Shakes occurred on April 1, 1946, Facher Lvnch feels, is enough to I" 11 u lair idea of its at exactly 7:40 a.m. (EST). The up warn those who might be in danger. ' 1 *>*1111i.iiH,n. Accord- heaval shook itself loose two miles Experienced seismologists will tell \i u , ( ,'1'" 1..si 1111 l.vnch. ot down in the bed of the Pacific ocean. vou that the earth shakes itself about tin , ,, 1 ""Mi.mi University, The real damage didn't come from 85 times a dav. .Most of the shakes 'ill ,M """ihmg like a golf the quake but from the tremendous are little ones, but not too small to 1 u"' I'.nnev center. An waves of water heaved up bv the be picked up bv a sensitive seismo '" 1 "I causes (jive the erupting ocean floor. Huge waves graph. The fact is that the earth i .c of the shakes. thundered against the Hawaiian and is constantly shaking under vour ""...... recording the Alaskan Islands and points along the feet, but most big quakes and trem '' '1 n\ Il l's is called Pacific coast, taking 113 lives. ors are usually found in the area ,|'1, I Inis, a seismograph Father Lynch still feels that some around the Pacific ocean. Japan lias " '' < i - voi der and a seis- of this loss of life might have been five or six local quakes a dav and ' n in isi w Ini studies avoided if the information given out California has one or two. Although in time bv the U. S. Coast and Geo the United States is not noted for ' ' li r. one at the top detic Survey had been heeded. The earthquakes, some of its territories " i'k- l uiied States -- Coast Survey is the clearing house such as the Aleutians. Hawaii, the 1o ETC 23503 r Philippines and Puerto Rico are pretty constantly in a shaky state. The most earthquake ridden coun try in the world is probably Chile, which averages around 5.000 shakes a rear. It is standard practice among seis mologists to rate earthquakes ac cording to a scale which ranges from zero to 10. A zero situation represents a completely placid earth and a class 10 shake would be a catastrophic upheaval. The shakiest quake on record is one rated at 8 34. The 1946 Alaskan quake hit 714, and more recently a 194? quake in New Guinea hit 8!:. In the last 45 years there have been about 60 earthquakes in Class 8. Despite the horror and destruction of the atomic bomb, the explosions at Hiroshima and Nagasaki didn't even rate a Class i reading on the earthquake scale. So far as Father Lvnch knows, the explosions were not earth-shak ing enough to be recorded un most earthquake seismographs. The un derwater Bikini blast, however, was feebly recorded at Pasadena. Each day Father Lvnch and his assistants spend about an hour in specting 1,650 feet of zig-zag lines on rolls of photographic paper. These lines are an viectrn-cardiograph of the earth's pulse-beat. They show the normal trembling ot the earth which is attributed to the pounding of the ocean -urf. The surf vibration is r'eir m.r the entire continent and beats normally under New York Citv at a rate of ;; throbs (microseisms) per minute. 'Dr. L. Don Leet of Harvard '".as made a careful study of the ocean's micro seisms and has developed a handy 65-pound seismograph " inch can spot an ocean-goins! him :c.::ie 1.000 miles away. Dr. Leet in - .-u-ju'ested that our coastal w eatr.e -rations be equipped with wi-nio mmmvs as a means of spotting -tor: According to Father Lynch, New York City's pulse rate jumps to :oo beats even' day when the morning milk train zips by on the New York Central tracks which border Fordham University. When the children of the Bronx public schools hold their annual Maypole dance on the Fordham campus, the earth beats out the rhythm of their dancing and the seismograph records it at 120 throbs a minute. Some of Father Lynch's seismo graphs are sensitive enough to re cord the difference between the stomp of a heavy foot and the tread of a light foot. During spring pa rades in which Xavier High School Cadets march with grade school Rev. J. J. Lynch, Fordham Uni versity seismologist, points to traces made by a seismograph children, the seismograph beats out a deep wavy line for the heavvfooted cadets and a shallow line for the parading children. These man made disturbances along with others such as city traffic and explosions must be weeded out of the record in order to get a true picture of genu ine earth-made nervousness. The deep underground vault where Father Lvnch keeps his seis mographs is especially designed to keep out all outside disturbances. It is chiseled out of deep bedrock and sealed behind layers of brick, sand and concrete. The seismograph is essentially a pendulum which remains stationary while the earth shakes. A moving strip of photographic paper slides under the pendulum from which a tinv electric bulb transmits a needlethin beam of light. The beam traces the earth's shakes onto light sensi tive paper which is marked off in minutes for 24 hours. Of Fordham's nine seismographs, the largest and most delicate weighs 1,500 pounds and is named after its inventor, Pro fessor Beniotf. of the California In stitute of Technology. Its electronic hook-up magnifies the earth's pul sations up to [00,000 times. The Fordham seismograph room is sealed light-tight with only a faint red bulb near the door. Father Lvnch discourages visitors because the moisture from their bodies plavs hob with the delicate electrical equipment. But although the heavy door is open only a few seconds every day. spiders are constantly slipping in. They seem to enjoy the tomb-like atmosphere and appar ently they have great fun romping among the instruments and creating earthquake records all of their own. Father Lvnch has found the best method of spider elimination is a process w hereby he gets on his hands and knees and hunts for them. Every earthquake, according to Father Lvnch. sets up two waves -- a push wave which travels through the earth at rive miles a second and a shc.Tr wave which travels at about three miles a second. The whole ef fect is similar to what happens to a golf ball w hen it is whacked. The ball is first squashed or com pressed and then bounds bad; to its original volume. It then starts vibrat- 17 ETC 23504 Man-made earthquakes map the substrata and aid in the search for oil. A small explosive charge sets off a shock wave. It produces a seismographic record of the earth's crust as it travels underground ing in and out until the energy which created the initial squash is used up. Unlike a golf ball, how ever. the earth does not come back to its original shape. Instead its shape is displaced like the rapid shimmy ing of a dish of Jello. Here the whole chunk of Jello is shaking at one vi bration rate while the outer surface is wrinkling and unwrinkling at an other rate. In other words, the Jello is heading for a rupture and is emit ting \\ aves similar to earthquake waves. With this knowledge of the earth's vibrations it is possible for seismologists to compute how far away an earthquake is. Interestingly enough. the seismo graph has an important industrial application: exploration for oil. But instead of sitting around and wait ing for earthquakes to happen, these portable units are used to record the action of man-made earthquakes. Although the only sure wav of determining the presence of oil is still to drill for it. around i9',o neophysicists took a hint from earth quake seismologists and started using the seismograph to take some of the guesswork out of drillinsr. From ex perience geologists hat e learned that oil often lurks under rockv domes in the substrata. Bv setting off charges of dynamite ranging in size from i ounce to 100 pounds, seis mologists are able to record the path of the explosion's vibrations as they travel downward, hit rock forma tions, and travel back up to the earth's surface. Bv charting the vi brations it is possible to produce an underground map of the earth. Although simple in operation sur veying the underground is a job which requires considerable experi ence and skill. Once oil company geologists have picked an area which they believe will be oil-bearing the seismograph crew moves in. Their equipment is transported bv truck, boat, or swamp buggy. First thef land is carefully surveyed and then geophones --recording microphones -- are planted according to a definite pattern. The geophones, or ``jugs" as thev are sometimes called, are wired to a recording truck where even the "tramp of chicken feet" will be put on a graph. A dynamite charge is planted and set off. send- Business came to an abrupt standstill when bricks littered the street as a result of a quake which shook Torrance, California -------V" . 18 ETC 23505 mg' vibrations into the earth and back up into the geophones. More..recently techniques have been developed which make it pos sible to chart bay . and off-shore areas covered with shallow water. A seismograph fleet usuallv consists of four boats about ; t feet in length. One is used for surveving, one for drilling (to plant the dvnamite charge), one for shooting, and the other for recording. A couple of row boats are also used to plant and retrieve the lines and geophones. Once on location the procedure is identical to that used on land, and on a calm dav a marine crew can cover as large an area as a land crew. In the earlv dav> of marine seismological surveys it was not uncom mon for a crew to be threatened bv shrimp fishermen, who thought the dvnamiting would kill marine life. The oil companies lost no time in conducting tests w hich proved that seismographing rarelv harms marine life. Once the results of the tests were explained to the fishermen thev ignored the blasts w hich occasion al^ shook their rishine grounds. Seismologists know that the earth weighs 6,000.000,000,000,000,000,ooo tons and that it measures 4,000 miles to its center. Furthermore, they know a lot about how earth quakes behave, but thev still don't know what makes an earthquake. Thev used to believe that millions of vears ago the earth was a seething molten mass which graduallv cooled on the outside until it was habitable. The inside, however, remained hot and in cooling caused surface erup tions. Few seismologists today care to sav whether the earth is getting hotter or colder. They simply don't know. Nor do thev know what ac tivity causes an earthquake. They know only that if you bend a ruler too much it will snap, and the earth's crust snaps at. times because forces bend it too much. What these forces are no one knows. Although California is the spot in the United States most likely to ex perience a healthy earthquake, there is no location anywhere which is completely immune. For example, the earthly calmness of Chicago is shattered three or four times a t ear by small shakes caused by what Father Lynch describes as "creaking stair'' earthquakes. These Father Lynch calls the "retreating footsteps of the ice age.-' "When a heavy man goes upstairs in an old house the stairs creak for a long time after he is gone," ex plains the Jesuit Father. "They are trying to readjust the displacement caused by his weight. When the great glaciers covered parts of North America and Europe they put an enormous weight on the earth's crust. After thev melted thousands of years ago. the crust be gan to lift and creak. It is still creak ing and that sometimes causes a small fracture or two." About 100 out of the world's 400 seismologists are Jesuit trained like Father Lvnch. This Jesuit interest in seismology came about when in the 16th Century the Jesuits at tempted to convert the Orient to Christianity. Naturally China's lead ers were concerned about earth quakes and welcomed authorities on the subject with open arms. The Jesuits thus gained an entree with rheir know ledge of seismology and have been studying the subject ever since. They w ere the first to intro duce it on a large scale in the United States, and there are now 14 Jesuit observatories operating from coast to coast. Father Lynch feels that the sci ence of seismology is still in its in fancy and that quite a few persons still think it is a black art. He regu larly gets letters from people who demand that he "stop making earth quakes." or "avoid uertimr too curi ous or ton'll blow us all up." Father F\ nch blithely ignores this segment ot his public and points out that perhaps years hence we will be tappine entirely new sources of power l\ me deep under tin mound we d.aiK w alls on. The famous 1946 tide! wave is shown as it is about to drown a stranded Hav/aiian at Hilo ETC 23506 A camera can be a highly useful auto motive accessory -- on a business trip, a tour, or even in day-to-day driving ot long ago I was talking with N a friend who is an ardent ama teur photographer. You know the type -- the kind of fellow who feels undressed unless he is carrving a Leica or Graphic, and whose home about it. Now, whenever I step into bears a strong resemblance to the my car. my camera goes with me. processing departments of Para When I return, instead of trying to mount or .M-G-.M. He told me he put into words some of the interest had just placed an order for a car. ing things I've seen, I merely pass "How come?" I asked, surprised, the pictures to mv friends. I'm sure since up to this time his onlv inter they enjoy the photographs far est had been photography. more than the word pictures I used "Well." he replied. "I've come to to convey. the conclusion that an automobile is However, there are pictures and a very important camera accessorv." pictures. If you're going to carry a The remark was made in fun. but camera in your car you might just on second thought, there's a certain as well use it in the most effective amount of sense in it. wav possible. Have vou ever no Besides vour evervdav use of vour ticed the wav the big picture maga car. a good deal of the mileage vou zines such as Life and Look use pic roll up on your speedometer repre tures? They publish a lot of photo sents a quest for interesting new graphs in every issue, but they also things to be seen. It might be vaca employ a device which vou can use tion travel or Sundav driving, but to make vour pictures a lot more its purpose is to get vou awav from interesting. the humdrum and familiar. Why Their method is to use a series of not. then, make it a point to record photographs to tell a story -- in se the exciting and beautiful things that quence -- much as a motion picture your car sets before vou? film docs. Certainly there is nothing Hon- manv times have vou re difficult about it. Let's say, for in turned from a trip lamenting that stance. that vou plan to drive to a vou didn't have vour camera along: favorite resort. Instead of waiting Well, you're-not alone. I used to till vou get there to unlimber vour sing the forgotten-camera blues so camera, start using it before vou get often that I rinallv did something under wav. Get a picture of yourself and vour wife studying a road map. Get another at the service station, when you have the tank filled up. Next snap the kids piling into the car, and vour wife lugging the lunch. Then, along the road, photo graph some of the interesting land marks, not forgetting a highway marker directing vou to the resort. And, at the place itself, you'll want to photograph all the members of vour family enjoying themselves. For the finale, get a shot of vour weary brood, happy to get home after the day's outing. Paste these in sequence in vour album, and you'll find yourself turn ing to them time and again. Further more, when vou show them to vour friends you'll find they are really in terested, not just polite. In all likelihood, though, most of the pictures vou take won't be of this sequence type, but occasional scenic shots. Thev may be of old houses or barns, kids bathing, deer along the road or interesting char acters. But whatever they are. use enough care in photographing them so they will turn up in vour album as pictures you can be proud of. In 20 ETC 2350 other words, take enough time so you won't get prints that are out of focus, blurred from camera move ment, or lacking in important detail. Be prepared for picture opportu nities bv keeping vour camera close at hand. .Ylanv people w ho carrv cameras in their cars keep them in some inaccessible spot -- in the lug gage compartment, for instance. If you're going to carrv a camera at all. have it loaded and readv for use within arm's reach. Unless vou're driving in verv hot weather the glove compartment is the logical place to keep it. If it's hot and the glove compartment is likelv to be a miniature oven which can damage the camera or film, keep it alongside you on the front seat. The reason? Well, there are some pictures which won't wait to be taken. Once, for example. I was driving through desert countrv when I saw a large snake on the road ahead of me. As I approached, a biff bird, pos sibly a hawk, swooped down and gave battle to it. Finailv the bird won our, beating his wav into the air with the still squirming reptile. It was a thrilling bit of natural historv. one I wish I could have photoffraphed. Oh, ves, I had a camera in the car. The onlv trouble u as. it was locked up in some luggage in the rear deck. There's another re.i-on for keep- Good trip pictures speak louder than words. Bach shot by itself is a story and the whole series will give you a permanent record ETC 23508 21 F w ing vour camera dose at hand, a psychological one. Many motorists don't like to interrupt a trip for any longer than is absolutely necessary. But its one thing to pause for a moment to make sure your cam era-is up front, and it's something else again if it's necessary to pull off the road, unlock the luggage com partment and dig through every thing else piled inside in order to find it. When that's the case, many car o\\ ners are inclined to pass up the opportunity to take a picture worth having. Having a camera along is helpful too. whenever you go on a business trip. You'll find occasion quite often to take pictures en route -- of new facilities your company may have built, of possible sites for new loca tions. and of new plants and facili ties of interest to vour company or industry. A simple snapshot helps people to visualize a far-away proj ect better than the most detailed report. Thus far this has been mostly a discussion of taking pictures inciden tal to the motoring vou do. Have you ever thought of going on a trip primarily to take photographs? That such trips can be interesting seems evident from the fact that certain railroads make a practice of run ning special photographic excursion trains. Good Pictures by Amateurs It goes without saving that the fellow with a car is much better off in this respect than the one who has to depend on a train. Able to get into the byways, he can find all kinds of photographic possibilities. Try it sometime. A man I know did it on a grand scale last summer by making an extensive trip through Canada. He had just bought an inexpensive 35mm. camera which he of course took with him. He returned with a large selection of good pictures, both black-and-white and in color. Driving in the midwest a few years ago I stopped for gas and oil and struck up a conversation with OUR COVER: Color photograph of Alt. Rainer National Park. Wash ington. bv David W. Corson through A. Devaney, Inc. OUR PICTURES: Pages 3-6, all Acme Newspicturcs. Inc., except as fol lows: Page 5 1 bottom), courtesy CBS; Page 4 (second left bottom), 5 (top left and right and bottom right). Press Association; Page 6 (top). Wide World; Pages 7, 8, and 10, courtesv Standard Oil Co. (N.J.); Page q, courtesy Westing- house Electric & Manufacturing Co.; Page 10, cartoon by Martino Weiler; Pages 11-13, illustrations by Rodlow Willard; Page 14 and third cover, Philip Gendreau; Pages i(S, 17, 18 (bottom) and iq. Press Asso ciation; Page 18 (top) courtesv Shell Oil Co.; Page :o. Camera As sociates; Page :i. Look Magazine, cartoon bv Laughs, Unlimited. i ! ] j j j j the attendant. I asked if there were any spots of interest to be seen in that vicinity. He invited me inside and brought out an album of photo graphs. Carefully mounted in the album were scores of excellent pho tographs showing places of interest for hundreds of miles around. Op posite each page was pasted a section of road map showing just where each place was located. Photogra phy, he explained, was his hobby. "Do you find it worthwhile?'' I asked. "Sure do," he grinned. "That album sells a lot of gas and accesso ries for me. You'd be surprised at how many people come in here to get ideas about where to travel. The book helps them make up their minds and I sell them what they need to get there." That attendant, incidentally, had made all his pictures with an inex pensive little camera which had probably cost him less than twenty dollars. However, he was using two very important accessories -- his car and his head. Try them in combina tion sometime. If they don't produce some excellent pictures then there just aren't any pictures to be taken. 22 ETC 23509 The Small-Mouth Black Bass has a jaw which does not extend back of the eye. Moreover, his dorsal fin is not so deeply notched. Mil to *.*#&*- iirp marked by a group of distinguishinx characteristics. For example: A Rainbow Steelhead). Many strong teeth in zig-zag rows on roof of mouth. Tail fin usu iIK *potted. B Loke Trout. Teeth on roof of mouth on an r-lc-\ .tied crest. Has teeth on base of tongue. Ked ur pale spots on body. Forked tail. C Brown Trout. Brownish, rather large scales. K^d >put> on sides surrounded by light rings. D Brook Trout. No teeth on base of tongue. Kt*ii or pink spots on sides. Lower fins with iiiitii -(.olured edges. Tail square or only -hgh'.K torked. Bojf gasoline pinlm#ste|iped up ""antiknock fluid To get the best performance from vour car, use high quality gasoline improved with "Ethyl'' antiknock fluid -- the fa mous ingredient that steps up power and performance. To show you that their best gasoline contains "Ethyl" fluid, gasoline companies display "Ethyl" trade-marks on their pumps. "Ethyl" antiknock compound is made by Ethxl Corporation. Chrysler Bund lin'. Xeic York 17. A'etc York. t ETC 23511 IN THE gn/yL w JTULY-AUGUS'T 1948 Benjamin Brewster, whose service with Ethyl Corporation dates back to 1927, has been appointed to the new position of Manager of Technical Serv ice Operations of the Ethyl Re search Laboratories in Detroit. The Technical Service Divi sion is the liaison group be tween the Ethyl Laboratories and the technical departments of oil companies and automo tive and farm equipment manufacturers. As Operations Manager, Mr. Brewster will supervise the execution of activities planned by the Director of Technical Service, Richard K. Scales, and his staff. He also will continue as a member of the Technical Representative group, one of the five sections which make up the Technical Service Division. This group maintains contact between the Ethyl Laboratories and the research and development laboratories of oil companies throughout the country. Mr. Brewster is one of nine men now with Ethyl Corpora tion who helped establish the Ethyl Laboratories in Detroit slightly more than 20 years ago upon their transfer from Yonkers, N. Y. He joined the company in 1927, immedi ately upon his graduation from Harvard Engineering School with an S.B. degree. He left Ethyl's employ the next year to accept a sales engi neer position with an electric company in Boston, and re mained in Massachusetts un til 1936, when he rejoined the Ethyl Laboratories. Mr. Brewster is a member of the Society of Automotive Engineers and the Harvard Engineering Society. MEMORIES ON WHEELS 3 The oldtime automobiles which literally put America on wheels are not entirely gone from the scene. Many can still be seen in action, every so often, thanks to the efforts of a group of hobbyists. THE OLD TRAVELER 9 Meet the man who has probably seen more of the United States than anyone else -- and learn his way of discovering the real beauties of our country. 100 YEARS OF SERVING FARMERS 12 The Oliver Corporation has come a long way since it was founded in Battle Creek, Mich, in 1848. Today a leading member of the farm equipment industry, it inaugurates its second century of service by introducing a complete new line of modern gasolinepowered tractors. ALASKA --OIL OUTPOST 15 The U. S. territory is famous for its wealth of minerals, metals, ftsh, fur and lumber--and it may also contain noteworthy re serves of petroleum. To determine for sure, a unique exploration is now going on inside the Arctic Circle. FAIR DAYS AHEAD 19 Country fairs are easily as old as the Bible, but they give millions of people an opportunity to see at first hand many of the latest industrial developments and products. In order to widen the fields of reader Interest In Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the authors'. The editors of the News welcome articles of timely Interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Edward L. Shea, president; Stanley T. Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Gonzalez, secretary etc 23513 o cf.lf.br v i r the golden anni Tversary nt rite consolidation of its five constituent horoutrhs. New York Citv recently staged a won derful rive-hour parade. The cits' dropped its sophisticated attitude for a dav as it recalled the lighter side of its paw ai \ ears -- and like anv town, it v. as real proud. A mil lion people lined the sidewalks of Fifth Avenue as some ,-0.000 march ers. many in colorful costume, passed in review. And as the pageantry unfolded, the spectators could see many nostalgic reminders of how people used to work and live. Xew York'- hc.'.nnnu Mayor A part of the cavalcade of antique automobiles, as it motored down Fifth Avenue MEMORIES ON WHEELS Nostalgic reminders of the America of yesteryear are the antique autos carefully preserved by collectors fjew xirT m .it , *\ && ^^ ETC 23514 Two of the cars in the New York parade -- a 1907 International Auto Wagon and a 1900 one cylinder DeDion Bouton Motorette. Both are owned by James Melton, the noted singer, who is seated on the DeDion O'Dwer led the parade in an 1898 Tallv-ho 'drawn bv four spirited horses. There was a detachment of bicvcle cops, such as patrolled the streets back in the Gav 90's, replete in their impossible helmets and handlebar mustaches. There was a horse-drawn street car and a band of cvclists aboard sinsle seaters and a tandem. And there was a sroup of autos that formed a verv real part of the America of yesterday. Of all the souvenirs of a bygone dav. none held more meaning than these ancient cars, bravelv chugoinsx along in the procession under their own power. There were an tique Packards with their character istic hoods and radiators, rugged and reliable Model T Fords. Olds- mobiles, Buicks, Hudsons and Cad illacs, and some almost forgotten names like the Simplex, Stanlev and .Mercer. A number of postwar automo biles were in the parade, frequently alongside an early model of the same make. But if their presence dramatized the progress in automo tive transportation in the last half century, it also heightened the re spect for their antiquated name sakes. For it was these ancient vehi cles, crude and cumbersome though they seem, that in a real sense gave birth to today's modern cars. To the children watching the panorama, the antique cars were a strange sight indeed in this modern, streamlined age. .Many kids prob ably marvelled that their grandpar ents ever got up enough nerve to take a trip in one of them, and they shrieked with delight at the sounds of their pipsqueak bulb horns. But for their parents and grandparents, the cars brought back a flood of memories of years ago. They recalled davs of muddy roads and high adventure, when people wore dusters and goggles and gauntlets, and took along wicker lunch baskets for a day's outing. Those, too, were the davs when motorists knew practically every nut and bolt on their car. be cause many's the time they had to "get out and get under'' on the highway. After completing the course of the New York parade, the ancient cars assembled at the Hudson river for a trip to Atlantic Citv, X. J.. where a second parade was to be held the following daw And in a manner reminiscent of the famous Glidden Tours, the cars bravely set forth on the t:-; miles to the New Jersey resort. Joseph Murchio at the wheel of his 1908 Corbin in the Atlantic City event f a ) < ETC 23515 Almost all the cars made the trip on their own; only the oldest of them had to he taken along by trailer. And as the cars chugged along, interspersed throughout the stream of highway traffic, they were the object of great curiosity and even outright astonishment. Drivers of other cars, passing by, stared at them w itli disbelieving eyes. They couldn't realize, for the moment, that the oldtimers were part of a caravan; they thought they were still being used in dav-to-dav driving. Said a typical driver, as he saw a 1905 model rattle along: "Can the car shortage still be that bad-" In Atlantic City, the oldtime cars were met by another contingent of antique vehicles that had motored Some of the cars participating in the Atlantic City parade are shown below. Bottom right, Mr. C. R. Levis and his daughter, Carol, riding in their 1903 Cadillac 'M .X over from Philadelphia. Joining forces, the two groups staged a pa rade down the resort's famous boardwalk, to the plaudits of the thousands of vacationists there. And to cap the proceedings, the cars were then driven out to the Atlantic City- Country Club where during a luncheon awards were made for various classes of cars. Only on such occasions as the New York and Atlantic Citv pa rades does the American public at large get a chance to see these oldtime cars in action. Only then can present-day motorists appreciate fully what motoring must have been like back in the early days of the automobile. At other times, these cars are. for the most part, stored in museums or garages or barns, where they are carefully housed to preserve them against the ravages of old age. Thanks to the efforts of a frater nity of collectors, the United States still has today many fine examples of carls' motor cars. These collec tors make a hobby of acquiring and restoring old cars, and they are banded together into such clubs as the Veteran Motor Car Club of America, the Antique Automobile Club of America, and the Horseless ETC 23516 llT 11 nsngJgSSSl U !..!. ' ik li -a 1847' Carriage Club. The effort to pre serve for posterity a record of the earlv days in motoring has also been spurred bv such organizations as the Automobile Old Timers. Inc., which is composed of America's motor car pioneers, and such others as the Sports Car Club of America. The collectors all acquire antique cars as a hobby. Their collections may range anvu here from one or two models on up to several hun dred. Notable among the large pri vate collections are those of D. Cameron Peck. George H. Water man. Jr., and James .Melton, the .Metropolitan Opera star. Eager collectors regularly tour ETC 23517 / X. ass* James Melton gets the feel of John Paul Stack's 1903 Oldsmobile. as Mr. Stack looks on. Incidentally, many antique automobiles, like the one-cylinder Olds, are taken to events aboard trailers the countryside on the lookout for representative old models. And when they come upon a rare find, they frequently spend much time and effort in cleaning it up and try ing to restore ir to its former con dition. The average collector is also a tinkerer. He nra\ have three cars and a half dozen engines for them. In his spare time he polishes every part on his car.- and purs it in first class shape. Sometimes he may spend months looking for a replace ment part, but lie know s that is part of the game. Throughout the scat, these an tique car collectors hold regular meetings to which they take their cars and enter them in various events. The cars compete by vari ous classes, and are awarded prizes on the basis of such factors as their age and general appearance, their completeness and authenticity, and their general interest. In addition, they also compete in action contests of various kinds. While antique auto collectors value a car on a number of counts, one of the most important is how well it runs for its age. A consistent blue ribbon winner at antique auto meets is Mrs. John Paul Stack's n;o; onc-cvlinder Oldsmobile. Its res toration has been so thorough chat a veteran Olds mechanic once said it looked as if it had just come from the factory. Besides the antique cars which are seen only in parades or at exhibi tions. there are others in constant use. One of these is a 191s Crane Simplex, owned bv George Mood, of Brooklyn. N. Y. I bis is Mr. Wood's only car, and when he de cides to enter it in a parade or meet he merely shines it up a little, and he and Mrs. Mood get out their dusters, and off they go. In addition ro such public mu- :A<! !I ETC 23518 seums as the Smithsonian Institu tion, Chicago's .Museum of Science and Industry, and the Dearborn M useum. manv private museums housing antique cars are to be found in at least eight cities throughout the country. Only recently. James Mel ton announced the opening of the new .Melton Museum, in Norwalk, Conn, where he will publicly display his famous collection of cars. .Many antique car collectors arc not only authorities on the cars they own; they are also historians of a i 4 1903 Black and a 1914 Stanley Steamer at the Atlantic romantic and yet important period i City Country Club, where the Antique Auto Collectors As in American life. Some of them, like sociation and the Veteran Motor Car Club held a luncheon Charles B. King of Larchmont, N. Y,, can speak out of personal history. Mr. King drove the hrst horseless carriage on the streets of Detroit in 1896. For countless thousands of Amer ican families, these early cars have been more than a physical posses sion; they have been a very real and substantial part of their lives, con tributing in no small measure to the tremendous development that put America on wheels. Thus, in ac quiring and restoring these old cars, the collectors are making an impor tant contribution. They are preserv ing for posterity the central char acter in one of the most delightful episodes in the American drama. If you seek beauty and adventure in your travels, take the advice of a veteran sight-seer and turn to the side roads henever Jim Welsh is intro W duced at .1 meeting of one fails to strike a responsive chord, chances are you'll recall him in sort or another .is "the man wshtaontly as "The Old AAA Traveler" probably ' has seen more of the of Automobile Club of Michigan. United States than anv other per That cognomen grew on him son"--and that's on an average of while he was doing a series of radio nearlv six times a week -- his open travel talks in Cleveland several ing acknowledgment almost inva- years ago. and is so associated with riablv is: him todav that the name is very "That's just a polite wav of sav carefully protected by the Ameri ing that I am just a bewhiskered old can Automobile Association. Even goat who spends his dav> prow ling." he himself sometimes finds it diffi Actually, he docs sport a graving cult to keep the two personalities goatee, and he is a prow let of a sort. straight, and on more than one occa As far as being old -- well, he's ,-S. sion has found himself signing a During his lifetime he ii.is set foot in bank check "The Old Traveler" in just about everv nook and corner, stead of with his own name. every metropolis and crossroads hamlet, and everv historical spot and Seeks the Unusual scenic area that this country has to There isn'r much that the portly, offer. Jim Welsh calls these hun genial Jim Welsh hasn't seen or done dreds of visits of his "prow ling ex in his ramhlings around the country. peditions" because he delights in He has sailed with the fishing fleet veering off the mam liigiiw ,iv to out of Gloucester, he has explored roam about in the backwoods, along rhe wastes of the Yukon, he has the narrow countn roads, or even walked the foot trails to mountain in somebody's backs urd in watch of shacks in Tennessee, and lie has a touch of unusual \oicrica. roamed lip and down Death Valles . If the name Janie' Parker Welsh I hrmigh it all. he has emerged as a personality perhaps more colorful and exciting than his many experi ences themselves. The Old Traveler is not a nomad or a victim of wanderlust, as such. His extensile travels spring from sheer love of countn-. Three hun dred and more times a t ear he ap pears before meetings, ranging from small town women's groups of a dozen members to national conven tions with thousands of delegates, to urge his listeners ro appreciate the beaurv and richness of their native land more than they already do. "Ger off the beaten path." he urges, "instead of driving from De mur to .Miami in three days, take rive days and spend the extra time visiting the glory spots that polka dot this nation of ours." do illustrate what he is wont to call an "unforgettable." The Old Traveler tells of a hill that stands not far from Atlanta. G.i. Millions ot motorists pass it on C. S. route 41 cavil \ ear. hut few know rhe role rhis twin-peaked mountain pl.n cd in naming .1 famous American. During the (.'mil War. this lull was among the last defenses before Atlanta, and -o was the scene of a North ind South Vrmagedvlon. ETC 23520 a s Seeing these moss-covered cypress trees growing on Lake Veret, La., is well worth a tew minutes of exfra travel to get to know and treasure their country more. The Old Traveler is a goodwill service of the Automo bile Club of Michigan, whose : 70,000 members make it the larg est motoring organization in the world. His trips are sponsored by that club as a means of stimulating tourists and vacationists to "see America --the little-known America -- first.-' Sometime this summer he will reach the :.ooo,ooo-mile mark in his roamings. No special celebration will observe this significant milestone for the simple reason that the bewhis- guided such old timers as the Brush, Chalmers-Detroit, Paige Davtona Special, and Diana, as well as almost every present make, up and down and across the North American (con tinent. He was among the first to buy "Ethyl" gasoline when it w ent on the market 15 years ago, and has used it regularly ever since. His accident record is perfect. In 40 years and nearly :,000,000 miles of traveling, he has never so much as dented a fender. Once, how ever, the right front wheel of a Stevens he was driving came off and rolled down the highway embankment. At the height of the battle, a cour ier delivered a message to a Confed erate medical officer. The note was from his wife, telling that a son had 1 just been born to them and asking that he name the baby. Somewhere on the bloods' battlefield the South ern officer managed to find a fairly protected spot in which to reply to his wife's letter. He asked that the son be named for the field of battle. And that. The Old Traveler tells you. is how Kenesaw .Mountain Lan dis. the late high commissioner of baseball, got his name. The little two-peaked hill just outside Atlanta is Kenesaw Mountain! This Tennessee mountain cabin is a good example of the scenic wonders you can find on the nation's back roads Jim Welsh has hundreds of vign kered wanderer has no idea just Mr. Welsh didn't realize what had ettes like that up his sleeve. You name when the milestone will sneak up happened for several moments, since the city, region, or state, and he can on him or exactly where he will be the vehicle had continued on its relare fascinating stories not to be at the rime. Whenever and wherever merry way almost as well on three found in the guidebooks. He digs up it occurs, how ever, he undoubtedly wheels as it had on four. virtually all his "unforgertables" per will be busy uncovering another "Best balanced car I ever drove." sonally. although his weekly mail morsel of Americana to feed his is his sage recolleccion. sometimes contains a score or more avid club, radio, newspaper, and One of Jim Welsh's fondest recol of historical and folklore tidbits sent magazine audiences. lections of his boyhood is "borrow in hv fans all over the country. During his travel career, polvro- ing" some of his father's tobacco to Prowling the United States is a pian Jim Welsh has driven and "out give to Geronimo. the famed rebel profession for him. it is true, but few grown" more than :o automobiles. Indian leader, while the latter was men have done so much ro encour His first vehicle, back in 1908, was being held captive in a jail in the age John O. Public and his family a Mitchell phacron. Since then he has little Alabama community of Vine- 10 ETC 23521 gar Bend. "I lie Indian fighting in the Southwest was over, but Geroninio was locked up in a distant state so he could not inspire a renewal of the warfare. Jim had been sent to his grandparent's home in Alabama at the age of nine to go to school. As a sequel to that incident, The Old Traveler relates how, even in death. Gerommo could not escape the flag of the United States, which he hated above cvcrvrhing else. For, todav, as the sun sets behind Fort Sill, Okla., it ironicallv throws the shadow of that post's flag across the grave of the Indian warrior who held such bitter hatred for the Stars and Stripes. At none of the 5.000 personal ap pearances The Old Traveler has made during the past 11 vears has someone in the audience failed to ask what places he considered the most beautiful and most interesting. Mindful that he might be incurring the wrath of more than one Chamber of Commerce, lie nevertheless an swers unhesitatiugU : Most beauti ful -- Natchez. .Miso. most interest ing -- Tombstone. An/.. Historv relates that General U. S. Grant must hate thought Natchez a center of scenic bcautv and cul ture, too. During the netc of Nat chez, the Union commander or dered that the ti.--. a high on the bluffs of the M.-'issinpi River be spared shellfire m order thar its beaurv not be a In selecting Tombstone as Ameri ca's most single interesting "glorv spot," The Oki 'lrnveier refers to is as "the town coo rough to die." Fie notes that the local newspaper was (and still is > called The Epi taph, and he rakes vou on a verbal inspection of Boot Hill, the ceme tery so named because in ir sleep only those who "died with their boots on." .More than anv other re minder. rhe woods.", head hoards tell of the Tombstone that was. "Mur dered," savs one. "Killed in the Crys tal Palace," savs another. "Hanged" and "Legally Hanged," read others. Often the epitaph was burned into the headboard with a branding iron. Tombstone, once the leading sil ver-producing city of the West but now almost a ghost town, still boasts its wooden sidewalks, many of them pock-marked with bullets. And as vou walk down old Allen or Toughnut Streets, vou still can dig 45 slugs from the walls of the buildings. "Here is truly the most unusual town in America," sighs The Old Traveler, "and vet so many of us pass right by or through it without a second thought." Jim Welsh personally is no re former or crusader, but his travels about the United States have con vinced him that American history books should be revised to report the various events in a more inter esting and complete fashion. As an example, he savs that s00 pirates from the bavou country of Louisiana, loaned bv Jean Lafitte. the pirate chief, enabled Andrew Jack son's pitifully small army to crush the superior British forces in the Battle of New Orleans. "But you'll never hear about those pirates in any historv book," Welsh claims. "Give our students just one inter esting fact, and they'll remember the whole storv. For instance, no one will ever forget the details of the Battle of Gettysburg if vou tell them that the Union forces were about to suffer a major defeat until one little factor changed the tide of battle. The fifth day of fighting was the Fourth of July, and the patriotic urge experienced by the Northern ers gave them a new will to go on and win." "People don't forget things like that." he believes. Jim Welsh is a man of manv tal ents. He is a story-teller par excelLn/ee. a soldier, a veteran newspaper man. a magazine writer, a radio commentator, an expert photogra pher. a public speaker, and a lead ing juthorirv on outdoor cooking. Bur. above all else, he savs. he is "a goareed old man who likes to prow ! these United States." The rushing tourist sometimes pcsses up obvious spectacles such as this ornate Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota ETC 23522 11 The Oliver Corporation, which has made many important contributions to better farming, this year observes a milestone in its career Nr iiVNDRrn yf \rs \co a young OMichigan iron worker struck and needed someone to do their iron w ork. Nichols recognized this as his out on foot along the primitive foorp portunity and opened a farm im est paths leading inland from De plement shop and a foundry. Then troit. John Nichols wasn't exactly and there, for all practical purposes, sure of his destination, hut he settled was founded The Oliver Corpora eventually for Hattie Creek. The tion of today. farmers surrounding that husv little The Nichols enterprise grew and cnmnumitv needed farm implements acquired a partner. It became the firm of Nichols & Shepard, inter ested in threshing machinery. One of the most important contributions in the design of harvesting equip ment came out of this partnership, for the Nichols & Shepard vibrator type thresher produced in that earlv dav rendered all others virtually obsolere. As the Nichols & Shepard Com pany came to the booming ipro's, behind it was a long record of successtul business operation and serv ice to Mncrican agriculture. The Lire ";o's are often referred to as the t ears of mergers. The needs of .lgrieulmre were becoming too great. Efficiency in production, as well as reduction of prices, called for large companies. Everywhere compering and non-competing com panies engaged in farm equipment manufacture were getting together to the e\ cntual benefit of the Ameri can farmer. Joseph 0. Oliver, Jr., a director of the Corporation, driving a Stand ard 77 model--one in the new line of tractors Oliver has introduced as it begins its second century 12 ETC 23523 So it u ns that Nichols & Shepard, with their power harvesting equip ment, joined with the Hart-Parr Companv. rirst to manufacture gasoline-driven tractors. Too, the American Seating Machine Com panv, pioneer in the manufacture of panv the June 30th ceremonv at Battle Creek did not mark a 100th anniversarv alone. Rather, it was "the beginning of the second centurv." As its own birthdav gift to the farmers it serves, Oliver unveiled a new line of tractors -- the "66.'' that "tractor'' was used in a patent received bv a Midwest farmer back in the late Eighties, some 17 vears before the word appeared in an ad vertisement of 1906. As the storv had it, the sales manager of what is now the Hart-Parr Division of the Left, this modest plant at Battle Creek, Mich, was an early mile stone in Oliver's 100-year growth 7i> drills and planting equipment, and "77," and "88" -- to replace its pop the Oliver Chilled Plow Works, ular "80," "70," and "60" models. A great deal of progress sepa V which had pioneered in the design As is true of all long-established of plows and tillage tools, were farm equipment manufacturing com rated the early steam-powered machine Heft) and the first suc cessful gasoline tractor (above) brought together under the Oliver panies, the historv of Oliver is the banner to form an important seg historv of American agriculture. ment in the farm equipment indus- Through its manufacture of time- c. trv. In 194;. Oliver acquired the and labor-saving devices, it has Ann Arbor Machine Companv-, helped the farmer increase produc which for manv vears had manu tivity' to the point where today he factured hav balers. Finallv. in 1944, feeds not onlv his fellow country the Cleveland Tracror Companv was men but millions of starving people acquired, bringing to the Oliver line in all corners of the earth as well. of tractors a deer of crawler tvpe Several "firsts" highlight Oliver's tractors. achievements in mechanized farm The man who gave the companv ing. Chief among these are the man its name was J.mio Oliver, an In diana land owner .dm "improved the plow more than it had been im proved in all the rime since man ufacture of the first successful gaso line traction engine, and the fact that Oliver was one of the first com panies to market a commercial high The famous Oliver 70, one of the first modern high compres sion tractors, was designed to operate on 70 octane gasoline first turned the earth with a sharp compression tractor engine designed ened stick." Hi> -on. Joseph, effected to use gasoline exclusively. the merger that lias kept the Oliver Some even sav that Oliver coined name among the foremost in the the word "tractor." but this is not farm equipment held. true. Companv officials will tel! vmi To observe it' centennial, the Oliver firm paused brictfv a few weeks ago in its ru-k of all-out pro duction of tractors and other farm equipment. But diosg m the coni- Oliver's new gasoline trac tors, of which the Standard 88 model is shown here, all have high compression engines 13 ETC 23524 I I Oliver Corporation found the phrase "gasoline traction engine" too cum bersome. Somehow, he arrived at "tractor"' in his mental search for a catchv advertising word, and it went into the ad he was writing at the time. Since Oliver officials them.selves only recently learned of the ancient patent, it is possible that the sales manager also invented the word. At any rate, his was the first use of it in any advertisement. Paralleled Auto Progress The first gasoline traction engine built by the partnership of Charles W Hart and Charles H. Parr at their gasoline engine manufacturing plant in Charles Citv, Iowa, was as much unlike the present streamlined trac tor as are the Stanley Steamer and a 1948 model automobile. It was big and clumsy and bore a strong resemblance to one of the war machines created five centuries ago bv Leonardo da Vinci. Amer ica's first tractor was powered by a two-cylinder oil cooled horizontal engine. Compared to the modern six-cylinder Oliver "-o." the first unit was truly bis and clumsy. But what was important was that it worked and that it was a vast improvement over steam-powered "tractors." The very first Hart-Parr tractor was built in the winter of 1900-01. It was sold to an Iowa farmer whose name has been lost in the annals of time. The owner and destiny of the second tractor also are unknown. But old No. 3 is on view daily for the thousands of visitors to the Mu seum of Science and Industry in Chicago. It was originally purchased in 1903. the r ear of its manufacture, bv George Mitchell, a Flovd Countv. Iowa, farmer, for Si.tto. He used it until 19::. when HartParr bought it back for showing at state fairs and farm expositions. It was placed in the Chicago museum, line tractors. That was in 1935. One ten years ago amid much ceremony. of the first to appear was the Oliver The life of the gasoline traction "70." It had a si.x cylinder engine engine, as such, was a short one. and derived its name from the fact In the early 1900's the petroleum that it was designed to operate on industry was still in short pants and 70 octane gasoline. had not vet realized the enormous High compression jobs required growth in demand that was to come relatively little time to reach the top for gasoline and other refined prod of the tractor best seller list. In fact, ucts. The result was that gasoline, the first Oliver "70" was purchased then a byproduct of the industry, before it even had a name. One dav was not generally available on farms. in January 1935, farmer Elmer Because of this, Hart-Parr turned to Niebel, of the northwestern Ohio the manufacture of a tractor that town of Napoleon, stopped in at his could burn kerosene and the lower farm equipment dealers' store. Sales grades of oil which were more read men of the Von Devlen-Wiemken ily available. In 1905, Hart-Parr per firm, Oliver dealers in Napoleon, fected the first satisfactory system showed him a set of blueprints and for using fuels other than gasoline in a typewritten sheet of specifications tractors. For 30 t ears thereafter, few of the new tractor Oliver planned indeed were the tractors that were to produce later that year. The trac built for gasoline. Farmers obtained tor already had been tested and satisfactory results from tractors de proved both in the laboratory and signed to operate on kerosene and the field. Mr. Niebel was convinced, distillates, but they were not enjoy and immediately ordered an un ing the fullest performance of which named tractor that was delivered to their tractors were capable. him as the Oliver "70." One of the first men to realize this was George Krieger, of Ethyl Cor Farmers Prefer Gasoline poration. With Dan Guy and other Since that day 13'/: years ago Ethyl Corporation tractor engi there have been many Elmer neers, he began campaigning in the Niebels. Today, approximately 6ofc early 1930's for higher compression of all tractors on U. S. farms are tractor engines designed for gaso high compression. Eight of every line. This group concentrated its ef ten farmers use gasoline as their forts on farmers themselves as well tractor fuel, and this preference is as the manufacturers of tractors. growing almost daily because of Their cause was aided by the deci gasoline's greater power and quicker sion of Ethyl Corporation, in 1933, starting, cleaner burning advantages. to market an antiknock compound Power farming, of which the trac which oil companies might add to tor is the backbone, has come a long their regular grade motor fuel. wav in the past three generations. The success of their efforts to Equally as much progress lies ahead. bring about greater tractor perform It is in that spirit that the Oliver ance and economy is too well known Corporation, during its present cen to be elaborated on here. Working tennial, looks back not on 100 years in close cooperation with design and of outstanding contributions to production engineers of the farm mechanized farming but rather looks equipment industry, the Ethyl Cor ahead to a second century of service poration engineers aided in market to the farmer as a leading member ing the first high compression gaso of an important industry. 14 ETC 23525 ALASKA- Oil Outp Shertd*,n by Mort'" - X. , * ~j,: -i-- '' ' ""'" 'S*'' " . V-' . '.-- -V ' S*v _vTl I ' X./: V^"'. -f3. " .rj; - ' -fc - " ... ,, .-US--' r~ fTT SjC w?'- :.-t' m--. ,A A"S?* w>r-w.. The Arctic Circle is the locale for one of the most unusual explorations now going on throughout the world ONE OF 'nil remote and undeveloped . v.