Document 7Om3EJBYd3E994oGXnY2MDxLg

7m VOLUME SIXTEEN JULY-AUGUST, 1946 NUMBER FOUR r~\ 'll! l^7^.\ ^ ` ;7r^fK*: ':" U' -- vi-Vr. i -JaLtia, CHEMICAL AND M ETALL L Ko I f A! L'-'.INLTKI A small section of the piping installation in the bead catalyst plant of Socony Vacuum Oil Co.. Inc., at Paulsboro, A. J. A large proportion of the piping is lead. Aott lead pipe, valves and fittings in pump connections and lead return bends of sluice pipes under forming towers. ii: N 977 Lead Tanks, Valves and Piping Used in Plant lor Manufacture of Catalyst for Oil Refining HE catalyst which is used in the Also of lead lined steel are four T Thermofor catalytic cracking storage tanks of 42.000 gal. capacity process for manufacturing high oce ach. In two of these tanks the acid tane gasoline is a synthetic material. alum solution diluted to 20 percent It is made from sodium silicate and strength is held in storage. In the an acid solution of alum. A consider other two the solution is further di able portion of the process involves luted for use in making and treating the handling of solutions which are the catalytic material. All of the highly corrosive in character. In the pipes, valves and fittings used to con Faulsboro. \. J. plant of Socony vey the acid-alum solution are of Vacuum Oil Co.. Inc., which pro lead. duces this catalyst in the form of The acid-alum solution and the small spheres or beads, many of the sodium silicate solution are brought process vessels and much of the pip together at the forming tow'ers which ing are lead. are also of lead lined steel. There The very first process in the pro are 32 of these towers 3 ft. in diam duction of the bead catalyst* is the eter and 10 ft. high. Each tower con reaction of aluminum trihydrate with tains a deep layer of light oil floating sulphuric acid to form an alum solu tion. This is done in a tank lined with :1s-in. tellurium lead held in place bv vertical steel straps spaced 2 ft. on centers. The reaction heat? the tank to 240c F. and though the heating-cooling cycle is repeated two or three times a dav the :is-in. lead lining shows no signs of deteriora tion after more than a vear of use. on a comparative!v shallow laver of water. The solutions mix and form a gel in a mixing head above the surface of the oil and the gel is caused to separate into small par ticles bv an ingenious dividing de vice. As these particles descend through the oil they form spherical beads about I3 in. in diameter. The beads are removed from the tower through a lead discharge pipe b\ the underlying layer of water which is kept in circulation by pumps. Treatment and washing tanks through which the beads are passed on their way to the dryer are of other materials but lead pipe is used ex tensively for conveying them up to the point where they enter the dryer. The extensive use of lead in the plant for the production of the cata lyst for the catalytic cracking process gives lead a double role in the pro Part o' the piping serving the treat ing tanks. The risers at the left. aP >>t the long radius bendv the large pipes in the right foreground and many others are lead. 2-- -- Part oi the battery o' >1? lent! lined forming towers whom thr g / m formed ami dnuled into -.phrro a! hauls. duction of high octane gasoline. In this case it is a passive part in pro ducing gasoline with the highest oc tane rating vet obtained without the addition of anti-knock agents. In the form of tetraethevl lead it serves further to increase the rating of the very best untreated gasoline that can be produced. The combination of catalytic cracking and letraethev I lead treatment produces extremely high octane gasolines. 'For a complete description of the manufacturing process see ' Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering" April, 1916. LIA25900 White Lead and Sheet Lead Help A Farmer Solve His Housing Problem ULLETIN PT8 of the Agricul his wife using paint mixed and tinted B tural Experiment Station of Iowa by themselves. The exterior painting Mate College outlines one solutionwas done by the spray method which for a troublesome but seldom dis has been found to be entirely satis- cussed phase of the current housing factorv for pure white lead paint. problem -- that of the obsolescent Another means of simplifying the farm house. Little consideration has