Document 7O7R2wnw1vEpVqEM9m7E37KLe

X f tx* i!>f' Memorandum on th e H yg i e n i c Re qu i re m e n ts f o r the Manufacture and Tra n s p o rta ti o n o f Et h yl Fl u i d , and f o r Mixin g Ethyl Fluid with G a s o lin e . I * H y g i e n i c As p e c t s o f th e Man u factu re o f Le ad T e t r a e t h y l The d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s and e quipm e n t f o r manufacturing o pe ratio n s i s by fa r the most important fa c to r in de termining the degree of s a fe ty as s o ciate d with the manufacture of l e a d t e t r a e t h y l . Othe r m e as ure s o f c o n t r o l h ave b e e n fo u n d nece ssary in order to o btain s a tis fa c to r y r e s u lts , but i t must be r e c o gn i z e d as a f i r s t p r i n c i p l e th a t no amount o f cau tio n and no amount o f m e d ical and h yg i e n i c s u p e rvi s i o n can p o s s i b l y m o dify s i g n i fi c a n tly the bas ic conditions of lead exposure which aris e fro m the c h a r a c t e r and q u a l i t y o f th e e quipme nt The o i l y l i q u i d , lead te tra e th yl, is s u ffic ie n tly vo la tile at ordinary temperatures to cause acute danger o f death from i t s i n h a la tio n . I t i s als o capable o f f a i r l y rapid abs o rptio n through the h e a lth y and unbroken s ki n , so t h a t a l l c o n ta c t w i th the s ki n must be a vo i d e d . Th e re fo re t h i s m a te ri a l must be ke pt and handled i n clo s e d pipe s and con t a i n e r s . Th is i s d i f f i c u l t to a cco m p li s h s i n c e th e l i q u i d te n ds to cre ep alo n g a s u rface w ith which i t i s i n c o n ta c t, and i f there i s the s l i g h t e s t o ppo rtu n ity i t es capes from the jo i n ts o f the p ip e s , pumps, and s t o r a g e t a n k s . The me tho ds o f m a n u fa ctu re a l s o i n v o l v e chem ical re a c ti o n s and s e parato ry pro ce s s e s ( d i s t i l l a t i o n , e t c . ) In which le ad t e t r a e t h yl occurs In the vapor s ta t e , and a t times under p re s s u re . In such a s t a t e i t i s even more d i f f i c u l t to p re ve n t le akage . Al l the equipment employed, such as a u to c la ve s , d i s t i l l i n g apparatu s , pipe l i n e s , pumps, s e p arato ry tanks and s to rage tanks must 2 be co n s tructe d on pre cis e s p e c i fi c a ti o n s and w ith the h igh e s t q u a l i t y o f workmanship* P i p e -jo i n t s must he e lim in a te d by employing w e l d e d c o n s t r u c t i o n wh e re ve r f e a s i b l e * The o n l y typ e o f p i p e - j o i n t th at has been found at a l l s a tis fa c to r y i s a flan ge d jo i n t, with the fla n ge s welded to the p i p e -le n g th s and b o lte d to ge th e r w ith he avy b o l t s which can be drawn up t i g h t l y , w ith an in te rm e d iate gasket of f a i r l y heavy fabricate d sheet asbestos. S igh t-gla s s e s , which are abs o lu te ly nece ssary in ce rtain p ip e -lin e s in connection with several operations, are a po te n tial source of s ign ifican t le akage and must be s p e c i a l l y co n s tructe d* I t has been found f e a s i b l e and n e c e s s a ry to b u i l d a s i g h t - g l a s s o f welded m e tal with small but heavy (1 inch th ick, bu lle t-p ro o f glass) f l a t windows i n th e f r o n t and b a c k , w ith th e windows drawn up t i g h t l y , by b o l t s , a ga in s t an as be s to s gas ke t which Is a ls o i n o pp o s itio n to an o u t s i d e m e t a l f l a n g e * ( The cu s to m ary t yp e o f s igh-t '-,gks 3 . l e a k s r e g u l a r l y and c o n t i n u o u s l y ) * Pumps o f t h e cu s to m ary type are quite u n s atis facto ry fo r handling le ad te tr a e th yl, fo r leakage i s a b s o l u t e l y i n e v i t a b l e . A ''Le w i s " type o f pump, i n wh i ch t h e re i s a re vo lvin g s h aft with a packing gland o nly at the top which must always be above the l i q u i d l e v e l o f the m a te ria l be in g pumped), i s 1h e o n l y t yp e fo u n d s a t i s f a c t o r y i n p r a c t i c e . Be caus e o f th e s l i g h t le akage o f vapor at the top o f the column l o c a l v e n ti l a ti o n must be employed so as to carry away a l l vapo rs . Au to clave s and s t i l l s must be equipped with c e rta in moving parts such as a gita to rs which penetrate th e ir s h e ll. All such ve s s e ls , re gardle s s of the e xce lle n ce o f th e ir co n s tructio n and maintenance, w i l l i n e v i ta b ly le ak at s tu ffin g -b o x e s or packin g glan d s . I f bad ly de s ign e d and con s tru cte d they w i l l le ak pro fus e ly* Acco rdin gly every e ffo r t must 3 be made t o o b ta i n the b e s t o f workmanship i n th e c o n s tr u c ti o n o f s u ch v e s s e l s # Even s o , i t i s n e c e s s a r y to a p p l y u n i t v e n t i l a t i o n to thes e p i e c e s o f apparatu s , to such an e x te n t as to m ain tain a s a f e atmos phere around them. Th is may be done by s u rro u n din g them with a com paratively t i g h t booth which is s p e c ia lly ve n tila te d , and which i s ke p t under s l i g h t l y n e g a ti ve pre s s u re so t h a t no vapors escape from i t in to the main working space# All parts of the manufacturing plan t in which liq u id lead compounds are produce d and han dle d must be c a r e f u l l y v e n t i l a t e d to such degree as i s n ecessary to m aintain the