-.s of rhe world which offers ur ar promise as a po tential oil prod le. ;tj region is the United States X \ \ - Petroleum Reserve Xo. 4. Located in northern Alaska, the "Per 4" project oni"'- .1 bleak. deso late wasteland ei|i:al to about half the area of Oklanwn.i. Oil seeps and oozes had been reported there bv Eskimos and other names for manv vears. Now the Xa\\ is directin'.'' a thorough search o; the Arctic area, usinu all the tool- ,md methods cum- monlv employed bv the oil industry in explorations elsewhere through out the world. Tiie structural makeup of the ter rain and other geological features strongly indicate that oil may he present beneath the polar wastes. Though the location and the amount of oil that may be hidden there still remain a mvsterv, the Navy hopes to locate these reserves, learn more about them, and fully determine their potentialities. In the closing days of the last session of Congress, the Xavy was granted Si4.6 million to continue its search for oil inside rhe Arctic Circle. The Alaskan territory was rirst set aside as a X'aval petroleum re serve bv President Hardino in ig:;. hut no serious effort was made to :gi The test well at Cape Simp son, which was drilled to a depth of more than 7,000 feet Shown below is the Navy's Petroleum Reserve No. 4 relative to all of Alaska Point Barrow. Cape Simpson Umiat Nome Fairbanks. Anchorage . A etc 23526 Walter S. Hallanar, president of Plymouth Oil Co., is well known throughout the industry corrigible optimist"' he replies: "Of course. You have to be to survive in this same." He is also something of a spartan in his personal habits. He goes to bed at nine each night, never drinks, doesn't smoke at all. and never comes closer to cussing than ''Bv Jingo!" But though Mike is tough, mentallv and phvsicallv. he's not "rough" as the popular legends about successful oil men would have vou believe. His manners are pol ished. almost debonair, and he is vets' dignified, a characteristic ex pressed in the militate erectness \s ith which he holds himself. Though histors' .dreads' knoss s him as "Mike." onls' a fesv old friends call him that to his face. Close asso ciates refer to him as "\l. I.." The rest of the world still addresses him as "Mr. Benedum." Mans' have called Mike Benedum one of the "great gamblers" of his tory. Mike resents that. He denies that he's a gambler in the ordinary sense of the word. He's apt to lecrure his own employes on the evils of gambling. "If xuu win." he's apt to argue s\ ith a-w ould-be gambler. "vou w in somebody else's money. If / s\ in. everybody wins; nobody loses." When Alike saws "everybody wins" vou can almost take him lit erally. More than a few of the sec retaries and humble staff members working in the Benedum-Trees Building have won a great many thousands of dollars through bus ing shares in leases Mike has offered them. A number of Benedum em ployes are said to hold royalty worch $2500 an acre near the Alford which Alike bought for them sev eral s ears ago for S10 an acre. To men who grew up thinking oil was the sweetest smelling thing in the world, no oil has ever smelled any sweeter than the oil the Alford brought in. As a saga of victory over doubt and successive setbacks, the Alford is a tine symbol of the determination and courage that goes into the nation's treasure hunt for oil -- and of the possible rewards for this herculean effort. Plymouth Oil Co., run by one of Alike's top lieutenants, AAalter Hallanan. started drilling' the Alford in Alas'. 1941. near the middle of a block of 12.000 acres. Benedum and Hallanan felt the well was a very good gamble, because several years before oil had been found only nine miles away in a limestone formation called the "Ellcnburger." Thev were trusting that this "F.llenburger" continued north to their lease. The only trouble was the F.llenburger was 9000 feet deep w here oil had been struck. This meant thev might be in for drilling problems. They were. They drilled 10.000 feet in five months without hitting the Ellenburger. it took them seven months to make the next ^4 feet. One day the hole would cave in. the next they would wear out a bit trying to bite through the toughest of all underground formations, chert, the next they would lose their drill in the hole and have to spend weeks fishing it out. Once thev wore out two bits in 24 hours drill ing six inches. Finally thev decided to let the hole "cool off" for awhile. This was in 1942. and during the war it was hard to get drilling supplies, so thev didn't return until 1946. Then they faced new disappointment.. Thev 14 ETC 23477 found that the ''liner.'' the steel sheathing thev had Mink-in the hole to keep it from enemy in. had caved in itself. Thev couldn't get the drill pipe through it. Bv rhis rime thev had alreadv spent half a million dol lars and it was costing them 58oo a dav just to keep a il ri11int> riy on the site. Thev found a partner in Fred Turner, a lifetime oil nun from .Mid land. Texas, who ay reed to complete the hole in return for a half interest in the 800 acres immcdiatelv sur rounding it and a thud of the re maining acreage in the i:.ooo acre block. Turner, in turn, got a "free ride" when he made a deal with 51vear-old Tom Slick of the SlickUrschel Oil Co. to take his place in the partnership with PIvmouth and to complete the well in exchange for a one-eighth interest in what ever oil Slick-Urschel struck in the Alford or the rest of its aercayc. Drilled At an Angle Slick-Urschel hacked up the hole PIvmouth had dug. cut a "window" in the liner at 8,400 feet and drilled back down at a - decree anyle. Using improved driihny tools thev were able to penetrate the chert, and they hit the Fllenbmycr and oil at J 1.020 feet. Thev kept on happilv through 100; feet more of pasformation without yetnny to the bottom of the Ellenburyer. 1 he drilliny crew - u no made the Alford pav off operated under the kind of conditions that allows Tex ans to boast vim have to he rouyh to live down there. The West Texas area w here the Alford is located is a barren, wind swept waste w hich once looked so unpromising to the University of medum gas well coming in. The. of considerable she. is located e Shreveport section of Louisiana Texas that thev called off a geologi cal survev of it, claiming it wasn't worth it. When the Alford hnallv came in last December it reminded some of .Mike s old cronies of Stiles Number 4, his well w hich proved the Lou isiana Caddo field 40 vears before. Looked Better and Better .Mike s brother-in-law John Lantz was running the drilling crew, so the storv goes. When the well came in at a depth of 2.2 1: feet -- as deep a well for those davs as the Alford's 12.022 feet is for todav -- John flogged a horse to Vivian, the near est town and called Mike and his friend and informal partner. Joe Trees, in Pittsburgh. "She's in, .Mike, and doing 1000 barrels." "Fine." .Mike said. "We'll leave Saturdav." Three hours later Lantz was on the phone again. "I just wanted vou to know,' he said. "This well's a humdinyer. doiny better than 2,500 barrels." "Fine." Mike replied. "We'll start tomorrow Once more rhar dav .Mike's tele phone in Pittsburgh rang and there was Lantz breathless on the other end again. ".Mike, she's doing 5.000 barrels and hasn't heyun to settle Jow n." "John, don't von bother to call us anv more." .Mike is supposed to have replied. "Joe and I are enminy right awav." Alford Number One also kept looking better and better. Neither PIvmouth nor Slick-Urschel could quite credit its potentialities. Thev tried to keep it a secret until thev were sure, and succeeded so well rhar wmd didn't leak our to the public until a month after it came in. Bur after the news was out. peo ple were quick to realize rhar the Alford was nor simpiv .1 successful wildcat but that it indicated a held of major importance. Some placed its potentialities at greater than rhe Big Fake field, w hich .Mr. Bcncdum developed and w hich since 19:5 has produced almost 100 million barrels of oil. Others w ent even further in their praise. Said F.rnesr O. Thomp son. chairman of the Texas Railroad Commission, in a message to Ply mouth and Slick-Urschel. "Abu have brought in a tremendous new oil field at a time when oil is sorely needed. It is perhaps the greatest discovery in Texas since rhe Fast Texas field 1- vears ayo." Touched Off a Boom Completion of the Alford set off the fiercest oil fever in the recent history of Texas. I.and near the Al ford has been leasing for Si000 to S5.500 an acre. PIvmouth and SlickUrschel have a joint interest in the 800 acres immcdiatelv surroundiny the Alford. Then, in a square sur roundiny rhis inner area. Pl\mouth 1 w ns s0,H> acres and Slick-Urschel 4001) acres. Rovalrv directly under the Al ford has Mild tor as liiyh as Stiooo an acre. ! liar's as much as the best cirrus and avocado orchards were brinyiny ar the peak of the wartime land boom in southern California. 1 lie discovery of rhe Bcnedum field >\ mholiz.es many rhinys. lit .Mr. Bcnedum. as it would to auv vuidcatter. it represents a personal satisfaction anil rev ard for a halfmillion dollar yamblc that lasted for nearlv ten vears. To the oil industry, it represents a new oil field of yrear promise, .itrcr a war-loivy period 111 which explorarion efforrs were sev civlv hampered. Bur to rhe counrn at large, ir demonstrates rhar .1 lot of oil Mil! remains to he diseov cred heiie.'.rii 1 wir -ml -- and vv il! lie iu'ouyhr m a- Imiy as men or v Mini a re : cc to do ir new workshop 1 . . _______ j Completion of a new building, and conversion of an existing structure, will provide en larged facilities for Ethyl's staff FOR CHEMICAL RESEARCH n!'. of thi. planned features of O the modern ErhvI Corporation Research Laboratories in suburban Detroit is that thev are designed and equipped to permit such expansion in physical size and scope of activ ity as may be necessary to help solve the many complex technical prob lems of the engine-fuel-lubricant relationship. For the past six years, since their completion early in 194:. the pres ent Laboratories' accommodations have proved adequate. Now. how ever. it has become necessary to en large the facilities available for chemical research activities. To supply the extra working area This is the new 7,500 square foot Chemical Workshop building in Detroit immediately after its completion needed, a new Chemical Workshop of chemical engineering equipment; pressures substantially higher than building has been constructed on the a room for air compressors, a super their working pressure, and arc :6 acres of Laboratories property. centrifuge, and a Dowtherm heat equipped with frangible discs to re This structure provides Ethyl's re ing system; three offices, a storage lieve excessive pressure. search starf with approximately room, a wash room, a shower room, Also located in the general pro -.500 square feet of additional space and a locker room. cessing laboratory are a glass-lined in which to carry on studies and Largest of the 1: individual rooms, kettle and a glass-lined condenser experiments. The building is of onestory height and 50 feet wide and 150 feet long, and its architectural style is in keeping with that of the four other principal research build ings As a further part of the program to enlarge the chemical research facilities, an existing building, here tofore used for chemical workshop occupying one-third of the struc ture's area, is the general processing laboratory. Here, among other equipment, is located a complete 1 100 scale tetraethyl lead manu facturing plant, u Inch formerly was housed in the original Chemical Workshop building, now being re modeled. This plant makes available an au having drain valves also lined with glass. Typical of the new equipment being installed in the building, this apparatus is of the latest design and construction. The glass-lined equip ment is used in studies or prepara tions involving corrosive reactions. The apparatus for distillations in the Chemical Workshop building has capacities greater than the col operations, is being converted into toclave for the various tetraethyl umns in the Ethvl general chemical additional laboratory space for gen lead manufacturing process studies research laboratories and is em eral research on chemical products. conducted at the F.thvI Laboratories. ployed. of course, to produce Contained in the newly-built A rocking autoclave capable of op batches of fuels and lubricants larger (Ihemical Workshop are a general eration at pressures as high as 5,000 than laboratory samples. The largest processing room; an alloy prepara pounds per square inch also is pro still has a 50-gallon capacity, and tion room; a distillation room; a vided for h\ drogenarion experi can be heated to a Temperature or 'hop tor the repair and maintenance ment'. The autoclaves are tested at ;oo degrees C. This 'fill is equipped 16 ETC 23479 with one each of 3-inch and 5-inch packed columns, and has a special reflux control and light-ends con denser. Part of the distillation room has been set aside for tests concerned with the storage of gasoline sam ples at constant temperature. A hot air bath, capable of closelv con trolled temperatures in the range of 90 to 150 degrees F.. is available for such storage tests. In the alloy preparation room, where small batches of alloy are made and where alloy manufactur ing studies are conducted, tempera tures up to 700 degrees F. are pro duced bv an electrically heated crucible furnace. In addition to the normal apparatus, the alloy prepa ration room contains a new piece of experimental equipment called "flame study" apparatus. This is used for research on the process of combustion. The Chemical Workshop build ing has a central system which can heat reaction vessels to temperatures Left: Small scale quantitative studies are an important phase of the constant re search effort to improve the process of manufacturing "Ethyl" fluid. Because of the complexity of the reac tions involved, some of these studies are made, through the use of small bombs, in many chambers, and the results determined by statistical methods as high as 300 degrees C. Also avail able is a three-ton portable refrig erating unit, which can be moved about the structure as needed for cooling purposes during certain re search operations. The unit will produce any desired degree of cold ness down to minus 15 or :o de grees F. All modern safety and utilitarian features have been combined into the new Chemical Workshop build ing. In those rooms where opera tions involving combustible vapors are conducted, electrical installa tions are of the explosion-proof tvpe. Utility and service pipe mains are equipped with plugged T fittings at intervals of not more than io feet to permit the addition of future branch service lines without cutting into present lines. One of the unique features of the new building is its ventilating sys tem. This consists of a large blower connected to a duct with controlled louvred outlets to supply fresh air to four rooms and a separate air dis charge blower in each of those four rooms. The large blower is capable Left: Studies of many chemical re actions call for special equipment, which in turn requires conferences between chemists and design engi neers. Here, a group discusses a small-scale stirred autoclave used in research on the manufacture of tetraethyl lead. Below: This build ing, which formerly served as a chem ical workshop, presently is being remodeled into general laboratories for research on chemical products ETC 23480 of supplying :o.ooo cubic feet of pre-heated fresh make-up air per minute, and the exhaust blowers vary in capacity from ;.ooo to 4.000 cubic feet per minute. The four rooms which arc ventilated by this system arc the general processing room, the alios- preparation room, the distillation room, and the shop. Turning on any of the exhaust blowers starts the fresh make-up air blower into operation and also opens the controlled louvred outlet w hich serves the room in which the operating exhaust blower is located. A Pressurestat in the fresh air duct modulates a damper on the inlet of the fresh air blower to keep pressure in the duct slightly above atmos pheric pressure. Each blower can be controlled individually, or all can be operated at the same time. The system for make-up and ex haust of air can be operated in three wavs -- to balance air exhausted, to build up a slight pressure, or to cre ate a slight vacuum. When the switch for the make-up air blower motor is set in the Auto matic position, and an exhaust blower unit in an area is turned on. predicated fresh make-up air is au tomatically supplied to that area in volume equal to that being ex hausted. With the sw itch for the make-up blower motor set in the .Manual position, fresh air is forced info all rooms. This procedure will be em ployed with the windows tightly closed when it is desired to use the rooms under a slight pressure. It also will he followed on Summer evenings in order to force stale warm air out of the rooms through slightly opened windows and to cool them for use the next day. With the make-up air blower motor switch set in the Off position, no make-up air is supplied when the exhaust blowers are started. This makes it possible to maintain a slight vacuum in the rooms when desired. The system was conceived by Karl Kuhn, staff architect of the Ethvl Laboratories, who prepared plans and specifications for both the new structure and the remodeling of the former Chemical Workshop. In taking over the floor space of the former Chemical Workshop building, now being remodeled, the general chemical research labora tories w ill add nine experiment and study rooms and an office to their facilities. This building, incidentally, was the first constructed and put into use at the present location of the Ethyl Laboratories on West Eight Mile Road. That was in 1936. Three years later, the chemical re search laboratory was moved to the present location from the original Detroit site on East Milwaukee Ave nue. The engineering and aeronau tical laboratories, together with the Technical Service Division and other personnel, completed occupation of the new facilities early in 194;. In their entirety, the Ethyl Cor poration Laboratories are devoted to research that will bring about ever better fuels and ever better en gines. To achieve that goal, the Lab oratories operate in close liaison with the industries which they serve. On the one hand, Ethvl research per sonnel cooperate with refinery tech nologists in developing petroleum products to meet the advancing re quirements of engines. And on the other, they cooperate with engine manufacturers so that future power plants may best utilize advancements in fuels and lubricants. It is to permit this research to expand both in application and scope that the Ethvl Laboratories are undergoing their first post-war enlargement. Like the current S:8 million dollar construction program at the "Ethyl" antiknock compound manufacturing plant in Baton Rouge, the erection of the Chemical Work shop building in Detroit is another expression of Ethyl's conviction that great gains in engine and fuel prog ress are vet to be recorded. SNAKE OIL ON THE HOOF Mo-I people ihink of a piteli a- -omelhing a man doeaitli a basehail or a lior-e-hoe. But -ome 40.000 glib. fa.sttalking and alert Americans know better. A pitch, to them, is strictly a bnsine-- matter. It is also a place of business, a -how window, and a free -how which pass oil* -- for them. A pitch man -- or woman -- i- a -idewalk -ales person. He -ells anything light. cheap, and portable. It might be an inferior silverware polish -- "flukum" in their sidewalk lingo -- which i- easily compounded in a bathroom at three rents a jar. and which they -ell for 35 cents. Other -lock in trade are what tiles call "blocks." which are watcheco-ling $3 and -elling at 12. "Inkslick-." or fountain pens, are -till another fasorite item of merchandise, which the pitchman mark- up from half a dollar or le-- to whatever the trallic --ill bear. When the cops are not too "ho---tile," a good pitch artist will make 50 "spiels," or talks, a das-, sometimes in as many different locations. A middle-aged Chicago woman, who has been in the business since -he was 15. averages S7. 000 a year and travels with the reasons. Other* earn as much as $15,000 a >ear. The total take is said to be more than $100 million annually. Police records indicate that there are about 1.500 women in the profession. The tools of the trade are a trip or tripod, which forms part of a collapsible table, and a kei*ter. or suitcase, to carry the merchandise. In a few biy. cities jiood lor Iona slays, the pitch workers take out "read ers,** or city licenses. But most of then* would rather take a chance on the small line usually imposed when they arc run in. \s a rule they are ju*t chased -- and they like it. 18 ETC 23481 Want to take a trip to the moon, learn about microbe men, see how things will be 100 years from now? You can --- through the medium of a science fiction magazine As jimmy Crane looked into the magvatron microscope, the (nil im pact of what humanity was facing struck home. Here teas a world. a completely unknown tearhi of microbe-sized men. -.chose scientific achievements dieart ed those of the big world. "This is mad." Jimmy said to Professor GarunJ. "Here is a world of microscopic proportions plotting to overthrow us. Lord knows how many midget worlds there might be. how many planets. Why these people even look like us ami if it wasn't for xour remarkable microscope we'd never know they existed." Fantastic. vou sa\ : \ piece of fic tion? You're riu'lu n 1><irh umnK Not onlv is the foi ecniii excerpt .1 piece of fiction, bur ir is .1 spcci.il kind of literature--know n as science fiction--which islnmtu'ih devoured every month hv thousands of .n id readers. In that wonderful realm of scien tific fantasw anx'thmu can happen and usualk' does. Heroes fl\- rocker -hips to the moon, enyaije in inu rpl.mcrarx wars, explore the remotor comer of the universe. Robot me"., .imi-cd to be slaves, turn on their human masters. Races of microbe-sized people are discovered. Insects grow to gargan tuan proportions and engage in ti tanic struggles with the people of the world. And, quite casuallv, time moves forward, backwards or stands still -- whatever the author's whim. Not onlv are these things taken for granted, but readers of science fiction vears ago heard of the scien tific marvels which todax- are shak ing the world of real life. Jet propul sion. telex ision. telepathv (including brain waves) and electronic calcu lators are all old stuff to the readers of science fiction, who take them as casuallx- as xou take turning on xour radio. There arc about a half-dozen magazines devoted to science fiction. Thev are known to the public un der such names as Amazing Stories. Fantastic Adventures, Thrilling Wonder Stories. Startling Stories. Astounding Science Fiction, and Planet Stones. F.ach magazine is read with urcat relish h\- about i 10.000 persons, and the readership of the entire umup probablv totals close to a million individuals. Most science fiction magazines arc 19 sold on newsstands and each copv is read by probably five or six indi viduals before it goes to the rag man or becomes a treasured part of a science fiction fan's collection. Tes timonials of the long life of each science fiction magazine could come from almost anv reader who has had his name in the Ietters-to-the-editor column of a given issue. In one case, a reader reported receiving corre spondence 11 t ears after a magazine first published his letter requestin'! a "pen pal." Today's science fiction magazine is known as a pulp magazine because it is printed on inexpensive pulp paper. Like other "pulps," it has its roots in the dime novel of a bygone day. All of the pulps have come a long way since their dime novel davs when all the villains were ultra black and all the heroes super white. Those were the davs when the authors got their characters into un believable jams, but thought nothing of using super-human abilities to get them out. One typical case involved the writer of a serial who left his hero stranded in an "inescapable hole 30 feet deep, face to face with a deadly rattlesnake." In the next in stalment. the author calmlv wrote, "With one mightv spring Terris jumped out of the well. . . ." Today, Terris would have to be endowed with supernatural powers to pull one as fast as that--even in the pulps. The pulp magazines, which are read bv about 10 million readers, are classified as Westerns, detective, ro mance, adventure, or whatever other broad field thev may cover. The science fiction pulps, however, are in a class by themselves, and are, in fact, considered the aristocracy of pulpdom. Half of their readers are high school or college students, and the other half are adults. It has been estimated that more than 10% of all science fiction readers are profes sional people such as doctors, physi cists, professors, and lawyers. The readers are a loyal, intelligent group, and once a science fiction magazine is well established, it prettv well manages to hold onto its circulation. Offer Relaxation and Escape How' is it that a science fiction magazine can attract such highly in telligent readers? The biggest reason is that these fantastic stories offer them a means of relaxation and es cape from the concentration of their daily tasks. .More than one erudite college professor has been caught with a science fiction magazine un der his arm, probably sandwiched between some technical reports he was taking home to study. Savs an industrial chemist, an avid reader, "After working all dav on experi- ments that just will not work, it's real relaxation to read about these science fiction scientists whose ex periments always work." Science fiction has enjoved a sus tained growth in popularity through the years. One reason it appeals to its audience, particularly its non technical readers, is the high batting average of its authors in predicting future scientific developments. In books and in magazines these writers have at times been uncannily accu rate in foretelling things to come. The classic example is Jules Verne, who in his book "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea," predicted things years ahead of his time. So accurately did he describe a subma rine periscope around 1865 that :o years later, when Lewis Xixon, head of a submarine company, applied for a patent on the device, he was re fused it on the basis that the inven tion "was not new." Another ex ample is the late H. G. Wells who predicted world upheavals as well as scientific developments. Back in 193; he predicted a naval war with Japan in 1937 and a war between Poland and Germany in 1940. For 1955 he forecast a "Raid of Germs" which will destroy half the world population, and 1968 calls for a "landslip" to destroy London. And long before the recent war, another science fiction writer described ra dar with reasonable detail, but he called it a "meteor locator." And to show how close science fiction writers can sometimes come to actual developments, consider this excerpt from an article bv Anson MacDonald, which appeared in a 1941 issue of the magazine Astound ing Science Fiction: Someone in the United Suites government bed realized the terrific potentialities of uranium .'5 7 and . . . had rounded up every research man in the country and had sworn 20 ETC 23483 them to silence. Atomic power, if ever developed, was planned to be a government monopoly, at least until the war was over. It might turn out to be the most incredibly powerful explosive ever dreamed of, and it might be the source of incredible power. . . . We were searching . . . for a way to use U-235 in a bomb that would be a whole air raid in itself, a single explosion that would flatten out an entire industrial center. . . . We had all the genius in the field that the United States could pro duce, men from Chicago. Columbia, Cornell, Berkeley, every radiation laboratory in the country, as well as a couple of broad-A bo vs lent to us by the British . . . Canada supplied us with all the uranium we asked for -- tons at the treacherous stuff -- from the Great Bear Lake, up near the Yukon. When government intelligence agents rend MacITmaid's srorv thev dropped in on the editor of Astound ing to find out ''wild was talking." The editor had a hard time convinc ing them that his writer reallv w asn't "in the know Science fiction writer.', can give free rein to their imagination in de scribing future scientific wonders. Hut they have to he careful to he technically accurate when actual scientific progress carchc- hip w ith them. An author, for example, can no longer talk lightly of jet propul sion and rocket craft but must de scribe them in the light of present know ledge and development. More than that, their descriptions of fan tastic w onders must have a plausible basis. One subject with which the writ ers have a perpetual field day is the matter of time. One of their most frequently advanced concepts of time is that it is the fourth dimen sion; and that being so, they readily project their characters into this realm. With their amazing theories of time, they have their characters step into the fourth dimension and take a look at what they did ten years ago--or what they'll be doing ten years hence. They bring Julius Caesar and William Shakespeare into the 20th century and let them have a fling at Congress. They get in volved in time plots such as the one in which a judge sentenced a man to die--only to learn : 5 years later, that the man he condemned was his own son who had himself born 25 years too soon. Still another time story wrinkle is the suspended animation story. This sometimes involves the use of a quick freeze process which keeps the characters on ice for a few thou sand years and thaws them out for action in future centuries when the world is devoid of humans who have exterminated themselves with their wars. .Molecular action is also fair ter ritory for the science fiction writer. One pre-war story revolved around a German scientist who stopped the war by "freezing" everyone in the eastern hemisphere. He had invented a machine which, through electric waves, had slowed up molecular ac tion to the point of creating a quick freeze and a state of suspended ani- 21 mation. His invention backfired when he found that he had frozen his own daughter and had doubled the o.xvgen content of the atmos phere in the western hemisphere. The supercharged airspeeded up the lives of the people and made a ciga rette burn like a blow torch. Of course the author had to find a way to get things back to normal and stop the war. If vou think truth serums are something new, take a look at how the science fiction authors have cov ered that field. The noble idea of having evervone tell the truth so fascinated one author that he had his hero sprav a "truth cloud" over an entire citv. He timed his truth-compelling cam paign at election time and the re sults turned out according to the Frankenstein monster formula. First of all the hero found himself telling his fiancee a few personal facts about the hats she wore. "Old friends" started telling each other how they really felt and bedlam broke loose until the effects of the cloud wore off and things got back to their "dis honest normal.'' Good Guys and Bad Guys Naturally, robot and monster stories are a staple part of the diet offered science fiction readers each month, and the Frankenstein mon ster formula gets a good going over. Bur. interestingly enough, not all of the Frankenstein monsters are fierce lumbering giants. Nor, for that mat ter, are all the robots necessarilv bad. Take the case of Adam Link, ro bot extraordinary. Adam wasn't exactlv handsome, but he was a good guy. But one day, while rescuing a child from the path of a truck, he accidently broke the child s twist. Adam was arrested, charged with being a menace to so ciety, and brought to trial. The defense argued that Adam was as good as anv human but that his superhuman abilities caused jeal ous resentment on the part of his "flesh and blood brothers." The state argued that Adam would al ways be a potential menace and that humanity would never know at what moment robots might turn against their makers and wipe hu mans off the face of the earth. The state won its case and Adam Link was destroyed bv removing his "iradium brain." The Readers Had Their Way The readers, however, wouldn't stand for such unfair treatment. A few weeks after the magazine hit the newsstands letters, phone calls, cables, and personal delegations started demanding that the editor bring Adam Link back to life in a sequel. And, as you might guess, the readers had their way and Adam Link lived on the pages of the maga zine for mans- years thereafter. Even though the atomic bomb was not entirely new to science fic tion readers, many of them were surprised when they realized how quickly real-life science was catch ing up with their world of fantasy. The fans, who for years have been holding meetings, collecting maga zines, discussing stories, and gener ally taking a deep interest in this type of literature, began talking in a more serious vein. They realized, says Ray Palmer, editor of Amazing Stories, that both they and the writ ers of science fiction tales were the "imagination bovs in the world of science," and that today's inven tions of fiction might be very real accomplishments tomorrow. Even Mr. Palmer regards quite soberly some of the things being discussed in science fiction. "Think of what the world would be like," he savs, "if human actions were controlled by brain waves. It may sound impos sible, but so did a lot of other things that have appeared in science fic tion." Today, amid a general quickening interest in factual as well as fictional science, the authors are facing what they regard as their greatest test. They find they must explain to their readers how we can hope to live in peace and harmony in the future world of science which knocks so ominously at our front door. Science fiction is no longer merely a trend in story telling, but a definite part of the thinking of our times by a great many people. OUR COVER . . . Limned against a fleecy Louisiana skv are two of the many storage tanks in use at Ethel's manufacturing plant in Baton Rouge. These tanks, among others, are used to store ethvl chloride prior to that chemical's use in the final reaction to produce tetra ethyl lead, the active antiknock ingredient of "Ethvl" antiknock compound. Each of the two tanks shown has a capacity of close to jo.ooo gallons of ethvl chloride, while larger tanks in use at the plant have double that capacity. The color photograph was taken bv Scott d'Arazicn. OUR PICTURES . . . Pages 3 and 4 (bottom). Press Association; Pages 4 (topi and 5-7. courtesy Indianapolis Speedway; Pages 8-11. courtesy Arthur D. Little. Inc.; Pages g-ti. cartoons bv Ruth C. Jennings; Pages 12-14, courtesy Plymouth Oil Co.; Pages ig-21. illustrations courtesy Standard .Magazine, Inc. 22 ETC 23485 WEATHER MADE-TO-ORDER Operating a vehicle at 150 degrees above zero on a dark winter day or at 10 decrees helot* zero in the dead of sum mer is no trick for engineer* at the Ethyl Corporation Research Laboratories in Detroit. This 160 degree range in air temperature is available in the Laboratories* hot and mhl rooms, each of which contains a .specially.developed cha--i- dy namometer for indoor tests in support of Ethyl*- .'car-round road research programs at Detroit and San Bernardino. Calif. The chassis dyna mometer equipment play- an important role in many fuel development projects at the hthyl Laboratories since it may he used for "road*1 knock te-ting at any time without inter ference from traffic, inclement weather, or any of a number of other complications which often delay such work on the open highway. Together, the unique hot and cold rooms serve to bring the highway into the laboratory. Any day -- every day -- the chassis dynamometer- r;m he made to simulate substan tially any desired weather and road gradient. Tims, fuel antiknock quality is determined under 'irtually the same eonditions as those emountered in actual driving -- and with more consistent re-n!l-. Briefly, this is one of die nay- a vehicle goes through its paces on the chassis d' na unmictcr. \ number of accelera tions through a speed ratine mh as [\ to f0 mph are made ott the dynamometer rolls with the engine operating on several reference fuels of different known octane numbers. For each reference fuel, a measurement of the spark ad vance is recorded to give what i.- called ''trace.** or very slight knock, at the speed at which knocking tendency i> greatest. From these measurement- a curve is plotted of ''trace** knock spark advance verso- fuel octane number for the vehicle involved. Then a similar acceleration run i- made on the commer cial or experimental fuel to he knock rated. The road octane number is determined from the curve by noting the spark advance setting which the vehicle required for ''trace" knock on this fuel. Rating fuels under acceleration eonditions is essential in order to duplicate as closely as possible the transient condi tions experienced by a vehicle in actual operation. For ex ample. the temperatures of the engine during acceleration are different than under emi-tant -peed. Thus, different data are obtained for a vehicle traveling. say. 40 mph at constant speed and one traveling 10 mph during acceleration. Circumventing out-ide weather and driving obstacles through use of the hot and cold room chassis dynamometeris another example of how Ethyl re-oarch. now in its third decade, is helping to achieve further progress by aiding refiners in the economical production of improved fuel-. ETC 234B6  h The distinguishing feature of all HUMMINGBIRDS istheirhigh-speedwings, which enable them to fly backwards. When you see these birds THE TRADE-MARKS OF NATURE. identify them for you Is L :V >: i* When you buy gasoline "-MQE-MMW 'ETHYL' # identifies gasoline stepped up with^tthyl'antiknock fluid //. : l'iui.i.) f*i. Don Zcktlberry, illustrator of the "Audubon Bird Guide" To get the best performance from your car, use hivii ounlity gasoline improved with "Ethyl" anti- "E,|ik fluid -- the famous ingredient that steps up A brown coal ami yellow wing linin'.I identify the FLICKER . . . a specie< of woodprefer. 'Uvr a'mi performance. To show you that their best contains "Ethyl" fluid, gasoline companies display Ethvl trade-marks on their pumps. antiknock compound is made by Ethyl Corporation, fin BiiiUlnia. ,\V r Yolk /: , .V. Y. ETC 23487 J IN THE gntyc /yews JUNE Dan M. Guy, head of the Agricultural Section of the Technical Service Division at the Ethyl Corporation Re search Laboratories in Detroit, has been elected chairman of fhe Michigan Area Section of the American Society of Agri cultural Engineers. The fact that the Michigan Area Sec tion will act as host to the na tional A5AE convention next year promises to make his chairmanship an especially full one. Recognized as one of the leading authorities on the proper utilization of fuels in tractors and other gasoline powered farm equipment, Mr. Guy has been head of the Agri cultural Section at the Ethyl Laboratories since April, 1942. This Section maintains close liaison with the farm equipment industry in order to keep manufacturers in formed of trends in fuel qual ity and characteristics. This liaison, in turn, enables the Agricultural Section to keep abreast of fhe industry's en gineering and marketing plans which may have a defi nite influence on the future fuel requirements of farm machinery. Prior to his transfer to De troit six years ago, Mr. Guy served for 1 1 years as an Ethyl Corporation agricultural engineer in Louisiana and Texas. As such, he aided in the revolution in power farm ing brought about by the high compression tractor. Mr. Guy was born in Co lumbus, Ohio, and is a grad uate of Georgia School of Technology. In addition to fhe American Society of Agricul tural Engineers, he is a mem ber of the Society of Auto motive Engineers and fhe Detroit Agricultural Club. CONVENTION CITY 3 Whoever he may be, the next President of the United States will be nominated at Philadelphia -- the site of three big national conventions. What's more, at least a million Americans outside the Convention Hall will be able to see what's happening -- thanks to the growth of television. THE FARMER IS A BUSINESS MAN 7 There are farmers and farmers. A true understanding of their economic status lies in knowing more about those farmers who produce the major share of our crops -- and who manage their farms along scientific business lines. "DEAR UNCLE SAM" 11 Some of the most impossible letters -- relating to everything from national defense to new and fantastic inventions -- are sent to Government officials. While many of them are of the crackpot variety, all must be investigated and duly acknowledged. WHAT CANADIAN MOTORISTS WANT 14 An Ethyl survey of Canadian drivers' buying habits and prefer ences reveals some interesting facts about their choice of gaso line and motor oil, and their selection of service stations. GREAT SHAKES 16 To keep track of the some 85 earthquakes that happen every day, scientists use an ingenious instrument, the seismograph. The same instrument is also used in exploring for oil. A CAMERA IN EVERY CAR 20 An ordinary camera -- kept handy on the front seat or in the glove compartment of a car -- can find important everyday usefulness. In order to widen the fields of reader interest in Ithyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the authors'. The editors of the News welcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Edward l. Shea, president-. Stanley T. Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Gonzalez, secretary ETC 23489 U 9+H ranH By North Clarey Philadelphia is the scene of much hustle and bustle these days, as it prepares for not two -- but three political conventions [i his year, for the first time in T 116 rears of national conven Another cogent argument was supplied by the All-Philadelphia tions, more people than ever beforCeitizens Committee. This, a non will have a chance to natch our partisan group of civic leaders, $jo,000 for each group -- to be spent on entertainment alone. Add to this voluntarv half-mil lion. of goodwill offering, a match- next President and Vice-President raised a kittv of $200,000 among ing'Sjoo.ooo which the citv authori being nominated -- from a front row seat in Convention Hall. Phila delphia. local citizens and industries to un derwrite some expenses of the Re publican meeting. The same group ties have appropriated to freshen things up around town -- mainlv the municipallv-owned Convention Hall All the circus-like p.vjeantrv of then dug up another $200,000 to itself -- and vou get quite a sizable delegations, signs, parades, banners, give the Democrats. Then, when stake that Philadelphia pushed onto celebrities and speeches will appear someone asked about rest and recre the table to capture the two major on the screens of television receiv ation for the delegates and their conventions. ers in 13 populous stares. On a net wives, the Citizens Committee rang Not a dollar of this can be used work of 14 kev stations in W ashing more doorbells till thev had another bv either parrv for campaign pur- ton, Baltimore, Philadelphia. New ^ork, Boston, and Schenecradv. tele ~-t st - ' vision audiences will actuallv be able to see their candidates in the making. A- For this is the rear Hmiawr television steps out of its s\\;kli Inthes. It becomes, overnight, one of the important publicirv .lucncio that carrv big events to the people. Maybe that was the decidinu fac tor in bringing not one. not two. but three parties to riie nmsrv old Citv of Brotheriv L<>\ e thb uimmer. The CBS television studio in New York reporting the 1944 election returns. This year, about half of the video public will be able to "at tend" the conventions $4 .NEfs: For. neither Chicago, the preference of Republicans, nor "vm I ranciseo. choice of the Democrats, could claim to be the center of the onlv video network in the -.0111100. TC 23490 poses. The money must be spent in Philadelphia for legitimate expenses of the two gatherings. And don't think for a minute that a million dollars matches the cost of getting a couple of candidates nominated. There is a matter of railroad, bus, airplane, or other forms of transpor tation charge for some 20.000 peo ple. for each convention. There is the item of hotel bills; there are tele phone. telegraph, cable and wireless facilities to be paid for; there is laundry, food, and a present for the kids. This is not only the biggest convention year in history by any previous standards, but its cost is just about doubled by inflation -- a phenomenon which the Republi cans ascribe to the Democrats, and which the Democrats lav at the door of the Republicans. What do Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania communities which joined in the invitation get back for their million dollars plus.: Plus and Minus Dollar wise, it looks like a losing proposition. One promoter estimates that the rota! "take" will not exceed Sio million with the margin of net prorit (jut of that pretty small. A convention does not enrich the host city. Hotels, bv agreement, are to get a 50'M increase in room rates, with no advance in their prices of food President Harry S. Truman is almost sure to be nominated at the Democratic Convention or drinks. The double room and bath that has been bringing $8 a day will cost $12 -- a pretty minor increase in all to offset the losses in curred by the innkeepers in shooing away regular patrons for two weeks. All of the hotels have surrendered their reservation desks to the con vention managers and evicted all but a few permanent guests, providing a pool of 6.000 hotel rooms. The overflow will be handled partly in Atlantic City, with special trains morning and night, and partly in private homes in the citv and suburbs. Whole estates along the Main Line or in Chestnut Hill are being taken over by Washington hostesses and bigwigs of the two parties. A party delegate craving quiet can get a completely furnished and staffed house not too far from the hall for Si.000 a week. Or he can get himself a small room which the housing committee calls "satis factory but not preferred" for Si.to a night. The Republicans will begin arriv ing in force on Friday, June 18. Their meetings start on Monday, the 2 1 st, and are expected to wind up in five days. The Democrats take their five days beginning July 12. The third party originally thought it could nominate the Henry Wallace-Glen Tavlor team and complete its work in two days. July 24-25. but it has now asked for the use of the hall on July 23 as well. So far, no one in Philadelphia has gone out to raise $200,000 for the Wallace parry's expenses. This group wanted to sell admission tickets, but was told No. No rent will be charged for the use of Convention Hall -- by any of the parties. Will Inherit Improvements Incidentally, the Wallace conven tion will get a break through inher iting, at no extra cost, all of the tem porary improvements installed for the Republicans and Democrats. This is no small matter. For one thing, the older parties are splitting Gov. Earl Warren Sen. Arthur Vandenberg Rep. Joseph M artin ^J ETC 23491 t fb AS : lb A Three leading candidates in the race for pledged delegates at the Republican Convention: Gov. Thomas E. Dewey, Har old E. Slassen, and Sen. Robert A. Taft 50-50 some sizable construction bills, among them an item of 855,000 for press, radio and Television facilities. Tables are being installed for 850 working members of the press on either side of the giant stage, and provision is being made for 250 radio and television men. Anv ordinary citizen wanting to see the speakers in action would do well to avoid Convention Hall and get in touch u ith a friend who has a television set. The hall seats i.ooo VIP's on the stage, and 13,200 on the main door and in the balconv. Seats must be assigned to roughly 1.100 delegates and their wives, a like number of alternates with r/.v.v w n cs. several Gen. Dwight Eisenho vver hundred members of Congress, ap proximately 3,000 press, radio and special representatives, many non official party brass hats, and several thousand Philadelphia burghers who contributed money to attract the conventions. That being the case, the supply of tickets is a little short of demand -- perhaps twenty to thirty thousand short. As a harassed member of the Republican commit tee on arrangements said (while tactfully promising someone on the telephone to `do the best he could,') if the convention were to be in the middle of King Ranch some of the onlookers would nevertheless find themselves outside of Texas: Chicago Had Same Problem Chicago, which has entertained twelve Republican conventions, has a hall seating ;o.ooo, and still had ticket trouble in years when public interest could not approach that en gendered bv this year's free-for-all fight for the G.O.P. nomination. At the two parry headquarters in Phila delphia's Bellevuc-Stratford. it look' as though everybody is trying to get into the act. Cheering loud enough to be heard in a crowd of fourteen thou sand is hard on the throat, but lubri cating the vocal chords will be a serious problem at Philadelphia. The hall is two miles from the hotel center, out by the University of Pennsylvania grounds, where liquor dispensaries are scarce. The citv prohibits the sale of anything stronger than pop in anv part of the huge auditorium. Downstairs, a thousand white-coated workers will Another contender who is al most sure of nomination is Henry A. Wallace, who has created a party of his own L- The men at the left have all been mentioned as Presidential possibili ties. One of them may conceivably emerge as the nominee of 1948 ! ft \l ' . a), ETC 23492 sell all kinds of food from a hot dog to a roast duck, but no whiskey, beer or wines, however light. For the fourth estate, tv. o cocktaildinner parties, on the Saturday nights preceding the meetings, have been planned on a scale that should set some kind of a record. Seats have been provided for 1.600 writers, commentators and camera men. Yes. the press should have a good time in Philadelphia this June and July -- and Philadelphia intends to make the most of its dav in the spot light. For several weeks every front page in the country will be full of stories datelined "Philadelphia . . The staffs of all Washington news bureaus will converge on the new national news center, as will some 500 featured bv-line columnists, commentators, and typewriter chat ter artists. Lake Success, even Washington, will move to Page ; for awhile. This is the reward Philadelphia seeks -- to be at the center of things, to be on everyone's lips, for awhile. It's good for business -- good for growth. Only once before have the Demo crats held a convention in Philadel phia -- in 1936. to put up F.D.R. for his second term. The site of all three presidential conventions is the Phila delphia Convention Hall, which is some two miles from the center of fhe city. The interior of the hall has no posts or pillars, seats 13,200 in the arena and 1,000 on the stage Fifth Visit for C.O.P. Republicans, on the other hand, are paving their fifth visit this year. It was in the Quaker Citv they actu ally got their start, when in 1856. less than two t ears old, the party convened to nominate General John C. Fremont and adopt a platform opposing the extension of slavery, advocating the improvement of riv ers and harbors, and building, with federal aid, a transcontinental rail road. Convention Hall, the modern S5.3ja.000 cavern of steel, marble and limestone, stands on the same site as the little frame building where the General was nominated 9: years ago. It is one of the most completely equipped auditoriums in the world -- and without a single post or col umn to block the view. There arc 60 exits. More to the point, from a convention standpoint, there are private meeting rooms tucked around here and there. Presumably there will be no cameras to record the manv mccrings that will take place in these little rooms, some of which mav have more influence than actual maneuvers on the main floor. ETC 23493 i A * >AUv`Vx3:* THE FARMER IS A 'Su&we&& 07ftcutr '/ By Ladd Haystead The modern farmer operates his farm with essentially the same technique as a business executive -- and has a sound and prosperous business to show for it I.v .my PROFr.ssiov w. capacity as an agricultural counselor to busi ness concerns. I am continually sur prised at how nunv acute and knowledgeable executives have a thirty-years-our-ot-datc conception of the farmer. Xot many think the farmer is still buving Brooklyn Bridge. Even fewer think he is the radio carica ture that sing's luil-inilv Mings. But. unfortunately, many still see the farmer as a pastoral fellow, a little slow on the uptake, rustic, not too literate, and forever erving to Wash ington for a hand-out. Part of this misconception comes from the testimony before various House and Senate committees Infarm ``leaders," bureaucrats, and members with rural constituencies on the hunt for pork barrel. News paper readers are bombarded with stories of rural slums, bad housing, horrible health conditions, and all round poverty on the soil. And such testimony is in fact true -- but true for only a minority of the soil men. There is rural poverty as well as urban poverty. But there is also rural competence, intelligence and shrewd business management. Ir is indeed strange that anvone ETC Not onlyr do formers know Ihe importance of modern power machinery, but they also know how to apply its benefits mosl widely should think a fellow (the Ameri can Farmer) who owns $ j 11 billion in total assets, makes S34 billion of income (in 1947), has better than $20 billion of liquid assets, and owes less than S6 billion mortgage debt on his plant is naive and just luckv. The management of such an industry can no more be on a haphazard or "luck"' basis than the management of the automotive or oil business. And, in fact, it is not. How then can we reconcile the seeming ambivalence of one set of leaders crying about the farmers' sorry situation, and here and there, almost silently, a few people saving that the farmer is as alert as any other business man.: The answer probably comes from income breakdown. About one-third of the farmers gets 80% of the total farm income, one-third gets most of the re mainder. and the final third averages anywhere from a few hundreds of dollars income annually to actually going in the red. The latter group is the one pointed to when appro priation bills come up. Their lot is indeed a sorrv one. Below: Two hours after leaving the field, these lima beans are packed and frozen. Right: Farmers' pros perity has also meant new kitchens But the people who want to "do something for the farmer" fail to point out that farm income in this lowest group is not the only income. In point of fact, manv of these lowincome farmers arc not primarily farmers at all. Instead they are lum bermen, miners, fishermen, factory employes, seasonal workers, handcraftsmen, semi-retired folk. Nearly three-quarters of a million of them live on what the census calls "farms," but in truth get their major income from the city. On the other hand, it's the top third ([,900,000 people I who feed and clothe the 11* million urbanites. And that segment is about as man agement-conscious as any group of executives you would meet. They have to plan and execute on the basis of more variables than practically anv other business man. Vet they don't depend on luck -- for year after year, in good times and bad, they manage to -try on top of the farm heap. First, they must be alert to world conditions--more so than anv other business man nor directly in the ex port trade. What happens to Argen tine and Australian wheat is of Ladd Haystead, who is a well-known farm writer and formerly editor of The Farm Column of Fortune magazine, is the co-author of a new book on farming. In cooperation with Dr. Herrell DeGraff, pro fessor of agricultural econom ics at Cornell University, he has written "The Business of Farming," which is intended to serve as a practical manual of farm management. The new book, which is published by the University of Oklahoma Press, is addressed to such fields as soil management, equipment management, labor manage ment, and farm organization -- in order to help farmers op erate their farms most effi ciently. trenchant concern, as we hat e seen in recent months in the commodity markets. Whether or not the Orient gets cotton. Britain gets meat, or the Philippines ship copra (a competitor of domestic tallow and oilseed plants) will haee a bearing on the crop choice of the year. Next comes the question of the availability- or shortage of fertilizer and agricultural chemicals. If the demand exceeds the supply-, such chemical helps as DDT. IPC, BHC. et ak. may be hard to find. They are needed to help fight pests, thereby raising or keeping up yields. If gasoline is short or in poor distri bution. there will be lost tractor days for the power-farming owners -- and they are the business men-farm- ers in the top third. Seeds must be chosen well in ad- vance. And the long w inter nights are times when these management- farmers are busily studying the re ports of the scientists in the state ex periment stations and the seed houses on new strains that will be disease- resistant and have the least weather hazard. A seed that is tine for one soil type or climate may not even be a good gamble in another. Then comes the weather jeop ardy. Will fields be dry enough for seed-bed fitting? Will late frosts make replanting necessary? Can cul tivating be done when needed, or must the chemical weeders be thrown into the deal? Or. in this modern scientific day. will it be nec essary for the community to get to gether. make up a pot. and hire an airplane to "create" rain? In Kan sas. a firm called Snow. Inc., was re cently formed to provide the needed winter cover that protects the w heat crop. And all the time the anxiety about the crop is in mind, the smart farmer must decide w hether or not to go into the pit and hedge his crop, [f he is a livestock man. he must proph esy correeth w hat the markers will be bo. go. or [So days hence. In some cases, he must guess right for two years ahead. Therefore, he must study charts, statistics, and the re ports on general business conditions. Business forecasting is the very cs- 9 ETC 23496 up to the $i:.ooo per worker on the big commercial farms of the .Middle West. As every operation on the farm becomes mechanized except the mas ticating of feedstuffs bv livestock (and even they get vitamin pills), the $8,000 capitalization per worker that Industry has long boasted of seems relatively modest in compari son. Grain harvesters costing around $4,000 sold like hot cakes last year on the West Coast, were worked around the clock almost to exhaus tion during the season, and then were shipped east to Texas and sold for $5,000. And rhe supply never kept at peak efficiency by and regular maintenance sence of his prosperin'. Thats whv it is not at all uncommon to find the Tf 'all Street journal or the Journal of Commerce on a farmer's desk. That's whv manv a farmer who has no interest in the radio soap operas keeps rhe radio going in the barn and on the tractor for market reports and economists' panel discussions. ( Of course, it must be admitted that in rhe fall the radios will be tuned to the World Series.) It is not to be wondered, then, that Iowa, almost totally a farm course, if he is one of the fabulous Californians, now the richest farm state, his business mav be anywhere from Si00,000 on up. Last year, choice citrus land sold for $6,000 an acre -- and 40 acres is considered just a nice one-family job. The management farmer's invest ment in machinery may run any where from a scant $3,000 on a small New Jersey vegetable operation through the S6,ooo to $ 10,000 of Pennsylvania. Ohio and Kentucky, caught up to the demand. And did you note that the orig inal vocational group to go to Europe to study the implications of the .Marshall Plan at first hand was not composed of business men or financiers, but of twentv-odd Iowa farmers who paid over Si.500 travel money apiece out of their own pock ets. to get grass-roots information? Also, it is true that as a vocation, farming boasts of more private air planes than anv other segment of business. Reuben is not Reuben anv more. He is Mister Farmer-Business man. state, has the highest literacy rate of anv political subdivision on earth. Average incomes of Iowa farmers, bv the wav. run from seven to ten thousand dollars. That means many an Iowan is making several tens of thousands of dollars to keep rhe av erage so high, for there are spots in even that favored state where rural poverty is know n. This businessman-farmer will own an operation capitalized for some thing over 517,000 in Indiana, prob ably well over S: 5.000 in Iowa or the rich central belt of Illinois, and if he is a New York dairyman it MAtTlHO wmee will be upwards of 550.000. Of "Are you the lady of the house?" 