Document 7Mp6oOLpk5MJ5my2Zrxe5Yyva

'.V." I*-. &r. %* ` 1 VOLUME I OF THE TRANSACTIONS . -.'v-v.-.'- , < ..v;..-* . of. 52Kd NATIONAL SAfenr"CONGRESS CONTENTS "'.'Officers of .thci'Natipnal ^Safety Council 1964*65.);......... r Trustees of the National Safety Council. 1964-65.. . ANNUAL MEETING 6^ MEMBERS'^ / JV" '.Invocation!.... . .'. .kabbi Nathaniel: A. L. Pollack 21. Minutes of the.ijknmial.Council.Meeting;.... /.'...... v;.y...;. .* 22 / '..v'-7Addrett of'the.'Pieslffent. .-....:.... f........... :.Howard. Pyle. 25 ' . .................. _'. , . Safety~A Task of;,Teacnworfc;y.T.:. ...... :..Ne/s Acketsan 30 . 'ff {'; ' *......' "M . , . ' _ ' ' ' NATIONAL S^FETy CONGRESS BANQUET T ! *'**'*'*>* ^ ' invocation! - I .w> .1. .\ Pay-John. S, Bahahpn '33 ., . Minutes of Banquet. Meeting'./.*-.'. .. ......... . "t- . ..' i'.'.....!..... 34 . \ ... ' '^hoie LivWs,ybu Save. ... . . . ,V........;.... ! .r.*. .' ;'... Walter Fi Catty 3*5 EXHIBITORS--52ntl NATIONAL^ SAFETX CONGRESS- $ EXPOSITION! Index to^AII- (28) Volumes of .1964 National Safety Congress'Transactions;'.'.55 . ' y. : Other Volurhes ihx.l964 National Safety Congress Transactions .!........ Back Cover C 1 I : '-<T 'V'-. v;y.v.,,/ h- / v" v ':5-\v*\W .T #:r rr-- I . '* ' Council OFFICER*-^!964-65 \ .'Chairman,. Board "of Directors--BmpKS McCormick, Ex tivcVice . President, International Harvester'Company, Chicago, nob;;." President--Howard Pyle, President,. National Safety Council,-Chi- - cago, .Illinois ' ' Vice' President for Farms--Bhuce- Lrurie,' East Moline, Illinois .... Programs r Department, Ford Mojior. Company, Dearborn,. Michigan - Vide President fey Homes--}. P. Warner, Vice President -and Gen'. cral 'Manager,. Manufacturing'Division, Humble Oil-& Refining Company, Houston, Texas' ..Vice President for .Industry--J. S. Queener, Mariager.Sa'fety ?nd ' Fire Protection Division, E.T.du. Pont dc Nemours & Company, . .''Inc., Wilmington, Delaware- . Vice. President- for:Labor--Hunter.' P.- WhAbton. Central President, International' Union' of' Operating Engineers, Washington,- D. C. Vice- President for State and Local Safety. Organisation's--lows "H. Antoine, Resident Vice President,''Fireman's Fund American Insurance Coi, S.t. Louis,-Missouri . Vice President forr Membership--Herman "J. Spoerer, Vice Presi dent, Industrial Relations, The.Youngstown Sheet and Tube Cwn- ' pany, Youngstown;.Ohio -if. - ' .Vice President for Motor 'TransportalibH-yWeLBY. Mi .FrantE, presi'' dent, .I&storn Express, Inc., Terre Haute, .Indiana . Vice-President for Production--Hugh Curtis, Dean,, School of Journalism; Drdke University, Des-, Moines,' Iowa Vice President for Public- Information--Charles W. Ferguson, : Senior .Editor, The Reader's Digest, Plcasantville, New -York .' 5- j -C,'/ v- National\ Safety Council - (Officers, continued) Vice President for Religious. Leaders--JE.rivm^'p. CAnha'w, Editor iri, .Chief, The Christian': Science. Monitor, Boston,'Massachusetts Vifie Presidenlfor Research--C jfctEFER,M, D., Chief Medi- ; .' j cal Djrector, The Equitable. Life Assurance Society of.the United . * States, New. York, .New'York ^ Vice President for Schools and Collegcs--pk. Dewey. F. .Barich,' .... President, Detroit'Institute of Technology, Detroit,'Michigan'.- ! \v* ` .':'*. .. ' '. . ' '. * .-I VicePresident for Traffic--BenWest, Attompy, Na'shville,.Tcnriessec?' ' Vice "President' for . Women-, Mrs. JeaN Wad? RindlaVb, West. Englewood, New Jersey" ` | :.y Vice President for. Youth -Activities--Dona'm> M- Hkr:in.v Director, .Health and Safety * Service, National Council;'; Boy: Scouts'-of ' . ^America,-New Brunswick, NeW Jersey . : . . Executive Vice President--Joins D. Laweor, .Executive Vice Prcsi-'' 'dent, National Safety Couitcil, Chicago, Ujiriois- Secretory..fltjtf,Treasurer--R. L.;Forney,-Secretary and Treasurer; vNational Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois . 1' ' 'j 33-. Assistant Treasurer--J. D. Fjui.ford, Director, Treasury, Division, National .Safety. Council, 425 North. Michigan Averiue, Chicago, | ' 1 Illinois 60611.1 M: j..r i t . t*\ *0 f` r-: \ ,\ ; v.. ,-^W . I ;;' * / f ,- .* . ' "\^y$ ', S' I , .*,.,,.,*.. ,,. , v '*'' . ' '. * j .......-- ...r ,o:-. . . . * . * * * . '. 1 *: V National ..... Safety .Council, -.l: = ':4%7/h. TRUSTEES---1964-65 ',>' Chairman of,Jhe Trustees--Howard Pyle, Presidcnti 'Natiorial Safety-' ' Council, 425!NoTth Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IiHncjs' :: i ' Vice Chainnali of the Trustccs~Wm./V/hite, Chairmajii Tht Dela ware & Hudson-Railroad- Corporation, NewYork, Nj| york. ' i/iamhapc . ' ll'i"-'1 . - l ..{r.y'i > , '*. . ` .- i. - '. Melwn H, Baker,-Chairman, National*Gypsum Comparfy, IS lffalo, . New York ` Vi HV> , = ' . . - ' .,+T ,, . ' . (a-) iv -Y--.trs | --. -Mrs. Olive. A. Beech,'President, Beech Aircraft Cbrp.,i|WichitaX ` . Kansas' ; . " '.' '.' . ;.l ' ...-.John-E..Bierwirth, Chairman of the-Board; National Distillers. . * ' ../.X - k Chfem.icil (Corporation,.New York, New York- '.* * *. .' * " * '*. v S\ . '.. s. ' \ ' ' ' ' ' ' / ' . , 1 . ?v*'V -' 'I . jAMES.B,.B^.ACK, Chainnan1-Pacific Gas and Eitctric Cbmpariy, Sai;i.'iVt !' ' ,( I -- Francisco, California. : -:' '> -qY.; ' : ' .., Jxt,xx I I . -' . ' -' 'I'' S.-'Bruc?'; Black,-'Honorary:; Qiairmari, Liberty Mutual iijjsura'n^e ;}$!/'"' - ' ' Company, Boston,'Massachusetts' , . , ' . - 1 ' - 'W''. ... JUDSdN. B. Branch/President, Allstate Insurance-Company, Skokie, 'j/ - -Illinois ' ' -. . . '--p . 'I . 'D.-W. Brosman,. President, .Southern .'Railway. System,'^Washington, \ . '- 1,. r \ . .* ` ' I . Walter ,F. CAREy, Prcs^cnt,, Automqflile Carriers Inc., -Flint 6, . .; . ' iv ';-'. ' Michigan' :' ' '--iy?' .' ' ". .| J; DoyU^UEWiTTjJPccsidcnt, The; Travelers, .Hartford,' Conneoticut ; '. " '. -. Rtrssia.L DeYojjng, "Chairman, Goodyear:.Tire-Rubber Cotnjfany. ... I twori,' Ohio * ' > " '' ',1 JK^afftoii' Do?W, Qiairnjan of 'the . Board, : American. Brake .'Shoc . \' 'iY-' . Company,. Ncw: York,'-New'York , V.| - Emile F. du Pont,-Director, E.-I. du Pont de.Nemours &.'Company, * -. I Inc.,.Wilmington,.Delaware- .' . 'I '. ' ' . . * , ' . ;-,j' - ; .C'.. . . * ......JfiHN F, Gordon) President, General Motors Corporation, Detroit,' '. I' MichigatJ . ' . 5- i .- s i ; --"*''""'a !r? "'V- s"'. > /; *. S .' , National SafetyCouncil .. ..(TriiiteeSi continued) :.. | / .' Jake L/Hamon, Dallas, Texas ` 'V.\ I .1 E.. Roland Harrtma$, Brown Brothers flarriman and Company, New Yprk,. New York ' : !' v.; : \ ' J-.V Herd/Chairman ofthe. Boards, The- Continental Insurance ' f. ; Companies, New YorkrNcw Yorkj'. "*.' = '- Wuxiam A; HeWIiTj Chairman,-Deere & Company,-Moline* Illinois . Frederick Rs Kapfei., Chairman;.American Telephone and Telegraph ' Company, New York, New'Yorlc ,1 William ,G. Karnes, President; Beatrice Foods Company, 'Chicago, . '. Illinois. ' S ' /. V .' . . , V. V| . ' John R.. Kimberly,'Chairman,-.Kimberly-Clark Corporation,-Neenah,- .-'. Wisconsin ' / |;.v--'-;. Joseph -L. LA'NiER^rcsidertt,; \Vest..Point. Manufacturing Company,. I . ' ' ; West' Point,;Georgia ."'.V/r i ' :Stani.p.y ..Learned, President^ Phillips Petroleum Company; Bartl^sJ ': " "vi|ie, Oklahoma 1 ' . GeorOe E. LEroHTYj Prcsidcnt, The Order 'of 'Railroad - Telegraphers, | v 'St. Lduis. Missouri . ` . ` . ^ -- .!. J.1 Aj -Martino; Chairman, -National Lead "Company^ New York. New York .. ' r. Y `I Birny. Mason, Jr., President, 'Union. Carbide Corporation, New ' York, 'New York . 4 ;;': 'X--* ' | ' | .Brooks'McCormick;, Executive Vice ,President,; International-Har^ vester Company, Chicago, Illinois (Ex-Officio). ' r| * * S' . .* a. "..I '* , ... I' Ne*l, ,McElroy, .Gkairrtan, The Proctor & Gamble-Gompany,'Cin-" ' ...-"I/ ...cinnati,. Ohio : ;T ! . .. '/" ~ s ; . . I-.., .* . ' V I 1 \,Jame^, F. Oates, Jr., Chairfnan, .Tlie'Equitable. Life Assurance' ,! | Society, New'Yorlt, New-.Yprk . . .'* ; . -sSv..1 . |- - . .83- : Ss - RoBptTfS. OELMAN/ Chairman, The.National Cash Register'Com- pany, Dayton, Ohio V Sherborne Prescott, Belle Haven, .Greenwich, Connecticut' ' \. *. : v;v- MV ` . .K-: . St,:-: ";t......? -.': .' 5 ;. .v ': V i ' -- , ( : %$ ' -i ''. i '! National *. Safety Council . : ; . :: (TrusliiSi. copHntied). /: .'\J. ' - ' u I . . - Hward Pyle,. Phesident, National Sa/etj^Couricil, Chicago, Illinois, . ; ; V-... 1' 1 P**QW) '. * .-'* > .." `f. . .; :7 CAt E,' REffiitE),J.R;, Chairrfian;of the Board, Huhiblc.Oil.Sc Refining ; 'CompajwHodstOT, Texas..- ' v " . \.*y ` '.-''7 . ' .i. . \AfAr.TER P.. Reuther, Vice President,. American Federation'of Labor / and' Congress of Industrial Organizations, Dctrpit,-Michigan ' . 1 'f "W. S.. S, Rodoeks,'Former.Chairman, Texaco, Jnc., -New . York, > . .. New..York-. :: - .*' '.. | '. Francis C. Rooney,- jR^ PrcSident, Melville Shoe. Corporation, - - f - ' New York,. New York. ' } >** ' | R..S. Stevenson, Chairman, Allis-ClialmcrS'Manufacturing Company,. J "'* -'.I. . Milwaukee; Wisconsin : ' .: :*. ! . ''r'''.`ARTHUR;E;''S'TODDABD, PrcSi(lenr, 'Ut)ion PacifiC'Rai|road-Company,- Omaha, Nebraska/ Vv-.- ,. , . .. ' : . | ' . Dr. John F. Thompson, Honorary . Chairman, The. International .. ' ' r ' ' ' 'Niche! Company, Inc,', New York; New York .. \-i. ; I Lynn. A. Townsend, President, Chrysler Corporation, Detroit; Michi-' ' ga'n. ; -.... . i: '/ Juan T, TWpf., Chairman, ]Par>. AmericanWorld Airways, Inc., '.. ; ' ' . ' I, > New.York,.New York . .... ,.-i 5* \ . *1. ............ . ** - . .. . , '* -I - . John L. Weinbebc; Partner, Goldman, .Sachs& Company, New York,' ' * Jv;,. --New-York. : ' ; . /=." - Wm/White/Chairman, The Delaware & Hudstfn Railroad,Corpora-] ' . 'I'- tipn/Npw York, New York *' " A<-.- |; RonERT. W. -Woodruff, Chairman, Finance'Committee,'.The Coca- ' ..! '.,..'Co|a Company, Atlanta,-Georgia . ' , ; VI Leslie B. WoRTHiNGTON. -President, United States Steel Corporation, NeWjYork, New. York ! ' . . ' '. ,*i". \ ` s'-''t .r . . ' v. I 'I [L n*1 ' * ' . . .. ` f . 'V .. V < .. M..-r . '. v.-' ' .... I' p* f . . I.' ' ' U'`'' 0* ' ^ National Safety Council f* *' Y "/V' .' . ., . I : iBOARD OF DIRECTORS-rl964-65 /Y if ! '* ' $' .r .. ' ' I 'Chairman of the Board of Directors--tBrooks McCormick, Executive ' . :|. .Vice President, International Harvester (Company,.Chicago, Illinois . " ' ''" I1. '/'/Vice Chairman of the. Board of "Directors--Bruce Lourie, East ' . . | - Moline, Illinois ........ -.. ' Members _ . " Edward S. Adams, Director'of. Safety, Iowa^Farm Bureau, Des ; ' f`v' .. N Moines.-.Iowa . ... ;*/ - I Robert'H.. Albi'sser; Coordinatfor, GCojrrppborrate Safety, .^ferck &Co., 1. .. Inc.,.Railway^ New Jersey .. ' .| ` t \\' Cole,-A.AiiEft, Vice President--Engineering," American .Mutual . Liability'Insurance. Company, .,Wakefield, Massachusetts'; * v| W. M. Allison,. Senior. Safety . Director, British- Cojumbia Lumber . | .Manufacturers-Association, Vancouver, B. C., Canada . . " i /'' Louis H. An-toine, Resident Vice:President, Fireman's Fupd, Ameri. | .< . . can Insurance Companies, St Louis, Missouri. .1 Dr. Dewey F. Babich, President,^Detroit Institute of Technology*' ... Detroit,?.Michigan .. Ctnrns Barkes,.Executive Vice'President/Unitdd'^Vir Lines, Chii^go,. '.''.; . j,' ./ ' Illinois" .'.v.v -!' ; | F. R.. Barnako, Manager'of'Compensation and `Safety, Betheh'em .* "" Steel Company, BethleSem, Pennsylvania; !i/' '. `George S.- `BEiifEnT/'President,. Rochester TelephoneiCorporation, ; ./ :> ' ... Rochester,'New..York- ' y . "-3 Y:'''.:v-"`" ' '. I M. F. Biancardi,' Manager, Safety Services, AUis-Chalmers Manu- , |. :';facturing Conpany, Milwaukee; Wisconsin' j. T. Blalock,'President, Pacific Coast" Advisory .Association,'.Los ...' | ' \ Angeles,' California . . .' , . ,| . . . 'Nelson M; Bortz, Director, Bureau erf lisbor'Standards, Waihjngr v . '. I;. ton,.D'. C. ' I " ' Ciiari.es H. Bowman, Professor of Law, University of .Illinois, .. f .' ' Champalg^,{Illinois. . V .. !' t '. .. ' Clark. D. Bridges, Managing Director, Iridiistrial Medical Associa-- .; ,1. .....tion, Chicago,'Illinpis .. ,;- I / 10. v,, ..... . ,'y.. . / Notional Safety! Council 7; .'-fC/? (Board df pirehiort, C'onlimcd) | ; Russell l. Brown, . President, Insurance Institute for Highway I; }:/7. rSfifety, Washington, D; C. . ,i' ' James Burpo, President, James Burpo-'Insurance, Ihc.'i Sapramento,- - - ' California' '.,V. '?! .' '.'HAftOLB.BuRSONj'Pi-csjdcht, Burson-MarstcJIcr Associates, New York; I " ' New.'York v-_ ". " , " . . ' . Robert R. Burton, Exartiye Vice President, Campbdj-Mifljun, The,, > .1 . -!,. -.'Chicago, Illinois . . ------B.-JJ-Campbeli.; Ph.D.i-Assistant- Director, Automotive -Grash'-Inj ury l ' Research, Cornell University, Buffalo,-New-York. . . * * * | - ' Earl F. CAMPnEix, Execntive . Vice .President,' California Traffic J'. 'v " Safety Foundation, San Frahcisco. -California.*- | " ^ERWIN D. CANHAMj Ed I 'Boston, Massachusetts Chief, The Christian Science Monitor, | . J, Wiixis Cantey, President, Citizens Southern" National.-Bank |. ' of South' Carolina,- Columbia,' South Carolina . ' | r Ai.eb.W. Cantwell, Rational Director Safety Services, TJie AmcriJ c?n. National. Red Cross, Washington, D..G | ; Walter F. Carey, . 'President,. Automobile"'Carriers Inc1,, Flint; | ' ' Michigan' . Allen L. Cobb, Director; of Industrial, ^afety, Eastman Kodak Ccimpahy, Rochester,-Neyif York'. Rabbi. Seymour J-.:; CohEn, The Anshc- Emet Synagogue, Chicago, Illinois-. . ;' . \aui. H, Connei.lf.y, United ilrothcrhbod Of -Carpenters andJoine'rS * America, Washington; D. G. John D. Connors, Assistant to the Presidcht.'Amcricari Federation .of Labor and. Congress of Industrial Organizations, Washings ton, ;D. C ' . ' -'I-s v, : -'"; "John M. "Covric,- Vice President'dor-public;; Relations,;'!'-Nali6haf .'A4so^^..T,,8?*<feasi^;'WadwtOoiii'.^..C.. r .. ,'| Ernest G: Cox,. Chief, Section of" Motor Carrier Safety, Interstate I " Commerce Commission, Washington, Dl G.'` . . . | . Stanley W. Cox, Vice. President! 1st.' Joseph, Light & Power Co., St |. 'Joseph; Missouri . . ' -. ';' |. . Neil-J. Curry,- President, California-'Cartage'Company, Inc.,-Lbs :c r Angeles, California ' . . . 1.1 1 ;'f 'V-.v'- ;;-1V-V- ' National . Safety Council - ]fBoard of Dirfetors, continued) '. <) . v- . . ...Tv. v*' 3 3 9 3 e Hugh Curtis; "Debt;, Sclibpf^of .joumalisjri,' Drake University, Des lrieSn^owa-7! M. Ri'DXiEfNf.TON^JiLV^M&aging'Dirccto/. 'Auto Industries High way-Safety Committee, Inc., Washington,*D..CyLc. : Mrs. Horace Dawson/Illinois State Legislator, Evanston, Illinois '' : . Claude de St. Paer, Assistaht Director, Program Development Divi-'- sion, American Farm . Bureau Pcderationi Chicago, Illinois ! , v - . * J. Dewey Dorsett, President, American Insurance Association; New York,^Njrw York", .............. ...! ' Miss .Dorothy Down's, Assistant to Director of Engineering;- Fire- men's.'.Mutual 'Insurahce:'Con)pany, "Pi;ovidence, Rhode Island " James D. Dunlop, Director of Manpower Activities, National Asso/ " , elation of- Manufactutdrs/New York;. New,York ' Emile.F.; oil PoNT,Ditgtor, E' I. du Pont: d..Nemours Sc .Com/ pany, Inc,, Wilmington/Delaware Reverend . Warren, R. Ebinger, - Executive. 'Director, Council . of .'-Churches of Greater Kansas Gty, Kansas.'City, Missouri J. George Eicii horn. Grand Lodge Representative. InternationaP .Association of Machinists, Daytona, Beach,..Florida / F. T.' Faiilen, Jr;, Vice' President,' Arizona Public Service Gojnpany, Phoenix, Arizona . * .-. . -' . /. ' .j -. ..' ' " D, A.'Farreix, Directof of ;Safctyi Dnitcii States Steel.Corporation,p ,, PittsMrgh, Pennsylvania ; .. .' . '.'-'x'. : '.' j., ./ . ChariwFw. Ferguson, Senior Editor, The Reader's Digest/Pleasant- . I- .. .ville, New!Sbrk . '. ' ' . .......... - t........ ...I.... . 1.;. : R.1 H.:Ferguson,;Assistant Director of Industrial Relations, Republic -.- P .' Steel Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio ' ' [\ A., C/Field, Jr.;Manager, Public 'Affairs; ;WGN Inc., Chicago,Illinois .. Dx'Lowell B. Fisher; Coordinator of School University Re]ations,. University of Illinois,. Champaign, Illinds . - / . .....j/ Parker G/Folse, Safety. Advisor, Socony MoMl Oil [Company,. Ini, New-YOTk,[NefYtrt.''. " .. H Benson Ford, Vice -President, Ford "Motor Company, Dearborn, ...... .!' Michigan ..v. ' . . ; Harry E; FoOlicrod, Vice President, Fruehauf Trailer 'Company, ' . ! > .. Detroit/Michigan '. : .' ''v.'...... i )H ii V -V- ' .. v ... . *' r.C..'. ; V SafetyCoifnctl ;r* (Board of Directors, continued) | . '' EbWARD.Gr Fox,. President; Bituminous -Coal Operators' Association, / / Washington, D. C. / . ' ...- I. |; ' Welby- M. Frantz, President; .Eastern Express,- Inc., Terre Hautel ..Indiana.' 47808 . ...i:"/ v: %. ' Robert G. Frazier, M. .D.,' Secretary,- -American Academy Of'Pedi-; . . vatrics,. Evanston,- Illinois " . .-,/__ I. -. . - Miss Eleanor- Freeman,' Evanston, Illinois., '. `' ! Mrs.'.'Certrode H. FkEse, General. Personnel Director,. New York . T ' ` Telephone Company; New York, New York . f ; .' JaHN-.W. Gibbons,'Director of Public'Relations, Automotive Safety/. ' Fbbhdatioh; Washington, D; C. -.. Arthur.'P.GiIdea;; Secretary-Treasurer, 1 United Brewery Workers, -. / Cincinnati, Ohio ./..//'; Vo . '.Db..Lonnie-Gilliland,-Director of Safety Education,' Oklahoma City Public'Schools, Oklahoma GityJ pklah.oma . . . ' John L. Guxis, Vice-President;' Monsanto..'Company, St. -Louis,-' /Missouri.-.. . - Robert E. -Gocke>- Vice President, The' Greyhound Corporation, '. Chicago, Illinois. . . '" ',. V *.' George L.Gorbell, Manager. Safety and' Fire Protection, Monsanto Company, St Louis, Missouri' ' ' ' Dan D. Sowings,'director, Division of Environmental Safety, Penn-;' ".' sylyania.Department of Health, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; . vWii; Paul Gray, National Executive Secretary, Future- Farmers ofAmerica',..'Office .of Education, Pepar'tment of- Health, Education, , '..andWelfare^Washington;D/C.,20202 ' ` .. . \ C.. Hunter 'Green, Vice 'President, Southern Bell. ..Telephone and ; ,.TeIegraph;(Sjompany, Louisvilfe,' Kentucky J-. ' . -- *! . '. ' if. i ' .' Gerard O. Griffin, '.Manager, .Hazard. Control,Dravo Corporation, . ?M* ..Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.. * *; 'Hi ' J. V..Grimaldi, Consultant, Health, Safety & Plant Protehtioh, Gen- erai Electric Company, New York, New York . ; ; ; Rev. Robert A;.'Grunow, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri- i" Samuel R. Guard, Manager, .'Marketing .Research, Chicago-Suit-. .. Time's .and Chicago Daily News, Chicago, iiiihois *;'S5.-. ' 13 > . 1m N* . ' ' )\l > A ' ' / :^ t. ' 3 '8 S' NdHonal ; a; v Safety. Council , <i . . i . 3 #* 4 . ' ? t ' ' * .*v ' (Board nf-Directors, continued) I'S JoHN.T\GuaAsif, Presiderilj-Pacific Employers' IMslii'ance. Company. j . Loi^ Angeles,:Ca|ifnrnia' Rov HAF.tisi.Kk,. Automotive Safely Engineer,''Chrysler Corporation, *- : ' Detroit,. Michigan . .. Howard .E.",H'a'm.as,. 'Vice' .Presiddit-Pufilic 'Relation!!, "American, ' -* .'Motors Corporation, -Detroit, Michigan ' Rau'H Hartman, 'Assistant Manager-Safety D'cpartrticrit, Bethichem . Steel Company, Bethlehem,'Pennsylvania '*' iJANiEy^R^Qfil^Oiief,- Industrial Safely'&Fire Protection Brahcfi,' United States. Atomic Energy'Commission, tyashfiigton,"D. C..-. - . . \ Roiifjtt C,' Hendon,' Vice' President,. REA Express, New York, New York"'. " y .... .. . ' y;y / s .. Russfai, E. Heston,J3irector -of .Engineering,- Grinncli Mutual. Re-; 3 ... insurance Company; GrinnelI, Iowa' . . I'".' .r>(KAiiD M. HrwitfS,; Director,'Hcal.tfiand Saffty'Service, National | Council, Roy Scouts of America,- New. .Brunswick-, New'Jersey. | - Rt; Rev; Msgb. George G. Higgins, Pireclor,.Depar.ltnent of Sociarh | ' . Action, -Rational Catholic Welfare .Conference,; Washington, D.:'C: '- .; lA ' Paul J.- Hoqy>.k,. Vice .President,.The Halle-Bros. Co.,' Cleveland, Ohio 5. I'.. :r:r.. .Harogd R. Hosea, Pirector of. Research,. National Association of.. Motor Bus Owners;Wasliirigton, D. C. v. ..... \Wtr;Grr. i/___________ r:__________t t'a'p'i. -Detroit, Michigan..'. ______:' ___ W.. L. .Huffman, Vice President nrul Gcneral ^ Manager, North western .Bell. Telephone Company,. Minneapolis, Minnesota' . . Fred 'Hui.'een," Corporation" Director of. Personnel,! .The. Boeing-. v Coiiljny,, Seattle, Waslitogtpn, Wiu.iam S.- Hui.ts, Commissioner, Department: of, Motor Vehicles, " Albany,.New York . ! y *. y. .* *....- * . a.-t r.* .' . ,,. -*~pi .H." M. HuHTiNGTONj Supervisor of-Safety,' Int'crnatforial'Harvester Cimpany, Cliicago, Illjfhois . '..Dr;-Haroed. K, Jack, . Director,j Department of Health,. Physical > v Education and Recreation, Templo Uniyersity, Philadelphia, Penn-. ; ; sylVania ;....- ' .George, A; jXcany, Director of"Personnel,Relations, General: Motors ) Corporation,'-.Detroit, Michigan ' ,. ., r. 5* .14. '* 'I m i'- s,-/. . hJ it- A. ?- ?~ "f-r if * * " t .. ' . ,t sl=e>** ,`Jv. V*-+-,`V` *r , . . ... ... w. . .. :. v.\ .....-..... , *s.. . . .v .,...... ... . | ' . . . "5 .' National rV Safety Council ' -y\. . ..... . '' P`;'" ; '. .... (Board ofDlrtc.iors, continued) : ^ . * p ' 7 - ' . '/ vp-: v p - ''>'['' /vV-%'. - ~ !;. ..y Claude. A. Jessup,-President, Virginia ^railways,- Charlottesville, . ' : ;: . . .; '___ ' ; j.- ' Virginia'' ' ' ' . ' -V...' ' ' ' ' .' .. ; ... | -Dr.'Paul V. Joliet,. Chiefr'Division'of .A<ident''Preven<}on; U.-S.,; J. . - | ...... Public HralthSenriM,.Washington 25, D/C, "'-4^--.'.. " ., . V'- . . .. f....., Rudard A. Jones,''Director,.Small. Homes Council,. University of' 'I.' Illinois, Urbaiia, Illinois Y ..... ''........ .. ... ........I .. -Georcb.D. JovNER/ Seci;etary,l.R-C Motor Lines.Inc., Jacksonville '. Y' rV'.~ .1 " '` .3,.'Florida.'.;. . ' - | ... ,: <. ' ''. ' ; --i;-* ' . . J-.- .'-.-Norvik G'Kiefe*, M. Qilef'-Medical :Director*-.Tlie'Equitable.. . ' . | '. Life. Assurance'Society of ibe.IJriiled Statfes, .New..Ypr|c, New York' ' ; '. - .. ... ''' Werner C Kiiopp,.President The Baldwin.,Gom[any,.Little.Rook,. . v.-. " ' Arkansas `<y`_ . . |. ...Wai.teb K. Kocii, president, MountairrSiates Tclephorieand Tele- | ... '..-graph C6mpariy,E)onver, Colorado' .. .. ... ,HnBd&MsWliRitifc PdijaiJeiii&lifoinila' k. I. >i.,AM|ts. John E. Krheceb, Milwaukee, Wisconsin . * 1 "'' L .. ; *. .V/.-i * . | -Frank. El JLaperer; Director'of Safety,. Nationwide Insurance Com-. ..'I,'.".. iany, Columbus,. Ohio.-;? ' ; ' l'~ - F.. Si Lake,-pircctbr-.of-$afrty,-.Interstate.System, Grand Rapids,.- .. " '"Michigan, '. ' . .v'.v i .' R. J. Lamoureux, Director, Safety-and.Health.Division (Gatiida)/-- r-.. L- . 'it I-.-:. United Steelworker*-of-America, ApLjCI.6; 'Tor<>n.tp,6ntarioP . " J' .-Canada :iv......, > . . '^.rT-r , . . . ,\a . .. , ...... y .: , ......... - Edward. -B. Landrv, Director of'Safety-and Healtii'.'UnitedStates ... . . i ' ... ,P0sVO.(fM:eDepar\mMt,\Vash5ngtot>i.p.G.;.. ! ; JOiiN p. LAWLOR, Executive Vice^>resident,..N^tionaf. Safety. Coun- . J.':Ci.^d25.NoH^. Michigan Avenue,.'Cliiragp, Illinois' ... . ..f " Stanley Learned", -President, Phillips -Petroleum -Company,Parties-- . t . . s'- '. . '.ville:':Oklahoma '. ' .... ' | Ivan.. F,'"I;eG6re>-,.'Safety .Director, '.Portland.-CejrijjfnJ- Association, ' . ' Chicago, Illinois;.,:. . .' '.'V|G;-M- Leiucu, -Vice President, Western Matyland Railway Com- ' . '. 3;. ! pany, Baltimore, Maryland . . ' ;' .- ,C.B;. Lehok/ Director .of School Bus .Safety,'"New MexjcaState DejJarlirtent, of Ediicatioiv Santa Fej New .; ' '' : Edw.inB., LocKE/'AsslstantSpcretary!'and'Manager,: Engineering.- , ..'.;|y..|` ;' . Deparimeniti'Tex'as'Employers'.insurance Association, Dallas, Texas , ' v... :. .....p.. : .. ` ^ - ^;. r.-mi pprrpTM-";"'- ;T'y,v'p' . ! { . J' t w.*. Council (RtKtrd vf.pirectnrs, coniimjed) Rev, H^SmbM-.I-odok, Superintendent, Illinois Conference of-S.cventlirW7\(lventists. Brookfield, Illinois . Jas&s D. Lor,soon,.Superintendent, TiiorptbnTownship High Schools 'nml Jtinior'College, Harvey, Illinois Bruce LOuhik. Insist Moline,-Illinois ~.- William H.. .Ijr>WK/.' Vice President'-anti Treasurer,'-Inland Steel Com'iKiny.CiiicaKo; Illinois; ' Forst E; ;I-owi!y,."Mflinayer,-.Greater; .Minneapolis S.ifctyXmincil, Minncajirilis, Minnesota. .'. Louis .F. Lucas,' Executive Director,'National Rifle'Association of America', WasiiiriglbnC,'D'.' G.' ; \V.' G: Macintosh, Manager," Engineering Department, Hartford Accident'ami TndMnnity'.Companjf, New Yprli.'N'eW.'Vorlcj ... Aim* A.' .Mai.bski, -ProgrrfrtTS'crvice,. Associate Director,' Boys Clubs. -of America^New York; New .York'. \ ^.j'. I/..P, Manoei.sdori', .PresidcriF'Esso Chcmical.'Company;- Inc., New -York, New York ' . JOHN. Lv.MAftKS, Director-Rural and Education Division, Aiitomo' tivie Safcly'-T'-oundatibii, Washington, D. Ci-: Miss ..Marion E, .Martin, Commissioner of Labor.and -Industry; .' State of Maine, 'Augusta* Maine....; .-.'.-; -. .Sjani.by-A.`MATE/Dirccfoi\'Training.ActivTii'es, National Rifle;Asso: .. ciation of America, Washington; D.' Ci Harry- O, ..Mathews; Vice' President, Transportation, and Distribu t.ibn, Armour and-Company, Chicago, Illinois Mrs.-; Marjorie B. -May;' Director; .Education and. Home, Division, v .Greater New York Safety .Council,. Jpc., New. York,.New York-..: J. Frank;McCabe,- Director,.Youth'Services, Kiwams.-lntecoatjonal, . Ch.iCago) Illinois ...... mi. " .. J,.H, Tyler McConnell,- Secretary . andjMeriitar. of'FinanceCOrh' " 'mittee,- Hercules Powder, Company,-. Wilmington, Delaware . TV`T` G. E.McCoRistiN;Chairman .of- the.-Board, Thilmahy pulp & P.aper. '- -Company,.Kaukauna, Wisconsin -* Brooks McCormick, Executive. Vice President,..-International Har vester Company, Cliicago, Illinois' 16 i ... t i '. National " : Safety Council ..s*,r.-v . r. * *&fiY*'-***i"-**'+**-. (llouril'nf Dircctors.-continued) . .v. rl 1' ' Z E. C,, McFadden; Vice President, Texas..Employers' Insurance Asso-. . " elation, Dallas, Texas -Tt . -TCi.'S/ JicFAkf.ANp,..Director of Personnel 'Services, General Motor's ' Corporation,'.Detroit, Michigan .... . 6r. Ross'A.-McFari.aNp, Professor; of^Enyironmehtal Health and . Safety,TIafva'rd..Sh66t of PubJic'Health/BostohrMaiSach'usettsT^- Frank T. McGuire, Vice President, "Deere'& Company, Moline,- IIM- ' ' ' }tiois .. ;'f !".*' Dr. . Harold .Mendelsohn, Professor and Director. of Research, '. '. '"School} of Communication "Arts, University .of }Denver,' Denver,;.-, :.Colorado ' : . " -GUy' B.. Mercer, 'Chairman of-; the' Plans Board, Needliam,, Louisatid . `Brorhy,-Inc., Qiicago, Illinois. ' I. W- Mii-Larp, -Industrial Gloves Company,; 700 Garfield Blvd, Din-; ville,''Illinois ' S. Norman* ;C. Mindrum;. Director,-Natibrcd 4-H Service Committee, ` ......Inc., Chicago)'Illinois . .., . I T- -.-J; T. MoNAHA^.ViccPrcsident, American Optical Company, Sotifii- .; bridge,.Massachusetts - -. . ' "' ' Thomas C. Morrill, Vice Presideht-.'-'S'tate Farm Mutuab Automobile Iniurance Company, Bloomington, Illinois -- .... .- Edward C. Myers; Vice President, United.States'Steel. Corporation," Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania rl3- Arthur J. .Naquin, Safety.'Cpunselor,.New .iD'rleahV PubIic Service, . Iric., New Orleaps; :Loitisiana -.' - " Amos E, Neyii;aRt;.State College, Pennsylvania, ,-J.D; 'Niciioi.s} Director of Safety, Reynolds-Metals Company, Rich- .'..Yhibnd, Virginia- i' "Georoe P. Nissen,-President, Nisseri Corporation, Cedbr Rapids, Iowa- : . Robert A- .Oi.f.n, Executive' Vice President,. Gar Wood Industries,. Ihc.,'Wayne,1 .Michigan ' * '/ "George` Ij;,O'Rourke, Sr'.,* Chairman .of the Board, O'RoiiVlce' Cn-- : v. 'struction Company,'Dallas, Texas... '.'C<^V. Owens, Ekecjitiye Vice President,-American Telephone and Te|egrapli Company,- New Yor^-New York" AsrritUR' G.. Pktvy, - Executive Secretary,. Traflifc Safety" Program, - . ' Outdoor Advertising Associatioh.of Anteriba, .Chicago, Illinois , ... -17 \' V-- -i .. .. ' "i + .......................!, J': /' 7: National y : Safety Cpuncil . y. V~ :.T- ,.11-'= ; 1 : - (Board of Directors, continued) . .. .M , _ : I-* - M;-j. PixEiv Vies Prcsidtnt,'The'Contincniai-Insurance-Companies. : "J.. :.r1 Not--York,: ijew York 'y ' |. i'. j "R. lif. Pittencer, Vice President,.Farmers.lhstirance Group, Los -, ' J 7 Angeles,-California ' | . " .. .1:. ' ' ! '*' " -.'Fletcher N.` Platt, Manager, Traffic-.Safetyand Highway Improve- ' I. {. Iv * . ment.Detriment, Ford Motor Company.Dearborn, Michigan ! - ' ; f1' V \y- " \ ' . ''> '. ; j -. Harrv- L. Powtax. Assistant to-Vice. President, The "Goodyear Tire' - . * f-. : & RubhprCbnipany, Akroh,:Ohio '. ! ' ' - 2` .I- * * . * '~1 **** ` * '.". *! v. *e ...-HowAju> Pyle," President, National Safety Council, >425-North Mieh-v.. I . igan Avenue, P.ca.go, Illinois . .. . r `.'I .! ` Queener,.Manager, Safety and Fire.Protection' Division, E.- I. . . ' `1 f . du Ront-dc Nemours & Company,- Inc., Wilmington, Delaware ' - .- -. . `` . J J. C.' Radcupfe, Supervisor, .Industrial. Safety Section, -Ford Motor !' "Company, Dearborn, Michigan-' I" -. Rev.'Sheldon Rahn,'Executive Director; Department of'Social Wel- - fare,-National .Council of Churches, New- Yprk, New York' .. ; MrS/Jean Wade Rindlawb, WeSt Englewood, ftew Jersey r. r...-. MXhlc Rqbespn;"Vice-President, Yellow Transit Freight-'tines,-Tno, /Kansas City,.Missouri- -. . ' -! Pkank-H.-Rogers,-Division Vice President;'-Central'Telephone-Com- : -1 "pany, Las Vegas,'Nevada : v ' r ' . .,-1. . I! Admiral E. J: -Rof.AND,' Commandarft,' United States Coast^ Guard,. Washington, D. C, .... *;H. I. RoiMNes,' President;- American Telephone and .Telegraph Com- .f-'V -pany, New Yprk, New York ; I'" - ' J* Rosebrouch, Executive Vice President, Farin' Bureau-tfiitiial 1 ' '' -ririsurancc Company oif Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana Robert T. Ross, Manager; Employe Programs Department, 'Pord Motor CompanyiDearnorn,-Michigan i. Ci.y'de C. Runmck,-Manager, Safety and_Plant Protection,. Pittsburgh ' f !=. Plate .Glass Company,.Pittsburgh,-Pennsylvania ', Mrs! JRaymond Sayre; Ackvvorth. Iowa . -, . .1; ,! C. F,' S.chlueter,' Vice'. President,.-Employers Mutuals-of-: Wausau, Wausau, Wisconsin. ." , -v -* Karl SctiuLZF., Siipervising^jrfetyytsngineer, Standard Oil -Company.'of California, Western Operations,- Inc., San Francisco,California- =- s is " ; '* ' " ' ;.y;'. . ' :' i 9 ' r. National Safely Council y-:;. . (Board of Directors, continued) \ E.-'Weldon. Schumacher, 'President, Americah' Optical 'Company,' '.I- ' . . Soutlibridge,.Massachusetts . . | -'.-J, H. SchwarteiJ,' Executive' Vice President 'and. Treasurer,-'City. | .Products Corporation, Chicago, .Illinois-' ' -..** | .- '-'Gordon H-.'.Sheehe,- Director,-HighvvayJEraRic Safety Center, Mich- I - igan State University,.East Lansing, Michigan ..." Matthew C. ;Sielskiv `Director, Traffic Engineering-& Safety. De-. ' Apartment,: American Automobile Association; Washington, D. C. -.P.-L. Sip.MlfXM,'General Vice President .International Association. . . ofMachinists.Chicagb,`Illinois . . ` Reuben T).. SiversSon, Manager, Nationaf,Defense Department, Giani- \^J?- ' .ber of.'Commeree of the. United Statdi,-'Washington,-D..G : j [ V. J. Skutt, Gtairhian of. the Boards,- Mutual of Omaha,- Omaha,- Nebraska ' ' ' ' ; ` Donald Slutz, Managing Director, Traffic SafelyAssociation'of .De-' ` troit,-Detroit, Michigan ...... v'- - ... Earl W. Smith, Managing -Director,' Baltimore -Safety.Council, Haiti-*' '' \mofe/ Maryland'. ^ -; .John E. Smith, Safety Director, Spincer Chemical Company,- Kansas' -. ' '.City,'.Missouri .- ' '' " ' Robert R. Snodgrass, President, Atlas. Finance Company, Inc., At- ' ` '. lanta, .fclebrgi.T. ` -- . - ' . . .' /$/ F; Spence, ' Director, Safety and Loss-Prcyentioti, American GyanamidjCompany, Wayne; New -Jersey'' '.Herman J.. Spoerer,'VicePresident^ Industrial-Relations,'The ; town Sheet sind Tube Company,. Youngstown, Ohio . .." . . .v" Winslow-. A.`.S.tahle, Resident Manager, .Liberty Mutual insurance- -- Company,Springfield, Massachusetts , ' ^ . K. E.-.Stales', Vice- President,-General-Motor's Corporation, Detroit, ' - . Michigan ' George-.'H. Steel, Safety Director; Ralston Puritra-Company, St.-- , .-Louis, -Missouri . v: ; -j- :.G.- C;-StEw/ifr,'Asheville, North'Carolina ; .C " Hugh'B! Sweeny, Jr.,..Program Director,Junior Achievement-Inc... , ; I'Jfsw -York; NeW- York'-,. f. ; 19 / I . v . *r . .t>. National > Safety; Couhcil '* /v- . (Board of-Directors, continued) ) i* -t* .* I' '. . .' .mff- . Edward W. Tanquary,'- Staff Erigirie^^arw .Equipment Research. , and Engineering Center, International Harvester Company, fjinsr :dale, Illinois ' Lloyd ; D,. Vtter, .Director, -Industrial Health, and Safety Division, ... United' Automobile -Workers, Detroit,' ^lidiigari . ...; . Mrs^ Bernice Tj Van1 der Vries, Member,Chicago Traosit Board, Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago,' Illinois .. \Miiss Carol . Van -Sickle, Public. Relations 'Department,' The, Con- t^nfcntal. Insurance Companies; New Yprk/.-New York -. Donald G; Vaughan, Assistant Vice President, 'The Arthii Casualty and Surety Cbmpany.'Hartford;.Connecticut - . 1 '* f T *0* 'i \ ' .. '. D*. .Preston A. Wade,-Professor of Clinical Surgcry.CornbJl. Uni- .'-versity'Medical School, New York,' New York-.-.. '/' J. P; WarneR, Vice .President aiid General: Manager, Humble Oil . &. -Refining 'Company,''Houston; Texas . ' ... Miss Mary M. Weeks, I'rogram Specialist, Health and: Safety" Edu'cation,Girl Scouts, of the United States, of America, New York,-: *. New York Ben West, Attorney, Nashville, Tenh'essee- Miss l Janice R.Westaby, M.P.H., Assistant Professor, School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina `t 1 '. Hunter P, .Wharton, General President, International' Union pf_ Pperating Engineers^Washington, D. C. ... : George M. Wiieatley, M. D-, Third Vice President- and Medical Director, M^tropoKlan.Life Insurance Company, New York, New York c Victor E. Wh-iteii6use, Director of .Safety, International Brother. hood of ElectricalWorkers, Washington, D. C, . . Rex M. Wiiitton; Federal . Highway Administrator, Washington, D. C. .. *.. ' . . '" . | " . T; H. Wilkenson, . .Director of Safety,. Department ;of - the Army, | , 1/ Washington, D. C-'- ' " ' ', 1 F-.R. Wiij.sEy; Safety- Specialist, Department^ of Agricultural. En- | gineering.Purduc University; Lafayette, Indiana . . |t Paul .S. WfsE, General Manager, Ainericatr Mutual'. Insurance A.l- | . - Ranee, Chicago, Illinois, ' ' I ` . 'v | . . Dr. D.WnxARb ZAiiNtPhHadeJphia, Pennsylvania , ' : " ' J-. ' Cecil G. Zau n,. Supervisor, Safety and Driver, Instruction Section, ' ' Los Angeles City'Board, of .Education; J-o's Ahgil'es, California. '.;.. 2 '1 : . ***' t O \> . * f A V/ A SAFETY EXPOSITION EXHIBITORS --1964 Acme Protettion Equipment Co.,'120fkalaipaz<>q St., South, Haven,.Mich.'' Industrial ga? masks and accessories;. . ` ' Aidolf and Company, Lqveline Industries, 49J5 N, 'Avers Ave., Chicago 25 * Industrial clothing. > . -' '. " '< Adv'anM.Glove-hifg; Co;;.90l W. Lafayette Ave;, Detroit 26- ' Industrial work gloves ahd-clothing.- , . , . '. ' . - . . Aetna Life Affiliated Companies, 151 Farmington Avd., Hartford 15, Conn, ' ; 5afety-films and'safety pamphlets. Air-Space Devices, Inc., 5428 yineland Ave.,N. Hollyw6pd;Caiif. .'A safety-dcviccjfor protection from falling when, climbing, ... Akron Brass Co.,'1450 Spruce St., Wooster, Ohio. Fire fighting equipment 'and' accessories. Alan Wood Steel Co., Conshohocken Road, Conshohocken,.Pa. .Abrasive rolled steel floor plate.' - . ... American Allsafe Co., Injc., 1245 Niagara St, Buffalo, N/Y. 14213 ,. Ejrybrow; sweatbands, nyipn fan guards and related products.-' > . American Biitrite Rtibber, .22 Willow St, Chelsea 50, Mass.-' . .A complete line of'safety soles and heels. " . American Chain and.CableCo:, Inc., 020 Cohnecticu); Ave.,.Bridgeport 2, Cohn. I Sling chains and-sling chain ''assemblies^ wire rope .slings and: assemblc-your-own ' '; ' 'wire..roipe' slings. -.- \-' .'' ' ' ' Amejrican'.Industn^ Safety Equipment Co., 3500 Lakeside Ave., Cleveland 14 , -'- 'Welding and cutting goggles, spectacles, ;wclde.fs,'lenses,-hard hats,"visitbrli''SRe.c-' ' ' tacles,.'and goggle clips. ' Amencan'LaFrance,100 E. LaFrance. St,, Elmira, N. ,Y:. . ' , Fire apparatus and-fire fighting equipment. , . '> American Optical Co., 14 Mechanic St.,. Southbridge, Mass.' .Head, eye, respiratory, prot'ccfivc.'deyiccs;.safety clothing; safety specialty products; American Seat.Belt-Council,-271' Ndrth Aye., Hew Rochellet, N. Y. An. association of independent manufacturers of seat, belt assemblies and component' ' 'parts.'formed'to maintainr industry standards.