atmospheric le ad con c e n t r a t i o n be l o w a t o x i c l e v e l . The l e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n an y p a r t o f the plan t should not be pe rm itte d to exceed 2 m illigram s o f le ad p e r 10 c u b i c m e te rs o f a i r f o r more th an s h o r t p e r i o d s , and t h e b a s i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f an y p o i n t s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d 1# 5 m i l l i g r a m s pe r 10 c u b i c m e te rs # The l e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n the a i r s h o u l d be d e t e r mined r e gu la r ly by p re cis e methods o f air-s am plin g and a n a lys is , so th a t there may be no co n je ctu re as to the a c tu a l co n d itio n s pre v a i l i n g in the plant# I t has been found th a t the v e n t i l a t i o n to be e f f i c i e n t and un ifo rm ly adequate must be o pe rated alo n g the fo llo w in g lin e s :- 1 # Po in ts a t which sm all q u a n titie s o f vapor escape from equipment r e g u l a r l y or fr e q u e n t l y must be l o c a l l y v e n t i l a t e d by s uctio n to avoid the s ign ific a n t contamination o f adjace n t are as . 2 # Air must be fo r c e d in to a l l p a rts o f th e b u i ld i n g to s uch an e xte n t as to m ain tain a s l i g h t p o s i t i v e p re s s u re , th e re by avo id in g th e b a c k i n g up o f vq>o rs from d r a i n s i n t o which l e a d t e t r a e t h y l may have gone be caus e o f le akage or a c c i d e n t a l s p i l l s . Ai r must be i n tro duce d i n t o i n d i v i d u a l rooms and working s pace s so as to produce -in complete changes In pro po rtion to the e xte n t o f the le ad con tam in atio n from apparatus w ith in such s pace s . 3 The a i r i n tro d u c e d ' i n t o rooms must be ba l a n c e d ' t o th e desired degree by the withdrawal of air by suction fan s. in. Co n c e n t r a t e d va p o r s whfch r e g u l a r l y e s c a p e fro m o p e r a t i n g equipment (such as , fo r example, in ve n tin g the au to clave s or 3t i l l s ) must be removed by a c c e s s o ry e xhaus t v e n t i l a t i o n , and must n o t be carrie d by the general ve n ti la ti n g ducts of the bu ild in g. 5 . The m o s t r i g o r o u s c a r e mus t be ta ke n i n l o c a t i n g th e a i r intake and exhaust openings so as not to re in tro du ce exhausted a i r i n to the b u i ld i n g through the in ta ke l i n e s and so as n o t to pick up smoke and fume from the f u r n a c e s e m plo ye d to r e c l a i m l e a d fro m the residue o f the re actio n ve s s e ls . 6 . The r e s i d u e o r " s l u d g e 11 re mo ve d fro m t h e r e a c t i o n v e s s e l s must be c a rri e d in a c lo s e d pipe l i n e to a p i t which i s co m ple te ly housed in and which i s ke pt under s l i g h t l y n e gative pre s s ure by e xh au s t v e n t i l a t i o n i n s uch manner t h a t th e o v e r l y i n g vapo rs do not escape in to the adjace n t atmosphere. Re a c ti o n v e s s e l s , i n which h i gh p re s s u re s may d e ve lo p , m us t be e qu i p p e d w i t h v e n t s and a l s o w i t h p r e s s u r e d i s k s so as to p r e ve n t e x p l o s i o n s w i t h i n th e b u i l d i n g , i f and when t h e r e a c t i o n pro cedes at an u n co n tro llable speed. lead Eve ry o pe ratio n i n the manufacture and handling o fAte tr a e t h y l , and i n the m aintenance and r e p a i r o f equipment re q u i re s s k i l l and t r a i n i n g and a l s o e x p e r t s u p e r v i s i o n . The r e p a i r o p e r a t i o n s , the removal o f o ld equipment, and the re place m e n t o f new apparatus are e s p e c ia lly hazardous. I t i s h igh ly n ece ssary, th e re fo re , th at K 0009190 5c a re be e x e r c i s e d i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f th e p l a n t p e r s o n n e l * Com p l e te d e t a i l s o f e ve ry o p e ratio n should be worked o ut and re co rde d as o p e ra ti n g and s a f e t y i n s t r u c t i o n s . P r e c i s e d i s c i p l i n e must be m a i n t a i n e d i n c a r r y i n g o ut s uch i n s t r u c t i o n s * .The men s h o u l d be f u l l y aware o f the dan ge rs o f t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n and s h o u l d know how to p r o t e c t t h e m s e l ve s a g a i n s t 3a ad a b s o r p t i o n a t a l l s t e p s . The y need to be warned s p e c i f i c a l l y a ga in s t c e rta in p r a c t i c e s , as fo r e xam ple , o pe n in g r e a c t i o n v e s s e l s b e fo r e com ple te c o o l i n g , and entering such ve s s e ls or tan ks, re gardle s s o f circum stances Emergency s ho we rs , w i th w a t e r , s h o u ld be a v a i l a b l e i n a l l p a r t s o f th e p l a n t where c o n t a c t w i t h l e a d t e t r a e t h y l may a c c i d e n tly o ccur, and a convenient supply o f kenosene must always be a v a i l a b l e so t h a t an y l e a d t e t r a e t h y l wh i ch may come i n c o n t a c t with the s kin can promptly be washed o f f w ith th is m a te ria l. Ordin ary wash s tan ds w ith soap must be c o n ve n i e n t l y s i t u a t e d on e ach f l o o r , and t o i l e t f a c i l i t i e s must a l s o be p ro vi d e d on e ach floor * P o s i t i ve pre s s ure a i r - l i n e ho3e masks must be pro vide d fo r the s e ve ral operations which otherwise invo lve