10 ETC 23497 ncle sa.m. the nation's No. i correspondent. is getting more than his usual flood of peculiar mail these davs. "It is mv duty to warn vou," one citizen wrote Navv headquarters the other daw "that the Russians are tunneling dou n here from Alaska and soon w ill siphon off our oil reserves/' This is typical of epistles pouring in from all over the country. In gov ernment lingo they're classified as crackpot letters. Some federal officials attribute the deluge to new cases of war jit ters. Other communications make it clear, however, that the wrirers want to reap the advantages of peace be fore the ripening of another mili tary emergency. One deluded gentleman, for in stance. didn't know that the Gov ernment already has disposed of the Big Inch and Little Inch pipelines. He sent the War Asset-. Administra tion one dollar v irh the explanation that 60 cents was for the Big Inch and 40 cents for the Little Inch. Another intent lerter-u riter ap proached the Joint (duet's of Staff with his problem. He had bought a pair of paratrooper boots from gov ernment surplus -rock-.. Now. he said, he wants the bunt Chiefs ro take a trumpet medium to the west coast and radio the voices of the de parted and let the Lord advise us." Still another divulged that the spirit of George Washington wrote to him on 5x7 inch cards, giving him the grim warning that "this civilization has onlv 31 more vears to run." President Truman got a crvptic piece of advice. "If we can't get the Russians to do what we want them to. drop a bomb on them and let them have it, and thev will come to their senses," one letter suggested. Atom Bomb Spurs Proposals Talk of new atomic weapons serves as a spur for the new spurt in strange letters. The prize of the Department of National Defense is a proposal for the defense of the atom bomb. Officers there insist it can't be fully appreciated unless quoted in its entirety with its orig inal spelling. Here it is: "I would like to suject to vour dept, that there is .as vet another Secret Wepon. more deadly and de structive than Germ Warfare of the Atom Bomb. This Wepon has not vet been invented, but research maybe training perfection in another this document over to the Inventors' Council of the Commerce Depart ment. There's always the chance that some letter may contain the germ of a brilliant idea which may look like crackpot material to the non-scientific officials reading their mail. The Council itself has a secret file of ij ideas for sabotage which its members say would be very useful in the event of war. A number of these originated in "crackpot letters" sent to the Council. An idea for preventing plane wrecks now is on its wav to the inventors' group. A writer said the thing to do was to eliminate the take-off because most accidents oc country. This Wepon I call the cur at that time. He would, there (Artifical Gravity) Controled, or fore. build a huge airfield at an ele Gravitation power. This type of Wepon works very close in regar to the Atom Bomb, because of the basic physics applied in the manufacture of Atomic power. "Here is how we do, 1st. We start research with a giant magnetic Bar. 2nd. We place a piece of Material whitch is radio active in the Middle of the Bar. 3th. We subject these : to the havev chargeing of the civ- clone for a long period of time. Thus we have 3 types of Electronics working against each other, and it should produce something. "1 don't sav this will produce arti vation of too feet with an abrupt fical gravity, but it will do to start drop at the end. After the plane on. and from here we can go on, negotiated the runway, a gigantic until we acchief our gold. Some parachute would permit the plane where in the manufacture of atomic to float off into space, at the end of power, we have overlooked the the field. missing lenk whitch causes the Some of the industrious inventors atoms to be atoms. Somewhere along aren't so anxious to give the details this line is the answer to artifical of their discoveries, however. One gravity. And when we find that individual would only disclose that missing lenk. we will have the de- his secret weapon was a means of fince of the atom bomb." preventing war -- but rhat it was not Though thev hate to part with it. a gun. bomb, plane or military the National Defense authorities sav weapon. He offered to tell the secret regulations require them to turn to President Truman if the govern- 12 ETC 23499 ment would pav his expenses for coming to Washington. Instead armv intelligence agents checked up on him just to see if he had a source of undisclosed scientific secrets. Thev still don't know what he was talking about. Some letters find their wav' to the FBI, too. One writer asked National Defense officials, is gold bank at Fort Knox intact-'' Thev sav thev think thev ought to turn the query over to J. Edgar Hoover just in case the curious man is contemplating something rash. No matter what the crackpots sav, however, thev- alwavs get an indi vidual answer. ``Form letters infuri ate them," one federal official ex plains. He points out. too, that it's often difficult to discriminate be ihit/srJ tween a crackpot and an illiterate person trving to explain a serious problem. Then ton. me truth is often so strange that it auv sound like a hallucination when it's put down on paper. During the war an armv enlisted man told the War Department the derails of the scandal on General Bennett Meyers which a Congres sional investigating committee later turned up. The letter was ignored. Since that incident, however, the Government agencies have been me ticulously careful in handling their mail. Navy Public Relations But one navv lieutenant appar ently did too well in his replv to an elderly widow. He got an answer on pink stationery with two pictures of flowers pasted in the upper left corner. "I am keeping your letter for a keepsake, as it has the tone of friendships of a person I can get along with, as I am an affectionate sensible person," the widow in formed him. She confessed to being "middle-aged," having been bom in 1898. The lady said she would marrv a gentleman who would settle down to home-making. Here is how she described herself: "I am French, German, Swiss, Irish. I was a musician, pianist, vio linist, singer, actress and dancer un til mv partner went to California. I also composed song poems and edu cated mvself at college. I was a visual precision inspector nights and cooked for three a dav." A postcript warned the lieutenant to write again onlv if he was single. .Most of the men aren't so easilv pleased with the answers to their requests. A mid-westerner asked YVAA to send him some information on a steel plant because he was in terested in purchasing it. When he received a WAA pamphlet on the plant, he returned it with a pencilled notation that the information was inadequate. The ageacv then sent him a complete brochure. He scribbled a note on that, too, and sent it back. What in the world did he have to do, he wanted to know, to get some in formation on the steel plant? Though these epistles plague Washington officialdom, the agen cies worn- too when thev don't get them. Before the Labor Department received its recent budget cut. the crackpot mail fell off. "That was a bad sign and we had a hunch we were in for a tough time," one de partment authoritv explains. "We knew it meant that public interest in us was declining," he adds. The National Labor Relations Board, on the other hand, is buoved bv the fact that the peculiar mail is beginning to come in. Officials take it as an indication of the board's public appeal. Workers write strange letters about everything from their plant problems to the size of their pav checks. National Defense Secretarv James Forrestal. however, is beginning to get perplexed bv the whole matter. Anxious to please, he joined a pipe smokers club. This resulted in a deluge of messages remonstrating with him for smoking. Now his rule is that he won't join anv club or societv in which he can't take an active part. Of one thing the Government agencies are sure. This kind of let ter-writing could onlv take place in America. Onlv in a government of the people would the citizens write to "Dear Harry" at the White House and correspond with Uncle Sam on every subject from matri mony to atom bombs. ETC 23500 13 The majority of Canadians, an Ethyl survey shows, prefer premium gasoline, and patronize one service station regularly ANADIAN MOTORISTS. fOT whom C their automobiles are a daily necessitv. know the importance of operating their cars at peak effi ciency. They show the same decided preference for quality in gasolines and motor oils as do American drivers. .More, the majority of them patronize one service station, usually near their home, are predominantly local to that station because of the service given, but when on the road will select a service station primarily because of the brand of gasoline sold. These are some of the highlights of an interesting survey recently concluded bv Ethvl Corporation. Entitled "The Canadian Motorist -- A Study of His Gasoline and Oil Buying Habits and Preferences." the survey was undertaken primar ily as a service to the Canadian oil industry. But it reveals, in addition, many things of general interest about Canadian motorists. Ti learn the buying habits and preferences of Canadian motorists. Canadian Facts. Ltd., of Toronto, which conducted the survey on be half of Ethvl, held personal inter views with 1.798 drivers. These interviews, w hich took place most often in. or just outside, the motor ists' homes, w ere conducted in 96 different areas of the Dominion, and encompassed the Maritime Prov inces. Quebec. Ontario, the Prairie Provinces, and British Columbia. In order'to reach a representative cross-section of the Canadian motor ing public, the survey was con ducted according to the latest data covering Canadian motorists and their distribution by regions and classes. One out of every four Cana dian motorists interviewed is a farmer; nearly one out of five is a skilled laborer; one in six is a busi ness executive, and one out of ten is engaged in selling. Slightly more than half of all Canadian motorists are in the upper income brackets; nearly half of them are between 30 and 44 years of age, and more than own their own homes. The average Canadian car in use, accord ing to the survey, is 7'/: years old. Service Station Choice One of the four fields of inquiry which the survey explored related to the service station preferences of motorists. And here, it was learned, more than three out of every five Canadian motorists are regular cus tomers of the' same service station. Preferences for one particular sta tion ranged from ? 1 of the drivers interviewed in the Maritime Prov inces to 66r'< of the drivers inter viewed in Ontario. Moreover, this preference held true for 65% of all urban drivers and 55 M of rural motorists. Besides being regular customers of one service station, slightly more than half of all motorists said they patronized the service station near their homes, while another nc} used the station near their place of business, and \-r7 used a station where they do their shopping. Drivers preferring service stations near their homes ranged from 3:^ of all drivers in the Prairie Prov inces to 60fc of all drivers in Ontario. The service given is the outstand ing reason whv Canadian motorists patronize the same station. This was the opinion advanced bv 73% of the motorists. Next to service, the ma jority of motorists cited the con venient location of the station, the personality of the attendant, and the brand of gasoline sold as other im portant reasons for patronizing the station. While the brand of gasoline sold ranked fourth among the reasons for patronizing one service station regu larly. it is the major factor influenc ing motorists' choice of a service station when they are on the road. Sixty-four percent of all motorists interview ed cited the brand of gaso line as the predominant reason for selecting a given station on the road, followed bv such others as the ease of driving in and out of a station, the cleanliness of rest rooms, and the general appearance of a station. Turning to the subject of motor oils, half of all the drivers reported that they buy one brand of oil ex clusively -- and nearly half declared they bought premium oil for their cars. The reasons: Good perform ance is the leading reason, in Cana dian motorists' opinion, followed by the quality and economy they found in the brand. .Many interesting disclosures came to light as to the gasoline buying 14 ETC 23501 mgmjm habits and preferences of motorists. Eight out of ten motorists buv the same brand of gasoline exclu sively or quite regularly. Fortv-two percentsav they buv one brand ex clusively while another fortv-one percent buv one brand quite regu larly. Onlv 17ri declare that they buy rhe same brand only occasion ally. Questioned further as to their gasoline preferences, nearly one out of even- three motorisrs. or 51C, declared that good performance prompted them to buv one brand of gasoline exclusively. The second reason cited was the quality of the gasoline, followed bv such factors as the availability of the gasoline, and a preference for a dealer and the service he provided. Premium grade gasoline is the choice of two out of every three Canadian motorisrs. For Canada as a whole, 67^0 of all driv ers said they had bought premium grade gasoline the last rime they filled their tanks. This preference for premium gaso line ranged from ; of all drivers in the Prairies up to -T? of all driv ers in Quebec and British Columbia. Not only is premium gasoline the choice of most Canadian motorists, but it is also bought most consist ently by them. Nearly three our of four motor ists declared they buv premium grade motor fuel exclusively against only -|.o9f buying regular grade. And the preference for premium gasoline ranged pretty closely throughout the Dominion, ranging from 719C of all niorurKs in On tario and the Prairie.- to m'. of all drivers in British Columbia. This preference for premium gasoline, moreover, held true for -S',' of urban drivers as against 67% of rural motorists. Premium grade gasoline won the endorsement of most motorists for two important reasons: good per formance and quality of the grade. Fifty-eight percent of all drivers said they buv premium gasoline ex clusively because of its good per formance, while another :y% said the quality of the gasoline accounted for their choice. "Ethyl" Trade-Mark Influence One especially interesting phase of the survey related to the influence of the "Ethyl" trade-mark on the gasoline preferences of Canadian motorists. Each of the 1,798 motorists inter viewed was handed a card (see illus tration) showing five different gaso line pumps of a hypothetical brand. Each of these pumps, as can be seen, was differently labelled. The motor ists were then asked, "Suppose you were to drive up to a service station that sold brands of gasoline with which you were not familiar. If these were the pumps, from which would vou buv? " Without hesitation, 55% of all drivers pointed to the pump with the "Ethyl" trade-mark as their choice. Asked why they selected the pump with the "Ethyl" emblem, 6:% of these motorists said because thev knew the gasoline contained "Ethyl" antiknock compound, while another ij% cited the quality of the gaso line as the reason. It was one thing to determine the influence of the "Ethyl" emblem upon the motoring public when buying an unknown brand of gaso line. But. in order to obtain a com plete picture, each motorist was next handed a card showing four familiar brands of gasoline. Each of these brands was represented by two pumps -- one displaying the "Ethyl" trade-mark and the other without it. Once again. Canadian motorists, expressed a decided preference for the "Ethyl" pump. In answer to the question. "From w hich of these two pumps would vou expect to get higher quality . . . ?" 65% of all motorists pointed to the pump with the "Ethyl" emblem. Asked why they make that selection. 62 r/c said because of the "Ethyl" fluid content of the gasoline, w hile 18'c cited the factor of quality, and another 14% pointed to performance. Ethyl's survey confirms a longheld belief: Canadian motorists want the same things that American driv ers do. \ ot onlv do Canadians show a decided preference for pre mium gasoline --and even in agreater degree -- but they share with Ameri can motorisrs the same high regard for rhe "F.rhvT" trade-mark. 55% of Canadian motorists, if unfamiliar with a g a s o I i n e brand, would buy from' the pump displaying the "Ethyl" emblem. Only 15%, all told, would buy from the other four pumps, while 30% expressed no preference m____ 1 ETC shakes! The seismograph is a double threat instrument. It helps man search for oil and keeps track of a trembling earth ' v ' a French and probably the world. The seis for earthquake data from Fordham, ' n. "1 III. , '1 1 tint the best mograph vault which he runs at California Tech at Pasadena, Calif., ''"1 'imposition Fordham University is the largest and other colleges. This information ' 0.. 1 'iu,( 1 '' 1 do- a look at it. underground observatory in the enables the Coast Survey scientists '"Oil collecting world and Father Lvnch often re to definitely locate almost any earth ' ""Hi,,. p "" ui digging an fers to it as "Palomar in reverse." quake. In the case of the 1946 Quake in 1 h< -il m mt a half- Father Lvnch has been studying the center was a point 50 miles south 1 h' , |, . s miles deep. earthquakes for :8 of his 53 years of the Alaskan mainland. 1 , ' 1 much be- and he believes that we would have The eruption generated a tidal hill |,, , , | ''nii. practicalities. a bursting planet if we didn't have wave about 30 feet high and a mile ' ' ,, " ' onccrning the quakes once in a while as an outlet from crest to crest. The n ave rolled llli l ' s miles under- for the earth's nervous energy. He along at 300 miles an hour and took " "<ll.| |. h'' on-, rhought it consoles those who are quake con around six hours to reach the city 1 It II , ( 1 ( * *1 * ` 111 1 molten mass. scious bv pointing out that most of Hilo, on the island of Hawaii. "III l,,,| Mil.. 1. ,.1 , . I i' ''-vs and intense ' I.. ,, . 1, i, ........ has vet had a earthquakes occur at the bottom of the sea and other unpopulated places. One of the last life-taking Great (Similar waves have killed as many as 30.000 Japanese in one swamp ing). The six hour elapsed time. ' ` l-i \ 1,. miles, we Shakes occurred on April 1, 1946. Father Lvnch feels, is enough to h' ll.lt Mi| h'1111 t.iir jtlca of its at exactlv 7:40 a.m. (EST). The up warn those who might be in danger. 1.. |, '""|,".uinn. Accord- heaval shook itself loose two miles Experienced seismologists will tell \,H , 1 1 h' i pll 1 .ynch. of ill, . " > (, i "''"'am University. down in the lied of the Pacific ocean. The real damage didn't come from you that the earth shakes itself about 85 times a day. Most of the shakes 1,111 ...... , """lining like a golf "linn,, ^ ^ i 1 11 | ".""cs center. An 'nil, , ' "1 1 auses give the 1 In ^ of the shakes. the quake but from the tremendous waves of water heaved up by the erupting ocean floor. Huge waves thundered against the Hawaiian and are little ones, but not too small to be picked up by a sensitive seismo graph. The fact is that the earth is constantly shaking under vour 1 "ill 1 11 recording the Alaskan Islands and points along the feet, but most big quakes and trem m. nio:,, "" m J) I s is called 4 1 ' 1) | } , ` h,ls. a seismograph 1 ' ' > *'"i'dcr and .1 seis- Pacific coast, taking 113 lives. Father Lvnch still feels that some of this loss of life might have been ors are usually found in the area around the Pacific ocean. Japan has five or six local quakes a day and ' 11: 1 " m im w ho studies avoided if the information given out California has one or two. Although 1 1 \ \, |, . 1 r. mu- or the top in time bv the U. S. Coast and Geo detic Survey lvad been heeded. The the United States is not noted for earthquakes, some of its territories 1 he l nued States -- Coast Survey is the clearing house such as the Aleutians. Hawaii, the lo ETC 23503 Philippines and Puerto Rico are pretrv constandv in a shaky state. The most earthquake ridden coun try in the world is probably Chile, which acerages around 5.000 shakes a year. It is standard practice among seis mologists to rate earthquakes ac cording to a scale w hich ranges from zero to 10. A zero situation represents a completely placid earth and a class 10 shake would be a catastrophic upheaval. The shakiest quake on record is one rated at 8%. The 1946 Alaskan quake hit 7`A, and more recently a 194- quake in New Guinea hit S';- In the last 45 years there have been about 60 earthquakes in Class S. Despite the horror and destruction of the atomic bomb, the explosions at Hiroshima and Nagasaki didn't even rate a Class 1 reading on the earthquake scale. So far as Father Lynch knows, the explosions were not earth-shak ing enough to be recorded on most earthquake seismographs. The un derwater Bikini blast, however, was feebly recorded at Pasadena. Each day Father Lvnch and his assistants spend about an hour in specting 1,650 feet of zig-zag lines on rolls of photographic paper. These lines are an electro-cardio graph of the earth's piihc-beat. They show the normal trctr.biinsi of the earth which is attributed to the pounding of the ocean -urf. The surf vibration is leir o,.r the entire continent and beats normally under New York City at a rate of ; ; throbs (microseisms) per minute. Dr. L. Don Leer of Harvard has made a careful studv of the oevan.'s micro seisms and has developed handy 65-pound seismograph "inch can spot an ocean-goim> hia'e.cane 1.000 miles awav. Dr. Leer as- -uergested that our coastal weather -rations be equipped with 'ei-m-mmol'i-s as a means of spotting -o a ry According to Father Lynch, New York City's pulse rate jumps to 200 beats every day when the morning milk train zips by on the New York Central tracks which border Fordham University. When the children of the Bronx public schools hold their annual Maypole dance on the Fordham campus, the earth beats out the rhythm of their dancing and the seismograph records it at 120 throbs a minute. Some of Father Lynch's seismo graphs are sensitive enough to re cord the difference between the stomp of a heavy foot and the tread of a light foot. During spring pa rades in which Xavier High School Cadets march with grade school Rev. J. J. Lynch, Fordham Uni versity seismologist, points to traces made by a seismograph children, the seismograph beats out a deep wavy line for the heavi footed cadets and a shallow line for the parading children. These man made disturbances along with others such as citv traffic and explosions must be weeded out of the record in order to get a true picture of n;cnuine earth-made nervousness. The deep underground vault where Father Lvnch keeps his seis mographs is especially designed to keep out all outside disturbances. It is chiseled out of deep bedrock and sealed behind layers of brick, sand and concrete. The seismograph is essentially a pendulum which remains stationary while the earth shakes. A moving strip of photographic paper slides under the pendulum from which a tiny electric bulb transmits a needlethin beam of light. The beam traces the earth's shakes onto light sensi tive paper which is marked off in minutes for 24 hours. Of Fordham's nine seismographs, the largest and most delicate weighs 1,500 pounds and is named after its inventor, Pro fessor Benioff, of the California In stitute of Technology. Its electronic hook-up magnifies the earth's pul sations up to 100,000 times. The Fordham seismograph room is sealed light-tight with only a faint red bulb near the door. Father Lvnch discourages visitors because the moisture from their bodies plavs hob with the delicate electrical equipment. But although the heavy door is open only a few seconds every day. spiders are constantly slipping in. They seem to enjov the tomb-like atmosphere and appar ently they have great fun romping among the instruments and creating earthquake records all of their own. Father Lynch has found the best method of spider elimination is a process w hereby he gets on his hand- and knees and hunts for them. F.verv earthquake, according to Father Lvnch, sets up two waves -- a push wave which travels through the earth at five miles a second and a j/.v.7," wave which travels at about three miles a second. The whole ef fect is similar to what happens to a golf ball when it is whacked. The ball is first squashed or com presses! and then bounds back to its original volume. It then starts vibrnt- 17 ETC Man-made earthquakes map the substrata and aid in the search for oil. A small explosive charge sets off a shock wave. It produces a seismographic record of the earfh's crust as it travels underground ing in and out until the energy which created the initial squash is used up. Unlike a golf ball, how ever. the earth does not come back to its original shape. Instead its shape is displaced like the rapid shimmy ing of a dish of Jello. Here the whole chunk of Jello is shaking at one vi bration rate while the outer surface is wrinkling and unwrinkling at an other rate. In other words, the Jello is heading for a rupture and is emit ting waves similar to earthquake waves. With this knowledge of the earth's vibrations it is possible for seismologists to compute how far awav an earthquake is. Interestingly enough, the seismo graph has an important industrial application: exploration for oil. Bur instead of sitting around and wait ing for earthquakes to happen, these portable units are used to record the action of man-made earthquakes. Although the only sure wav of determining the presence of oil is still to drill for it. around 19m geo physicists took a hint from earth quake seismologists and started using the seismograph to take some of the guesswork .out of drilling. From ex perience geologists have learned that oil often lurks under rockv domes 18 in the substrata. Bv setting off charges of dynamite ranging in size from 1 ounce to 100 pounds, seis mologists are able to record the path of the explosion's vibrations as they travel downward, hit rock forma tions. and travel back up to the earth's surface. By charting the vi brations it is possible to produce an underground map of the earth. Although simple in operation sur veying the underground is a job which requires considerable experi ence and skill. Once oil company geologists hat e picked an area which they believe will be oil-bearing the seismograph crew moves in. Their equipment is transported bv truck, boat, or swamp buggy. First the land is carefully surveyed and then geophones --recording microphones -- are planted according to a definite pattern. The geophones, or "jugs" as thev are sometimes called, are wired to a recording truck where even the "tramp of chicken feet" ill be put on a graph. A dynamite charge is planted and set off, send- Business came to an abrupt standstill when bricks littered the street as a result of a quake which shook Torrance, California *# ETC 23505 ing vibrations into the earth and back up into the geophones. More recently techniques have been developed which make it pos sible to chart bav and off-shore areas covered with shallow water. A seismograph deer usually consists of four boats about 55 feet in length. One is used for surveying, one for drilling (to plant the dynamite charge), one for shooting, and the other for recording. A couple of row boats are also used to plant and retrieve the lines and geophones. Once on location the procedure is identical to that vised on land, and on a calm das' a marine crew can cover as large an area as a land crew. In the early dav> of marine seisrnological surveys it was not uncom mon for a crew to be threatened bv shrimp fishermen, who thought the dynamiting would kill marine life. The oil companies lost no time in conducting tests which proved that seismographing rarely harms marine life. Once the results of the tests were explained to the fishermen thev ignored the blasts w hich occasion ally shook their fishing grounds. Seismologists know that the earth weighs 6,000.000,000,000,000,000,000 tons and that it measures 4,000 miles to its center. Furthermore, they know a lot about how earth quakes behave, but they still don't know what makes an earthquake. They used to believe that millions of years ago the earth was a seething molten mass which gradually cooled on the outside until it was habitable. The inside, however, remained hot and in cooling caused surface erup tions. Few seismologists today care to say whether the earth is getting hotter or colder. They simply don't know. Nor do they know what ac tivity causes an earthquake. They know only that if you bend a ruler too much it will snap, and the earth's crust snaps at times because forces bend it too much. What these forces are no one knows. Although California is the spot in the United States most likely to ex perience a healthy earthquake, there is no location anywhere which is completely immune. For example, the earthly calmness of Chicago is shattered three or four times a year bv small shakes caused bv what Father Lvnch describes as "creaking stair'7 earthquakes. These Father Lynch calls the '-`retreating footsteps of the ice age." "When a heavy man goes upstairs in an old house the stairs creak for a long time after he is gone,77 ex plains the Jesuit Father. "They are trying to readjust the displacement caused by his weight. When the great glaciers covered parts of North America and Europe they put an enormous weight on the earth's crust. After they melted thousands of years ago. the crust be gan to lift and creak. It is still creak ing and that sometimes causes a small fracture or two.'7 About 100 out of the world's 400 seismologists are Jesuit trained like Father Lynch. This Jesuit interest in seismology came about when in the 16th Century the Jesuits at tempted to convert the Orient to Christianity. Naturally China's lead ers were concerned about earth quakes and welcomed authorities on the subject with open arms. The Jesuits thus gained an entree with their know ledge of seismology and have been studying the subject ever since. They were the first to intro duce it on a large scale in the United Srarcs. and there are now 14 Jesuit observatories operating from coast to coast. Father I.vnch feels that the sci ence ut seismology is still in its in fancy and that quite a few persons still think it is a black art. He regu larly gets letters from people who demand that lie "stop making earth quakes." or "avoid getting too curi ous or \ mi'll blow us all up." Father I.vnch blithely ignores this segment of his public and points out that perhaps years hence wc will be tappmg entirely new sources of power !\ mg deep under the ground we d lib w all; 011. The famous 1946 tidal wave is shown as it is about to drown a stranded Hawaiian at Hilo ETC 23506 A camera can be a highly useful auto motive accessory -- on a business trip, a tour, or even in day-to-day driving ot long ago I was calking with N a friend who is an ardent ama teur photographer. You know the type -- the kind of fellow who feels undressed unless he is carrving a Leica or Graphic, and whose home about it. Now, whenever I step into bears a strong resemblance to the my car, my camera goes with me. processing departments of Para When I return, instead of trying to mount or .M-G-.M. He told me he put into words some of the interest had just placed an order for a car. ing things I've seen, I merely pass "How come-" I asked, surprised, the pictures to mv friends. I'm sure since up to this time his onlv inter they enjoy the photographs far est had been photography. more than the word pictures I used "Well." he replied. "I've come to to convey. the conclusion that an automobile is However, there are pictures and a very important camera accessory." pictures. If you're going to carry a The remark was made in fun. but camera in your car vou might just on second thought, there's a certain as well use it in the most effective amount of sense in it. wav possible. Have you ever no Besides vour evervdav use of vour ticed the way the big picture maga car. a good deal of the mileage vou zines such as Life and Look use pic roll up on vour speedometer repre tures- They publish a lot of photo sents a quest for interesting new graphs in every issue, but they also things to be seen. It might be vaca employ a device which you can use tion travel or Sunday driving, but to make vour pictures a lot more its purpose is to get vou away from interesting. the humdrum and familiar. Whv Their method is to use a series of not. then, make it a point to record photographs to tell a story -- in se the exciting and beautiful things that quence -- much as a motion picture your car sets before vou: film docs. Certainly there is nothing How many times have vou re difficult about it. Let's say. for in turned from a trip lamenting that stance. that you plan to drive to a you didn't have vour camera along: favorite resort. Instead of waiting YY e11. you're - not alone. I used to till vou get there to unlimber vour sing the forgotten-camera blues so camera, start using it before vou get often that 1 finally did something under wav. Get a picture of yourself and vour wife studying a road map. Get another at the service station, when you have the tank filled up. Next snap the kids piling into the car, and your wife lugging the lunch. Then, along the road, photo graph some of the interesting land marks, not forgetting a highway marker directing you to the resort. And, at the place itself, you'll want to photograph all the members of your family enjoying themselves. For the finale, get a shot of vour weary brood, happy to get home after the day's outing. Paste these in sequence in your album, and you'll find yourself turn ing to them time and again. Further more, when vou show them to your friends you'll find they are really in terested, not just polite. In all likelihood, though, most of the pictures vou take won't be of this sequence type, but occasional scenic shots. They may be of old houses or barns, kids bathing, deer along the road or interesting char acters. But whatever they are. use enough care in photographing them so they will turn up in vour album as pictures you can be proud of. In 20 ETC 23507 T other words, take enough time so vou won't get prints that are out of focus, blurred from camera move ment, or lacking in important detail. Be prepared for picture opportu nities by keeping vour camera close at hand. Manv people w ho carry cameras in their cars keep them in some inaccessible spot -- in the lug gage compartment, for instance. If you're going to carry a camera at all, have it loaded and ready for use within arm's reach. Unless you're driving in very hot weather the glove compartment is the logical place to keep it. If it's hot and the glove compartment is likely to be a miniature oven which can damage the camera or film, keep it alongside you on the front seat. The reason? Well, there are some pictures which won't wait to be taken. Once, for example. I was driving through desert country when I saw a large snake on the road ahead of me. As I approached, a bit; bird, pos sibly a hawk, swooped down and gave battle to it. Finally the bird won out, beating his wav into the air with the still squirming reptile. It was a thrilling bit of natural history, one I wish I could have photographed. Oh, yes, 1 had a camera in the car. The only trouble u as. it was locked up in some luggaee in the rear deck'. There's another re.win for keep- ing vour camera close at hand, a psychological one. Many motorists don't like to interrupt a crip for any longer than is absolutely necessary. But it's one thing to pause for a moment to make sure your cam era is up front, and it's something else again if it's necessary to pull off the road, unlock the luggage com partment and dig through every thing else piled inside in order to find it. When chat's the case, many car owners are inclined to pass up the opportunity to take a picture worth having. Having a camera along is helpful too. whenever you so on a business trip. 'Sou'll find occasion quite often to take pictures eu route -- of new facilities your company may have built, of possible sites for new loca tions. and of new plants and facili ties of interest to vour company or industry. A simple snapshot helps people to visualize a far-away proj ect better than the most detailed reporr. Thus far this has been mostly a discussion of taking pictures inciden tal to the motoring vou do. Have you ever thought of going on a trip primarily to take photographs? That such trips can be interesting seems evident from the fact that certain railroads make a practice of run ning special photographic excursion trains. Good Pictures by Amateurs It goes without saying that the fellow with a car is much better off in this respect than the one who has to depend on a train. Able to get into the byways, he can find all kinds of photographic possibilities. Trv it sometime. A man I know did it on a grand scale last summer by making an extensive trip through Canada. He had just bought an inexpensive 35mm. camera which he of course took w ith him. He returned with a large selection of good pictures, both black-and-white and in color. Driving in the midwest a few years ago I stopped for gas and oil and struck up a conversation with OUR COVER: Color photograph of Mt. Rainer National Park. Wash ington, bv David \V. Corson through A. Devanev, Inc. OUR PICTURES: Pages 3-6, all Acme N'ewspictures. Inc., except as fol lows: Page 3 (bottom), courtesv CBS; Page 4 (second left bottom), 5 (top left and right and bottom right). Press Association; Page 6 (top), Wide World; Pages 7. 8, and (o, courtesv Standard Oil Co. (N.J.); Page 9. courtesy Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co.; Page io. cartoon bv Martino Weiler; Pages 11-13. illustrations by Rodlow Willard. Page 14 and third cover, Philip Gendreau. Pages 16, 17, 18 (bottom) and 19, Press Asso ciation; Page 18 (top) courtesv Shell Oil Co.: Page so. Camera As sociates; Page :t. Look Magazine, cartoon bv Laughs, Unlimited. the attendant. I asked if there were any spots of interest to be seen in that vicinity. He invited me inside and brought out an album of photo graphs. Carefully mounted in the album were scores of excellent pho tographs showing places of interest for hundreds of miles around. Op posite each page was pasted a section of road map showing just where each place was located. Photogra phy, he explained, was his hobby. "Do you find,it worthwhile?'' I asked. "Sure do." he grinned. "That album sells a lot of gas and accesso ries for me. You'd be surprised at how many people come in here to get ideas about where to travel. The book helps them make up their minds and I sell them what they need to get there." That attendant, incidentally, had made all his pictures with an inex pensive little camera which had probably cost him less than twenty dollars. However, he was using two very important accessories -- his car and his head. Trv them in combina tion sometime. If they don't produce some excellent pictures then there just aren't any pictures to be taken. 22 ETC 23509 Trout are marked by a group of distinguishmu ( hunu (eristics. For example: A Rainbow . Steelheadi. Many strong teeth in /i-/.ag rows on roof of mouth. Tail fin usu. II v .'putted. 0 Lake Trout. Teeth on roof of mouth on an f'li-wued crest. Has teeth on base of tongue. Ked or pule spots on body. Forked tail. C Brown Trout. Brownish, rather large scales. Knl >pois on sided surrounded by light rings. D Brook Trout. No teeth on base of tongue. K-ii or pink r*pois on sides. Lower fins with iighi colored edges. Tail square or only 'hgli! h lurked. Wienyw luf gasoline willc'&irantiMnockfloid '.V:U1.......... To get the best performance from your car. use high quality gasoline improved with "Ethyl" antiknock fluid--the fa mous ingredient that steps up power and performance. To show you that their best gasoline contains "Ethyl" fluid, gasoline companies display "Ethyl" trade-marks on their pumps. "Ethyl" antiknock compound is made by hthy! Corporation. Chrysler Build ing. New York 17. New York. 11 * I- ETC 23511 JULY-AUGUST 1948 Benjamin Brewster, whose service with Ethyl Corporation dates back to 1927, has been appointed to the new position of Manager of Technical Serv ice Operations of the Ethyl Re search Laboratories in Detroit. The Technical Service Divi sion is the liaison group be tween the Ethyl Laboratories and the technical departments of oil companies and automo tive and farm equipment manufacturers. As Operations Manager, Mr. Brewster will supervise the execution of activities planned by the Director of Technical Service, Richard K. Scales, and his staff. He also will continue as a member of the Technical Representative group, one of the five sections which make up the Technical Service Division. This group maintains contact between the Ethyl Laboratories and the research and development laboratories of oil companies throughout the country. Mr. Brewster is one of nine men now with Ethyl Corpora tion who helped establish the Ethyl Laboratories in Detroit slightly more than 20 years ago upon their transfer from Yonkers, N. Y. He joined the company in 1927, immedi ately upon his graduation from Harvard Engineering School with an S.B. degree. He left Ethyl's employ the next year to accept a sales engi neer position with an electric company in Boston, and re mained in Massachusetts un til 1936, when he rejoined the Ethyl Laboratories. Mr. Brewster is a member of the Society of Automotive Engineers and the Harvard Engineering Society. MEMORIES ON WHEELS The oldtime automobiles which literally put America on wheels are not entirely gone from the scene. Many can still be seen in action, every so often, thanks to the efforts of a group of hobbyists. THE OLD TRAVELER Meet the man who has probably seen more of the United States than anyone else -- and learn his way of discovering the real beauties of our country. 100 YEARS OF SERVING FARMERS 12 The Oliver Corporation has come a long way since it was founded in Battle Creek, Mich, in 1848. Today a leading member of the farm equipment industry, it inaugurates its second century of service by introducing a complete new line of modern gasolinepowered tractors. ALASKA --OIL OUTPOST 15 The U. S. territory is famous for its wealth of minerals, metals, fish, fur and lumber--and it may also contain noteworthy re serves of petroleum. To determine for sure, a unique exploration is now going on inside the Arctic Circle. FAIR DAYS AHEAD 19 Country fairs are easily as old as the Bible, but they give millions of people an opportunity to see at first hand many of the latest industrial developments and products. In order to widen the fields of reader Interest In Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed In signed articles are the authors'. The editors of the News welcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor giiso/me Edward l. Shea, president; Stanley T. Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Gonzalez, secretary ETC 23513 A K?T 3 To cf.lf.ur \ 11 the golden anni versary of rhe consolidation of its five constituent boroughs. New V>rk Citv recently staged a won derful five-hour parade. The citv dropped its sophisticated attitude for a dav as it recalled the lighter side of its pior m \ ears -- and like anv town, it was real proud. A mil lion people lined the sidewalks of Fifth Avenue as some ,-n.noo march ers, mnnv in colorful costume, passed in rc\ icw. \nd as the pageantry unfolded, the spectators could see mans nostalgic reminders of how people used to work and live. New Mirk s liea.niinu Mayor A pari of the cavalcade of antique automobiles, as if motored down Fifth Avenue MEMORIES ON WHEELS Nostalgic reminders of the America of yesteryear are the antique autos carefully preserved by collectors -A' * *\.> ,-r i T* ^ ^ ETC 23514 Two of the cars in the New York parade -- a I907 International Auto Wagon and a 1900 one cylinder DeDion Bouton Motorette. Both are owned by James Melton, the noted singer, who is seated on the DeDion O'Dwvcr led rhe parade in an 1898 Tallv-ho drawn bv four spirited horses. There was a detachment of bicycle cops, such as patrolled the streets hack in the Gav 90's, replete in their impossible helmets and handlebar mustaches. There was a horse-drawn street car and a band of cyclists aboard single seaters and a tandem. And there was a group of autos that formed a very real part of the America of yesterday. Of all the souyenirs of a bygone dav. none held more meaning than these ancient cars, brayelv chug ging along in rhe procession under their own power. There were an tique Packards w ith their character istic hoods and radiators, rugged and reliable Mode! T Fords. Olds- mobiles, Buicks, Hudsons and Cad illacs, and some almost forgotten names like the Simplex, Stanley and Mercer. A number of postwar automo biles were in the parade, frequently alongside an early model of the same make. But if their presence dramatized the progress in automo tive transportation in the last half century, it also heightened the re spect for their antiquated name sakes. For it was these ancient vehicles, crude and cumbersome though they seem, that in a real sense gave birth to today's modern cars. To the children w'atching the panorama, the antique cars were a strange sight indeed in this modern, streamlined age. Many kids prob ably maryelled that their grandpar ents eyer got up enough nerve to take a trip in one of them, and they shrieked with delight at the sounds of their pipsqueak bulb horns. But for their parents and grandparents, the cars brought back a flood of memories of years ago. They recalled days of muddy roads and high adyenture. when people wore dusters and goggles and gauntlets, and took along wicker lunch baskets for a day's outing. Those, too, were the days when motorists knew practically every nut and bolt on their car. be cause many's the time they had to "get out and get under" on the highway. After completing the course of the New York parade, the ancient cars assembled at the Hudson river for a trip to Atlantic City, N. J.. where a second parade was to be held the following daw And in a manner reminiscent of the famous Glidden Tours, rhe cars bravely set forth on the 1:5 miles to the New Jersey resort. Joseph Murchio at the wheel of his 1908 Corbin in the Atlantic City event t 1* 1 < 23515 Almost all the cars made the trip on their own; onlv the oldest of them had to be taken along bv trailer. And as the ears chugged along, interspersed throughout the stream of highuav traffic, thev were the objecr of great curiositv and even outright astonishment. Drivers of other cars, passing bv, stared at them with disbelieving eyes. Thev couldn't realize, for the moment, that the oldtimers were part of a caravan; thev thought thev were still being used in dav-to-dav driving. Said a tvpical driver, as he saw a 1905 model rattle along: "Can the car shortage still be that bad?" In Atlantic Citv, the oldtime cars were met bv another contingent of antique vehicles that had motored Some of the cars participating in the Atlantic City parade are shown below. Bottom right, Mr. C. R. Levis and his daughter, Carol, riding in their 1903 Cadillac # Vi Efl over from Philadelphia. Joining forces, the two groups staged a pa rade down the resort's famous boardwalk, to the plaudits of the thousands of vacationists there. And to cap the proceedings, the cars were then driven out to the Atlantic Citv Counrrv Club where during a luncheon awards were made for various classes of cars. Onlv on such occasions as the Xew York and Atlantic Citv pa rades does the American public at large get a chance to see these oldtime cars in action. Onlv then can present-dav motorists appreciate fullv what motoring must have been like back in the earlv davs of the automobile. At other times, these cars are. for the most part, stored in museums or garages or barns, where thev are carefullv housed to preserve them against the ravages of old age. Thanks to the efforts of a traternitv of collectors, the United States still has todav manv fine examples of earlv motor cars. These collec tors make a hobbv of acquiring and restoring old cars, and thev are banded Together into such clubs as the Veteran .Motor Car (dub of America, the Antique Automobile Club of America, and the Horseless ETC 23516 omggSSlSr* > ll*J --* m- Time out for a slight repair on this 37-year-old Twombly Carriage Club. The effort to pre serve for posterin' a record of the earlv davs in motoring has also been spurred bv such organizations as the Automobile Old Timers. Inc., which is composed of America's motor car pioneers, and such others as the Sports Car Club of America. The collectors all acquire antique cars as a hobbv. Their collections mav range anvw here from one or two models on up to several hun dred. Notable among the large pri vate collections are those of D. Cameron Peck. George H. Water man. Jr., and James Melton, the .Metropolitan Opera star. Eager collectors regularlv tour ETC 23517 / A James Melton gets the feel of John Paul Stack's 1903 Oldsmobile as Mr. Stack looks on. Incidentally, many antique automobiles, like the one-cylinder Olds, are taken to events aboard trailers the countryside on rhe lookout for representative old models. And when thev come upon a rare find, thev frequently spend much time and effort in cleanin'? it up and try ing to restore it to its former con dition. The average collector is also a tinkerer. He m.iv have three cars and a half dozen engines for them. In his spare rime he polishes everv part on his car- and puts it in first class shape. Sometimes he mav spend months lookin'? for a replace ment part, bur he know s that is part of the game. Throughout the \ car. these an tique car collectors hold regular meetings to which they take their cars and enter them in various events. The cars compete bv vari ous classes, and are awarded prizes on the basis of such factors as their age and general appearance, their completeness and authenticity, and their general interest. In addition, they also compete in action contests of various kinds. While antique auto collectors value a car on a number of counts, one of the most important is how well it runs for its age. A consistent blue ribbon winner at antique auto meets is Mrs. John Paul Stack's 190; one-eviinder Oldsmobile. Its res toration has been so thorough that a veteran Olds mechanic once said it looked as if it had just come from the factory. Besides the antique cars which are seen only in parades or at exhibi tions. there are others in constant use. One of these is a 1915 Crane Simplex, owned bv George Mood, of Brooklyn. X. Y. This is Mr. Wood's only car. and when he de cides to enter it in a parade or meet he merely shines it up a little, and he and .Mrs. Wood get out their dusters, and off thev go. In addition to such public mu- .13 ETC 23518 A 1903 Black and a 1914 Stanley Steamer at the Atlantic City Country Club, where the Antique Auto Collectors As sociation and the Veteran Motor Car Club held a luncheon seums as the Smithsonian Institu tion, Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry, and the Dearborn Museum, manv private museums housing antique cars are to he found in at least eight cities throughout the country. Only recently, James Mel ton announced the opening of the new Melton Museum, in Norwalk, Conn, where he will publicly display his famous collection of cars. .Many antique car collectors are not only authorities on the cars they own; they are also historians of a romantic and yet important period in American life. Some of them, like Charles B. King of Larchmont, N. V.. can speak out of personal history. Mr. Kins drove the first horseless carriage on the streets of Detroit in 1896. For countless thousands of Amer ican families, these early cars have been more than a physical posses sion; they have been a very real and substantial part of their lives, con tributing in no small measure to the tremendous development that put America on wheels. Thus, in ac quiring and restoring these old cars, the collectors are making an impor tant contribution. They are preserv ing for posterity the central char acter in one of the most delightful episodes in the American drama. A few of the old-time cars as they were lined up on the lawn of the Atlantic City Country Club If you seek beauty and adventure in your travels, take the advice of a veteran sight-seer and turn to the side roads henever Jim Wii.sh is inrro- W duced at a meeting of one sort or another as "the man who probably has seen more of the United States than anv other per son"--and that's on an average of nearly six times a week -- his open ing acknowledgment almost inva riably is: "That's just a polite uav of saving that I am just a bevhiskcred old goat who spends his davs prowling." Actually, he does .