- " ' , 'American.Society of Safety Engineers,.? fl* Wabash Ave., Chicago 2 Professional society.- .; . . . . AmpCo Metal.Ih.c., 1791 S. 38th St.j Milwaukee 1 ' Hand-tools, of .spark-resistant alloys for use inoxplosive or flammable-conditions. 1964 National Safely Congress' 'AnsulCo'.,;!On'e StantonSt, .Marinette, Wis.54143 '. /' Fire protection p'rpdtlcts.'. ;' .: ' . ' Antrex Corp. 1, 2001 W. Willow St., Chicago, 111, 60647 , Apex Safety Products; Washington and ^m Sts.j Cleveland 13 . . Safety hats .and caps." ' . \ -' ' . -; Sheffield, Div. Arinco Steel Corp., 7100 Roberts,Kansas City, Mp; 6^125 . Wire rope and slings.' . . ; "v,. Atlas. Safety' Equipment' Co.,-Inc.,' 175-179 N. 10th St'., Brooklyn 11, N. Y. ^industrial safety belts, harnesses/: and straps.'Ladder climber's safety';dcvicel.Sky Genie des'ceht cntrol. . . . ' '. .B d: K Instruments-Inc., 3044 W/106th St:> Cleveland.il > . Portable audiometer calibrators. Bricharach Ind. Instr. Co., 200 N. Braddock Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.-15208'.' -Gas analyses -instruments Humidity." and.'temperature ' indicators and-.recorders. W. M. BashlinCo., 119 W.-Pine St., Grove City,:Penn. . -'/. , ' . . ,v; Linemen's.an.d industrial safety beltsi.slings, high`"voljtagc rtibbcrgloves, sleeves. '. Batisch & Lomblnc.,635 St. Paul St, Rochester. 2, N. Y. . /-Vision and audio testing equipment.1 - Beam's Mfg.-Co., 1327 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City' . Automobile seat belts and.shoulder straps. .Best's Safety Publications, A, M. Best,Co., Inc., 75 Fulton St; New .York 38' . Safety publications..;.' . ..Channing L.-Bete fo.. Box 112, Greenfield, Mass,... . ; .'Scriptographi'c.Booklets. - ,. . .. : '.- ,' ,, Bethlehem Steel Co., 701 E.' Third St, Bethlehem, Pa. ' Wire rope, sling and boom; pendants, beam guard1 rial, arid anchor safety nets. Blis^-RoCkWpod; 38 Harlow St., Worcester 5, Mass.; . Fire-fighting and safety .equipment, portable spotlights, foam liquids and fire fight- -ihg chemicals,.fire 'protection-system's. ' , . ..' '' v.' H. L. Bouton Co.; Inc., 320 MainSt., St. "Buzzards Bay, Mass. . Industrial eye protection, goggles, and spectacles. . . .V .; Breath-OrLife Oxygen, 419 High "Ave., Cleveland 44115 1 Eriiefgency'oxy'gen administration set. . Bright Star Industries, 600 Qetty Ave., Clifton, N. J. 07015 Flashlights, lanterns,.batteries. .. 40 y 4 -- If. . List,.of Exhibitors- . . ... Lester I. Brossard 'Co.,.540 N.Michigan Ave.,-Chicago 11 : Safetymirrors forindustrialusc. Liquid hand cleaner. '..' ................... ' ' ' v\ Stewart R; BrowneMfg. Co,,258 Broadway, Tfew York Portable explosionproof.inspection' lights.' .. \ . ; ;; ' '"`V ... ' ' R. H.B'uhrke Co.i 1403 W. Congrbss Pkwy., Chlcago 7' Occupational .safety equipment--safety., belts, straps', assemblies, harnesses, and allied products.; ." ;>/ - . ,, ' ' ; . .t.`. : ' ' *. - fiS. D. Bullard 2680 BridgeWay; SaUsalito; Calif.' . , '. ;Safety. hats,, caps, and. accessories, industrial first aid kits, safety hoist; hooks, yriucle 'V .' '; 'alarms,' air. purifiers, and ear plugs. .-'' . . ' .* William J.*Burris-Detective Agency, 221 N. La Salle St, Chicago, HL . ' . . . Burglary and .fire protection equipment .arid devices. ... . *' ..... i : ... ' \: J. CAH Industries, 10345 Pacific Ave7, Franklin Park, IU. ; . Self-extinguishing waste receptacle. . . ... . \ Campbell Chain'Co.,-P. O. Box 1667, Yorkj P'a.'; ` ' " -Sling-chains. ' ' . . ' * '-- '' " .. ' ' Canrad Sales `Corp.,.630 Fifth-Ave;/ New York; N. Y. 10020 ' *' Spot-Lite 'glow.in the dark- paint and 'molding compounds, pressure-sensitive-films' - -and tape;. ----- ' V . .' .*; . .'. i Casco Products Cbrp'., 512-Hancock Ave*Bridgeport 2, Conn.' . '-. Hand-porf'ablepressurizpd dry chemicalfire extinguishers. \ ' .-Cesico Safety Products, 2727 W; Rb'scoe St., Chicago 18, 111. ` t .Safety glasses.anrd lenses, cup goggles, special purpose goggles, welding-helmets,. ' . 7....... .-'. face shields, respirators, plastic aprons, and hoods..' V "Y:.`. v '. ,. . . AI B. Chance Co.,210 N. Ailen.St/Centrblia, Mo. 6$240 ' ' Hot'line maintenance and line construction tools. Hot line tools.- . . Charleston Rubber Co., 16 StarK industrial Park; Charleston, S. G. .'Rubber,,plastic?, and rubber coated gloves,-aprons and sleeves.... .. ' Chrysler' Corp.,^341 Massachusetts Ave., Detroit- ' -Safety .features jn'19<i4 -line of automobiles arid trucks';. ... 'Darid Clark Cor., Inc., 360:Franklin.St, Worcester 2,.Mass. ': Muff-type ear protection. . .' . .'.The Coca-Cola. Co., P. O. Crawer 1734, Ajlanta 1 Coca-Cola .served through' the' courtesy and"cooperation- of the Coca-Cola Bottling 'j. Company of Chicago., '' . Columbus McKlmion Chain Div., Columbus IdcKinnon CorP Tonawanda, N. Y. Sling chains, hooks, and coupling.links. '- 41 . -. t iA i t i J: t-r i\;-Yv y ' !' V ' 1964 National Safety; Congress ` :,v- Converse Rubber Co,,.392 Pearl.St, Maldett48, Mass." : . Safety toe. rubber footwear,'industrial rubber fobtwcaTj protective clothing of_rubber andtteoprenel._ . Custbrii Materials Inc.t'27? B9ierica Road,.Chelmsford l,_MasSi- . . -Static-free and permanently conductive polyolefin. ` '..SJ ' r-. .k Davis'Emergenty Equipment' Co.,. Inc, 55 Halleck St., Newark 4, N; Jv' First-aid klfs, ga$.,mas'k;and breathing cquipment.'combustible and' toxic gas-aria- ' . .'lyzers, and protective hats..-' {. ' '' W V --.T. Defnp-NockCo., 21433 Mound Road, Warren, Mich. ''' : .' . Pressure sensitive plastic film lettering k.it..1 ' . j, . '.I-.''' . Detex CJorp.,`76 Varick St.| New York 1.3... . , Watchmen's docks. . ' '. ' .. . ' R. E. ljietz Co.j 225 Wilkinson St, Syracusft lf NJ Y., . .. -'Lanterns, torches, flashers, barricades, and safety equipment. > *' `t / ; . 1 ; . ..-;t / : Dockson Corp., 3839 Wabash .Aye^'.Detroit 8 , ' ' >' '. ./.'Spectacles; goggles, facc shields. .helme'ts, hats, and respirators.'- . ?.- ;' Dbw.Cpming'Corp:, Box 7038, Greensboro, N..C.JZ470Z Sight.Saver?, lens.eje'aning stations. . .. '' !Carl?DrescherCo., 1951 N.'Ontario.St, Bhrbrink, Calif. '-. Electrified airlfiltcr uiiit,.filter blower unit, air. conditioner.- Duff-Nortioh Co., 100 Pioneer Rd^ Box 1719, Charlotte, N.'Caroiina'2820i, .-. 'Hand.chain hoists. ...i `V.-." '* A DymbtfndiMtries, Trie., Box lMO.IJerkeley 1, Calif; ' Labeling device for use in office or shop;' ,. ' . *.'., ` 1 i Dyna-Quip DiVi.Stile-Craft Mfg^l825MacldmdAve.,StLouis; Mp.63110 ... Pneumatic ;three-way slide valve, coupler, hydro hydraulic quick disconnect cotiplcr, '.. . .'. natural gas coupler, water three-way,slide valve; coupler.: Eagle Mfg. .Co., 24th and Charles Sts^ Weilsbiifg, W. Va. . . . .. . " '; > . . Safety cans, cigarcttc-dgar butt cans, drain, cans, drip.caus, brass oilers-.. / .' Edmont, Inc,,.1205'Walnut Stj CosBbetOn, Ohio Coated'.and impregnated work glove's;. Electror.B.eam Corp., Box 375/ Stjoseph, Midi. ' Warning lights, barricades).and accessories.-, '. - v` Electronic Specialties Qo.,-Island Ave., Batavia. Ill. .-. ' ' Warning lights, barricades, arid accessories; ' ' \\ \ Elkliart-Brass Mfg. Co., Inc.,-1302 W. Beardsley Ave., Elkhart, Ind; ' Nozzles apd other fire department supplies and fire fighting equipment. ' .42 ' : `" , t: ..iV:;: ' . . ! -s > '' ' , ** . * ' ' ;.* i v f ..'List- of Exhibitors ' V '. Erobossograf Corp. of America, 38 West 21st St4; New York, N. Y. 10010 . ; Sign-making machine."! : . W:-""..- '.* ' Ji H.-. Emerson. Co., 22 Cottage'Park Ave,,Cambridge 40, Mass. *.. Resuscitation equipment.' -'... ;. .;, ' '- .. Enco Mfg. Co.; 4520 Wi FiiUerton Ave;, Chicago 39, III.'- - \ .. . Magnetic safety shields for machine tools. ' s ' - ' Encyclopedia Ame'ncana Corb., 291 LaCiehega BlvtL, Beverly Hills, .Ca)if. ! ' Thirty-volume .set of. the revised Encyclopedia Americana. : ..Erd> Engineering Corp.,136 Official Rpad, Addison, 111. - ' Gas vapor.-alarm systems: ". '. r '. . . . -'' v :- ; ` . . FalconAlarm Co., Inc.,20'SternAve.,Springfield,N.J. * Fire alarms, sire'ns/horns; bells, and other sigrialin'g'devices. " /.- "" , . . .Federal Sign andiSignal Corp.,. 13625 S.-Western Ave;/Blue island, 111. 60406 Sirens. horns, bells,' and warning lights for visiiaj'ahd'audible signaling.-.; .. -r ' FehdaU 2222 piyersey Pky., Chicago 47- ' .'. -Spectacles,'face shields, and cuprtype and cover goggles.' W; \ Fenwalj lnc., Main Street, Ashland, Mass. 01721'" Fire.detector-units', explosion suppression systems,-smoke detectors.:. . Femo-Washington, Inc., 6th andPine Sts., Greenfield, 6hio. .' Emergency patient.handling equipment and accessories for the'first aid room; ; - Fibre-Metal.Products Co., 5th and Tilghman Sts., Chester, Pa. ' -. Safety hats and caps, .face 'shields,;. safety/masks, welding-helmets, headrest'and . . combination-goggles, . .' ,. , " '. ` ' ' Fine Organics,;'lnc.,2Q5 Main St., Lodi, N. J. . : . ` . Solvents, carbon removers, emulsion cleraqcrs,.polishers, and disinfectants.- ! : ' ...... . - .. \ . - FireweU Co.*,'Afo Safety Prods.; 3695-Broadway,`Buffalo 25,-& Y. ' " Protective, suits With 'Self-contained. liquid' air'backpacks, sound reducing-muffs. - iFord Division-Ford'Motor Co,, Box'658, Dearborn, Mich. ..Ford.passengdr,car.with safety features. ' .' .:- ' . ^ - r ' * ' \ . /Franklin Metal Products, 213-215 N. Des Plaines, Chicago 6, Illinois Waste*cans'and drum covers. ;. . .- -. Frominelt Industries;.,Inc., .465 HuffiSt., Dubuque, 'Iowa '. ." . Wrap^around^ortable.safety Wcldinft .^iclarpoflable Wedding screen. -.' -- .' ' ''' < ` Frost Paint & Oil Corp., 1209 N. E. Tyler. St., Minneapolis, Minn. 54413 - :.Slip-resistant safety paint.. ` - ' -.* ; ., .- Fyrepel Products, Inc., 160 S,.Williams St:> ]!fewark> Ohio , . High heat protective clothing and-equipment for industry, space-ntilitary, and fire .'* fighting agencies. . ' -.' '. - * - .' : .V it . v- ' * U' ' 196f, National Safely.Cmigress . / . -The Fyr-Fyter Co,* 221 Crane Sfc, Dayton 1, Ohio " .general Fire ExtinguisKer Corp,.4444.W. Irving Park Rd., Chicago 4i . - Fire extinguishers-. ;^ ,-' Gentex Corp., Carbondale.Pa. ` ' -,. Safety helmets. life vests,, sound reducers. ., . 'Glendale Qptical Co.; Inc.,-600 W.' Merrick'Rd.j Valley Streani,.N.'Y'.' ' Eye' arid face protective equipment. .' . The Globe Div.TJ. S. Gypsum, 4000 So. Prmceton-Ave;', Chicago 9 . ' ' -Safety grating, .cable tray; channel and fitting's, slotted angles. ' Globe-Safety-Products, 125'Sunrise Place, Dayton 6, Ohio\'' t V-' Resuscitators. ' ' ' . . . '-. ' ' Gojer Jtac, Box 991, Akron 9,.Ohio ... . . I". .Protective-skihjCoat,; skin-cleaner,' anti-seize and gasket compound. > . Golden State Signs, 1260 Sap Fernando Rd., lx Angeles 65'. ..Safety signs, danger and caution tags, badges. .... ' . ' B.,F. Goodrich, Industrial Products Co., -36 Nichols Ave., Watertown 72, Mass. Industrial .'rubber-safety fooiwear,.and Rrotectiye'ciofhi'ng; ' The. Granet Corp., 25 Loring Drive, Framingham, Mass. `.Coated fabric.Work'glove. A. E. Halperin Co./Inc., 20 Thorndike St,/Bostoh 18 -- Stretchers, first aid kits,, and accessories.- . ... . , ' * . . ' ':" < -Hanover Aeronautical-Engineering;Corp.'1Q7. Washington St, Hanover, 111... -. ' Safety, cans for flammable- liquids, o.ily.towel bins; and excelsior storage bins. ' - Haws Drinking Fauc^t C^.; 4th and Page Sts., Befkeley. Calif. Emergency eyewash and showers. . '. ' * ! Hazard Controls, Inc., 8127 Holman Aye., Delair, N. J. 08110 :. Warning lights, barricades, signs, reflectors, cylinder damps, lockouts, ladder shoes, y ' can carriers, flags,-and barrier rope. ' ... "* . W'arren Heim Corp., 222 N, 5th Aye., ,Mt Vernonj K, Y.. .' Canvas buckets, bagsr and.protective cPvers.: Hild Flotir Machine Co., inc., -12i7 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago 7 Hiltl Fastening Systems, 3'60 Fairfield-Ave.; Stamford', Cohn. 7 - Power-assisted, drive tools that fasten .pins and.threaded studs into concrete masonry .' and Steel. . 44 " . - . . .. '. _ - ... * <* ' - ! I * . v.; ^-V ''' in- ' w .. LtW 6} Exhibitorsr i 'i . Himcofllopfeld ImlUsirlat Mfg. Co.),.745 A St.,San Rafael; Calif.- : .-/ Safety ladders, andfiberglass.safcty divinghoards. .' . Holland-Racine Shoes, Inc., 386W. 15th' St., Holiaiid, Mich; . ' Horsch.idc.and*cowhide safety slides in,worjc,and dress styles... . -v Hooker Chemical Corp., Buffalo Ave.,Niagara Falls, N-. Y. 14302 . , .Cotton aiid rayon fabrics;with.fire'rctardant. HunterMfg. Co., P. O. Box 153, Iowa City, Iowa ^2243 . '.-'Sure view accident prevention, mirrors. _ ; >' Hygiene.Research,, Inc., 684 Broadway, New.Yorkl2. ' Hand protective.oih't'mentS and fogprobfing cloth. c, - '. - "''' HyrTest Safety Shoes,. Div.. . of International Shoe Co., 1509 Washington Ave:; St; ' .'. Louis 66 * 'V Safety shoes and'conductive.and-nfinconductive footwear. j> -. ' \ Illinois'Glove Co., 7301 N. Lawndale Ave.,Skokie, 111. 60078 ' Industrial.work'gloves and lineipan's gloves. . ' , ' . .* - : Industrial Gloves Co., 700 Garfield St., Danville, 111. V.'''- Industrial'clothing and accessories. *t - ' . . ' Institute of. Industrial Launderers,: 1025 Connecticut Ave^N-W., Washington 6j D.C. ' Rental service for uniforms, wiping towelsV-'etc.:.' . . .^ Interna'tionalFilmBureau, Inc.; 332 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago4 . . Safety film's,available on a sales, and rental basis. ' ' - . '. . Interstate Rubber Products Coir., 908 Avila St, Los Angeles 12 . . Traffic cone system fof traffic'coijtrol.- :-`Iron-Age Shoe Co., 1.205 Madison AVe.', Pittsburgh,'Pa;. 15212 ; ' Work and,dres4-sty!c`safety shoes and safety, rubber-footwear..' '.. ;. . ` . ,, Jackson. Products, 5523 E. Nine Mile Rd., Warren, Mich. ' ... Goggles, welding helmets, face shields, safety hati aiiuLcaps. . - ` -. ... Janiul Safety Products Inc.; 1125 Demonbrcun-St., Na$HviIle, Tenn. " Reflective-signs and Other products., ' jd.hnadn-Williains, Inc., 2300 Leghorn Sti; Mountain View,'CaBf., .. Portable-instruments for detection of. toxic combustible. gaSesi ;..* .' -.. . Joniac-North, Inc., 6128 Woodstck St, Philadelphia 38 . . ' .' -'.Chemical and,-protective vinyl, clothing ;aiid .glove's, and terry cloth-gloves .'and'' ;. products. ; - " V Jones and Co., 861 Broad St, Providence 7, R. I. . Fulbvision visor goggles diicf replaceable lenses. 45 '. - ' t.' .- . #- / a V.I. 1964'.Nationql Safety 'Congress . . l ` Junkin Safety Appliance Co.)Inc.,;312i MiHersLane, Louisville; Ky; 40216 . Interlocking 'barrier , gate : guard for. power presses;;.safety'shields 'for .)gTmdi; stretcher.cases and'stretchers..-- .... . . .^J; ' ... ' JustriteMfg.!Co.,2061 N.SouthportAve^ Chicago. ' Safety 'cans,-'bei)qh. cahsr plunger' cans. Oily waste cans.Electric lanterns and flash- ; lights for .use* in hazardousareas. ; K & H Industries, Inc'.,'Box86, Angola/N. Y. '.Safety lamp. : Karel Fitst Aid Supply Co., 4342 Ogden Ave, Chicago 23| Medical 'equipment for industrial hospitals and first aid rooms.:. . Kennedy-Ingalls1.inc., 3735N. 35tH St, Milwaukee 16 . Protective "clothing. ' ...... j.', , . ' ' Keystone View Co.,Market and Center St^ Meadvdlev iRa. ..'. .. ' '. Occupational visual service, driver .vision test service,'and gas sensing and recording : instruments. Walter Kiddp and Go., Inc., 675'Main Sfc/Belleville 9; N. ], Portable fire extinguishers,. and accessories! Automatic ca'rbop'dioxide fire ex tinguishing system.'-! .' ' -Kimbali.Safety Products Co;; 9310 Wade, Park Avey, Cleveland .6 . ' Personal'protection.devices fpremployees'inindustrial plants. . *. '' MathiasKleinand Sons.,Inc.,7200 McConnickRoad, Chicago 45; ' Linemen's and electricians1, hand tools, linemen's safety.equipment, ivire-pulIingtOols. .Knapp Brothers Shoe Mfg. Corp.,' 173' Spark St, Brockton, Mass. .Safety siloes: / -. !..'... ''' .' j.' Kunz'Glove Co., 2141 W. North Ave^ Chicago^?. i Leather and rubber work gloves. . . !' Walter G.Legge Co., Inc., lOl Park Avei, New York 17. ; Safety flo.or maintenance materials.. Personnel and/equipment grounding devices Lehigh Safety Shoe' Ca; First and Minor Sts, Emmaus, a-v'; ;L. M. Lind Engineering, 4432-36 ;N. Kedae Avfci Chicago 25,11L . ` ^ . Safety device-, for press brakes. ..: ... .. ^` Lineman Protector. Co., ,P.O.' Box 309,' 1081 Eton RdL, Birmingham, Mkh. 48012 ' Rubber protedtive equipment; ... ." Louisville Ladder Co.,1163 Algonquin Pkwy.,.LouiivilIe, Ky.40208 V:. Fibreglas and ulUrninum'. steps', platforms, extension tre'stles, aluminum planks .and .stages, steel warehouse ladders. " . . . .' . .' : . (( .. I i ' , f ' List:df Exhibitors-. Lyn Prodiuts, Inc.> 44 industrial Road, Crystal Lake, III. '". Magnetic safety Switch. . '.* . Lynrus Finishing.Co,Inc. South Water at Union St, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ;i. Flame-retardant process-for safety clothing. . Thom McAn.Sboe po-, 25 W. 43rd St, New York 36 ; Safety shoes:'; ' " . '.'. ' .. ' Julian A. McDkrrnott .dorp.; 1639 Stephen SU Ridgewood, Brooklyn 27, N.Y.1122J1. .., Warning and safety lighting for municipal, industrial 'and utility use. . . ' ' McQukrrieEnterprises, 6029;Washington Blvd., (Culver City, Calif./ . , _*,.* .. :Auf6m6Bile safety, belts." v ... .'.Mabhinery Center, 1201-S. 6th West,;Box 964, Salt'Lake'City 10 y ' Sala Safety Biock \ .'*' '. <f ' ; *.*; .: Madison ChemicalCorp.,'35-S. 19thAve.,Maywood, 11L * ' ..' . Solvents, herbicides, organic digestives,' degreasers, cleaners, detergents, winter . '; : . " .' chemicals, inseCtichlcsCwater.and,fuel treatments. " .. ; Magid Glove Mfg. Co., Inc.,'220i.W* Wabansia Ave/, Chicago; 111. 60647 :' ". industrial gloves;. ; '' ;' * ' . -.: j;-' Martindale'ElectricCo.,13/5 Hird Ave.;.Cleveland 7 :... -.'1. : i Protective i^ks and refills,.protective eyeshields, and electrical testing instruments: : "r Medical SupplyCo., 1027 W. State St., Rockford, ill. ' First aid. kits and accessories. Resuscitation training aids, stretchers. :Meyer 'MachineIric^ Box.114, Red Wing, Minn/ ' . .. ' Safety, products.for the- protection of person while climbing, . y\ Micro Switch^ A Divisionof'Honeywell; 11 W.SpringSt,.Freeport,. 111. 's- . Safety, interlock ^witches and. electric controls for'power machines. ' 't Miller Aliied Corp., 2425'Santa Clara Ave., Alameda.Calif. ; ` ; . Maferial tiandling slings and adjustable lifting safety bearris.. '* ' " ; Miller Equipment Co., Ihc.,13th and New Sts., Franklin, Pa. Linemen's safety equipment and' acc'cssories. - T1*~' . ; v '. ' ' ; MHlers Palls Co^ 57 Wells Street, Greenfield, Mass.: 01^01 > .Shocfcproof power .'tools. . ' *' ' .'*/ \ . ; ' ,, " ' Mine Safety .Appliances Co., 201 N. Braddock Ave., Pittsburgh 8 . Complete line* of safety equipment for'ihdustry and mining.'- . " . : Minnesota Mining and Mfg. Co., 2501 Hudson Road, St. Paul 19 , Filter mask,,heat reflective fabric;:abrasive flooring,.safety,masking tape'.,; / Mott Corp,'500 Shawmut Ave., LaGrangq, 111. . 'Safety mowers. . . 47 -I *>. -V . ", 1961 Natioml Safety Conyress' -y '/ ' = ;- ''-.X',--'* ` : . . 'National Chemsearch Coirp., Box: 10087, Dallas, `Texas, , ; - Safety, solvent;,.;cleaners; degreaser,,'disinfectants; jyecd killers'detergents; in'swti-. cides; and water treatments for industry. ." . . : '-.National Lead Co.,-Baroid Piv.', 3404 Southwest-Freeway, Houston, Texas. . . . Automatic gas.detection and alarm system.' 'I, '' NewcoMfg. Cpi, Ipc.,.3636 Main St., Kansas City; Mo. G4111 Wire rope'fittings, miniature riings,-'and a miniature crane dempngtratin.g:yarious ' ; : '', /-lifts.1 ,' '' ` ' .' t` . : Nichofa Engmering'Co., 3816 West.Grand,'Ave,', Chicago. IU. 60651 Safety'access-platforms arid gang-ways for servicing.tank cars, hopper cars, and tank.trucks. , - ' .Nickel-Cadn}ium\EIjtrpnics Go., l'3t711Easit 7 Mile Road; Detroit, Mich..48205' ' Batteries, chargers, flashlights) .searchlights, emergency .lighting. . . ' " Northern Signal Co., Saukville, Wis. 53080 Flashers and barricades; ' ' Occupational Hazards,812,Huron Road, Clevelanrd'15 . Occupational Hazards Magazine.. . '' .. .. . 01i .' .. E and J Resusciitators--Ohio Chemical ran'd Surgicai Equipment Co.; 1400 E. Washing- ' '' tori Ave., Madison lO/.'Wis... . Resuscitation arid.oxygen' breathing apparatus. . . '.. .K Onox, Inc.,'121. Second St, San Francisco 5 . 'Skin-toughener solution, for the treatment pf athlete's foot. '.'J. ' . V... -Tl' OsborriMfg.Co., BOX 271, Warsaw.Ind. / 'Safety-pliers, lockout devices,:'mufflers,.and stretcher-cases.. ' .' Oxygen Equipment arid Service. Co.', 8335 S. Habted St. Chicago ------ Resuscitator,.inhalator, and aspirator. . .. . -V i- n . Pac^K^it Safety.Equipment Co., Inclj l'Sensca PI., Greeiiwich, Conn. . Industrial and vehiclefirstaid kits.- ' ..... G. H.-Packwood Mfg., Co., i54S Tower Groye Ave., St Loui% . 'r- .. ' Hand.cleaners,' waterless .cleaners, germicidal. cleaners, sanitizing' compounds,"and' **. maintenance.cleaners.;I' ',. . Paralta EiquipmentCo., 105 InduaUfal Rpad, Hammond, Ind. . . Flashing lights, barricades, traffic cones, vests, flags, trouble lights, signs, , " Patent Scaffolding Co., iqc., 38-21 Twelfth St; I<ong Island City 1; N. Y. Wood and light tpetalladders a'nd'stages, steel and alutpirtum ,scaffol.ds. " . " - Pedley-kriowles & Co,, 533 Second St., San Francisfco, Calif. 94107 . . ;'-Safety'arid wbrk nets of manrla rope and plastic'.'' . '. * - . .' ' . :, .......... . ... -' |, '* , h V- . f -. yA>,: ' .* .. I ' I V-" \ ; . " < -.:... .'./s/if of -Exhibitors :The Pioneer Rubber Co., 1939 Tiffin Road, Witiard, Ohio . Industrial gloves.;V .. / ' Pitman Mfg. Co., Grandview, Missouri ; Hydraulic digger,.derrick,"and aerial devices: ] . . . -John D. Plant fio., Bi'anford;Qohiv .. . Nylon and lightweight cotton industrial'gloves. ' ' " .. ; * . PortableLight Co., In&; 65 Passaic;Ave., Kearny, N. J. Portable searchlights, warning lights-, and vehicular sirens.' * .. .. ., Porto-Clinic Industries,Tnc., 29$ ,ftroadway, New York 7..;. Complete, portahle,driver-testing, and training unit. , ' The jPositivO Safety Mfg.-Co., 440 Peirkins Ave., Cleveland ; 'Power press,safety. devices.'' . .''. Power-Pak Products, 83 Clyde Ave., Buffalo 15, N. Y. , ' '-Fire extinguishers. ; . Prairie State.Products Co;, 382? Lawrence Ave., Chicago . ; '-Industrial, safety .Signs. . ' ' Protectos^sl^CO., 1920 S.'Western Aye.,.Chicago . . \ Safety containers for the handlihg, storing, and dispensing of flammable liquids.' '; PulmosanSafetyEqttipmentCorp,, 844. Pacific St., Brooklyn, N. Y.112I7 ., Respirators)'eye protection,.helmets,,protective clothing)-asbestos and leather gloves,' safety glasses. first aid-kits,'and faceshields. Pyrotronics, Div. Baker Indiwtries, 2343 Morris Ave.,. Union, N: J. 07083 ' Fire and: ^plsg.djftection an<j aJarm sys'tems.. - V-' - , , '. KlIC Canvas & Rope Co;, 428 Atlantic Ave., Brooklyn 17, N. Y.` - Safety netst and'rope ladder's. -. . Racine Qlove Co., Inc.,Box 38, .Rio,.Wis*''ari(I:fire protection,.safety'specialty products. ' Radiant Color Cp., 461.W. Erie St7 ChiMgo 10 '. ' Daylight fluorescent-colors inpaints, pressure-sensitive vinyl .sheeting and papers.' Radiator Specialty Co., 1400; W. Independence'Blvd., Charlotte 8,. N. C,. 'Trafficguidesj.eones.lights.flags./-.- ..:^' .- Rairifair, Inc., 1501 Albert St, Racine, Wjs..' ` '. Wet weather and safety-slothing.V.-'-'V ' t' ..' Randolph Laboratories, Incijr 1450 Frontage Rd., Northbrook, 111. . '. Fire-extinguishers and automatic firc'extihgiii'shing systems: Record Industrial Co., 330l Arch St., Philadelphia4' . . Industrial safety shoes, wprk .cjolhihg and .work gloves, ' . ' V.' " ' , ' " - 49` dur-:-:: i /: Y `.V*-** ' sswfv.' f k 196-1 National Safety:Congress ; ' "V. ' ." Red Wing Shoe Co., lj9 Mam St., Red Wing, Minn. : .. Safety workshops, oxfords,'and boots?--. . ' j. C.Renfroeand Sorts, Ijic., 1926 Spearing St, Jacksonville, Fla. . '-. Safety.clamps for.lifting.steel.. ^ . . V' ' ; !' Rite.HardwareMfg. Co., 540 W., Chevy Chase Drive, Glendale, Calif. 91209. Air-conditioned helmet, systems..... _ ' ; :' ' "' RlockweU Mfg. Co., 400. North Lexington Ave;, Pittsburgh 8, Pa. Aetna Dfjvotrairier.. < \ ' Roll-Ezy Mfg. CoV, 7032 .N. Tahoma Ave., Chicago, 111, 6P646 ' ' ' Fluorescent light tube breaker.; . ; Rose Mfg. Co., 2700 W; Barberry PI,, Denver-'- ' -- Automotivescat- belts; Industrial safety'belts,'-lanyards, net, and ladder safety . ' . .'devices. ' ' i ' . Safe-Cut,.Inc./Div, Verkau-Corp7> 973 Market St., San Francisco; Calif. 94103 Steel'band-cutter.;. . ... . ` ' .'" .- ... -.Safeguard Mfg. Cb., Pomperaug A.vey Woodbury, :Cbhn. .. . Guard ior po.wer presses. ' . .'. : Safemaster, Inc.,'115.West-7th Ave,;PfomeStead, Pa."' . Safety spectacles. .| .. % , v Safety Box.Toe Co., .812 Statjer Office Bldg., Boston 16 Stcel tocs for tlrcss, s'emi-df'ess, arid work.-shoes; .' : Safety. Clothing and Equipment .Co., 1990'E.'69th St., Cleveland 3 ' Safety clothing-and equipment for industrial.workcrs, ' .. J- ' Safety First Products Corp,'. 175 Saw Mill Road,Eimsford, N. Y. Portable stored pressure dry .chemical fire;'extihguishcrs. . .... Safety First. Shoes,':Inc.,:9th and Greenieaf St's., Allentown,.Pa. 18105 Safety-shoes for industry, railroad, arid'military use. . . . The Safety journal, Anderimn, South Carolina Safety pubficationi.-y '- '. Salescaster Displays Corp., lOlOY. Elizabeth Ave.,.Linden, N;J. - ' . .Illuminated moving message Signs.'' .' : ;* ;. v. W, H, Salisbury and-Co.,. 401 N; .Morgan St.* Chicago '.. . .- *'.*; .Linemen's rubber protective devices. ' , '\ ' . .. Sarole, Inc., P, O. Box 97^Pbmpano Beach, Florida ' Scoop, stretchers.. . . .*'' . ' . . Sawyer-Tpwer Products', Incji 76 Stanley Avei, Watertown 72, Mass. ' Industrial protective, and safety.clothing. * 1 ; . 50 , ' " ' i -. ' '.. List of Exhibitors,. Sch.ubertH-American.Diy/'pf.l'remouht Gorp,,, 471 Pompton Avel,Cedar Grove, N; jf. . -' Hclfncts,' safety hats, and caps,-safety goggles, and WMp-aroitndprotcctivegpgglps. Scott Aviation Corp., 225 Erie Sit;; Lancaster, N*Y/ 14(186'. . .Respirators,.inhalators, and environmental protection.equipment ,, 7, Sferjeant Mietal Products,'Inc., P. 0._5* 74/Meridoii; if.. Y. ' Power press safety guards, and aluminum alloy hand tools. Seco Mfg., Inc.,4461 W. Jeffe,rson, i>etroit 9,' Mich.- ^':> 1 ; Eire-fighting''equipment,. : . ;/ ' ;< Seiberlirig Latex Products, 215 Plum St, New Bremen, Ohio . .'industrial rubber gloves. . ; ' SellstrbmMfg. Co., Highway 53.at U,S. .14, PaiatiHe/Il!. '. .Eye and face protective equipment. ' . ..... . *.- The Servus Rubber Co.;,li36 Second St.,.Hock Island/111. t* Rujiber footwear of alj;types. Shelter-All Safety Stations) Paricside Ave. at 51st St, Philadelphia 31 ' Highway safety, stations for school children../ '. Showcard Machine Co., 320 W. Ohio St., Chicago 10 . "Make'your. own sign" equipment. \ : Fred Silver & Co;, 145 Sussex Ave., Newark, N, J.,! . . Traffic Safety Mirrors.' j .' Singer Safety. Products,'860 Weed Street, Chicago, Illinois ; tilovcs, portable welding screens.;. Snyder Mfg. Cpy.Incy 145? Fifth St., New Philadelphia, OMo/ v Air,suits/ hoods, 'splash, and-.dust. suits/ shoe covers,.safety vests, .flags, fabric and.. ` film laminations, and.fiberglass-containment closures. y ^ :' - Sohoscope, Iric.,(P.' O. BoX'l55, Larisirig, Michigan; v '.' Combination tape recorder- arid automatic slide projector.'. .' Speakman'Co., 301 E. 30th St., Wilmington-99, Del.. Emergency eyewash and showers. > Standard Industrial Products Co. of UL, 3527Farmington Rd., Peoria, 111. Diinki^g station smoking,receptacles.' ".,;' ,1 Standard Safety Equipment Co;, 431 N. QuentinRd., Palatine, Ilk . Acid and chemically-r.csistant clothing/ *'. 'Standard Sign's Inc.,'3190'E. 65th'St, Cleveland 27 '. -Industrial accident prevention.signs'ahd road work area.protection equipment. Steams Automotive Products Co.,92:Gomez St, Winnipeg 2, Man. ' Frost and condensation shiclds for vehicle windows: '.'SS-VV 'A- , 1964 ' Nalioitaj Safety Congress- Stephenson Corp.,BoxlOOO,Red Bank/N; J. . Radar speedcontrol,breath-test for intoxication, rcs^iscitator. "` Stephen-William Co.,2014 W. Wabansia Ave., Chicago.47 , ; 'Safety signs aindposVers.v. - , Stonehouse Signs, Inc., 842.Larimer St., Denver 4 Accident prevention'signs .and tags. ' .. _ '. > '! , -1 . Stop-Fire; Ina,- Netv Brunswick, N. J. .Fire'exting^jish'ers.' V . '. . Surety Rubber Co., North High St,'Box 97, Carrollton, Ohio 44615. Safety apparel, gloves, S!eeves; aprons,.and.specialized protective equjpment. .. Survivair, .Division of U...S,'Divers Co.,.3323 W. Warner'A've., Santa' Ani, Cal;'.. .' Self-contained breathing equipment. \Vet pick-up vacuum unit. Voice amplifiers: ;S. G. Taylor Chain Co., Inc., 3-14istSt,Bbx5b8>Harhmond,Ind. Alloy Steel`chain and, fittings.. . . r' Tisco Coip.,' 1643 Boor St, Toledo. Ohio ' ... Cleaning, and repairing of work glove? and ..safety equipment.- : , S VHtmus Optical Go.; Iric., 1015 Commerce St.Petersburgf.Va. 23804. ^. Safety'frames',`safety leases and .vision tester. \ . 'Jjrri-Tix, In?., 100 N., take St, Port Washington, Wis. Safety cones and traffic posts. . 'r . U-C-Lite*Mfg. Co., 290 E; Prairie St.-Crystal take, 111. . Battery-operated electric hand lanterns, Bashers and emergency lights. . : Union Steel Prpducto Co.i 640'N, Berrien St,.Albion, Mich. / \\ ... -.VVir^.-mesh "Palletainers" for- storage, .transporting, and-han'dling\offinished or in- . process material., . ,v ! . `' " ' . United States Rubber Co., 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York 20 ' : v Safety footwear. ' j, ' , ` .-United States Safety Service Co., ,1535 Walnut St, Kansas City, Mo. 64i08 ' Industrialeyewear aiid hearing protection. .. ' A. G. Vara & Son, Iric., 53 Clark St., Hamburg, N. Y.- , Octopus safety markers, safety flags.,'V .`r . , ' Wagner Sign Seryice, Ihc., 218 S. Hoyn'e Ave.,Cbicago 12 '.' , Changeable copy displays for employee relations and safety programs. . Watchemocket Optlcal Co,,. Inc., 232 W. Exchange St, Providence 3, R. I. ' : Safety goggles, respirators, fa<:e shields arid safety.signs. .. :S2` ' *' r-v; . i : ' ' ' ` ! > ~\'9 :~*7V/jUi''6'fMxUibUdrs: Welsh Mfg. Co., 9Magnolia St., Providence.9,JR. .1: ' .: .: : Respirators,-safety spectacles,'goggles,-safety hats, faccsliiclds, and,welding helmets;;.' `R; P. Werner'C.o., Inc., Rox.580, Greenvflle, Pal &' Noncohduc.t'iye.fiber glass-ladders,-stages! and .'scaffolds. -t WleStinghouse Electric;Corp.,:2519 Wilkens Ave.', Baltimore-3 .. '' Portable pneumatic pirrrtp-unit for closed chcst.cardiac.resus'citati6nl.;.... ; . Wheeler-Protective'Apparel, Inc., 224 W.'Huron St,, Ghicago 10. . . Industrial, safety apparel:- .- Wheleh-Engineering. Go.,. Inc., 42-Kirtland^St.1 Deep. Riyer, Comu' ' V ,...Emergency and warning lights/liashers, and beacons.' V '- `" . *. ; vitllliams Jewelry and'Mfg.-Co., 4544 N.-Western.Ave;, Chicago! III. . .-Safety plaques,-trophies,' awards! emblems,:badges,'and incentives.'- ' Wilison Products -Diy.,^Ray-O-Vac. Co., 2nd '^nd Washington Sts., Reading^ Pa..-' ' Personal 'protective equipment' 'foi;,industry, f v' '' - The Wiison RubberCo,, 1200 Garfieid Ave; S.W^CahujhrPhio^'4470i;; i'X ' -. Rubbcr.'riebprcrjd, and plastid^gtov'cs.;. . . . WireRope.-Corp, of .America, Inc.,-;600 N. 2nd St., St. Joseph 1; Mo.. . . Wire.rope^lings. : D'^el Woodhead Co., 5 N; Jefferson St., Chicago j.Electric'sa'fety 'fc'quipnient. ' v ' . Worltlon,* Inc,, 63. New York Ave., Huntington, N. Y: ' ;, '-Special purpfise clothing--acid.-resistant,'lirit-freCi static-free and.fire retardant?.' . _ ;AP^IO,'i?poIl5UiSt.i;.N: W* Washington, D; .Cl Information bn :thcit-safety activities with appropriate literature. V American Optbniietric Association, 4030 Chouteau Ave.,.St. Louis 10 . : '.' Educational.'rh'ate'rial on-Vision and highway'safety, and industrial safety techniques. Chicago Fire Department .-' / . ' -6 , : ;;fnformatioir,on- the work'of the Fire Prevention;Bureau..' . ''.Chicag^RoUce Dept.,`Traffic-Djv, < -;l - '.' ' .`.Tnimc safety., ... ' ' .. * ; 1 ' Do)^. Health, Education &Welfare, Public Health Sendee,. ,VV'/.'T^hWd\&'C-Sta;;'!N;'W.I.'Washlhgton, p.C. 20201. 1' . "-.f `*'5Q Years oi Prottcti'ng'the Worker's Health" ' ' ' Federal Safety. Council; U.,;S. Dept, of Pabor, , . . .. . Fjrst & D Sts.l N.-W., Washington, D. C. 20212', Presidents.Safety Award Programs, ; . ' ' .V V-* ' \ , V : / > : ' *', .* - S3 -S ft I*4* --0~+\ i 4" . V- " ./4  I- \ 1964 National Safely 'Conprcss (V Inter-rAmerican Safety Council, 2 Rector Street, New York; ^ y, Safety publications,- visual ai(ts,:and.films,'in Spanish for industrial, highway,.and'. ' home.'"'. ' ' " * National Fire Protection ASsocI, 60.Batterymarch Sti, Boston, Mass. 02110 Information on the'work of the Association .with selected'passout materials:. . J'; . ' Prevention of Blindness Inc., National' Society for the, .16 E. 40th- St.; New Yorh, -N. Y.v - 10016 .-.r-V'. . ... . ^ '. 'Literature and information on industrial .and .vocational school eye' health and- safety.' -. programs.- : .. ' ' ' ..\ .'President's Committee on Employment of;the. Handicapped, Washington 25, D. C. ' , Inforihationori Hirc-thc-Handicapped Program; . U; S. Department of'Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey,'Washington, D. C Small craf.t safety. i wj i* , --- L 1 ^Volume 2 National Safety Congress Transactions xm AEROSPACE; AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRIES NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue VMfltt Chicago, Illinois 60611 OFFICERS OF THE AEROSPACE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 General Chairman--John 'W. Garrison, Grief .Safety Eng., General Dynamics/Astronautics, isan Diego,.Calif. Vice Chairman--C. D: Attaway, Safety & Security. Director,"-Thiokol Chemical Corp., ..Marshall, Texas Secrctary~Treasurcc--H. -J. Stone, . Chief Sa'fety Engr., Lockheed . Missiles "&Space Co., . -Sunnyvale, CaliL-. Newslettcr Editor--B. G'awain Bonner, Chief . Safety Eng.) General'Atomic Div./General .. Dynamics Corp., Sail Diego. Calif! .. -. Associate Newsletter Editor (ll'cst)--G: M. Orihood, Asst Mgr.; Safety 'Aerojet-General . Corp., Sacramento, Calif. Associate Newsletter Editor (East)~~J. O'Atr.At,,. safety^.Engr.,; Cirumman. Aircraft Eng, Corp., Bethpage, Long Island, N. Y. ' " ..... ` '. . Senior Ettgineeruig Chairmaii--rHoward P. Cutter,- Safety Coordinator, Lockheed' Missile & Space Co., Vandenberg AFB, Calif. '. .' - Engineering Chterman. (East)--Terrence LaNiOan,' Specialist, Safety, General Electric .Co., , Apollo Suppmrt Dept,Daytona Beach, Fla. Engineering Cliairntan (West)-W. G. Hayden,Mgr., Safety & Security, Thiokol Chemical Corp., Brigham City, Utah Engineering Chairman- (South)--John .'M.'Kanak,.Safety Officer, Manned Space Center, Rational Aeronautics &;Space Administration, Houston, Texas :' : . .\ 5 . .v y.- Senior Program Chairman--Dana A. Frasier^ Asst., Ind. .Hygiene &'Safety, Autorietics, A Division of North 'American, Aviation,"Inc., Anaheim, Calif, : Pfogram Chairman (East)--J. M. Durham, Supvr.. of. Industrial Safety, Mattiij Co., Baltimore, Md. ' - * Program Chairman (Central)--R: W. Gott, Mgr. of Safety,- Hercules Powder Co./Magna, - Utah : Program. Chairman fIPw/J--Raymond A. Norwood, Director of .Safety, The Boeing. Co.', .Seattle, Wash. .' ' ' Education and Training Chairman--E. G. TrDutman, Safety Supvr.,' Westinghouse Electric . Corp.,-Astronuclear Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Gordon- , Ne^f, Safety Engr., Doug las.Aircraft Co., Inc., Charlotte. N. C. VVtSSSaSSSSS Industrial Hygiene Chairman--Harry .Donaldson,. Mgr:, Industrial Hygiene Safety, . The . Brush Beryllium Co., Elmore, Ohio; H. S. Natsh, Chief of .Employee Services & Safety,;General Dynamics/Pomona,.Pomona, Calif.; J. R, Crawford, Section Mgr., ' .Safety, Space Div.,Qiryslw CoiT..N'cjiv Orleans;-Lai' /' A*'.- ? Membership- Chairman--}.' C. C-aunvell, Chief; Safely.' .Eng., ;Fo<lcraI Aviation . Agency, . y. Washington, D.. C.