unavoidable exposure to le a d te tr a e th yl vapors. Such f a c i l i t i e s are re quire d when men m us t e n t e r th e s p e c i a l l y v e n t i l a t e d b o o th s s u rro u n d i n g the a u t o c l a v e s and s t i l l s . The y m us t a l s o be u s e d i n re m o vi n g t h e ba gs from th e b a g - f i l t e r s . No man s h o u l d be p e r m i t t e d to e n t e r th e b u i l d i n g s urro un din g the 3 l u d g e -p i t w ith o u t u s in g an a i r - l i n e mask. Ce rta i n r e p a i r o pe ra tio n s which n e c e s s i t a t e b re a ki n g i n t o a pipe l i n e th at has been used to convey le ad t e t r a e t h y l re qu ire such masks. The e t h y l c h l o r i d e s t o r a g e and r e c o v e r y e quipm e n t s h o u l d be lead housed o u ts id e th e Ate tr a e th yl b u i ld i n g in a place where f i r e hazards w i l l not a f f e c t the other o pe ratio n s . A l l pipe connections 6- must be l e a k -p r o o f , and tanks and pipe s must be th o ro u gh ly grounded. On ly s uch q u a n t i t i e s o f e t h y l c h l o r i d e as a r e n e e de d to c a r r y on curre nt m anufacturing pro ce s s e s s hould be handled w ith in the le ad tetraethyl building. A complete over-head s prin kle r system fo r f i r e pre ve n tio n should be i n s t a l l e d in the le ad t e t r a e t h y l b u i l d i n g , e xce pt in s uch a r e a s as may pe rm it c o n t a c t o f the w ate r w i t h s odium o r l e a d sodium a l l o y . Pip in g s ys te m s and r e a c ti o n v e s s e l s must a ls o be w e ll grounded again s t s t a t i c accum ulation. The A l l o y B u i l d i n g In connection with the manufacture o f le ad te tra e th yl t h e r e mus t be f a c i l i t i e s f o r th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f a l e a d -s o d i u m a l l o y . The sodium u s e d f o r t h i s p u rp o s e , and th e a l l o y which r e s u l t s from the o p e ra tio n , must be p ro te cte d c a r e fu l l y a ga in s t w ate r, and c o n s e qu e n tly pipe l i n e s fo r w a te r, f a u c e t s and hose l i n e s must be ke p t o ut o f wo rking are as In which th e s e m a t e r i a l s are han dle d. However, th e re must a ls o be adequate p ro vis io n fo r th e e l i m i n a t i o n o f d u s t s and fu m e s . The p o t s In w h i c h th e a l l o y Is prepared must be e n clo s e d in an ade qu ate ly v e n ti l a t e d bo o th and the re must be co m ple te ly v e n t i l a t e d bo oths i n which the h o t fr e s h l y c a s t a l l o y can be ke pt u n t i l c o o le d . Alth o u gh the a l l o y i s b r i t t l e and te nds to gi ve r i s e to but l i t t l e f i n e l y d i v i d e d du s t when bro ke n or gound i n a m i l l , th e re Is n e e d, n e ve r th e le s s , to pre ve n t exposure to d u s t s . The f l o o r s , t h e r e f o r e , mus t be k e p t c l e a n by s w e e pi n g with a co pio u s s u pply o f s aw -du s t im pre gnate d w ith ke ro s e n e , and the m i l l must be p ro te cte d a ga in s t dis charge o f p a r t i c l e s a t both the f e e d and d i s c h a r g e s i d e . Men e n gage d i n re m o vi n g m o l te n a l l o y from th e p o t s i n t o the moulds must a l s o wear du s t and fume masks o f correct design. 0009192 7- Ai r a n a l y s e s mus t be made sfc v a r i o u s p o i n t s i n t h e a l l o y department, and housekeeping must be r i g i d l y s upe rvis e d to m aintain the maximal degree o f c le a n lin e s s and freedom from hazard. The Re c l a m a t i o n o f Le ad fro m Slu d ge The s l u d g e s t o r e d i n th e s l u d g e p i t and d rye r mus t be removed m e ch a n ically by a bucke t or s h o ve l o pe rate d by remote con t r o l from witho ut the b u i l d i n g and in tro du ce d i n to a hopper which w ill feed i t a t a proper rate into a properly designed m elting furnace * I f th i s equipment i s p ro pe rly de s igne d and o perated no va> o r s o f l e a d t e t r a e t h y l w i l l e s c a p e i n t o th e f u r n a c e room. The molten le ad withdrawn from such furnace must n o t be pe rm itte d to co n ta m i n a te the w o rki n g s pace w i t h i t s fu m e s . The p o t fro m wh i ch the l e a d i s l a d l e d , and the c a s t i n g moulds must be so de s ign e d as to be capable o f adequate v e n ti l a ti o n u n t i l the p i gs o f le a d are cooled w e ll below the temperature at which lead i s appre ciably v o l a t i l e * Th i s can be done b y h a vi n g a r e v o l v i n g p i g g i n g t a b l e which pe rm its the newly poured p i g to be s h i ft e d prom ptly in to a v e n t i l a t e d bo x from which i t emerges c o o l e d a t the o th e r end* Th is table should be in clo se re la tio n s h ip to the pot from which the m o lte n l e a d i s removed by a l a d l e or po urin g d e vice * Th is po t a ls o should have a hood over i t co nne cte d to an e xh au s t d u ct. The D i s p o s a l o f P l a n t Was te s A l l waste m ate rials from the p la n t, in clu d in g waste water fro m p l a n t o p e r a t i o n s and t h a t u s e d t o wash down f l o o r s , t o g e t h e r w ith a l l le a d -b e a rin g m a te ria ls from re a c ti o n v e s s e ls , pipe li n e s and o the r c o n ta i n e r s , must be d e a l t w i th or d i l u t e d i n s uch a way as to prevent the p o ll u ti o n o f a d c e n t s o i l and stream s. Mate