-port a graving goatee, and he is a prow let of a sort. As far as being old -- well. he's ;s\ During his lifetime he has set foot in just about evert' nook and corner, every metropolis and crossroads hamlet, and every historical spot and scenic area that this countin' has to offer. Jim Welsh calls these hun dreds of visits of his "prow ling ex peditions" because he delights in veering off the main higliv av to roam about in the backwoods, along the narrow countin' toads, or even in somebody's backs ard in search of a touch of unusual \mcnca. If the name Janie- barker Wcl-h fails to strike a responsive chord. chances are vou'll recall him in stantlv as "The Old AAA Traveler" of Automobile Club of Michigan. That cognomen grew on him while he was doing a series of radio travel talks in Cleveland several years ago. and is so associated with him today that the name is very carefully protected bv the American Automobile Association. Even he himself sometimes finds it difficult to keep the two personalities straight, and on more than one occa sion has found himself signing a bank check "The Old Traveler" in stead of with his own name. Seeks the Unusual There isn't much that the portlv. genial Jim Welsh hasn't seen or done in his ramblings around the countin'. He has sailed with the fishing fleet our of Gloucester, he has explored the wastes of the Yukon, he has walked the foot trails to mountain shacks in Tennessee, and he has roamed up and dow n Death Yallcv. I hniugh it all. lie has emerged as a personality perhaps more colorful and exciting than his many experi ences themselves. The Old Traveler is not a nomad or a victim of wanderlust, as such. His extensive travels spring from sheer love of country. Three hun dred and more times a year he ap pears before meetings, ranging from small town womens groups of a dozen members to national conven tions with thousands of delegates, to urge his listeners to appreciate the beauty and richness of their native land more than they already do. "Get off the beaten path." he urges. "Instead of driving from De troit to Miami in three daws, take five davs and spend the extra rime visiting: the glory spots that polka dot this nation of ours." To illustrate what he is wont to call an "unforgettable." The Old Traveler tells of a hill that stands not far from Atlanta. Ga. Millions of motorists pass it on U. S. route 41 each \ ear. but few know the role tins twin-peaked mountain plated in naming .1 famous American. During the (livil War. this hill was among the last defenses before Atlanta, and so was riie scene of .1 North and South \rmaeeddon. ETC 23520 Seeing these moss-covered cypress trees growing on Lake Veret, La., is well worth a few minutes of extra travel to get to know and treasure their countrv more. The Old Traveler is a goodwill service of the Automo bile Club of Michigan, whose 270,000 members make it the larg est motoring organization in the world. His trips are sponsored bv that club as a means of stimulating tourists and vacationists to "see America --the little-known America -- first." Sometime this summer he will reach the 2.000,000-mile mark in his roamings. No special celebration will observe this significant milestone for the simple reason that the bewhis- -guided such old timers as the Brush, Chalmers-Detroit, Paige Davtona Special, and Diana, as well as almost everv present make, up and down and across the North American con tinent. He was among the first to buv "Ethvl" gasoline when it went on the market 15 vears ago, and has used it regularlv ever since. His accident record is perfect. In 40 vears and nearlv 2,000,000 miles of traveling, he has never so much as dented a fender. Once, how ever, the right front wheel of a Stevens he was driving came off and rolled down the highway embankment. Ac the height of the battle, a cour ier delivered a message to a Confed erate medical officer. The note was from his wife, telling that a son had just been born to them and asking that he name the babv. Somewhere on the bioodv battlefield the South ern officer managed to find a fairlv protected spot in w hich to replv to his wife's letter. He asked that the son be named for the field of battle. And that. The Old Traveler tells you. is how Kenesav Mountain Lan dis. the late high commissioner of baseball, got his name. The little two-peaked hill just outside Atlanta is kenesav Mountain! Jim Welsh has hundreds of vign ettes like that tip his sleeve. You name the city, region, or state, and he can relate fascinating stones not to he found in the guidebooks. He digs up virtually all his "unforgerrables' per sonally. although his weekly mail sometimes contains a score or more of historical ansi folklore tidbits sent in hv fans all over the countrv. Prow ling the United States is a profession for him. it is crue. but few men have done so much ro encour age John Q. Public and his family Th is Tennessee mountain cabin is a good example of the scenic wonders you can find on the nation's back roads kered wanderer has no idea just when the milestone will sneak up on him or exactly where he will be at the time. Whenever and wherever it occurs, however, he undoubtedlv will be busy uncovering another morsel of Americana to feed his avid club, radio, newspaper, and magazine audiences. During his travel career, polvtopian Jim Welsh has driven and "out grown" more than :o automobiles. His first vehicle, back in 1908, was a Mitchell phaeton. Since then he has Mr. Welsh didn't realize what had happened for several moments, since the vehicle had continued on its merrv wav almost as well on three wheels as it had on four. "Best balanced car I ever drove." is his sage recollection. One of Jim Welsh's fondest recol lections of his boyhood is "borrow ing" some of his father's tobacco to give to Geronimo. the famed rebel Indian leader, while the latter was being held captive in a jail in the little Alabama community of Yine- 10 ETC 23521 gar Bend. The Indian fighting in the Southwest wa> uvcr. but Geronimo was locked up in a distant state so he could not inspire a renewal of the warfare. Jim had been sent to his grandparent's home in Alabama at the age of nine to go to school. As a sequel to that incident, The Old Traveler relates how, even in death. Geronimo could not escape the flag of the United States, which he hated abov e evervthing else. For, codav, as the sun sets behind Fort Sill, Okla., it ironicallv throws the shadow of that post's flag across the grave of the Indian w arrior who held such bitter hatred for the Stars and Stripes. At none of the t.ooo personal ap pearances The Old Traveler has made during the past 11 r ears has someone in the audience failed to ask what places he considered the most beautiful and most interesting. Mindful that he might be incurring the wrath of more rlvan one Chamber of Commerce, he nevertheless an swers unhesitatingiv: Most beauti ful -- Natchez. Mh>.: most interest ing -- Tombstone. Ariz. Historv relarcn that General U. S. Grant must have thought Natchez a center of scenic bcautv and cul ture, too. During the dege of Nat chez. the Union commander or dered that the tov. n high on the bluffs of the M -'i-M'.ypi River be spared shellfire :u older that its beautv not be : : In selecting Nt'iiie as Ameri ca's most single inreresting "glory spot," The Old Traveler refers to is as "the town rough to die." He notes that the local newspaper was (and still is > called The Epi taph, and he takes vou on a verbal inspection of Boot Hill, the ceme tery so named because in it sleep only those who "died with their boots on." .More than anv other re minder. the wooden headboards tell of the Tombstone that was. ".Mur dered," savs one. "Killed in the Crys tal Palace," savs another. "Hanged" and "Legally Hanged," read others. Often the epitaph was burned into the headboard with a branding iron. Tombstone, once the leading sil ver-producing city of the West but now almost a ghost town, still boasts its wooden sidewalks, rnanv of them pock-marked with bullets. And as vou walk down old Allen or Toughnut Streets, you still can dig .45 slugs from the walls of the buildings. "Here is truly the most unusual town in America," sighs The Old Traveler, "ar.d vet so many of us pass right by or through it without a second thought." Jim Welsh personally is no re former or crusader, but his travels about the United States have con vinced him that American historv books should be revised to report the various events in a more inter esting and complete fashion. As an example, he savs that 800 pirates from the bayou countrv of Louisiana, loaned bv Jean Lafitte. the pirate chief, enabled Andrew Jack son's pitifully small army to crush the superior British forces in the Battle of New Orleans. "But you'll never hear about those pirates in any history book," Welsh claims. "Give our students just one inter esting fact, and they'll remember the whole story. For instance, no one will ever forget the details of the Battle of Gettysburg if you tell them that the Union forces were about to suffer a major defeat until one little factor changed the tide of battle. The fifth day of fighting was the Fourth of July, and the patriotic urge experienced by the Northern ers gave them a new will to go on and win." "People don't forget things like that." he believes. Jim Welsh is a man of rnanv tal ents. He is a story-teller par excelLvice. a soldier, a veteran newspaper man. a magazine writer, a radio commentator, an expert photogra pher. a public speaker, and a lead ing authority on outdoor cooking. But. above all else, he savs. he is "a goareed old man who likes to prow! these United States." The rushing tourist sometimes passes up obvious spectacles such as this ornate Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota ETC 23522 11 'ts The Oliver Corporation, which has made many important contributions to better farming, this year observes a milestone in its career ne ia NDRrn yfars ago a young and needed someone to do their iron O.Michigan iron worker struck work. Nichols recognized this as his out on foot along the primitive foorp porrunitv and opened a farm im est paths leading inland from De plement shop and a foundry. Then troit. John Nichols wasn't exactly and there, for all practical purposes, sure of his destination, hut he settled was founded The Oliver Corpora eventual!v for Battle Creek. The tion of today. farmers surrounding that lnisv little The Nichols enterprise grew and community needed farm implements acquired a partner. It became the firm of Nichols & Shepard, inter ested in threshing machinery. One of the most important contributions in the design of haryesting equip ment came out of this partnership, for rbe Nichols & Shepard vibrator type thresher produced in that early day rendered all others virtually obsolete. As the Nichols & Shepard Com pany came to the booming iQtos, behind ir was a long record of suc cessful business operation and serv ice to American agriculture. The late `:o's are often referred to as the years of mergers. The needs of agriculture were becoming too great. 1'ihciencv in production, as " ell as reduction of prices, called for large companies. Everywhere compering and non-competing com panies engaged in farm equipment manufacture were getting together to the eventual benefit of the Ameri can farmer. Joseph 0. Oliver, Jr., a director of the Corporation, driving a Stand ard 77 model--one in the new line of tractors Oliver has introduced as it begins its second century 12 ETC 23523 m So it was dv.it Nichols & Shepard, with their power harvesting equip ment, joined with the Hart-Parr Companv. first to manufacture gasoline-driven tractors. Too, the American Seeding .Machine Com panv, pioneer in the manufacture of panv the June 30th ceremonv at Battle Creek did not mark a 100th anniversary alone. Rather, it was "the beginning of the second cen tury." As its own birthdav gift to the farmers it serves, Oliver unveiled a new line of tractors -- the "66," that "tractor" was used in a patent received bv a Midwest farmer back in the late Eighties, some 17 vears before the word appeared in an ad vertisement of 1906. As the story had it, the sales manager of what is now the Hart-Parr Division of the Left, this modest plant at Battle Creek, Mich, was an early mile stone in Oliver's 100-year growfh 3pL- '/A drills and planting equipment, and "77," and "88" -- to replace its pop the Oliver Chilled Plow Works, ular "80," "70," and "60" models. A great deal of progress sepa which had pioneered in the design As is true of all long-established rated the early steam-powered V of plows and tillage tools, were farm equipment manufacturing com machine Heft) and the first suc cessful gasoline tractor <aboveI brought together under the Oliver panies, the history of Oliver is the banner to form an important seg history of American agriculture. ment in the farm equipment indus Through its manufacture of time- -i- try. In 1943. Oliver acquired the and labor-saving devices, it has Ann Arbor Machine Companv, helped the farmer increase produc which for manv vears had manu tivity to the point where today he factured hav balers. Finally, in 1944, feeds not only his fellow country the Cleveland Tractor Company was men but millions of starving people acquired, bringing to the Oliv er line in all corners of the earth as well. of tractors a fleet of crawler type Several "firsts" highlight Oliver's tractors. achievements in mechanized farm The man w ho cav e the company ing. Chief among these are the man its name was James Oliver, an In diana land owiur who "improved the plow more than it had been im proved in all the rime since man ufacture of the first successful gaso line traction engine, and the fact that Oliver was one of the first com panies to market a commercial high The famous Oliver 70, one of the first modern high compres sion tractors, was designed to operate on 70 octane gasoline first turned the earth w ith a sharp compression tractor engine designed ened stick." His smt. Joseph, effected to use gasoline exclusively. the merger thar lias kept the Oliver Some even sav that Oliver coined name among the foremost in the the word "tractor," bur this is not farm equipment held. true. Companv' officials will tell vou To observe its centennial, the Oliver firm paused briefly a few weeks ago in its task ot all-out pro duction of tractors and other farm equipment. Bur m those m the com- Oliver's new gasoline trac tors, of which the Standard 88 model is shown here, all have high compression engines Hi 13 ll ETC 23524 Oliver Corporation found the phrase was placed in the Chicago museum > line tractors. That was in 1935. One "gasoline traction engine" too cum ten years ago amid much ceremony. of the first to appear was the Oliver J bersome. Somehow, he arrived at The life of the gasoline, traction "70." It had a six cylinder engine "tractor" in his mental search for a engine, as such, was a short one. and derived its name from the fact carchv advertising word, and it went In the early 1900's the petroleum that it was designed to operate on into the ad he was writing at the industry was still in short pants and 70 octane gasoline. time. Since Oliver officials them had not vet realized the enormous High compression jobs required selves onlv recentlv learned of the growth in demand that was to come relatively little time to reach the top ancient patent, it is possible that the for gasoline and other refined prod of the tractor best seller list. In fact, sales manager also invented the ucts. The result was that gasoline, the first Oliver "70" was purchased word. At anv rate, his was the first then a byproduct of the industry, before it even had a name. One dav use of it in anv advertisement. was not generally available on farms. in January 1935, farmer Elmer Paralleled Auto Progress Because of this, Hart-Parr turned to Niebel, of the northwestern Ohio the manufacture of a tractor that town of Napoleon, stopped in at his The first gasoline traction engine could burn kerosene and the lower farm equipment dealers' store. Sales built bv the partnership of Charles grades of oil which were more read men of the Yon Devlen-Wiemken YV. Hart and Charles H. Parr at their ily available. In 1905, Hart-Parr per firm, Oliver dealers in Napoleon, gasoline engine manufacturing plant fected the first satisfactory system showed him a set of blueprints and in Charles Citv, Iowa, was as much for using fuels other than gasoline in a typewritten sheet of specifications unlike the present streamlined" trac tractors." For 30 years thereafter, few of the new tractor Oliver planned tor as are the Stanley Steamer and indeed were the tractors that were to produce later that year. The trac a 1948 model automobile. It was built for gasoline. Farmers obtained tor already had been tested and big and clumsv and bore a strong satisfactory results from tractors de proved both in the laboratory and resemblance to one of the war signed to operate on kerosene and the field. .Mr. Niebel was convinced, machines created five centuries distillates, but they were not enjoy and immediately ordered an un ago bv Leonardo da Vinci. Amer ing the fullest performance of which named tractor that was delivered to ica's first tractor was powered bv a their tractors were capable. him as the Oliver "70." two-cvlinder oil cooled horizontal One of the first men to realize this engine. Compared to the modem was George Krieger, of Ethvl Cor Farmers Prefer Gasoline six-cvlinder Oliver "-o." the first poration. With Dan Guv and other Since that day 131/: years ago unit was truly bis and clumsv. But Ethvl Corporation tractor engi there have been many Elmer what was important was that it neers. he began campaigning in the Niebels. Today, approximately 60% worked and that it was a vast early 1930's for higher compression of all tractors on LT. S. farms are improvement over steam-powered tractor engines designed for gaso high compression. Eight of every "tractors." line. This group concentrated its ef ten farmers use gasoline as their The very first Hart-Parr tractor forts on farmers themselves as well tractor fuel, and this preference is was built in the winter of 1900-01. as the manufacturers of tractors. growing almost daily because of It was sold to an Iowa farmer whose Their cause was aided by che deci gasoline's greater power and quicker name has been lost in the annals of sion of Ethvl Corporation, in 1933, starting, cleaner burning advantages. time. The owner and destinv of the to market an antiknock compound Power farming, of which the trac second tractor also are unknown. which oil companies might add to tor is the backbone, has come a long But old No. 3 is on view daily for their regular grade motor fuel. way in the past three generations. the thousands of visitors to the .Mu The success of their efforts to Equally as much progress lies ahead. seum of Science and Industry in bring about greater tractor perform It is in that spirit that the Oliver Chicago. It was originally purchased ance and economy is too well known Corporation, during its present cen in 1903. the year of its manufacture, to be elaborated on here. Working tennial. looks back not on 100 years bv George Mitchell, a Flovd in close cooperation with design and of outstanding contributions to County. Iowa, farmer, for Si.>50. production engineers of the farm mechanized farming but rather looks He used it until 19::. when Hart- equipment industry, the Ethyl Cor ahead to a second century of service Parr bought it hack for showing at poration engineers'aided in market to the farmer as a leading member state fairs and farm expositions. It ing the first high compression gaso of an important industry. 74 ETC 23525 v,ac _,~y- Ac- '"TP" ALASKA - Oil Outp Martin Sheridan by 39k --.yuS-Psyil Ttt **" . ** :n> '/;t* Zg&nSje3\; yrgs X *; The Arctic Circle is the locale for one of the most unusual explorations now going on throughout the world \r. or 'ihi. remote and unde O veloped areas ut the world which offers caear promise ;is ;i po tential oil prodiicmii region is the United States \.n \ b Petroleum Re serve No. 4. Located in northern Alaska, the `Pet 4" project emus .1 bleak, deso late wasteland eipi.il to .ihour half the area of Oklahoma. Oil seeps and oozes had been reported there bv Eskimos and other natives for manv years'. Now the N.n \ is direction; a thorough search m rhe Arctic area, usins; all the tooi- .rid methods com- monlv employed bv the oil industry in explorations elsewhere through out the world. The structural makeup of the ter rain and other geological features strongly indicate that oil may he presenr beneath the polar wastes. Though the location and the amount of oil that may be hidden there still remain a mystery, the Navy hopes to locate these reserves, learn more about them, and fully determine their potentialities. In the closing days of the last session of Conttrcss. the Navy was granted Si4/1 million to continue its search for oil inside the Arcric Circle. The Alaskan territory was first set aside as a Naval petroleum re serve bv President Hardimj in h;:;. Inir no serious effort was made to The test well at Cape Simp son, which was drilled to a depth of more than 7,000 feet Shown below is the Navy's Petroleum Reserve No. 4 relative to all of Alaska Point Barrow. Cope Simpson Umiat Nome Fairban>lnckix 4 Anchorage , 31 etc 23526 explore it until the recent war. Then, in the light of Alaska's strategic im portance. the Navy in 1944 sent a battalion of Seabees to Barrow, the northernmost point in Alaska, to es tablish a base camp for the opera tion. The Seabees constructed the base, built several landing strips so that equipment and supplies could be flown in, and undertook the pre liminary exploratory work. The first test well, which showed small quantities of oil at various levels, was spudded in at Umiar. Alaska, in June. 1945. Since war's end. the Xavv has continued to supervise the search for oil in Alaska, but has contracted with a number of civilian firms to handle various phases of the actual exploratory and drilling operations. These include Arctic Contractors (composed of the firms of Hoover. Curtice and Rubv. the C. F. Lvrle Construction Co., and the Green Construction Co.) and United Geo physical Co. and Degolver and Al.icXaughton. In addition, arrangements have been made u ith a local Alaskan airline to ferrv in supplies to the operating base and held ex ploration parties. At the same time, a number of Government agencies are cooperat ing with the Xavv in its Arctic oil operation. These include the U. S. Geological Survey, which conducts reconnaissance geology, and iden tifies and correlates samples of rocks; the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Sur vey, which is responsible for the hydrographic work and triangula tion surveys; the U. S. Air Force, which has mapped most of the 35,000 square miles in the Reserve; and the Office of Naval Research, which studies insulating materials for Arctic clothing and the manifold problems of human existence in the area. The Pet 4 operation is under the over-all direction of Commodore W. G. Greenman (Ret.), USN, Di rector of Xaval Petroleum Reserves, who frequently flies to Alaska from his headquarters in Washington, D. C. to check on its progress. His deputy at Arctic Contractors' head quarters in Fairbanks is Comdr. George E. Fischer (CEC) USN, officer-in-charge of construction and civil engineer in command. Res ident officer-in-charge at Barrow is Lt. Comdr. Larrv Frate (CEC) USX. Former Xavv captain Bart Gillespie is project manager in charge of field operations for Arctic Contractors. Most of the terrain in the Reserve is level and uninteresting, covered bv tundra and muskeg and thou sands of shallow lakes of all sizes. Beyond the lake country, however, small hills break the monotony of the flatness and gradually build up until they join the Brooks range. Surface geology is difficult to work out, the field men report, be cause the rock exposures are poor even along the channels of the countless rivers and streams feeding into the Arctic Ocean. It is surpris ing to learn that it is far easier to traverse this terrain in winter (when everything is frozen over) than in summer when the thaw turns it into a great marsh with knee-deep mud and millions of pesky mosquitoes. Exploring for oil out of Barrow Above, preparing a dynamite charge for a seismograph shothole. Left, to navi gate at Point Barrow, supplies are carried aboard "cat trains" consisting of tractor-drawn sleds ETC 23527 is a unique project, most unlike anv oil exploration in the world. It is impossible to use wheeled vehicles across the soggy tundra. All tvpes of tractor vehicles .ire used instead. United Ge.upln sical Companv is conducting the geophysical work this summer w ith three seismograph parties of 24 men each operating over the terrain aboard "cat-trains." These are ingenious mobile camps composed of several 16x24 foot wanigans (wooden shacks) mounted on skids. Thev are heated bv diesel oil stoves and rou ed bv heavv RD8 tractors. One wanigan serves as an office, another as a gallev. a third as a mess hall and several others as sleeping quarters and storage huts. Aside from the seismograph instruments and drills, most of the equipment has been specially designed or adapted for use in low temperature. Everything is winterized and drills are completely enclosed. Contrary to popular belief, drill ing shot holes is a bit easier in the Arctic than in stateside localities. Since permafrost extends for hun dreds of feet below the surface, cave-ins are an impo-sibilitv. A 60foot drill hole can be dug in to to 45 minutes. Shooters then fire a charge of dynamite in the hole while a recording unit pick-- up the shock waves. Each 'ci-mo! ogist and his computing start' >ris up their information in the rieiid anil report twice a dav when rhc\ are contacted by radio-telephone f:om the camp at Barrow. During the lone v-inter months the cat trains transport supplies for the summer upenno ns and cache them. One made .in > oo-niile round trip with equipment f -] the \rim "s Station at Baiter M and near rite Canadian horde: u is ilav -. SeisOlograph parries nan ei up t" ito miles from Ban-.. Mi,! move ro new locations every two weeks. Each unit carries a 16-millimeter sound projector and a supply of popular films. Bush pilots visit them two or three times a week, bringing fresh supplies, mail and new movies, and furnishing a laundry service by air. Three test wells have been drilled thus far, two at Umiat and one near Cape Simpson, besides a number of core tests which were made. The first Umiat well, which was started by the Seabees and later drilled to 6.005 feet, was subsequently aban doned and the drill rig disassembled. A shallow core hole at Umiat was drilled to 572 feet and a low viscosity oil was pumped at the rate of 24 bar rels a day from sand in the perma frost zone. The latest well, Simpson No. 1 which was drilled below 7,000 feet, yielded information which was considered highly significant. Flying out to the Simpson rig in a Norseman, one could follow the cat train tracks made last fall for the entire distance. They remain visible all winter as snow blows into them and builds them up into ex cellent navigational leads. The plane landed on a tinv run- Editor's Note: The author wrote the accompanying story after a personal visit to the Navy's Petroleum Reserve No. 4 in northern Alaska. A for mer war correspondent. Mr. Sheridan has written exten sively for newspapers and mag azines. has contributed previ ous articles to the Ethyl News, and is the author of the book. "Overdue and Presumed Lost -- The Story of the U.S.S. Bullhead." wav at the side of which a noisy weasel was waiting. We roared and bounced a quarter of a mile to the little isolated camp. The 122-foot derrick there was covered with a plywood housing and specially-treated insulated canvas. Dravo oil heaters and steam coils furnished ample heat for year-round operation of the National so drill ing rig. Without the enclosure, men could not work throughout the winter when the mercury dips as low as 55 below zero and the wind blows almost continuously from the Essential supplies, shown here being unloaded af Point Barrow, must be planned months in advance 17 ETC 23528 North. Simpson No. i was down to 6.400 feet at the time of the writer's visit. General headquarters of the Navv project arc located at Fairbanks, Alaska, and the held operating base is up at Point Barrow. The base at Point Barrow also senes as a center for special research covering am phibious operations, insect control, radio communications, construction, operation of equipment, ordnance, navigation aids and the earth's mag netism. Approximately 400 civilians are working at the field construction base at Barron- under one-vear con tracts. Their morale is excellent. Liquor is banned at the camps and also in the Eskimo village. The workmen receive a weekly ration of live cans of beer and live bottles of Coca Cola. Supplies are regularly flown in from Fairbanks to Barrow by a pri vate airline, which also delivers mail and rood to the field parties. Supplies Planned Ahead A highlight of each year's activi ties is the summer expedition to Barron of four Navy cargo ships 1 AKA's) and an ice breaker with supplies, fuel and heavy equipment for the Navv. Air Force. Army and Alaska Native Service. Planning be gins as soon as one expedition arrives at Barron-. Procurement must be starred in January so that the sup plies can be assembled bv mid-June at the Naval Supply Depots in Seattle or Port Hueneme. Calif. 1 he supply vessels from the States steam through pack ice past Bering Strait -- where Alaska is sep arated bv only rtf miles of frigid water (in summer) or ice (in win ter) from Siberia. In the strait itself. Russian-owned Big Diomede Island lies a scant two miles from Alaska's Little Diomede. d he expedition must he carefullv planned and its schedule rigidly ad hered to. for the Arctic Ocean is generally open to navigation only six to seven weeks a year -- from the end of July to early September. At no time, though, is the ice com pletely out of sight. And should the wind veer suddenly to the north or northeast, it could blow the ice pack back to the coast and possibly trap the ships. The absence of berthing facilities makes it necessary for the AKA's to anchor two miles offshore and ferrv in the supplies on pontoon barges and LC.Ms. The midnight sun is a blessing and permits unloading round-the-clock. Everyone pitches in to speed up the job. Drums of fuel, cases of food, vehicles, pipe, lumber -- everything -- are dumped hur riedly on the beach in one great jumble. Only after the expedition picks up anchor and moves out are the supplies hauled back from the shore, sorted and checked against the manifests, then stockpiled in the open or stored in warehouses. Last summer more than 20,000 cons of material, including such heavy equipment as big tractors, bulldozers and drill pipe, were brought in bv the ships and unloaded in the brief open period at the ad vance Arctic base. Commenting on the Navy's Alas kan oil venture; Commodore Greenman recently declared, "Although progress has been somewhat slower than was expected because of cli mate and other conditions, there is sufficient confirming evidence at this time to warrant continuing the project." He said it is proposed to complete the geological and geo physical exploration this year and the exploratory drilling in 1949. Commercial production, of course. Iras not vet been reached in the wells and core holes which have been drilled. However, several sands Containing good oil shows have been penetrated, thus leading to the belief that elsewhere in the Reserve formations more permeable and por ous will be found, in which case they may contain oil in commercial quantities. Says Commodore Greenman: "A potential production of 100,000 bar rels a day from a reserve of 400 to 500 million barrels would be re quired to make Arctic petroleum operations economically self-sup porting." Plans for the Future If such a reserve is discovered, a pipeline would be built from Barrow south across the rugged Brooks Range to Fairbanks in interior Alaska, where the Air Force's Ladd Field and Eielson Field (for B-36s) are located. These fields require large quantities of fuel which are now being delivered at high cost from Anchorage over the rickety one-track Alaska Railroad, The highest point of the proposed pipe line would be at Anaktuvuk Pass, 2300 feet above sea level. At present there is no estimate on existing petroleum reserves in Alaska. And the proposed pipeline and highway adjoining it are merely thoughts to the future, depending on a big IF. The Navy, savs Commodore Greenman, has no intention of com peting with private petroleum firms. If anv large reserves are discovered, he declared, the Navv will permit existing oil companies to develop the fields under arrangements which would assure the Navv and Air Force of a substantial fuel supply for the planes and ships that might, at any time, have to defend Alaska and. indirectly, the entire North American continent, it is to this end that the Navv is pursuing its quest for oil in the Arctic. 18 ETC 23529  ' ip-.'''- / \ '|| fts jim . :#** **& V/ vi H \vf bJ By Joseph C. Keeley ITHrX THF. M\l H\V WT.KKS W6o million people will visit the "'here merchants showed thenjewels, animals and spices. Jerusalem :,:oo fairs held in the L'nited Stahteasd a famous fair held during rhe and Canada. .Manv of these people Passover season. Xinevah, Babv- will be curiosin -.'cckei's. attracted lonia, Athens and Rome held fairs, bv the glitter ot the midwav, the and as civilization spread across thrill of the races or the "lamor of continents fairs were established as the "big names" that appear on to trading centers. day's fair programs. Hut other mil In this countrv the farmer in lions w ill be farmers, for fairs have stead of the merchant has alw.tvs a special meaning to the people who predominated at fairs. And that's produce the things u e eat. because of Elkanah Watson, a "rear Fairs are as old a- mankind. For friend of Benjamin Franklin. About centuries men have held fairs to ex- i to t ears ago Watson set out "to hibir and sell the rhinos thev make. show Americans how to farm." His In the Old Testament rli.e Hook of classroom was a fair. He exhibited Ezekiel refers to rile Fairs ,,f Tv re. superior livestock and produce, and If you know what to look for you'll Find much more than bingo, pop corn, side shows, and Ferris wheels at the fair tanners traded ideas on liovv thev could <>cr more our of rhe [rood earth. \'o matter "hat fair vmi visit vou'll rind Flk.mah Watson's idea still in operation. And a uood idea it lias proved itself, too. for because ot it \mi ear better, wear better clothes and live in a better house. Fairs properK take rhe credit for these things. Since their inception thev ve to-reretl a spirit ot compe tition .iiiioii: fanners and have 19 ETC 23530 served as a clearing house for ideas which have benefited all of us. To the casual visitor it mav seem that farmers go to a lot of fuss and bother just to win a few blue, red or vellow ribbons, and the few dollars that 50 with them. How ever. there's more to it than that. The cattle vou see at a fairground are usuallv in a class bv themselves. Some of them are worth thousands of dollars, and their value is due in large part to fairs. Two factors enter into the value of dairv cattle. One is pedigree, showing that the animal is a good producer, and the other is show tvpe. If it has these, with blue ribbons to prove it. it's worth real monev. Further, possession of such an animal enhances the value of the owner's entire herd. Is it anv wonder then that farm ers are willing to invest time and monev to bring better cattle to a fair: The same goes for all kinds of livestock and for fruits, vege tables and other farm products. Vou, as a consumer, obviously benefit from this constant striving for per fection. Having a natural pride in his achievements, the farmer is de lighted when crowds come to see his products on display. In fact, the more the merrier. That's why he's willing to let an increasing number of attractions crowd in on his fair grounds bailiw ick. As a result, at the larger fairs you're likely to find famous dance bands, Broadway en tertainers. ice shows, bathing beau ties and radio personalities -- sharing the spotlight with Holsteins, Percherons, squash and apples. If you plan to visit a fair it's a good idea to learn something in ad vance about the program. Write to the fair you have in mind, asking for a schedule of events, and plan your visit accordingly. Otherwise, like a small boy at a circus, vou mav try to see too many things at the same time. Also, attractions change from day to day, so you'll want to be present when you can see some thing of special interest to you. Three things you can count on. no matter when you visit a fair -- the midway, racing and free acts. The midway, of course, needs little explanation. As in the past, it offers red-hots, hamburgers, candy floss. games of skill, games of chance, death-defying rides, the wonders of nature and girlie shows. Racing takes different forms. Vou may happen upon auto races with a field made up of big-time dare devils. Vou may find motorcycle races on the day's schedule. There may be running races or even steeplechase. But in all likelihood you'll see that old standby of all fairs, harness racing. If so. don't think you're witnessing a yokel sport. Harness racing today is any thing but small-time, and if you at tend a fair where they run Grand Circuit races you'll see this fine old American sport presented in the grand manner. To give you an idea, as much as Si00.000 is-spent on purses at some fairs. The "free acts" are put on be tween heats of races, and here again you are likely to be surprised at the caliber of the entertainment. You may find such stellar circus attrac tions as the high-cvcling Wallendas. the Manzani troupe of aerialists and Zacchini the Human Cannonball. Since they aren't restricted bv can vas their acts are often better than they are under the big top. In addition to these traditional free acts you'll probably find other mmmmrnm .1% \ * L ,1' \ 1 T '"'/MV y. ETC 23531  ` dkV -. -'ifS / r-i ^ diversions at the track. There mav be a baton-twirling contest, a fash ion show or a demonstration bv a hitch of big brewerv horses. A few vears ago at a large eastern fair the people who filled the grand stand on opening dav found some thing in front of them which caused manv to rub their eves. The man agement had landscaped the infield of the race track and. as part of the decorative scheme, had built two large ponds. Floating on the ponds were -- but let'-, go back to the be ginning. The director of that fair had vis ited Florida the previous winter, and was much impressed bv the flamin goes at Hialeah Park. Flamingoes, he decided, were just the thing for his fair, and on his return he or dered the construction of the two pools to accommodate them. News papers throughout the stare carried stories about the ponds and the birds that would occupv them. Unfortunatelv for the director, he found out too late rhat the longlegged birds couldn't be obtained. A flock of duck' on his farm gave him an idea. He rounded up several and gave his wife the mb of dvcing them pink. The results weie interesting but not sufficiently srriking to suit him. Other ducks were J\ed brighter 'W Sis For over ISO years the fair has been the farmers' class room. Here 4H cattle are being judged to pick a winner colors, and the whole flock was launched in the pools on opening day. The sight of red, blue, green and pink ducks was, to say the least, distracting to the spectators. But there was an even stranger develop ment. Before the spectators' eves the colors gradually faded, leaving so manv plain white ducks floating around. The director later told me what had caused this strange effect. `To make the dves color-fast would have meant boiling the ducks. What else could I do?" To make fairs interesting to the largest possible audience, efforts are made to present features known to the trade as independent attractions. It's a safe bet that such top per formers as Bob Hope, Ingrid Berg man. Bing Crosbv and Van Johnson have received at least one invitation to appear at a fair this vear. And it's quite possible that President Truman. General Eisenhower. Toscanini. Winston Churchill and the cast of "Brigadoon" have also been sounded our. Whether or not thev are ac cepting is beside the point, but no one can ever accuse fair officials of not trving. As one director put it: "If anv innovations under the sun are to lie had. we'll bas e them." However, in looking for the big ETC 23532 (. attractions and the thrills at the fair more important than ever. This year viiu attend, don't overlook what is farmers have planted 9 million more 'OUR COVER: Shown on the after all the most important part of acres than they did last year, a cover is a view of the tetraethyl lead area at Ethel's manufacturing all -- the agricultural exhibits. Even greater acreage than was cultivated plant in Baton Rouge, La. Each of if you can't tell a Jersey from a even during war-time. This produc the buildings in the center with the twin smoke stacks is a part of a Brown Swiss or a Baldwin from a tion is urgently needed to meet for tetraethyl lead manufacturing unit. .McIntosh, you mav he surprised at eign food requirement as well as our how interesting these things can be. own. Without the three million After the tetraethyl lead has been : manufactured 1 in the larger build- : ines to the left), it is transferred to Certainly you'll rind it interesting tractors in use, and the added mil if you can be there when the judges lions of implements that go with these wash houses where it is proc- , essed to remove impurities. From 1 the wash houses, the tetraethvi lead are awarding the blue ribbons. them, this tremendous production is sent to the blender building There's a special fascination when would be impossible. (not shown) wiiere it is blended with other ingredients to make ; the judges get around to the prod At many fairs demonstrations of finished "Ethyl" antiknock com- : ucts shown by the boys and girls this machinery are frequently held. of the 4-H Club and the Future If you can arrange to be present at pound. The color photograph is bv Scott D'Arazien. OUR PICTURES: Page 5 itopi. farmers of America. The achieve one of these you'll get a new con ments of these youngsters may make cept of farming. You'll be interested, Press Association, 'bottom), Inter national News Photos Pages 4-8. Camera Associates: Pages 10 (top), you ashamed of s our own attempts too. in studying the farmers present 11, and 19-::. courtesy Standard : at raising things but you'll be re and hearing what they have to say assured as to the future of the coun about their machines. As they talk Oil Co. ( N".J.); Pages 11-13, courtesv The Oliver Corporation; Pages I 15-17, through Martin Sheridan, j try when you see w hat they can do. you'll realize how sound Elkanah Don't overlook another important Watson was in visualizing fairs as saw at the farm machinery exhibit. part of any fair -- the exhibits of places where farmers could swap There used to be a saving that "it farm machinery. The significance of ideas. takes hay to make the mare go," bur these displays is indicated by the In still another building you'll find nowadays it takes efficient fuel, and fact that at most fairs special build industrial exhibits, with emphasis on a lot of it. to move those millions ings are set aside for them. Here you the products of special importance of tractors and farm implements. will rind the combines, plows, culti to that particular state. Usually the That was one thing old Elkanah vators. harvesters, harrows, thresh leading manufacturers of the state didn't foresee. But if the father of ers and other tools of the farmer's are represented, among them a good American fairs could get around to trade, together with the modern, representation of oil companies. You one of today's expositions, you'd efficient tractors which have made mav think that their main interest probably find him. with a pleased it possible for them to revolutionize is you, the motorist. That, of course, smile, standing in front of an oil farm life. is one reason, but their primary pur company exhibit or inspecting a Today these big machines are pose in being at the fair is what you tractor. Fairs give the equipment-minded farmer a chance to see a wide variety of machinery. He can witness demonstrations, compare notes with associates, and buy to suit his needs I fji- %* t* ^. 4:' w /> FOR ANALYZING SAMPLES OF GASES Typical of the ninny pieces of modern research and analytical equipment in use at Ethyl Corporation labora tories is tiie instrument shown above. It is called a mass spectrometer, and was recently placed in operation by the Development Section at Ethyl's manufacturing plant in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The instrument, used for investi gations of mixed ga- streams. is capable of analyzing a sample in 15 minute- as compared with hours by former methods. While the unit is intended primarily for analytical studies of ethyl chloride operations, it can also be used on other hydrocarbon gases as well. The mass spectrometer analyzes a gas stream by sorting out its gas molecules according to their mass and then meas uring the number of molecule- of each mass. The gas sample itself is so small that it would take 150 of them to fill one cubic inch. Yet. analy-i- of that tiny sample involves, among other things, the u*e of magnets (shown to the left of the technician) which weigh one*and-a-ha)f tons. As a first step, the instrument splits the gas sample into its component molecule*. These molecules are ionized by electron bombardment in a partial vacuum, where pressures are maintained between .00001 to .0000001 of a millimeter of mercury. (How extremely low this pressure is can be appreciated when it is realized that normal atmospheric pressure is equivalent to 760 millimeters of mercury). The partial vacuum is necessary to prevent frequent collisions between ions or between ions and neutral molecules, and also to prevent damage to the tungsten filament inside the instrument, which is the source of the bombarding electrons. After the particles are ionized, they are accelerated to high velocity by means of high voltage up to 4000 volts. The paths of the rapidly moving ions are then curved by means of a magnetic field. Charges carried by the ions are given up to a collector at the end of the path, amplified, and measured to count the number of ions per second striking the collector. This gives an indirect measurement of the number of molecules of any given mass present in the gas mixture. Results of the analysis are recorded on a graph inside the instrument, which is then automatically photo graphed for record purpose*. To date, there have been only about 60 Consolidated Engineering Corporation mass spectrometers installed in various laboratories throughout the country. Besides aiding in the development of new oil industry processes, they are also used in biochemi-try and metabolism studies, in molecu lar structure studies, and in purity determinations. ETC 2 33o34 When you're at the beach Trademarks' OF NATURE, identify what you see by the sea The most obvious identifying mark of the LOBSTER is his pair of huge claws. The sea crawfish, found in warm water on both the At lantic and Pacific coasts, has only small pincers. Nature has so clearly identi fied this sea animal that you couldn't possibly call it any thing but a STARFISH. The VOLUTA MUSICA is identi fied by the "music" that ap pears to be written on the shell. Its shell resembles the handle of an old-fashioned straight razor. No wonder it's called the RAZOR CLAM. The blue claws and legs of this shellback identify him as a BLUE CRAB--a species that's particularly good eating. The HERMIT CRAB is identified by his house--usually an empty snail shell. When you buy gasoline... TRADEMARK identifies gasoline stepped up with "Ethyl" antiknock fluid To get the best performance from your car, use high quality gasoline improved with "Ethyl" antiknock fluid -- the famous ingredient that steps up power and performance. To show you that their best gasoline contains "Ethyl" fluid, oil companies display "Ethyl" trademarks on their gasoline pumps. "Ethyl" fluid is made by Ethyl Corporation, Chrysler Building, New York 17, New York. S'ai'nal }h-in ETC 23535 SEPTEMBER 1948 ETC 23536 IN THE pfyyiflsws W SEPTEMBER Rudy F. Williams, formerly assistant manager of Ethyl's manufacturing operations in Deepwater, New Jersey has been appointed superintend ent of terminal plants. In this capacity he will be in charge of the operations of Ethyl's terminal-storage plants, two of which -- located at Edge Moor, Delaware and Wil mington, California -- are now delivering shipments of "Ethyl" antiknock compound to customers in their respec tive territories. Mr. Williams, a native Pennsylvanian, joined Ethyl Corporation in 1934 as a chemist in the manufacturing department at Deepwater shortly after his graduation from the University of Dela ware. Five years later he was named assistant resident manager, filling this post until January 1, 1948 when the company's manufacturing operations were concentrated at the plant in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. As superintendent of ter minals, Mr. Williams will have his headquarters at the terminal plant in Edge Moor, Delaware. Two veteran members of the manufacturing staff at Deepwater, New Jersey have been named as terminal supervisors. They are Charles D. Remsburg, who will be in charge of the plant at Edge Moor, Delaware and Clar ence H. Johnson, who has been assigned to supervise operations at the Wilmington, California plant. Mr. Rems burg has been with the com pany for 17 years and Mr. Johnson has had 22 years of service with Ethyl. NEW DELIVERY SERVICES FOR CUSTOMERS 3 Ethyl's new field terminals, which were placed in operation earlier this year, have completely modern facilities. They form part of Ethyl's over-all effort to heighten its service to customer companies. PONY POWER 6 Small gasoline power plants are responsible for many light weight, portable tools that save countless hours of toil. The result is greater production, better workmanship, and higher efficiency. ETHYL'S FIRST BIG CUSTOMER 10 This month marks an important anniversary for "Ethyl" gasoline. For it was just 25 years ago -- in September 1923 -- that Stand ard Oil Company (IndianaI first put "Ethyl" gasoline on sale at its service stations and paved the way for its eventual success. A NEW PITCH FOR SOUND 12 Supersound has given scientists a brand new field for extensive research. It has been used to make photographic film better, mix oil end water, salvage gold and silver from smoke, and even increase the yield of corn seeds. GASOLINE QUALITY ABROAD 15 Improvement in gasoline quality in foreign countries must wait on the solution of many problems involved in postwar recon struction. THE LAW AT THE CROSSROADS 18 Their dress and their setting may differ, but traffic cops the world over have the same job: keeping traffic moving at intersections. Here are candid pictures of some of them in action. PUSH-BUTTON SALES 20 Once upon a time, vending machines dispensed chewing gum and little else. But today, they have opened up a whole new era of merchandising, and sell everything from hot dogs to ice cubes. In order to widen the fields of reader interest in Sthyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the authors'. The editors of the News welcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock qua/ify of aviation and motor gasoline Edward L. Shea, president; Stanley T. Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Richard M. Page, secretary ETC 23537  *v.. ^ 'x<K 'l` J.,,, S*W Ss>: \ *t' ,W1 i.f.-' V L yVe. 2>elU#vf ^ `>r'-r:3^r ' ;^c- L# Quito"*** Ethyl's new field terminal at Wil mington, California \ X f _.v ^*tfc- STC rpn.CCiMr.c Ethyl's new field terminals afford greater flexibility in meeting customer requirements ne afternoon earlier this vear, O a rank trunk pulled into the refinery of the .McCallen Refining Co. at Huntington Beach. Cal., to 4 make a deliverv. It was driven over to the blender building at the rerinerv and. after the su ing line was made fast, it began discharging its contents. A small group of people looked on as the unloadin'* operation proceeded. lo the refinery personnel, the de liverv w as doubtless an ordinary oc currence. But to rhe EthvI field men who were present, the occasion was a very special event. It marked the completion of the first tank truck The first tank truck shipment from Ethyl's West Coast field terminal, as it was unloaded at the McCallen Refining Co. ETC 23538 Ethyl's new field terminal at Edge Moor, Del., like its counterpart at Wilming ton, Cal., is a self-contained unit with complete loading and unloading facilities shipment of "Ethyl" antiknock com pound from Ethvi Corporation's new storage and distribution termi nal at Wilmington. Cal. The new field terminal is part of a broad program, undertaken last year, in which Ethvi Corporation is increasing its distribution and storage facilities in an effort to heighten its service to customer companies. Besides the West Coast terminal, a second new terminal has been completed and placed in oper ation at Edge .Moor. Del. In addi tion. a new drumming; plant, com pleted late last vear, now handles drum shipments of "Ethvi'' anti knock compound from Ethyl's man ufacturing plant in Baton Rouge, La. Each of the new field installations is a self-contained unit, with com plete facilities for receiving and dis patching shipments of antiknock fluid, for storing large supplies, and for handling deliveries to refineries in its respective area. The terminals are, in effect, second sources of sup ply for "Ethyl" antiknock com pound. While thev are primarily* de signed as tank truck delivery- points in their areas, thev can also make deliveries in drum or tank car quan tities in the event of an emergency. Except for a few differences re lated to local conditions, the two terminals are substantially identical in equipment. At each terminal there is a small but attractive office building, sev eral bulk storage tanks, a drum and dve warehouse, facilities for loading and unloading tank cars and for loading tank trucks, and a building housing pumps, compressors and heating equipment to serve the en tire terminal. Also, there are, of course, rail sidings and paved road ways. Each of the bulk storage tanks is 30 feet in diameter bv feet high and will hold 1,700.000 pounds of "Ethyl" fluid. Transfer of fluid from bulk tanks to tank cars or in the reverse direc tion takes place at the S.500 gallon yveigh-tank building. The yreightank is filled yvith "Ethvi" antiknock Each bulk storage tank is 30 feet wide, 27 feet high, and holds 1.7 million pounds of "Ethyl" antiknock compound 4 ETC 23539 Harold A. Beatty O. Edward Kurt George W. Beste THREE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STAFF APPOINTMENTS ANNOUNCED Three member? of Ethyl's research and development staffs hare been named to new posts in a move that involves the creation of a new position in the Ethyl Corporation Ke?eareh Laboratories in Detroit. Dr. Harold A. Beatty has been named to the newly created position of Assistant Director of Research at the Elio I Laboratories. Dr. O. E. Kurt succeeds Dr. Beatty a- leehnieal assistant to the General Man ager of the Ethel Laboratories, and Dr. George ^. Beslc assumes Dr. Kurt's former duties as Manager of the Development section in Ethyl's manufacturing plant at Baton Rouge. La. In his new capacity. Dr. Beatty will assist John B. Macauley. Director of Research, in the over-all super vision of research anti technical service activities. For the pa-t oar. Dr. Beatty has acted as technical assistant to the General Manager of the Research Laboratories. Earl Bartholomew. Prior to that, he served as Assistant Director of Chemical Research for a period of nine 'rats. Dr. Beatty has spent his entire business career with Ethyl Corporation, having joined the compnto in I t upon receiving his doctor's de gree from Princeton University. Dr. Kurt, who has been named to Dr. Beatty's for mer position, has been with Ethyl since 1936. Like Dr. Beatty, Dr. Kurt began his career with Ethyl as a research chemist in the Research Laboratories. Since 1941, however, he has served as Manager of the Development Section in the Baton Rouge plant until his present transfer. Upon receiving his doctor's de gree from the University of Illinois in 1929. Dr. Kurt was associated with the U. S. Rubber Company for seven years as a research chemist, before joining Ethyl Corporation. Dr. Beste, the new Manager of the Development Section, has been associated with Ethyl Corporation since 1940, and prior to his present promotion was a supervisor in the Development Section. Several years ago. he was a member of the Oil and Chemical Divi> sion of the United States Strategic Bombing Survcy that studied oil and chemical plant installations in Japan, and he directed the preparation of the final report entitled "Chemicals in Japan's War." He re ceived his doctor's degree from Columbia University. compound, piped, ro ir from rhe hulk storage tanks, .md rhe compound is then weighed into .m cnmtv tank car on rhe adir.cenr -iding. lrack scale weights on the car when emptv and again when, loaded provide a second check on rhe quantity shipped. When io.ided tank cars are received for transfer to storage, the operation is. or course, reversed. Loading of tank trucks is accom plished at a onc-'ti >r\ building w liich houses a 15.000 g dion weigh-rank. The truck is "spotted" outside the building on a murrornj scale and a double check > riui' provided on the weight 01 md -hirmed since weights are obtained both from the weigh-tank scale and from the plat form scale. As has been seen, each shipment whether in rank car or tank truck quantities -- is weighed twice before leaving the terminal to insure com plete accuracy of its weight. The warehouse, w hich is serv ed both bv a rail siding and In roadwav. provides storage for loaded drums of "F.rhvl" fluid and for dv e. ^ hen a customer requires delivery of either drums or dve more ramdlv than would be possible bv direct shipment from Baton Rouge, rhe material is trucked to him from rhe terminal warehouse. 