- - ' -.7. '. ... : . ,. Statistics and Contest. C/iairmah^'FRED'Temple, Chief Safety Eng., General DyVmmjcs/ ' ' ;:j Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas .; ' ';a Long Range Planning Chairman--^B. j. Wilke, Jr.,- Chief. Safety-Engr., Grumman Aircraft _ .. Eng; Corp!, Bethpagej Long'Island, N..Y. . ; " . ` Off-The-Job. Safety Chairman--C.J V. Carson, .Mgr. of Safety.Trans World Airlines, v..:| . Inc., Cocoa Beach, Fla. . . .' . -'/;....... Military Representative--Col. W. L! Tubbs (Ret.), Laguna Beach, Calif. . J ' ... . ' -. Nominating 'Committee Chairman--*!}. J. '\yii.KE-Ju,, Chief Saifety Eng., Grumman Air- craft Eng. Corp., Bethpage! Long Island, -N, Y.; John -W. Garrison, Chief `Safety ..'Eng., General Dynamics Corp./Astronautics, San DiegorCnlif.; Dana A. Frasier,. Asst. . Ind. Hygiene &.Safety, Autonetics, Division of. Mortli American Aviation,'Inc., Anaheim, Cajif. !-' ' ... ' .. -:i . . v ; Advisory Committee--*R- 'Wilkins,: Mgr., Labor .Relations. Autonclics,- Division of North . / ' j -. American Aviation, Inc.', Anaheim,. Calif.; *RoBERT: Sr .'Moore. Safety t)ir., Grumman.. . Aircraft Eng:'Corp.; Bethpage, Long Island,-N; Y.;AFreo:R.'Tempix, Cliief Safety; Eng., General Dynamics Corp., Fort Worth, Texas; FE.'PDMarconi, Mgr., -Safety Branch, ' '< ARO Inc., Arnold Air Force Station, Tciin.y.tEnA.VK W. Starr, Safety Engr., Douglas- '; Aircraft Co.,- Inc., Long Beach, Calif.; fLvi.E A/'Gatks. Safety .Engr., Dougins Air- craft Co.,. Inc., Tulsa, Okla,';-*M. M. Clancy, Dir., -Safety &. Insurance, Ryan'Aero-- '.1 nautical Co., San Diego, Calif.; *Kenneth L. S.tebbins, Dir. of Safety, Lycoming Div.,;. ..'S AVCO Mfg. Corp., Stratford, Conn.; `John D.-Donohce; Supvr., Security & Safety; i' Rohr Corp., Qiula Vista, Calif. . > - Staff Representative-- Hugh J. McRae, National* Safety'Couricil, .425 . N.' Michigan Aye., Chicago,..Ill, 6061-1' !'. ' ... . . '... . : : :: Past General Chairmen ". . " ` .t v _ / '' -j ' 44 L f' I' V Volume 3 National Safety Congress Transactions AUTOMOTIVE and MACHINE SHOP; POWER PRESS and FORGING NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 4 . i. 1964 National .Safely Congress . _ .. ' . ' . AUTOMOTIVE AND MACHINE SHOP TRADING POST V 9y"KENNETH L; LEWiS . ' Director of Safety, Delco-Reriiy Div,, General Motors Corp:, Anderson, Ind. /.- . . (Membersof the audience wbo had'safety ... die and stationary objects in the plant .We ideas to' present came to microphones sta .% contracted; with; an outside firm to-.construct. - tioned at either side of the; front, of the half a; fiber glassguard -which riot only`protects ' and in alternate and. rapid-fire, order, de- ", the-^ands from.'injury,' but also -forces they. scribed their'- ideas. Unfortunately,: somcof . operator to walk safely, arid not -cradle the .' . the ideas" involved 35mm slides and. could handle. not be. reported without reference to. the .OL. JC. `VanSickel,; Delco Radio Division, visuals. Forthis.reason some 'of jtlic ideas -General : Motors, Kokomo. Tnd--We have ' rhave not', been-'-included .in-- this.summary.)' a device that is: a sort of refinement of die . ' Dari Osborn, Gardner-Dcnyer Company, ' old- push' stidc It's called a"woodeh finger.''. ' Denver,' Colorado--In ..'our;; plant, we :con . It. cpmes in two sizej'and the. idea is-that ; struct pennants'about-20. indies long,. similar- you are supposed. to use the wooden finger to school, pennants-pnd use them tci recognize instead of -one of ypiir ten good-fingers. departments;, for . -.safety achievement. - The The device-is used.for pushing.or position- pennants are painted safety green and on ing parts; in danger areas. The smaller ver- them, is written "This .department has gone .. sion. of .the. device, .is known as the -fith . 30 days : without' a-..lost-time ' injury " The . finger- It'has a'.pocket dip on if-and looks-. pennants .. are fastened.'. to.; chrome-plated like a. ballpoint pen.. This 11th. finger also . pieces' .of; conduit and. placed-1 in hrackets . has; a knob which can. be used for hooking:; that.: ate provided : over each department or pulling objects.-' . foreman's desk. : * V':... . .Safety director, Fort'Momrionth, ! New . . William Cayanagh, Michigan''. Mutual- Jersey--We have- a promotional gimmick Many automotive' hydiaulic hoists ..have a . which We think worked very well. Asi.yoti . . built-in, hinged, safety rod. -' One company -know, there- is. always a problem-of getting: . removed, the rod and fastened-a "U" dariip . accidents .reports.: Tp .give us' raoremfor- . at the top. Then ,the dirm' welded a chain niation on aeddents- wg - started an essay . to the rod-so that every time ah employee contest and gave a`bond* as a prize. The - uked the automotive hoist he- badto-vralk ' subject of .the essay was ' ."A Close, pall' I : ~ out arid get -this piece of. equipment, chain :ljad.f'. As a by-product of the contcst,: we- it into place, and put it under. the .lift. learnfed pf many , serious'near-aedderits that William Krueger, Chrysler Corporation--- were .not reported arid we. were", able : to At the thiIrrda* station .of a three-station ma- "^losi{"tlre_gapTofrth"ese. -- chine. a number of tack welds, are put on a . Larry Riggs; General^ Electric, Richland, ring gear....We`enclose the-poirit of 'opera '. Washington--Each month, our. supe'rvisors tion with an cxpanded.rnetal guard. Around 0are required to hold a IS to 20-muiute safety.': -the gelding .operation we placed, some wdd-. meeting. We'.started contest .in which we _ ing glass in- the guard so-that-job setters, awarded a ' prize for . the best' safety ina- . ' could observe the work without endangering terials presented. The' pjrize was a riiono- ; their eyes. ' . 'grammed peri and pencil-, set from the'Na'r L. B.. Stanley, Delco Remy Division, Gen tronal Safety Council.1 -It. is -surprising how;' eral. Motors, Anderson, Ind--We' had 'a this little'idea improved the .quality of our . problari -with our.- battery-operated mobile safety meetings.' v *' equipment.-First of' all, we'.found thatour S.. D. Brooks, Sandia Corporation, Al- employees were failing to lead the equip :'bucjuerque, N. Mex.--All'.of our first line ment : They held the handle in a nearlyup- supervisors are required to rotate on a. two-. right position. This, would result in their- '.week tour of duty in which they', look'for runnipg the. equipment up :n .the -base of hazards' in all departments. By speridirig the' heel. We also had a problem when- fin some time away from .their own homtf gers got squeezed between the -control hair-' .grounds',' supemsors learn a .great deal. V lliTiniirnr> - J .Automotive and Machine -Shop Section ... ` They also rhaye the authority to write safety panels that automatically disconnects pneu orders that require-rinunediatc attention.. matic or hydraulic - pressure. J-.In the past;- ; - Paul Tuz,.Chrysler,;CanadaA-I think the best- .place to reach- workers is. in .their homes. The way we do this is to tie . safety - one had to put three locks--hydraulic, elec- trie and pneumatic--on a piece of equipment '-to render it inert , .' ' messages /to .'current events, and get this J. B, Graham, . Dow Chemical, Golden, material `publishedfin local, small - .town ' .Colo/7-In our company,- its mandatory to newspapers. An example, of the way a . attedij-safety: meetings.' As' you know,tthese safety message can . betied to. acurrent; ^.meetings can get mighty'.dull; In order to -event is to.quote an item about the number add interest, we-have changed the member- ., V; of- soldiers who. have - been killed .in .Viet. ship of the safety committee -every three Nam and thoi tie that; in - with acddent ".months.. .Ifs amazing how this change has ' statistics ;from: the local, plant or industrial ' added'intenst to our- meetings.1 ....t..a...r..c...a..... . i r- - s - ... J .. . David Vicker, Indianapolis Electric Plant . Paul Stahsik, Temstedt,; General Motors, :-.' Detroit--Most driver-operated fork-lift' .' trucks are painted' orange;1 (At leasts our trucks'are painted orange.) In order to give 'our -driyers better visibility, we paint* the- dash' on the' driver's' side a flat' black.-We And that this'---has improved visibility im- ... . mensely. , . - ;.r-Epoxy, resins lean cause a sertsitivity-type of-dermatitis. We keep epoxy off workers' hands by two methods: First, we. use hy.draulic pressure-to mdve the cement from drums forcing it through a hose to'special spreading applicators which :apily it to-the Surface. This technique 'reduced', dermatitis * by SO per cent Secondly, we added a black dye to the epoxy, which had previously been .H. Von Seggem, Maytag.Company, New ..colorless.' No. worker wants dirty, black . . .-. ton, Iowa-r-We had-automobile windshield ..hands, so they immediately wash any. eon-. srtow. scraper made with a "stop" sign on ' lamination off.' This .'eliminated the der-r' it In-'the stop sign' were , the words "Stop- malitis problem. ", ' Accidents at 'Maytag." '.. . Ted Cobler, Thompsdn-Ramo-Woolridge, Les- Stanley, Delco Remy Division, Gen '.Cleveland--In order to 'oil some machines eral Motors--Like."many-other organiza it is necessary for 'operators to. climb up on tions, we have- a problem getting, fork-lift" the equipment Often oil drippings on the ; . trucks inside serhi-tractor-trailers, The prob- equipment make this job hazardous.. We - Iem results, from the-overhead.guards. Up till weld grid struts to form step plates. That ' " " now, .we-have had. to have special- trucks provides a surface that is .non-slip and there "available that can clear the'top of the seinis: by reduces accidents. . . ' . However, we'are now developing, a. comrer- ! Bill Goode, International 'Harvester, Chi- 'tible top fork-lift truck. The convertible ._ cagd=rlii_our.'.Canadian, operation, they'play tdp'.w0rk3 on~a~hydfauli.C"principle"pnuchTike' "Safety Bingo." The employees enjoy the the- convertible top " oh automobiles. Al game, -but the question is: How dd you make though we do not have any of these trucks if promote safety? I suggested this, idea yet,.vwe'.have them on paper apd there's no and they, bought it.- Use an automatic tele reason why they cannot be made -' . . -' phone -answering device. ' When- employees .' ' .Don. Welter,' Guide Lamp,' General -Mo- and their families dial a certain; number," tors, Anderson; :Ind.--We-all seem to' have they'can get' the bingo number, .'but before . problems with; industrial-fork-lift truck; vis . -they, get the bingo number,.they must listen', ibility. The problem.is to see over the dash to a message on safety. - of the truck. Wc have an arrangement ' J. P; .Bender, Westinghouse Air Brake * with a mechanic who for $200 is-able to ^fo., Wilmerding, Pa.--We ran a baby con convert older, trucks -to give greater visi test; in our plant in which.all employees ...' bility by-reducing the . top' of the dash., having babies- that were, under, one. year of .'. (New .triple-action dashes solve thisprob- age could' participate. The prize was a bond. .Jem.).;,.-. We borrowed one of Yadlow's shoes (Yad-... Tony Ruzich, Chrysler Corporation, De ' Jqw is or was ,a giant who wore size 37 . troit--Several companies are putting out 'a- . slipes),'and;asked participants to guess how disconnect attachment fo.r.. electrical control many safety pins were in the/shoe. _ ' -9 -i- ; 19&1 National Safety Congress; . Bill, Brett Go.--Anyone who works, with and then painted it with a highly-reflective .presses knows how poor the visibility is in-- white;, paint This. has ;increased . visibility side a-die cavjty. After removing the die, tremendously and has -cut ddwn on in-; we cleaned the entire inside of the press : juries. - >; ! THE 12 PER CENT By RICHARD D. BYROM . Sraffet-y Coordinator, Car mid Track Assdnbly Group, Chrysler. Corp., Detroit,-Mich. At the'1 plants of the. Chrysler. Corp^ -. We diecked to insure that all. tools and safety is many things.'.' It's security--It's equipment were safe'and proper. We cov profits--It's success--but most important of ered the- 'tools, ' we covered: the' equipment, allr-7 is people.. it had to be the-employes themselves. For some time--we had placed oiir safety ' Obviously, the employes had poor attitudes emphasis on'three areas: tools--equipment--; ' towards safety--which resulted in poor work" and faciiities.' And still :the accidents. con-, habits-^and aeddentk. ' iinued. . . . We had to change attitudes, arid this has. .This lack of progress demanded a com to be done from the top down. We know plete reevaluation of. our safety' program, from past experiencii, that no'program can and showed us that our emphasis was mis succeed unless it is accepted by all manage- placed. - _ '. merit. ' . .... . Let me state' as briefly'`as- possible the Group . personnel helped. to change plant car and truck assembly grea^p-concept of' '' management's attitudes, . through ; meetings personnel representatives, Personnel men are assigned.. to the .. major production depart arid correspondence. . Once this was done, all efforts were, concentrated on. people. ments. : Not just any people-rbut our 12 per cent , - This enables us to .divide a huge'industrial complex--such as an assembly plant--into smaller and easier controlled areas. As. a result,. we achieved visibility' and' control Training programs emphasizing accident - potentials .arid-'their. prevention, were pre, sented--hammered and told.to 'killed trades supervisors. : . J -of-problems-oncc-hidden in _.the_ yastness of These efforts began' to bear fruit--acci- - this complex- ' dents in the skilled area ' began: to - drop.--- At this-point, sve decided to apply this , concept to- our safety program. After all,' you can't solve a.problem 'until you identify it. . * ' ` .; In addition to 'this, we. are working on .all .ojher phases of accident prevention -throughout plants.' ; constantly. safety and the .group ' While much has been accomplished, we are We found that our skilled trades employes' aware that this activity requires; constant' were.responsible for over 32 per cent of our. effort'and-action to ensure the best.;possibIe lost time accideritsr--yet. these same people safety condition. represented only 12 per cent `Of our total work force! With' the support and the cooperation that we are now. getfing from, all levels Therefore, we knew that to improve our of group and plant' management .we ,antici-' safety record we had to -concentrate our pate..'a continued improvement in safety in efforts in this area. all areas of the assembly plants; OFFICERS OF THE J ; AUTOMOTIVE & MACHINE SHOP SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 "General Chairman--bu.iz J. Pickel, Supervisor,' Safety & Medical' Service, Wagner Elcci trie Corp., St. Louis, Mo. Vice Cltairman--Anthony Ruzicii, Group Safety Coordinator Power 'Train. Group, ' , Chrysler Corp.,. Detroit, Midi. ............ Secretary--Paul Kraiios,- Ciiie'f Safety Engineer, Butler Manufacturing . Co., Kansas City,. Mo.'!- ... Y.: ' '' ... '. Program Committee--Lewis R.- Morrison- (Chairman), 'ACF Industries, 'Inc., New York, N.Y. - , N'ieivsMter Committee---Kenneth .1.; Lewis `(Chairman), Director of Safety,. Delcd-Reiuy Div., General Motors Corp.,.Anderson, Ind. . . ; Engineering Methods and Procedures. Committee'--Joiin'.B. Hynes! (Chairman},.-Safety: -. Supervisor, Oldsmobile Div., General Motors Corp., Lansing, Miclo; Roiiert- H. Cross (Associate Chairman), Supervisor of Safety; Tcrristcdt Div,, .General Motors "Corp., Flint, Mich.;. Clifford E, Blankf-Nshii', Safety Supervisor, A. O. Smith Corp., Granite City,. IIJ.Ralph Batten, Safety Administrator,",Trenton Div.;. Chrysler Cori>.,' Tri- ,ton, Mich.; F, J. "Bud" Df.ry, Safety. Director, Industrial Safety'Section,- Ford Motor Co.; Dearborn, Mich.; Quinton W. Gooijf., Supervisor, Industrial Safety, International .. Harvester Co., Chicago, III.; Kenneth S.-'Hedges, Safety Director, General Motors' Corp.; Detroit, -Mich.;- fjp&Al.b E. Sciiafjcr, Regional Ij-jss Prevention Mgr:, Royal Globe Insurance Cos., Detroit, Mich. : Education and -Training. Committee--Leo. A. Johnson.YCViAinm/hJ, .Safety Director, Jo/m Deere \Vorks of Deere &' Co;, East Moline,- III.; Hugo Pirrr.kSON (Associate Chairman), Manager of Training, Bendix Corp., Detroit, Mich.; 'Georoe E. Humphrey, Safety' Director/Cadillac Motor Car. Div., General -Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich.Edward.W;Jamf.s, Safety Director, Sundstrand Corp., Rockford, 111.;' Robert H. Owen, Manager ' - Security .& Safety, Knolls. Atomic Power.-Lab.,,,Schenectady, N.Y.; John, A.. Baugh. Division Safety Engineer; Metal .Stamping Div., Ford Motor Co.',.Dearborn, Mich'.-.. -Eire Prevention'.Committee--Y... J. Hassell (Chairman), Technical Advisor, Alexander Co., Chicago, 111.; *E. O. Prange. (Associate Chairman), Dir., Health, Safety, and Security, Bendix Products Automotive Div./ South Bend,'Ind.; James S; Doyle, Director of Plant Protection and Security. Officer, Dclco-Remy Divl, General'Motors Corp., Anderson, Ind.; R. C, Wigcer,' Manager, Casualty Engineering Dept., Detroit Insurance Agency, Detroit, Mich.; E.- It. Williams, Assistant Superintendent, Inspec-lion Dept,, .Factory Insurance Association,' Chicago, 111.- Edward. F.iiert, Fire Marshal,' A;. C. Spark Plug Div., General Motors Corp.; Milwaukee,- Wis. Health Maintenance Committee--William R; Rc-t/.ru -(Chairman), 'Iruiustrhd. Hygienist, 1 ! Medical Div., Caterpillar Tractor Go.,. Peoria, III.; Gerald Sattf.lmeier (Associate 27 7. V Chairman), Industrial Hygiene :Unit, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, 'Mich;;.Fred Cook>, Chief Engineer, Bituminous Casualty. Corp., Rock Island, Jill. Robert'T.:.,FosfER, Manager, Health, Safety and Fire,-The Bendix .Corp.,. Kansas City,:, Mo,William G. : Hazard, Personnel Relations .Dept., Owens-Illinois' Glass Co;, Toledo/Ohio; Arthur E..Sulek, M.D., Medical Director,.National Lock Co., Rockford, III. ; Membership Committee--Eocene C. Pugh (Chairhian), Engineer, -Iowa National; Mutual .Insurance Co., Cedar Rapiils^ Ibwa; Wm. A. Cavanach (Associate Chairman); Industrial -. ' Safety Mgr., Michigan Liability Co., Detroit, Mich.; John E. Kane,:Supervisor-Safety, .. ' Temstedt;Div., General Motors,Corp.,.Trenton,. N-.L; Gilbert A. Snyder, Supervisor-. - Safety & Sanitation, Allis-Chalnicrs Manufacturing, Co., LaPqrtc, Ind;; Harhy- A.; TiiJson, Works Safety'" Supvr., Indianapolis . Works,'.International . Harvester Co., Indianapolis, IndV v . '. ; j ; Off-the-Job Committee--Milton A. Rathert (Chairman), Personnel & .Safety Dir., ' j : G. Hager and Sons Hinge-Mfg.; Co., St; Lewis 4,.Alo.;' Donald.-.Welter. (Associate- . ,* . CAflirwOnJ, Safety-. Director, Guide Lamp Div.; General Motors Corp., Anderson, Ind.; j. ' Robert G.: Reeve; Mgr,-Safety Services .Section, Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing 'Co., Milwaukee/WIs.; John S. Blair, Safety Director,/Clark Brothers Co., Clean,- N.Y.; D. L. Smith, Safety Stipvr., Intcniatiorial Harvester Co^, Memphis,:Tenn.; *Rohert F, BeespN; Safety Coordinator; Perfect Circle Corp., ..Hagerstown,. In.d; ' ' . . -^ .. . - Staff'Representative--joskv.a 11. VanSickle, industrial Dept,, National Safety Council, . 425 N, Michigan Avc., Chicago, III. 60611' ' *l'ast General Chairman ' . . ... .. > 28 . t 'V * Power Press and Forging Section an additional die has been added so that we. - cannot afford not to make the change." We are able to do a~first and second forming have been able to pay for all changes to the operation in each stroke of the press. dies, to the press, and the making of the The piece is fed down the slide to the guards, in just an .eight week period by the first die by gravity and automatically posi increase which was made in production. tioned in it After a stroke of the press, the completed piece is raised .out of the first die and. again, by gravity, is fed down to a second die whefe a second forming takes place on the next stroke. After that, it is ejected out the back of the press. The dies are completely enclosed and all danger spots where an operator may become injured are guarded. This, I believe, is a perfect example of a method of solving *a power press guarding problem in a manner I do not wish to convey the idea that the example which I showed you is the only ~ 'method by which one can achieve maturity in a guarding program. It is realized that it cannot be applied to many operations. It is also realized that there are many other methods of guarding which offer as com plete protection as this. The only point I wish to stress is this, are - we all taking advantage of what is available and have you a guarding program where the safety of _where we ended up_ with a solution which your operations can be trusted to stand can be placed in the mature stage of de by itself as completely as a fully matured, velopment. independent individual. I have often heard the excuse made that There are many power press guards on the by installing.a certain type of guard, pro market' which offer complete protection. duction would be adversely affected and, There are complete enclosure guards, air therefore, cannot, be justified This is a very operated guards, electronically controlled poor excuse for not providing. 100 per cent- guards and many others; all available to us. protection. A properly engineered and well By careful selection and intelligent applica planned guarding installation will generally tion of these guards a good mature program end up with an increase in production. The can be yours. ultimate per cent of increase will, in many cases, be a ,,very^pleasant surprise. In our own case, we were able to increase pro duction by as much as 300 per cent over the method which I described as being in the infancy stage. When at your, plant I believe a survey of each power. press -Would be in order. While making such *a survey ask yourself the questions, "am I still in the-Model T era or am I keeping pace with th^hanging times? and Are my power press guards in I have also heard the argument advanced the infancy, adolescence or mature stage?" that, "ours is a little shop and cannot We should be satisfied with ribthing but the afford such elaborate changes." This I best and the best is only that which is would like to twist around to say, "tfiat you mature. THE TEAM APPROACH TO POWER PRESS SAFETY By F, P. MARRON ' Supervisor, Industrial Engineering, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Beaver, Pa. My' part of the discussion will center around how power press safety is considered in the purchase of capital equipment and tooling which is used in this equipment. , To keep the equipment and- tools properly associated with one onother, I will discuss four (4) categories: 1. Automatic Operation 2. Semi-Automatic Operation 3. Hand Operation 4. Miscellaneous A. 'Automatic Operation refers to equip ment and tools which do not require con- 17 1964 National Safety Congress The selection of themes for displays or sideration be given to the inclusion of ac* demonstrations should be determined by the. tivities which contemplate off-the-job acciprogramming needs of an individual plant * dent exposures as well as those that apply or (odation. Tt is recommended; that con- to work-connecfed problems. THE TEAM APPROACH TO POWER PRESS SAFETY By WILLIAM T. KIRSCH Supervisor of Safety, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Beaver, Pa.' . We have titled our program, "The Team 5. Motivation Approach to Power Press Safety", because 6. Accident and Injury Statistics -- we believe that power press safety is not' Let us take a ioolc at the first point "Or: a one man responsibility or even solely a ' press room reponsibility. It must be a team effort and all departments must contribute. We will show you how the different staff ganization and Administration." How does this point contribute to Power Press Safety? Organisation--I believe you will agree groups in our plant assist in makiRg- our. that for any safety program to succeed, you plant one of the safest in power press opera must have the complete cooperation and tions. ,, backing from top management. You cannot4 We believe we can speak with authority on this subject since we have approximately 190. poorer presses, and small bench presses too numerous to count. The bench presses' are of the spring, air and hydraulic variety, with a good number of air operated, rivet squeezers thrown in for good measure. Prac tically all of these operations are capable of function efficiently without it. The head of our safety organization is our general plant manager. Next in line if the Safety Policy Committee.-`Members of this must be men who can make decisions and- set policy. We have a IS member committee with the works manager serving as chairman and I serve as secretary.- producing amputations or smashed fingers The .other 13 members are on the general unless guards or other safety procedures manager's staff or head up the .various staff are set up. t functions such as q'uality control, production, Incidentally, most of our problems concern . these small presses. For' many years West inghouse has sponsored one of the most thorough accident prevention programs in, industry. Our efforts are based- on the premise (hat accidents are preventable and our .experience has borne out this premise. . By maintaining safe conditions and pro viding safe materials and equipment our comC pany has been successful in substantially re ducing the frequency and severity of acci manufacturing, industrial engineering, works engineering, plant^ protection, and shipping' and warehousing.' This group, as' the name implies. Sets-'the plant's safety .policy and provides the backing to. make it work. .The committee meets on the second TJiursday" of each month, and attendance is mandatory if the member is-in the plant. I might add, no meeting has 'ever been cancelled in the ten years I have been a member of the com.mittee. dent} andinjaries. - Next we'have the General Safety Com -In our plant we follow the Westinghouse Six Point Safety Program. These six points are; 1. Organization and Administration mittee.' There are twelve memberson this committee. All are line supervisors from the operating level of the plant. I am the chairman and there are three other per manent members. We rotate the eight re 2. Hazard Control maining members of the committee. There 3. Industrial Hygiene are six supervisors from manufacturing, one 4. Training from shipping, and one from the tool and die 22 OFFICERS OF. THE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964^65 GeneralChainrian--'E. D, SAu.ee, Mgr. of :PIant Training,- Safety ?and Industrial Hygiene,..-, j.American-Can'Co.,'100. Park-'Avc,, New-York; N.y. ' yice-Cliairman--WiLLAm A, Dudley, Industrial Safety Div., Eastman. Kodak Co., Kodak Park Works, Rochester, N;Y. * * " '; . ** .* ' ' Secretary--W,U. J...Kir'sch/'Sfipv.- 'of Safety,' Wcstinghbuse' Electric Co.,: Beaver,, Pa.' .Engineering and' Technical Publications Committee 'Chairmen, Porging' Seetion'r^-V/iLUAu.' ` H.-;Berry, Siipt., Forge Div,,' International Harvester Co.; Tractor Works, Chicago, III.;. .. Metal Stamping Section-^-CwDZ O. Enochs, Safety Dir., CHcvroiet-Flint Mfg; Diy,, ;. General Motors Corp., Flint;Mich.- ' ' *. ' . . . , ! 'Off-the-Job 'and Public Relations Cfmir)an--HughCamnirix, Supv. Safety & Plant Protection, New Departure Div,,'General Motors Corp.,. -Bristol, 'Coup,. .' Education arid Training Committee' ^C/iairman--pM.B! Winger,-,-Safety! Supr.,. Clievrolct- . Cleveland Stamping Plant-, Cleveland, Ohio ' Membership: Committee Chairman--G, A. RtmtNC, Safety Erfgr;,; -Buffalo'. Stamping. :. . . . Plant, Ford Motor Co.', Buffalo,'$I.Y. . Program Chairman--Nr.it. McCallum, Safety Adni., Personnel.-Office; .Chrysler Corp.,'.. .- ' 'Highland Park,-Mich. .* . -. : . ", .. jbietus/eller Editor-rJoRePii Wt HAia, Jx>ss Prevention Mgr.;. Libcrty_ Mutual- liis.' Co., : Milwaukee, :Wis. . '. ' -- : ... . Staff. Representative--Arthur S. Kelly, .National; Safety Coilncil; 425 Is'.: Michigan -Avc,, : Giicago, IIL 60611 ' ' ' Members--. Atkinson-; Jr., Co-ordinator Safety Eitgg. Services, Continental . Can Co., New York,. N.y,; Assoe. Newslciler. Ed.--K. D. Bell, Safety Adm., Detroit . . .Forge Pit, `Chrysler. Corp., Detroit; Mjch!; tC. I). Brai.nf.hu, Safety. Engr.,: Olds *' . Forge Plimt, Oldsmobile Div., General Motors Corp., Lansing,- Mich.j-*Thomas H. . Bullard, Safety Ehgr., U.S. Dept., of! Lalior, Wage& . Hour & Public (^tracts Div.,'-. - Philadelphia, Pa.; Richard F. Carlson, Technical Director,. American-htetal Stamping Assn.; Cleveland, 'Ohio;,.*JbiiN A.Ghurchiix, Supvr. Safety`Engg;, Allis-Chalmers -Mfg. Co., Milwaukee, Wjs.; *Given H. Dugger, Depp'ty Dir., Operation^ Safety, U.S.A.E.C.j Albuquerquc' Operations .Office,. Albuquerque, . N.-M.; Frank F, Haluska,. Safety' Director, Alcoa, Cleveland, Ohio; Frank Hausman,' Press specialist, Em ployers'.Mutua|s of -Wausau, River Fdrest,. Ill,; Frank' H. Holland, Mgr.-Press. . . Control Prod.; Clark Controller Co., Cleveland. Ohio;' Robert Jo'rdan, Gnef^Ele*;. Eng'r.,-Minster. Machine Co,,' Minster, Ohio; -W. H, KoHl.ES/ Seni6r Engr., Western .'. Electric. Co., Columbus,-Ohio; *T.A, Kraklow, Dir. of Safety, Deere; & Co., Moline,' . . 111.;'L.,G.. Mahoney; Tool Engineer,-Guide Lamp Div,, General. Motors-Corp., Ander- .. 29 - J6*sp V'.' \.' . Km. Tnd.vEHSiirrr . W.'McCarthy,: Personnel & . Safety Dir,; Dreis A Krump Mfg. V' Co., Chicago, Ill.j M. J. McCahuiy; Safety Consultant, Columbus .McKinnon;Chain. ' Cbfp,,.Detroit, Mich.i'joiiw L, McCbot, iChief JIngr.,.U.S, Industries, Inc,,"Chicago, ... . III. ; R, L. Mogae> Supt of Engineers, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co.,.Chicago, III.'; > Geo. R, Orth; Administrator-Safety, .I.T.&T. Corp., New York,' N.Y,; Warre#* A. ; Peterson, Jiti Peterson Products Corp., Sehiller Park, ill.;: Vincent PoLLiMA. As'st : .Corp. Saf, Dir., A. 0. Smith Corp., Milwaukee, Wis.; Geralb;D. Kern, .Safety Engr., The West Bend Co., West Bend, Wisi; R, S, Stephens, Safety Dir., Standard Forgings > \ / Corp,, E.. Chicago, Irid. ; >D/)fAr.n VV. Stitt, Dir. Safety, Health J&';Nort-Supcrvisory . . Trng., Continental Can Co;, New. York, N.Y,; GordonE, Trank, Safety'Dir., J. H;. -r` ' .. Williams & Co., Buffalo, N.Y. . V ';V//. . rp'iirmer . General Chairman . _'. ,0. '30 ' ' V. ' ' V National Safety Congress Transactions Volume 4 I CEMENT; QUARRY & MINERAL AGGREGATES RATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL J 425 N.. Michigan Avenu.e . Chicago, Illinois 60611 Cement, Quarry and Stincrat Aggregates Section RAILROADS By DAVID HARTLEY Division Superintendent, Taconite Minnesota Ore Operatioris,-United States Steel Corp., Mountain Iron, Minnesota' %. Inasmuch as the principles of railroading block signal .systems is required. When . are the same'in both quarries and open pit traffic volume justifies.the installation, a mines, I.am taking the liberty of using ref properly monitored radio dispatch- system erence material from both sources for this can contribute to a safer operation. presentation. Safety first enters the rapture of a quarry railroad operation at: tke planning stage. Such details as grades/ curves and traffic patterns must bd first considered from, the standpoint of safety. a. Grades. Generally speaking, the lesser the grades, the safer the operation. Acci dent experience has disclosed the desirabil ity of limiting grades to a maximum of 3 percent. As a rule, economics promote safety by directing the selection of truck, conveyor or skiphoist haulage when grades exceed ..this figure. In fact, rail haulage is most attractive, both from the standpoint of safety, and economics, if the grades are not in excess of PA percent. A planned, formal program of maintenance of both track and rolling - stock. is indis pensable to accident prevention. ' a. Track. With the. advent of automation of train operation and mechanization of track maintenance, fewer people, whose observations might indicate trouble-spots., requiring immediate track maintenance, will be on the job. If the operation is of such size that the supervisor is unable to make regularly scheduled inspections of the track system, such inspections must ' become the job of mobile track inspectors. Special attention must be given to condi- 1 tion of switch components, super-elevation of curves, low spots, observations, broken rail, etc. Qn high volume rail movements, b. Curves require safety attention for two this is a daily tide. reasons: (1) possibility.of derailment and (2) vis ibility. For mainline quarry service, curva ture`not to exceed 7{4* is recommended. Perhaps more important that the degree of curvature itself, is proper supereleva tion, and transition from the straight track to the maximum curve. For a 7lA* b. Rolling Stock. A documented, periodic safety check of locomotives, cars and other rolling stock is.indispensable to an accept able maintenance program. This may be part of the routine maintenance check. To insure proper coverage, the schedule' may' be set up either on the basis of calendar - days or liours worked. curve, a spiral lead-in of 200 feet is in dicated. The problem of visibility, or the lack of it, resulting from curved track ran be overcome to some extent by providing a safe, means for either the. locomotive ehglneer or the brakeman to ride the leading 'end of the train. In summarizing, the same observation that was made .regarding grades will apply-to-curves; the gentler the better. c. Traffic-Pattern. In planning the opera More than arty Other method of transporta tion, the railroad Requires a forma]* compre hensive, safety manual,-qr "rule-book?' A copy of the manual in use at the Minnesota Ore Operations of United States Steel Corp. fs available. It must not be in ferred that this booklet is the answer to all your safety problems, or in fact, that it.' would even be suitable to your rail operation. Different situations call for different rules. The manual is divided into sections as follows: tion, no effort should be spared to simplify - the'-train movement, and to avoid areas and points of interference. Where merging or ..opposing traffic is necessary, adequate pro Responsibilities and Duties General instructions. Signals tection in the form of switch-tenders or Movement of Trains Q OFFICERS OF THE (CEMENT, QUARRY AND \ MINERAL AGGREGATES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 .General Chairman--Leslie S: Voi.-rE,- Safety Engineer, Viilcaii; Materials Co., Consumers' ...Co. -,Div., Hillside, Illinois ' . . . . . First Vice-Chairman--Francis W.' Bush, Sr., Director Safety, M.-J.; Grove-Lime .Co., .' Frederick,'Maryland ' , .` Second .Vice '. Chairman--G: E. Midyette,- Safety Director, Superior'Stone Cd,, Div, of Associate' Newsletter Editor,--G. D. Raver, The France'Stone Co.; Logansport, Irid. : Program. Committee Chgirnidn--Francis -W. Bush, Sr., Director Safety, :M.- J..'Grove .`LCs-idm...eB'Cinoh.i,n gPh.i'Oa. mi ,.F. rAaelda_eii r;icrPk%,a.'t_M_o_dic_._k;/.JC' .tRfH..LaTt'tr-ee' ra,bt-aL.wta_ab_y_o,rnSR.Laejfl?aett_iyo__nD_siraAe.sc.sitot.r,,t-IjVd_eu_alc1laCnleMmeantet rCiaols.,. Denver,, Colo..;,'J. R..P. BrOwn, Asst. Manager. Accident.Prevention'Bureau, Portland Cement Assm. Chicago, 111;..' ; '. Membership Coiiimittee Chairman-^-PAXiticK- C. Hatler,- Labor. Relations .Asst., Ideal Ce- ment Co., .Dtsiver, Colo:; Leonarb R. Fucker, Director of Safety, Pcrmanente Cement Co,, Oakland, Calif.; J.. R. TREADAWAV,;Safctj; Director, Vulcan Materials Co., Birming- *'ham, Ala..- ' ; .... .' '' . . Statistics and- Puniest Cmnmitlre. Chairman--Forrest' Moyer; 'U; S.. Bureau of Mines, ` Washington, D, C.; Vincent P.' Ahearn,'Jr., Asst.' to Associate'Managing Dir., Na-' fidual Spnd and Gravel Ass/v Silver Spring, Md. ; E. W. Bauman, Managingpirecto'r-. .. Secretary; National'Slag,Assn.,'.Washington, D.-G;- .{Engineering Committee-Co-Chairman/IFm/J-pDarreli. M. Cornei.i.,.Safety Engineer, Port' land. Cemtnt Assn., Chicago, III;George' J. Reynolds,' Technical Manager; Electrical,. U.;S`. Gyjisunt'.Co,, Chicago, 111.'; E. C. Beuthin, La'Grange Park, III.;. Vincent Gallagher. Asst. Safety Director, .Matcriai Scrvicc-DiY. of. General Dynamics'Corp., Lyons,. 111..; Arvib.Tienson, Safety Director; Material Service-Div. of General. Dynamics-Corp, ''.' Lyons.Til.'