rials and equipment which are to be dis carde d sho uld be d e s t r o ye d , i f p o s s i b l e b y bu rn in g, and s h o u ld, i n any c a s e , be - 8- fr e e d o f v o l a t i l e le ad compounds by be in g burned to a d u l l red heat in a bo n fire under co n ditio n s which w i l l n o t give r i s e to exposure to fumes and smoke. S la g or equipment co ntam inate d w ith le a d compounds must be b u r i e d or s o d i s p o s e d o f as t o pre ve n t harm to uninformed persons. I I . The H y g i e n i c Pro ble ms As s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e B l e n d i n g o f Le ad Te t r a e t h y l w i t h o t h e r I n g r e d i e n t s t o make An t i -Kn o c k F l u i d . The e x p o s u re t o l e h d t e t r a e t h y l i s o f the same t yp e i n the blending plan t as in the plan t in which the le ad te trae th yl i s m a n u fa c tu re d . The f i n i s h e d l e a d compound mus t be m i xe d w i t h ,, other in gre die n ts , o f which the most im portant, from the h ygie n ic point o f vie w , are e th yle n e dibroraide and e th yle n e d i c h lo r id e . The l a t t e r two compounds are t o x i c l i q u i d s o f somewhat h i g h e r v o l a t i l i t y than le ad t e t r a e t h y l and th e y gi ve r i s e to danger of acute po is o n in g from in h alatio n and s kin c o n ta c t. In th e i r acute m anifestations these poisonous substances produce n arco tic e ffe c ts , f o l l o w e d by c e n t r a l ne rvous s ys te m i r r i t a t i o n and d e l a ye d damage to th e l i v e r in n o n -f a t a l c a s e s , and by c o l la p s e and coma in f a t a l cases. I t is n e ce s s ary th a t the ble n din g be carrie d out with gr e a t care and by means o f p r e c i s e equipme nt, In o rd e r to a vo i d exposure to le a d te tr a e th yl and th e o rgan ic bromine compounds. S i n c e drums must be f i l l e d , th e p i p i n g s ys te m must be open a t t h e po in t where f i l l i n g o p e ra ti o n s are c a r r i e d o u t. A f i l l i n g bo o th must be c o n s tru cte d in s uch a way th a t a l l vapo rs are c a r r i e d away co m ple te ly, and w ith c o n tro l apparatus which i s o pe rate d e n t i r e l y fro m o u t s i d e th e b o o t h . One means f o r t h i s pu rpo s e c o n s i s t s In th e \(t 0009194 9- use o f a w e igh in g platfo rm o f s u f f i c i e n t s i z e to carry the drums, , co m p le te ly e n clo s e d and h e a v i l y v e n t i l a t e d , w ith a g l a s s window th ro u gh which th e f i l l i n g can "oe watche d# A s h a l l o w p i t be n e a th a m e tal g r i l l s ho uld be arran ge d to c a t c h any a c c i d e n t a l l y s p i l l e d m a te r i a l , and a copious s upply o f co n tin u o u s ly running water should flu s h away any s p i lle d m ate rial promptly. The t o x i c l i q u i d s s h o u l d be moved bj g r a v i t y f l o w so f a r as p o s s i b l e bu t m ixture must be acco m plis he d by a g i t a t i o n . Acco rd i n g l y , th e to p o f m ixin g tan ks must be so ve n tilate d as to pre ve n t le akage o f vapors i n t o the rooms from the s t u f f i n g box around the a g i t a t o r s h a f t # The pumps f o r h a n d l i n g th e l i q u i d s s h o u l d be o f th e "Le w i s " t y p e , v e n t i l a t e d a t th e to p o f the co lumn. The c o n t a i n e r s f o r th e f i n i s h e d F l u i d must be l i m i t e d as to type and ca p a city to those which are capable o f s afe tran s po rtatio n and which are de s ign e d fo r us e i n a u th o ri ze d and c o n t r o l l e d m ixin g o pe ration s. I t i s o f the utmost hygie n ic importance that irre gu lar procedures fo r han dlin g Eth yl Flu i d and fo r m ixing i t w ith ga s o lin e s h o u l d be avo ide d# The m o s t Im po rta n t means which can be t a k e n to wards th is end Is to send Fluid out o f a plan t only In such packages as can be used a t pro pe rly des igned m ixing p la n ts . Such p la n ts , a t pre s e n t, e mplo y o n l y drums o f 10 g a l l o n and 55 g a l l o n c a p a c i t y . The d i s tribu tio n o f small cans o f Flu id , ( i . e . one l i t e r c a p a c ity) , i s an i n e v i t a b l y hazardous procedure and should be lim i te d to the abs o lu te minimum. Tin cans c o n ta i n i n g s e v e r a l l i t e r s o f Et h yl F l u i d are dangero us to tr a n s p o r t and even more dangerous to h an dle i n any p re s e n t typ e o f m i xi n g equipme nt and s h o u ld be c o m p l e t e l y avo ide d# A s m all number o f cans o f one l i t e r or o f s m alle r c a p a c i ty i s re q u ire d a t p re s e n t fo r ce rtain types o f co n tro l procedures and fo r c e r ta i n ju s t i f i e d experim ental K" 0009195 10 p u r p o s e s . The u s e o f s u c h can s s h o u ld he r e s t r i c t e d t o r e s e a r c h , and t o m i l i t a r y , n a v a l , and a i r - m a i l e m e r ge n c i e s . Th e i r d i s t r i b u ti o n to i r r e s p o n s i b l e cr u n i n s t r u c t e d pe rs o n s would be an a c t o f c a r e l e s s n e s s and n e g l i g e n c e . Inde e d co m ple te i n s t r u c t i o n s as to procedure s ho uld accorrpany e ve ry can which i s is s u e d , and c a r e fu l re c o rd s s h o u ld be k e p t o f t h e d e s t i n a t i o n o f e v e r y s u ch c a n . A l l s a l e and s hipm e nt o f can s s h o u ld be r e f u s e d by th