1 lie terminals have been designed ro provide the best in safe and effi cient operation and prompt service ro customers. An adequate fleet of l .thvl-ow ned trailer tank trucks op erates in conjunction w irh each terminal. It is 15 vears since rhe first tank truck shipment of "l-'.thvi" fluid was dispatched, and it is 1 S' vears since the first shipment bv tank car was made. Now. through its new field remunuls. Kthvl w ill achieve a greater Hc.xibilirv of operations than ever before in meeting rhe require ments of ir.s customer compI anies. 5 ETC Pint-sized power plants are making many tasks produce fresh en route to market. much easier by supplying h.p. where it's needed k u kb.sIKK had gasoline in mind It helps cut the wood that be- I w hen he defined ubiquitous as conies the newsprint for our daily "being everywhere at the same newspaper. It operates the cement time." he sure knew his hydrocar mixer and other equipment that bons. make possible homes and highways, And it even aids in fighting tires that threaten homes and places of business. The list goes on and on through countless wa\ s in which gasoline makes our evervdav work quicker and easier. From spraying an orchard to removing snow from When it comes to miles traveled, Ir makes light work of mowing the front sidewalk, gasoline does the gasoline assuredly does tret around. lawns. It keeps vegetables and job. American automobiles use :i billion gallons of it in too billion miles of pleasure and business driving each Sportsmen long ago learned to save their muscles for casting and to use an outboard motor to take them around year. An additional 6 billion gallons on ru le merrily in the fuel tanks of buses and trucks as the nation's deer vehicles tour the countryside at an annual rate of -o billion miles. In the airplane and the farm tractor. Gaso line even gets a bird's-eve and a uorm s-eve i ieu of things. Bur what the average person doesn't stop to realize is that gasoline gets around in another seme. Aside from its use as the fuel that propels the tamilv car and the commuter bus. gasoline figures in rhe life of every American in perhaps a dozen different wax's each das . ieft, reading clockwise, a pony pow er plant generates electricity for a power saw, operates an outboard motor, a blower, lightweight ce ment mixer, floor and yard sweeper, wheelbarrow, and a hydraulic pump And the medium through which it does the joh is the multi-purpose small commercial engine that serves as a jack-of-all-rradcs on the farm, in industry, about riic home, in the field of sports, and among commer cial fishermen and smallhoat river- men. These mighty mites -- light, compact, durable, and economical -- can do in minutes jobs and chores that take men hours to accomplish. Nobody know s just how many dif ferent uses the -mall engines have, but you'd run our of breath before you got even haifuav through the list. Powered bv uim|uitou.s gasoline, these engines enjoy great versatility. They supply direct power, as on motor scooter- and motor hikes. They can be used to power gener ators and electric power boosters, such as for suppK mg current to a summer cottage. Thcv can be used to power pump- for. -ay. removing water from a ship - bilge. And they can he used to power blowers, for ventilation and cooling. Something like million of the little workhorse- w ere turned out by the fast-growing commercial engine industry in 194-. IK far. the most of these were tour c\cle industrial engines. Next came the two cycle outboard motor-, and finally, there were the two c\cic industrial en gines. Generalh -peaking. small commercial ermine- range from to approximateK i : hp. Some "small" engine- in the outboard marine group. however, boast as much as ;; hp. Despite the mu-- production ef forts of the inti11-r: \ . more tiian :o major producer-, dem.uul for the engines still outstrips supply. Like other industries, the small engine manufacturers are plagued bv the shortage of steel and other vital ma terials. On the brighter side, the in dustry has not been concerned with reconversion, as such, since it made the same product in war as it does in peace. It was, in fact, the armed services' wide usage of the small commercial engine that created much of the postwar demand for the little power plants. During the war, thousands of GIs observed the small engine in action for the first time. They saw the many and varied uses to which the Army and Navy put these units, and now they are applying them to corresponding jobs in civilian life. Anyone with a large lawn can relieve his muscles at mowing time by using a mower powered with a small gasoline engine And. exercising good old American ingenuity, they are finding still more uses for the little motors all the time. No or.e knows exactly how much gasoline the millions of small engines now in use consume, but some esti mates-run into the hundreds of mil lions of gallon.- annually. Of the total gallonagc. whatever it m.n be. approximateK- half is required to operate outboard motors and the small commercial engines used bv industry and householders. The other half runs the small engines on farms and those employed for gen eral utility work. Fuel tank capacity of the small engines ranges from one quart to several gallons. In the two cycle in dustrial engine, a gasoline-oil mix ture in the usual ratio of one part of oil to 16 parts of gasoline constitutes the fuel. .Modern engines operate for about three hours on a gallon of this mixture. Per gallon operation time for the four cycle engine, which uses gasoline alone, is slightly higher. Boats equipped with outboard mo tors get s to i: miles to the gallon of gasoline, depending on engine and boat size. Sportsmen and fishermen don't har e to be told about the outboards. Light boats, powered bv gasoline instead of muscle, have been stand ard equipment for the nation's hunt ers and fishers almost ever since 01c Fvmrudc patented the first practical outboard motor -59 years ago. Commencal fishermen, too. have come to relv on the "putt-putt" for relief from the former back-breaking job of rowing their heavy, net-tending smallboats. The -mall industrial engine also has long been a friend and servant of the farmer. He emplo\ s it as .1 direct power or electrical generating unit for such operations as bale loading, churning, corn shelling, cream separating, fruit grading, hoisting, windmill boosting, and a host of others. One of the newer jobs which this "farmhand" i- being called upon to perform more .met more is that of drying corn and other grains before the farmer -hips them to market. The lower tlie moisture content of corn, tiie herter the keeping quality. For rh.it reason, farmers in growing numbers are using the gasoline en gine ro power tans thar drv corn bcr'ore it is sent to market. Although farmers and sports en thusiasts long have known and ap preciated the little power plants, the widespread usage of commercial en gines bv industry and in the home is a comparatively recent develop ment. Among the businesses which are finding the gasoline-powered units a time and labor saver is the lum bering industry. The small engines are used ro operate chain saws which can rip through a timber tree in less than a minute. And once the tree is felled, a portable unit enables work men to saw it into sections in a frac tion of the time it would take bv hand. One company now manufac tures a one-man chain saw that can easily lie carried up into a tree, with the gasoline engine power unit re maining on the ground. The lum ber industry, as well as public utility companies, tree surgeons. and prnp- 8 ertv owners, find this light saw a work saver for limbing, topping, aerial cutting and flush cutting op erations. Credit the small gasoline engine, too. with a major role in helping to overcome the nation-wide shortage of houses and other dwellings. Port able gasoline engine-driven gener ator sets are being widely used bv builders and .contractors to operate such electric construction tools as hand saws, drills, planers, and con crete vibrators. One of the big ad vantages of the carrvable generating unit is that it permits the use of electric tools wherever and when ever thev are required without the necessity of waiting for electricpower lines to he stretched out over the construction job. Further, the small gasoline engines are employed to turn heating blow ers which make it possible for workmen to stay on the job even during extremely cold weather. Assuring that many of the foods we eat get to market in fresh and attractive condition is one of the most important of all assignments for the small engine. Inside refrig erated trucks -- bearing ice cream, frozen foods, produce, milk, dairv products. and other perishable foods -- it is constantly at work to prevent those foodstuffs from spoiling. The small engines power the refrigera tion plant of manv refrigerated vehicles -- and in such a wav that climatic changes en route can't af fect the cargo. A load of Florida strawberries, for instance, is subjected to a fairly wide range of climates and temperatures on its wav to Eastern markets. If the interior of the truck bodv should Pictured right is u modern service station of the .Seaside Oil Co., of California, which this year is celebrating its fiftieth anniversary. The company came into being not only in an historic year. 1898. but also in an historic spot: Summerlund, California. For it was here that the first oil wells in the world were drilled under water. The Summerland field was discovered in 1895, when Smith Cole, drilling for water in the newly established community, struck oil. Seaside Oil was launched as a pumping company to pump wells in the Summerland field, taking its name from its seashore operations. But the company soon entered the ranks of the producers, and in 1906 acquired a refinery at Summerland. where it produced heavy distillates and asphalt. Fifteen years later, the Summerland refinery was rebuilt to produce gasoline in response to the growing demand for it. Then, in 1923. Seaside built a second refinery at Ventura, to manufacture a full range of refined products, and also erected its fir-t service stations in Santa Barbara and Ventura, California. From there the company luigrown to its present position, witll a general marketing area in southern (-a li fornia. ETC 23543 Itlra iW iii become roo hot or too cold, a S4.000 load of berries could spoil within a matter of hours. That's..-where the little gasoline engine comes in. It provides reliable power for maintaining a stcadv tem perature inside .1 refrigerated truck, regardless of the atmospheric tem perature. If the interior temperature goes above a desired level, the en gine operates the truck's refriger ating plant. But if the temperature in the bodv of the truck falls below the set temperature, the mechanism automaticallv switches over and the small engine operates a heating unit. Come heat or cold, the little engine helps deliver the goods. Helps Fight Fires It might seem paradoxical that an inflammable product like gasoline enjovs extensive success in helping to pur out fires. Vet. its use in the small engine actually speeds fire fighting three wavs. Fire depart ments emplov the engines to power blowers which blow fresh air into and smoke our of .1 burning struc ture; to power generators which create electrical current for night operations; and to power pumps which remove the ton-' of w ater that are poured into a building on fire. In lifting airplanes into the skv and keeping them there, gasoline does double dutv. Manv air travelers have seen a jeep or handcart dash out to a plane about to "crank" up. In this vehicle are a small gasoline engine-driven generator and sev eral ordinary batteries, all connected together electrically. A cable from this arrangement is plugged into the airplane's electrical system so that the batteries, charged by the small engine through the generator, can give the aircraft's mighty engines an extra "shot" as they start to turn over. Without this complementary power boost, the batteries of most heavy airplanes, particularly the new jet aircraft, would soon prove in sufficient to turn over the plane's driving engines. In many homes and vacation cot tages, the small engine has taken its place as an indispensable means of providing living comforts and easing the burden of domestic chores. Power lawn mowers and grass trim mers take virtually all the work out of this wearisome job, and plows equipped with small engines do the same in home snow removal. The engines also can operate washing machines, or pump a water supply into the house. Still other uses for small gasoline engines about homes are for powering garden tractors and for generating electricity for charging fences against intruders. .Many householders, too. are familiar with the use of the small engine as a means of moving a belt that con veys coal to the cellar bin from the driveway or other unloading spot. Put to Specialized Uses Through the years, some of the small commercial engines have been developed to a high degree of effi ciency and workmanship for spe cialized purposes. An example is a laboratory engine which many re search departments use in research on the relative cleanliness of fuel and lubricating oil combinations. These special units cost as much as S600, whereas the more common multi purpose engines may be purchased in department and implement stores for S40 and up. depending on their horsepower and other features. Like its big brother, the automo tive engine, the small engine is bound to attain new design and construc tion features that will enable it to render even greater and cheaper performance than it already does. Meanw bile, the partnership of gaso line and the small engine remains a formidable one. Within their means, they can perform any job anywhere anytime. GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY FOR SEASIDE OIL ETC 23544 It was a big day in the career Ethyl's Firstof "Ethyl" gasoline when Stand ard of Indiana began market SUN* ing it 25 years ago this month win iy-kivt ykak.x ago this Tmonth, a group of men met in the offices of the Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) for the purpose of sign ing a contract. To the Standard of Big Customer Indiana executives, the contract meant that their company would market a gasoline improved with an antiknock compound. But to the marketer of that compound, then the General Motors Chemical Co., the contract signified a great deal more. It had gained a new and im portant customer for its product. To understand the significance of the event, it must be considered against the backdrop of the times. "Eth\T` antiknock compound had been publiclv introduced on a small scale less than eight months before. Its first customer was the Refiners Oil Co., of Davton. Ohio, which bv mid-summer of 19;; had put ''Erh\T' gasoline on sale in all of its -5 service stations. But now. with the Standard of Indiana agreement, "Eth\T' gasoline would be marketed through more than ;.mo stations and w ould become known throughout the ten states com prising its marketing territory. That was to be a kev factor in "Ethel" gasoline's eventual success. Representing the Indiana Com pany. at the signing of the contract, were Allan Jackson and F. O. and now its chairman of the board, witnessed the document. To Dr. Wilson and .Mr. Ketter ing. the contract brought the great est personal satisfaction. Both had followed intimately the long and costly search for a successful anti knock agent; both knew of the trials and disappointments with thousands of different compounds; both were convinced of the supe riority of the antiknock properties made a suggestion which ultimately led Midglev to tetraethyl lead. It was Dr. Wilson who first brought "Ethyl" antiknock com pound to the attention of the In diana Companv, and arranged for .Midglev to talk with Dr. William M. Burton, then president of the companv. Midglev' laid his case be fore Dr. Burton, demonstrated the merits of his discovery, but said he doubted that Standard would be willing to go to the expense, and Clements, then respectively vice president in charge of sales and of tetraethyl lead, which Tom Midglev had finally discovered. risk the possible loss of prestige, if "Ethvl" gasoline proved to be a fail assistant secretary of the companv. Charles F. Kettering affixed his sig nature as president of the General Motors Chemical Co., the predeces sor to Ethvl Corporation. Dr. Rob ert E. \\ il.son. then assistant director of research for rhe Indiana Companv "Boss Ket" had directed Midglev's five-year search for something that would overcome the inherent ten dency of gasoline to knock. Bob Wilson received first-hand reports from Midglev during the course of the latter's research work -- and ure. Dr. Burton assured him that Standard was not afraid to pioneer anything if it was technically sound, and immediately assigned Dr. Wil son to determine the soundness of "Ethvl" gasoline. Dr. Wilson spenr several weeks, in rhe laboratory and 10 etc 23 54, S STANDARD 1 `SERVICE* ilr>$ - '-U7'v This modern Standard of Indiana station offers a strik ing confrasf fo the Richmond, Indiana, station at left, where the company first placed ``Ethyl" gasoline on sale on the road, exploring all phases of the matter. .Meanwhile. Col. 1C M'. Stewart, who was then Standard's board chairman, requested Mr. Jackson to look into the sale* possibilities of the improved fuel. Road demonstra tions at Davton In Mr. Midglev. interviews with motorists who were driving on "['.tin 1' gasoline. and discussions with officials of Refiners Oil Co. convinced Mr. Jackson that here was something in which his company should participate. On the basis of the favorable, re ports bv Dr. WiNon and Mr. Jackson. the Indiana management sug gested that Dr. WiRon and Mr. Midglev work our details of a con tract. This then did while en route together to Atlantic Orv to attend an AST.M meeting. 1 lie contract was signed a few months later. Standard of Indiana's manage ment foresaw at that time the promise that "1 Win i" fluid held for automotive prog'-g". W the lan guage of the contract itself de clared. the use or the antiknock compound would "make it possible to use higher cuaiarminii pressures in (internal combustion) engines without prodiis'ng "he detonation commonly know a- '!. nockim;.' and w ith the further advantage of increasing the power output of said engines with attendant economy in fuel consumption." Once the formalities were over. Standard lost little time in getting "Ethyl" gasoline on the market. The date of the first sale is not recorded, but it is known that the first Indiana Company sendee station to dispense the fuel was the one at iith and Main Streets in Richmond. Indiana. The station is still there, although its face has since been lifted. Glenn Whitesell, a 3 3-year veteran w ith Standard of Indiana and pres ent manager of its bulk station in Richmond, remembers the event well. His brother. Chester, and a man named Harry Bullerdick were the service station attendants. Mr. Midglev and a couple of his associ ates were also present. However, there was no ceremony at Richmond as Standard's first "Ethyl" gasoline customer drove up. But it was a bi<_> milestone in the growth of "Etln 1" gasoline. Another long-time Standard oi Indiana representative who retains vivid memories of the early marketin<* .of "Etln I" gasoline is (I. ( . Ingleheld. present manager or Stand ard's branch in South Bend. Back in 1923, he was service station super intendent in the company's Chicago division. Says Mr. Ingleheld: "Mr. Jackson gave me an assign ment that proved to be very fascin ating and- interesting, although at the time it seemed very obscure. He told me he wanted me to take over the promotion and distribution of 'Ethyl' gasoline. The first thing I tried to do was to get some 'Ethyl' antiknock compound, but there seemed to be a limited supply. I finally got on the train and went dow n to Dayton to see if I could get shipments of the product that 1 w as supposed to help sell and distribute. "The problems of putting the product on the market were numer ous." Mr. Ingleheld remembers, "and w e went through all the grow ing pains that one experiences when marketing a new product." Chief among the obstacles was the fact that the "Ethyl" antiknock com pound blending plant which the General Motors Chemical Company had just established in Davton had a very limited capacity. The plant's daih output probably seemed con siderable to those in charge, but Ethyl Corporation's modern manu facturing plant in Baton Rouge to day turns out the same amount of "Ethyl" fluid in a matter of seconds. Eventually, more satisfactory pro duction arrangements were made, and b\ u;:b "I'th\ I ' gasoline could be purchased at any of Standard of Indiana's b\ then 4.200 owned or leased stations in ten Midw extern and Western states. Eighteen other oil companies were also distributing "Etln 1" gasoline bv then in 14 addi tional states. It is with a deep sense of respect and gratitude that the I'.tln I organ ization looks back today upon the pioneering role of Standard Oil Compain of Indiana in the sale of "Etln I gasoline in the Midwest. mww Two u mi i-a)A'i ED scientists leaned intentlv over what ap peared to be a tub tilled with water. One of the men. a serious, thin faced man. slowly low ered his finger into the bottom of the tub. toward a small metal plate. Slowly his finger dipped toward the plate in the cen ter of the tub -- and just for an in stant his finger touched it. With a sudden jerk he withdrew his hand as he let out a cry of pain. Later examination indicated that the sci entist had burned his finger. Next the scientists placed a glass test rube into the deadly rub and it was shattered into a hundred pieces. A live fish was placed in water in the bottom of the tank and it was killed instantly, a frog was first para lyzed and then killed; vet the water still remained cool. Later examina tion revealed that the fish and frog had literally been torn apart by the vibrations in the tank -- vibrations caused bv supersound -- vibrations which have been know n to burn a hole in steel. Sound waves in the air are like the waves created when a pebble is thrown into water. The pitch of the w aves depends on the num ber of waves formed per second. Few er waves mean lower frequency and pitch. As the waves per second increase so does the frequency and the pitch. The lowest note on your piano vibrates at waves a second. The highest note zings into your ear at t.too waves a second. Sound frequencies range from a mere fraction of a wave per second up to a theoretical infinity. The human ear. how ev er, can hear only a small proportion of the sound spectrum. The lowest note on a large organ vibrating at 16 waves per second is about as low as you can go. and ik.ooo waves per second is about as high. When w e go above that we are dealing with ultrasonicsound or supersound. Our hearing ability exceeds that of a pigeon but is less than that of a bat which can pick up loo.ooo vibrations a second. Although experiments with fish and frogs are about 10 years old the progress made by supersound since has been amazing. Dairies have used supersound to homogenize milk. The sound w aves shake up the milk so violently that the fat globules blend themselves with the water globules in such a manner that thev are not easily separated. Thus you get homogenization. Sound scientists have discovered that by varying the pitch of super sonic sound, they can kill one kind of germ and leav e other germs alive. This operation is valuable because sometimes microbes are used in the manufacture of certain compounds. Kill these "good" microbes and you can t manufacture the compounds. Experiments on animals indicate that at some future time supersound may lead to a new kind of knifeless surgery 12 ETC 23547 Take, for example, the fermentation use in minicameras that take pictures using the proper frequencies super process in which veast cells turn which are usually enlarged. sound can shake dirt loose from sugar into alcohol. Kill the veast cell In the battle against smoke over clothes; scare away birds, insects, and vou get no alcohol. our cities, supersound has been play and other pests; ignite and burn a Long a problem with chemists ing an important part. Although wad of cotton; boil water; and even has been the control of colloids, such smoke looks for all the world like pop corn. as the thick emulsions ot oil and a gas. it is really nothing more than W hiskv makers have tested super water sometimes used in compound a large mass of small solid particles sound in order to speed up produc ing medicines. These colloidal emul of soot or ash floating in the air. tion. The natural aging of whisky sions consist of mvrinds of tint' Tests hat e shown as many as a mil is a long drawn out process of slow drops of oil distributed throughout lion of these tinv particles in one oxidation along with the mixing of a quantity of water. In other cases, cubic foot. If nothing happened to chemicals which come from the bar I the separate, distributed droplets are these particles, a cloud of smoke rels in which the liquor is aged. watery and the medium in which would last forever. Nature prevents Ordinarily these reactions take they ride is oily. Salad dressing, as this by having individual smoke months and years, hut they can now an example, can be made either of particles join up with each other to be done in a matter of hours with these wavs. make twins, triplets, or larger supersound. A Good Mixer groups. This' process is called floc Manufacturers and maintenance culation. and it's responsible for rhe technicians have found supersound Before supersound the onlv fact that citv smoke eventually dis a sure wav of checking metal parts. known method, of producing col appears. When aimed at a part being tested, loids was to grind or beat the mate Supersound technicians have the waxes bounce back when they rials together, splitting both the learned this flocculation process hit a flaxx- which is easilx- interpreted mixed substances into thousands of can be speeded up by shooting ul on the dial of a simple testing ma tins' drops that seemed to make a trasound into smoke. This makes chine. Formerly the thickness of perfect mixture. But supersonic the smoke particles gather into gasoline, oil. and chemical storage sound can now do the mixing. These clumps and settles them before they ranks could be determined onlx- bv powerful waxes produce an effec leave the chimney. Both gold and drilling a hole and actually measur tive mechanical action that mixes silver in the smoke of smelting plants ing. Now . thanks to supersound, the both liquids so rhoroii'jhlv they will can be salvaged in this manner. Bv thickness can he determined in a few never separate. Recently, 1)1) 1. the wonder in sect killer, could onl\ be used with an oil which is harmful to dogs and Smog (smoke and fogl, such as this covering Pittsburgh, may some day be controlled or eliminated by use of supersound ETC 23548 other animals. There was no other solvent until Dr. Ru\ nmnd Wallace at the L'niversitx of Connecticut succeeded in mixing I )1 )T and w ater with supersound.. Dr. Wallace and his associate. Dr. R. I. Ihishnell. have also used supersound on living things. They produced mutations in fruit dies. And they also increased the yield of some corn seeds by m to i 5 per cent. Before the war the (Hermans used supersound to produce a smoother and better photographic him. By treating the photo.jraphic emulsion with supersound rhe\ -were able to produce a film with less cram for 13 minutes w ithout any of the fuss and bother of drilling and plugging. In an attempt to battle aircraft's old enemv. fog. the Navy's test sta tion for different tvpes of landing aids near Areata. California, is trving out a giant sound horn which will |ar fog particles into rain drops as a method of clearing too from around airports. I.aboratorv tests in this respect have been completclv successful. Still in its infancy is the use of supersound in knifeless surgery. Tests on animals indicate that fo cused beams of supersound may be of value in certain tvpes of brain surgery. Two Princeton scientists. Profes sors E. N ewton Harvey, a biologist and William Richards, of the depart ment of chemistry, have found that supersound will actually shake apart the structure of living-matter. The essence of blood, the red corpuscle, is so shaken by vibrations that the vital coloring matter is let loose into the liquid part of the blood stream. Til ing germs are blasted into obliv ion by the terrific pounding of the super waves. Laboratory technicians working with supersound in the Acoustics Laboratory of Pennsylvania State College at State College. Pennsyl vania. have suffered burned fingers and hands, loss of equilibrium, and dizziness from exposure to the sound beams. White mice placed in the sound field died one minute after exposure to the ultra-sonic waves. Autopsies showed that heat caused by the waves caused death. Com mon roaches, yellow fever mos quitoes. blow flies, meal worms, and caterpillars also were killed. Exten sive precautions are taken to keep these waves away from the human body, especially the head. Most ex periments are conducted in special clothing and with ear plugs in place. What makes ultra-sound destruc tive is not definitely known, but one theory deals with vibrating molecules which as they vibrate faster and faster create more and more heat. Another theory states that supersound tries to make everything in its path vibrate at its pitch. Natu rally nor everything is capable of vibrating in harmony with the sound. Some things are too bulky One possibility for supersound is to con trol such vermin as the mouse and moth. Homes of the future may be equipped with an ultra-sonic device that will keep them free of most pests or too rigid, bur a blood vessel might try to vibrate in harmony and tear itself to pieces making the attempt. Supersounds can he produced either mechanically or electrically. They are produced electrically by running high frequency alternating current through a small quartz crys tal. The vibration sensitive crystal (now made synthetically) expands and contracts fast enough to emit ultra-sonic waves. This type of gen erator can produce supersounds ranging as high at 12.000.000 waves a second. Electro-crvstal created sounds, however, are limited in range. The vibrations must be trans mitted by actual contact with the material to be treated. Indirect treat ment is only possible through an in compressible medium such as water. In contrast mechanical supersound can be shot through the air so that its effect can he felt at some dis tance. The frequencies, however, aren't as high. In essence a mechan ical supersound is generated by a super siren which hacks the air into thousands of tinv pulses per second. The frequency, of course, de pends on the speed of the siren motor. The present top frequency possible with mechanical sound is around 30.000 waves a second, cre ated with a siren turning 20.000 r.p.m. Contrast this v ith the 12.000.000 waves per second created l>v electro-crvstal sound and you get some idea of the possibilities that are ahead tor further research. Technicians who have been ex perimenting with supersound are convinced rhar it has a bright future. For the most part, it is relativeh inexpensive to create and is still in the laboratory stage. But in the fu ture ir is ennrelv possible that cer tain types of cooking and cleaning will he done w ith supersound and rhat our homes will he insect free because of a noise we can't hear. 14 ETC 23549 Postwar problems abroad bar the path to any material im provement in overseas gasoline quality for some time to come n thk three vears chat have I elapsed since history's most de many observers close to the world uasoline situation do not expect any structive war came to an end. the improvement of note in overseas worldwide petroleum industry has motor fuel quality until 19s: at the accomplished much -- perhaps even earliest, and perhaps not until 1955. w orked a few miracles in seeine Countless obstacles bar the path that essential petroleum products to increased production and better <~Editor'? V--. . - l/.. Gay is a cuusuite ' _ IV- At e'Oi)}- panics on 0 . /.' /Y.'.'f.'//" '<> engines j//.? . ; ueh and hi- bricants. H:< y-' .v\? y were obta ' c<p<Ji!Si- blc source.' .. ;___ d be accurnr. 'he rune this iss/fe " .' -I /.Y f/i'T.?/Y values circa . aver.re,e> and not those 'ni: .-III octa.iu ..\,v n.ued are ASTM l are available for overseas countries. But the industry itself would be the first to admit that the ur,,al of plenty of petroleum products for everybody is not yet in sight. Supply and production problems resulting from the war are tremen dous in themselves. Now plamiinu the industry, in addition, is the fact that demand abroad for petroleum products of all kinds, parnculark gasoline, hcarnm oils, and indmmal oils. is incrcasinu by leap- and bounds. quality. F.vcrvw here there is a shortage of essential materials for the construc tion of new refineries, pipelines, tankers, and terminals, and for the rehabilitation of such war-damaued facilities. On top of that, various tins eminent decrees and the gen eral political situation in many lands either do not permit or encourage immediate steps leading to more and better products. Further, there n rhe consideration that the world oil industrx is compelled hv the I'or rlicse and still other reason-*. current abnormal call fm petroleum 15 ETC 23550 products of all kinds to concentrate its efforts on quantity rather than qualitv production. The only countries outside the L'nitcd States and Canada where fuel quality can be given anv con sideration are those in which the economic situation is such as to al low some slight latitude in the mat ter of foreign exchange. Oil com panies in only a few nations enjoy such a latitude. Because of their shortage of for eign exchange, a number of coun tries have decided to limit their pur chases to lower quality gasoline -- in order to obtain the maxirmim amount of fuel with their available currencies -- even though this entails a distinct sacrifice in fuel quality and. hence, engine performance. Moreover, many countries, par ticularly those physically hit bv the war. are facing serious economic and financial difficulties. As a mat ter of economic necessity, spokes men for these nations sav they have been forced to introduce stringent regulations restricting to a minimum the use of all but essential products. These regulations naturally inv olve, among other things, the rationing of gasoline. But for these restrictions, it is reasonable to assume that gaso line demand would be considerably in excess of pre-war. Even so. it is climbing toward and bevor.d the iq;S peak. As a result of the emphasis on volume and not quality production, there has been standardization to a large extent on the lowest usable quality of gasoline that will give the maximum volume of petroleum producrs from the supply of crude available. Accordingly, premium grades of motor fuel are being mar keted in only a relatively few coun tries outside the United States and Canada, w liile the qualirv of regu lar grades in foreign countries A representative modern service station in South America. Fuel quality in South America ranges from 64 to 80 octane number ranges all the wav from 77 down to the low 60s. Before the recent war. Great Britain and several other countries distributed premium grades of So-plus and regular grades on the order of 68 octane number. In Argentina, gasoline has been rationed and has been on the order of 62-63 octane number, compared with our present 80-plus premium and 76-plus regular grade. Recently, gasoline of 70--2 octane number was introduced, it is understood that the 70-7: octane gasoline is to he the new "regular" grade, while the 62-63 octane fuel eventually is to be discontinued. Of the European nations, Sweden and Norway have the best gasoline, from the standpoint of antiknock quality, with Sw itzerland not far behind. Regular grade gasoline in Sweden averages about -5 octane number, and it is leaded. Swedish govern mental regulations require that oil companies use alcohol to the extent of 1 <cr of total motor fuel, although this full amount of alcohol is not always available. Depending upon the availability of alcohol, about halt of all the gasoline sold in Sweden ordinarily is an alcohol blend called bentvl. Norway, Finland and Denmark have a 70 ocrane fuel, largely leaded. In addicion. Norway also has a lim ited quantity of 80 octane leaded premium fuel. Finland's fuel is a 70 octane leaded. In Switzerland, a -o octane leaded gasoline with 15-2091 alcohol added is distributed in the winter months. This blend results in a fuel ap proaching 80 octane. The fuel mar keted in Switzerland during the summer months is a leaded gasoline of approximately 76 octane number. No alcohol is used in motor fuels between May and October because of the vapor-locking problems cre ated in the warm weather and at high altitudes. The only grade of gasoline avail able in Great Britain is a leaded fuel of 70 octane. Gasoline is strictly rationed and until recently was dis tributed through an organization known as the Petroleum Board. This was a body set up bv the oil industry at the request ot the Brit ish Government to handle the im portation and distribution of petro leum products. The Board was dis 16 ETC 2355] banded in mid-\car. but it is un- likelv that indi\ idual companies w ill resume marketing gasoline under their own trade name for some time to come. .Meanwhile. all gasoline in Britain continues to be known as "Pool" spirit, i l-'ditor's note: War ren Platt's recent articles in the National Petroleum News give a complete report on the commercial situation in Great Britain.) Gasoline in Fraitce is rationed and the quality is variable. Seldom does even the leaded fuel go above 65 octane number. The French, how ever. can look forward to improved motor fuels, inasmuch as gasoline in the range of -n octane number is planned for the near future. In Hol land. Iceland. Greece, and Turkey, gasoline is of 70 octane number and contains retracrln I lead. Belgian gasoline ranges from -o to -5 octane number, and is also leaded. Fuel quality in Spain is in the low 6o's and supplies are -rrictlv limited. Italy rations its motor fuck and the only grade available i- .1 leaded 63- 65 octane. With the F.uropcan automotive industry slowly bur -readily getting on its feet again ind turning out vehicles of about the ',1111c 6.- to 1 compression ratio that is average for American 194S model-, it i- obv ious that automobile npcrurion is suffer ing in countries w here the onlv fuel available is of lc-- thin -o octane. While gasoline ;uuiir\ in l'urnpe today dips as low a- n octane number, it can be -ecu from the following breakdown that the Con tinent still has some of the bc-r gaso line outside North \menca: 1. .Motor fuel m Nuith America ranges from Urugu.n -O octane premium to Colombia'- 4. :. Central America and the Ca ribbean area have 74-76 octane num ber moror fuel, bur .Mexico Citv's premium is onlv 67 octane. 3. Throughout Africa, fuel qual ity is uniform in most countries at 70 octane number leaded. This is also the average octane number of present fuels in the .Middle East, the Far East, and India. Australia and New Zealand market 7: octane leaded gasoline. Postwar trends regarding the usage of fuels in Europe and the rest of the world remain unchanged from the pre-war years. Virtually all tractors in Europe operate on kerosene and distillates, as they did before the war. Diesel fuel is grow ing in preference for the operation of heavy duty trucks and buses in Europe and South America, but lighter trucks and automobiles con tinue to rely on gasoline as their powering force. The overseas situation in regard to premium gasoline is not expected to change in any great measure, at least during the present critical period. Whether a call for premium fuel in Europe and other continents w ill develop in the days of more plentiful gasoline supplies is some thing no one can safelv predict at this time. In the field of av iation fuels, most foreign airlines are employing the same performance number gasolines that American air companies use. Because of the many new foreign airlines that have come into being since the end of the war, aviation fuel consumption outside the United States is greatly on the rise. Oil industry economists forecast that the consumption of petroleum products in the world outside the United States will increase from the 2.9 million barrels daily of 1946 to 5.1 million barrels daily in 1956. or a gain of -6%. It is a fair estimate that roughly one-fourth of that vol ume will be gasoline to propel the motor vehicles of the universe. It is also a fair prediction that once the present unsettled and war-disrupted conditions are past, the world will have the best gasoline it has ever known. This is in keeping with the two basic aims of the world oil in dustry: to produce an adequate supply of petroleum products, and to make those products of the high est quality that refining conditions will permit. An Algerian bus travels from oasis fo oasis in the Sahara desert. Gasoline in Africa averages around 70 octane i 'Jfe r* ETC 23552 d V w- L1ji\j A Teheran patrolman supervises traffic consisting of horse-drawn buggies as well as some American-made cars hf.thkk ir be gendarme You don't need a second look to W (French), bobby (English), know what thev are doing. N'or polizist (German), constabuladroy vou need a foreign language (Gilbert & Sullivan i. or just plain dictionary to understand the arm- cop. it all adds tip to law and order wavinsj sjentrv. If you should make at the crossroads. Here is how a mistake, you will quickly learn thev look in vie lit foreign lands. all about it. CROSSROADS y Fll i i lAyrr W-V-" r.'t.'Hfl *2J til -. y \\1 1 "S3 At top, a traffic con trol tower in Cairo, Egypt. Above, the cops of Cauhati, India, are often umbrella-equipped Extreme left, beards and turbans are okay for Singapore officers Left, if lost in Paris, you can always turn to a local gendarme ETC 23554 By Creighton Peet Today coin machines are selling everything from hot coffee to nylon stockings. Some even say "Thank you" when you make a purchase or vf.ars now. we have been age of ice cubes from another, to F hearing that machines were go- use when you're having a party and incr to do practically everythingt,he cubes in your refrigerator run and that prettv soon even people out. Like hot coffee -- fresh? A new might be unnecessary. machine, using powdered coffee, Things haven't quite reached that makes a cup fresh for you when you point vet, but the chances are there drop a nickel in the slot. And bv mav be a lot fewer salesmen in years pushing the proper button, you can to come. The vending machine, get it black, with sugar, with cream, w hich used to be a humble contrap or with both -- which should suit tion quite content to toss out penny anybody. gum and chocolate, and tell your Another machine pops you a bag weight, has grown up and become of freshly-popped popcorn -- and fancv -- very fancy. butters it. in 90 seconds, for ten The list of things you can buy bv cents. And there is the hot dog ma dropping one or more coins in a chine which delivers really hot. slot is now as long as your arm. and toasted hot dogs, or cheese sand growing longer bv the minute. wiches. ail in about twenty seconds. Travelers, particularly, whether And speaking of food, there are they go bv car. bus. plane, or rail, machines that sell fresh bakery are due to encounter more and more cookies, fresh apples, custard, ice orange machines whenever they cream, chilled sandwiches -- and 'top. Cigarette, candy, and soft even candy machines which sav drink machines -- and juke boxes -- "Thank you-' when you make a are familiar, of course, but :iotr the purchase. AYhnt more do you want? girls can buy nylon stockings -- two As for services, von can not only shades and several sizes -- merely bv get vour picture made automatic dropping quarters in a slot. 'f on can ally. hut a recording of vour voice. also <Tet a toochbrush and a small You can get vour shoes shined for packet of toothpov der from a vend a coin in a slot, and one of the new - ing machine, as well as aspirin, esr devices will press vour necktie. handkerchiefs, and other items. And coming along is a coin oper Non can' buy frozen foods from ated gadget which automatically one deep-freeze machine, or a pack records vour blood pressure. The coin-in-the-slot laundry ma chine in apartment houses and stores is of course a resounding suc cess -- and the Post Office already has two types of postage vending machines. One sells a large variety of stamps {at cost), and another, the Mailomat. takes up to a dollar in change, and then stamps postage on as many letters as this is good for. in any denominations you se lect. As a successor to the old penny arcade which showed "movies" bv flipping a series of cards in front of a lighted opening, there are now machines which show 16 nun. movies -- two minutes for five cenrs. And very likely juke boxes will have a television counterpart some day. in w hich you can drop a coin and w atch a game or a program for a small sum. Some railroads have installed ma chines which sell tickets to as many as sixteen destinations, and the slot machine which sells life insurance in airports is now a well established device. Projected are machines to sell men's socks, and shirrs, and um brellas when the proper coins arc inserted. One of the latest developments 20 ETC 23555 of the vending machine industry is the quiz machine -- in which five questions'appear for a few seconds, and in which vou are given an op portunity to pick one of several answers. When vou are done, the machine rates your I.Q.. all the way from "genius" to "poor." Vending machines aren't new -- Hero of Alexandria is said to have invented a device which poured out a quantity of holy water when five drachmas were dropped in a slot, about two thousand years ago! But up to very recently, most of our modern vending machines were penny and nickel affairs, and all the merchandise they handled was of the cheapest sort. There were two reasons for this. Operators were afraid too many slugs, buttons, pieces of wood, leather, etc., would turn up in the counting machines -- and they were afraid that machines stocked with more expensive items would attract thieves, who would either break them open, or cart them off, machine and all. Improved design of machines has been impor tant in moving the vending machine industry into the realm of big busi ness; last year it grossed $750 mil lion. A man named John Gottfried who developed a practically infalli ble gadget for testing coins, is gen erally considered to be the hero of the industry. His device, made by National Slug Rejectors, Inc., turns A slug rejector takes about 5 seconds to test a coin for diameter, thickness, weight, metallic content, and general condition out 96% of all such devices now in use. If you dropped a quarter into a slot recently, and wondered why it took the machine four or five sec onds to "digest" it, the answer is that it was going through one of .Mr. Gottfried's series of tests. Actually, each coin is tested seven times -- for its diameter, thickness, weight, me tallic content, bouncing ability', etc. At one point in its travels through the slug rejector, your quarter, for instance, drops down a chute, and if it is genuine, it will bounce up far enough to get over a hurdle, and into the next channel. If it is made of lead, for instance, it won't bounce, and will soon fall out into the rejected coin pocket. .Mr. Gottfried's invention was a lifesaver for the vending machine industry which was. at one time, losing around S300.000 a year in slugs and foreign coins of little value. Incidentally. Slug Rejectors. Inc., makes devices fitted to take coins of 24 other countries, of varying diameters, thicknesses, weights and metallic content. Other inventors have worked on slug rejecting devices, of course, and one machine, which, for ob vious reasons, never went very far, not only rejected phony coins, but rang a gong, flashed a light. and turned on a recording which shouted. `Ton cheated me!" Few storekeepers wanted to house such an ostentatious, if morally upright, a uromaton. The next most urgent problem the coin machine industry has had ro solve is .1 machine which will make change, either in connection with a purchase, or merely as a convenience for potential custom ers. Already. Gottfried has com bined a coin chancer with a slug rejector, and orher manufacturers ETC 23556 21 j OUR COVER: Color photograph courtesv of the U. S. Soil Con- ' serration Service. OUR PIC TURES: Page 6 (bottomj, cour tesv Johnson Motor Co. through Morris Rosenteld: Pages 6 and 12. art work by Joe Hoffman; Page courtesv Coldwell-Philadelphia Lawn Mower Co.; Page 8. courtesv Svntron Co.; Pages io and 11, courtesv Standard Oil Co. (Ind.); Pages 12, 14. 15, 17, 18, and 19, Philip Gendreau; Page 13. Press Association; Page 16, courtesv of The Texas Com pany; Pages 20 and :i. illustra tions by A. Blashko; Page 2:. Wide World. are working on the same problem. One device, alreadv installed in some New York City subwav sta tions, sells a five cent soft drink, taking either a nickel, a dime or a quarter, and giving correct change. This machine has another refine ment: customers have a choice of three flavors, but bv pressing one button after another, thev can make special combinations of flavors to suit themselves. The coin machine industry now has about two million people in factories and servicing the machines located in stores, filling stations. Armv camps, airports, office build ings. railway stations, and even apartment houses. .Machines are cared for bv service men. each of whom fills and repairs between 50 and 100 of them, depending on where thev are located. Todav about 20'.' of all cigarette sales are made bv vending machines, and the same is true of candy bars. An even larger portion of soft drinks is dispensed automatically. The story of the successful cig arette machine is as curious as it is phenomenal. In 1928, William H. Rowe, a Los Angeles police court official, was herding a captive bootlegger through the downtown business section of the city. The streets were crowded, and Mr. Rowe paused at a cigar counter to buy a package of cigarettes. While holding his pris oner with one hand, he picked up his change with the other. While he was doing this, the man twisted away and was soon lost in the crowd. Row e not only felt foolish at hav ing lost his prisoner, but indignant at the incident which caused the loss. In the following weeks he got to fooling around with a model of a cigarette vending machine. For a long while the machine was not too successful. At first it responded readily to buttons, washers, card board discs -- anything. But Rowe kept at the problem, and finallv made it work. He also met Robert Greene, a salesman and business manager, who became his partner. Rowe died in 1945. Todav the Row e Company operates well over 20.000 machines in the United States, which sell over 100 million packs of cigarettes a year, and also operates a big factory where still more ma chines are being turned out. Yes, there are going to be a lot fewer salesmen in years to come, and if you count in the nickels and dimes dropped in pay phones, trol ley, bus and subway turnstiles, and automats where millions of meals are served every year, it is evident that salesmanship may in time be confined to the larger and more expensive products. FUEL STORAGE HELPMATE Determining how much gasoline remains in storage in an underground tank at any given time once was an incomenient and often a noi-too-accurate procedure. Usually it meant inserting a stick into the tank and then noting the point on the slick where the level of the gasoline had made its mark. In the da>* before the fuel gauge on the automo' bile dashboard. jimtori*t* did the same thing to find out how much fuel ua< left in tlie tank of their cars. Today, howe ver. fucd-in-*torage determination has been simplified to such a degree that it is almost a push-button operation. At the Ethyl Corporation Ri**earch Laboratories in Detroit, this job is performed by an ingenious device known as the Pneumacator. Tlii- i* a maze of individual copper pipe* leading from an inside control board to the outside storage tanks, each line ending at the lowest point within its respec tive tank. The Pneumacator at the Ethyl Laboratories con sists of 52 lines, one for each tank in the underground storage field. These tanks vary from 500- to 10.000-gallon size and have a total capacity of 132.500 gallons. Fuels in the tanks are inventoried each day. Briefly, the Pneumacator works in this manner: Air i* bled through the copper line at both low- pressure and lowrate. Depending on the gasoline level in the storage tank, the weight of the gasoline offer* a *pecific. resistance to the air and thus create* a *tatic air pressure in the line, Thi* pressure is indicated on a manometer. A prepared chart that relates the inch height of fluid in the manometer to the number of gallons of gasoline in the tank makes it possible to determine exactly liow much gasoline remains in storage. For a 10.000-gallon tank, for instance, a 13-inch reading on the manometer reveal* that 3.295 gallons of fuel remain. If this reading is obtained with a 500-gallon tank, it means that the tank is full. In the photo above the operator is reporting by telephone information on gallonage obtained from read ings on the chart in the center of the control board. Fuel blending *peciali*ts at the Ethyl Laboratories have improvised the Pneumacator *o that it can perform two other functions beside* determining how much fuel remains in a storage tank. The incorporation of a -mail pump in the system anil the rearrangement of the Pneumacator valving permits sam ples of newlv-received fuel* to be drawn off quickly and conveniently for inspection or for "screening" in small single-cylinder engine test*. A!