-.' . Co-C-----h---a----i-rman -, (--Ea-s--t/)---Freb.rE-'. --Stor--cHe , Diri;,--o, f'--S--af-cvty-. -yfc -P-e- r-s---o---n---n--el,. --Th. e.. W-h----i-t--e---h----a----l-l C. e-, ment Mfg. Co., iCemcnton, IJa.'; Roy G. .Stott, Mining Health and Safety F,ng;, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington,'D. C j 'JpiiN J, Swf.kney,* Safety. Engineer; Stone1 and Slag Operation's, Bethlehem Limestone Co., Stcclton, Pa.;-Howard RTefenstAhi., Mgr. of Training & Safety, Alpha Portland Cement'Co.,-Easton; Pa'.; .W.M,H6xie, Safety 'iirtginecr, Corps`of Engineers, Now Engla'nd Division, Waltham, Mass. .' 21 v Visual Aids Committee Chairman--William A. Kipp, Director of Safety, Universal Atlas Cement Div.,*U. S. Steel Corp., New York, N. Y.; Howard F, Jphnston, Supvr., In-- , dustrial Relations, Roofing Granule Div., Ruberoid Co., Hagerstown, Md.-; G: D. Raver, The France Stone Co., Logansport, tnd. - _............... *\. _____ ______ _____ ' Off-the-Job Safety Committee Chairman--E. J. Waring, Laverack Sc Haines Inc., Buffalo, , N. Y.; G. E. Williams, Safety Director, American-Aggregates Corp., Greenville, Ohio; Kohkrt J. Hartnett, Continental Casualty Co., Chicago, 111. * Publicity Committee Chairman--Kenneth A. GutschIck, Mgr., Technical Services, Na tional Line Assn., Washington, D. C.; Vincent P. -Ahearn, Jr., Assistant to the As sociate Managing Director, National Sand & Gravel Assn., Silver Spring, Md.; William ' Carter, Exec. Dir., National Crushed Stone Assoc., Washington, D. C. - .* . ' W Training Committee Chairman--Maktis I). Gentry, Mgr., Industrial Relations, General. Portland Cement Co., Chicago, 111.; Ralph M. Richie* Director of Safety and Com munity Relations, Medusa Portland Cement Co., -Cleveland, Ohio; Alfred C Kemp, Dir. of-Safety, Martin Marietta-Corp., New York, N. Y. - * Long Range Planning Committee Chairman--*Dorse O; Seiple, Jr., Safety Director, The Standard Slag Co., Youngstown, Ohio; Howard F. Johnston, Supervisor, Industrial Relations, Roofing Granule Div., Ruberoid Co., Hagerstown, Md.; Fred E. Storcii. .Director Safety & Personnel, The Whitehall Cement Mfg. Co., Cementon, Pa.; Howard Riefenstahl, Manager, Training & Safety, Alpha Portland Cement Co., Easton, Pa Hospitality Committee' Chairman-- Kenneth Flicker, Safety. Director and Eastern Di vision I-abor Relations Manager, Marquette Cement Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111.'; Wii.j.iam "Carter, Exec. Dir., National Crushed Stone Assoc., Washington, D. C.; Ralph M. Richie, Dir. of Safety & Community Reis., Medusa Portland Cement Co., Cleveland. Ohio; Walter A. Dearth, Jr.. Supervisor, Employee Relations, General Crushed Stone *(>.,-Easton, Pa. \- , Sominating Committee--Akvid Tirnson, Safety Director, Material Servicc-Div. of Gen eral Dynamics Corp., Lyons, 111. Personal Protective Equipment Committee Chairnum--`Arthur P. Lennon,-Safety Direc tor, New York Trap Rock Corp., West Nyack, N. Y.; Paul J. Worseck, Manager, Safety & Welfare, Lehigh Portland Ceinent Co., Allentown, Pa.; William A. Kipp, Director of Safety, Universal Atlas Cement Div., U. S. Steel Corp., New York,'.V Y.; Iiorse O Seiple, Jr., Safety Director, The Standard Slaf^Co., Youngstown, Ohio.. ' . Memhers-at-Large--T. W. Jones, Vice President in.'charge of. Production,-New Haven Trap Rock Co., New Haven, Conn.; Ivan F. LkGore, Safety Director, Portland Ce ment Assn, Chicago, III.; Lloyd Yeager, General Manager, Gypsum Assn., Chicago, III. * * * Staff Representative^--Ctiarles S. Woi.ee, National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Avc.. Chicago, 111. -- l 22 ; National Safety Congress Transactions ,CHEMICAL and FERTILIZER INDUSTRIES NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue. ' Chicago, Illinois 60611 A ?; r.'r :M . ,Ji-iS'?V'sSrHr^t*^i*ii^*i* w--r:--Lvi-: ; i:V :'. V * *'" .- I ' ' - '-'. - ; . '.k <'.$ 52nd NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS .... Papers.delivered In the. , ..'/ .'.< CHEMICAL SESSIONS Ai4nwj*.^rifcTrt?aC CONTENTS i Importance of Near-Miss Accident Investigation.... .;.-. .Vtf. E. Seuberling "5 . Handling .New Hazardous Chemicals; .. . ; . . . .David T. Smith.. . 7. Orientation for Newcomers Interested in Chemical' Safety.. . fDiscussion) 11 rii- JOINT SESSION WITH OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING SECTION . Why Good Liaison Is Required between Safety and '! . Medical :Depts... . .Hirzel H. Leedke, RiN. 13 . How the Safety Supervisor Works with the Medical Department on Problems Requiring Medical Advice........... . W.-H, Lauderback .17 Consideration of the Scire Back Problem in Industry..... .Dr.Paul Wj Rush .*'19' JOINT SESSION WITH PETROLEUM SECTION Safety Pitfalls in Automation: .. Safe clectrical Equipment iri Outside'Areas . - .. Handling Flammable Liquids and Gases.. - Explosion Venting of. Buildings and Tanks.. .Donald W. Richmond 22 Dr. Richard Y. LeYine 26 .: 1. William H.-Doyle 30 JOINT SESSION WITH HIGHER EDUCATION SECTION .! . Automated, and Fail-Safe Research-Arrangements . for Unattended Operations.'. ... . .John E. Fox 35. Jf - Fail-Safe' -Unattended. Operations/. . . :D. K, Lynch 3,7. Laser and Maser-^-Health Hazards and Controls. . . ........... Lt. Col. Roswell G. Daniels, M.D., v - - and Betnard L:.Goldsiein,:B.S.C.E., M.P.H., 38 Current Studies-of Eye and Face Protection ' T in Laboratory Operntios.\ ............ ..........................G. N, Cjuam 43 FERTILIZER SESSIONS ^ Overhangs and Slides in Bulk Storage:. . ... .: ..... Frank W. Blest, Jr. 47 ... Preventive Maintenance to Prevent Accidents.. . . ,\D. W.'Flagler 50 >t A Practical- Qff?the-Job Safety Program... . .Joseph Serio 5l Ey.es -and Chemicals: !...v-/...-....... ,x,.Hedie S, Kuhn, M-D. 55 . Safety. and Efficiency Through Effective1 Supervision,.. .. .:G.H. Mueller 57 Officers'of the Chemical -Section 1964-65. : .____ ' 59 Officers of the . Fertilizer Section.'.. iV.. 61............................. Five Years of Future Dates-for the National Safety Congress.: ,.. 63 . ' ~ Other Volumes in. 1964 National Safety Congress Transactions. ..',.Back Cover : .t * ; 'itel ^_____ -4- ' Chemical Scclion ,1: intimdent, the. line supervisor. riipst difcctly " One mijjht ask .what; the .use of thc !near- responsible, and .the- safety manager. miss classification, .has-accomplished for'us. . ' >This"reviewis designed to demonstrate the We'feci tiintit has given tis an additional interest of top management in' safety and '-.and effective too! ,'foi. use in our program of. to agpin .impress all concerned with the se* accident prevention. We feel strongly..that >' rioitsneis of-accidents, in the plant. No one properly used,.- it lias' been a contriBitling looks .forward to having, one of. these plant .factor- in a continual improvement in .oiir manager reviews, .. safety performance as indicated by the Safe- ....After..coinplction .of theiiiVcstigafion, the .ty .Index' since-1960. ; .chairman,of! the'committee prepares, the. Ac-- ' It has; helped to convince the' wage group ddent'Inve'stigatibn Report The format: ib- of ouf . sincerity in safety since very often ciudes thri following':! . .. ' the!near-miss"is used'to.investigate the.po^ .; 1. 'Summary of the aeddent in brief. lenliai for injury, tot our. peOplc.'. The near- ' miss is also one more approach that, affords' ' -2.' Chronological presentation! of the facts' , opportunity forpartiapation and involvement^, discovered.during: the investigation;'' ' of both wage.and salaried .employes in the" 3. Prindplecause'ofjhe accident . overall safety prog'ram of the'plant'. ' jv . . . " :,4. Recommended action `with assigned re In conclusion,, the iiear-miss classification - sponsibilities.. ' *':. v of acadentsis a fertile and little-used. area-. - ' .After.-completion; 'the. write-up. is reviewed v in- industrial safety and accident-.prevention. and approved Iby the safety manager and the -We feel it has beCn very effective for us in; manufacturing superintendent. The' safety improving, our mbnth-to!'month -safety per-.- ' department then prepares.ahd distributes 'the' forraahce. report' Followrup. on the recommendations In short, we like it. and strongly recom js the responsibijity of area supervision. This mend to you - that, you consider the use of - is generally-handled through the! department, the near-miss.classification .in ypur accident ' safety council. ' 'prevention program.; 1 'i .* HANDLING NIEV^v HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS . . : ; . By DAVID. T. SMITH.. : Supt, Protection Divisiori, E. Eda Print die Nemours & Co., Chambers Works, ' i -Penns Grove, New jersey ' One of. the most challenging problems in pany, the hunor jobs arc .designed, and .con-. oiir. plant, the Du Pont'Chambers-Works, is' -.stnictedTby oiir Works Engineering person the handling.of. new:hazardous chemicals,"- nel^. However, what we do. is fairly typical iliarticularly in starting, up new operations, of other Du Porit unjts/rcgardless'of size. My objective ibis afternoon is to share tome We are! MI striving to operate with cbmr of/opr. experience^ with you, particularly as ! plete. safety' in Du Pont ' as, l am surej to procedures and proteftive. equipment- em >occurs in your company.It is flic actual ployed. The Chambers Works is the. largest- "WHO," "WHAT,"--"WHEN," "WHY," commercial, Du Pont plant, producing a great and '-HOW," of;.accomplishing this that- 'variety of chemical^, involving many chemi- .Stakes some doing, we have found. '. ' ; cat processes and hazards. .There has been a steady stream !of .new processes aridproducts flowing from our research laboratories and pitot- plant? into the Works for manufacture, WHY .is -to prevent .. the public. '.engage hi this effort so important? .Simply, injury to people, our people and. .No- persons have the', right-to1 any, endeavor without doing-a in both new and old facilities.. Our major, conscientious job to prevent injury, to the : design arid -construction work, is performed persons-they enlist or direct in. the endeavor, by the Engineering Department of our Com-; and to the -public. 1 (*---- i-vrTj"-T-i '................ ................ .1 .......................... .............................................................. SK" .1 . v;:t ..M...fl ***'&'***'``*~**s,I' f" . 1964 National Safely Congress ' ; ' A second reason'' obviously - is- to '.save ' .on'protective ;stcps arc actually carricd piil. ' irioncy*- by . preventing damage' to properly, Only. in this, way can., -'ties contribute;-the and'business interruption/ maximum to. tHc a'chiey'cmcrit'/of'safety.-iri. . A spectre that looms, over the start of any . the.new. prbcess.... new] process is the fear that some serious .:; The "YVH]AT<' and'. the WH EN" miglil . hazard may have been overlooked. The oper- ..].be'summarized as .follows: ,! ation .may. go' along appafcntly'safely for a ' .. Before design work--find out the', hazards'] . long, .time . just waiting'for the- right of the .chemicals and the process conditions. .. set of. circumstances to arise whic|t will The laboratory people, the ]medical, people, . cause .disaster; tdstrike. This is why we feel-'' thd industrial hygienist-can-lead here..' '. '.thorough pre-operation 'safety.*w6rk is so- IJefore' design work--plan to. control' the important ' ` hazards. Everybody gets in ort this, stage. " The "WHO' is our case rests'first on 'the- -.line operating .organization.- They'have the . During design,wprk -- specify approval, basic responsibility for the safety of the operation onefc if is .going, so"they must have. .- methods , for 'arise.;'Here .'meeting th'e .'problems the safety engineer can as.they help as the final say from'the safety standpoint from'', a consultant -.. : ; , the. preliminary-`design stage, through con-' ' During: construction and- before start-up-?-, struction to actual operation. They must .. check emt and chcck'.Ujp on facilities, personal have the authority to ,go with tlieir account cquipmentand training.' Line' organization; ability.' '. , < 'safety-engineer, laboratory personnel and-iri-.' .. 'Second, ' they' must enlist' all. appropriate . du'strial hygiene all help here;. . staff .services.' This'includes the research and ' 'During start-up, and pcriodicajly thereaf ' development laboratory,pilot'plant, engineer ter--follow Up.' ] ing, medical, industrial hygiene, and'safety ..Now Jet's take a look' at lhe"HOW." . personnel. We. feel it. is .important .that each There'.Is -an excellent feature- report, "Dc- ; contribute his "know how" at the appropriate-, signing for Safety"' iri-/the July 20; 1964,; times, so- that expensive, changes in design1 issue of Chemical Eriginecring'' magazine, and construction can be avoided. '.With the '"HOW" of design.' I- particularly liked the present trend-to .develop final design, of dif-.. section by Allan Gilbert of Union - Carbide ferent parts-of a new .plant., concurrently . in wjiich lie - outlined the safety', evaluation rather than.-stepwise; this takes extremely required before.' design- in- fifteen' concise careful scheduling by the operating depart-'- -steps. ' . ' ' .' ' . ment and gOod' followup by safety, personnel.: 'Sompwhat along the same. line,, several'Du Werealizc that neither the safety engineer"' Porit' departments- nise check lists of. various - nor'atiy other one'person.has'the-skills nor types. One is ;:a list they'cm . use staffing the available] time, to check in-detail every-.,- with the first design discussions up .to-and feature] of '.safety, that is .involved -jtia new including, the follow-wp after actual operation-, process.and the design, pf the-plant. Safety'- begins. ']:' '... " ' v mifst] l>e considered in every step of the pro-', Let's consider a.hypothetical new. process;' cess, in every.Step of engineering design. It' VVe .first, develop, the- data bit the-, physical wpuld.be frx/lish to have the safety engineer . properties of, the ] chemicals, , .including the * . recalculate the steel dimensions] required.; ip a .' . following -that; dcscrve specia! attention. -Let's Column, for example,, and. wc.would.expect a':" assume fliese include: ; chemist to find out the-physical data, needed on a chemical.; ;' '- I. Hydrofluoric pcid, a,very corrosivc'-ma-. terial. The. safety engineer's , job is' to act as a \ consultant, to check bn those points of great. cst hazard, such 'St's specialized sq'fety. crjiitp--'* 2.-Propane,friable. ], ' ] . hexane \.- find tblucpc, ,, flam merit, -and . to check on-those points; where .'3. Qdprinc and ammonia, toxic nrtd Irrita his' experience will, be'-of'the most value. ting gases, .. .. ' In addition, he must be the spark pjug to' . 4L An extremely, toxic gaseous by-product, sec that the gnpip effort functions to achieve . may be formed in small quantities which an effective safety analysis,'that- there are paralyzes the rierve centers. 0.01 parts per no unanswered questibns.nnri that the agreed . million is the tiircs.h-bbld value. " .8 ' ' ' \ * Chemical Section 5.-. Cyanosis producing intermediates, final Process Questions (Examples); .: products and. waste products. ' What' arc dangers if'.process .reaction 6. Dermatitis, producing' intcrrncdiaics.and conditions are. deviated from. in. the. manner final";products. *'.- - . . -below,' find how. will we- protect against . ' Taking a flow Sheet, we.review first'(he- . each?.. ; *'- - * ..* incoming'raw . materials, liow they. wilV he. ' --abnormal, temperatures .^handled, stored and' ip what, quantities.'. \V(c .'; .--abnormal-reaction times... - > .. ; continue through'the-various stages of reac --instrument failure' tion, purification and on to- the . final pack . --adding material at wrong stage'.*' aging pf products, and disposal of waste ; --wrong material added . gases, liquids and solids. --mater.ial flow stoppage .. /In -s'ummary.if we utilize the know-how --equipment leaks, both .out and its ; we have developed on old processes, if we * --agitation failure .'guard `against the unknown;hut suspected '. --loss of'inert- gas blanket - possible`hazards-through the techniques' we have available, we* can fulfill our- responsi; bility for complete safety. *'.-, ; --errbr in valve or switch; ojieration ; --plugged rfclicf line. ; * ; --failure, of relief ^cyice. . ^.Safety analysis of new process'and equip- ' tiient: -'*' -. .../ .Chemical'Hazards .*/;' --material spillage on floor,/or .10 air Waste* Disposal. List gaseous stack' effluents and coiiccntra- .L'ist- chemical?''which, arc (|)"flammable' .. tions, also smoke characteristics; . " (2.) explosive-(3) corrosive (4) toxic; (give effects) -. (5.) > have other' special . hazards, (give hazard);- ' '/ Height; of-s.tacks? Flare "stack needed?- Scrubbers; electrostatic ..or. centrifugal re-, nioval of stack effluents needed? Prevailing '. ' List, 'whether. (1) raw material (2) ;in- 'winds qnd exposed areas'.".. list' -; termediate. (3) final product-or by-product . ' What ^ffluents arc run.to waste disposal; - (4) . waste .material. from what' points- in . process, and how? List points where encountered in process, `.What-is- their j^., toxicity, flammability, by-process description; equipment' number' miscibility with water? ` ;'' and- cross reference - to operating, process Can- waste chemicals react- with other manual..' ... -waste chemicals in. waste. disposal. -system List 'significant physical propcrtifcs. -' Ini , fo cause-difficulties?. .(Example, sulfide ' dude .incompatibility with ' other chemicals; . liquors meeting'-atid'-.SoIution to evolve hy-. chemical reaction rates, conditions : of in drogen* sulfide);.' ", . stability arid other .pertinent problems. Are all flammable liquids prevented from ''Show source of data, ;a.nd list available, reaching sdwc'rs ? *: consultants'on critical points. - .'What-.special hazard .solid waste products ' arc there? How will'we handle them?.- . Other Process'Hazards ' .-List maximum operating, pressures'under - Ventilation both no'mial and abnormal operating condi- .-.: jftoom air change frequency' - required?, .tions. : Checked by?.Spot-'ventilation at.whai cquip- r.mcnt points? Flow;rates?.*. Cheeked by? . What pressure relief is provided? Locations of relief ;,deviCej? Cond.itimuof relief de<- Cati ventilation* intake-, pick-up contam '. vices? Tested when? Arc personnel exposed ' inants?'/ .. . ' .. ' /by discharges of emergency relief devices?, Piping Systems ...' :List maximum* permissible operating.'tern-.' Adequately supported..' with- permanent peiratures, .sources' of . heat ' What over-- hangers? .. ... *.'.' temperature - controls are needed* for' ab- ' * Proper ' material' and .sclte'du|e- thickness . normal operating conditions? Wl.iat prolec ..for service? . " tion is provided for hot surfaces (o prevent 'Pressure tests for critical/services and- ; personnel-bums? " process scheduled vyhen?  "I J ' I -.' 1961Niiti6)i(il Sufcty Congress . " Bumping and tripping hazards protected? -- --Safe acccjs to all valves? ' Electrical Equipment Hazardous, classification locations and class, '. .list. v ' *' Does, .all ` electrical. equipment comply... with' above,, including-- "V ; . lighting. . . ' * wiring and switches '. " " Arc'.- , any. 'flammable * liquids handled , in - open?.- " Amount and .location of. flammables-. hi operating .buildings? 7 . Amount,`.location and;-protection of -jlammable liquid and; gas storages -outdoors?' : Exterior and Inter-plant fir? ' exposures and protection? ' *;.-..' :Personnel; Equipment and- Facilities . instrumentation.-.. Flame retardant clothing required?. . ,y ' intercoms; telephones,'crocks.etc. ; .. Type safety, shoes specified? .'. - ' ;. Docs all'grounding meet standard?-Who' - checked arid.'whcn? General- . Type gloves specified for what jobs?. ' - What special eye protection ^equipment, for what jobs? (Ih.addition toroinimum. ...-Arc-two. routes of .access..provided toali ; occupied parts' of'.buildings; tonicel state ` law? .. ;. of isafety, spectacles with permanently, at-.-^ tachcd ventilated side shields for all operat-. ing andmechaiiical work.) Is one. smoke-proof exit tower ' and' one Air mask' stations-'and system' installed.? . exterior steel;fire.exit stair provided to all- .`Client suit air.stations located where? ; occupied buildings? .Arq. standard', -railings with Self-closing gates on all platform's over 42 inches oh all . ".. occupied'portions of roofs?. Where are Air Paks located? Chemox?- . (Safety or -hard hats'.are: standard.)' . All men. assigned two lockers in change . . .-Are all moving parts of 'equipment .prop-, hquse? ' erly guarded? - . . Number- suits;clothing issue'required?, . Fire Protection ' . Laundry frequency?. -Fire walls and ftit-pff locations?' Protcc- . Lunch room assisted?' . tion of pptnings? . .| -Training -. Wfiqrehcckcd out fire doors?. When?... . '. Date of-cbmplction of operating- manuals? --. Fireproofing of ; exposed steel: supporting major equipment?.' \ By whom?. .'' ' `Automatic sprinkler, .protection systems? Manila! sprinkler; systems, special fire ex- . -Job breakdowns completed for use by *'. .foremen?' .... -.-... tiriguishin'g equipment?. Supervisor serVjce? *.-.Training schedules? Use of training ;rec- .;- . - Number, type'and--location of fire ex-` ords?' '. tinguishers? .. What spot check on effectiveness of traini . Location of fire hydrants.ind hose, boxes? ing?. '! '. .-, .. ' Location,, of fire alarm' boxes?. Building- : Health practices adequately covered ?' excavation alarms?,. . Area and Plant Safety-Rules posted? f >' 10 :- L .1961'National Safety 'Congress JOINT SESSION WITH PETROLEUM SECTION 1 SAFETY PITFALLS IN AUTOMATION By DONALD W, RICHMOND /! Engineering Specialist, -Mons :o Company, St.'Louis, Mo.'.' '; ; It is frequently said that most' accidents have' been' recorded, as a. direct, result'of. are preventable; .While'the accident rate"in' such design oversights. ; processing operations due. to -equipment fail-' "Unfortunately these accidents- sometimes ures appears to,;be 'fairly modest; occasionally occur as much a's a. year'or more -after; a'malfunctioning control system can lead-to' installation' and the designer never.knows- serious accidents resulting in deaths-and-'.a - . about'it. .Unless'ah awarehess:o location. heavy destruction, of property- ... Itazards is . developed,-, a repetition .'is.* likely. .'Efforts successfully `have beat made to _ StiffActing Pressure. Regulator.' There shut down - portions of. an' operation in a are "two basic types of. pressure regulators, safe' manner when instrument break-downs One' is the type'' with' , the integral - down-, occur. .Conscientious' pngiitcers have made stream pressure tap'., andrthe-other'has the great Contribution's towards-reducing safety, .external 'downstream pressure tap.'. ; hazards in their designs. . ' . The. first valve - is a single seated .valve Certain pitfalls in instrumentation which which' normally is, Used either with - small can lead , to difficulties ' seem to appear, all flows- and " small valve sizes, or on .those . too frequently, however.- Of course the mis applications ' involving small pressure drops. take .is' always unintentional, but what's The other 'valve is, double seated generally- worse,, these pitfalls invariably exist under because' of large flows- or large pressure tccted--until something happens one day. . drops. Usually double seating begins at' the - .'My.- purpose is .to briefly,present the most- V/i inch size.- commonly-overlooked Safety, hazards in auto In both,cases, however, the action of-the' mation. . It is hoped that a study of the spring' is. opposed to. the- pressure that is principles involved1 in-the following discus- - placed upon the diaphragm? The purpose of' sions /will, enable the reader -.to improve his-, the'regulator is, to' reduce ~s~fluid pressure- safety. "batting average," whether his con-' to'a' smaller' value. . Rupture !bf' the dia cent is design of. new facilities or upgrading phragm is-the. commonest cause-of failure of existing ones: in ; both . types of self-acting regulators, Location of > Equipnicnt. The problem of Should the. diaphragm fail :for .any -reason, focatioh of controls is often put:off until, itis too late .to effect changes. Sometimes, the the.' action. of the ' spring will. be to -returii the valve to the jvide open, position. ''' decision-of Iqqation-ds left .to someone- who'- Because.of- its design,.'therefore, [pressure . is not familiar .with instruments. The'com-' regulators fail' in the unsafe" position,' i-ei, plicated control loops may have been satis-, open.'TJfpon such a 'failjife'full upstream line factorify' worked ojit .on paper, but is'.it . pressure can ekist on the. downstream side. possible for maintenance personnel to remove ' of the-valve. This brings up the first, rule'' the cdritroK valve; safely? It is advisibly to. about pressure regulators--they, always fill, allow for complete, drainage, of. liqujds away unsafe. . . : ' - -. *y -' .from, (he control valve to permit'safe re-- "Because of this inherent weakness, it is' moval.' This' is especially '.important when - customary to find pressure relieving devices hazardous fluids, are involved. . , or safety discs installed downstream of self These same considerations should he given acting pressure regulators te* safeguard to .the'location of' till. field .mounfed trans equipment from over pressure, -'. . mitters, .primary, elements shell as thermo- - 'Pressure' Relieving Devices. There ate couples and orifice plates and final control two commonly 'used pressure relieving'de operators. Many chemical burns to personnel. vices. . One valve differs from-the other in- 22 Chemical Section 'that the action, of the valve plug is reversed . the .spec!(led relieving pressure and the relief and thediaphragm pressure connection is Valve is set at a -somewhat lower .pressure. madeon the upstream, side of the. plug One'o'f the commonest mistakes-involving instead of the downstream side. It- is., used relief, valves however, Heats with its loca for regulating purposes because of the throt--. tion and' the, piping' configuration upstream . tiiiig characteristics of the plug and spring. and downstream of it; Undersizing .of either This valve is available in single or double .thb upstream or-' downstream piping will seated bodies depending , upon- the pressure cause chattering when the valve relieves,, All drop unbalance at the plug. too often the exhatis.t- pipe is vertical with It is: possible, for' tight shut, off': in the an open end.- Any water'which falls through single seated design, but the. double', seated this.pipe lodgesat the closed valve. valve , should never be considered for tight shut off'service.' As in the case of. the downstream pressure regulator, a ruptured, 'diaphragm is the commonest falliire. Such a failure will result in .a closure .of the valve.- . In subfreezing areas, the resulting ice if it forms wall prevent the_valve from -opening,' Appropriate caps or, a downturhed pipe wiH prevent rain from entering the pipe. A reasonable alternate solution is the provision of Because, of: this: weakness, consideration . a drain at the: bottom of the exhaust pipe or should be given to a.positive means of pres the lowest section in the valve. Many valves sure. release on the .'upstream, side of the arc sold with plugged drain connections in the regulator in order to prevent , equipment valve bodyX It is necessary'only to replace over-pressures.-. the pipe plug with a downturn'ed street ell. The relief valVe performs a similar service ' Frequently,, relief valves ior.'rupturc discs, as the spring-diaphragm relieving regulator, are' installed . fpr, the mistaken purpose of blit" there-'are' important" differences. The protecting a system from the pressures of art upstream pressure at the relief -valve is explosion^ This is a misapplication-of these, exerted on the plug only.and all of the devices. *An explosion disc is often used, downward" spring force is exerted - on .the for this service.- i. . .'plug. -.- The rate of pressure rise .in any explosion .. To prevent valve.chattering, a special plug is so rapid that it is very doubtful, at best; design' which presents' effectively a larger that a relief -valve- or small rupture' ;disd cross section-to-the fluid after the valve could possibly prevent pressures from ex opens,* causes'the valve to open more .fully ceeding safe limits. The control .of explo and.remain open until the upstream pressure sions is beyond-the scope of this.booklet. has. dropped to a lower. pressur^ than.' the. ...-' Temperature Regulators. The actuator of initial opening pressure. | . ... a .self-acting, temperature, regulator !s a bcl-'- This. valve is' normally closed and opens ' lows motor - in which the, vapor of a. -fluid only under emergency conditions in order to ' in a temperature sensitive bulb exerts its prevent the system pressure from exceeding pressure. The. bulb,, contains a liquid such a specified value. These. valves arc. always as. ether' or .alcohol. The temperature sen- single sealed, are-always designed for fight sitive bulb is, located in a tank, of vessel shut off and can-boused on gases, vapors or which ' is -to be. temperature. controlled. liquids. The licatifig medium for the vessel passes .A common cause of failure is a blockage through'the automatic valve as the fluid- .of- the inlet. .This occurs in many-, services pressure inside of .the, bulb increases because ' involving condensation and freezing of vapors of an increased temperature. 'The pressure and in many chemical services; In'some-lit-" in. the bellows, motor-will gradually close off . stances, the problem can be solved by mount-' ilie valve. . . ', ing 'the valve Clpser to the. .vessel where This action reduces the fatb of'rhcat input ^freezing could -be eliminated. ^ .'.' . to the system-andin that way the tempera ! In other- situations, particularly where,cor-' ture, is regulated.-. As in Uie case of the rosion is involved, the installation of a' riip- . pressure'regulator,"(a failufe of. the. thermal ture disc between the vessel and relief valve ' system- will: cause- the valve to;fail in the will effectively protect the relief valve. In wide open position because of the action of this case, the rupture disc is designed for the spring. . ' ' ' ... 23 ' . . 1964 National Safety Congress These regulators -withjvalve. plugs on;top- Mb the pressure of . the mercury drops of the valve seats, arc used' oh heatingseiv.- upon V rise In temperature':due to' the dif-" .. ice. This brings up the same rule with re- . ferences. in the coefficient of expansion- of .. gard to pressure regulators-^ll self-acting. 'the -invar,: mercury and; th( stainless steel .temperature regulators on heating; service sheath:- ' , fail.in.theopen position rwhich is generally ' .Upon a; failureofthK; closed tube "system, .`..the unsafe position; '-. . the-peri or :pointer . falls hard against the' For cooling service, the same instrument Is- . high' end of- the scale. .The action of.the used by reversing the action'of the valve! -; n^roHer; - regardless: 'qt .'.bet' - point position,. The plug - is on: the-underneath side' of the is to move the valve to cool the .system off. seat instead, of the fop side; A .failure- of'This applies. .to Heating and cooling-systems -. the thermal Systemwill cause'the. spring'to '.as well. . ..' close the; valv* in which case the coolant Electronic Balance Inslrumenis in Control is shut.off. Therefore, self-acting .tempera-- . Loops; . Whenever a thermocouple or - re- tiire regulators for cooling service-..fail .in sistance bulb is used.asfhe primary tempera- the unsafe position. .. ture. Measuring element, its voltage or re-- Because`of. the inherent weakness of self- sistance is < almost always measured by an ' acting- temperature regulators; some; external', electrically operated potentiometer^ or bridge temperature switch is. required in order to circuit Upon a failure of. the primary ,de-. spring-diaphragm pressure regulators, tern-' ..It there is a: failure of tlie. power .'Supply, perature regulators will throttle over'a- range ' the pen or pointer wiH 'stop'in its last posi- of from SF to. 20F. ` tion.at the time of. power failure. Whenever Closed . Tube Temperature Control., -The. n-off control, or throtthng control .employing ' closed tube system temperature-controller automatic reset .response js used, the final - employs a temperature sensing bulb as in the : control valve . will be either jjully open, or ' ' -case of temperature regulators.' Close'-tem-y ,clos. , ; :- perature control is available because.-pro^ . The failure, position depends upon which portipnal and prpportiorialTreset control mech-: .side of the ' contfpl point the measurement anisihs can be added to the instrument. : was at the instant of ;power failure; StaV ; -The. final control valve is usually an. air tistically thembnly. Sp per. cent of the power .: -operated diaphragm motor valve.' 'The action - f"11TM* * ,00? will result of the controller is. always reverse; but the- m a fail safe valve position. 'choice of-.'valve action 1.5 determined by the ". There arc. manyways to- oyefcome. this service,. On' heating applications,, the nor- difficulty' iir .potentiometer.-, or. wheatstone mally closed valve is used and. on cooling . bridge circuits.-One way is to use electronic ' pplications, 'the. normally opcti . valve , is. controls .'instead..of prfeumatic' control. Since.- sed. In either- case the Vhlve fails in a safe ' the electronic output derives its. power-from' osition upon a loss of the'air- supply. the';, same power supply, a failure 'of the This-control system is not necessarily safe ._'.Pwv will retur/i the output to .zero, owever. A failure of. the. thermal system- . If pneumatic control is employed, a sole-: dll cause the .measuring peri or pointer'to noid valve in the; pneumatic controller . out- alh hard against the iwro-end of the scale.; put line-can- solve the problem if Care is lie action of. the controller,- regardless of taken to 'supply the power to ,thp. solenoid he set point position','-is to move the valve" valye from-the .same circuit .as'that-which to overheat t^e system. This disadvantage supplies the potentiometer or: wheatstone can be Overcome by ' the use of a special bridge. Upon- a power failure the control . bulb system. . .. ; . yalye_cd.ii remain: ,f Using rherctlry in {he-bulb systemand-a 7 a).in it* last position by' using' a tight ' carefully selected piece of invar. inside the shut off 2-way-solenoid, i . .24 N y.f. r ,1 .. * ( r .H`: .(. ; ` Chemical Section b) at one extreme position by using a -3- can bp likewise worked, out for. other,, piping.-..' . way solenoid, with a vented 'third port 'control-schemes. c). atthe other extreme .position by' using' Electric Motor Failure, Electric motors, a 3-way` solenoid'with a specified pressure have become the. very. pulse' of modern-pfoc- .. connected to the third port.'. , . essing industries. They, provide the muscles to " m'oVe : gases, liquids, solids.'afnd. heavy ' '.Quite. often, an electrical to ;-pneumatic';' equipment, .....Upon- a motor failure, produc-.- temperature- transmitter- is used in order, to ' tion' is usually/.shut down. Motor, failure.'. employ, an all pneumatic tohtrol- scheme. ; alarms- are therefore .very common .in; the-' .. Standard transmitters." of this type .result in design of interlock and. annunciator systems,'. . '. a zero output pressure-'upo;n a-power failure. Several safety pitfalls, occur in mdtbr inter If a solenoid;-is no.t employed in' the con- locks. For.'example,:. if- it is desired to -pro- . trailer output signal, it is: advisable td. der"' tect . a-', stirred, pot reactor, from, loss-of . termihe ;.the-safe output-pressure upon power..- agitation, the .'.'method often: used.i'S' the failure. :On. most- temperature'applications auxiliary contact oh the motor .-starter, 'fhis .' it is-recommended to feature-full output'-. procedure overlooks fractures,of the agitator . pressure1 on power failure. In .this way,, the shaft. If the shaft breaks,'.the motor con-: ,. controller will -cause the contrdl va'lve to fail ti'nues to run,, and.'the system therefore is in die safe'position. If a high temperature'. not- protected agairist loss of agitation; ^ alarm bn .heating applications or a low terri"perature alarm on'cooling .applications is built into the control .loop, there will'be. an . iwnhsetannetver"atbhneo'remleacl.t-ricteaml.'ppoewraetur-rseu"ppwlyarfnainilsg...',' ' One way to overcome this, problem is to use a. current .'sensitive switch on-the motor current.