e m an u factu re r e x c e p t in s u ch ins ta n c e s as th e n e e d f o r them can amply be demon s trate d by the purchaser. Not o n ly i s the us e o f numerous type s o f co n tain e rs ( e s p e c i a l ly sm all ones) dangerous beyond the l i m i ts o f th e manufac turing plan t, but i t is als o un n e ce s s arily hazardous w ith in the blending p lan t. Sa fe ty in the ble n din g and packaging o pe ratio n depends fu n d a m e n t a l l y upon th e s i m p l i c i t y and u n i f o r m i t y o f d a i l y procedures, irre gu la r p ra ctic e s and s p e c i a l i z e d o pe ratio n s are l i k e l y to c r e a t e new and d i f f i c u l t l y c o n t r o l l e d h a z a r d s and s h o u l d be k e p t at a minimum. Mo re o ve r t h e h a z a rd o f f i l l i n g a s m a l l p a c ka ge i s as g r e a t as t h a t of f i l l i n g a l a r g e o n e , t h e r e f o r e th e p a cka ge s should be as lafcge and as few as p o s s ib le w ith due regard to th e l i m i t a t i o n o f h a za rd i n t r a n s p o r a t i o n and in o t h e r t yp e s o f h a n d l i n g beyond the l i m i t o f the m anufacturing p la n t. The drums e m plo ye d f o r th e s h i pm e n t o f E t h y l F l u i d s h o u l d be o f e x c e e d i n g l y s tro n g and du rable c o n s t r u c t i o n , w i th I-be s m s on which th e y can be r o l l e d , and with do uble bungs fo r the avo idan ce o f l e a k a g e . S a f e t y in th e c o n ti n u e d u s e o f t h e s e drums w i l l depend on th e c a re take n in i n s p e c t i n g and r e p a i r i n g them when p o s s i b l e and r e p l a c i n g them when n e c e s s a r y. A f t e r e ve ry t r i p to a co n s ign e e e ach drum mus t be c l e a n e d th o r o u g h l y, i n s p e c t e d c r i t i c a l l y f o r c o r r o s i o n , i n ju r y , o r l e a k and s h o u l d be r e p a i n t e d . -Afte r b e i n g f i l l e d w i t h F l u i d 11 - e ach drum s h o uld be t e s t e d f o r a t l e a s t t w e n t y -f o u r h o urs b y s t a n d i n g w ith th e bung downward, and by c a r e f u l l y i n s p e c ti n g th e seams f o r l e a k s . Such l e a k s w i l l show up c l e a r l y on t h e f r e s h l y p a i n t e d o u t e r s u r f a c e o f the drum, i f th e Flu id i s h i ^ i l y c o lo re d and i f th e drums are p a i n te d wh ite or l i g h t g r e y . Fo r t h i s and o th e r re as o n s which w i l l appe ar l a t e r , the Flu id must be b r i g h tly co lo re d fo r purposes o f commercial han dlin g. Ob vi o u s ly, th e o pe n in g, c l e a n i n g , and t e s t i n g o f re tu rn e d drums a re dan ge ro us o p e r a t i o n s . The y mus t be h a n d l e d w i t h h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d and th o ro u gh ly v e n t i l a t e d equipment i f th e y are to be done thoroughly and s a f e l y . Actu a lly It has been found to be w h o lly n e ce s s ary to cle an th e drums th o r o u gh l y, n o t o n l y f o r re a s o n s o f s a f e t y , b u t a l s o fo r commercial reasons, s in ce i t is im possible to avoid the accumulation o f s c a l e and r u s t which w i l l r e s u l t in the pre s e n ce o f suspended m atte r in th e F l u i d , and w i l l i n t e r f e r e w i t h m i x i n g o p e r a t i o n s by p l u g g i n g va lve s and o th e r s m all o r i f i c e s . Such o ccurre n ce s r e s u l t in oppor t u n i t i e s fo r s e rio u s l e a d expo s ure In m ixin g p l a n t s , and s ho uld be re d u c e d . to a minimum. I I I . Ge n e r a l H y g i e n i c Me as ure s and F a c i l i t i e s Re qu i re d i n t h e Ma n u factu re o f Le ad Te t r a e t h y l ' and, i n B l e n d i n g E t h y l F l u i d . The p o t e n t i a l h a z a rd s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e m a n u fa c tu re and ble n din g o f Eth yl Flu i d are pro bably the most s e rio u s th a t can be fo u n d in an y o f th e l e a d t r a d e s . Ho we ve r, t h e y a re c a p a b l e o f com p l e t e c o n t r o l i f pro pe r p r o vi s i o n s are made to m a i n ta i n an ade quate de gre e o f p r e c i s i o n and c a u tio n in c a rryi n g out p la n t o p e ra tio n s . I t i s e x c e e d i n g l y d o u b t f u l i f t h i s can be done u n l e s s the most r i g i d and c r i t i c a l m e dical s u p e rvis io n i s e s t a b l i s h e d and m ain tain e d, but the experience of the pas t twelve ye^rs has proved that complete s u cce s s can be as s ure d by th e means o f measures o f c o n tr o l recommended K P 000919 12 adequacy o f such methods, I f cas e s o f i n t o x i c a t i o n and f a t a l i t i e s were to o ccu r in p l a n t s n o t s o s a fe -g u a r d e d , s i n c e i t wo uld be q u i t e obvious th at such in cid e n ts were the r e s u lt o f care le s s n e s s or lack of regard fo r past experience. The c o n t r o l m e as ure s c o n s i s t o f t h e f o l l o w i n g c o - o r d i n a t e d typ e s o f h y g i e n i c s u p e r v i s i o n , n am e ly, ( 1) a c o n t i n u a l c l i n i c a l s tu d y o f a l l workmen, (2) r e g u l a r s tu d y o f th e m agn itude o f t h e l e a d e x po s u re and l e a d a b s o r p t i o n o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e gro ups o f workmen th ro u gh p e r i o d i c de te rm in atio n s o f th e r a t e o f l e a d e x c r e ti o n in th e urin e and f e c e s , (3) re gu la r p e ri o d i c c r i t i c a l s u rve y o f p la n t a c t i v i t i e s and o p e r a t i o n s b y th e p h y s i c i a n - I n - c h a r g e , and (1+) r e g u l a r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f th e l e a d c o n te n t o f the a i r o f a l l rooms and working s pace s i n the plant. Cl i n i c a l Work. No t o n l y i s i t n e c e s s a r y t o m a i n t a i n a s h a rp s e a r c h fo r c l i n i c a l evidences of le ad absorption, but i t is als o im perative that a l l t y p e s o f i l l n e s s among workmen be r e c o g n i z e d and i d e n t i f i e d , i f th e re i s t o be a pro pe r d e g r e e o f m u tu al c o n f i d e n c e be twe e n t h e workmen and the m e d i ca l s t a f f . I t i s n o t enough to be on th e l o o ko u t f o r s ub je c t i v e symptcms o f i n c i p i e n t i n t o x i c a t i o n , or to w atch f o r chan ge s In th e blo o d o f workmen, o r t o s e e th e cru de r e vi d e n c e s o f l e a d a b s o r p t i o n . I t is als o n e ce s s ary to re co gn ize th e o ccurre n ce and ch a ra cte r o f ncno ccupatio n al dis e as e and to see th a t i t Is ade qu ate ly cared fo r or a t l e a s t t h a t i t i s b r o u g h t to th e a t t e n t i o n o f the workmen. Th e s e t h i n gs can n o t be a c c o m p l i s h e d by c u r s o r y and s l i p - s h o d e x a m i n a t i o n s o r b y c e r t a i n p a r t i a l l y s p e c i f i c l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s , b u t o n l y by c a r e f u l and r e g u l a r s t u d y o f e ach workman as a w h o l e . In t h e s e o c c u p a t i o n s e ach workman who i s p o t e n t i a l l y e xpo s e d to le ad te tr a e th yl should be examined at l e a s t once per month, while 8616000 3 # - 13 - compounds s h o u ld be e xamine d a t i n t e r v a l s o f n o t more th an t h r e e m o n ths . ( I t i s a d v i s a b l e t o e xamine th e men more f r e q u e n t l y u n l e s s and u n t i l i t has been c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d th a t th e dangers o f normal p lan t o pe ratio n s have been bro ught under adequate c o n tr o l . ) At each e xam i n ati o n e ach workman i s q u e s t i o n e d c a r e f u l l y i n s e a r c h o f s ub j e c t i v e symptoms and o t h e r e v i d e n c e s o f i n c i p i e n t i l l n e s s . The te m p e ra tu re , p u l s e , blo o d p r e s s u r e , and w e i gh t s ho uld be n o t e d and re c o rd e d , , and th e u r i n e s h o u l d be e xamine d as to i t s r e a c t i o n , and the presence or absence in i t o f s ugar, albumin and m icro s co pic abn o rm alitie s . Such o the r c l i n i c a l study as is re quire d to determine h i s p h y s i c a l s t a t u s s h o u ld be c a r r i e d o u t , t o g e t h e r w i t h an e xam in atio n of h is blood, in clu din g, at l e a s t , the determ ination o f the hemoglobin and a q u a n t i t a t i v e d e te rm i n a ti o n o f th e number o f e rythro cyte s which show b a s o p h i l i c g r a n u l a t i o n , ( ''s t i p p l i n g ") . The t e e t h and gums s h o u ld be examined f o r s po n gin e s s or c o n ge s ti o n and f o r th e pre s e n ce o f a l e a d l i n e , e s p e c i a l l y on t h e i n n e r a s p e c t o f t h e gums o p p o s i t e th e m o lar t e e t h . The s t r e n g t h o f t h e g r i p o f e ach hand s h o u ld a l s o be d e te rm i n e d and r e c o r d e d . At l e a s t o nce a y e a r e ach man mus t h ave a complete and d e t a i l e d p h ys i c a l e xam in atio n , in c lu d i n g a ge n e ra l neurological examination. An i n i t i a l e xa m i n a ti o n o f a co m ple te and th o ro u gh typ e s ho uld be employed as th e b a s i s f o r th e s e l e c t i o n o f an e s s e n t i a l l y sound and h e a l t h y o p e r a t i n g cre w . The r e s u l t s o f t h i s e xa m i n a ti o n s h o u ld be c a r e f u l l y r e c o r d e d in t h e c a s e o f a l l men a c c e p t e d f o r em plo ym e n t and s h o u l d be u s e d as a b a s i s f o r f u t u r e c o m p a ri s o n s . Work men s ho uld be r e je c t e d : ( 1 ) When t h e y h a ve had s i g n i f i c a n t e xpo s u re t o l e a d compounds i n other occupations within the period of f i v e years immediately preceding - Ik - ( 2) When t h e y h a ve had an i l l n e s s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a p r e vi o u s occupation which is in d icative or s tro n gly sugge s tive of lead in to xicatio n ; ( 3) When t h e y h ave a s i g n i f i c a n t d e g r e e o f o r g a n i c d i s e a s e o f th e c i r c u l a t o r y s ys te m , e s p e c i a l l y symptoms and s i g n s o f a r t e r i o s cle ro s is ; (I4.) When t h e y have o r g a n i c d i s e a s e o f th e n e rvo us s ys t e m , a histo ry of epilepsy, or o f functional disturbances associated with mental in s ta b ility; ( 3 ) When t h e y h ave o r g a n i c d i s e a s e of t h e k i d n e y s , l i v e r o r lungs; 'v (6) When t h e y h ave o t h e r c h r o n i c d i s e a s e s , s uch as o r a l and upper r e s p i ra to ry i n fe c ti o n s o f a s e ve re and p o t e n t i a l l y d i s a b li n g type which, in the opinion o f the examiner, are u n like ly to respond to co rre ctive measures; ( 7) When t h e y are e x c e s s i v e l y a d d i c t e d t o t h e u s e o f a l c o h o l , or when