work was the use of sheet lead for been given to farm housing and it flashing in the rebuilding of the seems to be up to the farmer to solve chimney. Sheet lead is easily cut and his problems unaided. Bulletin P(8 formed to the shapes and contours of is a livelv and interesting account of masonry with the tools ordinarily how one Iowa farmer did just that, found in the farmer's shop. A cap even to the extent of doing nearly all or coping of sheet lead was also of the work himself. placed at the top of the chimney to The success of the project was due keep moisture out of the masonry primarily, of course, to thoughtful preliminary planning but was as sisted in no small measure bv the choice of materials of high quality and which could be handled and ap plied by the owner and his neigh bors. Plastering and papering, two skills which are not possessed bv most householders, were not required for the erection and finishing of plv- wood partitions finished with pure white lead paint. This produced a durable, serviceable surface which is slow to collect dirt and easv to clean. The exterior walls also were painted with pure white lead paint applied to new shingles which were nailed directly to the old siding. All of the painting, both exterior and in terior. was done bv the owner and and thus eliminate one of the most troublesome sources of leakage. There are many times when a little white lead or a piece of sheet lead can be used to advantage on the farm. White lead in the joints of wood construction, such as a wagon bed, will protect them from the weather. - Applied to the threads of a pipe or bolt, it will prevent leakage and insure easy removal. Sheet lead is useful for gaskets as well as flash ings and it is also handy for fishing line weights in an emergency. The householder who makes use of lead in his construction work or remodel ing will be wise to save some of both white lead and sheet lead for use in general property maintenance. The Iresh white lead paint oi the kitchen will be durable anil easy to clean. The ouner-builder cutting sheet lead strips to make durable. weather-tight Hashing* tor the chimney i ii --3-- LIA25901 i Chemical Corrosion Resistance of Lead I EAD may be economically employed with manv of the chemicals used in the process industries. I__ The following partial list of such chemicals with brief comments on the reactions they may be ex pected to have with lead is intended as a general guide in the selection of materials of plant construction. Because of the broad range of chemicals and the wide variation of operating conditions existing in modern industry a more complete and more specific list would be impractical. ACETIC ACID--Moderately cor rosive to lead but corrosion is greatly accelerated by high concentrations and temperatures. Acetic anhydride and glacial acetic acid are handled in lead. ACETO\E--Lead mav be used satisfactorily. ACET) LESE--Little effect on lead. ALCOHOL. ETHYL--\o effect on lead. ALCOHOL. METHYL--So effect on lead. ALL Ml MM SULPHATE OR ALUM--Lead may be used satisfac torily. AMMOXIA--Lead is unaffected by the drv gas. and by liquid unless so dium or potassium are dissolved in it. AMMOMUM AZIDE--So effect on lead. AMMOMUM CHLORIDE--Lead nia\ be used at ordinarx tempera tures with concentrations up to 10 per cent. AMMOMUM HYDROXIDE-- Lead satisfactory with liquid or gas at practical!) all temperatures and concentrations. AMMOMUM PHOSPHATE -- Lead mav be used satisfactorily. IM.MOMUM SULPHATE -- Lead max be used satisfactorilv. AYTIMOYY CHLORIDE -- Lead i- somewhat corroded, but is used with comparative economy for chlor inating the tri-chloride to the pentachluride. MESSYL CHLOR1DE--Lead may be used satisfactorily. BORIC ACID--Lead may be used satisfactorily. BRIXE--(see Sodium Chloride I. PROMISE--Lead may be used w hen cold and acid free. CALCIUM CARBOXATE--Found in natural waters and forms a good protective coating on lead. Added to water to reduce plumbo-solvencv. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE -- Pres ence in green cement corrodes lead in presence of moisture and oxygen. However, added to soft waters re duces plumbo solvency. CARBOXATES, SOLUBLE-- Act as a protection to lead in natural waters unless present in excess, when it increases solubility. Lead is used in acid carbonate systems for gener ating CO,. CH LORIS ATED HYDROCARBOSS--Action on lead varies from slight to severe depending upon breakdown to HC1 and presence of organic acids. CHLORISAT10 S PROCESSES-- Lead is slowlv corroded at tempera tures usuallv used, but has satisfac tory life and greater economy com pared with other common metals. CHLORIA E--Drv does not effect lead and lead max be used w ith moist chlorine up to about 110 deg, C. with slight corrosion. Amounts of chlorine used in water treatment do not affect lead. CHROMIC ACID -- Since chro mates form a good protective coating on lead, lead max be used with fairlv high concentrations of this acid. Antimonial lead is widely used in electroplating. CISDERS--Lead embedded in cinders should be protected. COAL TAR--Lead used in refin ing and recover) of many by-prod ucts. COSCRETE, CEMEST OR MOR TAR--When green, free lime present attacks lead. Aging to carbonate lime or applying asphalt coating on lead recommended to prevent such corro sion. COPPER SULPHATE--Lead is used for anodes and tank linings in electroplating. --4-- ETHER--Little or no effect on lead. Lead used in its manufacture. FERROUS SULPHATE -- Lead used for tank linings and coils in production and use. FORMALDEHYDE (FORMIC ACID)--Action on lead similar to that of acetic acid. HYDROCHLORIC ACID--l se of lead is not generally recommended but it has been used with some cor rosion in concentrations up to 30 per cent at normal temperatures and 20 per cent at 100 deg. C. Antimonial lead shows better resistance than or dinary lead. HYDROFLUORIC ACID--Lead is commonly used and has fair resis tance to dilute acid. HYDROGES CHLORIDE (AYHYDROUS HYDROCHLORIC ACID)--Little effect on lead. HYDROGES PEROXIDE- \,,t likelx alone to affect lead, but accel erates acid corrosion. KOCH ACID REDUCT10A MASS -- Lead mav be used satisfactorilv. MAGXES1UM CHLORIDE--Cor rodes lead as it does other metals. MALACHITE GREES MOTHER LIQIOR--No appreciable effect on lead at 80 deg. C. MIXED ACIDS--Mixtures of sul phuric and nitric acids can he u^ed with lead at ordinarx temperatures if vxater present is less than 30 pel cent. XAPHTHALE\ E -- No effect ,m lead. SITRATIOS MIXTURE OF HACAD--Lead is used with rather high corrosion. .MTRIC ACID--Lead is not gen erally recommended with this acid, but is used with little corrosion when concentrations are above 80 per cent at normal temperature. SITRO-BESZOL A X D X1TROCHLOR-BESZOL--Corrosive to lead. LI A25902 M T ROC ELLi LOSE--Lead widely used as in all rayon manu facturing processes. MTROGLYCERIXE -- Lead used to handle spent acid. SITROSYL - SULPHURIC ACID --Action on lead is least at specific gravity of about 1.5 to 1.6. Close control thus minimizes corrosion. ORCASIC ACIDS--In general, accelerate the corrosion of lead, but their presence in solutions does not always preclude the use of lead. OXT GES -- Drv gas merely tar nishes lead. In presence of water, initial attack is usually followed by formation of protective coating formed by salts such as carbonates, sulphates and silicates in the water. In absence of these salts, aeration may be employed to remove oxvgen because of its action on all metals. OXY-L ACID--Lead is corroded to some extent but is about the only economical metal that can be used with satisfaction. PHESOL--Lead may be used sat isfactorily. PHOSPHORIC ACID--Lead may be used with concentrations up to 80 per cent below 200 deg. C. Impure acid has even less effect on lead and can be used up to 85 per cent con centration. PHOTOGRAPHIC SOLUTIOSS-- Lead is satisfactory generally. POTASSIUM PERMA \GASATE --Attacks lead. P1 RIDEXE--Doe> not affect lead. SI LICATES--Form protective coatings on lead and thus can be recommended for treating natural waters if neces>arv. SODIUM BISULPHATE--Can be handled in lead when highly concen trated. SODIUM CARBOSATE -- Dilute solutions do not affect lead; in natu ral waters forms protective coating on lead. SODIUM CHLORIDE--Lead sat isfactory for dilute solutions at ordi nary temperatures. Sea water and brine are commonly handled in lead or antimonial lead. SODIUM HYDROSULPHITE -- Lead may be used satisfactorily. SODIUM HYDROXIDE -- Lead can be used with concentrations up to 25 per cent and temperatures of 80 deg. C. SOD I U M HYPOSULPHITE -- Lead can be used satisfactorily. SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE -- Attacks lead. SODIUM SULPHATE--Lead can be used satisfactorily with solutions up to 10 per cent concentration boil ing. SODIUM SULPHIDE -- Lead can be used satisfactorily with these solu tions at temperatures up to 100 deg. C. SODIUM SULPHITE -- Lead can be used with solutions up to 20 per cent concentration at 25 deg. C. SULPHUR CHLORIDE--Was little effect on lead. SULPHUR DIOXIDE -- Has little effect on lead when dry and can be used moist up to about 200 deg. C. SULPHURIC ACID--Lead is the standard material for handling this acid. It can be used with concentra tions up to 96 per cent at room tem perature and 85 per cent up to 220 deg. C. It is sometimes used satis factorily even up to 250 deg. C. SULPHUROUS ACID--Lead is satisfactory up to about 220 deg. C. TAX.MC ACID -- Somewhat simi lar to acetic acid. TARTARIC ACID -- Somewhat similar to acetic acid. THIOSYL CHLORIDE --Lead is used satisfactorily up to 220 deg. C. and sometimes higher. TITAMUM SULPHATE -Solo- tions can be handled satisfactorily in lead. VICTORIA GREEX MOTHER LIQUID--Lead may be used satisfac torily up to 80 deg. C. WATER. DISTILLED -- Dissolves lead very slowly in proportion to amount of dissolved oxvgen. WATER. XATURAL--Usually no effect on lead because of protective coating formed from dissolved salts. Very soft waters or those of peaty origin may dissolve lead slightly. as they do other metals, and such action can be prevented bv treatment of the waters with lime or sodium silicate. WOOD--Most wood has little or no corrosive effect on lead. A few instances of corrosion by wood con taining organic acids, such as g'cen oak. have been reported. IX ood to be lined with lead should be inspected for presence of borers. Zl\C CHLORIDE -- Lead can be used satisfactorily. The sheet lead table top illustrated above is in excellent condition alter seven years service in a western university laboratory under exposure to a variety of corrosive chemicals. --5-- LlA25903 Lead Shows long Record of Service In Saiphnric Acid Plant HE simplicity of fabricating 30 ft. wide and from 90 ft. to 120 ft. Tmethods for lead, as 'veil as the long. The chambers are of sheet lead high resistance of this metal to thewith floors and the lower 30 in. of action of many corrosive elements, the walls of 20-lb. lead and the re make it an indispensable construc mainder of the walls and the ceiling tion material in the chemical indus of 7-lb. lead. try. An illustration of both corrosion resistance and ease of fabrication i~ provided in the accompanying photo graphs of the work in progress of This is the first tinve the plant has been shut down since 1938 and only the second time since its construction replacing a large lead duct in the sulphuric acid plant of a southern chemical company. The old duct had been in place and in constant service since the plant was constructed in 1917. It was lo Setting an 8-lt. seelion oi the 4'2-in. di ameter lead duct m (dace on the u-voa supporting beams. cated between the Glover Tower and the nitre pot and therefore was con veying heavy vapors of sulphuric- acid. but the lead was in excellent condition after nearly thirty years of continuous exposure. The individual sections of the duct were constructed on the site bv the simple expedient of rolling 10-lb. sheet lead around a mandrel consist ing of three wood discs of proper diameter attached to a simple frame work. The longitudinal joint was then welded and two steel bands spaced 4 ft. on centers were put in place and covered with 10-lb. lead Be/ou. preparing to remove the mandrel from a completed sec tion oi the lead dun. \ote (hat steel straps which provide both stiffening and support are secured to the duct and sealed of irom corro^ne atmos phere bv sheet lead rnvering burned !' the duct wall. which was welded to the duct metal to protect the straps from anv strav acid vapors. The mandrel was then removed and each section was hoisted to its place and bolted securely to the wood supporting framework. Welding the transverse joints and the connections to the Glover Tower and the nitre pot c ompleted the job and the plant was ready to go back into operation. The entire length of the duct is 2C ft. and the diameter 42 in. It op erates at temperatures of from ap proximately 235 deg. F. at the top where it leaves the