- The, reduction-in',current upon-a shaft breakage,is the signal to use. ` '. ', .' Another example'oft ah .'unsatisfactory, in-- Mass Transfer, -In tile..transfer of liquids from one vessel, to another, questions of liquid level in each tank-'become important -terlock.is the use of."an auxiliary contact bf . a pump motor starter as. the initiating'device! to represent a'-loss of-flow through, the pump.. ' -, . considerations.. Many 'means of level meas- . urement are currently available. .'.Thetransfer of liquid from one. or more vessels to .one' or. more vessels also raises questions of' op-,. The floyr through! a centrifugal-.pump or. 'blower would be zero ..if a block valve in' the. line is closed; The motor would con tinue to run. yet`there is no-interlock-action. Crating'-crrorsiT^Onc of_ the njosp-'prevalent ', 'operational errors. closed when-', it is. is- Relieving a valye isopen. This - problem can .!- .One way .to-, resolve-this prqblem is to use a switch directly from a, flow .sensitive-.'or measuring. device, since if is the loss in .! be serious if there is-a fire hazard. flow that must be-guarded against. If the If Ipycl alarms or switches-are-connected, fluid is difficult to/neasure, a pressure switch to each tank, a measure of safety has been.' is often satisfactorily used since pressure ii... built in to prevent, spills,''If the. fluid does' -., an indirect result of flow.' , ' v . ... not readily permit weight or .level measure-. ...In-most .cases,! motor failure 'alarms are ! ment, sonic measures of safety can be built pcrfcctjy appropriate, but before deciding, .-in- by connecting -limit switches, to each' upon .a- procedure to provide'safety*,'.-con-.- drain- or- fill valve.'. The switches are elec-. sideration should be given to the' following,: trically arranged .so that only two valves cm ' be-opened-at onfe time. . ' . l. i Define the system requirements.. !' If a third valve is accidentally opened, the; : automatic feed valve shuts off, .This, ar- ' . rarigenient requires that , each' valve is me chanically connected to a.gang.'of switches-, 2. Make a' list of., probable and possible failures together with the consequences! 3. Make a'list .of methods to solve'the problems in step 2 above. in a`n-enclosure. All switches are closed exr. " 4. Ask yourself;.if there are any, ways in..1 dept one,'There are as many switches as which the-suggested methods in step yalves. .. '3 would fail to function.' \. ..;. In. praCti.Ce, the solenoid is replaced by a High Voltage, Much reliable information 'relay-'which performs other functions .in . on the dangers of high voltage is so com- cluding alarms'. Other similar arrangements.. monly available 'that it seems-as if nothing- "" i .-'25: ,,:u; ' ; ,.: i. A ut- 1964 Na:ional. Safely Congress . ' . .. more- fan be said on the subject Perhaps . ,- instruments and use the.-third, wire to this, argument would be acceptable were "it ground, the'case; .This is. espemally im- not for the continuing .records of' accidents . portani if the panel is hon-metallic of. involving -. electrical shocks. Suggested .for ungrounded.; .. serious considerations are the following list ^ ` 6. .Make... simple provisions . to .remove' of .do's and don'ts :/ power; from instruments . to. facilitate '.. I. Dpn't use voltages over 115; volts-on : maintenance.; ' '...:!. . ... ' instrument, interlocks, arid!switches, or' CpncItisitmsJ The safety pitfalls desoibed' oh instrument panel boards.' ' " herein /represent ..those , most-, commonly, en D<j take care to enclose wiring behind countered in . the . process industries. While. instrument panels. J ; the: 'devices illustrated arid ; described -..were deliberately simplified for. the sake pf darity, 3. Don't : use- exposed terminals in in-... strument' cabinet's or panels if terminals . -carry.115 volts. . it should be- emphasized that the/principles, involved in.'the 'imscen hazard coristitute the'underlying, purposc'"df. this booklet .'The 4. Do: take care to jdfritify. areas of high'. reason for-the emphasis :ot these principles , 1. : voltage such as using appropriatecolor.' lies in `the countless, repetition of the. same- . paint and the appropriate; warning signs.,. principle designed: into: so many apparently, 5. Use'3-wire-power connections, to'panel . different control loops. . . . . SAFE ELEGTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN OUTSIDE AREAS HANDLING FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS & GASES By DR. RICHARD Y. LE VINE !';/ Manager, Fire Protectioh & Pollution Control, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp.', New York, N. Y. y Many years ago, in the'far off city : of of the blind men judgedthe,elephant by his" Baghdad,`.there lived three blind brothers.. own' narrow viewpoint, or. shall we say,, Nqw-it came to. pass one day that a. merchant. feclpoint, so each of the industries has ap-; of India, visited Baghdad with an .elephant,'/ proachcd the problem exclusively in terms of And the blind men who .were curious about its ..own experience, .operations and needs, the elephant asked to . touch 'it The first ' The -chemical . industry.-with -its maiiy'. blind man felt the elephant's leg and said, hatch processes'.and much of- its. equipment "Verily,, an elephant' is like a . trunk- of a and operations- still ' indoors,. has . favored tree." Then the. second, blind man felt ..the .'electrical .equipment suitable for the highest 'elephant's trunk and said,."Nay, brother, you degree of hazard. The petroleum-industry on : are wrong, an .elephant is akin to a,'snake." the other hand, wjth its. continuous processes, And finally, trie third blind man felt thtf closed systems arid its outside plants has been. .elephant's ear anrl said, "Nay, brethren',- you an advocate of electrical equipment- suitable are both wrong, an elephant is. like a huge- for~a considerably lesser hazard. The con 'palm leaf,.'" And all the assembled, peoples troversy, however, has-about run its course, laughed, because the' blind men could''not for as the chemical industry: goes more and agree on What tlie elephant was'like. more to .continuous, processes and' to out While]this- parable dates back many thou-, door plants, it will, for economic ?nd-techsands of years to ancient Persia/it has mean ' nical reasons, have to take an. approach not ing for us .here today in the supposed con '-unlike-that of the'petroleum.industry. troversy between .the petroleum and chemical . Just' what- such an approach should \>c and industries on the subject of safe-electrical how it' would provide adequate protection equipment for hazardous^ areas. Just as each against fire and'explosion in outside'plants Chemical $ecliap processing' flammable liiluids and gascs, is- . plierC,-- the equipment.. will . .breatbe-iri,jjhat our. subject -fpr today. atmosphere and' an explosion may. occur, '"Article 500, the section of, the 'National Electrical equipment for Division. 1 loca- Electrical' Code.which .deals, specifically with tions, where, we can. normally.expedt.explo-' hazardous' locations, tells, us that. locations.; ' sive concentrations Tor: extended'.periods - of - Where' explosive concentrations of vapors or.: . time, must therefore be designed "explosion- gases may develop are-called Class I loca- . proof This means, .that the equipment is tions. and. that Class. I-locations are divided ' enclosed m a case .which Is' strong enough into -Class I, Division -1 locations and into . to.withstand art-internal explosion Of a speci- Class I,. -Division 2 locations--. Division . 1 fied" vapor.. It must, also; by proper,: design Iocations are Iocations where hazardous con- of all joints' and seals, prevent the ignition centratohs of flammable vapors or'' gases . of the ; specified-.' vapors- surrounding;. the. exist continuously, .intermittently or period- .enclosure by beat and flame from .within. jcally..under norinal conditions of operation,.' Finairy;'the .equipment must'operate' at an'-.- . maintenance and- leakage. Division 2 1oca- . external temperature such that the' specified tions. are,3- types; 1).locations-adjacent to vapors'will not-be ignited by it. .'' Division 1' locations which. may occasionally Note that We have several times indicated be.readied - by hazardous, concentrations.;,.?) that the equipment is satisfactory, for'a' speci locations where flammable volatile liquids or- fied gas or vapor. As explosionproof motor gases. are handled,1 processed or -'used . but enclosure'for example which.cafi withstand ' where 'hazardous! concentrations are nol.nor- . an' internal' explosion - of a gasoline-air. mix- tiially present due to confinement of the ma-- ture cannot necessarily withstand an-explo 1 terials in closed systems; and 3) locations sion of a hydrog<m-air or acctylcne-air or where hazardous; concentrations are normally : even an;'ethefr'air mixture -since--these mix prevented by positive: pressure vditilation. tures develop ccrnsiderably higher explosion These locations'-become ha^rdous only in pressures.. The National, Electrica1 Codc'and "the event'' of accidental i rupture,,of vessels the Underwriters''Laboratories which lists ' or-piping , or breakdown of ventilation. . approved .electrical equipment, -.take cogni-. .- Division ..!-.locations then are locations' zance of this by, grouping, materials on the.- where We can nOrtnaily expect explosive con- ' basis of their hazardous characteristics., centratipns for' extended periods' of time and Oass' Jr Group A equipment is satisfactory' Division-2 locations are locations where ex for' atmospheres containing acetylene. ., ' plosive concentrations occur (inly under qb- .nohnal conditions and thus. only occasiptially'. Glass' I; Group-B'equipment is satisfactory and lor relatively short periods of time. for atmospheres containing .hydrogen', and .' gases of - equivalent `hazard .Such as ma'nu- . ' . 'Since in outside chemical plants, materials ' factured gas which has a high .percentage are 'handled in closed systems; -open air, of hydrogen. ' - .'! .ventilation prevents accumulations of vapors;- ' and explosive .concentrations occur only', un ClassL,.Group C equipment is satisfactory der abnormal .circumstances, most areas of. for atmospheres containing ethyl ether, , eth- ,an putside plant are legitimate Division. ? ylehc: and cyclopropane.- ' '- ' ,' . locations, tinder' the; National .Electrical, Code. Class I, Group. D equipment is satisfactory There |s therefore ho reason why Division 1 ' for atmospheres; containing gasoline, vhexarte, explosionproof equipment should hie used naphtha, benzine, butane, propane,'. alcohol,. - throughout an outside'plant as was so.often.. accbne, benzol,, lacquer solvents. and natural. done in the past. On the other-hand, there, gas. ' 1 are a number of! very cogent reasons .why. Unfortunately, many of the chemicals with, . explosionproof equipment should not be used ' which we are concerned-in prescht day chem indiscriminately. Lctui take a look at some ical manufacturing; .are not to, be found of them. - ' listed in the grouping^. For example. such . One of the basic'principles qf explosion- common, modern, day chemicals as ethylene proof .technology. is that entiy-of vapors into oxide, acetaldehyde and hydrogen sulfi'de to unpressurized electrical equipment cannot be ` name only three which are quite troublesome1 prevented even with the tightest-of gaskets,. are-not listed, And sometimes-when the ' Given enough time in' an explosive atmqs- chemicals are listed there is only a' lirtiited '' . .' .27 . X.'. 1964- Motional Safely Congress .' amount of approved1 explosionproof clcctri- 1.. cxplosjonproof equipment in. Divison 2 . .. cal equipment available.. For example, there areas and while this is legal and unlikely- are no approved explosionproof motors for to get. us..into trouble, it is :costly' and un acetylene 'and hydrogen. necessary. \ ,' .. ' . It is not permissible to ' select electrical For. th'e{trUc..Division 1.' lbca'tipiisj.the lim- equipment on the basis of in analogy drawn ited number>of tested materials and.'the lim ` between- an unlisted .chemical atmosphere and ited . amount of approved /cxplosionproof ', otlier.listed chemical atmospheres. Tt is also equipment for Groups, A&B are serious tech-. .not permissible to use Gass- I Group. D nical handicaps to designing a .plant with Ajuipment for Group A, B, or C atmospheres fully explosionproof electrical equipment.! on the. basis that Class I Group D equipment Maintenance is also a difficulty with ex- is the best available.' True, such a procedure plosionproof equipment.. Although' it is likely iiajs. been, followed for years--when in doubt' to. require-maintenance less frequently.than ; | use Class I, Group D. However,, the.use of- ordinary equipment, once `repair is.neccssary, ' Gass I, Group D equipment in unlisted at it must be dotie'-by a.thoroughly trained,man mospheres is a ' violation ofthe National with loving ahd cxacting care, otherwise the . Electrical Code.and may lead to a disastrous- reassembled equipment may- no longer be explosion since, the Glass;I'Group. D equip- explosionproof. V . .. . . meht may-not be able to. withstand the pres: sure of an -internal explosioriof'the unlisted material.or. prevent-the propagation of flame Finally, explosionproof equipment is very : expensive;1 I know of. one.' $3,000,000 outside thorough. the joints and seals of- the equip ment to tile-surrounding atmosphere. chemical '.plant-where the. increased cost for 1 a fully explbsionprobf installation 'amounted' tb-scv'en.pcr cent.,of the entire project and Why, i.f this is so, have we not had more; ' because of 'the materials being-handled, tlie- explosions due to-the use of .improper ex- . use'of explosionproof11 equipment did not plosionproof electrical, equipment?' The an-.. improve the safety .of the,plant. . . swer probably lies in the fact that there are so few true Divisioh I areas in thV sense that an explosive mixture exists continuously. . To recapitulate,, then, the. full, explosion- . proof equipment- approach.' and certainly the classic. Class I, Group D. approach is neither throughout an entire area. The ventilation, '. which is necessary to allow. employees to; work .in. an area, tends`tb; limit the concen- desirable nor,, economically and''.technically ' feasible for most outside chemical-plants. : , . trations of vapors j and gases and-confine We- cannotj however,' write off explosion- . . the .explosive- mixtures tothe' immediate... proof equipment, because in' every outside ' .vicinity of the vapor or gas source. Arid chemical '1 plant, there-are .some. Division 1. since. the allowable concentrations for in- areas.1 Arfipng these arc-- dusrial"health'are usually far lower than " 1. Open below;grade areas such as pits, the lower .explosive limits, there! is a . built . sumps arid trenches and all above-ground . in. safeguard in. almost .all atmospheres in < areas, within dike walls where, vapors may which people must work. ^ '. - accumulate. . Electrical equipment should'be. ' For cxairiplc, the loWer explosive limit for ethyl ether is 1.9 per cent .vapor conccritra-' tion in' air and a 'concentration' as- low as .2 kept out of such areas or-should Be Division' 1 with proper seals to prevent vapors, -from 1 communicating to' otherwise . s'afe locations. per'cent;causes acute intoxication after'sev- 2, Pumphouse.and compressor houses with' . eral hours of exposure. Similarly, the lower restricted ventilation which handle flammable explosive limit.for'benzene is .1.4 per cent liquids, vapors "and .g&ses. Because of- the . and a'concentration-of ,7S per cent is dan-. continuous nature of most outside chemical ` gerous after one half hour of exposure. If- plants, shutdown for repair-is not always im . you wish to consider the MAC value as the . mediately'possible and-explosive concentra top concentration in any1 area, ,then the. mar tions may build up suddenly from, leakage , gin of safety is even greater. Thus, in. most around (Kicking and bearings.' Where solvent , cases, if people are working in an atmos pumps arc located outside. Division 2 motors phere, there is littlerimniediate danger from '. are permissible. . . \ J *. 1 ` . . a fire or explosion. Essentially then what'.:, 3.' Locations where equipment must be we have-done in, the past is to use Division opened. regularly and frequently for repair 28 tSW atfgu L *' I. J.' ' .. t *'*1, *'*7 V'/ "'V1 I . . "* -T- Chemical Section or. for the, Addition of materials-td.ihci proc- '' or abnormal operation of'a'piece .of equip-css anil \yhcf.c' the release of large' volumes incut, otherwise an . explosion may result. of flammable vapors cannot be avoided. - 1 Intrinsically safe equipment. -c.-iri. lie.'.used- .' 4... Locations where a' failure'of'.process, storage or-other equipment will cause'an. electrical system failure simultaneously with.' the. release, of flammable liquids, vapors or. advantageously for instrumentation,-for con trol-. circuits .and' fori; communication equip- merit'but-it is not a solution'.to th'e overall problcnt . -' . . . v - . gases. : ". ' Remote location of electrical equipment is. 1 5.- Areas immediately around flammable liquid - loading and unloading racks, drum filling buildings. .with restricted ' ventilation, and .areas immediately around storage' and. process tank breather, vimts. ; ; 'another approacji/'.Ifc-jp-often' possible .the exercise of a. little ingenuity to; locate some of the electrical eqpiphicnt in less: hazardous Division 2 areas-or in ijonhaz-. ardoiis'areas. Transformers, switchgear and starter panels -can often- be located in non- r. . All these locations; in my'opinibn/ should -. hazardotis areas so that .ordinary-1 equipment. be considered Division' 1, areas. If. tlic riia- can lie used. Remote location,'while'it has terials being handled are`listed, then`wc wide;application, is:also not a.complete .-an can use approved cxplosipnprbof equipment swer to the overall -problem since, soirie. , but'what' do . we do in these'-Division-..1'.' electrical-equipment- such as-pump motors,', - ; areas: when the chemicals being-handled are- fights and switches must necessarily be in. not .listed 'and we have. no approved ex- the hazardous area. .'* : . ` : plosiofiproof equipment? Well, we can-use any, equipment which is approved for all 4 Class I'.Group*--A, B, C&D. It is most un likely that there would be. any . gases, or vapors that - are worse than the combined bad properties of acetylene,'hydrogen and ethyl ether. ' , : A ; third, approach is; purged;. arid pres- . surized .equipment, cases,' enclosures, rooms :V and. buildings.- The provision of an air pres-., surized c'ontrol house for an outside chemical plant" is rapidiy becomilng-a standard prac- : tice. As iriuch of the electrical equipment - as possible is put into- the control buildings : . ' While' this- is 1: not strictly, according to instruments, control devices; switchgear, cir Hoyle' .or, shall-we say, the National Electri- . cuit breakers, .starter buttons' arid even the cal Code,..taking this smalj-liberty is abso-' . instrument* arid process, air compr'essprs and Iutely essential if we are to be able-to place motors. -Since;'.the'building is kept under - arty, electrical .e'quipment. in a. Division 1 area . positive pressure at. all times.1 and.'..vapors - where- unlisted materials- are. handled.- We cannot enter, the electrical' equipment -can cannot possibly , eliminate all. electrical equip- all be nonexplosibriproof. It is essential, . merit from every Division' 1 location and this- however, that- thc air for pressurization..be approach gives' us such' necessary general drawn' from-.a location where .it cannot be- - cxplosionproof ..equipment as conduit ,fittings come. contaminated. -with either toxic or ' and boxes, lighting fixtures and 'fittings, . flammable vapors.- It is also', necessary to snap switches' and' motor controller push-' provide'an alarm to warn of loss of pres- button* stations?. Beyond this equipment, we siirizatipn so that the electrical equipment must take a different tack, to solve tfiie can be shut. off.if a hazardous .situation is-.-., probjem., .developing. -.- : Intrinsically safe ^equipment is one pos' sibifity, By definition, intrinsically safe.'-'equipment and wiring `is* incapable of re-., ; leasing sufficient electrical energy under nor- : 'Pressurized motors arc very valuable tools and arc approved, by the Code for-Division 1 locations as im alternate to bx'pjosiohproof m'al or.'abnormal conditions to cause ignition.. motors. For hydrogen and unlisted materials 'of a'specific hazardous- atmosphere. Again,; for which there arc no approved explosion- ' you will note we are talking pf a "specific" proof motors,pressurized motors arc. the atiposphcrc,.'A piece of equipment which is - only solution. A totally enclosed motor is intrinsically, safe for one-atmosphere.is riot- provided with positive pressure , ventilation necessarily so' for every atmosphere. Each '. from a source of clean air or inert gas and . .'' gas and vapor- has- a minimum ignition en- is so arranged that it cannot-be'energized . erfey.'which`must not be exceeded in normal.1 1 until it has been thoroughly purged. It is -29' - ' , >1 i J964 National-Safely Congress .' also so arranged that it will automatically' proof equipment is Used when nonsparking -'deenergize if the pressurizing 'supply, fails/; devices-are. unavailable. .V These totally enclosed motors must also ; In order to; have an explosion from . tliis:: have safeguarded,,external surface tempera- typeof equipment, it-is, necessary" to have, ttires so'that-they will not cause ignition of.. an explosive, concentration, for: an-extended the vapors in the aroa; : _ . . . pcriod.oftimc and to have a simultaneous Pressurized ' eases arid enclosures for. in- -failure of a piece of .'-electrical' equipment . struments and control.equipment.have similar. which results in a spark. In a true .Division - ". safeguards against high' .temperature and 1 area,-such equipment might;under adverse ft- .loss of pressurization arid in addition should' conditions' cause' an explosion.' TriT'a'"tftic' . be dpsigned _so tiiat the power must be ..cut Division ,2 area, where, explosive-, conccntr-- . off-before-a ease can be opened,.'. .; tions exjst/only under'abnorrnal.-conditions '. The firiai way: to solv.e the problem is also and. therefore only very rarely and for; rel- ' suggested by the Code. You'will'recall, that ativcly short'.periods- of time,.Diyisiqn .2 -a Division .2 locatitm is; a-location" where . equipment is more ; than satisfactory arid flammable. liquids, vapors or gases -ar han- gives adequate protection against- fire and . died, processed or used but where-they arc explosion.-; : . ' normally confined in closed systems-or where v Ideally, 'when designing electrical. equip- hazardous concentrations ate normally pre-r merit for an outside chemical plant,'any and'. .. .'.vent' by- positive mechanical .ventilation, : .all of the'methods that we. have: outlined ' . therefore, if .we can' upgrade Division 1 ... should' be investigated and possibly used.' .' .- ' areas to Division 2-areas by, proper ventila-. . While we..,have listed': intrinsic, safety,, rcr - } .. tiori -and/.or. by .closed"systems, 'we can use'; / mote location of 's . Division-2 electrical equipment just as. we pressurized, equipment as alternates for Di-' ; -. - j . wilf-usc. Division 2, equipment, in the greater - vision T, locations,/they work-equally well , " ...j* part of our outside, plant.^Jbst^.vii'hae'is ' for'Division 2 -locations and may .be less ... ' . division .2''electrical' equipment* and what;' expensive. . Flexibility should .therefore . be degrce of safety can we expect''from it? ' the keynote in -specifying electrical equip-.'. Division 2 equipment is essentially ordinary;' merit 'for.outside chemical 'plants; That flex-. !' . . low temperature electrical equipment which T ibility will not only, produce the most1 eco- ; is rionsparking. or which has' its make or ' nomical 'instaHation,1 it'will in'the long run ' break contacts immersed; in oil . or contained 'produce the best:.protcction against, fire grid. -.. J irt hermetically sealed' chambers. Explosion-, explosion. ' .,, ; , ' " .* * .' . EXPLOSION VENTING OF BUILDINGS AND TANKS .. ': ' . :*' - - . -' By WILLIAM H.' DOYLE ; .; . ^Chief Chemical-Eng,. Factory -Insurance.Association, Hartford, ' r /' ' I want to discuss the explosion venting - study , in. .discussing' barricades' rather' than ' which will pcrmit.'a' combustion'explosion, vents. /.- ,. / originating at atmospheric pressure, .to take .. Detonations of'combustible mixtures arc place inside a building r tank and,.because 'likewise, a subject of barricades. To. djj- ' of, the venting devices or system, cause tinguish between'detonations and explosions,. - minimum damage'.to. th<?. building or tank, ;n this sense: detonations' progress .'at a'' . \ ` minimum' injury to- personnel, and, in the.,-, speed exceeding:'thati of sound while the case of the tank, result in retaining rijost of SpCe(j if flamfc 'in uncompressed mixtures ' . ... the. liquid even though it. may be burning. 0f gases'or vapors with air is only, some Explosions' involving 'explosives are- not 2 to 10 feet per second; The speed of flame;-' ; being considered herd. They are a subject for- ^traycf ipq^ises ,rapidly,'.as,pressure; biillds. .up.. *t'; 30'. V Cltemical, Section; and that is one reason1 for choosing, tone'g- pressures, etc Let us; now . consider some . iect explosions originating at pressures other. actual results from these papers. What open than atmospheric.' ' ' , vent - ratio is;, needed for- example, to keep, In . 1933,' published. two . bench The' first, by mark papers; were the1 Department of . the resultant priasure' dbs.7sq. in.? The-answers from ; exceeding"72 are:v Agriculture; covered venting of; explosions-. For a '."mild''. dust. explosion 1 sq. fti. of in ..grain, dust and starch'dust, bothin air. " vent for each 66 to.70 cu. ft^. .... ; This paper was the result of; continuing . For. a-"severe"; dust explosion 1 .sq. ft ;work;'since, the first -report oh /dust .explo of vent for each 16 to 18 cu: ft '. sions by the U,S. Department of Agrictilture.. .^ For 'an "optimum acetone -mixture 1 sq/ ft *. ..to the National Fire Prevention Association of vent for each 6 to7 cu. ft : in 1922, The second,- by the Bureau of Mines, discussed experimental work done, cooper-. Why -did j.-select-2' lbs./sq. in-?-'Because fatiyely. with. the Western Electric Company... that is,288 ibs./s`q. ft and the resistance: of oin venting'explosions .of-acetone'vapor-in . typical structural walls to lateral pressure' ' air; .The Department'of Agriculture work,, (10'; x 10'panels), determined by: the dead reported on tlife pressures. that. could ..build. / load, method' bf the. Biireau-. of Standard^;, up with' various dust, concentrations in a is about .'as follows; -... ;.*-t : .closed, bomb and iij.; structures with open 8' .thick high, BtrengffiHsHl^''",'-'12S;''.''.'''i;tB'*' ..-ventsv The Bureau of.'Mines .AVork reported . similarly on pressures in a'closed bomb and.' a bomb with open vents but'then continued' 8" thick medium strength .brick 8" thick medium strength ' brick (best workmanship) ... a ; go-' ; on to investigate the-different, situation that 8? thick-clay tile ... 8* thick concrete block 40 to U 35 ' ' existed when :thc vents , were closed .with 3 7/8*. thick glass block 91 . diaphragms made of various thicknesses of . 3* thick-vermiculite between sheet steel, panels 227 *. aluminum,'tin and-leiid.'. 10" thick 2`i' concrete block . with; 2* air space . - - 50 ' . * " The above two papers, botli . now - old 8 1/2* thick 'reinforced brick ... enough to vote on. November 3, 1964, give with tile backing Wood frame . 203 ,273... . * . .adequate background and formulae to. per- JO* thick reinforced ' ' mif safe design of buildings and tanks-to - concrete panels ... .. -130 . resfst explosion when the protection is by ' This: means to me tliat^vcnting must,'ex '; means -of open '.vents. Tins' is-not,. however; - cept iri. the case .of,. reinforced' concrete . or , a-practical, approach in most cases, although specially designed structures; be. adequate . N.F-P.A. Standard No. '652. on magnesium ' tci keep the-explosion pressure below 2 -lbs./ pow'dcr plants, suggests that., two. walls of .: sq.; in. In fact, ;for most- 8" masonry struc-. any pulverizer room be constructed of doors turcs,- it' should l>c kept below '1 lb./sq. -inch. . that may be., kept open during operations, and'modem design, of chemical plants and .some dust-producing ' pian.ts emphasizes . I Why am I hot more precise and why-do not recommend venting to limit the pres-, : weather-proofing-of equipment and its in-: stallation in. the open to-bypass the probr lems of explosion venting. '. sure to a certain fixedper cent of .the. wall test pressure?. Now we are getting, into the area where-venting becomes more of an art .than a-science. At this point, I will only . Until 1950, it Was general practice,* al- point out- that the .Bureau . of Standards', ". though the limitations of.the procedure were test applies a dead weight while explosion -well recognized, to tisc pressures reached by loading . is a transient where' inertia plays \ .explosion . tests in equipment Having open. a considerable part so thai-.a mathematically ;... vents as a design. basis. for venting buildings correct expression, would - involve . functions' : using weitk. wsllsy -glass areas,' hinged. sash--- of the dead weight wall resistance,.the max . and- .doprs and similar closed vents, .Even- . imum possible pressure in .a-closed |>omb test, .. tually, however, the effect .of verit closures the maximum rate of pressure rise,; tlie . . oh resultant -pressure for dust explosion's . ratio Of vept area to volume and the ratio was investigated by the Bureau of Mines ; (possijbly Weighted) of: the-inertia of- the . and the results were published iq- 1946. vent, closure- to. !the inertia, of the'- fixed; Up. to this point, I. have intentionally section of-: .the wall. Adequate .research' on omitted' specific figures on cencentrat.ions, this, complex interrelationship has not .been : .- 31 19.64 National'Safety Congress done.'However, .there are other , factors of are-of the type that swing shut.after re-, great practical importance... lieving pressure, the rapid cooling of the hot First, let us consider the factor of con combustion gases" remaining in the building, centration. In theBureau of MinesReport- may cause an external pressure of as. muth. on acetone, it was indicated that an -open.-' ai? 800 p.s.f.g. For this reason,-, as'well'as: to vent ratio of 1 to 6 oh 7. was needed to keep have open .vents to relieve aiTsecondary . ex the resultant pressure' below 2 pj.f.gl How plosion, venting devices, such as doors,'hinged' ever, this .was for a mixture-of' 54 per windows and; swinging, panels; require stops.. cent .acetone, vapor by. volume in air. The. tb: hold them -open whenever they operate. fower .explosive. limit; for- upward -propaga- . - - At this point, it seems in'ordei*'to take'Up tion of ^n'.'-acetone. explosion . with spark , the"-matter of increase in pressure caused by ignition/is- about' 2.15 per . cent A 3 per, vent closures; The. Bureau of Mines' report cent mixture gives-a ;good explosion but- a on acetone explpsions-is not pertinent, in this . vent ratio of 1 - to 52theld-. the-pressure to case. because the tests were'designed to exf. 2 p.s.f.g. This hieans, practically, that'it is- amine the venting of heavy equipment- and not necessary-to consider the worst possible. pressures examined were 'in `the 5 to 70 ' situation' when designing .explosion' venting .' per square inch gauge .range; because the worst- possible situation is dif ficult to obtain when trying tq test for it The; 1946 .Bureau -. of Mines report on under laboratory conditions and-'is practi relief vents, as related to dust explosions,-is. cally impossible to obtain under field cpqdi-tions. Certainly the overpowering- order, .of acetone at even .1/2 of its -lower explosive good, but the authoritative report is. one made in 1950,-again by the Bureau of Mines,' tifled ^Pressure-Relieving.Capacities .of- Di limit would have prompted workers to open.' - windows- and doors, turn, on -fans- and wash down spills , long before' ah entire work room could be filled-with, even a lower", limit mixture. .At any rate* such a supposi aphragms and Other-Devices: for Venting Dust Explosiohs," The data and conclusions, in tiiat report are - equally applicable to vapor explosions. This material; is*.published in N.FJP.A. Standard No. 68 and . I- have, tion'is necessary tp' justify the thinking-that vent ratios of from 1 -to 35 to 1 to 60`are adequate-.for most flammable, liquid ex posures.. This, of couyse, although the fact included the table . and , charts which', cover,; as you will note,- dnly: frangible materials or materials which will blow completely out of , a` vent.- Use of-Vent 'Closures of* cither - of I is sometimes overlooked, means - that .auto- . these types does .away w*th` the problem of mated operations require cit'her.a more strin gent approach to explosion - venting pr'.me- ' keeping" the vents peri: to avoid- secondarydamage becauto of the vaepum.effect. There' chanical-devices, su.ch as flammable vapor indicators, to substitute for the: absent work men as' detectors of - incipient hazardous is, however, the disadvantage that the'entire closure,-or fragments of it; may become dan gerous projectiles. This is-more of .a problem conditions. Such mechanical- devices can start- ventilating. fans or sound alarms as with, materials such as glass; rigid paper laminates and metals, and less; serious with 'conditions may indicate. . materials that are-flexible-or which tear' in The factor of concentration .with respect place. A piece of cardboard can. be:'scaled quite , a distance but a piece of. paper must-lie to dusts is somewhat different Dust cloudshave-no detectable tipper - explosive limit, but usually the cloud that is ignited is near -" folded into an airplane shape before it-can be thrown very far. ' ' ', the. -lower limit. This produces a mild,, . One common- vent sealer is, of .course easily-vented.explosion but also stirtf up any single strength window glass;. However,, be dUst lying on the floor or' shakes down that cause of projectile danger, its use is less fre on- overhead surfaces.. Ah explosion in this quent than it used to be. Where.it can be secondary dust cloud or in a similarly formed used with reasonable' safety, as where win tertiary cloud is usually much more severe dows face toward an embankment, or a blank because the cloud is larger. However, the Wall, scoring the glass diagonally will reduce , first explosion will have displaced -vent the pressure at' which it ^-ill relieve. When closures so subsequent explosions occur -with this is'done, it must be remembered that the- open .vents. Incidentally, the- Bureau of effect is a function of the sharpness of thc 'V Mines points put that. when vent closures at the bottom of the scratch and that the 32 . . Chemical Section . silicates in glass'are just sufficieiitly soluble, speeds may be up to SO times' greater when., so .that continued wetting with , rain and the ignition source' isf remote from the vent dew will cause 'the scratch to heal, that is, than when.it is; less .-than, three' hydraulic assume a ;U'.shape/ so .that'over, a .period' diameters away, '".This, effect .was. reported- .of five to ten years scored glass'will regain previously. by the 'Bureau-'of"hlmes: as 'a. most.qiE'.its original'strength. . . 1 qualitative matter but the equation ahd'.thc..