be caus e o f i gn o ra n c e , s t u p i d i t y , undue a p p re h e n s i ve n e s s , o r o the r e vide n ce s o f u n r e l i a b i l i t y , th e y are u n s u i te d to employment i n a p o te n tia lly hazardous occupation, (8) When t h e y a r e l e s s th an 21 ye a rs o f age o r more th an k 5 to 50 ye a rs o f a g e . Men s h o u l d be re mo ve d fro m e mplo yme nt: ( a) When t h e y d e v e l o p symptoms s u g g e s t i v e o f l e a d t e t r a e t h y l in to xicatio n ; (b) When t h e y d e ve l o p p h y s i c a l s i g n s and l a b o r a t o r y e v i d e n c e s o f s ign ifican t lead absorption. ( c) When t h e y d e ve l o p o rg a n i c d i s e a s e , wh i ch , i n th e mind o f t h e examiner, i n vo lve s undue r i s k to t h e i r s a f e t y and th at o f o th e rs ; - 15 - (d) When t h e y show a c a r e l e s s o r i r r e s p o n s i b l e a t t i t u d e to ward t h e h a z a rd s o f th e o c c u p a t i o n , o r, a l t e r n a t e l y , when t h e y show undue anxiety with respect to such hazards. Excre to ry An alys e s , The s t u d y o f t h e l e a d e x c r e t i o n o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e wo rke rs portrays a s u rp ris in gly accurate picture o f the conditions of exposure t o which t h e y are s u b je c t e d . The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f s u c h r e s u l t s can n o t t be d is c u s s e d here bu t re fe re n c e can be had to pu blis h e d in fo rm atio n . Su ffice i t to say in reference to lead hazards which, like these, g i v e r i s e to prompt and s e ri o u s e f f e c t s , t h a t ade quate h y g i e n i c con t r o l c a n n o t c e r t a i n l y be m a i n t a i n e d w i t h o u t s u ch i n f o r m a t i o n . The methods employed in the c o lle c ti o n of samples and in th e i r a n a lys is must have th e utmost p re c is io n to be o f v a l u e . In our e xpe rie n ce th is work cannot be done w ith in the p la n t, but must be c a rri e d out elsewhere in order to avoid th e contamination o f samples from the plan t environment. The d i a g n o s t i c v a l u e o f th e u s e o f a n a l y t i c me tho ds on th e blo o d and e x c re ta , in s us pe cte d or do u btfu l cas e s o f i n to x i c a ti o n , can n o t be o ve r -e m p h a s i z e d . We b e l i e v e t h a t s u c h f a c i l i t i e s a r e ab s o l u t e l y e s s e n t i a l to sound c l i n i c a l work In t h i s o ccu patio n , in view of the absolute n e ce s s ity fo r the pronpt In te rpre tatio n of symptoms Plant Supervision. The p l a n t p h y s i c i a n s h o u l d make a c r i t i c a l i n s p e c t i o n o f the p lan t under o p e ratin g co n d itio n s a t In te rva l s o f appro xim ate ly one month, at which tim e he should c r i t i c i z e a l l the procedures and recommend s uch changes as a re a d vi s a b l e f o r th e m ainte nan ce o f s a f e t y . 0003201 - 16 - Air An alys e s . Equipment s h o uld be i n s t a l l e d and o p e ra te d r e g u l a r l y to t e s t th e a i r o f a l l w o rki n g s p a c e s f o r i t s l e a d c o n t e n t . Long pipe lin e s and rubber hose lin e s must be avoided in c o lle c ti n g a ir samples f o r a n a l y s i s , in o rde r to a vo id co n de n s atio n and abs o rptio n of lead te trae th yl in the carrying lin e s . A high degree of accuracy i s n e ce s s ary bo th in th e c o l l e c t i o n o f samples and in the a n a l y t i c procedures. A l l the d ata re fe rre d to above should be re po rte d to the p h y s i c i a n - i n - c h a r g e and s h o u l d be u s e d b y him t o ke e p h i m s e l f and the management f u l l y informed as to th e h yg i e n i c s ta t u s o f the plan t as a whole* Cl o t h i n g * P r o t e c t i v e Equ i pm e n t, and Washroom F a c i l i t i e s . E x c e l l e n t f a c i l i t i e s must be made a v a i l a b l e f o r th e pro t e c t i o n and c l e a n l i n e s s o f t h e workmen. Each workman must be p r o vi d e d w ith com ple te c l o t h i n g , so th a t he may n o t, under any circu m s tan ce s , make u s e o f h i s r e g u l a r c l o t h i n g in t h e p l a n t . The re must be a s ys te m o f do uble l o c k e r s , and co m fo rtable and ade quate washrooms, shower ba th s and t o i l e t s . At th e b e g i n n i n g o f th e d a y *s work t h e workmen mus t ch an ge i n t o w o r k - c l o t h i n g . At l u n c h -t i m e t h e y mus t wash c a r e f u l l y and e a t t h e i r lu n ch in a c le a n lun ch room. At the end o f th e day th e y must remove a l l t h e i r c l o t h i n g , b a t h e and chan ge i n t o t h e i r own c l o t h i n g . The pro pe r arran ge m e n t o f t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s w i l l n o t o n l y add t o th e C\? w i l l i n g n e s s o f workmen to co m ply w i t h t h e r e g u l a t i o n s , b u t a l s o w i l l pro vide f o r s uch s u p e r vi s i o n as w i l l n o t pe rm it c a r e l e s s n e s s on the p a r t o f t h e workmen. Im pervious g l o v e s , d u s t masks where re q u i r e d , and a i r - l i n e masks as n e e de d, must be s u p p l i e d and m ain tain e d in s a t i s f a c t o r y K E 000920 - 17 IV. H ygie n ic As pe cts of the Tran s po rtatio n o f Eth yl F l u i d . The s p i l l a g e o f E t h y l F l u i d in t r a n s i t may cau s e s e r i o u s