Glover Tower to 205 deg. F. at the bottom where it enters the nitre pot carving SO., and SO- gasses. The plant is a box chamber tvpe with four chambers 40 ft. hish and in 1917. Verv few process plants producing much less destructive ma terials than sulphuric acid can boast such length' periods of continuous operation. The proved resistance of lead to sulphuric acid vapors and the ac knowledged fact that sulphuric acid vapors exist in heavy industrial at mospheres would indicate that lead roofing and flashing materials and lead coated sheets and hardware can be of assistance in solving trouble some corrosion problems. Li A25904 No. 38 One of the six lovely carved mantels in the house, each of different design. They, along with the rest of the woodwork, in perfect condi tion after nearly one hundred and fifty years ser vice. are painted with pure white lead paint. The Parsonage At Glastonbury, Conn. HE pictures selected for this is Tsue of the Landmarks series are intended to illustrate a landmark inent. The elegance of detail and ex craftsmanship rather than in history travagance of workmanship appar although the house from which these ently did not impress the neighbors details were taken is not without his favorably since the house was re toric interest. ferred to as Benton s folly. Records of its building have been It is difficult in these days to feel lost but legend has it that the house that anything as beautiful as the door was built about 1800 by a wealthy and mantel shown here are folly and merchant named Benton and given it is evident that the owners of the to his daughter as a wedding pres- building have never failed to take the very best of care to see that all perish able features were given ample pro tection from time and the weather. All of the woodwork, both inside and out has been and still is painted with pure white lead paint. Only by means of the use of the best paint properly applied could the crispness and del icacy of the exceptionally fine carv ing have been so well preserved. Right, entrance to the Congregational Parsonage in Glas tonbury. Conn. Bull: about 1800. the evquisite carving and fine detail are sharp and clean, preserved but not coar. enea b\ periodic repainting with pure white lead paint. ieit. Interior oj the entrance doorway is equally lavish and quite as well pro tected. also by pure white lead paint. THIS IS NO. 38 OF A SKHIFS REPRESENTATIVE OF T1IE MANY AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE COUNTRY THAT ARE PRESERVED FOR THE FUTURE WITH PURE WHITE LEAD AND OIL PAINT. MANY OF THEM HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS. LIA25905 Exposed lead Shielding Makes Attractive Wall Finish For X-Ray Room HE methods of installin'; sheet Tlead on the walls of rooms hous Exposed lend A ing \-rav equipment will, of course,ra\ shielding n. 1 eterans Admin very with conditions and they are istration build- coverned primarily by the building in San Antonio. structure and the weight of the lead. The comparatively light lead shield Texas. \eat in stallation u i 1 ii nailing covered ing required for ordinary medical radiography can usually be very b\ loch seam'- al lows functional material to be simply applied. come finish ma The accompanying photograph terial on u spe cialized wall. shows such a shielding of +-lb. sheet lead applied with an ordinary lock area. In this case the bottom course ream joint which provides a positive was applied first and nailed along unbroken barrier over the entire wall the top of the sheet about 3/4 in. from the edge. The top edge of the lead was then turned out and down lg in. The bottom edge of the next course was turned up 1 g in. and hooked under the turned down edge of the bottom course. fii* following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, upnr request tc the Lead Industries Association. J2C Lexington Avenue. New York 17! N. Y. PROPERTY PROTECTION WITH W HITE LEAD PAINT A 28 page booklet on tbe protective value, durability and beauty of pure white lead paint with quantity estimating taLlea, formula* and mumg am) tinting t -1rueti<>n* for exterior and interior u-e. RED LEAD FOR STRICTLRAL WORK By Dr. L. L. Garrick, Director, Kel Load lteaaarrh. Lead Industrie* Aaaoeialion A ducumm* <<f tbe ru-t inbibuivc qualities <{ ted lead paint and the br*i meau* <>f