- Implicit, in' thp above remarks' concerning frangible and blow-out .vent closures is' the assumption'that each individual .device doses .onlyNa relatively .small opening. Individually mathematics first appeared in theEhglish ytorfL. Recognition; of this effect has .res suited in requirements ifiseveral N.F.P.A. "Standards. For'example. No. 656 oii-"Spice large clentires are almost invariably .of the . blow.-out panel or swinging panel (or door) design; With small closures, the .consideration ;'o designing them to remain closed during Grinding Plants" requires that no parf-of'a grinding room be fartiier from a .veint `than. 1.1. times the least horizontal dimension of .' the room.-.' high winds (explosions .should operate.them In a rather- rambling fashion,-I; have .now but'winds should not) is.a relatively small. covered background information With : re- ... . problem. However,' as vents increate in size spect' to strength', of structures; explosion', the:need-.to design ..them, for an; internal pressures, relieving capacity of vents.,and ioadof.25 to 30 lbs.'?er square foot without factors affecting -vent selection, and location.. : opening, pretty well:eliminates the possibility Now I would like, to give a few specific in-., of using, paper, and - flexible plastics; Vent stances illustratingTmqd.CTirpractice'.iri de-' closures thus become large, and rigid and ' sign, of explosion relief' facilities for 'btiild- operate by; moving as units rather than by ihgsi ..In thq publication "Occupational. rupture, or.'by pulling away from their fas Hazards" for June 1961,.there-was a report; tenings. sis they stretch. With''closures' of of' a hydrocarbon vapor .explosion in a de this type; .the' inertia ,of the- unit tends to velopment laboratory of'the Dow Chemical become the, most important measure of. its Company at'Midland, Michigan. The, area, . e'ffectiveness.'- Vents of this nature:-, which was; ."surrounded,", vent' ratio unspecified; have a relatively high'mass, .and therefore' by panels , of f.barrted "self-extinguishing"., a. high' inertia, can be1 used only when'thfe polystyjeqe... Ten..--to-12 panels '.blew, -out- explosion to be vented is one that has' .a and : others meltec) in .the- subsequent. fire. relatively/.low rati of pressure . rise. My Explosion damage was nil, physics p'rofessor. some 37 years ago, forced : Use. of foamed plastic for such, a purpose me-to learn that F equals; M x'A (force .is relatively new,.' The panels' are light ' equals mass times acceleratiSn) and- prom- weight s have low inertia; tfocy are good -ised'tbat if I would .remember it,-aHprbb- .for. thermal - insulation and they .have low lems- would be clear to: me.. For vents' ,of mass so they do not,fly far.and- what they: thijl nature he was entirely'correct' The next hit, they hit. gently. , j ' time .anyone tries to talk you into, a counter- weighted' hinged vent,- remember :. inertia, F=MA.;'smile in'a 'superior fashion, say' . "no" arid mean it ' When Parke,- ' >avis. & Company ..built a new plant in Holland, Michigan, in. 1961, . exterior, wails :-were designed, to give ex plosion-relief venting ,iti- ratios varying from With' respect to safety, large; vents that' 1-fo 30 to 1'to 80. Walls .consist of con-'1 move as.a unit are probably better than the Crete grids with openings- about T, I* by. small, frangible closures such as glass, Be-. ,1V 7*. The openings are closed with 1/16": . cause'of .their greater mass, they will' .travel thick cellulose butyrate plastic bowed! with farther, particularly if they plane, but they the convex surface.toward the exterior'and are very much fewer in number. ' caulked in place. The bowing affords good, . 'Another point' about explosion venting that. ' has been investigated is the effect of rela tive location of the vents'. English work...at the Fire Jjtescarch Station, Boreha'm Woods, Hertshire; reported in 1959'uhder the title wind resistance.' This seems like an excellent design but. I know of. no field experience with, it': Incidentally, this was reported, .with pic- tures; ip the January, 22, 1962, issue of "Chemical Engineering." "Reliefs for Gaseous .and Vapour Explo The Eastman-Kodak Company' uses arj sions"' indicates that' pressures and .flame -insulated metal wall for' explosion relief in' 33 1964 National Safely. Ctinyrcss areas where temperature., and. sweating.must; ' keep the hydraulic radius of the vapor space be controlled.- The .panels, are mounted in . -as near - unity as possible with respect to metal;frames and held'in 'place by bolts or container length. Thet-eason is that: ignition pins'of such design and number' that-- the of- -.a combustible mixture. at.' one end .of a;, panels will blow out at an internal pressure pipe will cause -compression of the .iin- of about 30 -p.s'.f.gl The top of each , panel . ignited .mixture further along the pipe. When: is connected to the building structure by a" the. heat. of.--.compression causes'.ignition of chain having ; considerable . slack. /'This last this compressed mixture, pressures of. up to. feature is, of course," to. minimize the chalice . 700 to 800 p.s.i.g., can readily/result. .'Ther'e- -of;personal injury.*.- fore, the"tank -designed ..-to,: contain an ex The. Manufacturing Chemists' Association plosion must look as little .like a' pipe-.as publishes, . ,as you probably know, case "his- : possible. . -. .`tones of'.accidents, reported by-members.' . When. it comes to making the entire, end - ..Case History No,- 994. reported successful of the tank an explosion vent; this -is cer- operation, of explosion venting. When I. . tairily; not advised,Tor horizontal tanks. Not'' asked for more details, I. was told that'the only, would . the- .burning. - contents be .dis .explosion relief - construction consisted. c>f charged violently .but . the tank body would 1/2* / thick : corrugated asbestos -.cement have-a tendency. to rocket - With vertical panels 4' X 8' attached to the stfcel beams, tanks, - however, .use; of- a. cone roof with a of the building using: "Top Seal" explosion ..weak scam where .the .roof Joins the.shell relief -bolts; 3" Icing x 3/10"..diameter with will - provide satisfactory . explosion relief, . 3/8*.heads, 3/4" neoprene coated aluminum provided that the tank , is so .located;-that washers: Under stress, the washers1 gave and/, neighbors -will, not some day call ,upt and in thiscase, the siding' fell off intact, This ask that the strange tank ^roof on their particular fastening system is made by the.' property be retrieved by its rightful-owner. Fabricated .`Products Division'of the Town Tri this,'respect,.construction of a cone roof- send Company, West Newton, Pennsylvania. , tank in accordance wifhVthe standard of the The job'.assigncd me back last spring was Ariicrican- Petroleum Institute-.will. auto-' to discuss explosion veiling of , buildings matically result in a tank with-a'.weak roof arid tanks.-With respect to tanks, there is to shell, seam. Where dome roof tanks are iittle I- can say.- The 'previously mentioned concerned, satisfactory results,have been ob-; Bureau of Mines Report ori acctpnc vapor, . tained by-grinding down the top peripheral explosions arid work .done by .Cousins and ' weld.. -. - Cotton in ' the. Factory. Mutual Engineering . Ii.i summary,.roost,<}f the basic.work/on. Department"Laboratories in 1950 arid re- explosion venting was done- in the 1930's- pbrte/1 by them to -the/Agierican Society .of \ and..1940's-.; ' . _ .." " Mechanical -. Engineers in'., 1951 as Paper - Best current - thlnk-ing^wiih - respect - to l^o. 51 -PRl -2 both indicate that tank-rupture building venting results inTisc'of can be avoided/only by making, the tank.' li Concrete-grids scaled .with. blow-out strong enough' to contain an explosion,'which sheets of plastic. . ,, . '. means designing., it to contain, about 100. p.s.i.g., or by' making the entire end of the. tank- anr-explosiori vent or by some- inter-- . 2. Structural plastic. frames'seglcd with foamed mtdidte .combination of the two. Design, 3/ Insulated or uninsulated panels attached to iontain is' used-`in rare cases where the to ^structural frames by specially designed cheaper approach . of -keeping the yapor , fastening's. .- . space inert is' riot practical. When contain- - - 4.'- For tanks, design to'efiontairi or use art m'ent is used, the design must bc.-such; as to. A.P.-I. cone roof tank. '. ' 196-1 National Safety Conyrcs.t PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS By D. W. FLAGLER Supt. of. Maintenance, Davison Chemical Div., W. R. Grace & Co., Bartow, Fla, When organizing a plant operation, man' agement, among numerous objectives, such as showing a profit, usually desires to set-up a preventive maintenance program and an accident prevention program. Today we will discuss the relationships of these two pro grams. First of all, let's define preventive main tenance as a method of controlling outages of equipment so that they occur at the most advantageous time for operations and main tenance. A polite term for a "breakdown" is an "unscheduled equipment outage." Plant design can help a program of pre ventive maintenance by building into the plant in-place spares and by-passes so that equipment can be repaired while the plant is operating. The degree of maintenance always must be at some point between the absurd extremes of Tiaving a complete 'spare plant, and rc- pairing everything after failure. In the final analysis, this degree of .maintenance is what management wants and for what it is willing to pay. The closer operating factors are desired.to 100 per cent, the more spare parts must be carried in inventory; the higher the caiiber of supervision and workmanship, and the higher the numbers of maintenance people, and the total hours spent on the job. Economically, management must be willing to settle for something less than perfection. Total preventive maintenance, which means dismantling each piece of equipment at fre quent and regular intervals, is something few plants can afford because of excessive down time and excessive labor costs. Practically, the program arrives, through experience, at classifying equipment into groups which need inspection at daily, weekly, monthly, or semi-annual intervals. When equipment is scheduled for inspection sufficient time must be allowed to make such repairs .as may be needed, or sometimes a temporary repair until parts and time are available. The experienced maintenance man, what ever his title, will make daily trips ^.by the equipment for which, he is responsible. He will use his skill, and experience, and his senses -of hearing, sight, smell and touch to anticipate the condition of most machinery quite accurately and will know., fairly well what to expect when the equipment* is dis mantled. He should have on hand, or know where to quickly obtain, the parts and ma terials he will need for the repair. Most maintenance men seem to have the inborn instincts of a "pack rat" and by overordering spare parts usually manage to ac cumulate enough material to put together whole assembled units. This procedure not only reduces down-time for repair/ but also allows the rebuilding of assemblies as fill-in . work. Needless to say, when maintenance super visors are assigned so much paper work, ex-, pected to attend so many meetings, and re quired to talk to so many visitors that they rarely visit the plant, the preventive main tenance program is bound to be ineffective. So far we have been talking about material things. Now let's apply this same type of thinking to accident prevention to the wel fare of human beings. . While 'management will evaluate a pro-. ventive maintenance program and go on record as to. the operating factor they expect--which may be as low as 60 to 70 per cent in a multi-product plant which can economically, switch to an alternate product temporarily; when it comes to accident pre vention, the position must .always be that only 100 per cent performance is acceptable. It follows that accident prevention means that we will attempt, in every way, to con trol the unscheduled event resulting in per sonal injury or worse, which we term an "accident." Plant design can help an accident preven tion program by building into the plant all possible safeguards. 50 v OFFICERS OF '*vV : *A-;. v ;* . < : CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 `'sc* \- :.t General Gftairmaw--Ji.J: - Pradulos, Safety Mgr, National Distillers and' Chemical .Corp,. New Yorfc, N.Y. 'v V . :/ Vite Chairman In Ctt&rgc 'of Program--*H. \V.-fiiAPty Jk;, ' Suptig.. Chemical: Engr, The. . Travdcrs'Insurancc: Co., Hartford, Conn.' Secretary--J. -N. Rom we,. Safety Engr,'Research Development,, Phillips Petroleum. Co.,. Bartlesville,, Okla. "'/v..'. Laboratory and : Pilot Pipitt: Sub-Seclioh--JL. Li-y Stout . (Chairman)',. Safety Engr., Lbs Alainosi Scientific Lal>oratbry,I.os' Alamos,-N.,; Mcx.; L/ C; WeOer (ChairmanrElcct), ~Safety Djiy, .'Research '.:'Ccntciv''Monsantb.- Coi; ".St;. Louis,; Mo, ;. Hi. S.' Brasted /(Secrc-.'. tary)'. Safety ;& Secuyity Coordinator, Merck,-Sharp'fe-Dolitnc,- Research-Labs, Rahway, . S.J: ; ; '' .'V.'. ^ N'euitletter Committee--IX. T. Smith (Chairman), Supt/PTotoCtion Div,>. E,I.' duPont -de. Nemours & Co., Inc.,- Penns Qrove, Nj.j H; A. Voi.js,/Safety Dir.; Cillery Chemical ' 'Co, Muskogee, Okla.; A. P. Ostj, Corporatc Safety Engr,'Chas.. Pfizer & Co.; Inc., . ' - .New York, NiY,' . .... ; ../I. V;-; Engineering. Committee--M. ~ Krii(orian- (Chairman),-. Corporate..Mgr. of. .Safety and Medical, Brunswick Corp, .Qiicago," III.; J, B, Black/Safety Officer, Public.Health Service, Washington, D.C.; P. J, McDbNbur,u, Mgr; of'Loss Preventioti-Chemicals, Olin . ` : Mathiescrfi Chemical Corp, New York,-N.Y.; :W.; LAUfiERriACKj Safety Director, Texas; ,- Eastman Co., Longview, Texas;; J. Snyopr, Safety Mgr.; Merck & Co, Inis, Rahway, W.J. Public ReSatiomCommittee--ii. 'Krj.iy <aiairman),.Safety: Ehgr, Union Carbide Corp, New--. York, N.Y.; *J/R. Bou.man, Safety Dir.; Procter & Gamble Co.; Ivorydale, Ciniinnati, Ohio, ' 1 h '-'-V Training Aids .Cpmmittee--A. L. Klinc (Chairman), Director of Loss Prevention, Olin; Mathidson Chemical Corp.,- New'York;. N.Y;-; A, MiMS, Safety Engineer,' Procter & . . , Gamble Co,' Ivorydale, Cincinnati, Ohio; R, H. Samy HanfordLaboratories, General' Electric Co, Richland, Washes J. V. Savekcqol; Coordinator of .Safety & Lo'ss Preven: . tion. Allied Chemical Corporation, Morristown, NJ. . ;yi'' Health Committee--J.'A,.HoudHTON-.'(Co-Chairman), Stipyr.,:'Industrial Chemical Service,' Liberty-Mutual. Insurance Co, 'Boston,. Mass..; Ei Li; Ai.PAUCri;. (Co-Chairman); Supvr,. : -Industrial. Hygiaie Service, Ifttcrnatiorjal HarvesterCq./Chicagb, III;; R. E. Hawkwson, i,,. '! . ' j ! . .t * 'Teehnirat .Publication CommitU'.c--\\r. Si WIoti (Chairman), Safety Engr, Sun Oil- Cb;, ''.'Marcus Hook, l*a'.; *M. A. S.VEix, Siijivr.'' of 'rcchnic;il Services, Hartford Accident &' : Inir}iannity,, Co., 'Hartford, Conn.;'E, Cevens, Safety'Mgr.-, . Aerojet-General-.Corp,.- Azusa; Calif.; C. MacDiakmid, Senior.Chcinist, IVdymcr Cor(ioration; Sarnia, Ontario, Canada' ' ' - " . so i. .j ,.. .'! T L A.SiVf Membership. Committee--V. C, Lamb (Chairman), Safety'Adm>i I-cvcr Bflos.-Co., New . . York, N..Y-.; F. C-.. Gautosh, Assistant to. the.'General Mgr.,. Sherwin-Williams Co,, . V Qiicago, Ili.; W. J.. Rackin', Division.Safety Engineer, 3M Co., St. Paul, Minnesota '.Statistic's Analysis and Safety Awards' Committee--Wi K. Gibson (Chairman),' Safety- /' ' "Owrdinator, Union Carbide Corp.,''New.'York; N.Y.; F. E.-Macaulay, Safety Siipvr., Wyandotte'Chemicals Corp.,-.Wyandotte,-Mich. ' ` - Off-the.-Job'Committee--G.-H;. Mentor '(Chairman)',' Safely -Engineer,.: Bristol.; Division t>i 4-I{ristoi-Mycrs Co,',Syracuse, NiY.; C. 'M.`Oi.so'N,. Supyr.,..Health & Safety,'Eastern . Ciicmical 1 Division, Hooker. Giemical Corp.; Niagara Fails, N.Y.; A. Wilson, Div.-yT . Safety Manager, Dow 'Chemical'Co., Midland, Michigan ; D. .M. Van Wet.f.n, Safety Coordinator, Stauffer Chcmic.il Co;, New York,. N.Y;. . }: '. . Staff Representative--G. S;iiiii.BV, .National Safety. Council, ` -cagoll,,111. ' ^ v. -v ' Nv Michigan Avc.; Cfii- 'educational Liaison Committee--American-Chemical.Society': *H. II, Fawcett .(Chairman). / National AcadcmyofScicn<;cs,'\Vas!iiiigton;D.C. "j ` Manufacturing Chemists Assoeialionf-Q.-fj. F^EMiNf;,, Dir; of. Safety'and I'lant Prdtcc.'. <tion, Cclaijcsc Gorji.pf Anicrica, Charlotte,-N.C.-;': - .Scientific Apparatus Makers Association--}R. (rvinc, Executive'Secretary, Scientific' . Apparatus Makers Association/Chicago, Illinois `American Nurscs' Association-?-\[v.s.- A.'KCoirer, R. N., Supervising .Nurse, l'ahst Brew*. .' ing.Co;, Milwaukee, .Wis/ American Material Handling.Society*--E. V.' CeaRcey, Safety Engineer, Eastman Kodak. Ca, Rochester, N.Y. ' ' . f' ... -. `American Inst. iof. Chemical IZngincers-^-H.'W. ftA i*i',-Jr., .Supvg;. Chemical-Eng*, The ..'-'"s''' Travelers Insurance Co.,''Hartford, Conn. `` i .-7-r *. .American^Society< of Safely lingineers^A. H. Christian, Cc>n>oratc Safety Engr., Aiheri- can Viscose Div., FMC Corp.,.Philadelphia, I'a. ... ' . ! I '. ' : ./rdrro/.-G'oi'rrmnrn/ Liof.roii--F^ At^Van: Atta, riejiuty Director, Offic.c"/f ;Occtii/ttional ; ./ 'Safety, Bureau of Labor-Standards, Washington,-IXC.-. * _ " ' ' ./' . Nominating; Committee--*C,. .R. Cummings.(Giairman), Head, Safety and Industrial .. i 'Hygiene' Dept.,- Eli Lilly & . Co., Indianapolis, Ind.; *E. R. Wai.lace, Senior Safety Engine, Safely and Fire Protection, Eastman Kodak Co;, Rochester/N,Y,; *H. H. Fawcett,-National Academy of-Sciences, Washington, D.C. ' .; . ., - Research and Planning Committee--*Se F. Spence (Chairman), Dir.,,'Safety and Loss .' Prevention, American Cyanamid. Co., Wayne, NJ,.; *f<. II. Ai.bi.sker,,Div. Safety Mgr., ,. Merck &; Co., Inc, Rahway, N.J.; *E; J';- Meyers, Asst.- Mgr., Safety & Fire Protection ; Div.,' E.. L du Pont de,Nemours &' Co., .Inc., Wilmington, Del.; *G> ,L. Gorbf,i.i,. Mgr.,. -SfNaitffepttyv.'aanndii PFitrrep PPrro/itlpeMctiionnn}' ^Mifonnnsca'inntlo/i TCoa.1', St. TLo/utiitse, \Mfrdl ^'/''' . *.' . .- -. /. '.'..j.--.-.-..-. ' . ' - * * .`idAsury Committee--AS; M. MacC^utchfwn (CliaiJman) j'lWiist.-Director,' Corjiot and Loss-.Prevenfion', Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mioh.; *!J. E.. NrcHoi.b,. , . Safety, Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond, Va.;- *A. h. Own, Dii;, of-Industrial Safety,' l-^Mniiin; Krxlak Co., Rochester, N.Y.; >J. J. Wii'ai.en; Safety Supervisor, Solvay P'njccssd'>ivisioii,.AIIicd'Clictn'icaI Corp;;; Sy-racusc, ,N.Y., , .j ; ..- il .- . `Past General Chairmanfib. "-'I, ^-^**0 J ~-w L- JI . .1" % Off-lhe-Jbb Safety Committee--Robert L. Freeman (Chairman), Supv., Maintenance & Engineering, Hooker Chemical Corp., Phosphorus Biv., Houston, Tex.; D. W. Flagler, Supt., Maintenance, W. R. Grace and Co., Bartow, Fla.; Norman D. Fouseh, Production Mgr., Farmers Chemical Co., Joplin, Mb. Awards Committee--R. J. Murphy (Chairman), Safety Dir., Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co., Nichols, Fla.; J. Lauren Shopen, Safety Dir., Consumers Cooperative Assn., Kansas City, Mo. Industrial Hygiene Committee--E. D. Kingsbury (Chairman), Regional Production Man-, ager. Federal Chemical Co., Louisville, Ky.; W. H. Tillery, Employee Relations Supv., Nitrin Inc., Cordova, 111.; W, Joe Sandoval, Safety Dir., J. R. Simplot Co.,-Minerals & Chemical Div.-, Pocatello, Idaho House and Reception Committee--Grayson B. Morris (Chairman)* Mgr., Production & Construction, Cooperative Fertilizer Service, Inc., Richmond, Va.; J. D. Randall, Dir. of Safety, F. S. Services, Inc., Bloomington, ill. - Association Committee--William S. Ritnour (Chairman), Secy. & Treas., National Plant Food Institute, Washington, D. C.; Zenas H. Beers, Exec. Vice-Pres., Agricultural Ammonia Institute, Memphis, Tenn.; Sidney H. Bierly, General Manager, California Fertilizer Assn., Sacramento, Calif.; Marshall E. Petersen, American Mutual Insur ance Alliance, Chicago, III.; W. Harold Schelm, Exec. Dir., National Fertilizer Solu tions Assn., Peoria, 111. `' Fire Protection Cmnmittee--Mike C. Ellison (Chairman), Plant Protection & Safety ' Dir.,, Mississippi Chemical Corp., Yazoo City, Miss. ... - * Chaplain--Mike C. Ellison, Plant Protection *& Safety Dir., Mississippi Chemical Corp., * Yazoo City, Miss: -* 1 Staff Representative--Ray F. Smith, National -Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Avc., Chicago, III. 60611 1964 National Safety Congress Transactions Volume 7 COAL MINING NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL I 425 N. "Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 ___ 7'- V . >. : V - - 'J... 1 ; 7 :* *':*:*v,-r ` :b . \t . j *7 . /. . 52hd NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS ; Papers Presented in the ! ; COAL MrNING SESSIONS .1; CONTENTS: ...r I `j- '.-3' Human, Factor* Behind Accidents.... ',J':'M. (J. Eninaer . 5. _ Safety Isa Matterof .Decision . ... E.M.Carter 10 Planned Multiple .Scarp Mining' /... . fC. D. jfow/rng. .13 ' Coal .Mine Fire Protection,-BetMeHem Mines Corp. . Fire' Prevention Training .at the. Ireland. Mine. \ H. Giumbach .'..17 ... ,fohn Zitlio - 21.. . Longwall Mining; 'Advantages and Disadvantages . . ^WprdPadgctt 26 . M.D.Rdsi 27 V tr. Officers of the Coal Mining Section . I ?64-65:.-. - V Piter Sharpi 29 ' * . *, ' . Joshua Smith '3l : - 7.7>v36.:, Other Volumes in 1964 National' Safety Congress Transactions . , .Back Coyer .. / . /. , IWJ i-'7'.' v :4'-. L . >* * 0 . : :{.v\ V .* , 1964 NationqlSajciy Congress caution, ability tb use judgment, ability, to, alert to hazards. They cause people to be-. `reason--all these! tend .to suffer- in propor . come . "wrapped '.up"', in., themselves,-' preoc-' tion to thp degree`of intoxication, fatigue, ; copied with thoughts unrelated to .the work- or illness. . ` on band/.Whfen. stick meritil states prevail,- Npn-tempotary physical conditions' (hat. men are' very .susceptible to unsafe,actions. may influence'unsafe`actions, include visual ' They don't hear signals or warnings. They -defects, hearing defects,- chrbnic illnesses,- assume hazardous positions without realiz poor' coordination, malnutrition effects, and ing what they are doing. They act median-, many btliers. Ma'ny such conditions arc.cor- . ically. and' often, blindly.- In extreme cases, rcctible, either completely or'to. an. appreci '.'they seem almost oblivious to'what is.going able degree,-when given professional diagno ori around them-.'' ' sis and-treatment. . It is difficult to. estimate, how many jeei- :'Z. Menial conditions influencing' unsafe ' dents.-are caused by abnormal or. deficient actions Mental conditions that may caiisc ' physical.'and'mental, conditions.' That's partly or influence unsafe-actions- include prcoc-l ijccause'-'accidcnt'investigatSons arc generally cupatiftri with .'feelings 'of - hostility `and; re- weak'in frying-to establish, such Underlying sentment; ynrries. about ltcnltli, marital af causes; and' also because.' such causes' arc fairs, money problems,;-and- other matters'; ' difficult- to.; establish with : confidence. day dreaming brought, on', by monotonous .work and personal frustrations; mental, dis-' abilities caused by-pifysical `conditions; and even temporary, mental disturbances. . Most safety-experts-agree, however, thatthe role of ;such physical, and mental condi tions in. causing Occidents,is greatly 'under estimated. Supervision needs to` be more All. .these conditions interfere with a'man's;' conscious of the relations between .accidents ability-to concentrate on"-fit's work and to be ' arid such physical arid merital .conditions. SAFETY IS A MATTER OF DECISION By e; m. carter . Safety & Protection Supervisor,.E.-1. du Pont de Nemours & Co, Inc, ' / ' Film Department, Old-Hickory, Tepti I stand-before you as a safety supervisor ' the communications field" because they have' who could be fane of. the most successful in' -.an' Injury, `frequency of ..only .1.(13," Unfor the. world except for ene tbing--rthat is ip-, tunately.- we can't solve our problems., by juries. wishful. thinking. ' .- But isn'ttliat thc'stqryof our lives-?' Nonfe It ; is 'said that, 'the basic -purpose of''.a of us, whether we are supervisors of produc safety management ...is .the preservation of tion qr.Safety Or even'if we are an -ordinary human resources, l^uc-- tb the widespread de-' -citizen driving along this-'highway, intend to .struction of property- and lives, because of; . have an. accident. In fact,' the. basis, of most accidents 'there'is no question `hut that , this- of our accidents is tire belief that tlic acci- - must be considered one'.pf'the; basic reasons ' (lent will; happen to someone clsci' safcty' Hbwever, after, one. lives through During.my `preparation 'for tlti.s talk- 1 naturally looked Over tire statistics -for the bituminous coal indtts|rics and -find that they ire one of -the highest in imiust.ry. `.After raccident, including the'.hospitalization or funeral, the suffering and heartbreak, as well as the- cost, one' rapidly comes'to thd.con clusion that - there', are1 many'.side'effects;. reviewing these'data .for many industries I ' which a successful' safety program can make .came to the conclusion that about the o.nly . most gratifying.- '1 safe'thing I could .do. to reduce'the. injuries There, is .tip' question that - all'-industries in this field would lie'to givO yott on? safety ' hav.c -made ":! major contribution' to .safety. ' ritl.e I-. "Get but of .this business and go into over the past 50 years. However,; wh?n we Y\r , . Coal Miningv .K rCacbtljc'.newspapers or review, the mo'st-.'re-\ industries are dangerous and hothiitg can .be cent accident- rates it- is obvious, .lhat ,we' (lone about it,:that there' will nattiraljy .be' lia.Vc- a Tong -way.`to. go. . occasional accidents,, .tliat'-tb say: accidents' I believe it. is -gcricrallj^true that the re cap be eliminated isjidle talk. duction of: industrial injuries"to "date 'has i- I would like to'refute tjiis' viewpoint.. I' ..been brought about mainly through engineer--... would, like to make the. statement which .may ' ' injj improvements.. By this: I mean 'that' in- seem ridiculous to- some of yop; that the .stallatiori of improved.'.equipment,- .'guards, nature'"of; the product..or the nature of the. procedures, safety rules, proper '-training,... operation has-little slf anything to do with drills,'-etc., have'been .quite effective in the .the.accident frequency.' Our company, makes reduction of injuries:'' ' . .. .'' ! high explosives. Corrosive acids,, nylon, yarn-; In our own.Company careful, study- reveals our people operate an' afomfc energy'plant;that approximately 88 per cent df rill injuries high pressure systems, Computers, and typearc .caused by -human error.' I am confident , Writers. Our safety performance shows that that'an analysis of injuries, in other compa- "in some of the most dangerous activities the . hies would- reveal similar figures.. Therefore;. .safety performance is best and in.-somc'of it is apparent that if we arc tom'akc further . the seemingly safest operations the per-. - substantial . reductions in injuries we must -formancc is'poor. '.. learn how to motivate, people, in such a'way . It .therefore follows that the .first tiling that: they will be determined to.work' safely.- .'that must'he* accomplished is-'to sipcercly. .1 am not .in-any sense, implying that' there., conclude that "accidents -can be prevented" should be -iess; emphasis on .improved, chgi- . regardless of. the type of. operation which nccrjng methods; in fact, I./eel this should we. may be engaged in. < ". . .~` be" pressed ..even harder. However, I am Examination .of. records, in any -activity, .emphasizing that the personal approach to I. believe/ will disclose.that a rclativcly.-small / the fndividuar.worker -is a must'if we arc to group of people have, nios't/df-'the'injuries " make substantial-improvement. .When there- while a la,rgc'portion of the work force have ': an injury-otic gets,little.satisfaction,from- few injuries. In every group..tfic majority thc; fact.'that.'.the. ijryurcd. man,'disobeyed, a.' of people .will.-wear"their- goggles'hut -you ' safety rule, instead of'blaming-it omthe.in- will consistently have difTicuIti* with.a'fcw. -. adequacy of. a guard;. Th'c. suffering to 'thc. ' people. These are the same people that-break individual anti'the cost to .Jhc'. Company -is other . rules. They" are-'.also probably the the same in-both eases, , '' sa'riie employees'-'wlio. have qn unreasonable . The /trsj.stcp in approaching, this problem; .'attitude about proccdurcs.' thc chronic, med i$ that the entire, organization must decide ical. section . visitor, the belligerent and utt- 'to have a safety./program-which will reduce cooperative -employee;-'the-chrome-; agitator;- accidcnis. This applies- tA all of.'us from the and';`tbc'"people'who" Consume most of the' - president of the Company' to the .lowest paid l.time-of the supersisor. Tlicse. .individuals are ." wage roll employee.-It. cannot' be obtained by' ' found everywhere in our- -sodety--in -indus- a .resolution passed`by top management' that "try,'in churches, and'schools' arid-.their.-be- hereafter'the'.plant'will operate safely.' If .0hayior' 'is hut an overt -expression of- a 'this were'true I am.sure that.-none-.of us, ' woeful lack of .proper motivation'and disci ''.would have any-'prpblcms..in'safety. * * pline.'' -' .One' of the greatest-.problems, is. that alt ;..'The' most alarmirig'bebavior' found in . of. us'.in-.suix:rvisbry positions arc not thor- '. these 'individuals'is that generally: speaking otigh'ly -sold ,that we should 'apply/ principles ' they have succeeded ;bcSt in evading their passed oh to us by top management.'./ ' . '.- responsibilities. The-supervisor fin'ds thaf the J.'jsaid earlier that in order, to reduce in easiest way to-carry, on', bis .job is to allow juries ..further we must learn-to riiotivatc- '.them .to continue.to-evade.their responsibili- people-, so/, tljat they will ijincerely want to .ties. This'of-course, increases their tendency Work. safely. I Would like to dwell primarily to progress along' this line.' They continue. on' this subject because.I think it,is the.most to disobey .safely', rules arid they continue to important.- The bafriers -'to-.'perfect safety' have injuries. <.- ' programs-, are psychological because we hrivc.s Mcdicql research has demonstrated that accepted the fact that- many.Organizations or perfectly healthy individuals put/.at bed rest II `t1 jr*' :S: - ' 1964,National Safely Congrets ' -,..',, ;- " ' .-'"t.,.-" - , V' ^ * m1 ' / , -.will-begin to deteriorate physically in a 'short.- . -visor and 'OpcratOr before the a'ccidcnt liap;*-.. ' time. ,Oii the other hand' exercise' and >yorfc. pens are much more valuable ' safety - rules will increase stamina. The same principle 1 than those placjed in . the. books as' an-alibi , applies' li'e'rc... .:If) .these indjviduais .are en-. after an accident '-.- . cobragedand forccdJ-;if 'yqu wil|,. to accept .. I-am sure:.tbat many of-you. will imme-. ' - their responsibilities and'to' respect discipline diatcly have the impression that I' have usl they aiso will tend togrqw stronger as good . harsh words''in describing' somcof the ele 'employees. ments of'a successful 'safcty program.. I am . These individuals'.who cause .us the great;. also siire. that .many of you. will' feel that. '' .. -. cst problems in-safety cannot be spotted'iii a 'crowd and they cannot-, be described by : theirshape, size or personality and, contrary this is totally' impractical: in present, dayterms of getting along with one another. -and having a gQod..b^ip.toyec.!ce!atidns^ pro-' ' to commoii beliefs; their, behavior' is nbt.'.due 'to heredity, or. conflicting instincts; or'to.material, insccurity.' or world , tension, or ir-' . : . gram. but if ployee I . admit I' have used firm .procedures" I-were to-dcscmbe.a successful cm- relations program; even though. I am '' . . .*'' . 'regular shift work, nor by any-of-the com*. mon excuses. .The' simple answer is that they . / have been allowed to.continue their, activities certainly no expert in that'field,-I .believe I. would incorporate-most of'.the. things I'have >-.'. said in that program also.. without 'discipline- They haVe not properly ' History shows that successful men; are ' .'recognized authority,' nor are - they.- able to - constituted, .to-show/extremes'jh their nature.'. maintain a proper submission to authority.' Jesus, in his teachings, and.actions was a man ' '.' of .extremes. He drove the money changers . -.'.'Discipline is-the life blood of every or. ganization, the base' of every vital program-: out of. the temple and. yet. He was tender-, hearted when He .came to dealing with, a '. ; , : and enterprise...When .we permit employees to treat instructions.;as suggestions "whether 'dr not - these, instructions pertain to-safety .'or .quality, we are perpetuating'.the system' * that'produces'.problem'employees.. well, known sinner. A' good foreman will' inevitably be described-as a' fairand kindly man, blit firm-or .tough. So, in order to have .a successful program in 'safety.- you, too, must-Mbe a person of extremes.; " ' ' " . . We must keep our. work rules and safety . What I, have been trying to say. is that rules up to .(htte and insist that .they be fot- an' effective safety performance'.is "not a. - 'lowed. Supervision:should be'quick to recog- , matter' of ..luck or happenstance, but most ' ' .- jiizc. any .attempts' by employees to 'evade ' _ of all' it is a matter ed decision. ! thejr responsibilities. If . such attempts'.are " " promptly corrected the.' siipervisor gains: the .respect of good employees and -unsatisfactory .employees tend to . progress toward a In summary 1 would like to point, out ' : . briefly, tlie.essential ingredients of a success- ' fnl safety-program;'". ` .' more `satisfactory ievet.' Consistent .'and. in-' .. 1. Management must sincerely believe that -. sistent handling of.offenders will, bring about' .- injuries can and*, should be prevented. - a .state; pf `mental health.and buildan "esprit -.-' 2. Management-must have a sincere desire ,-' dc corps'' that-the group .Will-be proud of. ' ' to prevent all injuries. > After an. "accident, has happened it is-.too ' 3.. The,success or'failure of a,safety..pro-f. ' late, to prevent the injury, `although com-; ' granidepends .on 'line smtervision.'* . ' plete analysis of .the condition leading; to'th'e ' accident, is necessary- for the future. One . 4. The mttilre of the work lias little'-to. '.' . never-' can, devejon ,,a". good safety' per- do wilh safety performance. - .; formance by studying .past. history.-Therc- 5. A few-of . the people-have most of. the feire, a-philosophy of-'preventive safety'must- .injuries. ' lie developed, rather than after-the-fact cor.-" . rection.' ' 6.Everyemployee niust acccpt 'the rcspon- sibility for his owpi. safety. . '' " .An analysis of how the, operator performs the job'will pay'greater dividends-than a- . . 7. Effect'tve discipline promotes th'c orgaii- .thorough -Study, "of how- (he accident - hap- , ization's' health. !' ...' ,' ' pened. Safety .rules which' arc 'obtained by '8, Use preventive, safejy instead of after- ' ' reasoning, with the cooperation of. the siiper- thc-fact correction, ..- '. , 12.' .' ' ' " \.v i - . /- ' ?;;; ." ' .' ' . ' .'..' Coal Mining PLANNED MULTIPLE SEAM MINING ''./.;;; ' ' : By; C. D. BOWLING '/V . Plant Eng., Semet Solvay -Div., Allied Chemical Gorp., Longacre, W; Va.. 