d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t h a t dan ge ro us e xpo s ure may i n v o l v e c a r r i e r s as w e l l as o t h e r pe rs o n s who may h a ve no kn o w le dge o f th e dan ge rs and no means o f p r o t e c t i n g t h e m s e l ve s . Mo re o ve r, o t h e r co m m o ditie s may he s o co n taminated as to cause the dis s e m inatio n o f s e rio u s danger in to remote r e g i o n s . The u tm o s t c a re s h o u ld be e x e r c i s e d to c o n f i n e t h e h a z a rd s to po in ts at which th e y can be c o n tr o l le d . Drums o f E t h y l F l u i d s h i ppe d b y r a i l s h o u l d be s e c u r e d b y s u i t a b l e means s o as n o t t o move a bo u t i n t r a n s i t . The y s h o u l d n o t be mixed w ith other cargo but should be s e n t d i r e c t from manufacturer to m ixing plan t and s ho uld be handled at bo th ends only by train e d and e x p e r i e n c e d p e r s o n s . Drums o f F l u i d t r a n s p o r t e d b y w a te r s ho uld be lo ade d on de ck under the s u p e rvi s i o n o f f u l l y informed and ex pe rie n ce d pe rs o ns , and should be s ecured fi r m ly in place so as not t o be damaged and s o as n o t t o be a s o u r c e o f dan ge r In t r a n s i t . Any F l u i d wh i ch may l e a k or s p i l l on th e d e c k o f a s h i p or b a r g e s h o u ld be washed o ve rbo ard pro m ptly and any l e a k i n g or broken drums s ho uld be disposed o f by be in g cas t overboard i f po s s ible or n e ce s s ary, or by be in g so placed th at fu rth e r leakage w i l l n o t o ccur. Every prac t i c a b l e s afe guard should be thrown around th i s phase o f the in d u s try and to the e x te n t th a t t h i s commodity r e q u i r e s unus ual care in tr a n s p o r t, i t s h o u ld be incumbent upon t h e m an ufacture r and s h i p p e r to pro vide conditions compatible with reasonable s a fe ty. Cans f o r th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s m a l l q u a n t i t i e s o f E t h y l Fl u i d should be s tro n g and o f a w e l l de s ign e d type f o r po uring w ith o u t d r i p p i n g . Th e s e s h o u l d be e n c a s e d In a s e c o n d , h e r m e t i c a l l y s e a l e d m e tal can , so t h a t no l e a ka g e can o ccu r in t r a n s i t , and co m ple te i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r h a n d l i n g a can w i t h s a f e t y and f o r d i s p o s i n g o f i t when - 18 - i t i s empty should be e n clo s e d w ith in each o ute r can . Pe rs o ns who may u s e them i n a d v e r t e n t l y o r s u c h pe rs o n s as a e r o p l a n e p i l o t s cannot be e xpe cte d to a p p r e c i a t e the r i s k s a s s o c i a t e d w i th improper h an dlin g o f the m a te r i a l and should be bo th warned and i n s t r u c te d . I t s hould be s a i d , in t h i s co n n e ctio n , th a t th e re i s no need fo r a v i a t o r s , e i t h e r c i v i l or m i l i t a r y , t o p re p a re t h e i r own g a s o l i n e by the additio n to i t o f Eth yl Fl u i d . I t has been found to be fe a s i b le t o obtain gas o lin e o f s u ita ble q u a l ity, at p r a c t i c a l l y any po in t d e s ign a te d , by s p e c i f y i n g what i s needed and g i vi n g the re gu la r m a n u fa ctu re rs o f s u ch g a s o l i n e an o p p o r t u n i t y t o s u p p l y i t . Mo re o ve r, the r e s u lts o f such methods o f o bta in in g ga s o lin e w i l l c e r t a i n l y be found t o be g r a t i f y i n g , in t h a t a more u n i fo r m l y s a t i s f a c t o r y f u e l w i l l t h e r e b y be o b t a i n e d . The i n d i s c r i m i n a t e and u n n e c e s s a r y u s e o f cans o f Et h yl Fl u i d should be d i s c o u ra ge d th e r e fo re by e ve ry means which i s a t th e command o f t h e h y g i e n i c a u t h o r i t i e s . V. P r e c a u t i o n a r y Me as ure s i n Mi x i n g E t h y l F l u i d w i t h Ga s o l i n e a t Re fi n e r i e s and Bulk Te rm in als . L i t t l e need be s a i d a t t h i s tim e co n ce rn in g the pro pe r way o f h a n d l i n g t h i s p ro c e d u re . The g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s o f m e tho ds e mplo ye d up to t h e p r e s e n t a r e known b y most o f th e g a s o l i n e r e f i n e r s and d i s t r i b u t o r s . The r e g u l a t i o n s w h i ch h a ve be e n i n u s e f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n o f mixing plan ts have re ce ive d exte n s ive c irc u la tio n in the in dus try and among h y g i e n i c a u t h o r i t i e s i n th e s t a t e s . Th e s e p r o vi d e a co m ple te and a d e qu a te b a s i s f o r th e f o r m u l a t i o n o f o f f i c i a l c o d e s , e x c e p t t h a t no r e f e r e n c e i 3 made In them t o th e f r e q u e n c y or t h e t e c h n i q u e o f th e m e d i c a l s u p e r v i s i on. I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t s a f e t y in t h i s f i e l d can be accomplished only by s t r i c t adherence to the use of properly designed equipment and a d e q u a t e l y r e g u l a t e d and s u p e r vi s e d t e c h n i q u e . D e t a i l e d i n fo r m a t i o n w i l l be s u p p l i e d a t any ti m e i t may be d e s i r e d Ro b e r t A* Ke ho e , M.D. Ke t te r i n g Labo rato ry o f Applie d Ph ys io lo gy Co l le g e of Me dicin e Eden Avenue Ci n c i n n a t i , Ohio