*o. thi* arrangement can eco nomically suck out any in*olub!e contaminant or "water heeP* that may have found its way into the fuel. The blending of fuel*, both for the Ethyl Laboratories* own use and that of automotive and oil companies i* a full time activity at the Elhvl Corporation research plant. By measuring the fuel in -torage lank*, withdrawing fuel sam ples for preliminary inspection, and removing any fuel con taminant. the Pneumacator help* make the fuel blending operation a speedy anil accurate one. The female of the TIGER SWALLOWTAIL is sometimes black, margined with a row of yellow spots. The characteristic pattern on the forewings has earned for this but terfly the name of DOG-FACE. To get the best performance from your car. use high quality gasoline im proved with "Ethyl" antiknock fluid -- the famous ingredient that steps up pow.-r and performance. To show you their best gasoline con- ains "Ethyl" antiknock compound, oil companies his iay "E:hv|" trade-marks on their gasoline nmpe. "Ethyl'' fluid is made by Ethyl Curpoc"ti-,n. (' ... '.o.o .V, ir .v .7. ,V. Tor/;, Munth .71 ETC 23559 OIL PROGRESS DAY... OCTOBER 14, 1948 IN THE w w OOCCTOBER1 1948 Leonard L. Huxfable, sales coordinator in the Southern region for Ethyl Corporation, has been promoted to opera tions manager of the Central region, which has its head quarters in Chicago. He suc ceeds Harry Kuhe, who has been transferred to the New York office. Mr. Huxtable has been with the sales department for 16 years, starting in 1932 as a field representative in Little Rock, Ark. He was transferred to Ethyl's office in Tulsa in 1936 as a safety engineer, and four years later was pro moted to assistant manager of the former Tulsa division. When the sales department was reorganized under a four-regional plan with head quarters in New York, Chi cago, Tulsa and Los Angeles, Mr. Huxtable was named sen ior sales service engineer for the Southern region, and in March of this year was ap pointed sales coordinator. A native New Yorker, Mr. Huxtable attended Columbia University and later trans ferred to Purdue University where he was graduated in 1928 with a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering. Be fore joining Ethyl he was a research engineer with Martin Motors, Inc. in New York City. He is a member of Tau Beta Pi and Pi Tau Sigma, both honorary engineering frater nities, and of the Society of Automotive Engineers. OIL PROGRESS --MEMO TO AMERICA 3 The significance of the oil industry's progress is not something that can be expressed merely in terms of growth in production . . . improvement in quality of products . ..or even heightened service and usefulness to the public -- important as these may be. Its significance, instead, lies in the vast social contributions the industry has made to the entire nation -- and which have made possible our way of life. TECHNIQUE IN SERVICE 8 Many people know of Ethyl's Technical Service Division, but not everyone realizes the widespread nature of its activities. In this article, the Director of Technical Service tells how the Division serves the oil and automotive industries at large. CASE HISTORY 12 It's hard to picture what modern farm equipment means to agri culture unless you can see the crude implements that farmers once had to use. Here are scenes from a colorful pageant recently staged by a leading farm equipment manufacturer, which traced the successive ways in which man learned to master the soil. HOTELS TAKE TO THEROAD 14 Back in Revolutionary days, hotels were located along highways to provide food and lodging to overland travellers. Today, hotels are again taking to the road -- to attract motorists and tourists. TEST DRIVER 17 Ethyl's professional drivers travelhalf a million miles a year through California mountain and desert, rolling up a store of information on fuels and engines with every mile. Come along on a 200-mile trip in a heavily loaded truck with one of these drivers, and learn about his unusual job. In order to widen the fields of reader interest in Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the authors'. The editors of the News welcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Edward L. Shea, president; Stanley T. Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Richord M. Page, secretory ETC 23561 too f all the momln ious develop O ments that have crowded the U. S. scene since w ar's end. none Every person in every walk of life has benefited from the oil industry's vast social contributions to America has been more dramatic than indus- Since the war, the oil industry has thirds of all the war supplies sent trv's struggle to sarisfv the public's outstripped the industrial economv overseas. What many people don't vawning appetite for cvervthing in as a whole in delivering the goods to realize is that, since war's end. the sight. the American public. Since prewar industry has been called upon to do Amid a ceaseles' clamor for cars 1941 (the previous peacetime peak), an infinitely bigger job. and homes and all the other things it has increased production at a rate Todav. three years after the war, that people want and need, plants more than double that of the average the industry is meeting a demand for and factories have roared at wide- U. S. industry. Todav, few indus its products 1 ST above the wartime open throrrle -- at a rate unparalleled tries could claim greater success in peak of 1945 and 45C higher than in peacetime historv. Cars and meeting the postwar challenge of 1941. Demand for petroleum prod trucks, radios and washing machines, production than oil. .Most industries ucts has been increasing at a pace two refrigerators and other goods have lag behind oil's spectacular record and three rimes as fast as anyone ever spewed forth in a 'urging tide of of accomplishment. imagined possible. Whv.: The United production. And 'til! the public's Todav. oil faces the stem test of States rodav is consuming more oil demand is far from met in many the forthcoming w inter with sober than did the entire world a decade lines. confidence. Barring the unforeseen ago. It is using, on a per capita basis, Oil Industry Outstanding -- a sudden rise in military require about : s times ns much oil as the ments. goyernment restrictions, rest ot the world combined. ^or countless industries there have strikes or delays in obtaining mate To meet the tremendous problems heen desperate shortages of mate rials. or unusually severe weather -- arising our of this precipitate grow th rials. crippling strike', 'kvmckering the industry is confident it will meet in demand, the industry has shat costs, and other tough problems. Vet. a demand for hearing oil that is des tered all existing records and gone despite the grim obstacle course that tined again ro set a new record high. on to perform near-miracles in every most industries has e had to run. Fwery'nne knows of the magnifi branch of irs operations. there is one indusrrv that rodav can cent job the nil industry performed Crude oil production, at more poinr to a crowning record of nro- during the war -- when shipments than million barrels daily in a duction. That indusrrs h oil. of oil products accounted for two- recent week. >ct a new record that ETC 23562 3 GASOLINE DEMAND: Growth, in gasolins consumption has boon marked by its expanding usefulness. ... -Eflgyj; I WO 1WJ 1930 1935 1940 1943 I 4 MOTOR FUEL DEMAND- MILLIONS OF BARRELS The growth of gasoline consumption, coupled with its widening usefulness, has meant many things to America It has enabled millions of fami lies to live in the country . . . was 44'c above 1941. The amount of crude oil processed bv refineries scored a corresponding wide gain. These are simply the surface as pects of what the industry has ac complished -- things the public can readily visualize and understand. What the public knows little about are the internal feats performed bv all branches of the oil industry, all of which helped make possible oil's epic postwar achievement. To meet the soaring demands for their products, the oil companies en larged storage capacity, speeded up delivery schedules, pressed several hundred additional tankers into serv ice. turned to railroad tank cars, an expensive means, to move supplies into critical areas. All these develop ments contributed to the industry's startling growth in production and deliveries to consumers. Together with the cooperation obtained from various segments of the public in better planning their requirements and more judiciouslv using their supplies, and with a lessenin'! of ex ports required to be sent overseas, these things have enabled the oil in dustry to balance supplv and de mand and finally turn the tide of the battle. In meeting the challenge of post war conditions, the oil companies knew only too well the grim com pulsion of the times. Demand for oil is different from the demand for virtually anything else under the sun. The average family wi wau patiently -- one. two, three years and more -- for its new home, philo sophically accepting the fact that construction of the house waits upon the availability of lumber and nails and bricks and cement. The average motorist knows that it may take as long as two years before he can readily obtain a new car of his choice; but he is satisfied in the knowledge that the automobile in dustry is turning out new models as fast as it can. But oil? Whatever the need -- for homes, offices, factories, farms, railroads, airlines, cars -- It has brought scores of new comforts and conveniences . . . It has helped build up count less suburban communities . . . It has been a great factor in the growth of rural education ETC 23563 evervone wants his full cut of the day enjov a greater freedom of barrel, and he wants it now. Small movement than ever before known Editor's Note wonder, then, that crude oil and to mankind. The story of oil's progress, and natural gas now produce nearly half A man can travel to the remotest its meaning to America, is 1cell of the.' energy used in the United region, knowing full well he can known to most people in the States. return home at will... A breadwin- oil industry. But the Ethyl If oil is in the vanguard of indus er can work in the city,- live in the Neil's, which is distributed trial progress today, it is simply con country, bringing up his kids in the throughout the oil industry, tinuing a role it has played on the fresh air and sunshine of the out also reaches many groups who American scene for the last three doors ... A farmer can grow more are not nearly as familiar with decades and more. It has been a pace and better crops, obtain higher oil's accomplishments. It is to maker of industrial progress. It has yields, do his chores quickly and those people especially that the contributed vastly to America's eco bring his foodstuffs to market, be accompanying article is ad nomic welfare and security. And, not cause oil is at his command ... A dressed, in the hope that it will the least, it has made widespread housewife can drive her children to social contributions to the benefit of school, shop in town, visit her friends, perhaps increase their knowl edge and understanding of the evervone. get things done, all because oil oil industry. Oil's Social Contributions is her unseen servant... A business man can run his plant more efficient Were it possible to compress these contributions into a single word, that word might well be movement. Oil has put movement into the U. S. economy. It has transformed it from a static 19th century society into a dynamic :oth century power whose peak potential has not yet been reached. Oil has literally spread the United Stares all over the map. As if by magic, it has sent out pipe lines of oil in all directions, and lol there are roads, towns, villases. peo ple, factories, employment, prosper ity! People can live anvwhere. work anywhere, buy anvwhere. sell any where. all because oil has siven them ready mobility. Thanks to the modern fuels cre ated from petroleum. Americans to- ly, call on customers, travel around the country, all because oil is at his beck and call . . . Doctors can take care of the sick for miles around, mailmen and milkmen and other tradespeople can cover wide areas in their daily rounds, children in iso lated communities can attend a cen tral school, plants can be located miles from cities -- all because of the perpetual mobility made available by oil. Serving the communities of America are more than a quarter million service stations. Greater in number than even post offices or drug stores, these service stations are located everywhere from U. S. 17 in Florida to a back country road in Oregon. And ninety-five out of every hundred of them are inde pendently owned or operated. There are, moreover, thousands of competing oil marketers or jobbers who supply the service stations and keep home owners' oil fuel tanks filled. Bctu een the retail dealers serving the public and the some 400 refin eries of the oil industry is a transpor tation system as intri cate as it is vast. In cluded in that system, which blankets the United States, are People today enjoy an unparal leled freedom of movement . . . some 150.000 miles of pipeline. 400 tankers, z.goo barges. 100,000 railroad tank cars, and 100.000 highway * .M i-M if trucks. Mere numbers can't do justice to this huge transportation system built bv oil. Thanks to gasoline, they can work, live and travel anywhere How can vnu de scribe the industry's 4 itfUfitaaiSi 5 ETC 23564 REFINERY CAPACITY: Th induihyi capacity hai increased fivefold jince 1920--and it still expanding. intricate >\ stem of pipelines, tankers, barges, rank cars and trucks daily move hundreds ot millions of oa|. Ions of pcrrolcum products. The farthing scope of this trans port ssstvm. which carries oil sup plies to e\erv town and hamlet of the country. r\ pities the progressive nature of the oil industry. .More, it demonstrates, m only one of mam wavs, how the industry has made use of its opportunities to heitrhrcn its service and broaden its usefulness to rite American public. Made Possible Our Modern Age me ( MILLIONS Of BARRELS DAILY ^ > As the oil industry has grown, it has aided the growth and development of countless other American industries It has helped make the United Stales a nation on wheels . . . tankers, w hich account for nearly half the nation's entire merchant marine, and whose latest models each can carry as much as 240,000 barrels of oil? How can you picture the fleet of inland waterway barges, by means of which modern river towboats, pushing along as many as nine big barges in a single tow. move 2-0.000 barrels of oil products at one time? How can you picture the highly efficient pipeline systems of the industry, in which as many as 14 separate petroleum products can 'Ibd.iv. the L'nitcd States leads the world in this mechanical age -- an aife whose dominant characteristic is horsepower. In countless thou sands of war s, oil has helped brine; about America's preponderance of mechanical horsepower, and to keep it moving at top speed. Automobiles powered bv oil have made this a nation on wheels. The giant planes that span oceans and continents in a few hours can do so only because of the concentrated, efficient energy supplied by oil. The three million farm tractors in use. which haw helped to increase farm output b\ more than a third above prew ar levels, arc all powered by oil. It has benefited the paint in- dustry, as well as many more * ETC 23565 I I' In like manner, oil fuels industrial furnaces, heats homes, powers con struction machinery, propels ships, drives locomotives, and paves highvavs. and comperes with coal to venerate the nation's supply of elec tricity. And the same elixir that wave America its decisive superiority in the war. has nurrured in peacetime the growth of countless new com forts and conveniences for the American public. People can readily appreciate the importance of these familiar uses of oil. But how little they know of the other thousands of different and often unique wavs in which the in dustry serves America. Through lubricants and ureases that enable industrial machines to run at amazing speeds and perform the most intricate tasks. Through oil's growing utilization as a major raw material for the chemical indus try. Through its use in synthetic rubber, fertilizers, industrial alco hols, commercial solvents. Through its agricultural insecticides, fungi cides and weed killers: its uses in plastics, medicines, and cosmetics, right on down rile list of the i.aoo separate product' that have been developed to date from crude petroleum. 1 he fact there are so many new uses for petroleum -- w irh additional ones being developed almost daily -- comes as no surprise to people in the oil industry. \> anv one familiar with its historv knows, rhe oil indus- try got its start in the iK6o's because crude oil then supplied a new and better product for the times. That new product w as kerosene, distilled in the crude pots and stills of the day. It provided a far superior illuminant for homes and industry than the coal oil and sperm oil lamps of the day ever could. And from kero sene, the industry progressed to the whole range of fuels and lubricants known today. Growth Through Competition Meanwhile, from the handful of pioneering companies that began business in Pennsylvania, the indus try has grown to the point .where today, as a result of its expanding usefulness to the public, it has be come one of the largest industries in the country, employing more than two million people. The capital in vestment in the oil industry is placed at S:o billion. Comprising this highly competi tive industry are no less than 34.000 separate firms, of which some 13.000 companies are engaged in producing oil and more than 1 t.ooo are market ers and jobbers. And the competitive growth of the industry is still con tinuing. During the last four years. 'Continued 011 P.ige 211 Record farm production is due to modern machinery -- and oil Gasoline-powered cars have brought us modern bridges Ml Modern, swift air travel has been made possible only by oil Oil powers our modern ships and our fast new locomotives The construction industries have been doubly aided by oil ETC 23566 TECHNIQUE IN SERVICE By R. K. Seo/es Direct*)! *} Ethyl Corporation Research -ot Gathering and correlating the latest information on fuels and engines, for the benefit of both the oil and automotive indus tries, is a primary function of Ethyl's Technical Service Division thyl corporation has a twofold E objective in the field of auto motive transportation. In serving the petroleum industry, it has a deep and abiding interest in the de velopment of modern, efficient fuels. But at the same time, because of its close kinship with the automotive industry, it has the companion ob jective of promoting the best utiliza Keeping abreast of new models and their fuel requirements is a responsibility of the Passenger Car Section tion of those fuels in today's engines. Its efforts toward promoting the search programs of special interest best utilization of fuels are not con to refiners and engine manufac fined to the passenger car field alone. turers. The results of these labora Instead, they extend to all forms of tory programs, as well as field automotive transportation -- and experiences, are made available to even to stationary engines. the oil and automotive industries To assure that these pieces of gaso through contacts carried out by line-powered equipment will at all various sections of the Technical times realize the best results from Service Division. the fuel used, it is essential that oil Since the beginning of 1947, Tech refiners and engine manufacturers nical Service has functioned as a stay fully informed as to each other's Division of the Research Labora current activities and contemplated tories. Previously, it operated for future plans. several years as a separate depart Gathering and correlating infor ment of the company. mation concerning this relationship, Technical Service is divided into and then passing that data along to five separate but closelv-coordinated interested industries, is the primary sections. These sections are the Pas responsibility of Ethyl's Technical senger Car and Accessory; the Com Service Division. By relaying to the mercial Engine and Fleet; the Agri Ethyl Corporation Research Labo cultural; the Engine Development; ratories information regarding field and the Laboratory Contact Repre problems associated with engines, sentatives. fuels, and fuel additives. Technical Virtually the entire demand for Service also assists in guiding re motor fuels comes from three major markets -- passenger car, commer cial vehicle, and agricultural. It is because the problems in these markets are to a large extent individ ual ones that specialized activities of a wide service nature have been established in each of the three fields. In addition, the Engine Develop ment Section carries out cooperative development programs with the manufacturers of gasoline engines, while the Laboratory Contact Rep resentatives advise oil company tech nical personnel of Ethvl Corpora tion's research and service activities. Through personal contacts, co operative laboratory and field pro grams, group meetings, and numer ous other means, the Technical Service staff is able to keep auto motive and farm machinery manu facturers abreast of trends in fuel quality. Similarly, it seeks to keep petroleum refiners up-to-date on fuel problems and engine design and 8 ETC 23567 material changes tliat affect fuel requirements. Bcvond that, it co operates with manufacturers and refiners in conducting actual in vestigations of problems of mutual interest. As everybody know s. the largest single outlet for petroleum products is the passenger car market. Since more than 65% of all gasoline con sumed in the United States annually is used to operate the nation's 30 million passenger vehicles, the fuel requirements of automobiles obvi ously exert a strong influence on trends in fuel quality. In view of this, the Passenger Car Section maintains close contact with the manufacturers of passenger cars and related acces sories. This relationship provides a fund of information, not only in re gard to trends in passenger car engine design as they influence the requirements for petroleum products, but also in regard to the problems of passenger car manufac turers as they relate to fuels. Through this work it has been possible to bring about, on the part of the engineering departments of the manufacturers, a better realiza tion of the vital role that fuel plavs in engine design. It also provides a means of assisting the petroleum in dustry in evaluating the fuel re quirements of passenger cars. The result of these programs is twofold. Manufacturers of passen ger cars are able to consider engine design advancements in the light of their influence on fuel requirements. On the other hand, a wider knowl edge of the fuel needs of future en gines helps the petroleum industry plan for these requirements. Except that its activities are car ried out with the manufacturers of bus. truck, and commercial engines, the work of the Commercial Engine and Fleet Section is quite similar to that of the Passenger Car Section. As do all sections of Technical Serv ice. the fleet section works in close cooperation with Ethvl Corpora tion field engineers. and arranges for cooperative programs in the field and in the laboratory. .Many of these programs are undertaken to investigate performance com plaints in heavy duty engines which may involve the characteristics of the fuel being used. In addition, scores of requests from oil com panies for miscellaneous and unusual technical assistance arc fulfilled each year. Latest information concerning problems and trends in the commer cial transportation field is obtained through contacts established bv Ethvl Corporation field engineers. A bus used by the Engine De velopment Section in a recent cooperative test program with a large manufacturer of coaches 9 ETC 23568 Liaison with oil company re search and technical person nel is carried on by the group of Laboratory Contact Represen tatives at the left. Below, the parts of a truck engine are be ing inspected during a chassis dynamometer test at the Ethyl laboratories, as part of an in vestigation by the Fleet Section I iicse contacts arc nnutc frequently and regularly with a number of large operators of heavv dutv equipment of all representative makes and mod els. Located in manv parts of the countrv. these operators represent a true cross-section of fleet industry operation. The field reports are ana lysed and reviewed, and the infor mation rhus obtained is made avail able to the oil and automotive in dustries. Considerable attention also is de voted to the expanding small engine market. Recently, laboratory proj ects were carried out with three manufacturers of small engines to aid them in developing engines designed to operate to the greatest advantage on .n ailable fuels. (.onsidcrint! that the farm marker is perhaps the fastest urouinar of all petroleum products outlets, the work of the Agricultural Section is particularly significant. Whereas this market was relatively small onlv 15 r ears aim. farmers today use up wards of an', of all gasoline pro duced and sold in this country. Since I .tin I Corporation enuineers were mnmarcK associated w irh rile den clopment of the modern inch compression uasohne tractor. the company's interest in the use of gasoline-powered equipment on the farm is a natural one. In earn ing out the obligation it assumed by plat ing a leading role in the introduction of the high com pression uasolinc tractor. F.thvl Cor poration maintains a program of close liaison with the manufacturers or 1 arm equipment. I he Auricul-nira! Section rceularlt confers with 10 farm machinery manufacturers on fuel quality trends so that the indus try may be guided in the production of engines to best utilize the fuels that are available, and in the design of engines to fully utilize possible future fuels. This Section also en gages in joint laboratory and field investigations w irh manufacturers and refiners to assure top perform ance from gasoline-powered farm machinery alre.uk in use. Within the iechnical Service Division is a croup of specially trained and experienced engineers who work directly with individual engine manufacturers in carrying out. in the manufacturers' labora tories and in the held, studies of the fuel requirements of new or modi fied engines. This group, the Engine Develop ment Section, also cooperates with the manufacturers in studying the durability characteristics of engines and various engine parts. For exam ple. an extensive study is presently being made of rite improvement to be expected in exhaust valve life through the use of valve rotators. This program, initiated in 1944. al ready has covered i- engine models of seven different manufacturers and has involved more than 6 million miles of vehicle operation. This Section also carries out in vestigations of fleet maintenance practices aimed at reducing operat ing costs. Illustrative of such activi ties is a program, recently com pleted. designed to evaluate the use of a chassis dynamometer as a main tenance tool in fleet operation. Typical of other projects under taken by the Engine Development Section is a recent cooperative road test program with a manufacturer of cits- buses. In filling an Eastern city's large order for buses, the manufac turer requested the aid of the Tech nical Service Division in establishing carburetor calibration and ignition timing requirements so that the transit company could realize peak economy and performance from the gasoline it intended to use to power the new buses. Laboratory Contact Group Technical Service employs various methods of communicating to the petroleum industry the findings and experiences of its specialized sections and of the Ethyl Corporation Re search Laboratories as a whole. The most direct means is by personal contact on the part of the Division's group known as Laboratory Contact Representatives. Presently there arc four representatives, all of them ex perienced automotive engineers. They are headquartered at the Ethyl Laboratories in Detroit and San Bernardino, Cal., and their liaison with oil company research and technical personnel is coordinated through the Ethyl Corporation re gional sales offices in New York. Chicago. Tulsa, and Los Angeles. In addition to keeping oil coins panics advised of the research and service work performed on their behalf by Ethvl Corporation, the Laboratory Contact Representa tives. in turn, receive much valuable technical information from mans- of Ethvl Corporation's customer com panies. This exchange of data serves both to assist the Corporation in guiding its research and service pro grams along the lines of major inter est to oil companies, and also to familiarize those companies with the work of the Ethvl Laboratories. As part of the reciprocity program, the Laboratory Contact Representatives initiate joint group meetings be tween technical personnel of the Ethvl Laboratories and those of cus tomer companies which maintain re search and dev elopment laboratories. Through its many and varied activities, the Technical Service Division strives to be of service to the petroleum, automotive, and farm machinery industries by helping to improve the compatibility of engines and fuels. Just as it is an objective of the entire Ethvl Corporation Re search Laboratories, so. too. it is the goal of Iechnical Service to con tribute in every wav to the solution ut the mutual problems ot these industries. Aiding the farm equipment in dustry in developing continu ally improved power plants is the Agricultural Section's aim 11 ETC 23570 The pageant offered a striking contrast in old and new farm machinery A colorful pageant staged by a leading farm equipment company portrays agricultural progress CASE HISTORY mericans enjoy so manv bless- Large audiences attended each A ings or our modern industrial day's showing of the pageant, which civilization that thev're often inw as presented for an entire week. In plowing, thev were told of the advent of the steel plow, learned of the broad improvements when rid clined to take them tor granted. The And of the entire panorama of agri ing plows came along, and saw how automobile, the airplane, the farm culture. the rapid progress of the the use of tractors, coupled with tractor -- how manv people appre last century, to which the Case continuing advances in plow design, ciate tullv the long, painful process Company has made manv notable contributed to the great gains in of evolution thev went through until contributions, was doubtless the farm output in recent decades. they reached their present state of most graphic to them. The audiences learned, too. of the perfection Onlv on rare occasions does the average citizen get a chance to see and understand the tremen One of the early advances in plowing came with Major Leonard Andrus's invention of a steel plow back in 1837 dous progress that has been made. One such occasion was the recent M iscunsin Centennial Exposition, held in Milwaukee. There, the J. I. Case Companv. one of the nation's leading farm equipment manufac turers. staged a colorful pageant that traced the march of progress in agri culture from Biblical times down to the present. Historv came to life as actors and actresses demonstrated the successive wavs in which man learned to master the soil. Two of Case's contribu tions to better farming, during the last century, are seen here. In the foreground, six teams of iorses ore powering a thresher of 1855, while in the rear stands an Agi tator thresher of 1880, which introduced a new principle in threshing T-'JW v parallel progress in threshing. Be ginning wich the groundhog thresh er of 184:. rhev saw how horses powered it with a treadmill, learned of subsequent improvements in threshing, and .saw how the modern combine (doing the work of both binder and thresher) finallv evolved. Meanwhile, rhev saw how mechan ical power w as applied to threshers and other equipment -- first, bv the huge steam engines of che last centurv; then In the gas tractor; and finally bv tod.n > modern and effi cient lightweight tractor. Some of the scenes of the Case pageant are ^nmn on these pages. This "groundhog" thresher of the 1840's ended the drudgery of threshing by hand is; >* Power farming began with steam engines like Case's No. 1 of 1869. Below, the trend to small tractors is seen in these 1912 and 1929 models C7 i. M- 3 StVc.-i ETC 23572 TAKE TO THE ROAD Suppose vou have been driving all day. and are looking for good dinners and comfortable beds for vourself and vour familv. You would like to stop at the big hotel in the town ahead -- but as vou think it over, vou decide against it. Likelv as not. this hotel has a fancv lobbv. with a lot of smartlv-dressed people standing about. You and vour wife are in shorts, and the children are naturallv a little unridv. Just at the moment vou don't quite feel up to hotel life. So vou turn in -- at the next motel. Perhaps vou think vour decision was of little importance -- but it important to the hotel people. It's no secret thev have been much concerned bv the growth of motels and tourist courts. In some areas these tourist havens have cost them a great deal of business, despite the fact that the rates in motels mav be just as high or higher than those in hotels. So great has been this concern, that right now. the American Morel Association reports S: billion is being spent to improve and polish up the comforts with which the hotels will welcome vou the next time vou take to the road. Part of this handsome sum is going for repairs, improvements, and new furnishings which have been hard to get in recent vears, but a good deal of it will be to attract guests arriving bv car. Several specific things are being planned to draw and interest motorists. Foremost among these is a special motor entrance, quite separate from the main entrance. This special en trance will have its own registration desk and elevators to upper floors. It This special auto entrance at the St. Anthony Hotel in San Antonio, Texas, is a con venience to the motorist. He can register of the window in the rear and go di rectly to the room assigned him is designed specificallv to allow those arriving bv car to go directlv to their rooms where thev can wash and change, before going down to the lobbv, and the citv streets. This motor lobbv was suggested bv motorists themselves, in a survev made bv the hotel industrv. About a dozen hotels alreadv have such motor entrances, and a great mans' more are about to install them. In some cases a hostess brings regis tration cards to the guests in their cars, w hile in others the registration desk is but a few steps awav. In anv event, an attendant takes the car 14 ETC 23573 and parks ir either in a garage or a trances are the Terrace Plaza in Cin a number of smaller units, like small nearhv parking lor. In manv cases, cinnati, the .Mission Inn in Riverside, apartment houses, with accommoda of course, hotels have their own California, the St. Anthony in San tions for guests. Each of these one garages, ami in the Netherlands Antonio. Texas, and the Adams. in and two story buildings w ill have Plaza in Cincinnati. sou lock vour Phoenix. Arizona. several rooms or suites. car after raking all vou need from Another important advantage of Ir has also been proposed that each it, and it is rolled onto the elevator the special motor entrance is that it Our Post Inn have regular bus serv of an automatic parking machine. makes it unnecessary for travelers to ice ro and from the city hotel, so A feature of mam of the special try ro park on a busy street in the that guests can make trips into row n motor lobbies is a large detailed map center of town, right in front of the for business or shopping, while mak of the surrounding country, and in hotel, w hile one of the party goes ing the Inn their headquarters. And I ' manv cases there arc information inside to impure if rooms arc avail of course the hotel would use the 4 booths to advise tourists on local able. Inn to handle the overflow of guests sights and trips. Hotels are bidding for the motor whenever all irs rooms were filled. In the case of the Hotel Utah in ists' patronage through another In selecting sites for Out Post Inns, Salt Lake Citv. the garage is.under major innovation -- Out Post Inns -- some hotels are also thinking of near ground. While guests use the main which are small branch hotels lo hv land, which might eventually he registration desk, thev do not have cated along the main roads leading converted into landing strips in the to pass through the lobbv. In the to a city. These will take the name future, w hen private planes come Hotel Senator in Salem. Oregon, a of the parent hotel, as "The Hotel into more general use. tunnel connects the motor entrance Blank's Out Post Inn." In mans' A sort of test for the Out Post with elevators to upper floors. wavs, these will resemble motels of Inn idea has been the Jack Tar Court The Last frontier, in Las Vegas. the best type, but in addition, thev Hotel at the end of Federal High- Nevada, another hotel with special will offer the same standards of serv wav -5, in Galveston. Texas. Oper accommodations for motorists, also ice. the same food, and the same tele ated bv the National Hotels chain, has a dri\c-in web which allows phone switchboard as the parent this waterfront hotel with its dozen guests to go almost up to their hotel in the city. or more tw o-storv brick unirs. has rooms. As an extra attraction for Thus, although a guest may he been successful enough to encour tourists motoring through this part staving at an Out Post Inn. he can age the liorel industry to plan manv of the world, the Last frontier is use the name and telephone number more such groups. now building an old-time frontier of the hotel in tow n, for business or village. Abandoned stores, saloons, houses and hotel' from nearby ghost towns are being moved in and re built to produce an authentic picture of the Old Vest as it was in i8to. Other hote-L with special en social purposes. From plans now be ing considered bv several national hotel chains, the new Out Post Inns will have central buildings housing offices, restaurants, shops, and possi bly recreation rooms, surrounded bv Below left, motorists enter ing or leaving the Hotel Adams in Phoenix, Arizona, pass through this swank auto lob by. Below, some hotels even provide special elevators for their motoring guests ETC 23574 This architect's drawing of a pro posed Out Post Inn shows the kind of highway establish ment that is plan ned by hotel people To help motorists debating where to spend the night, hotels in many parts of the country are now taking radio time for spot announcements during the "zero hour." the period from four to six in the afternoon when motorists are beginning to think about a good dinner and a night's rest. However, these radio announcements don't merely try to sell hotel rooms; they provide real service by informing motorists w hen there are no more rooms available, and further bv telling them what other hotels are still likely to have space. Plenty of safe -- and nearby -- garage space, or parkins space, de pending on the climate and time of year, arc also essential if a hotel is going to attract motorists in anv ijuanrities. On this point, the Hotel Association's survey showed that -8rr of all hotels in the country either have, or are installing special facilities for motorists. Another advantage some travelers find in the motel is that it is more re ceptive to children than the hotel. However, hotel owners are aware of this, and many hotels are now offer ing children's menus at reduced prices -- and baby-sitting services as a special inducement for parents who would like to go out for the evening. Rates run from 35 cents to a dollar an hour. In some hotels there have even been discreet hints to headwaiters to drop that shocked expres sion when children appear -- and be a little snappier in producing a high chair when it is needed. Other special services include hot snacks served late at night for motor ists coming in at odd hours, and free overnight kits for those who have OUR PICTURES: Cover designed bv Anton Kurka. Pages 3 and 14, illus trations by Harold New man; Pages 4. 6. 21 and charts bv Graphics Institute: Pages 4 (except bottom right). 5. and - (except bottom left and right and second from top j. Philip Gendreau; Page 4. bottom right, U. S. Office of Education; Page 6. center left, courtesy General Motors Corp.; bottom left, courtesy U. S. Rubber Co.; bottom center, courtesy Fisher Body Division. General Motors Corp.; bottom right, courtesy Sherwin- W iliiams Co.; Page -. bottom left, courtesy Standard Oil Co. (N. J.); bottom right. \\ ihe World; second from top. courtesy United Air Lines; Page S. courtesy Ford News Bureau; Pace y. courtesy ACF-Brill Motors Co.; Page 11. courtesy Massev-Harris Co.; Pages 12 and 13, courtesy J. I. Case Co,; Pages 14-16. pictures and draw ing courtesy American Hotel Association and Francis Keallv. consulting architect. come unprepared to spend the night. A kit consits of pajamas, washcloth, toothbrush, etc. This is now a spe cialty of the Statler hotels. In adapting itself to the conveni ence of the motorist, the hotel is completing a cycle which Francis Keallv, architect for the American Hotel Association calls "horses to horsepower.'' Back in Revolutionary days, the roadside inn was the only hotel, offering shelter, food and drink, and all its patrons arrived bv stagecoach or on horseback. After the railroads came, the old inns were abandoned, and hotels came to be built near the stations. Although noise and dirt soon drove the hotels further and further away, the railroad station continued to be the entrance to the city for the majority of visitors. Even when the hotels had to send uniformed attend ants and elaborate horse-drawn om nibuses emblazoned with the hotel's name down to meet the trains, in an attempt to lure guests, the railroad station was all important. And now that more and more travelers are using their ow n cars, the hotels are rinding that once more they must become roadside inns, and they're out to accommodate travel ers and their horsepower, instead of their horses. 16 ETC 23575 Stepping for an imaginary "red light" is all part of the effort to simulate actu al cross-country operation (Editor's Note: An "Ethyl News" -writer, who had never been to Cali fornia before, recently visited San Bernardino to report on the activities of test drivers at the Ethyl Labora tory there. His impressions are con tained in this article, i By Thom Yates very vvorkim. day you can E count seven million trucks on che highways and streets of America. From the handv pickup to the huskv steel-sided giants that move 40 tons of ore in a single load, these vehicles are engaged in transporting the things we need for dailv living. No load is too large or too small. But getting life's necessities to us is not accomplished Ijv waving a magic wand. For one thing, this enormous task requires men to guide the trucks to their destinations. Par ticularly men who recognize the Heavy-duty trucks as well as passenger cars figure in Ethyl's road test programs. Here's the fascinating story of one of their drivers -- and his unusual job vital importance of riding lonelv produce of California, the cotton of downs -- vou're riding almost a mile mile after mile through all kinds of Louisiana, and the lumber of .Maine above the world one hour and near weather and terrain dav in and dav are where you need them, and when. sea level the next. It's a job. too. that out. Also, it demands sttirdv. de For, by stockpiling miles on his blows hot and then cold -- first pendable vehicles and sturdv. de truck, the Ethyl driver enables lab vou're sweltering in 111 degree des pendable fuels that can deliver the oratory engineers to gain new ert heat in mid-afternoon and then goods in a minimum of time and a knowledge in regard to engine dura- rolling up the cab windows to close maximum of econorav. bilitv and the behavior of present out the chilly night air not too many To help assure that the vehicle and and experimental fuel blends and hours later. It's a monotonous, bor fuel do their part at all rimes, an antiknock additives. ing. lonely job and anything else like "unseen passenger" rides beside Unlike those Ethvl test passenger that vou want to call it. But it's an even- truck driver, especially- over- cars which are used to road-rate important -- even vital -- job from the-road operators. The invisible fuels and to make scores of other on- the standpoint of continuing auto companion is himself a driver w ho the-spot determinations associated motive progress. knows what it means to shepherd as with the engine-fuel relationship, his In the 1 ^ years that the Ethvl Lab much as 13 tons of truck-tractor and heavy duty- vehicle is bare of road oratory at San Bernardino has been semi-trailer load over every tvpe of research equipment. No engineer, in operation, company drivers in highway, in every type of weather, he makes no special acceleration or both trucks and passenger cars have and at all hours of the clock. other tests in his daily driving. He piled up rhe staggering total of O.s This "unseen pa.-enger'" is the rides merely to accumulate the mile million miles of test driving. That's professional test driver of the Erhvl age that is so necessary in laboratory equivalent to ;6n trips around rhe Laboratory in San Bernardino, He studies. world at rhe Equator. One rest drives no cargo van. bur indirectly Test driving our of the Ethvl Lab rmelt driver ar San Berdu alone has he plays a big part in -ccmg that the oratory is a job full of ups and more than non.000 miles'of Erhvl 17 j The day shift starts to roll, above, as test vehicles leave the Ethyl Labo ratory garage. The Cajon Pass service station, at right, is a favorite stop ping place. Lower right, this odd rocky formation is seen along the run driving behind him -- and virruallv every inch of ir over the same roure. Incidenrallv. that's not as confin ing as it might sound. Its zo.itsquare miles make San Bernardino Gmnrv the lamest counrv in the United States. The states of Dela ware. .Massachusetts. New Jersev. and Rhode Island could rest within its boundaries, and there still would be a corner of the counts' sticking out around the edges here and there. So. when vou go out driving in the San Berdu countrvside. it could he a week-long outing. In the case of F.thvl test drivers, however, travels are limited to a z 14-mile dailv round trip between the Ethvl Laboratorv and the thriving desert communin' of Mojave. Back and forth over this roure so the F.thvl trucks Z4 hours a daw five da vs a week. That means 1.0-0 miles a week for each of the nine drivers, nr q.6;o miles weeklv for the Laborarorv's fleet of six truck-tractor and semi-trailer units. That is maximum mileage, and not that main- miles arc driven everv week, of course, l-.ven so. the San Bernardino fleet w ill Travel not less than 400.000 miles this vear. exclusive of passenger car test miles driven. Ray, the driver with more than 600.000 Ethvl miles to his credit, w as the pilot of the truck-tractor the dav I made mv "drv run." Like everv other good driver, he was master of his motorized ship of the desert even- second. Before we em barked on our run. Rav handed me a schedule of eating, rest, and main tenance stops. He didn't miss any of them bv more than three minutes. When he said "lunch at .Mojave at noon sharp." he wasn't kidding. Both hands of mv watch were nosed xquarelv to iz when we arrived at that simmering turn-around tow n. The first leg of the test run is the zz.5 mile creep up T. S. Route 66 18 etc 23577 from die Laboratory ro Cajon Pass summit. In negotiating this winding grade, which vanes up ro six per cent, the'speed of the vehicle drops to 10 mph and the inexperienced rider secretlv wonders if the trucktractor with its hcavv load will make it. Rav isn't bothered at all. He's more concerned with pointing out the sights along the wav. "Those power lines vou see are carrying electric current to Los Angeles from Houser Dam. and over there are the Santa Fe tracks through the mountains." Rav sug gested, too. that if i looked to mv left I'd spot Old Balds. 1 had never seen this famous mountain peak be fore, but it was no 'tranger to me nevertheless. It seems that evenpostcard I ever got from a friend visiting southern California showed "Orange grove with Old Baldv in background." Rav interrupted his momentary role of tour guide to elbow me and point to a highway marker. It read: "Summit Cajon Pass Flew 4501 Ft." In a little more than an hour, includ ing a 10-minute rest stop, we had climbed to within four-rifths of a mile above sea level. If nothing else, vour ears would hase told vou that vou were a lot-nearer the clouds than when vou started. \\c got out and stretched at the summit. Rav didn't need to. but 1 was learning the hard wav that jog ging along in the cab of .1 heavy vehicle is not the same a> riding in the richlv upholstered seat of a pas senger car. As we prepared to tret in the cab again. Rav spotted .1 dis carded pop bottle along the roadside and began to chuckle. Made him think, he said, of a chap w ho used to drive for the Ethyl 1 .aborarorv. It seems this fellow - lack, we'll call him -- hadn't been on the job lontr when lie betran to nonce that there were many em:>:\ borrlcs along the side of the roads that Ethvl test drivers follow . Motorists would buy the soda or beer at a cafe, pay a deposit on the bottle, and then drink the contents while driving. Then, out the car window would go the empty bottle. Jack began to collect the empties he saw at each of his scheduled stops, and turn them in to the same res taurant. It wasn't long before he had enough credit on the redeemed bot tles to pav for a month of lunches. But, as Rav pointed out, it wasn't the money so much. It was the fact that collecting empty bottles helped re lieve the monotony and loneliness of traveling the same road, night after night and day after day. Just as he was putting the finish ing touches on this story, Rav gave the wheel of the truck-tractor a tug to the left and we veered off Route 66 onto U. S. 395. This highway runs from border to border, .Mexico to Canada, and would be one of the major arteries for transporting troops in the event of a national emergency. Right then, however, you could scan the landscape for miles around, and the only living ob jects vou'd see were the Joshua trees, mesquite, cacti, and the other wild growth that flourish in the desert. Once vou get on Route 395, you're really in the desert. Almost automatically, the heat becomes far more intense, and vou don't ride too many miles before wind-blow 11 sand and dust lias planted itself in a layer on your face and bands. There is nothing to break the long spell of flat wasteland and blistering heat bur an occasional passing car, scattered combination service station-general stores, and a few tiny villages, none of w hich consist of more than a dozen buildings. Typical of these desert communities is Adclanto. An eating place in Adclanto. which was to have been a rest and maintenance stop on the wav back to the Laboratory, became an un scheduled halt for us on the trip out. Even in San Bernardino citv this day, the thermometer had flicked its red tongue past the ioo-degrce mark, and ro sav I was thirsty was putting it mildly. Ray and the other Ethvl test drivers .have learned to curb their desire for liquid refreshments and to space their stops for water and soft drinks. But me. 1 just had to swallow something more palatable than clumps of desert air and sand. On our wav again, we weren't too far bevond Adclanto w lien Rav brought tile truck-tractor to a dead stop. He waited for a few .seconds and then sent the vehicle through irs four gears forward. But wc didn't resume our former 40-50 mph speed. In fact, wc stopped again. Rav pur the vehicle, successively, into first. 19 1 second, third, and fourth gears. Now we'd get rolling again, I figured. But we didn't. Another complete stop and another round of gear shifting. Then another and still another pro cedure just like that. Mv "how come?'' seemed like a logical question. Rav's answer didn't sound so logical, however. He said we had just passed through a town and that everv last one of five traffic lights was red when he got to it. Stop Lights in the Desert? This was it, I reckoned. The heat and the desolate countrvside has gotten one of us. and I was pretty sure it wasn't me. If we had gone through a town, I would have given Ray the benefit of the doubt that we had encountered a traffic signal or two -- yes, even three, four, or five of them. But the map showed no community of any size between Adelanto and Beechers. And Beech ers was still a good disrance away. Half an hour later the same thing happened again. Five halts, a mo mentary pause after each, and then the shifting into all gears. I told Ray I supposed we had just gone through another town and that we didn't get a single traffic light in our fayor. His was a "well, ves and no" reply. It turned out this way. The Ethyl test driyers make these "traffic light" stops at the 54-. So-, and 9:-mile posts on the trip to Mojave and at the 54-mile post on the wav back. The county has marked each mile from the County Courthouse in San Bernardino, and at the three mile stones just mentioned the Ethyl drivers have mentally constructed the imaginary towns of Ethvlville. Erhylburg. and Ethvltown. The purpose of the five stops and starts in each "town" is to simulate actual commercial vehicle operation. It's seldom that a truck in cross-country service can travel for hours on end -- as you can in the desert -- without encountering a stoplight or sign. So, to make the test runs as realistic as possible. Ethyl has "erected" traffic signals at properlv-spaced distances. Ray wasn't seeing a mirage after all. as I had feared, but visions are not uncommon among the men who ride the desert alone at all hours of the day and night. One Ethyl driver still contends that he saw a trolley car on Muroc Dry Lake, which is partially visible from that part of the test route that is Route 466 from Beechers westward to Mojave. And virtually all of them admit to more than once jamming on the brakes because they thought they saw an other truck or a passenger car loom up in the darkness directly ahead. Almost every mile of the test route holds some sort of memory, pleasant or otherwise, for the Ethvl drivers. It wasn't far from the intersection of Routes 466 and 395 at Beechers, for instance, that Ray encountered a car full of stranded migrants during the storied Okie exodus out of the Dust Bowl to California. The car was battered and worn, yet it was the only shelter the Okies had from the broiling daytime sun and the near-cold night. Ray paid no heed to the vehicle the first time he saw it, because ex perience has taught him that motor ists often swing off the road and wait tor nightfall before continuing their journey through the desert country. But when the dilapidated car was still in the same place on his next day's run. Ray investigated. He found an old man and woman, their son and his wife, and three of the young couple's children munching slices of a loaf of bread. They had no other food, no milk -- and hadn't had for more than 24 hours. On .1 run like Ray's, the various professional drivers get to know one another quite well. Ray sought out the milkman he passed at the same spot every day and arranged with him to leave the Okies a supply of milk. The milkman, in turn, solicited contributions from grocers on his route for a basket of food to give the family. A service station dealer oiled and fueled the broken-down car at no charge. When Ray last saw the Okies they were off to Bakersfield amid profuse thanks and handshak ing. Ray often wonders what hap pened to that family. It's incidents like that which make up the daily life of an Ethvl test driver. But there's more to those 214 miles a day than can be told in inci dents and anecdotes. Miles -- of Information It is those 214 miles, plus all the others like them, that establish just how durable an engine or any speci fic one of its parts is, and that tells the laboratory engineer what effect experimental gasolines and antiknock compounds have on engine dura bility. .Mileage accumulated also aids in determining such other variables as engine wear, engine cleanliness, the effect of combustion chamber deposits on fuel antiknock require ments, and many other factors that contribute to -- or against -- the suc cessful and economical operation of a gasoline powered vehicle. Knowing these things, you come down from the desert and the moun tains after a day's run feeling that you've done something concrete to further the comparability of gasoline and the modern internal combustion engine. You feel good for not only having conquered nature's most varied terrain, but for making the desert and mountains yield valuable mileage in addition. You feel like somebody special. And. in a wav. maybe von are. 20 ETC 23579 AVERAGE COMPRESSION RATIO OF U.S. PASSENGER CARS ^ OIL PROGRESS -- MEMO TO AMERICA (Combined from Page 7) more than :,:oo new companies have starred up as oil producers, while another 1,300 firms have entered the marketing end of the business with in the past vear alone. And while growing in stature under the stimulus of competition, the oil industry has been a substan tial factor in the growth of nearly all American industries. It has made the mechanical age possible. SOT^JjUHSTOiriATION: Its progress is typified jfrend'in absolute quality and engine compression ratios. 