'The fiarewood - Mine .'of'. Semet-Solvay . The immediate roof is shale-but overlaid ; Division,- Allied Chemical. Corpi, is located , - with -rhassive-sandstone.; The.floor.is a firm, two miles east of , Montgomery, -.' W,. Va., ' gray shale. The .interval'between-.the . N.um- along' the Kanawha River. .The - Division, her 2 Gas and'Powejlton -varies between 20' hereinafter referred-'to as Semet, purchased ' . antLlSQ fee,t. \ ' ... .. ' ; the. Hare'wodd Mine from the; Kanawha '""Tlie-; PowelUbn Seam- vafies in -.thickness Hocking' Coal &' Coke Company. in .October ' between 38 anil 50 inches,'with a jtuniber of 1938. ;Tjic property consisted -of several .: slale partings throughout, the scam. Tlire roof leases -and tracts -of fee lands, with several varies' from a" shale' to a sandstone/with old mines located .on. them. Kanawha &. streaks of conglomerated shale and sandstone, . Hocking was- mining in the Eagle Scam and with a number of small concretions in (hem. its, tipple was-on'the Kanawha River, with' ' The floor is: soft.' shale .or fire clay which . a railroad siding-oh the New. York Central.;- disintegrates upon. contact' With water, and . Coke ovens were located- at the' plant arid in 'does not support pillar extraction very well. . adjacent townsites of Longacre andQarhon-'. The interval between the'PoweHton atjd. fhc dale.. Coal was Ibadcd into barges for; river Eagle varies from .120 to-160 .'feet.' ' .' -shipment and into railroad cars for shipment to coke; oyens.- The Eagle; seam varies in thickness from . . 35: to'.100 inches. The'35-inch scam is one'-; . The Eagle 1 Seam was being .worked- by. bench , of a-series th.it makes up, the . Eagle -hand, loaders arid had been' advanced..through'; . Seatn, In one area we minc the top two . a fault area where, the coal was relatively ; benches, and in another area -we mine the .clean. The-seam, thickness was,,.about' five .'irnttom two. benches.'" - feet. ' .-v'..' . The cover varies, from 0 to 1.000 feet or ; The Number 2 Gas Seam had bcen'wdrkcd :- mote. The mountains in our.arck-that'over extensively on the north side of the property, lie the above,'three coal.beds contain'a num- but .at .the 'time of purchase was-'not luring . Iter .of hatd'sandstone benches,; particularly, . worked.. This was due primarily to a large those above the Number 2 Gas bed. In some . thick rock. parting , which had. been en-. cases, the sandstone comes'down to the upper. ' countered in- the. seam. :Thc Same could be. split-of.*'the Number'2 Gas; '.The cover is said of .the old mine just easl. of. the Hare-. -such that it U ntit,uniform depth, due t'O wood Mine in the'"Eagle Seam. Heavy-rock,' .the vallcys aod;ridgcs in tlie 'arca. .' .which is high silica, sandstone, '..countered, and. the old mines had .bc.cn abandoned.-. \ had lxtch cn-. in. thisvSeanr ' The Number 2. Gas strata contains a num- ;:her' of- thick- sandstone, benches. ..The ini-.,, .'mediate roof is usually a '.hard,', gray shale. -'In 1938; .-Semet's--job- was primarily to and' makes a good immediate roof.; :Thc- rjof ' furnish coal ' to it.y'own by-pfoduct * coke.- '-.support in the Number .2 gas in. the. face area- ovens'and to'the lorii bieliive ovens. It'was consists of. roof bolting. A typical..section.' " decided that wy should install' a Chance consist of six headings on 75-foot centers cone deaningi-jflant ;to cleah the ,'4 x'A with.crosscuts ori .73-foot: centers. -The equip-! product.' Thej x 0 tmcleancd slack, was to 'ment dictates the number ;of. crosscuts :bc-, be '' fed' backend' blended into the cleaned twc.cti loading points., product...; Wth. an increase in-mechanization' it-became accessary to install fine coal clcan- \ If wp are loading with Loader/', we,'.usually , have an II three BU Joy crosscut's . ing in .1947.,;Deister tables Were installed to clean, the. Efx 0. ' f . between the loading- points. All of pur. sec tions load the coal from shuttle-cars'directly . The ' three scams presently being mined into -mine, cars. We- install. 60-lI. rails on , are Number 2 Gas, Powellton and' Eagle; wood ties on the loaded side and 60-lb. rails The Nurpbcr 2 Gas. .is flic ,top of the Series.. on s'teef ties on the. empty side. . If, smaller ' 13 \ ' 'L- J1964 National. Safety Congress : ..... . units are. used, such as l4'BU;Joy Loader, proximatcly SO pero cent, .while/ that of the ' .'then we/ have two "crosscuts between .the longwall is-smaller,- dcptmdihg'upon/the. size. " - loading points... We use the same! projections, face you established. 7r. in' the. Eagle. In'tliePowcIIton, the entries " In the'room, and piltar system of mining; are/60-foot centers and-crosscuts on-76-foot' centers, ' -/ winch-wt .basically' follow;, there, arc .two systems.' In some cases'! the lease a coal com-.. " In the Powclllon:'Seam the- immediate , pany has Will dictate /the system they'.will- roof 'varifes front a: sandstone to a gray/shale. use'.,If the Iease-rerjuires full extraction, and / .. It is. hard to describe the many changes we reasonably good, conditions, prevail, then'com- . have in-'Uih mdf' in this brie seam.; We have' . plete;: extraction will;, be followed; if not, . .'" / from cxccflcnt to very poof roof in any area :-then most companies use partial mining. . / we work. We. roof bolt'.in' most , areas-.and '. 'At' Harewood we are'.'faced, with/mining . .-.'supplement this, with straight timbering.. I. .thr^e scams. In two areas we were con- . : recall .in onc 'scctioh we were working, we. fronted-, with overlying scams being minc'd . . ..were driving;six headings in.a butt entry. first; . Both / of those areas' were ...mined by . ; The three on /the left 'were in sandstohe and ..other companies. In our case,-It. was .the ' the three'on the . tight in slride. Wfc. were Numlicr''2 (las Scam mined by-Others while: robf- bolting the shale, .supplemented with we were mining.in th'c Eagle Scam.- The . straight limbering, arjd only timbering oh. the/ strata between the ' two' seams contained a sandstone side. . . ' '. ' ntimber of coal streaks and: streaks of mas The. Eagle roof is. a hard, gray shale, and sive sandstone. . The rpof -over'tlie Eagle . we .consider'it to be very good roof. ,, How is.a hard,'gray-shale, .; ever, .wo do encounter .'some trouble in this: in areas where we were mining before..' / bed in the roof;-and reasons wjll be given for ...getting to where tlie-overlying seams were- that later. '. ,' mined .out, we were successfully holding the . -The problem of multiple scam mining, di-' "immediate :roof with..30 and 42-inch bolts . vides--itself into three problems. One. is the and straight timbers. When we.entered the , ... .cffcct^bf, subsidence, .both .. on .the surface area where the 'overlying scan! had. been ahov'c mdr conl sCamand upon'the coal scams . mined,, oitt,' We. encountered disturbed roof tliat overlie'the-seam'"mined; second, the conditions and' had to start using 72 : and consideration ofconl left in place-for sup-: , 8+iiich rqof bolts, with heavy timbering. In ... ' port; 'and third," the prime consideration of .. order to keep our haulage roads open we liad ' tiic effects of mining, in. one seam upon am to'-start setting 10 x" 10 headers on 10. x 10 \ . btlicr.~ legs, and. then it .Was'a.continual problem, 'III multiple scam mining,-roof controlis of timbering,'.' ` most- imp'or!anK''"Tliis .is done by artificial In several areas: wc encountered excessive | suppprt. .The.influence of-mining.method is. 1 weight.. Tlie best ' reason wc. could 'give' for a. controlling factor in roof `subsidence.- In this was that ..pillars were left in the over- the longwall;. system you..have gradual sub*. .lying Scum. ' I.t is 'a known: fact that, pillars.- " - sidericc.of thc roof. The. immediate roOf sup- left in the tipficr scam will take the weight I>ort. is close - to/ the face. hut; the overall of the. overburden and transmit it to the- subsidchcc "is over .a large .area, once, you. strata below,' This .will cause an .excessive get your face, established'. In the room'and. pressure oit'areas on tiie seam, below bejrig pillar system^,, where .complete extraction 'is emitted; '. v-'.- : " ' .'..practiced,:.the.floor control is somewhat clif; /crept.- The entry and rooms are driven.up and allowed to . stand '.for a .while.' Some .. subsidence takes place,in this allotted time. Thj' difficulty encounteredjwifh mining the top seams '.first Can . be. seen by-' the' above, . namely flic transmitting of pressure to tiie underlying seams, causing bad -roof eondi--, ' > .. .The ro^t/:cd.ntrol'in'.the longwall system' tions arid in some case's crltshing.or sloughing . varies from - the" control. in ; the romp and of'coal-and causing the.bottom, to. heave; pillar system.- Subsidence is . greater.' in the This will'be. in an area where jtlie roof is;, room| arid pillar system than in tliclongwiill strong... If: you' have a strong,. hard floor','", . sjstetn. The initial-coal removed from the .usually a.roof failure will be encountered, scam in the room, jnd pillar'system,is ap- with, tlie crushing" of the . coal itself./ , 14' rx : :'V"' "f. I. . i. . Coal Mining ' j'n extracting'pillars tinder.a seam that has been pillared; it is possible to'get . serious, . previously' been' mined, consideration, must' disturbance; hi cithpr-scams where isolated '' lie given to the possibility of water.'from pillars: or. a'.small group of pillars are. left. . the worked-put. Overlying seam. --If water is-..' in place. The' results, of.this are.basically, in the overlying .seam it is- possible, if. you " the. same as -results from pillars bring left ; break the'main roof, to get large, amounts in overlying seams; of water- in the working area; We have . pillared .-in one arfca where-the interval is. the largest,-and'we have encountered . water in The importance of controlled pillar work . cannot, be stressed too much'; it 'is very .easy ': to run ofT.from a pillar today, but someone sit our faces along the pillar line; .! another time can-very -easily. suffer. It las 'We have driven, active entries into nrca^ been shown. that isolated pillars' abandoned . where the-overlying scams, have been mined in underlying- scams . cause"severe damage.. I. out, and some, minor <water problems. have No preventative measure can be taken to ,.heen encountered.. In -both cases, the' over-: avoid-, this disturbance if the bed has been- ' lying, seams were , mined by the; other com- - mined at some' previous tiniri other than- panies.and we were, hot sure syhat was left- anticipate, and be prepared for the disturbance in the old or upper seams. - We had attempted while mining the superjacent seam. ' tti explore 'them,, but in pillarod-out . it.was impossible to check them. .. . areas '- It must be realized -that voids-are created . by mining the underlying seams. Jt is.nec- . The basic seam' hi our plan of mining' is essa'ry.: that they'become, filled with, fallen . tlie. undetlyihg seam.. When. Scmet took over rock so that'the condition'in the overlying thg Hare-wood Mine, the Eagle Se&m was the; l/eds-bccoiries stabilized. The time -required . only scam "being 'mined. ;The other scams ; for stabilization following subsidence varies were added, at a later. date. We. have .mined greatly. The. factors that affect; stabilization ' some Eagle coal in areas that- are- overlaid ' arc the thiekness-of-the seam and the-naftire . by, 'Powellton .and. Number'2. Gas, but in of the strata overlyifig it, Some- people are of. - 'iSmpst cases,.-we bave tried-to mine the Eagle the opinion that a 5-foot, scam takes 5 to 10 - in areas where the Number 2 Gas -and .- years- to stabilize; It has hten- reported that Powellton arc ' not mineable or, have. been.' in areas'.where the-.Bcckley seam .has been mined. mined -and' pillars extracted, the seam has We have fotjnd that where we. have-mined not stabilized after a .period of 12 or more , the underlying scam first, we encounter some -. years. The -Beckley-scam .in most Cases was", - had roof conditions at the point in'the upper . extremely-thick.' -.' T seams?' where we cross from-solid to pillar , -..In the mining of more'than,two contiguous work* below. -Once we,-get through this. . seams,'the method of mining apd . interval . area of had roof anil get'into, where, the .subsidence ha;'settled dowti, the roof is usu.- ' between -scams appca.rs to have; more'im portant bearings'than any other .factors. .The ; ally stable and not. too,bad.' However, it .is . .effects of mining, on not one-but.all'seams not .as good as if- it-'were' in. solid work.. must be considered; -.Collapse of-strata-caused . Separation of f|ic. individual''-layers of by mining m.the iower.seam may-well cause ' strata'is possible; In'one .case in the PowclI- subsidence. -which would- harm the upper . ton .Scant we encountered a serration of the. scams; this, could. in tuni'set tip stresses '' coal .from (lie-roof. The coal separated from which would he'transmitted' ddwnto the'ad-' the roof about .2. incite*;, .in iomc casts and-.in.- jacent :workings in the lower bed. Mining of . -. others less! This.does-not usually:-cause any . the upper scam usually'takes precedence over . difficulty, in- mining, hut . could cause'.some- the lower seam. -trouble in yentilation;'. ' -v' '..While- development work, or-first mining.- - Cracks between -the scams cart cause some - .could-lite done in-'either' seam without any ; difficulty in-the. yentilatiori system.- -.lt is' great regard to the- other, it is generally r:.- ' possible to pull air-' from .one -scam-to; the - considered best 'that pillar extraction be other. Tltis can cause the fans in the reV done, in' the' upper seam firstl This removes ' sjicctivc seams to buck each- other and' cut the'danger'.of 'subsidence and 'subsequent down on their efficiency. ;" damage that'would be produced if the pillars ; .- ;Tn .areas' where'the. underlying seam has' in the lower, scam were mined first. . - a . * t , . I> . . _ hW National Safety Congress- < .' lit cases .where.'.the. interval is small and cent of. the coal should- remain; from 100 the roof weak,- pil.lar. falls in the. upper.seam 'to'175 feet overburden. -10 per cent of the led to caving of entry. Work in the lower coal .should lie left;;-excess of 175, feet of .seam. -For. this reason, and' others, a system 'overburden, 50- per cent .of the coaf should * of correlating pillar linfes in- the two scams. be left- in the. remaining pillars. One im is generally attempted. This involvcs keeping, portant.'thing here is'thaf The pillars should- ' the two, lines parallel,. with the line of 'the: beTeft.uniforuUh size and shape." ' upper bed slightly in advancc'of the'lower. ... .In conclusion,, it is realized "tliat- certain This', is very difficult-to dp -with modern . difficulties'arise, in mining .verticaily-adjacenf . meclutnized mining. ' . .' \ ; bituminous coal-beds.- Several factors have . If the pillar line of the tippet; bed; should . been shown to have an influence.on.the pres"Tag behind the lower, it would, be endangered . . ence ^and .amount of disturbance in multiple . by Subsidence from the lower bed;, if-it-; : seam .mining;. It appears that -the. proximity . should be too far in advance of the lower to each of the seanis.. is1 th'e most'important.- seam : pillar, line, .there would be a possibility The next factor is the method "of mining . . of damage. to" th.c - lower seam. The. usual in a|| seams concerned." Of great importance .-. "practice- is. to keep. the upper seam pillar in the: amount of disturbance to a subjacent .' .iine not over TOO'to 150 ;fcct in-advance of- bed -is ": the amount of Overburden, 'orb'the the lower pillarMine. -.When-.the interval be- upper ted.; Other factors- are'nature of .tween scams is .less ilian .75 feet, difficulties , strata," thickness of coal "bed,, passage of time are likely fo be encountered under the best, since mining, dip of .beds and strength of- the of plans.' . ... ' .coal and adjacent rocks. ' ' j: In "nearly ' all mines Wherc'two or more Mining lower seams first can create W. scams are being mined, there is some dis .. hazard for upper seams," particularly If. the ' turbance in either one scam or ah qi:tt>ein. Jowfir.seam is gaseous.. Gas can be.pulled Fof ; this.;reason; :ivc som.ctimes liirn to a off old, works through, "bracks ! into active -.system -of partial : mining. Certain-precatt- ..workings;,. Working the'."tipper ..seam..- first .tions must .be' taken 'in,.tl.ie utilization ;of can create, a 'water., problem if.the. upper- partial recovery, system-, as well as any otber. seanri is not properly drained, and.it i's'here The.relative.quality of .tlie two scams must - where tlie dip of the bed becomes-importanh he considered .in ordpr to decjde. '.whether Frpm". a. safety standpoint one. of the mostone- or'both .-shall ;be partially mined.' The' important ..things is ' the roof . condition amount pf cpal. which is left for support of created by tlie pressures on thei adjacent roof '- the other . seams : must be- determined, Sind and .floors; . is. it important that' the coal.left for support ; Regardless of the method of mining: for.' be left uniformly. While "partial ;recovery the- recovery of . contiguous beds, ..the 'irn- . .. mining cannot' be regarded as the, solution portahqe 'of careful planning cannot be cm- ' ''. to the problem, it-'has appeared quite 'success-, phasized too greatly. A plan of mining btst fui.. : ; ; -..: ; . suited to the Situation can.be-projected and-' Tn most multiple .scam mining areas, the' ' worked. jCareful planning in advancer'bf the 'amount of coal left ` for roof-support ' actual," mining will: reduce the. difficulties in' - determined through practical knowledge and multiple seam, mining, thereby, producing a -experience of others;. If a, known" per.' cent more ..feasible- safety .'program. It-is. irn--' has be.en proved' successful, their that per- , portant that each of iis understand the- prob- -.centa'ge- should -be used. Hovj-evcr,. some leijis'of multiple sea'm mining today because. rules of thumb have'' liecn used, such. as: ' 'more and more companies are being faced .".,wjth overburden less than TOO feet; 25 per witliTliis problem. ^ >v' ir t )' I V,  X : : OFFICERS OF THE COAL MINING SECTION NATI^MAL SAFETY: COUNCIL 1964-65 General' Chairman--Harry!,Gan*!>v, Jr.,.National Coql Assn., Wnslmigtoh,. I). C. // Firs) Vice-Chairman--Andrew HysiAp, Jr.; Hanna Coal.Co., Cadiz,-.Ohio . ' -'! Se_ctmd Vice-Chairman--Woods 0.' Tai.man.IL S. Steel Corp,, Pittsburgh, Pa. . Secretary--H. F. Weaver, U. S. Bureau of Mines; Wasliipgton.D. C. .Newsletter Editor--?RAYnvns H. Frai.ey, Consolidation Coal Co., . Morgantown, W;.Va. Labor Representatives'--John Ghizzoni, United MineAVorkers. of America, District No,.. 2, Ebcnsburg; Pa. ; Rex Lauck, United Mine Workers of Anic.rica> Washington, D, C. . . Leonard PnAkovjch,-United Mine Workers'of -'America, District No. 31, Fairmont,-. . W. Va.; Charles. Ferguson, United Mine Workers of ..America,--Washington, I). C. Bituminous Coal Representatives--}, W. Pero, Pocahontas Fuel Co., Pocahontas,. Va. ' Robert. Wh.uams, '.Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.,' Pueblo,. Cofp;'Coy South,1 Cell and Zoller Coaj. Co:,'Johnston City, 111.; E..E. Quenon, Peabody Coal Co., St. Louis,- Mo.; . *F.J. -Foresman, The- Pittsburg\nnd Midway. .Coaf-Mining Co.,-'Kansas City, M'o.;' Anihraeile Representatives--Wii.mam Bp.u.ano, Glen Aldcn Coal .Company, Wilk'cs-Barre,' Pa.; . . ;. -. .: ' Cadi Associations' Representatives--Qvinu .Morton, 111, 'Executive Secretary, Southern . . C&al Producers ' Assn.,. Charleston, W. Va.; Harry GANoy/ Ja., National Coal Assn., < Washington,'D. .C,;. Ford Sampson;' 0|iio'Cpal Assn.,'St.'Clairsvjlle', Ohio;''George'/. Trevorrow,.Bituminous Coal Operators' Assn.-, Washington, D. .C.; Georce Sale, Amcri- , can Mining Congress,"Washington,D'. G. U. S. Bureau of' Minei Representatives--*hli. ). Ankeny,1 U. S. Bureau of Mines, Wash* .'' ington, D. C..; James Westfield, U. S. Bureau of. Mines,:-Washington,- D. C.. Mine Ihfpeetors' Institute of '-America Representative--R. D. Bradford, U. S. Bureau.of''. . ' Mines, McAlester, Okla.; . ' " . / -. . State-Mine- 'inspectors' Representatives--}. .Lester Zjmmerman,. Ohio Div. .of Mines,' , Columbus, Ohio;. Wii.BUK F. Eigenbrod, West. Virginia' Dept.' of Mines, Charlfeston, . W. Va,';- Leon Ruff, :Illinois,-Department of Mines, apd'Minerals,-Springfield, III.;- Dii. H. B.VCharmbury,- Pennsylvania' Department of Mines and Mineral .Industries, . Harrisburg, Pa.'; A. H. Mandt, Kentucky. Department fit Mines and Minerals, Lexington, / Ky.; -Ward PAiYiETr,'Oklahoma Department of: Mines and; Mining;. Oklahoma. City, , ' Okla.; H., T/Wiixiams, Alabama Div, of Safety and; Inspection, Birmingham, Ala.; .W..Df.an Aubrey, Iowa Department of Mines and'.Mincrals, Des Moines, Iowa;,DpNAur. - . Haskf,, Colorado Coal Mine .' Inspection Dept,,. Denver, CoIo.'; ;W. ' Foster-Mullfns, ,,'. .. Div. of. .'Mines, State of'.Virginia, UigStone- Gap,. Va.; Rai.ph .'Newman, Indiana. .-Department of`Mines and Minerals, Terris Haute-, Ind./. .' ' . .' 36 (: mr4 i Ehyineerinu Committee--Jsmss F. Wiujey -(Chairman), -Bethlehem Mines' CorjM Johnstown, Pa.; H. A. QuiJnon, Eastern Associated Coal- Cprp,,-Metcroft,- Pa.; E. J. . HtJNSKy;'Goodman Manufacturing Co., Clircagp; Ili.Yost, Jeffery 'Manufacturing . Co.,-Columbus, Ohio; G-A. Bailey,. Applied Research -Laboratory. U. S. Steel Corp;, . . Monroeville, Pa. ;' James Etkiw, Duquesne Light Co.,. COal Dept; Pittsburgh, Pal; Donald Mitchell, U. S. Bureau .-of Mines, Pittsburgh,-pal; . Wiu.iam-Calder, Joy".. Manufacturing-.Co., Prankiin, Pa:; Louis McNicki.e, Hanna Coal Co., Cadiz, Ohio;- . Cl'arence Je'sse, Scihet Solvay Div., Allied Chemical ..& Dyte Corp;, Tralee,. \y. Va.;, ' ` :. ' Tom Kinc,.U. S.-Steel Corp., Frick Div., Uniontown, Pa.; D. S. Kinceky, U. S.: Bureau 'of Mines, . Pittsburgh, Pa.;; Si P.- PolAck,-U. .S.-'Bureau. of' Mines,'. -Pittsburgh.. Pa.'; ' Albert Pas's; . United -. Mine Workers-, of America,.-District No. .19,- Middlesboro, Ky.; Ralph Banks, Inland Steel Co.,.Wheelwright,. Ky. f .,- . Entertainment' Committee--F.vf.kette White (Chairman), Mine Safety -Appliances Co.,Pittsburgh, Pa'.; Hi E. Mauck, Freeman Coal Mining Corp., Chicago, ill.' ... . Poster and. Visual Aids. Committee--Ewalt -Herzog. (Chairman), Hanna Cbal -Co., Cadiz,Ohio; S'. H. Mooney,' Woodward. Iron . Go., Woodward,- Ala. ;Maukice Fowler,-. Du-- - puesne Light Co.,. Harwich,-Pa.; Paul. Budzak,! Freeman Coal MinihgCorp., -West . .' Frankfort, HI.; Walter Fleming, U-S. Stccl-Corp:, Birmingham, Ala.; Harold Davis,.. Coal Age, New York,, N. Y. . '' '' : ' .' _ , Priit/ram Committee--Paul Lingo (Chairman), Bituminous Coai .Operators', Assn., Wash- ' ' 'iiigtoii. p, C.;. Hal Scrugman, Lynch-District; U. S. Steel Cprp., Lyjich, Ky,; Charles * - D.. Bowi.iNG, Scmct Solvay Div.;-Allied Chemical & Dye Corp!;! Longacre,-W. Ya.; ' C. Gerald Evans, North American' Coal Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; James Westfield, . ..' U. S. Bureau of Mines,' Washington, D. C;' James. F. Wildey, Bethlehem Mines Corp.,' . 'Johnstown, Pa. ' . '-. Membership Committee--Emery-C. Olsf.n .(Chairman), Columbia-Geneva Steel Div., U. S. . '.Steel Corp'.-, Dragertbn. Utah; Alex Kei.f.man,''Arnico Steel Corp., Coal. Div., Montcoal, ' W. Ya,; Everett'' White, Mine Safety Appliance Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; Clarence Jesse, Scmct-Solvay Div., Allied Chemical' ft Dye Corp., Tralee, `W. Va.; Ralph, Banks, < Finland Steel Co., Wheelwright, Ky.VS. H. Mooney, Woodvrafd Iron-Co., Woodward, Ala.; If.- E. Mauck, Freeman Coa) Mining Corp., Chicago, III.- - Roof ..Control; Committee---William Parisi (Chairman), Pittsburgh Coal Co., Library, Pa.; Nathaniel'Kirk, Ingle Coal-Co., Terre Haute,'Ind.; 'Paui. Budzak,'; Freeman ; * Coal. Mining-Cprp.,.West Frankfort', III,; A/Dl Sisk, U.' S'. Bureau of Mines,'.Washmg-'. . . ton, D, C,.;. James Leeber,' Jr.,--United Mine Workers of. America, 'District. No. x9, . ' Beckley, W. ,Va.;kA.'J. Barry, ILLS.-Burcau of Mines. Pittsburgh, Pa.;'E. E. Quenon,. Peabody Coal Co,,.St. Louis, Mo.;' Clyde Davis, SemetrSolvay Djv., Allied-Chemical & Dye Corp.', Longacre, ;.W, Va.; Francis R,. Boyle, Frick. District, U. S. Steel Corp., .- ^ Uniontown, Pa.; *JamesD.. Reilly,' Hanna Coal. Cq.,:Cadiz, Qhio; W. Sr McGdnnI-lC . U. S. Steel Corp.,'Gary,,W.Va'.; John Zitko, HannaCoal Co.,Moundsville,W.Va.;. . " . Walter Davis, Pennsylvania Department of: Mines and MineraMndustries, Pottsville^ / . Pa,; E. C. Workman,:W./Va.- Department of Mines, Charleston, W.Va;-; F. S.Leonard, . J' *- . Colorado Fuel and. Iron Co., Trinidad, Cp)ciij;p, C, Jones,.McLean-Hunter Pubjicft- , 7 tiohs, Coal Mining & Processing, Chicago, III.; .Charles T. Holland, West Virginia -. University,-School'of Mines, Morgantown,1 W.'.'Va.;'Joshua .Smith,. Eastern Assoc. . - Coal Corp.'f'Mt. Hope;. W. Va:., ; . " ' - , .: " ' r ' .. .'' ' ' ' Publicity, toimnil/ec--Ren LAUck .(Qjairman),'United Mine Workeri of America.'Wash- . iiigton. D.. C-; Harhi'ton Gilmer, U S-" Bureau of Mines,- Washington, D. C^; W. W. . V . McClanaiian, Jr., National. Coal . Policy Conference, .Washington,'D. C.; Ivan A. ' - Given,'Coal Age, McGraw-Hill.-.Ptiblishing Corp., New .York, N.- Y.;' Robert W. :Van' -1 I. ' Eveka,American Mining Congress,.Washington, D. C.; George C'Uxumv, .McLcaii- Hunter Publications, Chicago^ IH^Wakres H. .Moss; Consolidation Coal'Co,,-Morgan- ' town,'W. Va. , ' '--'jj&B*; - Off-The-Job Safety Cbm.miliee--GtiMtx W. Mandei. (Chairman), Bethlehem. Mines. Corp., .Johnstown, Pa.; LS E/ Briscoe,, Ayshire. Collieries Corp., Indianapolis, Ihd.;' T. K. _SuTHFJU>Ni, Clinchftel(l Coal'Co.. Danta, Va.; Paul Haiberslebes, Sahara Coal Co.; ' . "Inc., Harrisburg, 'III;f- Thomas Liddle^ Stonega 'Coke and Coal Co., Big Stone. Gap, .. Va,;-. EwALt HEtoioc],.:Hanna .Coal Co.', Cadiz, .-Ohio;- Wilbur F. Eicekbrod', West ' Virginia Dc'|iartnient of Mines, Charleston;. W; Va;; William ' Munoe, Bituminous Salty!;Cprp,, Hock '|jdan4X^n.r'lii!mAin>. -Pmajewicm,,- United. Mine Workers of [America. District So._31, Pairrtiont; W.(Va. ' ' . .Advisory Continillee--'*C. E. i.isicous;. Island Creek . Goal Co., Holden/ W. Va'; *M.'j; Ankeny, U.' S.:.Iinre5u pf Mines, Washington, D. G`; *M. F. Brennan, United. Mine Workers pf America, District.'So: :7," Hazleton, Pa.; 'James . D. Reilly, Hanna Coal, . - Col, Cadiz/ Ohio; 'Joshua Smith,- Eastern Associated Coal Corp_, ;Mt, Hope, W. Va; . Nominating Committee--*C. E.'L,inkous (Chairman),-Island Gredc. Cda! .Co., Holden,, . W, Va.; *M. J: Ankeny, U. S. Bureau'of Mines,. Washington, p. C.; *M. Iv Brennan, United-Mine Workcrs of America. District No. 7, Hazielon, Pa; Staff Representative--Clinton H. Hoch, National Safety Council, 42a X. Michigan Aye.,. '' Chicago. 111. -' 'Past General Chairman M \ ' 38 V . . 4I I 'IV * ivWV'*' . ;i, : OiFRCERS OF THE ^-::;r-;:\ NATIONAL $AFETY: COUNCIL 1964-65 \ .' ' General- Chairman--Harry-.GanW, Jr.,. National Cixjl Assn., .Wash,inKtoiii,.b. C ".-/ . First Vice-Chairman--Andrew HYSi.br, Jr.; Hanna Coal.Co., Cadiz,-.Ohio . ' . Second. Wee-Chairman---XVooim Gj- T*ai.maw,:'Ut S.. Steel Corp,,- PHtsbyrgh, Pn.. , . .;' Secretary-^-H. F. WeaveRi U. S. Bureau of Mines; Washington, D. G. v . .-^Newsletter "Editor-^;RAYhuRN H, FraLey;.' Consolidation Goal -Co.,',Morgantown, W/. Va. -. : iMhor' Representatives--Joiln Gh-izzoni,-.United Mine'-Workers.of America,- District No... 2, -Ebensburg; Pa.'; -Rex Lauck, .United Mine Worker^ of America; Washington, D, C. Lfeo.MAKD PnAkovjch,-United Mine Workers' of-'America) District No. '31, Fairmont,-. ' . ' W. Va.; Ch.ari.es. `Ferguson,. United Mine Workers of-.America,-. Washington, I). C. Bituminous C'gal. Representatives--J. . W- Pero, Pocahontas Fuel Co., Pocahontas,. Va. ' "'-.Robert. Wiixiams, .Colorado'Fuel & Iron Co.,' Pueblo,. Colo; ``Coy South,: Boil. and . '..' -Zoller pjal. Co:,'`Johnston City, III.;, E..E. Quenos,;'Peabody. Coal Co,, St./lioiiis,-Mo.; . *F. J. Foresman, The Pittsburg .and Midway. .CoaPMihing Co., 'Kansas City, M'o.; Anthracite ^Representatives--W-hxia'm- Beixano, Glen Aldcn Coal Company, Wilkes-Barre,' . -Pa-; . .........' _ . , y.- Trevorrow,. Bituminous Coal Opetjitors'Assn.-, Washington, D. .C.; George Saix' Amcri .;.. can Mining Cqhgrcss,''Washington, D; G. ' U. S. Bureau of Minei Representatives--*tA. J. Ankeny.'U. S. Bureau of Mines,' Wash.'' ington, D. Q.;" James Wf.stfiei.0, U. S. Bureau of. Minc.s,:Washington,- D. C.-' Mine Inspector? Institute of 'America Representative--R, -D. Bradford, U. S. Bureau. of '. ' Mines; McAlestcr, Okla.; ' '. '! r. ' . ' . . State - Mint- 'inspectors!. Representatives--J. Lester Zjmmerman,, Ohio .Div. .of Mines,' , *4 Columbus; Ohio;. WiLbur' F. Eigenbrod, West.'Virginia' Dept-.' of Mines, Charleston, . ' -W. Va.;- Leon Ruff,: Illinois .-Department of Mines.afid Minerals, Springfieid, III.; Dit. H. B.VCharmbury,- Pennsylvania- Department of Mines and Mineral'.Industries, .. Harrisburg, Pa.`; A. H. Mandt, Kentucky. Department hf Mines and Minerals, Lexington, ':* ' Ry.; .Ward PAi>GBT+,` Oklahoma' Department of : Mines andf Mining;. Oklahoma. City, ., ' Okla.; H.. T.Wii.mams, Alabama. Div, of Safety and! Inspection, Birmingham, Alai.; t . ', W..Dean Aubrey, Iowa'Department of Min'cs and'.'Mincrals. Des Moines, Iowa ;..DpN*ui;.^ . Haskf,, Colorado Goal Mine.'.Inspection Dept., Denver, Colo.;; W.'-Foster~Muixfns,', .' " .:. Div. of. Mines, Staic of! Virginia, Big Stprie Gap,f Va.j RAi.FH Newman, Indiana. ' Department of'Mines and Minerals, Terre Haute, Ind,'.. v- '* . .' ' ; 36 -l':- . " ....... . '* 4 i wn Y 'Engineering'. Committ(e--J\m& F. SViujev (Chairman), Bethlehem Mines- CorpM Johnstown, Pa.; H. A. Quenon, Eastern A'sscKuatcd Coai'Corp,, Melproft, Pa.; E. J. HLwskY,'Go<^nian Manufacturing Co., Oiicago; Ilj.;.Si H. Yost, J|effery Manufacturing . do.,-Columbus, Ohio; G-A. I.&!lbv,. Applied Research Laboratory,. U. S.. Stcri Corpi, Y Monroeville,. Pa.;` James ELkin, Diiquesne Light Co.,. Coa! Dept, Pittsburgh, .Pa.; ; Donald Mitchell, U. S. Bureau . of Mines, Pittsburgh,-Pal; \Vhj.iam Calder, Joy Manufacturing-..Co;, Franklin, Pa;; Louis' M'cNickle,Hanna Coal. Co., Cadiz, Ohio.;- Cl'arence JkssE, Simet Solvay Div.,. Allied Chemical ,& Dyie Corp., Tralee, \V, Va.;, ` .Tom King, D. S. StceirCorp;,.Fricjc piv.,.Uniontown, Pa.; D. S. Kincekv, U. S.:Bureau . . . of Mines, Pittsburgh, Psi.;; Si P. iPolAck. U. S.'^Bureau. of Mines/. Pittsburgh.. Pa.'; ' , Albert Pass,:United.Mine Workers of America,.. District No. .i9,-.Middiesboro, Ky.; .. . / . .Ralph Banks';-Internd-Stcel Co.,..Wheelwright,-Kj\ ,'.f : . .. . Entertainment' Committee--Everette White ' (Chairman), Mine Safety.-Appliances Co.,= . Pittsburgh, Ptft; jfti-'E. Mauck, Freenfcin QmSMining Coifr, Chicago, W,*' v ; ,' `; i .. Poster and. Visual Aids. Committee--Ewalt -HEKZ0G.:(Cliairman), Hanna Cced -Co.; Cadiz,- ^ Ohio; S'. H. Mooney,' Woodward I ron.Go., Woodward,- Ala. ;Maukice Fowlek.-Du- '* f|iicsrie Light Co.,. Har\vitk,-Pa.;i Paul. BuDZAK,i.Frecman .0>al Mining Corp.,- -West.'. Frankfort, III.; Walter Fleming, JJ. S. Steel-Corp:', Birmingham,Ala.; Harold Davis,..'. Cbal Agei New Ydrk^N. Y: \ - ' . .' -.' . .'. Pr.burnm Committee--Paul Lingo (Chairman), Bituminous Coai .Operators', Assn., Wash- Y ' .-ington,' D, C.;. Hai. Scrucman, Lynch- District, ,U. S. Steel Cprp,, Lyiich, Kyi.; Charles -D.. Bowuno, Scmct iiolvay Div.;-Allied Oicmical &-Dye Corpi;i Longacre,-W. Va.; ' ,C.' Gerald Evans, North American' Coal Corp., Cleveland, Ohio;-James Westfield, . '-*/ Y.: 0. S.'Bureau of Mines,'Washington, D. C.;' James. F. Wii.dey, Bethlehem Mines Corp.,' .... - Johnstown, Pa. Y -. ' ' ' ` ' . . ' . '' Y `. . .. ' Membership Committee--Emery-C. Olsf.n. .(Chairman), Columtua-Geneva Steel Div., U. S.. . Steel.CorpV, pragertbii,-.Utah;. Aiiix KELF.MAN./Arnico Steel Corp.,'Owl. Div% Montcoal, V - . 'W. Va,; Everett1 Wiiite^ Mine Safety Appliance'-Co;> Pittsburgh, Pai; Clarence Jesse, ", . Scmct-Solvay Div., Allied Chemical ft Dye Corp.,' Tralee, ,W. Va.; Ralph , Bank's, , ' Inland Steel-Co,, Wheelwright, .Ky.`;' S. H. Mooney, Woodward Iron-Co., Woodward,.' '-' Ala.; H, E;-Mauck, Freeman CbaJ Mining Corp., Chicago, I.il. - Roof ..CimtroU Committee--William Parisi (Chairman), Pittsburgh Coal Co., Library, Pa.; Nathaniel' Kirk,.ingle Coal Ct>., Terre Haute,' Ind.; Pauj. Budzak;.Freeman : Coal. Mining-Corp.,.West Frankfort, III.; A;- D. Sisk, U. S'. Bureau of Mines,'.Washing- ton, IX C,.;. James Leeber,' JJRi.Umted Mine Workers- of .America, 'District No. w, ' Beckley, W. VaY A.J. Barry. U. S.-Bureau .of Mines.-Pittshurgh, Pa.; E. E. Queno.v, Y. Peabody Coal Co,,..St.'Louis,'Mo.; Clyde Davis, SemetrSoIvay Div., Allied Chemical .&Dye'Corp.', Ia>ngacre,-'.)V., V.a.; Francis R..fibYi^, Frick. District, U. S. Steel Corp,, .. Uniontown, Pa.; *James D. .Reilly; Hanna -Coal, Cq.,; Cadiz, Qhio; W. S.: McCoNtikn.; " -. ll. S. Steel Corp.,'Gary,-.W. Vit; John Zitko, Hanna-Coal Co.,' Moundsville,. W.- Va.; ..'. '" Walter Davis, Pennsylvania Department of Mines and llinerad Industries, Pottsville, .' Pa,; E, C. Workman, :W./Va; Department of Mines, Charleston, W. Ya;-; F. S.-Leonard, .' Colorado Fuel and. Iron Co., Trinidad, Colo.-;;D. C/Jones,.McLean-Htmter Piiblica- ; ~ . tions, Coal Mining & Prbccssing, Chicago, III.;-Charles T.' Holland, West Virginia ' University,-School of Mines, Morgantown, W. Va,;'Joshua .Smith,. Eastern Assoc. ' -Coal Coip.f Mt. Hopei. W. ya.-, i ' \ \ '.' , ". . - Publicity- tniiwiillce--Rz* LAUck .(Gbairman), United Mine Worker^ of America,'Washington;. D., - C;; HarriSon . Gilmer, U S-'Burtou of Mines,- Washington, D. CJ ; W. W. '. McClanahan, :Jr., National .Coal. Policy Conference, .Washington,' D. C.; Ivan -A. - Given, Coal Agc. McGraw-Hill Ppblishing Corp,, New '.York, N.; Y.;' Rorert W. :Van' 37 - ' ' i. .I wnWCM.*#-:; Evera, American Mining Congress, .Washington, -D.C.; George C. Lindsay, McLcah- Hunter Publications, Chicago) Illj: Warren H.Moss; Consolidation Goal 'Co., Morgan- town,W. Va.- ' -. - - `- : ' -** Off-The-Job Safety Commitiee^-Gtoux W.' MANDEi.(Chairman), Bethlehem Mines Oorp., . Johnstown, Pa.; L7-: &' Briscoe.; Ayshire, Collieries Corp., Indianapolis,- Isid.; "T.. K. ' SuTHEHiANn. Clinch^eld Coal-Co.. Danta, .Va.; Paul Halberslebex, Sahara Coal Co.;. ~lnc., Harrisburg, llli; Thomas LiDOLE, Stonega Coke and Coal Co., Big Stone Gap,. 1 * 'CP** ^ ^ - - f** - t H/px axvwx 17 1 .17ir^sraroisAA ARfoeI. ' ' America, District So. 31,.Fairmont,.W^ Va. ' .Advisory Committee--*C. E. Linkous.. Island CreekCoal Co., Holden,* W. Va '; . Ankeny, U. S.:.Bureu pf .Mines, Washington, D. C'; *M. -F: ;BrennaX,.United. Mine'. -'\VprJcers of- America, District.1 Xo: 7. Hazleton, Pa.; *James. D. Reilly, Hanna Coal .V.Col,.Cadiz; Ohio;-*Joshua Smith.- Eastern Associated Coal Corp-,;Mt Hope, \V. Va. , Nominating Committee--*C E Lixkous (Cliairman),-Island Greek. Coal..Co.,. Holden,;. W. Va.; *M. -J: Ankeny, U. S. Bureau'of Mines,. Washington, ID, C.r*M;F.- Brennan, United-MlncWorkersof America. District No. 7, Hazleton, Pai ` *' ` '* *' ' . , *. ".* Staff Representative--Cunton. H. HoCH.Xatiorial Safety Council, 423 X. Michigan -Ave., ^ Chicago, 111. Past General Chairman . s 'r . .. V 38 i-*" wifi&a* . v*. i- -. i ', * *' 4 .E&trissst OFFICERS OF THIE NAtlpNAt SAFETY COUNCIL 1*64-65 .'General Chairman--*Gmiii;E E. Aro, United Engineers and Constructors, dnc., Philadelphia, . . Pa./ '-. .-...--S; '- . ,- -. ' ' . .. Vice-General Chairman--*Earl W,, Wheeler, Department of Navy,.Bureau of Yards & * ' Docks, Washington, D. C.; '' ^ ' . " . General' Secretary--t^ked A. Hornsby,' Jr.; Mine Safety. Appliances Co., Pittsburgli, Pa. ' .`Assistant General Secrr/pry-TWarren C - Hargreaves, Fruin-Colnon'Contracting Co;, St. . . j ! ' ' Louis, Mo! . . 1 '' . .. '. - bivisions--Building--*W. R. Fitz, (Chairman), Insurance & Safety Manager, The Rust / /.' . Engineering Co.', Pittsburgh, Pa.; W, G. Bryson, (Engineering Vice-Chairman),'Safety ' ' ; Director, Tidewater Construction Co., Norfolk, Va.;.fJoHN D. Bonham, (Engineering .. First' Vice-Chairman)', Supervising . Engineer, 'Joyce'.; & Co".,. Chicago, 111.; Bronson ... ` - ,. i .... Cole, Safety Engineer; Engiqecring.and- Construction TCv., Kpppers'.Co., Jhc., Pittsburgh,;-' Pa. r- PAdt. 'Connelley; United' Brotherhood of Carpenters & Joiners of America, /. Washington,'P/~C,;. Harold F. Ff.eley II, "Director, Education, Welfare & Safety, / International Hod Carriers & Common Laborers Union, Washington, D. C.; Robert ; Haoowan; Assistant-Manager,-Accident Prevention'Department, Association of Casualty '. .< '. - & Surety Cos., New York, N. .Y,; E.- L. Krause,. Chief, Safety Section, Office of Con- . '; struction. Veterans Administration, Washington, D. C.;Fred'M. Livingston, Safety / ' '/.' - Director, Turner Construction Company, New York, N. Y.; .Dale-Mark, Vice Pres. Dist. Repr., Operating Engr., Local Union 3,. San! Francisco, Calif.;' PauL J.Naim, . . Safety Engineer,'Master Builders';Association of Western Pennsylvania,-Inc., Pittsburgh, , .'