making ue of tboie qualities for tbe protection of structural tneial. Reprinted from Engineering Sews Reev'd. April <j. 1943. LEAD CARRIES ITS WEIGHT By Fred P. Peter* Ait interesting resume of many of tbe long e-tabli-hed ue of lead plus information on a number of recently developed adaptation* of tbe propertieof lead to special purpose*. Reprinted from S<ten nfir American. June. 1944. SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS By Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Foreal* Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis. HeprinieiJ from tbe Satinnal Real Estate Journal* Sept., ]9}9. NEW LEAD COATINC PROCESS ELIMINATES ESE OF ZINC ALLOTS Uy W. Yookman, Engineer, Western Electrie Co. A de.cription of a iucce*rul bnt dip lead coating process with complete intructi<>u for changing over from hot dip gulvauuiug uiug liie *ame equipment. Rrprinied from Product Engineering, May. |Q44 LEAD COATINGS ON STEEL ny Harold A. Knight, New# Editor, Metal* and Alloy* A thorough dicu#ioD of hot dip end electroplated coalings on steel sheet, wire and fabricated prod nets including the technique -*f application, thick ness of coalings. tie and advantage,. Reprice,l from tbe November. 1944 i*ue <<f Metals and Alloys. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calking Lead, GS94-41 Lead Pipe, CS-9S-41 Lead Trapa and Benda, C596-41 Official publication- by tbe Government Printing Of bee of the ab<ive Commercial Standard* a- pr-.ioul gated by the U. S. Depariment of Commerce through the National Bureau nf Standards, effective Juae 25. J94I. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW-P.325 For Pipe, Banda and Trap*, LEAD Part 5 of Section IV of the Federal Standard* Slock Catalog, official publication by the Govern meat Printing Office. STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analyst* of bard J*ad dabbing, white lead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and ted cedar Ceriigrade shingle details and in-ialbho* method.,. Rrprinied from American Builder, July, 1939. LEAD X-RAY SHIELDING Graphic chart haed on recummeadatioos of the International Cnoit*ii-ifa on X-Ray and Radium Protection giving tbivkne><*eiv of lead for respective voltage* in millimeter*, inches and pounds per square foot. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF X-RAY PROTECTION By George Singer, Aetlng Chief Radiation Section, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., and George C. Liwrenee, Ph.D., National Research Council of Canada A di*cusion oi :he ma.crial- -uital.Ie for u-e in shielding X-ray in-ta))aiions giving method* of and graph* for computing required thickneis of barrier*, ba-ed oo lube current and distance a* well as tube voltage. Reprinted from Industrial Radiography Vol. IV. No. 2. Fall, 1945. LEAD, A METAL OF MANY USES IN THE THEATRE By J. Leland Benton A diseussioD of tbe many ways, both utilitarian and decorative, in which lead is or can be used in tbe theatre- Reprinted from Theatre Catalog 1945 Edi tion. The procedure was repeated with each course up to the ceiling. The seams were then dressed down smooth making a neat, presentable job which required no additional fin ish. \ertical joints were made in the same mariner. Vi here thicker lead is- required for X-ray shielding more elaborate pro vision for support may be necessarv. U here the lead is to be concealed behind plaster or other finish it tnav seem that a plain lap joint would be sufficient but the lock seam joint is an excellent means of securelv cover ing all nailing without the u-e of extra strips attached In soldering or welding. This installation is in a building which is being remodeled for the \eterans' Administration in ban An tonio. Texas. The opening in the wall is the entrance to the dark room and is backed up bv a baffle wall also covered with lead. The erection of the lead shielding was done bv A. J. Monier. plumbing contractor of San Antonio, whose men. justly proud of their job. are shown in the foresround. SPECIFY 4epgQ MATERIAL UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION VVrLI. RE GLAD TO MAIT. "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO TnOSE INTERESTED, AND HILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS LIA25906 HISTID IN ' . V B \ riTUHBRS PR,'VT!\n l'0 M IAN V *> E H YORK l IT Y