1? u i-'i '= i; COMPRESSION RATIOS Greatly Aided Their Growth The steel and construction indus tries not only supply materials to the oil industry, but are called upon, as are all other industries, to serve the automobile, aviation and farm equip ment industries -- industries whose products have been made possible by oil. And in turn, numerous other industries -- such as rubber, glass, paint, battery, shipbuilding, railroad equipment, highway construction, food processing, and textiles -- owe their development and present size, in large measure, to oil. .Yloreover, in .1 very real sense, oil has aided the growth of hotels, tour ist courts, and restaurants; of vaca tion resorts and amusement areas. It has helped create automotive acces sory stores. It has paved the wav for countless highway businesses to grow and prosper. In sum. oil has created a new wav of life, provided the nation with new livelihood and income, made possi ble the existence of more jobs and better living standards for literally millions of American families. .Meanwhile, the industry has pro vided its own employees with good working condition-,, paid them among the highest w ages in U. S. industry, and undertaken broad pro grams of social wcurirx in their be half. m 11930 1935 1940 ^OCTANE NUMBERS -- A.S.T.M. MOTOR METHOD The industry has made far-reach ing social contributions in the form of vacations xvith pay, sickness and death benefits, insurance, retirement plans, and many other programs looking toward the comfort, happi ness and security of its employees. Today, the average oil industry employee enjoys a host of benefits. He has stable employment in a progressiye industry that contributes to the welfare of the country. He earns a high rate of pay. And he can look forward to a far greater measure of happiness and contentment than his forefathers ever enjoyed. Meanwhile, the industry, through the years, has consistently sold its products at reasonable prices. To day, amid the deep concern over the high cost of living and the trend of prices 'generally, it is important to look at the record. And oil's record is excellent! Re flecting the keenly competith c nature of the industry, the prices of petroleum products have lagged far behind the upward climb of the general level of commodity prices. Today's dollar, as compared with 19:6. will buy more petroleum prod ucts than practically any other group of commodities entering into the general level of prices. Quantity AND Quality And not only more products, but infinitely higher quality products. In gasoline, for example, the gal lon a motorist buys today is far and awav superior to the gallon he could purchase tw o decades ago. His motor fuel today gives him more power, better engine performance and greater fuel economy than he has ever known before. Considering' only one character istic or gasoline, its antiknock qual ity. regular grade gasoline has in creased trom bo to _6 octane number ETC 23580 21 since 1930. while the average octane number of premium gasoline has increased from 70 to 80 octane number. The average motorist todav. benefiting from the techno logical progress of the oil industrv, has a better grade of fuel to power his car than Lindbergh had to tiv the Atlantic. And when price com parisons are made with previous vears. it must be remembered that regular gasoline todav is far supe rior to the premium gasoline of 25 r ears ago. Great Technological Strides Looking back over the last few decades, the oil industrv can point to technological progress of immense magnitude. For every discovery that's been made, it has learned greatlv to increase the recovery of the oil known to be underground. For every barrel of oil that's been produced, it has learned to increase the yield of desired products, to de velop hundreds of new products, and all the while to improve the quality of its finished products. In exploration, the industrv has scored tremendous advances. Despite the steady increase in the consumption of petroleum products, the industrv has nevertheless been able to widen the frontiers of known supply. Reserves Highest on Record Today, known reserves of liquid hydrocarbons are estimated at more than 24 billion barrels, the highest in history. And still the search for oil goes on. This year, in the course of drilling some 40,000 wells in the United States, the industrv will go as deep as three-and-a-half miles into the earth, and more than twenty miles out to sea. in its unending ef forts to uncover more and more oil. And in addition to mapping out new oil supplies underground, the indus try has already spent millions of dollars in investigations of other sources for fuels and lubricants, and has established the technical ability required to bring them to fruition. These alternate sources, should the need for them ever arise, extend al- LIGHT FUEL OIL: Demand of nearly a million barrels a day is due mainly to the spectacular growth in home oil burners. 1932 OIL BURNERS LIGHT FUEL OIL DEMAND Oil burner figures in thousands 761 Oil demand figures in millions of barrels 6S.1 1937 OIL BURNERS LIGHT FUEL OIL DEMAND OIL BURNERS LIGHT FUEL OIL DEMAND OIL BURNERS LIGHT FUa OIL DEMAND 185.7 I I 3,4 SI 355.0 most infinitely the nation's resources of liquid fuels. In like manner, recent decades have witnessed unexampled gains m the art of refining. Since the devel opment of thermal cracking, the first notable advance, the succeeding years have seen the introduction of such newer methods as polymeriza tion, hydrogenation, alkylation, iso merization and catalytic cracking. Gasoline Yield Doubled Through these advances, not only were better quality products ob tained, but the yield of desired prod ucts was greatlv increased. In gaso line, for example, the average yield from a barrel of crude has been in creased from around in 1918 to 40T and more in recent years, and with a potential yield considerably higher. As it pauses, briefly, this month to observe "Oil Progress Day." the oil industry can point to an env iable record. It has provided an ever- broadening stream of useful prod ucts to the American public. It has made many significant social contri butions. And in no small measure ir has made possible our unparalleled standards of living. But the oil companies are not stop ping there. Currently, they arc spending four billion dollars -- an amount equal to one-fifth their en tire present capital investment -- on new facilities and equipment. They are widening the horizons of oil and of known oil-bearing resources. And they are developing countless new products for the benefit of all. Under the American system of competitive enterprise, the oil in dustry has demonstrated w hat can be accomplished for the betterment of mankind. Todav. as wc look to the future, it is not hard to visualize the even greater opportunities and rew ards that lie ahead. 22 ETC 23581 SEVENTEEN POINT SIX In many of the nation*? research laboratories, particu larly those of tht* aircraft industry devoted to studies of fuels and spark plugs. the assemblage of metal parts pic tured above is known -imply us the "17.6 engine.'1 It's a name which stems from the engine's cubic inch displacement. The *417.6*' is a ingle-e%linder supercharged test engine which ordinarily i coupled to an alternating current dy namometer. During tlie war years, it built up a reputation as a laboratory test engine highly suitable for general aircraft fuel and ignition im c-tigation-. Today, it is used in more than 20 laboratoric- in which -well work is done. It is of special value for the routine preignition rating of spark plugs in aircraft -park plug development, for fundamental studies of the preignition characteristic of fuels, and for investigations of the relative changes in fuel ratings with changes in engine -**\crit}. The 17.6 engine is another example of the creativeness of Ethyl Corporation research personnel. Engineers respon sible for research on aviation products at the Ethyl Labora tories in Detroit designed and developed the engine ten years ago as an aid to aviation fuel and engine research. Four of the high-output engines are in use at the Ethyl Laboratories. Each is capable of 18 different operational speeds, ranging from 200 to 3.600 rpm, Each can be oper ated with any selected value of boost up to a pressure of 90 pounds per square inch absolute, which is the top pressure of the compressed air -upply -ysiem. During supercharge operation, output up to 750 pounds per square inch indi cated mean effective pressure have been obtained. E%en so, the upper limit of the engine - power output has not been reached, and i< not known, -ime this presently i> limited by the maximum supercharging pressure available. When shopping for a pet TRADEMARKS OF NATURE- distinguish these, favorites Three aquarium favor ites : ANGEL fish -- marked by large, crescent-shaped fins that suggest the wings of an angel. RASBORA -- character ized by a funnel-shaped spot that covers rear half of bodv. ZEBRA FISH -- identified by dark stripes running from gills to tail. The AFGHAN HOUND is distin guished by his long, aristocratic nose and a unique "hair do" that flows down over his neck and ears. If you see a dog that looks like a lamb, you can be sure it's a BEDUngton TERRIER. The crest of feathers on his head identifies this saucy little song ster as a TOP-KNOT canarv. October 14 is Oil Progress Day, and thousands of oil companies, proud of their record of public service, are holding open house for you throughout the country. Competi tion among these companies to give you better service and better products has resulted in better transportation for everyone. For example, modern gasoline made by improved refining methods and stepped up with "Ethyl" antiknock compound is one of today's best values. "Ethyl" fluid is made by Ethyl Corporation. Xrn- York IT. .V. Y. -iron Museum o; Sutural Hiatt ETC 23583 //# NOVEMBER *1948 * IN THE Pfl/yC/VSWS W NOVEMBElR 1948 Raymond R. Falter, former manager of employee rela tions in the Detroit research laboratories, has been ap pointed to coordinate the em ployee training activities of Ethyl's Industrial Relations Department. He has trans ferred his headquarters to New York City where he will supervise the training activi ties for the entire Company. As a member of the staff in Detroit, he has directed and organized numerous training programs for engineers and chemists in Ethyl's graduate training school. This school consists of an intensified pro gram designed to familiarize future field and research men with ail phases of Ethyl's opj erations before assignment to various departments of the Company. Mr. Falter came to Ethyl in 1931 as an automotive engi neer in the former Dayton di vision and five years later was named assistant division manager. In 1939 he was transferred to Detroit to be come director of training. Af ter a three-year tour of duty in the Navy he returned to the Detroit laboratories in 1945 to become manager of person nel and employee relations in the Detroit laboratories. Mr. Faller was born in New I York and graduated from New York University with a B.S. in mechanical engineer ing. He was an instructor at New York University and later at Yale University, where he studied for his M.S. Before coming to Ethyl, he was a fuels engineer with the U. S. Bureau of Mines. STEAM-HEATED REFRIGERATION 3 Providing cool water for its operations is a big task at Ethyl's manufacturing plant in Baton Rouge. Now 25 million gallons of water a day will be chilled by a new installation that uses steam to do the job. HEARING AIDS FOR CONGRESS 6 Congressional committees filled more than 128,000 pages with their testimony so far this year. Here's an informative story on what has become a major activity in Washington, D. C. SAMPLE SERVICE 9 Ethyl Corporation's gasoline testing laboratories have tested some half million samples since they were established 20 years ago. This picture story tells how this typical Ethyl service func tions today. CANADA UNLIMITED 12 Postwar trends are rapidly changing Canada's economic com plexion. New explorations and development work in oil, iron and uranium promise to give the Dominion a new status in the eyes of the rest of the world. RUGGED RECIPES 16 The backwoods boys are no sissies when it comes to preparing dishes a la outdoor. Everything from bear to squirrel is con sidered good eating by these chefs. A SAFETY PLAN THAT WORKS 18 Detroit has made itself the nation's safest big city. How? By using large doses of common sense in its battle against traffic accidents. In order to widen the fields of reader Interest In Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the authors'. The editors of the News wetcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Edward L. Shea, president; Stanley T. Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Richard M. Poge, secretary ETC 23585 mmmgmm Steam-heated Refrigeration A new refrigerating unit, installed at Ethyl's plant in Baton Rouge, uses steam |b to cool 25 million gallons of water daily The new jet refrigerating unit, shown here as it was nearing completion, is believed to be one of the largest of its kind ever built he cooliMi in water through As everyone knows, the lower the Tthe use of -team is the novel atmospheric pressure, the lower the method empluved in .1 new refrigte mperature at which water will erating svstem w hich was recently boil. That's why. of course, a kettle installed at LthvTs manufacturing of water will boil at a lower tem plant in Baton Rouge. La. perature on top of a mountain than Thar new srem is called steam it will at ordinary sea level. jet refrigeratii m. Using water as it' own cooling How the Unit Works agent, the unit will deliver some 25 Operating on that principle, the million gallons of refrigerated water jet refrigeration unit "boils" (evap dailv for use in I-'tinTs manufactur orates) a small portion of the w ater ing operations. It represents another at an artificially low pressure. In so step in the comprehensive expansion doing, the evaporated water carries program now in progress at Baton awav with it beat from the remain Rouge, wherein LthvTs manufac ing unevaporated water, with the turing capacity is being substan result that the latter is quickly tially increased through major addi cooled. About a hundred rimes as tions to existing lacilines. much heat is required to convert .1 pound of water into steam as is given up by a pound of water in being cooled ten degrees. For that reason, only a very small fraction of the "warm" water entering the evapo rator can. by flashing into steam, provide the refrigerating effect for cooling the remainder. I11 actual operation, the water to be cooled is pumped into a vessel called the flash chamber, which is maintained under a vacuum. Part of the water is instantly evaporated due to the low pressure, and the vapor is swept out of the vessel by high velocity steam jets. The immediate removal of the vapor maintains the vacuum and allows more water to evaporate. Thus, cold water can be constantly draw n off as warm water is added. The vacuum is produced bv a combination of the steam ejec tors and condensers with 1 baromet ric 1 water legs which exert a hy draulic "pull" on the system. The jet unit at Ktln I's plant con- 3 ETC 235 ,1?}'- i I ' Jm A t'lm <-YSSk: This new wafer cooling tower un der construction represents an other addition to the water condi tioning system of the Ethyl plant sists of a cylindrical flash chamber 50 feet long and 12 feet in diameter. The 25 million gallons of water that pass through it dailv are chilled bv the flow of 2.5 million pounds of steam through the ejectors. Heat is removed from the water at a rate which would freeze eight million pounds of ice dailv. The entire op eration is accomplished by a simple, automatic refrigerator which has no moving parts. A water purifica tion plant forms an integral part of the water con ditioning system at Baton Rouge. Here, purified river water overflows a weir on its way to a reservoir Finding Wide Application Steam jet refrigeration, while not a new development, has comes into prominence onlv in recent vears. It is finding wide application in in dustries where large quantities of refrigerated water are required in plant operations. Unlike refrigerat ing svstems using chemical cooling agents, however, jet refrigeration is intended to supplv water that is cool and vet somewhere above its freez ing point of 320 Fahrenheit. The new unit at the Ethvl plant, which together with its auxiliary equipment represents an investment of more than half a million dollars, is believed to be one of the largest of its kind ever built. It represents Besides Mississippi river water, the Ethyl plant also uses water drawn from wells on the plant site and shown here pouring into one of the plant reservoirs ETC 23587 an important adjunct to the plant both for present and future opera tions. The Baton Rouge plant, like other large industrial facilities, uses a great deal of water in its operations. The Ethyl plant, in fact, requires a flow of water large enough to satisfy the needs of a city of 100.000 people. To supply that water, the plant makes use of two sources -- wells drilled on its site and water from the nearby Mississippi River. An elaborate and complicated system, however, is required to make the river water suitable for plant use and to provide sufficient quantities of cold water at all times. The sys tem contains its own water purifi cation plant, several cooling towers and two reservoirs. One of the most interesting parts of the system is the water purifica tion plant. Built during the war, it takes in more than :8 million gal lons of Mississippi river water daily, removes its mud and other impuri ties, and pumps the treated water to reservoirs where it is stored for plant use. The incoming river water is taken in through a massive 4:-inch pipe Shown at the left and right are two of the water cool ing towers in use at the Ethyl plant which feeds it into the bottom of four parallel settling basins. The water, meanwhile, goes through a closelv-controlled process of treat ment. The chemicals, lime and iron sulphate, are fed into the water and form a thick floe bed below the sur face of the water in the basins. In coming water is fed below this floe layer, and in rising through it ac complishes an upward filtration, scrubbing out silt, sediment and the floe. The treated water, now clear, overflow's a weir at the end of the basin, and is then pumped to the plant reservoirs. Serves Another Purpose Interestingly enough, the plant's usefulness doesn't end with purify ing the water. The sediment in the river water, which may have been carried down by the Mississippi all the wav from Missouri and Indiana, has been used to fill in a nearby bavou. Some 45 tons of sediment are n j collected from the settling basins each -day. The Ethvl plant not only makes use of fresh river water and well water, but it also reuses water that has already served various operating areas. The heat load is removed by circulating the water through cooling towers. These towers, each equipped with a series of giant fans, direct a draft of air which evapo rates a part of the water and thereby cools the remainder. Three of these cooling towers are in operation; a fourth is nearing completion and a fifth will be constructed late this year. The new jet refrigeration system, which supplements existing facili ties, works on much the same prin ciple as the cooling towers. Simply bv evaporating a small quantity of the water, it quickly cools the re mainder. Its principal difference is that it uses steam, instead of a blast of air, to do the job. xww M M m f"a till (p ETC 23588 f vou can rind time to read the I some 1:8.000 printed pages of testimonv given before Congres sional committees so far this vear. vou probablv will become one of the nation's best informed people on current problems. Committees of the Senate and House have explored everv subject of interest in this countrv from atomic science to postage rates. Thev cull their information from corporation presidents and house wives. professional propagandists and staid statisticians, and almost anybodv else the legislators think Nearing d/efs might supply them with useful facts or viewpoints. The first reallv spectacular Con gressional hearing took place in 1861 when a committee represent ing both houses investigated the conduct of the Civil War. Since that time the device of the Con come truly a big-time activity in the nation's capital and have estab lished themselves as perhaps one of fore the bar of public opinion. But when improperlv handled, thev can serve the selfish motives gressional hearing has been called more and more into plav as the complexitv of the nation's eco the most important phases of law making. Thev provide detailed in formation, probablv not otherwise of a committee chairman who may suppress the other side of a ques tion. Thev also can denv witnesses nomic and political problems has obtainable, on the host of complex the same rules of fair plav they increased. subjects on which Congress con would enjov in a courtroom. The Soth Congress established a siders legislation. Thev also are The public seems to have several new record for time and monev used as a means of checking to see misconceptions about Congressional devoted to hearings. that Congressional intent is carried hearings. Here are the facts: To have i:S.:49 pages of the out in the administration of laws. 1. Thev are not conducted by hearings printed, it paid the Gov When properlv handled, thev the whole Congress. Anv commit ernment Printing Office S 1.497.- can reflect the viewpoint of everv tee chairman can call a hearing. -43.54. Xo one knows how manv group of the citizenrv that would He usuallv seeks the sanction of other hearings were held but not be affected bv a given piece of other committee members but can printed. In contrast with these fig legislation. Since thev are not proceed without it. ures for the first nine months of hedged in bv the rules of a trial :. Congress cannot interfere with this year. Congressional committees court, thev can ferret out the se a chairman's conduct of a hearing spent Si.06:.5--.98 for prints of crets of people who might escape short of impeaching him or remov 106.-3S pages of hearings con the courts through technicalities. ing him from the chairmanship of ducted during all of fiscal 194-. When all other devices have been the committee. Congressional hearings have be exhausted, thev can place cases be 5. Most of the rules governing ETC 23589 the conduct of hearings are made up bv each committee chairman. Some committees require witnesses to submit written statements to 48 hours in advance of their ap pearance. Others- however. do not permit witnesses to submit any statements. Committees generally do not allow a w itness's attorney to intervene in the proceedings. Usually one witness is permitted to question another only if he sub mits his questions in w ritten form to committee members who then may ask them orally. Some com mittees encourage photography and radio broadcasting at their hear ings, but others have rules flatly banning such activities. Margaret C. Smith of Maine, the first woman elected to a full term in the Senate, was a member of the House Armed Services Committee 4. Witnesses and Congressmen may not be sued for anything they say at a hearing. There are only two exceptions to this. A witness may be prosecuted for perjury committed in giving testimony. Any person who refuses to answer a question may be punished by a fine up to 31,000 and up to one year in jail. The only constitu tional limitation on questioning a witness is contained in the fifth amendment which protects wit nesses from answering questions which might involve self-incrimi nation. 5. Witnesses must pay their own expenses of testifying, including travelling costs to and from Wash ington, unless they are subpoenaed. Even then, most committees don't pay enough to cover all expenses. ETC i 23590 Congressional hear ings are not con ducted by the whole Congress. Any com mittee chairman can call a hearing and Congress cannot in terfere without im peachment or recall from the chairman ship. This commit tee permitted pub licity. Some do not ! j The Senate Armed Services Com mittee, for instance, pays only $6 a dav for hotel and meals in Wash ington. 6. All hearings don't make the newspapers. Some are conducted behind closed doors solelv for the information of the committee members. A printed record is not kept of all hearings. For those without general significance, interested par ties onlv have the privilege of look ing at the typed record in the committee room on Capitol Hill. The casual reader of newspaper headlines gets onlv a slight glimpse of the amount of work involved in a hearing. Preparation for these events often starts months in ad vance. Case History of a Law Take, for example, the hearings on the Taft-Hartlev labor law. The ball started rolling for some kind of legislation right after the war. Voters started writing to their Congressmen and said thev were tired of strikes and other actions bv unions. On some davs Senator Taft of Ohio, for one. received as manv as -oo letters. During 1946. hearings were con ducted for seven weeks on the Case labor bill. Some :.ooo pages of tes timony were taken. Though the Case bill was defeated, the hearings did not serve for naught, for some of the information developed during these hearings later served when the Taft-Hartlev bill came along. Hearings on the Taft-Hartlev bill lasted for three solid months, with both morning and afternoon ses sions. About 364 witnesses filled 6.356 pages of testimonv. enough to make approximatelv 16 averagesize novels. After passage of the labor law, the Joint Labor Management Com mittee heard 97 witnesses talk for three weeks on the operation of the act. The hearing job on the statute still is not over. The ses sions are expected to begin again sometime in March. The joint committee's staff of eight lawyers, two assistants and several secretaries has been work ing all summer in preparation for the Spring hearings. Before the ses sions open, they will have written statements from the witnesses and a detailed list of questions for the committee members to ask. Management and labor represen tatives also are preparing now for their appearance before the com mittee and have their top experts keeping a constant check on davto-dav developments under the law. At times, witnesses must feel that they have virtually a full time job of testifying at the capital. During the late Winter and early Spring of this year, 25 representatives of oil firms testified before 12 differ ent committees. Here's the list of the committees and the subjects of their investigations: Oil Sub-Com mittee of the House Armed Serv ices Committee, oil supplv; House Banking and Currency Committee, oil price controls; House Interstate and Foreign Commerce, oil sup ply; House Judiciary, tidelands and oil; House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, tanker shortage; House Public Lands, oil leasing on the public domain; House Small Busi ness Committee, relation of oil shortage to small business; House Select Committee on Foreign Aid, impact of Marshall plan on oil sup plv; Senate Banking and Currency, price controls on oil; Senate Inter state Commerce, oil supply; Senate Judiciary, tidelands; Senate War In vestigating Committee, Middle East oil situation and Senate Small Busi ness, small businessmen and oil. Just to determine when it is to the interest of an industry to re quest representation at a hearing is a mammoth job in itself. For in stance, the legal staff of the Na tional Federation of American Shipping checked and examined more than 4.000 separate bills dur ing the second session of the 80th Congress to determine whether the (Continued on page 22 i 8 ETC 23591 1 Jrfi ime was when testing the Tquality of gasoline was pretty much a crude and cumbersome af fair. Antiknock performance, for example, was determined by run ning a gasoline sample through a single cylinder farm lighting engine that had been adapted for the pur pose. Veterans in Ethvl Corporation know this well. Fur thev used these very engines in their exploratorv research on knocking and knock ing service. Since their establish measurement, which ultimately led ment in 19:8. Ethyl's gasoline test to the development of the octane ing laboratories have examined some scale. half million samples of various Today, gasoline testing has be brands, grades and blends of motor come a highly exact and compre and aviation fuel on behalf of the hensive procedure that employs oil industry, the motoring public, modern standardized test engines and the armed forces. Today, there and universally accepted test meth are five of these gasoline testing ods. Every important characteristic laboratories in operation, strate of gasoline can be tested under con gically located in Yonkers, N. Y.; trolled laboratory conditions. And Baton Rouge. La.; Tulsa, Okla.; the motoring public, as v ell as the Kansas City. Mo.; and in San Ber oil and automotive industries, has' nardino, Calif., testing as many as derived immeasurable benefit from as.ooo gasoline samples a year. this progress. The samples come from tnn Paralleling the development of main sources -- refineries and serv gasoline testing methods has been ice station pumps. Many oil com the growth of I'rh\Ts gasoline test panies. particularly those which do not operate gasoline testing labora tories. regularly ask Ethvl Corpo ration to analyze fuel blend samples and to establish how much "Ethyl" antiknock compound should be added to enable the gasoline to attain a specific octane number. All customer oil companies, including those with gasoline testing facilities of their own. furnish a refinery sample periodically so that the Ethvl laboratories may provide an independent check on the quality of the fuel. The samples obtained from service stations serve as a spot-check against any spoilage or contamination after the gasoline has left the refinery. Each gasoline sample submitted ETC 23592 Two of the most important motor fuel tests are for vola tility and octane number. Below, a technician is test ing a sample for volatility and, below right, a fuel's octane number is determined with a standard CFR engine to the Ethvl Corporation testing laboratories undergoes at least three, and sometimes as manv as eleven, different tests. These tests take in determination of .Motor and Re search method octane numbers, tet raethyl lead content, color, gravity, gum content, oxidation stability, sulfur conrent. corrosion, vapor pressure, and distillation. From the standpoint of perform ance in an engine -- be it an au tomotive, farm machinery, or com mercial engine -- those tests cover ing octane number and distillation are the most important. They pro vide an index of the gasoline's rated power and its relative volatility. This month's cover picture, and the photograph below, illustrate the test for octane number. Using the standard single cylinder test engine, the knock intensity of the fuel sam ple is first measured. As a next step, various mixtures of iso-octane and normal heptane are used as refer ence fuels in the engine until a mix ture is found which will produce the same knock intensity as the gasoline sample. From readings obtained of the performance of all fuels, the oc tane number of the test sample is finally determined. As a further part of its gasoline testing service. Etln l Corporation compiles and furnishes to the petro leum industry and other interested industries monthly and quarterly surveys of gasoline quality through out the United States. Based on samples received from all sections of the country, these frequent sur veys are an up-to-the-minute report not only on prevailing gasoline quality but on trends in quality as well. The surveys are compiled for the nation as a whole and for geo graphical regions, and cover both regular and premium motor fuels. The automotive, as well as the petroleum, industry finds the prompt and accurate reports of benefit. Automotive engineers refer to the quarterly surveys as a con venient means of keeping posted on fuel quality trends to aid them in determining certain features of fu ture engine design. The operator, below, is preparing a sample to test it for gum con tent. This is just one of eleven tests Ethyl technicians perform Usually the results of a test are known on the same day the sample is received. This information is than often phoned or teletyped to cus tomer oil companies ETC 23594 Postwar developments -- in petroleum, uranium, and iron -- are widening the industrial horizons of the Dominion By John E. Kelly he french writer Voltaire Tmade one of history's worst guesses. Canada, he told Kins Louis XV. was a "patch of snow" not worth fighting for. History proued otherwise. Furs, timber, wheat, and gold brought our northern neighbor through colonial to Dominion status. In World War II she emerged as a leading nation in her own riffht. To- Above left, gold mining has long been an important factor in the Canadian economy. This is the Timmins, Ontario field works of Hollinger Consolidated, the Dominion's leading producer. Left, intrepid bush pilots ferry animals as well as people to any part of Canada 12 ETC 23595 dav, Canada promises to assume an even larger role in the developing atomic age. Canada has what it takes to be a great nation. Larger than the United States, our neis>hbor is one of the world's greatest storehouses of min eral wealth. It is a principal supplier of uranium, nickel, asbestos, plati num, iridium, cadmium, cobalt, pulpwood --commodities the United States lacks entirely or has in only limited quantities. Now, within a few years the Dominion promises to be a major producer of iron ore and oil in its own risiht. as a result of recent exploratory and develop ment efforts. For three centuries transportation difficulties held Canadian settle ments within a strip two hundred miles wide alomr the American bor der. The North was a trackless wilderness sparsely dotted with Hudson's Bay Company posts. In summer the [.and of Little Sticks swarmed with ferocious black dies. Gasoline and DDT changed all that. The new roads running north through Ontario and Quebec's wooded hills and across the treeless prairies of the w estern Prewinces are alive with truck caravans, hauling in supplies and bringing out "old. oil. copper, zinc, nickel, and lead. The roads >rrerch toward the Arctic, and beyond them the trac tors take over. Fifty below zero means nothin" to the crew of a "cat train." hauliivj their strintr of sleds across uninhabited country, on frozen rivers and over the im mense ice sheets of Great Slave and Great Bear Lakes, where deposits of uranium lie. Where even the cats cannot reach, the plane can and does. The "bush pilots" are to the modern Canadian North w liar Kit Carson and Daniel lloone were to the American frontier, nnthrinders and guides. .Many are youthful ex-Servicemen; others are old-timers who soloed in Jennvs and DH-qs. The North has a million lakes, many unmapped. The bush pilot knows them from the air. He flies anywhere, any time, any cargo. His tiny two or four passenger plane, fitted with pontoons in summer, with skis after freeze-up, flies 600 miles beyond the last post office as a daily chore -- and comes back. Accidents are very rare, losses al most unknown. Pride in the bush pilots who have unlocked the treasures of the North has made Canadians airminded. Air lines are thronged, advance reserva tions a must. The Dominion Gov ernment has parcelled out the scheduled routes. Trans-Canada Airlines flies coast to coast, to the States. Bermuda, and Europe. Ca nadian Pacific operates the northsouth feeders, the links between the transcontinental and other routes. Canadian caution rides as a co-pilot with Canadian darinsi; TCA has had only two crashes in its Bistort', one without fatalities. By air the North is within arm's reach. DC-3S make daily roundrrips betw een Edmonton and the fabu lous gold camp of Yellowknife on Great Slave Lake, comfortably within a business day. From Ed monton's municipal field, which is the greatest air-freight terminal in North America, a mining com pany's big planes carry supplies, mail, and the latest movies each morning to Port Radium, on the Arctic Circle, where Eskimos now yawn at the white man's iron birds and sometimes thumb a ride. Canada is a magnet to Americans. Last t ear 1: million people, mostly Americans, crossed the border to visit our neighbors. A lor of Amer ican money crossed, too. seeking investment opportunities. Nearly a half of Canada's industry, over a third of her mining, is owned by American stockholders. Five billion U. S. dollars are at work in the Dominion. More will follow, for The base camp at Burnt Creek, on the Quebec-Labrador border, where vast new supplies of iron ore are being developed 13 ETC 23596 At. : Vf*;. 'e; r^^ps* W . Hun. ]iu IJUJJlil I I J J l\ i JJ Si50 million to mine and smelt a vast deposit of titanium-iron ore. Inland, on the Quebec-Labrador border, Canada's leading gold min ing companv, Hollinger Consoli dated, is associated with the M. A. Hanna Companv, of Cleveland, in developing a mineral concession larger in area than Vermont and New Hampshire combined. In this latter project, some 300 millions tons of high grade iron ore have been proven thus far. The area promises to be a big new source of iron ore, comparable to the famous Mesabi Range in .Min nesota. Under present plans, several hun dred million dollars will be spent Above, Leduc No. I, brought in last year, is considered to be the most important oil discovery ever made in Canada. Below, this onee-idle refinery at Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, was dismantled and shipped 1,400 miles to process Leduc crude oil the industrial demands of both countries are exceeding available supplies. Since the war, Canada has been the scene of intensive exploratory efforts -- for uranium, for iron, and for oil. These efforts in turn have resulted in a number of highly im portant discoveries. Collectively, they presage an era of industrial growth and development compar able to what the United States has experienced. Along the St. Lawrence, on the Romaine River and at Sorel. Que bec. two American firms. Kennecott Copper Company and New Jersey Zinc Company, are spending 14 in developing the area, which lies 435 miles north of .Mont Joli, the nearest rail point, and 320 miles northwest of Seven Islands. Que bec. Besides the facilities to be erected in the held, the expendi ture of vast sums is contemplated in order to bring the ore to market. Included in these plans is a new railroad to be built through the Canadian wilds anil an ice-free port on the Saint Lawrence at Seven Islands. Meanwhile, the geological crews which have been at work in the ore field have been supplied entirely bv air. Seven hundred tons of food and equipment were flown in the past summer. North of the Hollinger conces sion lie tracts held bv QuebecLabrador Development Company and subsidiaries of such major Ca nadian gold mine operators as Noranda, Conwest. Anglo-Huronian, Ventures and Frobisher, Ltd. These concessions, aggregating 3,500 square miles, have revealed large reserves of similar ore. Total investment in eastern Can ada iron properties will probably approach a half billion dollars. What does it hold for the future: A greatly expanded Canadian steel industry, possible new steel mills in New England, and ultimate re placement of Mesabi ores as our great .Minnesota deposits approach exhaustion. Under the wheat fields of Al berta. in the shadow of the Cana dian Rockies, a new mid-Continent oil field may be dev eloping, in the opinion of some observ ers. It all began, of course, early last year, when Imperial Oil. Limited, discovered the now-famous Leduc field which lie- 20 miles south of Edmonton. Since then, the prov ince of Alberta has become the scene of intensive exploration for oil. with some too producing wells A mechanical shovel or "mucking machine" at work deep in a mine in northwestern Quebec drilled to date (over 100 of them in Leduc alone) and with more than jo exploration parties out in the field in a recent month. As of early October, more than 45 mil lion acres of land in Alberta were under lease for oil exploration, ac cording to the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Of this total, nearly 14 million acres were leased in the late summer and early fall, the Bureau reported, mostly in the Edmonton areas of Leduc. Woodbend and Redwarer. To handle the flow of crude from the Leduc field. Imperial Oil last year purchased the war-built re finery at Whitehorse. Yukon Ter ritory. and had it dismantled and shipped a distance of more than 1.400 miles to Edmonton. Over 7.000 tons of equipment were taken apart, carried bv truck over 010 miles of the Alaska Highw av. and then shipped bv rail the final dis tance. Today, the refinery is in op eration at its new location, process ing Leduc crude. Other significant Canadian dis coveries have been made in recent months, strengthening the belief of some geologists that a wave of new oil discoveries max' come all the wav from Norman Wells in the north to as far south as Wyoming or Colorado. The oil developments in Alberta have a double meaning. For the near term, they promise a selfsufiiciency in petroleum products for Canada's prairie provinces. Over the long term, they may mark the emergence of Canada as a major oil producer in its ow n right, able to satisfy a large part of its domestic requirements and thereby lessening its dependency on imports. These are some of the things stir ring in Canada. Voltaire would not recognize the patch of snow. 15 Etc 23598 v.;rt ^Sy. -s ROGGtO iSS^teSSISe '|MM>aPJ" rt,^wI1J(,,,,V,l1l;/'?r)riiu........'>* RtCtPtS By E. R. Cameron, Jr. Roughnecks of the culinary world are artists at concocting a wide variety of tasty triumphs from large and small game n* the high countrv of northwest I ern California, under the morn him dimly as a white bearded Paul Bunyan and Nimrod. But the pio ing shadow of the snowclad Trinity neer hermit knew his game. Moun Alps, between Jim Jam Ridge and tain lion and lynx roam the Hunting the ice-blue waters of Rattlesnake Ground, black and brown bear Lake, north of Devil's Canvon lies gorge on blueberries in the natural a wilderness called Jake's Hunting clearings. The great pad of a vagrant Ground. On the Forest Service map grizzly may mark the rippled sandy black type spells out the legend bed of a stream. Quail cheep in the "Primitive Area," an understatement, thickets, gray squirrels and red race for this is the real backwoods, be amid the rubbery leaves of the yond the last cabin where owls mate strange ?nadrone trees. with the settler's chickens. The hunter or sourdough miner In the old davs. before the Great far from camp need never go hungry White Father provided monthly for grouse whir under the Douglas checks and modem homes on their firs, are tame nearly as chickens on fertile Reservation nearby, the the bald ridges. Large as Plymouth Hoopa Indians made autumnal pil Rock hens, the grouse grow broad grimages into Jake's preserve, gath breasted and fat under the summer ering pinon nuts and positch, the sun. Jake's recipe is simplicity itself, wild crabapple from which the requiring no utensils other than a squaws brewed a skull-cracking hunting knife. Choosing a spot drink. Whites rarelv visit the name where the nearest stream runs over less ridges and cranebrakes save a bed of clay, a shallow pit is scooped when some perennially hopeful out on the bank and a large cooking prospector pans the cold mountain fire built therein of driftwood streams for the telltale yellow glint or dead pine boughs. The bird is of gold. drawn but not plucked and swathed Jake is gone and his very name in an inch-thick blanket of stiff wet with him. The oldest inhabitants clay, worked down into the feathers along Virgin Creek and at Ket'stone to adhere tightly. hamlet on Backbone Ridge recall Connoisseurs and those who can restrain appetites whetted bv the bite of the mountain air, stuff the grouse and thicken the clay wrapper by a half for slower cooking. In sea son a handful of shelled pine nuts imparts a tang to the fowl. Jake would have scorned the refinement, but a cleaned, plucked quail stuffs a grouse snugly and is eaten as a tidbit, the delicate meat savory with the juices of the larger bird. How to Peel a Crouse The grouse in its clay blanket is placed in the pit under the fire, on a layer of glowing embers. Hot coals are heaped over it and slow fire maintained atop. When the clay, white, hard and bone-drv from the firing, cracks open, the grouse is baked. If the plastering has been well applied, the clay can be peeled off. bringing feathers and skin along. Frontiersmen lacking salt, burned a birch twig on a clean stone stand ing in the flames and sprinkled its ashes on their meat. From the bears he flushed from wild berrv patches, and C3ves and dens under fallen trees, Jake took more than shaggy skins, roasting ribs or teeth and claws to ornament his deerskin shirt. Bear hams and sidemeat, smoked over cedar boughs, 16 ETC 23599 filled his winter larder and were traded at Old Dennv, the mining camp at Siskiyou border, for pow der, flour and redeve whiskey. To this dav^ome trappers and guides in Trinity Countv cure and cherish bear bacon as'far superior to "store bought" flitches. The uninitiated often wash down tentative first bites with scalding coffee and hastily plead urgent business out of doors. In mid-Julv. along with the first spawning run of the Chinook sal mon, eels en masse ascend New River and the creeks probing Jake's Hunting Ground, seeking refuge from the summer heat in the deepest pools. The plump wrigglers, often a yard in length, were an important food source to the early mountain eers, white and Indian alike. Pickled in brine or packed in salt, eels were cached in kegs against the lean cold months to come. The ubiquitous tin can has driven out such primitive fare, but eel roasts, reminder of selfsufficient old davs serve as gettogethers for the widely scattered settlers. On the festive night, for miles along the canvons and beside foot trails over the hogback ridges, cab ins are dark and empty while their owners hurry to the "eeling." A fire, large enough to serve a dozen cooks at once, is built on a sandbar in the river. The prev is hooked or speared in the black water streaming along side and hurried to its destiny. Heads and t.'.iK are removed with deft slashes of hunting knives and the bodies spitted on ramrods with sharpened points. When the skin blisters, the eel is roasted to backwoods taste. Sonic finicky folks, aping ``city manners.'' chop their catches into three-inch lengths and fry them in their own fat in skillets lashed to extension handles of green saplings, to reach well into the center of the blaze. Washed down with "mountain dew" from jugs innocent of revenue stamps, a mansized "bait" of rich roast eel is a guarantee of insomnia. For "tastv light earin'," Jake's stand-by was squirrel stew, since he had but to knock the principal in gredient from the trees above his cabin. The old hunter scorned the Kentuckian custom of "barking" the squirrel, hitting the branch under the rodent's feet and bringing it stunned to the ground, skin un marked by lead. When Jake shot squirrels, they staved shot--headless. His descendents have "prettied up" the recipe, but the old man would have admitted no improvement. Down at Burnt Ranch, where New River brawls into the Trinity', Jack Bradley makes a snack from four squirrels and what else is on hand. Squirrel Stew His knife moving with the smooth flow of quicksilver, Jack skins, cleans and quarters the squirrels. They go into the stew pot after it has been rubbed with a clove of garlic. Two inch cubes of lard fol low -- Jake would have used bear fat or grease rendered from it. The lard is hardly melted before Bradley has sliced four small onions into wafers and dropped them into the pot. When the contents are wellbrowned and an intriguing odor steams through the cabin, he adds a generous half cup of flour. If he has tenderfoot guests, Jack may' run down to Pete Gandi's store at the fishing resort of Willow Creek for a can of mushrooms. They join the squirrels along with three or four slices of bacon chopped fine, salt, a dried red pepper from the string hanging from the rafters and a cup of spring water per squirrel. While the mixture bubbles in the covered pot, Jack watches his guest's faces. When hunger is etched ravenously on their features, he sets out soup plates and a half loaf of bread apiece, "for sopping," and ladles out his masterpiece. Queried for the cooking time, Bradley grins. "No need for a clock," he explains between mouth fuls. "Nary a man could stand to smell squirrel stew a-cooking more'n forty-five minutes. When I see them getting' white around the gills and squirming in their chairs, I know time's up." Jack pauses, surveying the emptied plates and expectant faces before him. "That part's easy, but I always make the same mistake. I can't learn to measure citv folks' appetites. There's never enough squirrel stew to fill 'em up." 17 ETC 23600 mong the nation's cities, one stick employed by the National A. common problem is to reduce Safety- Council. In the first half of the number of traffic deaths even1948, there were 73 traffic fatalities though the number of automotive for a rate of 3.2 per 10,000 vehicles. vehicles in use is constantly increas Los Angeles had 147 deaths for a rate ing. For that reason, it is interesting of 4.2, Philadelphia 66 and 4.6; New to take a look at Detroit, which to York, 266 and 6.1; and Chicago, 242 day holds the distinction of being and 8.1. the safest of the nation's largest But Detroit is not satisfied with cities. having reached the zenith merely^ The motor capital's record is all among the nation's five largest cities. the more enviable when measured The prize it is noyv shooting for is against the background of events. the title long held bv .Mihvaukee -- For. although the number of motor that of being the safest of the coun vehicles traveling its streets is now try's cities of more than half a mil double that of 20 vears ago. traffic lion inhabitants. In this competition, fatalities have declined to almost it has climbed from fourth place half of what thev were back in 192s. (behind .Milwaukee, St. Louis, and Not only is Detroit the safest citv Washington) in 1941 to second among those of more than a million place in 1946 and 1947- This y-ear, population each, but it has held that it is in third place, right behind Mil top position each vear since 1942. waukee and Buffalo, on the basis of Todav, the .Motor Citv leads in the the first six months' experience. fewest number of auto deaths per Detroit is especially proud of its 10.000 registered vehicles, the vard- highyvay safety record because it is the xvorld center of automobile manufacturing. So successful have been its efforts in promoting safety that the Detroit Plan for reducing death on the highyvay is noyv re garded as a model one. Just as safety itself is no accident, as the slogan goes, neither has De troit's notable safety record come about through mere chance. To achieve xvhat has been accom plished has required the coordi nated efforts of more than a score of public and civic agencies and thousands of safetv-minded individ uals. merchants, and industrial es tablishments. These efforts are tied together into one comprehensive and effective accident reduction bundle by the Traffic Safety Asso ciation of Detroit. Probably no other citv approaches Detroit's de gree of cooperative effort. The Traffic Safety Association yvas established in 1941 as a private!v 18 ETC 23601 financed, non-profit corporation by the citv could point to 52 fewer he is a good driver, it's prettv hard five leading figures of the automo deaths and almost 15,000 fewer ac to convince a man that his car tive industrv. 1'heir objective was cidents. In 1943, the traffic fatality might cause damage and death." to have-an organization that would toll dropped below 200 and acci So, Detroit attacks the problem a administer a hard-hitting educa dents numbered onlv about half different way. tional program to make Detroit those of 1941. Since then, traffic It alerts drivers to accident haz more saferv-conscious than ant- deaths have never mounted over ards, and. more importantlv. to the other citv had ever been before. the 200 mark in anv one vear and hazards of the law. It may be diffi Thev wanted the .Motor Citv to be have been as low as 160 (in 1944). cult for the average motorist to real the test tube, and the staff of the How did Detroit achieve that im ize that he could run down a child a Traffic Safetv Association to be the provement, in the face of record or ram another car. But getting a research workers, in an experiment traffic loads? There are manv an traffic ticket, losing a driver's license, to prove that traffic fatalities could swers to that question, but the one or going to jail is something that be reduced. And thev got what thev big reason is the unique method of almost anvone can readily appre wanted. approach which the Association has ciate -- and it's something he doesn't Founders of the Association were followed. like. Messrs. K. T Keller, of Chrvsler; C. E. Wilson, of General Motors; New Line of Approach As proof of the effectiveness of its "alertness to the law" strategy, the late Edsel Ford; Clarence W Most cities hope to promote safer the TSA can point to scores of suc Averv. of the Murrav Corporation, driving through gruesome photo cessful educational programs. Take, and Hugh J. Ferrv of Packard. The graphs and posters bearing the for example, its posters which sim i first three veers, of TSA operations were underwritten bv Chrvsler. General Motors, and Ford. During warning: THIS COULD HAP PEN TO YOU. But the Traffic Safety Association of Detroit is ply and forcefully proclaim: "90 DAYS FOR DRUNK DRIVING." These were hung over the bars of that time, 21 other Detroit concerns convinced this doesn't work. Savs virtually every tavern in the town were added to the roster. Todav, .Mr. Slutz, "The average motorist is and were slapped on the 1.400 street- more than 60 companies, banks, de so sure he will not be involved in side and corner signboards erected partment stores, and other establish an accident that he looks upon such throughout the citv bv the Asso ments are members. messages as being directed to `the ciation. The result was a decided Incidentally, the Echvl Corpora other fellow.' Feeling as he does that decline in drunk driver cases. An- tion Research Laboratories in De troit hold membership in the TSA. and have contributed to the citv's outstanding traffic safetv record. In hundreds of thousands of miles of road research mb other driving in metropolitan Detroit since 194:. Laboratories vehicles have been in volved in orb', to o accidents result ing in injur, -o the occupants of one car or the other. In both cases, the injuries received were slight. With Don Shir/, former Detroit newspaperman uul citv controller, The Traffic Safety Association was es tablished in 1941 as a non-profit organ ization. Here the operations commit tee meets to plan an attack on accidents as its Managing Director, the Traf fic Safetv \"ociarion in 1941 buckled right down to the serious business of -.n mg lives, l he vear it w as founded.. persons .were killed and 0 ' accidents occurred on Detroit One \ ear later. X 5T 19 ETC 23602 other poster, warning that "Drunk Drivers Go To Jail," is given a large share of the credit for enabling the .Motor Citv to pass through a NewYear's week-end without a single arrest for drunk driving -- and that's no small achievement. But no safety endeavor, no mat ter what its pitch or slant, can be effective unless it is backed bv the strong arm of the law. In Detroit, police and traffic court judges subscribe faithfully to the axiom that "as enforcement goes up. accidents come down." Police em ploy the "selective" enforcement technique, which means that their efforts are aimed at curbing specific violations which cause accidents when and where the accidents are occurring. Once offenders have been nailed, traffic court judges carry the enforcement program through to its logical conclusion -- a stern reprimand, a maximum fine, suspension of the driving privilege, or a jail term. Unlike many other cities. Detroit controls the movement of pedes trians as well as vehicles. A clearlvdefined Pedestrian Protection Ordi nance. enacted in 194:. makes it il legal for any person on toor to risk his own -- or anyone else's -- life on the city's streets. The ordinance renders pedestrians liable to traffic violation tickets and summonses. As a result, traffic deaths among pedes trians are down 25%. The Detroit Plan for reducing traffic tragedies is long range in that it tries to anticipate troubles before they arise. But it is also geared to cope with situations that develop overnight. Taking an actual case, here's how a sudden accident out break on McXichols Road in the Top, Detroit traffic experts put 5,000 of these posters in bars as part of their campaign. Above, an officer gives a pedestrian a ticket as he shows him the skid marks of a car that almost hit him when he carelessly walked out onto the street. Left, punishment is meted out according to each indi vidual violation. In this case the driver is about to lose his license ETC 23603 city's northwest section was at tacked last vear. A safety task force -- the Traffic Safety Association's operations com mittee -- immediately analyzed the accident facts and trends to deter mine ways and means of combating the accident epidemic through its customary unified effort. .Members of the committee include represent atives of the Traffic Engineering Bu reau, the police department, the pub lic and parochial schools, the Public Lighting Commission, the Depart ment of Street Railways, and the Traffic Safety Association. The offensive began with thou sands of written and spoken words on the subject in the city's press and over its radio stations. Safetyminded editors earmarked the sto ries for prominent display, and the broadcasts were adroitly timed to peak travel hours. The homewardbound shopper or commuter heard his car radio loudspeaker jeer at him for thinking he could beat the light or win some other foolish gamble. Theaters also lent their support. The Public Lighting Commission investigated the area to ascertain whether insufficient lighting was a cause of the increase in mishaps. The Traffic Engineering Bureau sent a crew into action to find out whether a different routing of traffic, or a new setting of traffic lights, would solve the problem. Also on hand was the Department of Parks and Rec reation-- because something as com paratively simple as rnmming a tree that was blocking view of a signal might be the an-u or to the accident outbreak. The Traffic Safety Association posted scores of its "curbstone policemen'' > srreerside and street corner signboards > in the area, pro claiming the dangers of rlwt district. Speakers appeared before the lead ing civic, bii'inc". fraternal and other clubs in an effort to enlist their support in the drive to cure the accident rash. Pamphlets, broad sides, and literature by the thousands roared off the printing presses for mass distribution. And, in keeping with Detroit's switch in psychology, they carried not the "This Can Hap pen to You'' message, but rather the blunt warning that an accident can deprive a driver of his license and perhaps result in a heavy' fine or jail sentence. Within a few weeks after the Traffic Safety Association opera tions committee had drawn up bat tle plans, there were few, if any, Detroiters who weren't aware that McNichols Road had become a high-accident zone. Detroit has found that the average motorist and pedestrian will cooperate whole heartedly once he understands the problem. That is why the city con centrates on pounding home its edu cational program before assigning extra policemen to patrol a highaccident area. For those who remain unconvinced of the need for extra precaution, even after the extensive educational efforts, the prospect of fine or imprisonment is very real. Just as programs of this type have been successful throughout all De troit, so was last year's outstand ingly effective on .McNichols Road. In 1946, this street suffered 14 traf fic fatalities and a 24% increase in accidents over the previous year. In 1947, thanks to the TSA-directed safety campaign, only two persons were killed on .McNichols and the number of accidents dropped cor respondingly. Despite its enviable traffic safety record and its smooth-functioning accident prevention group, Detroit realizes a big job still lies ahead. Needed, it feels, are better roads and other physical facilities, better drivers, and better vehicle mainte nance. Once these basic improvements in motor vehicle use and facilities have been effected, the Traffic Safety Association is confident that it can accelerate the progress it has made in the field of traffic accident prevention --progress that in a com paratively short span has converted Detroit into the safest of the na tion's metropolises. 21 ETC HEARING AIDS FOR CONGRESS `Continued front 8> federation should request a hearing or ask to testify in the event one already was planned. Committee investigators, too, can cite impressive statistics to give an indication of the work they do in preparing for hearings. For in stance. before the present hearings of the House Un-American Activi ties Committee even got started, staff investigators completed 150 reports on espionage and 200 re ports on atomic workers. As frequently happens when a probe is begun, the committee in vestigators had no idea thev were getting into such a mammoth proj ect when thev started their work. Thev began bv checkins up on just three government workers. Their findings served as the spring board for the giant-size probe. A committee's sensationalism in hearings, however, is not always a true indication of the work it does. OUR COVER: The knock-test engine, dressed up in a new coat of paint, is one of six in use at Ethyl's gasoline testing laboratorv in Yonkers, X. Y. A story of Ethyl's gasoline testing service appears on Page 9 of this issue. The color photograph was taken by O. Winston Link. OUR PICTURES: Page 6. Philip Gendreau; Page 7, top, courtesy Republican National Com mittee; bottom. Acme Newspictures, Inc.; Page 8. Press Association; Page 12, top, Alberta Government Photograph; left center, courtesy W. H. Durrell; bottom, courtesv M. J. Metcalf; Page 13, courtesv John E. Kellv; Page 14, top, courtesy Corsini; bottom, courtesy Imperial Oil Co., Ltd.; Page 15, courtesy Louvicourt Goldfields Corp.; Pages 16 and 17, illus trations by Ruth C. Jennings; Page 18, Wide World; Page 21. cartoon by Hagglund; Page 22, cartoon by J. Wade. During the 80th Congress, for in stance, the Senate Armed Services Committee received nationwide publicity for only two sets of its hearings -- those on universal mili tary training and unification of the armed forces. To determine the subjects for hearings and most intensive work, however, the committee considered 460 measures. It reported 171 bills to the Senate for action. The other measures died in committee. Of the 171 bills sent to the Senate, 148 became law. Following the committee's hear ings and Senate debate, the upper house passed the law unifying the armed forces. The story was dif ferent for universal military train ing. After the stormy open hear ings on the subject, the committee went into executive session for 14 days and came up with what is now the Selective Service Act. The number of hearings held bv some committees often seems to be too much for one group of legis lators to handle. They solve this problem, however, bv setting up sub-committees. The Senate For eign Relations Committee, for in stance. has 22 sub-committees rang ing all the wav from the SubCommittee to Investigate the Voice of America Program to the SubCommittee on the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. .Many a person who has testified at a hearing has denounced the procedure as unfair and too timeconsuming. But it still remains an important part of representative government and is one of Con gress's best means of getting the views of all segments of the popu lation on questions of importance to the nation's welfare. A latmliur landmark throughout Baton Rouge. La. i tin* lower pictured on the opposite pace. (dimming in a-new coat of paint, and with tin- familiar "Ethyl" trademark painted on top of it. the tower i?, in a "ay, a symbol of Etlnl's manufacturing plant in Baton Rouge. The 120-foul tower, with a capacity of 100.0(111 gallons of water, is part of the plant'' extensive water *\>tt'in. ami serw; a> an auxiliary unit ol the tire fightinc system. A story on the plant's water system appear? on Page :j of thi? issue. 22 ETC 23605 TRADEMARKS OF NATURE, identify these quackers A green head and a white collar identify th MALLARD drake. At right is shown the femai Mallard, which, like most female ducks, is it- strikinglv colored than the male, or drake. In addition to the difference in the color of the head, the longer, white wing stripe of the GREATER SCAUP t top i helps you to distinguish it from the LESSER SCAUP. To get the best performance from your car, use high quality gasoline improved with "Ethyl" anti knock fluid -- the famous ingredient that steps up power and performance. To show you their best gasoline contains "Ethyl" antiknock compound, oil companies display "Ethyl" trademarks on their gasoline pumps. "Ethyl1' fluid is made by Ethyl Corporation, Chrysler Building, New York ;r. New York. You can easily recognize the fish eating MERGANSER, or Sheldrake, by his slender cylindrical bill. roa,i, r,iO,,,, >< <lh OurIts V id I,,, itrd. lur. Bird Must rati,,u, t.u lx,,, f-'.rt-, <itk<rir,<4 not id. .rtnudarc fair.-. ETC 23607 Dri Er CEr Mi iBnErRr 1948 Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 1 7, N.Y. Edward L. Sheo. president. Stonley T Crossland, vice president and treasurer; Richard M. Page, secretory ETC 23609 *e*'srUT *^ic^i9^xr~'N Ca * o Cfilsa HE twenty-eighth annual meeting of the American TPetroleum Institute was, without a doubt, the biggest and best on record. It was a meeting attended by a record number of more than 5,200 delegates. It was a meeting whose busy days were filled with some 160 separate sessions, approximately 130 of which were committee meetings that began four days ahead of the convention's formal opening. And it was a meeting which, in the words of William R. Boyd, Jr., was "a splendid reflection of the spirit of unity, of cooperation, and of team work which are such invaluable assets in our industrial life." Again this year, the December issue of the Ethyl News is devoted to an informal report of that meeting. Through the medium of the candid camera, we have sought to obtain not only a pictorial report of the meet ing but perhaps something of its spirit and meaning as well. THE EDITORS ETC 23610 w xw l Ml.: H* iizu- "* . On their way ia highway, skyway. and rail Vway travelled the t.aoo-plus men and women who converged on Chicago in record numbers last month to attend the :8th annual meeting of the American Petroleum Institute. Special convention-bound trains rolled our of the East and the South west. Those not aboard the '`spe cials" moved on Chicago in regular trains, planes, and private automo biles. .Most of the delegates arrived just prior to the annual meeting's November 8 opening date, but countless hundreds were on hand days earlier for the 34 committee meetings conducted November 4. c, and 6. As usual, the annual meeting taxed even the facilities of the Stev ens Hotel, world's largest, to capa city and beyond. While most of the business meetings, conferences, luncheons, and receptions were held at the Steyens or the Palmer House, the facilities of more than :o other hotels and clubs were required to accommodate the record-breaking assemblage. Below, a delegation of oil men from the Southwest, os they arrived in Chicago. 4 Top, incoming oil meri thronged Union Station and other Chicago terminals as they arrived for the conven tion. Above, a group leaving the 20th Century. ETC 23611 1 fiSK A- M Aboard the Century were John D. Brandli; R. H. Pruitt, of Pruitt Petroleum; Charles M. Smythe, of E. W. Saybolt & Co.; A. K. Stone, of Modern Petroleum; and Howard West- fall, of General American Transportation. C. M. Davison, of Esso; and J. A. Kelley, vice president, Cities Service Oil (Pa.). Three Sinclair men -- Paul J. Butler and Vice Presidents J. E. Dyer and A. E. Watts. Other Century passengers included R. K. Kelly, of Tide Water Associated; Marc F. Braeckel, president of Richfield of New York; E. F. McCabe, vice president. Tide Water Associated; and W. P. Hamilton, of Esso Standard Oil. Harry H. Fuller, of Sinclair Refining; H. E. Brandli, vice president. Cities Service Oil (Pa.); and George H. Hill, Jr., assis tant to the president, Cit ies Service Co. At the far right are Kenneth L. Pat terson, of, Esso Standard Oil, and Frank H. Sarnes, of Standard '/occur-.. V .... .v/' -M E. H. Wellemeyer, vice president, Cities Service (Pa.I, and A. A. Lacazette, Esso. jt'.i y.VSsrij* -or si/ ETC 23612 Ethyl representatives on the Century included {left) Roy Goltz, Julian J_Frey, general sales manager, and Malcolm P. Murdock. Below them are Robert J. Phillips, vice president of Hegeman-Harris; and H. W. Haight and Robert W. Miller, Creole Petroleum vice presidents. Below, top photo, are Maynard I. landa, Petroleum Advisers, and D. P. Sturges, of Cil Service Oil (Pa.). Bottom, Eugene R. Sullivc counsel to Cities Service, and George L. Mate vice president of Cities Service Research a Development. Left to right, Harry M. Hilts, secretary of ESPA and the Atlantic Coast Oil Confer ence; Henry L. Schwartz, president of Paragon; and John F. Riddell, president of Riddell Petroleum. Left, John A. Walstrom, vice presi dent of Asiatic Petroleum, and J. Milton Rice, of Esso Export. ETC 23613 Editors of the two special API daily publications registered early. They were Warren L. Baker, of World Oil, and Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. Wilson, of the Oil and Gas Journal. Roswell B. Downing, James D. Hughes and John C. Stick, Jr., all of Lane-Wells, above. Left, Kurt H. Andresen, Carter Oil, registers. Other early arrivals included Col. T. H. Barton, board chairman of Lion Oil, right, who headed an Arkansas delegation. The registration room at the Stevens was busiest just before the Monday morning sessions began. ETC 23615 API Secretary Lacey Walker reading names of new members elected to the Board. The President's address by William R. Boyd, Jr., officially opened the first general session. Dr. Robert E. Wilson, board chairman, Standard Oil (Ind.) discussed oil supply. he creaiisf. i.KMis of Charles TF. Kettering was formally rec ognized bv the API when it pre sented irs annual Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement to this "leading prophet of research and invention" at the first of three general sessions. "Boss Ket." who joined the late Henrv Ford and Dr. William .M. Burton as recipients of the threeyear-old award, was honored "for your past contributions and for the spiritual nnnctus you have given to the quest for an ever brighter future." "Abu. through your inven tions and research- discoveries, and those of your research organiza tions. have made outstanding con tributions not only to industrial and transportation progress but to all society." the citation declared. In his talk following the presenta tion. Mr. Kettering said that our supply ol energy is limitless, pre dicting that scientists some dav would learn how to capture the en ergy from the sun. The annual President's Address bv William R. Bovd. Jr., was the first one ever devoted exclusively to the subject'T he API." .Mr. Bovd took occasion to summarize, and then conclusively refute, some of the charges th-.u have been made against the API from time to time. The Institute, he declared, has won the respect not only of oil men. but of the public and government as well. Third speaker of the Wednesday afternoon general session was Dr. l ETC 23617 m %% Charles F. Kettering, third to receive the API Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement, told the audi ence that "as long as the sun shines ... we shall never run out of energy." His Award Certificate is reproduced below. At left, below, he is shown re ceiving the medal and certificate from President Boyd. f'w/rci?--ZZ fan a. t . . "if I. ""* ^ **** . '' "OoZt i *A SSSSst ^2?, ,flo * J Zr'"/! *,** nwm??.9* r T -fr -i -I--nr--r?~ ""*2rc *i * ....a'*"' p- Robert E. Wilson. board chairman of Standard Oii (Jo. .Indiana). In an address entitled "How the Oil Supply Problem 'Mis Licked." he cited the keen competition anions; oil companies as the major factor in this respect. ``There has never been such intense competition by each and every company in the important job of trying to take care of its own customers almo-r regardless of cost, and thus retain their good-will and hold their businc-- for the furore." Dr. Wilson noted. William G. Skelly, president of Skelly Oil, (center) greets "Boss Ket" as Edward L. Shea, Ethyl president, looks on. ETC 23618 W. S. Zehrung, pres ident of Pennzoil anc of the National Pe troleum Assn; Everet Wells, vice presiden: of Ashland Oil and Refining; and Harry W. Kaley, vice presi dent of Ethyl. The API Board of Councillors, as it met to nominate candi dates for election as API directors. ETC 23619 ersonal views as to how Congress and the petroleum Indus Ptry rnav increase their understanding of each other were expressed bv U. S. Senator George W Malone of Nevada and Frank .M. Porter, president of the .Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association, in talks before a capacity audience at the Wednesday evening general session. Senator Malone said the industry must convince Congress that the public interest is uppermost in all its operations, and that it must keep the lawmakers supplied with factual informa tion on the position of petroleum in this country. Mr. Porter, in turn, called upon Congressmen to be "guided by the facts" and to "follow their own sound judgment instead of those with axes to grind." A special feature of the general session was a panel discus sion in which leading radio commentators interviewed oil executives on their companies' public relations efforts. Among the speakers at the Wednesday evening session were Senator George W. Malone, Frank M. Porter and Elmer Davis. Bottom, a view of the speakers' platform during a panel discussion by oil executives and radio commentators. Right, participating in the panel dis cussion were radio announcer Dwight Weist and Col. T. H. Barton, chairman of Lion Oil. Col. Barton told how his company is carrying forward the oil industry's public relations program. Another speaker at the panel discussion was Alex Dreier, the well-known commentator. Above, other participants in the panel discussion included (top) Jo seph W. Butler, president of the Butler Oil Corp., and news com mentator Ray Henle, and (below) Harry Milton, president of the Milton Oil Co., and radio broadcaster Richard Harkness. Mr. Butler told of the progress of the industry's public relations program in the state of Maryland while Mr. Milton spoke on the meaning of the pro gram to oil jobbers. Below, caught between sessions were Al Basye, of Ethyl; L. E. Kincannon, vice president, and C. O. Anderson, of Rock Island Refining; and A. L. Russell and Ralph Booker, of the Indiana Farm Bureau Cooperative. * &A /:'.3 Looking over a program ore Gilbert J. Mueller, executive vice president of Argo Oil; H. A. Stew art, president. Rocky Mountain Oil and Gas Assn; and J. F. Cullen, of Stanolind Oil and Gas. 7. y Exchanging greetings between sessions are Dr. W. F. Faragher, of Houdry Process; William H. Hubner, of Ethyl; and Reid Brazell, president of Leonard Refineries. '.if >J Above, Willis H. Thompson and Ramsey C. Armstrong, president of Welex Jet Services, and Mer cer H. Parks, of Humble, make up ;h:s *rio. vV Right, listening as Sidney A. Swensrud (right), president of Gulf, makes a point are Hines H. Baker, president, and Dr. R. J. Gonzalez, of Humble; Dr. Jo seph E. Pogue, the well-known oil economist; ana Albert C. Mattei, president of Honolulu On V.Tii v'- 1 r ./ o - A /u Above are Charles P. McGaha, of the FainMcGaha Oil Corp., and Charles F. Roeser, of Roeser and Pendleton. `r 1 (622 he findings of one of the most Tcomprehensive studies ever un dertaken on the future supplv of petroleum were disclosed at the Thursday morning general session. The report, covering- the 1949-58 period, was prepared bv L. F. McCollum's subcommittee on Long- Term Availability. Summed up, it not only refuted the persistent myth that we are running out of oil. but foresaw a substantial increase in the national supply of petroleum liquids. Other speakers were Robert G. Dunlop and Max W Ball. Right, L. F. McCollum, president of Continental Oil, as he reported on the long-term availability of crude oil supply. Below, a part of the audience at the closing general session. Above, Robert G. Dunlop, president of.Sun, speaking on prices, profits and productivity in petroleum. Oak Roomj [ Coffee Shop . -- ?Vf Att. Among the visitors to Chicago were Oscar B. Irizarry, editor of Petroleo Interamericano; Carlos L. Corcuera, of Petroleos Mexicanos; C. C. Tate, of Phillips; and Teodoro Reith, of Petroleos Mexicanos. Right, glancing over some con vention literature are James A. Cashen, Jr., of Pan American Petroleum, and J. A. LaFortune, executive vice president of War ren Petroleum. Below, Leo King, of the Happy Co., and A. J. Brewer, vice president of Aetna Oil, formed this pre-session two some. Below right, T. N. Law, president, and J. L. Stauss, vice president of Falcon Seaboard Drilling, stop for a drink of water. o h 7 Top, Ralph O. Dietler, chairman of Stanolind Oil Purchasing; M. H. Robineau, president of Fron tier Refining; and J. P. Moroney, vice president of Sinclair Wyo ming. Above, C. G. Skartvedt, president of Skarty Oil, and J. E. Adrian, secretary of the South Dakota Independent Oil Men's Assn. ETC 23624 E. B. McConnell, vice president of Standard of Ohio, talking to Harry Mack, of Ethyl. Above, William R. Argyle, vice presi dent of Sinclair Re fining, and Richard Murphy, of Ethyl. Right, Russel S. Wil liams, president of the Individually Branded Petroleum Assn. Right, Jack Macauley, of Ethyl, with A. M. Max well, vice president of Standard of Ohio. Be low, holding a pre-ses sion conference are Wirt Franklin, of Franklin, As ton and Fair; Frank Buttram, president of Buttram Petroleum; Ted Sutter, of Baker Oil Tools; and E. L. De Golyer, of De Golyer and MacNaughton. Top, intent listeners at a general session are John H. Easthagen, L. F. Schimansky, and A. H. Batchelder, all of California Research. Above, a buffet party brought together David G. Gray, of Humble; A. C. Sailstad, president of Stanolind Oil Purchasing; and J. E. Scally, vice president of Harmony Oil. VL ETC 23625 lardo! ?*%* m $>*k- hree work sessions and a luncheon made up the busy T schedule of the API Board of Directors. The Board re-clected William R. Bovd, Jr. to serve as President of the Institute for the eighth vear. Vice Presi dents named were R. L. YVheelock, for Production; Chester F. Smith, for Refining; J. Howard .Marshall, for Marketing; and W. Alton Jones, for Transportation. L. S. Wescoat was re-elected Treasurer, and Lacev Walker was aeain chosen Secretary and Assistant Treasurer. OK5 ROOM: PKi:tVoUlolytOApltNi*rsIttt"TS Meeting PM ^-'DirrJpr! Meeting Newly elected API director Joseph S. Morris, of the American Assn, of Oil Well Drilling Contractors, is escorted to a Board meeting by Masfon Nixon, of Southern Minerals. ./ Jit fj William R. Boyd, Jr., flanked by Lacey Walker and D. V. Stroop of the API staff, presiding at a meeting of the API Board of Directors. Btf ; `Of ,4 U- Ik Above, Senator-elect Rob ert Kerr, former governor of Oklah oma, addressed the Board meeting. Below, a view of the Board room as the API directors met. ETC 23626 Fsr HL Va Shown above and on the opposite page is a luncheon meeting of the executive committee of the API Board. Above are L. S. Wescoat, presi dent, Pure Oil; H. T. Klein, president. The Texas Co.; J. Howard Marshall, president, Ashland Oil; J. L. Hamon, of Cox and Hamon; H. A. Gidney, executive vice president, Gulf Oil; George A. Hill, Jr., president, Houston Oil; R. G. Follis, vice chairman of the board, Standard of California; J. N. Pew, Jr., chairman, Sun; Eugene Holman, president. Standard Oil (N. J.); A. C. Mattei, president, Honolulu Oil; and Lacey Walker, of the API staff. Left, B. A. Hardey, of Shreveport, La., and Eugene Holman, president. Standard Oil (N. J.) have a chat before a Board meeting. Right, R. C. Stoner, vice president, and R. G. Follis, vice chairman of the board, Standard Oil of California. 1& ^ IJ V The other half of the luncheon table, with API President 8oyd presiding, shows R, L. Wheelock, of Wheelock and Collins; N. C. McGowen, president. United Gas Pipe Line; John M. Lovejoy, president. Seaboard Oil; W. G. Skelly, president, Skelly Oil; A. E. Watts, vice president, Sinclair Oil; W. Alton Jones, president, Cities Service; B. L. Majewski, vice president, Deep Rock; C. F. Roeser, of Roeser and Pendleton; Robert H. Colley, president, Atlantic Re fining; D. V. Stroop, API; Paul Blazer, chairman, Ashland Oil; J. C. Donnell II, president, Ohio Oil; and A. Jacobsen, president, Amerada. Standing are Dr. R. E. Wilson, chairman. Standard Oil (Indiana); L. F. McCollum, president, Continental Oil; B. I. Graves, vice president, Tide Water Associated; and Howard W. Page, Standard Oil (N.J.). Edward L. Shea, president of Ethyl, and H. S. M. Burns, president of Shell, talking before a Board ses sion. *$?** W7 \ ** With a convention exhibit forming an interesting back drop, five directors hold an informal chat. They are J. French Robinson, president, East Ohio Gas; O. D. Donnell, former president, Ohio Oil; Frank Buttram, president, Buttram Petroleum; R. Ogarrio, vice president, The Texas Co.; and E. B. Reeser. ETC 23628 Above are R. L. Milligan, treasurer of Pure, and R. L. Kent, presi dent of Kent Oil, and below are Amon Carter, S. W. Richardson, and K. S. Adams, president of Phillips. Above, R. L. Wheelock, of Wheelock and Collins, and W. S. S. Rodgers, chairman of The Texas Co., have a helping of hors d'oeuvres. Below, Harry Moreland, president of Great Lakes Pipe Line, chatting with R. W. McDowell, executive vice president of Mid-Continent Petroleum. ast accomplishments of the industry's two-vear-old public Prelations program were reviewed and plans for future activi ties were discussed at several meetings during the API conven tion. The program will go forward during the coming year with Conger Revnolds as chairman of the Oil Industrv Information Committee. A budget of 81,850,000 for the OIIC program, recommended bv John M. Lovejov, chairman of the API Public Relations Committee, was unanimouslv approved bv API Directors for 1949. The report of the OIIC for 1948 noted that 4,039 companies have now participated in the industrv-wide program, com pared with i.^oo a vear ago. For his outstanding job as "a oneman Oil Progress committee'1 in His home town, Ken Dougherty (right) receives a gift on behalf of the OIIC from Ralph Champlin, chair man for 1 948. Present at Thursday's OIIC luncheon were Henry E. Rose, Harry W. Simonds, Stanton K. Smith, William Finnegan, Edwin Esmay, Keeton Arnett, John Canning, Fred Eldean, H. B. Miller, and Ralph Champlin. On the inner side of the table are W. J. Arnold, William Gerwe, and H. Brown. Virtually all APIers saw this OllC-prepared "Pe troleum Serves Amer ica" display (below), near the Registration Room. Companies or associations wishing copies of the display may obtain them from the OIIC. ETC 23631 OIIC district chairmen, either past or present, are (standing) L. C. Pfaff, SoconyVacuum; Wiley Moore, Wofford Oil; Eric V. Weber, Ohio Petroleum Marketers Assn.,- L. E. Ulrope, Esso Standard; and Joseph W. Butler, Butler Oil. Seated are M. H. Robineau, Frontier Refining; Robert Pielsticker, Skelly Oil; W. J. Arnold, Pure; W. J. Gerwe, Socony-Vacuum; and Robert Garrett, Gulf. m mm mm mm The OIIC Thursday lunch eon also was attended by Douglas Campbell, Conger Reynolds, Franklyn Waitman, W. R. Huber, E. A. Cunningham, Paul Hodges, Richard Rollins, Jack Cohane, John Wieland, G. Stewart Brown, Daniel Mc Carthy, and J. L. Dupree. Inside are Clarel Mapes, J. A. Lentz, Fayette B. Dow, Warren Drew, How ard Volgenau, and John S. Cooke. Standard of In diana and Pure Oil were hosts at the luncheon. Rawleigh Warner, chair man of Pure Oil, and Ad miral H. B. Miller, mana ger, API Department of Information. r iff' li}- - rS'T-'B 4 Franklyn Waltman, OIIC chairman for 1947; Conger Reynolds, chairman for 1949; and Ralph Champlin, chairman for 1948. The oil industry's Information Committee in joint session with district chairmen and the trade press Monday afternoon in the Upper Tower. ETC 23632 Shown clockwise at a luncheon of the Board of Directors Public Re lations Committee are Robert H. Colley (Atlantic), Lee S. Wescoat (Pure), B. L. Majewski (Deep Rock) W. G. Skelly (Skelly Oil), Col. T. h! Barton (Lion), Dr. Robert E. Wilson (Standard Indiana), Admiral H. B. Miller (API), Ralph C. Champlin (Ethyl), Chairman John M. Lovejoy (Seaboard), John S. Cooke (API), William R. Boyd (API president), R. G. Follis (California Standard), B. B. Howard (Jersey Standard), H. S. M. Burns (Shell), B. Brewster Jennings (Socony-Vacuum), Ralph T. Zook (Sloan and Zook), and L. L. Aubert (Bankline Oil). John M. Lovejoy, president of Seaboard Oil and chairman of the Public Relations Com mittee of the Board, chats with Joseph L. Dwyer of the API staff. ETC 23633 Discussing the oil industry's public relations effort for the coming year are John Southworth, of Shell, new OIIC chairman for Michigan, and Conger Reynolds, 1949 chair man of the OIIC. Lower left, M. S. Hauser and Douglas Campbell, public relations directors of Ohio Oil and Pure Oil. George Bays, of Stanolind, glances at the roster of companies support ing the industry's public relations program, while K. C. Sclater, Pe troleum Engineer editor, and P. E. Fitzgerald, of Dowell, Inc., chat nearby. Production '&&1 ' ' . 7 ^ ` U -<- . 'M TFV- .-i- " S,7-. ihe division of Production held Refining, concluded the Tuesday The session was concluded by E. G. Tthree sessions during which nine morning session with an analysis of Gavlord, of California Research speakers reviewed subjects of inter "Factors Used in the Allocation of Corp.. who discussed the "Role of est to that branch of the industrv. Production Among Pools and Research in the Production of Oil." In all, twelve men authored the Within Pools." W V Vietti, of The The concluding session, held papers, which ranged in subject Texas Company, and M. E. Holm- Wednesday morning, had W L. matter from offshore drilling to em- berg, of Phillips, presided. Horner. Barnsdall Oil. and R. O. '$' plovee relations. The Production session of Tues Garrett. Arkansas Fuel Oil, as chair George Cannon, of Humble, day afternoon was presided over bv men. The program included "Geo opened the first session with a review H. H. Kaveler, Phillips Petroleum, physical Exploration" by R. D. of "Improvements in Cementing and John Sherborne, Union Oil. WvckofF. of Gulf Research; "Regu Practices and rhe Need for Uniform John McNulty, of Ohio Oil, spoke lations Covering Drilling Activities Cementing Regulations." This was on "Do You Recognize Your Em in Coastal Waters" bv R. G. Matts, followed bv a discussion on "Factors ployees As People?" His talk was of .Magnolia; and "Offshore Drilling to be Considered in Obtaining followed bv an examination of the and Development" by Mercer Parks Proper Cementing of Casing." This "Importance of Natural Gas in the and J. C. Postdate, of Humble. C. E. paper was co-authored bv George National Economy of the United Reistle. Jr., also of Humble, read Howard and I. B. Clark, both of States." given bv R. H. Harcrove rhe report of the Division's nominat Stanolind. F.dei ir Kraus, of Atlantic of Texas Eastern Transmission Corp. ing committee. _4 i ETC 23634 Left, R. G. Watts, of Magnolia Petroleum, addressing the Wednesday morning Production session. Above, R. O. Gar rett, Arkansas Fuel Oil, and William L Horner, Barnsdall Oil, were chairmen of the meeting. Mercer H. Parks, left, of Humble Oil, spoke on "Offshore Drilling and Development." Below, C. A. Young presenting API Production Division awards to Jake L. Hamon, of Cox and Hamon; F. E. Rice, vice president, Phillips Petroleum; T. E. Swigart, president. Shell Pipe Line; and DeWitt Ring, vice president, Preston Oil. Seated: C. C. Ashley, Shell Chemical; and George Supple, who accepted award for E. L. Adams, retired president of General Petroleum. Other recipients were C. C. Scharpenberg and W. R. Trelford, both of whom are retired. It's time out to write a letter for Charles M. Linthicum, of Max Wal ler Co., above. George Senn, right, president of George Senn, Inc., scans the paper. On the extreme right are A. W. Ambrose, president, Cities Service Oil (Del.), and Ralph Neuhaus, vice president, Hughes Tool. Below is President A. W. Peake, of Standard Oil find.), and at the bottom, Vice President Clive M. Alexander, of Aetna, and S. T. Pruitt, of Ethyl. _ .* * V Si is ' ! ' /ST Below are T. J. Crowley, W. L. Love and F. W. Wallace, oil magazine executives, with J. B. Merritt. Bot tom, San M. Wagner, of Ethyl, greets Glen Foster, George Van S. Randall, and Howard Cuyler of Standard of California. ISTSfe-r-: . JT.-JA ETC 23638 M etc 23639 m .- -'-if* 'M - * W A Refining n an industry as progressive as I the petroleum business, methods research of representatives of a dozen laboratorv groups, including for insuring continued high qualityGulf Research and Development. of products are of particular im Richfield Oil, Phillips Petroleum, portance. Soconv-Vacuum Laboratories. An- Attention to laboratorv and pilot glo-Iranian Oil Co., Standard of plant approaches to process opera Indiana, The Texas Co., Jefferson tions was given, therefore, in the Chemical Co., Standard Oil De Division of Rerining meetings. velopment, Universal Oil Products. There were two svmposiums on Atlantic Refining, and Humble Oil. Rapid Methods of Analvsis. spon In the onlv address of the final sored by the Committee on Analy Refining group session. Eusjcne tical Research. \\ ith J. B. Rather. Jr., Ayres, chief chemist of Gulf Re of Soconv-Vacuum, presiding. search and Development, declared Subjects covered represented the that our reserves of petroleum and coal are sufficient to last three or four centuries. To supplement these reserves, he said, everv effort should be made to learn how to tap and harness the energy of the sun. Mr. Avres de scribed solar energy as our best reservoir for heat and power in the future. Chester F. Smith, of Standard of Jersey, presided at the session as newlv-clected API vice president for Rerining. He succeeds Dr. Rob ert E. 'Wilson, of Standard of Indiana. ETC 23640 ETC 23641 i _ i _ *' Receptions ... *. A number of cocktail parties and receptions served to leaven the seriousness of the convention with opportunities for pleasant fellow ship. Pictured above is a Grand Ball Room scene of the traditional buffet party given by Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown Steel Products Co., Continental Supply Co., and Emsco Derrick and Equipment Co. At left is Henry Wagner, Stevens Hotel chef, shown as he puts the finishing touches on one of the beautiful ice pieces which colorfully decorated the buffet tables. Representing the hosts at the buffet party were, left to right, Frank I. Brinegar, execu tive vice president, Continental Supply; C. H. Longfield, vice president, and Frank Purnell, president, Youngstown Sheet and Tube; and William Powell, vice president, Emsco Derrick. etc 23644 Hosts at Gulf Oil's party included, left to right, Richard R. Johnston, Presi dent Sidney A. Swensrud, and H. G. Meador. Carl W. Georgi, of Quaker State Oil, and Harry L Moir, of Pure Oil, sample the hors d'oeuvres at a buffet party. This group at the Gulf party included, Col. Gustave H. Vogel, USA; John F. Walton, Jr., Gulf; Capt. John M. Boyd, USN; and Col. Stephen C. Lombard, USAF. Thomas J. Sullivan, Gulf, at left, greets Julian J. Frey, Ethyl sales manager, at Gulf's party. Dr. Gustav Egloff, UOP, is surprised by a birthday cake in his honor at Universal Oil Products' party. At lower right, are, left to right, Edwin F. Nelson, vice president, UOP; John E. Kenney, vice presi dent, of Foster Wheeler; and David W. Harris, UOP president. 23645 Attending the Bureaucrats Buffet were, left to right, B. H. Barnes, Gulf Oil; W. R. Argyle, vice president, Sinclair Refining; E. Oliver Jones, Ethyl's manager of customer services; A. P. Frame, vice president, Petroleum Advisers. At upper right, William P. Gee, vice president, Texaco Development, was a guest at the Lummus buffet party. As host, Paul C. Clark, welcomes Donald B. Edwards, of Stanolind Oil and Gas, at the Clark Brothers' buffet party. This Lummus party group includes, left to right, L. D. Mann, vice president, Cities Service Refining; Carl S. Reed, Lummus president; Jomes E. Fenex, Continental Oil; E. G. Christian, Cities Service; and Frank M. Simpson, vice president, Cit-Con Oil. m:. .4-1 -f'K, Time for a snack for this Lummus party group. From left to right, C. Willard Key, Thormod C. Cook, Charles A. Day, Richfield Oil; and William M. Stratford, president, Texaco Develop ment. A general view of Clark Brothers' buf fet party as seen from a balcony. ETC 23646 hf apic highway session was Tconducted as a forum on "Plan ning and Paving for Highways." Three speakers discussed matters such as raxes. Federal aid. planning, and other factors concerning pro gressive highway development. Charles L. Dearing, of the Brook ings Institution, talking before the APIC Highway session. Edwin S. Hall, chairman, American Petroleum Indus tries Committee, presided at the forum. Left, M. S. Aldrich, chairman of the West Virginia Highway Users Conference, discussing "The West Virginia Platform for Progressive Highway De velopment." Below, part of the audience which attended the APIC session and forum on Planning and Paying for Highways. Below, Alexander Fraser, president of Shell Union Oil, addressing the forum. 23647 I II Transportation -u Avariety of oil movement prob lems was considered bv those who attended the four sessions of the Division of Transportation on Alondav and Tuesdav in the Palmer House. Kev representatives in the field of oil transportation presented their subjects from the point of view of the scientist, the engineer, and the technologist. Other speakers dis cussed the transportation of petro leum products bv pipeline, rail, highwav. and tanker, and high lighted aspects of federal, regula tions covering those movements. One of the broadest subjects dis cussed was "The Current Critical Problems of Highwav Transport," bv Prof. John S. Worlev of the Universin' of Michigan. Emphasizing the point that the public interest is of primarv importance in con sidering highwav transportation problems, he spoke on current and future aspects of taxation, trade barriers, an adequate highwav svstem. fuller us'e of highwavs, a uni form traffic code, and long-range highwav planning. The Transportation group ses sions were supplemented bv meet ings of the Central Committees on Pipe Line, Railroad. Automotive and Water Transportation, of which Clark H. Kountz, Fayette B. Dow, J. W Sinclair and H. G. Schad were chairmen. Newlv-elected members of the General Committee of the Division of Transportation were announced on Tuesdav. W Alton Jones, presi dent of Cities Service, was re-elected API vice president for Transporta tion. Committee chairman Paul H. Kuhns, of Continental Oil, reported for the nominating committee of the Division. . 'lUiP WWEI> ETC 23648 Prof. John S. Worley, right, spoke on highway transport problems. I V* % Below, Admiral Jo seph F. Farley, of the Coast Guard, who discussed the regu lation of the move ment of oil by water. Above left, R. A. Bran non, of Humble Pipe Line, speaking on internal cor rosion of crude oil tanks. Left, another Monday af ternoon speaker was H. F. McConomy, of Atlantic Refining. Above, Allen Baxter, of Keystone Pipe Line, speaking before the Pipe Line Symposium. Right, the speakers' table at the Tuesday morning Trans portation session, with Ad miral Farley, A. G. Anderson, of Socony; Robert S. Henry, of the AAR; and Prof. Wor ley. Below, J. C. Donnell II, president, Ohio Oil, and W. Alton Jones, president, Cities Service, who presided at the Tuesday meeting. ; * vf ' * * $, . <.. Fayette B. Dow, of API, left above, introduced the speakers at Tuesday afternoon's Transportation meeting. A. G. Anderson (right), of Socony-Vacuum, was program committee head. Clyde B. AitcHison, of the ICC, addressed the session. In the audience were Ray L. Smith, president of Ray L. Smith & Son; C. C. Keane, of Great Lakes Pipe Line; Fred Hague, of Sun; and A. F. Winn, Skelly Oil. Above, Donald D. Conn, Transportation Assn, of America, as he addressed the meeting. Left, Chester C. Thompson, president, American Waterway Operators, read a paper by Clif ford A. Hahn, of the U. S. Department of Commerce. W. Alton Jones presenting API Trans portation awards to J. Howard Pew, retired Sun president; B. Brewster Jen nings, president of Socony; B. C. Graves, , president, Union Tank Car; and C'.cir* H. Kountz (retired), of Sin clair, as James Moss, API, and J. C. Donne,; i president, Ohio Oil, look on. J. - -V'-cr.ester. formerly of Esso, " : ece'vec cn award, Left, Joel H. Hirsch, of Gulf Research and De velopment, chats with F. L. Herle, of Hydro carbon Research, and his wife in the lobby of the North Ball Room. indu Below, Paul H. Kuhns, of Continental Oil, and J. W. Sinclair, of Union Oil, compare notes. Left, Maurice L. Bar rett, of Shell; M. H. Strickland, of Proportioneers; and C. C. Keane, of Great Lakes Pipe Line, stop for a talk after a meeting. Right center, O. C. Bridgeman, of Phil lips, and Richard B. Sneed, of Ethyl. Above, Alfred D. Carleton (left). Standard Oil of Cali fornia, succeeded Andrew G. Anderson, Socony-Vacuum, as president of the Transportation Club. Right, a general view of the Transpor tation Club dinner. ETC 23651 n HV - " . . r' H. J. Kennedy, vice president, Continental Oil, and A. B. Anderson, Oil Jobbers Service. Top right, Jack Coast, Coast Oil; A. C. Tully, Ethyl; and J. W. Shem- well, vice president, Atlas Oil. Above, a meeting of the Defense Services Committee. Above right, George C. Morris, of Pure Transportation; and Banks Moreland and President Ed ward N. Gosselin, of Graver Tank. Right, Norman J. Rees, of Socony-Vacuum. The Pipe Liners Club enjoyed its annual dinner at the LaSalle Hotel. At the center of the head table are D. D. Irwin, vice president, Pure Oil; and C. H. Kountz, the new and retir ing presidents of the Club. f Hi*. - ETC 23653 fei'i ~mp'- u. - uni *//Z re port on the current petroleum A supplv position bv John W Boatwright. Standard of Indiana economist, highlighted the Division of .Marketing group session. Other speakers were Theodore Yntema and Charles H. YV'ible. Right, C. H. Wible, of Edwin K. Wil liams Co., delivers his speech. Below, J. Howard Marshall, president of Ash land Oil & Refining, and the new API vice president for Marketing. Top, Dr. T. O. Yntema, of the Committee for Economic De velopment, talking, with B. L. Majewski, vice president, Deep Rock, presiding. Above, John W. Boatwright, of Standard Oil (Ind.l, discuss ing current supply. Below, this large audience attended the Marketing group session on Monday afternoon. w ETC 23654 mmm Top left, John Harper, president, of Harper Oil; H. L Thatcher, president, of Thatcher Oil; and Dr. John W. Frey, of the API, chat, left, five Ethyl men confer: They are (left to right) Harold Berg, Julian J. Frey, Richard C. Mur phy, San M. Wagner, and James E. Boudreau. Mr. Frey is Ethyl's general sales manager and the others are regional managers. Below, general view of the 25-Year-Club dinner at which John M. Crawford, chairman, Parkersburg Rig & Reel, was elected president for 1949. Kenneth G. Mackenzie, The Texas Co. gave a history of the subject. J. C. Geniesse, of Atlantic Refining, was a speaker. The Committee on Petroleum Products of the Division of Refining is shown in session, with H. W. Field, of Atlantic Refining, presiding as chairman. A. H. Batchelder, of California Re search, addressed the group. ETC 23656 The summing up task at the two meetings was assigned to R. J. S. Pigott, of Gulf Re search and Development,-and president of the Society of Automotive Engineers. This Lubrication exhibit was on view during the convention. At the right are Miss Ruth Peterson, exhibit attendant; Lloyd C. Gibson, Standard Oil (N. J.); and Lt. Tony Meyer, USN. ETC tion, speaking. ill l.l'ISKICANT REQUIREMENTS of Tfuture automobile engines were discussed bv both petroleum and automotive industry speakers at the Lubrication group session. Another discussion was con ducted on the subject of "Additives for Lubricants -- Their Advantages and Disadvantages." A talk on brand name marketing factors rounded out the session, at which M. B. Chittick presided. Arthur O. Willey, vice president of the Lubri10I Corp., before the mike. Bottom, left to right -- speakers Harry C. Mougey, of GM Re search; A. Bruce Boehm, of Enjoy; and Robert E. Jeffrey, Jr., Shell. PLWMP**"! .......... . .yjjfpp'-- ETC 23658 W The Lubrication session in the North Ball Room of the Stevens drew a capacity crowd. Many were obliged to stand. The balcony was also filled. The Agricultural Development Committee met Thursday, with Chairman Jesse D. Wooten, vice president of Mid-South Oil (head of table), presiding. .UBBICBTE FOR WPS*' fay lOOO Ml w> Franklyn M. Moffitt, of Ashland Oil, gets some literature from Miss Coletta M. Leddin at the Lubrication exhibit. ETC 23659 D. J. Smith and E. R. Turner, presidents of Pan-American Petroleum and Pan-American Production, with J. B. Ken nedy, of Sinclair Prairie. C. C. Tyler and C. J. Berlin, of Baker Oil Tools, flank E. M. Kipp, of The California Co. Checking up on API functions listed on the . Stevens lobby board is E. N. Koonsman, of Pittsburgh Des Moines Steel. Below are M. E. Brock (Gulf), Lot Bowen (Western Gulf Oil), M. D. Hughes (Long Beach Harbor Dept.), J. D. Robinson (Santa Fe Drilling), and Frank Hunter (Allis-Chalmers). Lon A. Casler and A. E. Hess, both of the Oil Heat Institute of America. Having sodas are W. A. Allred, Lone Star Gas. D. P. Long, Shamrock Oil; and E. A. Brown, Lone Star Gas. pu -- ETC 23660 H. T. Markee, of Phillips Pe troleum, presiding at the ses sion. he accident prevention ses Tsion on .Monday evening was devoted to the general subject of Safe Handling of Petroleum Products. Four speakers reviewed topics covering a wide range of interest to those engaged in acci dent prevention work. The meet ing was presided over bv H. T. Markee. of Phillips Petroleum. \'~-r - v -'.'ft' ' 7' ' F. R. McLean, of SoconyVacuum, spoke on safe handling of petroleum products in the home and on the farm. T. E. Flowers, of Standard Oil of Cali fornia, delivering his paper at the meeting. Left, J. W. Sinclair, of Union Oil, discussing "The Avoidance of Contamination in Petro leum Products Deliv ery." Below, part of the group attending the session. R. W. Black, of Esso Standard, talking on "Gas-freeing Tanks -- Air Movers vs. Steaming." ETC 23661 Charles H. Bunn, Jr., of Standard Oil Development, presided at the Fire Protection session. he fire protection session Tfeatured four speakers who discussed a wide variety' of sub jects within the field of fire pro J. E. Hill, Union Oil, spoke on the "Value of Training Personnel in Fire tection. Among the topics cov Fighting Practices." ered were "The Value of Fire Safety Standards to the Petroleum Industry," "Accident and Fire Press Relations," and the "Value of Training Personnel in Fire- Fighting Practices." Left, center, Frank G. Wilson, of the API, on the rostrum. Right, J. L. Risinger, SoconyVacuum, discussed "Accident and Fire Press Relations." Robert S. Moulton, National Fire Protection Assn., delivers his speech. Right, after the session William T. Gunn, of the API; and C. D. Norris and L. M. Blenderman, both of The Texas Co., gather to talk. ETC 23662 The press room was busy throughout the convention. Many newspapers and oil publications sent special writers. he corps of writers and editors Tat the convention not only cov ered meetings, but interviewed key API delegates on such subjects as the tanker picture, military require ments, and future fuels and engines. There were few idle moments for the press. Reporters interviewing Bruce K. Brown, vice president of Standard Oil of In diana, chairman of the Military Petro leum Advisory Board. Not even the camera interrupted these NPN staffers Herbert A. Yocom, Glenn W. Dietrich and Paul Wollstadt, and William F. Bland, (second from right), of Petroleum Processing. Officials of the Assn, of Petroleum Writers, which met during the API convention, are Paul S. Hedrick, president; Milburn Petty, director; Le Roy Menzing, vice president; Rosalie Jordan, assistant secretary; Charles J. Deegan, chairman; and Jay Hall, secretary-treasurer. Above, lost minute calls before leaving Chicago. Tot competing in an APIC contest, E. A. Lowenthal (right), o Drew & Co., asks Milo Taxman, of Advance Refining, it "Mr. Taxoline." Left, J. C. Chatfield, of World Petrc receives a prize for discovering that R. A. Worley, of P Co. (right), is a "Mr. Taxoline." ^RVICE booth wctirUi' . Bram'ff Paul Schultz, of Stanolind, walks off with his "Mr. Taxoline" prize, a golf bag carrier. Right, A. M. Ault, Pre mier Oil, buys a toy gun for his son. Far right, L. O. Miller, Cali fornia Oil World, heads for home. ETC 23664 ` -r John Beaumont, of Anglo-Transvaal Consolidated, rest ticket for home, Johannesburg, So. Africa. b s s T. A. BOYD DR. ROBERT E. WILSON CHARLES F. KETTERING CHARLES F. KETTERING lias earned many honors in his fruitful and busy life but perhaps none is more significant to oil men than the API Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement awarded to him at the 28th annual meeting of the Institute this year. It was a tribute from the entire petroleum industry to a man whose contributions to science and good living have benefited not only the automotive, petroleum, chemical and railroad industries, but all mankind. Mr. Kettering invented the automobile self-starter. He also invented, or fostered the development of. automobile ignition and lighting systems, lacquered body finishes, the unit fuel injector for Diesel engines, the two-cycle Diesel engine, and "many other devices of use and value to man kind," as the API citation declares. And it was Mr. Kettering's research in engine knock that led to the discovery of the antiknock properties of tetra ethyl lead by the late Thomas Midgley, Jr. The story of the discovery of tetraethyl lead as an effec tive antiknock agent for gasoline, and the part that Mr. Kettering had in it. has been told many times before. It is mentioned here again only because it was one of the many contributions which induced the API to '"honor itself" by awarding "Boss Ket" the Distinguished Achievement Medal. We of the Ethyl Corporation feel a close kinship to "Boss Ket." His initial research, and his help and encouragement to Midgley. created the principal product of this company. Moreover, he was Ethyl's first president. Although he served as president for less than a year -- in order to return to his first love, the research laboratory -- Mr. Kettering has con tinued to cock a parental eye upon the Ethyl Corporation. As the senior member of our Board of Directors, we as a company owe him much for his optimism, his faith^n the future, and his wise counsel. The occasion of the API award in Chicago in November brought together three men who contributed to the solution of the engine knock problem. "Tab" Boyd worked shoulder to shoulder with Toni Midgley through the many years before the Midgley research team came upon tetraethyl lead as the most effective antiknock agent it could find. He continued to be associated with Mr. Kettering in research projects until his recent retirement as iiead of the Organic Chemistry Department of the General Motors Research Laboratories. Dr. Wilson, an eminent research director of the limes, was a close friend of Midgley. He kept in touch with the search to find an antiknock compound and it was he who gave Midgley his special arrangement of the Periodic Table with which Midge and his associates conducted a systematic survey of possible chemical compounds. These three -- "Tab" Boyd. Bob W ilson. and "Boss Ket -- know more than any other living persons about the re search which ended with the discovery of tetraethyl lead. They nil share in tlie* satisfaction that what they did. indi vidually and collectively. in this work has meant so much to progress in automotive transportation. ETC 23665 i v: i ETC 23666