. Pa.; Francis L. Otto, Safety Engineering' Consultant; Office of Occupational-Safety,: .. / j U. S. Department-Of Labor, Washington, D. C.; Alfred .L. Pekini, ;Jr;, Safety Dir.;^ . . *' Feriru 'Corp., Framingham,, Mass;; RicIhard E.- Schroeder, Liability Engineer, Eh-' gineenng'Department, American. Mutual Liability .Insurance Co., Wakefield,- Mass.; _ . .'; Charles F. Sparreix, Div. Service-Manager, Construction, Liberty. Mutual . Insurance - CqJ( Chicago, 111.;Richard :N.. Va'ndekieft, President, Safway. Stee'I Products,:Inc., ^Milwaukee, Wis.; Gene Washerman, Safety Dir-., Wexl'Construction/Co.;-Inc./New-. . ton 'Highlands; Mass,; Robert A; Wendell, Chief, Safety Branch,-.U. S. Army En- -.- girieer Division,' South' Atlantic, Atlanta, Ga.;, Donald B, Wilcox, Profcssbr of In- . - dustrial Engineering, University of''Florida; Gainesville, Fla. .. Heavy--*tJoseph . F. Huntman- (Chairman), Field-Construction Specialist, . Employers . Mutuals-of Wausau,-River Forest;,III.; T.`J. Laskowski-(Engineering. Vice-Chairman), '.Safety'& Claims. Supv. transit Insurance Administraiors, San. Francisco, Calif.;'Dan, C. Christie (Engineering^ First Vice-Chairman); Asst.. Chief' Safety...Fjngr. & Fire ' Marshal, California Dept, of Water;Resources, Sacramento,.Calif; ( Rudolph J. Behi.ey, Supervising Construction'Engineer, Travelers Insurance. Co., Hartford, Conn.; Charles ' : W. Borden, Jr, Minnetonka, .MjniL; , Carlyle F.'BunnJ Chief, Safety; Branch, ,U. S. '**. 4Army Engineer District, Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo'.;'C. M. Cahill, Safety En gineer, Massman.Construction Co., Kansas City, -Mo.; Ben T. Cherry, Safety Mgr., .-. 'V f' ;>V, t .'A' ','' W.j K. Ferguson Co.j Cleveland,. Ohio; 'Neil E; Garber,- Chief,.; Safety Branch, U. S.. Army. Engineer Division,; North' Central, Chicago, I11, ; RoBert .J. Haktnett, Managing ; , , Engineer, Continental Nati.onai Insurance Grouj), .Chicago,' ill.; .Clayton C., Kilpatrick, V Safety 'Engineer, MacLean Grove & Co.', Iric. & Grove-Shepherd,'. Wilson & Kruge, Inc., New York, N. Y. ; .Howard S. Latham, Bureau .SMety Engineer, Burcau of Reclamation, Denver. Federal Center,' Denver,- Colo.;- Daniel; W.' Lenahan, Project;; ; Engineer,-Lciss PrevV Dept., -.Liberty Mutual Insurance - Company, Atlanta, Ga: ; .Robert . ;j,, MASSMAN.vSafetyr'Engiriecr, Massmatj .Construetiori Go.,- Kansas City, Mo.,; .J, R/; . : O'Neili-j'. Safety Supvr., The Fluor Corp., Ltd., Lee1 Angeles,'. Calif. ; ,EwC L. Pedle'y, Pedley-Knoivles & Co,,. San Francisco, Calif.;;.James A. Ramsey, Jr., Safety Director,; - C.' H-; Leaveil. & Co;, Paisano Annex Station, .El .Pasci,- Texas; James Regan; J Safety .'. Engr., Office of Engineering Design, c/o Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn.; Arthur L. Schmuhl,-Directory Safety .'and"' Training. Divisions, The Associated Gen: cral Contractors of America,- Inc,, Washington,. D. C.; Lee D. Tracy, Safety Engineer, . Dravo Corp.,. Neville Island;. Pittsburgh,' Pa.; 0. C. Wakefield, Chief, .Safety Office, ' , St Paul pistrict,. Corp5,bf Engineers;. U... S/Army, SL- Paul,:Minn.;.jER0ME. J. Wn.- ; ' LIAMS, Director of'Safe'ty; Morrison-Knudsen-Co.,-Inc., Boise,.Idaho.,. f.- tv Highway-^-fRov D,. Woodworth, (Chairman), Director, .Construction Service, Liberty, ' Mutual Insurance CO.,. Boston,;. Mass.; Robert O. Nimmo, (Engineering VicerChair' man),.:Safety. .Dir., Peter Kiewit Sons', Inc., Omaha, Nebraska; fDoNALD- W. Dodsqn, : , (Engineering First Vice-Chairman),. Mgr., Engineering Dept;. Aetna Casualty &.Surety. ' Co., Chicago, 111.;-W, D. Brunig, Safety. Consultant,-.100 Bristol. Place, Syracuse, New. ; York; Homer F; Clark, Safety Officer, Department of /Commerce, Washington, D. C.; . Frank R. Dwyer, Mgr., Engineering Dept, Reliance Standard Insurance Group, San. -Francisco, Calif.; .Philip A. HAVEY.'.-Supt., Home Office Engineering, Hartford Acci-. dent & Indemnity Co,, Hartford! Conn.; Dean O. Lundahl, Mgr., Engineering De-- : partmeht; Reliance Insurance Cos., 'Philadelphia, Pa.; Elliott R.' Martin,- Safety Director; Hendrickson Bros., Inc.; Valley Stream, N. Y. ; Dale R. Medsker, Dale Medsker ' Associates, Atianta. iGa.; Roy H.< Olson, Safety Engineering Consultant, Michigan ; Mutual/Liability .Co'.,. Lansing, Mich.; Roy: R. Peterson, Asst Supt., Engineering.& Auditing Dept, Insurance Company of North America, Philadelphia, Pa.\.\ Home^Bi<i7din(7--*tRoBERT.L. Moore (Chairman), Supt-of Engineers, Lupibermens'.Mutual' Casualty; Go.,. Qiicago, 111.; Herbert1 R^ Westlund,."(Engineering. -Vice-Chairman)., Chief'; Safety -Engineer, 'Argonaut Underwriters :Inc., Menlo Park, Calif.'; William; . Anderko (Engineering First Vice-Chairman), Building Inspector Board; of Commis- ;; sionersj Stiowdeii Township, Library, Ra." . ' ' Spcciaity~*T.. S; McKosky, (Chairman), Supervisor of Toolhoiises &: Sa_fety,-Bethlehem . ; Stecr Co..,.,Bethlehem; Pa-.;. Wardie W; King (Engineering yice-Chairman), Chief, .. . ; ; Safety. Office, U.' S. Army Engineer Division, North-Pacific, Poftland, Oregon ;;tMA*TiN . .. E; MuLhaLL,; (Engineering.FirsUsVice-Chairman). Manager,'Safety Engineering;Dept.;; Fred S. James'& Company, Chicago; 111;; Fred S. CAMERON. Cohstruction Safety Super- ; .V ...... -V\; visor, Eba.Seb .Services, Inc., New'York, N. Y-I Fre.d A. CAMraEiL.Tnsufance Manager, i J-; F.-.Pritchard-&'Co.',.Kansas City; Mo.; IFrederick-H.'Peeg,'Mgr., Accident'& Fife,.- . Prevention Dcjlt., American Mutual;Insurance Alliance, Chicago, III.; R.- J.'Doughertv,. .Director. of,. Safety, Steams-Roger Corp., Denver, Colo,; Sam S. Elkins, Construction' E;.Safety, Management,' Dallas, Texas; BernieM. Enfield, Assistant C&istnictioii Man- '- yager;'Chicago Bridge & Iron Co., Oak. Brook, Hinsdale! P. O., III;; H. Earl Fullilove, .; ' . . Chairman* Board of Governors! Building Trades. Employers'' Asin., New York, N. Y.; ; Gerard O.-Griffin!-Manager Hazard.'Control, Dravo. Corp., .Neville Island; Pittsburgh, Pa.; Charles'J.:Hart, Research Engineer,. National'Electrical Contractors'Assn.,-Inc., : .- " Washington, D. C.; J. J. Kelly, Safety Supvr.,.M. W. Kellogg Co., New. York, N.'Y.;' ' .."John V, O'Brien, Safety S,upvr.'.-&; Labor Relations ;Repr., Bechtel Corporation, San. Francisco, Calif.; Henry T. Perez, Rditor, Construction Methods & Equipment, New *.' York, N. Y.; Hunter Wharton, General President, InternationaLUnion of Operat- .. - ; '' .79 7 ` .ing Engineers, Washington/ D.. C.;. Victor E.; Whitehou.se, Director of Safety, Inter/ . national Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Washington, D. C.;'Everett-Witzel; Sales /' v '.Mgr., E. D. Buljard Co., Sausalito, Calif.,: . Standing Committees: Program. Committee--Earl. W..Wheeler, Coordinator; Co-Chair-'; -..nien: WmV G. Bryson: (Building), T: J'/ Laskows'ki (Heavy), Robert ;0. Nimmo (Highway).- ' -;// '' . ; Membership .toiimiittce--CEiiE :\y*ssaiis/i^ . (Chairman),-W. R. Frrz, .J; F. Huntman, R/D. Woodworth, Robert L. Moore, T. S.. McKosky: . Newsletter Editor--R. J. Dougherty. ' 'W.V. :; Health Committee--Clare B. Schwartz, R. N. (Chairman), Employers Mutuals' of . Wau; sau; River Forest,/111.; Dr. ,N: G. -/Long/ ( Vke-Gliainna'n) Medical Director, Kemper . . /.Insurance, Chicago, 111.-'; RicharO G'-.BABBi-rT,.President,;Mddical -SupplyGo.,.Rockford, .III.; Jane T. .Moore, R. N., Industrie Nurse/Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., C!hi- . cagd/111.;;J^an R. WEtSH,.R. N4 Oak Park, 111. y / " Research Committee--Richard-E. Schroeder, (Chairman). ...'.. ' Public Relations.Committee--Hunter P. Wharton, (Chairman). . Training' Committee--Arthur L. Schmuhl, (Chairman). ... VisitorAids Committee--J: Dougherty, (Chairman). Standards Committee--James Regan, (Chairman). ' , . -.'/-: Special ProjectsCommittee-^RciBBff A. Wendell, (Chairman). . Off-the-Job Committee--Fred S. Cameron,' (Chairman). . Nominating; Coiiimittee^FstEiriuicK H. Deec (Chairman), K. A. Wendeu., Gerard O.- , '/ . Griffin, Robert L. Moore. \' , Honorary \Life Members--W.'D. BRUNtf(, C. M.Cahill. .. .Staff Rep.rcseniatiyc--Clement J. Luepke, National Safety Council, Chicago,'.111.' Past General Chairmen--WUC'21, LeoD/ Woedtke; I921-'23, F. A. Davidson; 1923-'24, W* F.. Ames; 1924-'26,'W/F.-'Austin; 1926-'28/E. C. Harding; 1928t'29, W; R. Rich-. ' ards; 1929-'31, George WiduaW3l-'34,.John RusseiX, Jr.;-1934-'35, Edgar N. Gold- H. W. Richardson; 1952-'54,M. B.. Alexander; 1954-'55, G. P.,O'Rourke;.1955757; ! R, L. Jenkins; 1957759, W. G. Hawkins; 1959-'6I, R. U/Moore; 196I-'63r R. A. VVendall and 1963-'64, F. H. Deeg. : /' ..^Administrative Committee . fTask Force .80- ...`1 ....... mwi--1mnraiMinwylV. -..iti1 1 2* ff . Volume 9 $v. National Safety Congress Transactions ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL I 425 N. Michigan Avenue '***w$^ Chicago, Illinois 60611 1964 Sational Safety Congress specifications which you have established on firm electrical principles, will insure against unfortunate and avoidable electrical'acci dents or fatalities. Most basic of all is vigilance and constant checking of equip ment and installations. ARE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC HOISTS FOOLPROOF? By MYRON L. MILLER Supervising Safety Eng., Westinghouse Electric Corp., East Pittsburgh, Pa. With over 25 years experience in the use juries. In fact, during this period, the in- - of electro-magnets, with almost half of this cidcnce of hook-bn accidents was thcHiighcst time' being spent in miscellaneous material of any occupation in our plant. handling applications, we have yet to expe rience a magnet failure which resulted in a disabling accident. After a survey of others' experience in this area of material handling, wc decided to- try an electro-magnet hoist. We have Until Octolx-r, 1963 we had not had a l>een pleased with the results. In the past disabling accident which involved an electro 12 years we have extended the use bf the magnet hoist. In October last year we had electro-magnet to* many, handling jobs. our first. one ; however, it was not due to `magnet failure hut rather to human failure. A "hook-on" man was loading small" steel plates side by side on a pallet by use'of an overhead electro-magnet crane hoist. He failed to stack the plates evenly which caused the magnet to slide off the pile when the It is our feeling that with properly con trolled work conditions and with strict ad herence to safe work practices, many ma terial handling jolts can be done quicker and safer with electro-magnet hoists. " Let's consider a few applications. power was released. The sliding magnet Heavy steel plates may be handled safely stnick the man and fractured his l<fg.. He and quickly by single unit magnets. The "was involved in two unsafe practices which usual capacity'range of this type magnet is were widiin his power to control, namely,.. f rom one to thirty tons. unstable stacking and failure to stand clear Where heavier or more bulky loads are' .of the load. to l>c handled, two or-more magnets may Electro-magnet hoists have been 'used' l*c arranged with spreader bars.4o distribute safely in steel storage yards and over -iron and to stabilise the load. -acrap areas for rough handling for many years. Power failure has not liccn considered a significant factor because the areas were isolated and with little, or no ex insure of people. Safety men have been reluctant-howcvcr. to consent to their use in manufactur ing areas. AlKmt 12 years ago we faced a problem of handling parts and scrap material from our large automatic burn-out tables where wc were flame-cutting irregular shajics from heavy steel plate. \\/ were using chains, - When handling Jong, thin steel sheets it may lie necessary to use magnets of large, cross-sectional area separated by a spreader bar to distribute the load and prevent ``peeling-off." Hither small lattcry*cnergizcd magnets or large overhead crane magnets may be used to load steel (dates on burn-out tables. After the parts have liecn cut-out, they may l>c removed by the magnet and the remaining scrap tnay lie (ticked up as well. wire rope slings, safety clamps, and miscel . The electro-magnet provides a safe means laneous special handling devices to move the to load ferrous metal scrap into railroad rut-out parts and to pick up the remaining cars. Our experience over the past 10 years scrap to load into gondola cars. This was has proved this to l>c much quicker and hazardous' work and we were experiencing much safer than by other conventional meth frequent accidents resulting in serious in- ods. 10 , X . t Li OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 Centra] Chairman--II. A. Perkins, Chief of Health & Safety Section, Western. Electric' Company, Inc., Baltimore, Md. ' . ;.' Vice Chairman and Secretary--J. A. Waldron, Safety -Supervisor, Packard Electric Div, . General Motors Corp., Warren, Ohio. ' Membership; Committee--Thomas McBrien (Chairman), Supvr. of Safety, Air-ARM . -Div), Westinghouse. Electric. Corp., Friendship International Airport, Baltimore; MA; ` C. EL'HAYDiJt, Mgr, Safety and Security; Philco Corp., Philadelphia, Pa. ;-J.-W.'Looeer, . Safety Dir., The NationaljCash Register Co, Dayton, Ohio . . Program' Committee--R.- E. Whiteside (Chairman), Branch Accident Prevention Mgr,.. Employers Mutualsof Wausau, fover Forest, 111.; C. A. Buchanan, Jr.,';Mgr,`.Safety Programs, International `Business Machines Corp,' Oswego, N: Y.; J. A. Edmonds, ~. Vice President,. Daniel Woodhead Co,.:Chicago, 111: p George MacDonAt.D,. Vice Presi- ' dent, Self-Insurers Sdcyice, Inc4`-Chicago, I1L Newsletter .Committee--Donald Priest (Chairman), . Safety Administrator,. International Business Machines Corp, Kingston, N. Y,; Russell-Johnson, Safety Dir,- George Dl Roper Corp, Kankakee; 111;;. C. W. Koch, Supvr. of Safety, Western Electric -Co, Inc.,- Kearney Works, Kearney, N. J.-; .Sig Poremskj, Safety Eng,: Self-Insurers Serv ice. Inc., Chicago, III. ' - . .. .' \. Rescarch. 'and Engineering Pohsmittee--Allan Rixn. (Chairman), Project Engineer) -Daniel Woodhead- Co, Chicago,III.; John. Capps, .Associate Managing Engineer,-Underwriters' Laboratory, Chicago, HI'.'; Robert J. Ferrari, Vice President, Excell Electric Service Co, Chicago, III.; ,G.. R-, Smith, Safety- Dir, Champion Lamp Works, Lynn, Masi;. . William A. SuNTER,. Mgr, Commercial-Engr.' Dept', Harvey Htibbell,. Inc., Bridgeport . Conn. ..- - . .. - " . " .<. Training and Publications Committee--1.L J. Quincannon (Chairman);'.Supvr. of-Safety, Western Electric Co, Inc, Winston-Salem, N.. .; L..T. Bristol, Safety Dir, Fansteel Metallurgical -Corp, Waukegan; UL;: E. J. Cymek, LoSs Prevention -Mgr, General Telephone & Telegraph Corp, New York,-N. Y. ' ; - Off-The-Job Committee--M. Ix Miller. (Chairman), Supervising Safety-Engineer, West- ' inghouse Electric Corp, East Pittsburgh,. Pa.; .C. T. Lang, Supv. of Safety, Meter .Div, .Westinghouse Electric' Corp, Newark, N)J.; W.G. Moorhead,'Administrator, ' .Safety & Health Dept), AMP,.Inc.,' Harrisburg, Pa.; ip. .C; Peregoy, Safety Engineer, Stanford; Linear Accelerator -Center, Stanford University, Stanford; Calif.; Lawrence . ' bfernick. Safety Mgr.; Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp,' Syosset, - Long. Islatid*- Ni Y. - \- ' -;:: Long Range Planning'Coinmiitce--Gvoac.z MacDonald (Chairman), Vice President,;Scjf-. - 'Insurers Service, Inc.,- Chicago,!!!.; E..E, Gebhart, Safety Dir, Frigidaire Div, Gen .( '7 eral Motors C6rp, Dayton. Ohio; M. L.'Miller,-:Supervising Safety Eng, VVestingr house Electric Corp, East Pittsburgh, Pa. . ' - ' ' .13 Li- '* - -S'- ' StqffSRcprtsentativc---J(iseph H. Van Sickle,.-Industrial'' National gaiety Council, Cliirago, 111., \ \ . - -. ' . Pasi General 'C/imrvi^l947iQ~-E.- K. Taylor, *1940-50--H- B. .-Pc!nTJS,-'!193d-51-r-: M. F; Biancabdi, lOSl-SZ-^C. N. Focr,;;1952-53--j. TraNsue, 1953:54--M. L. Miller, - :1954^S5--:J.: A. 4Hoi(caiosi''i9SS*56^'J.':J. Lawler, 1956-57^--C. F; Schlueter, 1957-5&-- . 'LL Gerhart, 1958-59^: W: Koch,`1959-60--W.- F. McChesney, *1960-61---E. j. Turto.v, 1961-62--G. MacDonald, 1962-63--G. R: Smith,; 1963-64--F. C. Pehecoy. ;`Deceased . i ' : I J4 " 5 " ` . MEMBERS OF THE - I^RM NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 Dr. Joseph Ackerman, Managing Director, Farm Foundation; Chicago,''111.-;' Edward S. Adams, Director of Safety, Iowa Farm Bureau: Federation; Des Moines, Iowa; . Mrs. - Almer Armstrong, Information Specialist; Indiana Statewide/Rural Co-op.; Indianapolis, Ind.; John Banning, Assistant Bfrector, 4-H Club and YMW Programs, U-.S. Depart- -ment of Agriculture, Washington,- D.'C.; Dr. BondBible; Council .on Rural .Health, . . American Medical Association, Chicago, III.; W. J. Brake, Lecturer, National Grange, ' * Haslettj, Midi:; Harry'Bryson, Executive Vice President, Agricultural Hall of Fame, . Bpimer Springs, Mo.; Charles R. Cavagnaro,' Agricultural Safety Officer; Bureau of- Labor Standards, Washington,- D.- G.; Dr. .John B. Claar, Director, of. Extension, College of Agriculture, Urbana,. 111.; Maynard .Qje,. Agricultural ..Consultant, Des . . - Plaines, 111,; Graham T. .Goi^lter, Director OP Publications, .Kraft.-Foods;Company, ' -.Chicago, III;;'.Raymond O.'. Darling, Public. Relations,, Gene.ral ,Motors'Corp., Detroit,,. Mich.; Harvey Dastrup, Director, Livestock Conservation,. IncM Chicago, III.; Emh. ''Dietz, Safety Specialist, California Farm Bureau,-. Bericeley,. Calif.'; Mrs.-'Lawrence ' Fisher, Vice President, National -Extension Homemakers- Council,.'Valders,; Wis..; -Kenneth V. Fiske,. Director- of Farm Operations, Velsicol . Chemical Corporation, Chicago, 111.; Charles Frederick, Executive Secretary, National Farm &,Power Equip- ment: Dealers. Assn., St. Louis,. Mo.; Dai.ton Gandy, Production,Specialist,National Cottonseed Products'Assa, Iric., Rtiston, La.; Harouj B. Halter, Managing Direidor,- . Farm Equipment Manufacturers Assn., St Lotiis^-Mo.; Denis -Hayley, Director of ' Information, National Agricultural Chemicals. Asm., Washington, -D. C.; Russell. Heston; Director of Engineering, Grinncll Mutual Reinsurance Company, Grinned, Iowa; Dooglas Hewitt,- Executive Secretary, Farm and. Industrial Equipment Insti- >: tute, Chicago, 111.; Walter. Johnson, Public Health Advisor,-U; S. "Public Health Service, Washington,-D.- C;; Mrs. Dorsey Kirk, Illinois State Grange, Oblong, III.; Keith' Kirkpatrick, Associate Farm Director, Radio Station WHO, Des'Moines,.- . Iowa; Edward-R.' Klamm, Manager, Accident Prevention Division, Allstate Insurance- ' Company, Skokie, III. ;, L. .W. Knapp,- Agricultural Safety Engineer, Institute; of. 'Agricultural -Medicine, Iowa-City, Iowa; William Kuufuss, President,'Illinois-Agri- cultural Association, Bloomington, III.;-' Frank JLadeher, Director of Safety, Nation wide Insurance Company, CohimbUs,. Ohio'; E W: Lehmann, RF0-,^I2,' Urbana, 111.; ; . Bruce Lourie, East Moline, 111.;' John Marks, Dir.,- Education Division, -Automotive Safety . Foundation, Washington, D. C.; C. "W, McMillan, Executive . Secretary,- American National Cattlemen's. A^sn^-: -Denver, -Colb.;- Norman . Mindrum, Dir., ` / National 4-H. Service Cbmmitiee, Chicago, 111. ; Herschpj.Newsom, Master, National .' ; Grange, Washington, D. G.; GuyX. Noble, National.City, Calif.";..Ralph.Patterson, . - .-Extension Specialist,. U; S.-De'pt of-Agriculture, Washington, D.'.G; V. S. Peterson, E` I.: du Pont dc'Nemours & Company, Atlanta,. Ga'.; Harry Poimpus, Columbus, . .-. V.Ohio; Harry Powell, Asst. to. Vice President, Goodyear Tirevand Rubber Company, Akron,...Ohio-; L.-W. Randt, Director of Pro<luct Programming, Oliver Corporation; Chicago, III'.; R. S. Reaves, Manager of Development Engineers, Aliis-Chalmers' Man- .- . ufacturing.Cbmpany, Milwaukee, Wis.; Frank Reynolds, Gen. Mgr, of Ag. Industries, \ U.--S*. Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa,; Miss Lou.ise Rosenfeld,': Asst: Dir.--Home Economics, Iowa State-University, -'Ames', Iowa; Robert Rupp, Managing Editor, The Farmer,:St: Paul, Minn'.; .Paul Sanpers, Editor, The Southern Plaittcf, Richmond, "Va.; C. G. - Scruot.s; Asso. Editor, Progressive Partner,' Dallas, Texas; Grice Sexton, Director of- Safety,. Kansas'Farm Bureau, Manhattan,- Kan.- Charles .B, Shuman, President, American. Farm Bureau Federation, Chicago, 111.; Arthur Stafel; Manager, Fox Valley Cooperative-, Inc., Appleton, Wis.; W. E; Stuckey, Leader, Safety & Preparedness,. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio'; Randall C. Swanson, tJ 5M^yj r-77<3? - ;'/ .._ = / J . '' ' . 5. . . / ' - Farm Safety Specialist, College of'Agriculture, Madison, Wis.; E.'W. Tanquary, .1 .. Staff . Engineer,- International Harvester Company, Hinsdale, 111. ; 'Robebt E. Taylor, '-.Editorj. Republic-Farni Spokesman, R^ublic Steel Coiporauqn, Cleveland; Ohio;'Dh. ' A'lW.' Tenney, Chief, Agricultural Education. Branch, Office of ;Educatioh, Wash- , ington, D.C; Mrs. Helen Turner, Division, of Home Economics, U. S.'Department of Agriculture, . Washingtoin.' Di C:; James Waixi Executive Segretary,. Natibnal, Vocational AgriculturalTeachers' Association, Inc., Lincoln, Neb.; DR-.'F; R. WnxsEY,.'' ' ExtensionSafety Specialist, Purdue University, Lafayette; Ind.; John H.-Zich,'Mgr., Tech. Data & Standards Department, Ford Motor Co., Birmingham, Mich.; Carlton . Zink; Product 'Research-Departriicnt, Deere and -Company, Moline, III. ' ... ( -A ') C . '-Sy * .55. .4 OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 General Chairman-'Gmkr.y. L. Kitchen, DiF. Ol Safely,'Peavey Company,. Minneapolis,' . Minn. .First Vice Chairman--John M; Jensen, Dir. of Safety, Corn' Products Co.; Argo, 111. 'Second-- Vice:C/wrwH--Victor ;R. `Johnson, Safety Supv., Gerber Products Co., Fremont, Mich. . .SVere/ary^J. R. McCavn, Fire Prcv. Mgr., Ralston .Purina Co., St. Louis, Mo. ' Program. Chairman--William G.-Smith, Dir. of- Safety,. The Nestle Co., Fulton; K. Y.. Newsletter Editor--Frank /. Fessenden, Mgr,, Selection & Training, Kraft Foods Div., National Dairy Products Carp., Chicago, III.; N'huslettcr Co-Fditor--Albert Cacherat, Pcrs. Dir., Reed Candy Co., Chicago, III, Membership Chairman--GwxnuY Krohn, Health & Safety Admin., Jos. Sohlitz' Brewing " Co.,- Milwaukee, Wis.` -- . . .' Off-the-Job. Safety. Committee--Cake C. Clements /Chairman), Dir. of Safety, National Dairy Products Gorp., New York, N. Y.; Akdf.n Danforth, Safety Sttpv.f The Strohs Brewery Co., Detroit, Mich. : .. I!caith Director--Paul W. Rush, M.D.-, Medical' Dir.,' Corn Products-Co., Argo, 111,; Health. Co-Director--Samuee A,. GkaziaNo, -M.D., Medical Dir., Pahst Brewing Co., . Milwaukee, Wis.- Associations Committee--W. Michael Aicher (Chairman), Dir.,'Employee-' Relations, - United Stales Brewers'Assn., New York.N. Y.; 'Stanley; \V; Parsons, General Safety Xj . IJir., 'Carnation Co., Los Angeles, Calif. :` ; ' *. - :; , : . .. . .. Training & Visual /lids. Cominittec--Robert Cef.rc (Chairman), Safety Dir., International Milling Co., Minnea;>olis, Minn.; S.L. Hai.ac, Mgr.', Safety & Fire Prev., Central Soya Cot, Fort Wayne, Ind. . `. . . finginedring Committee--Ken S! Martyn (Chairman.),'Safety Dir., General .Miljs,- Irir., : Minneapolis, Minn.; Donald ROss, Safety Dir., Kitchens of Sara-Lee, Inc., Deerfield, ;iii- . .. ;: '' - ' /hoards & Contest Committee--*N. -E. Thiee. (Chairman), Dir. of Safety, SealtestFoofls- ' Southern Dairies-Div,, Charlotte, N. C,; .'Greco R. Meyers, Dir. of Safely & Security, ' Pahst Brewing Co;, Milwaukee, Wis. ' . ., '` Agriculture Committee-1--John P. Hf.cn (Chairman), .Safety-Personnel, The' Larsen Co., Fort Atkinson, VVis.; Robert P. Ai.bEN, Safety & Wage Admin., Castle & Cooke, lrici,: .. Honolulu, Hawaii; J W. .SalIsbury, Ins, -Mgr. & Safety Dir., The South Coast Corp., New. Orleans, La. '. . . jPirc Prcvattton Committee--*1. W.. Shutt, (Chairman),' Safety Dir.; Jos. E-. . Seagram & Sons,, Inc., Wow York.N, Y.; G. N. Burke, Fire Protect Engr-.) Schcnlcy Distillers, Inc.,' . v'.-Cincinnati, Ohio; *L. H. Gretzer, Di'r/qf. Safety, Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn. : % . Industry/Relations Ctimmiltcc---Donaui . P. Espinosa : (Chairman), Safety Dir., Pepsi Cola > > v '"General- Bottlers,1 Inc.;Chicago, 111,; *Nix6n DeTarnowsky, Mgr., Safcty.and Comrtiuni- \ ; cations, The F. &.M. Scliaefcr Brewing Co.|, Brooklyn, NVY. . 1. - linkers Division*--Vnu.: McDonald, Asst; Dir.; Sanitation Div.,: Amcrican Jnstiiutc of Bak-V. , ''. ing, Chicago, III.-; Arthur E'. 'Marvin, Safety Dir;,' Sunshine Biscuits, Inc., Long Island. jVb. city, n. y.. . v HrnvcrsDivision--*Ho>isiA)ii L. TIeuer : (Chairman), Safety .Dir.; Anheuser-Busch, Tnc., St. Louis, Mb; ; Euoknk. D. Berce,- Mgr, - ^Safety & Security, Miller Brewing Co., MiL , waukce, \Vis.'; A.-J. Farina,:Safcty Supvr,, Tiic F; & M. Schaefer-Brewing.Co., Allwny, . N. Y. ; J, IvM-:tter, Safety Eng., Fidstaff Brewing Co., St. Louis, Mo!/. . . : ' .Confectioners Division--James. A. Carr. (Chairman), Dir; of .Safety, Mars Candies, .Chi- .. cago, III.; ..Robert Newton, Personnel-& Safety Dir., Fannie May Candy-Co.-, Chicago, . 'in..-. .; - c., ; -.- -. ' pdify Products Division--Phascis T. McGowan ; (Chairman), Safety .Dir., The ' Borden Co., New York, N. Y.V /." /. .-' ' .. -." " . ' Distillery Safety'Directors--*Jamks H. Snyder, Mgr., Safety & 'Plant . Protection;'Hiram ;- Walker-and-Sons, Inc., Peoria, 111. ': : Poultry Prneessihg Division--*Georoe II. Steel: (Chairman), Safety' Dir.,.Ralston Purina Co., St.' Louis, Mo.; George A. Quaniieb, Insurance Dept., Swi.ft &-Co,, ;Chicago, III;;-, / .' Frank .Wom.ney,.Program Dir., Inst, of-American Poultry-Industries, Chicago, Til. 1 . , ' * Processors & Canning Division--XVu.uah M. Callahan (Chairman),-Safety and Services;.. Dir., Gerltcr Products Co., Rochester, N. .Y.; C. A. Clark, Safety Dir., General Foods, .; White Plariiis, N. Y.; Joski'H JI, Coi.oiri.TT, Secy-;,.National; Assri. of Refrigerated Ware- .` houses, Inc., Washington, D..C.; Milton Hattikr, Mgr., Ins. Dept & Dir. of Safety, Wesson Div-.-flunt Fwls & Industries,- Inc.,-New Orleans, La: 1 , .Grain ifandlin'g'Cr Processing Division--R,' J.. Gerber (Chairman),. Safety Dir.,. Pillshury^:' . ' Co. (Consumer Div,), .Springfielil, 111,;-Wii.i.iam CamitieI.d, Safety Dir.,. Post's Cereal. iX . Battle Creek, Mich.; Jack JCboix), Snpyr., Safety & Training, American Maize Products 'Cep; Roby, Trid..; Lloyd Q. Staan,-Safety Dir.; Grain Processing Corp, Muscatine, Iowa. v \Nonmiatmg':.CbmmUteer~*j)Mrs Snyper. (Chairman) ; *L. H, . Gre^zer; >Norman L." ` Heuer; *GrpAo R. MeyeRs,; *1. W. Shutt. ' '- - "i" .- ' .' - ./v.'.V'' -' . Staff. Refresenlsitivc--A. M. Bai.tzer, . National - Safety Council,, 425 N,. Michigan As-c, . Qiicago,-IIl.'6Q(lL . Past General- Chairman- ..*. ' : b 7*-*- 25 Vo Volume 11 National Safety Congress Transactions GLASS and CERAMICS; RUBBER to NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 f i>.v.v.v{.VuaiWsy^qwr'wnwrtq^.twn*i* ,va.v.v;.*.v.\ J964 National Safety. Congress . -.' . 1,: SAFETY--A; PLANT MANAGER'S VIEWPOINT . By ROBERT K. EBY VV> Plant Mgr., Dearborn Glass Plant, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mick. . .The' title of plant maiiager.is: the .most :!pected 'to meet or-bcaf the return on invest- widely niisused of any organizational De njent - experienced by other glass. manufac scription. It .designates the operational turers. 7: . head of .large and . small components ehr gaged, in all' varieties of operations. Sobeforeyou get.that.-brief look at safety' from this plant- manager's-, viewpoint, I want to establish-what the title means .ininy-individual situation. ' GuG .safety, activityis .a part <Sf .Vgir'In dustrial- relation's.organisation. Organization ally, our. safety reprSentative. is only- two steps away from the plant manager. We feel' that:-.this, establishes, -the ;safety, 'function- at a level . where ji can be. most -effective in our V - \Iy job is to manage the Dearborn Glass daily operations.; Safety personnel .--at .divi Plant, a manufacturing operation 6f Ford- sion and corporate . level functionally direct, M'otor .Companyi which is an- organization the plant program, of approximately -1,300 employes. .- The' So much for our organization and my job. company-1-, manufactures; .plate ' glass ', and Now let's examine your job and what F feel fabricates automotive, windshields. ~~ you might do to become niore. effective in .." When Roy Seitz, manager of Ford's your efforts to assist plant management. Nashville Glass Plant, spoke ,to you two .1want to'warii you at. file outset that my years ago, lie. pointed out that the Nash-, comments arc not/gbing to consist of flowery, villc plant was' the' largest automotive phrases, glorifying: the importance , of safety glas's producing plant' in the'worlil; Not to.: engineers in the operation of a manufactur lie outdone by niy Southern colleague;- I ing plant. ' All of-you ate aware of.the im-' can state-that to oiir best knowledge, the pprtance of- yoiir' respective: jobs.- The ques . Dearborn. Glass^Plant is the.largest single-, tion is,, have you convinced the management plant producer of automotive' windshields In .your plants or companies tliat. safety is in the world. . - as .important as you believe it to- be? This year, we will manufacture: in excess Let's examine, for a moment, the tools you - of I-.S million windshields of which 20 types have available to sell .safety' to plant man are'installed In Ford products. The balance agement. " Through .tlie, years you have de is-produced for tlie windshield replacement. veloped - astatistical evaluation- of safety market.- We fabricate 125 different models . . which when reduced /to its simplest form, aiid types -for .General Motors, 'Chrysler, amounts to a determination-of . whether an American Motors, and International Har operation has improved or - declined in its vester Vehicles. safety performance. ' You may.be looking through`Ford glass .- In' Ford, and I am. sure in. many other as you. drive any. model car built.since 1955, companies, management' is .periodically, in if tliat car's windshield required, replacement formed as to injuries' experienced and lost . since original installation. We also supply time accidents incurred as compared; to the flat : glass to a windshield fabricator who prior month and prior years. Relative com supplies, approximately : 50 per cent of the pany standing for each operating unit. is currcnt'.protliiction mitiiremcnts for Am'eri- reported on a monthly basis. These data give _ can Motors windshields. ; plant management ,a quick look .'at trends . Oiir plant is organized as. a completely in and relative safety, experience. This. js a dependent entity.1 We have oiir own manu welll-developed program and ,T am. sure has facturing engineering, plant engineering,>con- : resulted in safer manufacturing,methods and t'roller, production control,' quality control, practices. " . and industrial relations , personnel. . Under First-of all. ill your field you are-dealing the Ford profit center systein, we sell our : With a subject against which no basic dis- products'at' competitive prices and are ex-. . agreement exists. There are no'"anti-safety" "\/. Glass. &. Ceramics Section human beings. To my knowledge thereare But. perhaps -we can relate safety to these- no "pro-accident" irteriibers of management. thrjee objectives arid thereby-more firmly es- Plant . managers have humanitarian - traits'. although they .can't display, .them too fre tablish your -program as .a dynamic- part of' the job of managing a plant. quently.- Even tough, hard-boiled production ` Take qpajity 'for example. In .glass manu- and maintenance supervisors recognize.that, fdcturirtg we. arc. continually/plaguqd with unsafe practices can't be tolerated; You don't. quality.:problems..' 'Our . product Scratches,1; ' have to convince management that ah injury chips," distorts, '-and whert .yoti drop it,, it .to another- human is an undesirable event. breaks. '! ; Two tools,. statistics and 'emotion, have The losses incurred for-, these .reasons been well developed and sold to management alone are'Staggering. Many instances occur by safety personnel. Can -you rely on these when a piece of- glass Is damaged because tools to- support a long-range .program of ./'an employe feels, that the prescribed method safety; in . a manufacturing operation? I - of handlingis unsafe and therefore -he don'tbelieVe yqucan hope for more than '; deviates -from the ,method;..td- avoid injury. routine acceptance - by management unless Tn so doing. he causes a reject. . -you expand your safety selling program. Suppose he is: right, .Can- yoq as a Safety Put. your program into a -form which' fits.' engineer' get more management attention. by: the pattern of th.e.basic objectives for manu-^ .pointing out .that.'the method is'unsafe-or fa'cturing. management. To be very; cold-" -would you he'more successful if-your .in. blooded about this, have you-ever'heard of vestigation included the amount of'rejected a manufacturing manager being'fired solely, .material generated hy .the employe who is on-:the basis of a poor safety record? Con trying to avoid an".unsafe method?; versely, you have undoubtedly, heard of managers who-Were fired even though they ran a plant.. which; had the best safety record in tlieir company or industry. * If your case is solely based on the fact that the method is unsafe, the most likely re sponse you. will get from' the foreman .is, -''We'ye beeri doing it.tlrat way for 12 years- Doesn't this explain, to sorA" degree, why- and no ' one . has" been .' hurt yet" ; Sound satety 'problems oftch receive - relatively familiar? ' Let's assume you could- tell that minor attention. from many members of Same foreman that you might save him manufacturing management?. * . . twenty,' thirty, or -forty pieces, of scrap per '`Perliaps it would be .-well to review the.- day,. If-you-could time your.contact properly, ' prime objectives Of management in a manu -.you might catch him on. the way backto the facturing operation so as to better under job .from'-a! quality "chcwing-out" in ; the stand how to present your safety recom superintendent's office. I'm - sure you 'wouldmendations arid fit them into these prime' get a frivorable reaction to your.suggestion.' objectives. Siriiply Stated, these prime ob Safety' as related to output is an even jectives can be summarized in one phrase-- Letter field, for study. Every plant has wcllmake a .quality, product, in scluaiuled quan . trained operators .whose, individual produc tity, at competitive cost. tivity exceeds that .of . workers performing . You can expand that .statement ihto many; similar tasks. If that key operator is working detailed ' objectives, but it still results- in .'under , unsafe conditions, can you state the quality, schedule, , arid 'cost. Ari excellent possible less in terms of productivity .rather management tearii meets all three objectives than injury statistics? Try it a few tiriics every- day, every mbntlv and every year. , and T.'jn sure your; proposals will get more A management team may perform in an acceptable manner . for two of these ob-. jectives but fail, miserably In -the third and soon you will find new faces in-the' organi-' - attention. One unsafe practice cost in excess of .250.thousand-square feet of. glass'but. never appeared in any safety report. (Rolling machine-faking spout). . zation. l am not here to recommend that Safety related to cost-1 is a "natural." you attempt to establish safetyas' a' Co What, is the cost of an injury in yourplant?' equal objective with quality, .schedule,' and Your - plant manager may be enjoying, the cost. I doubt very moch'if you could con nuritber one position in. the company, for the vince me that it is of equal importance. best safety , record.. At the same time, he 196) Xtili"itul Safety Coiujrcsi . may be 'under pressure to reduce, costs in tivity standpoint, when the 'immediate plant order'to meet; competition._The cost of an' problem ,is quality. .` .Keep your .ear "to the accident has had 7a phenomenal rise during ground and know what: the plant problems the .pa't' ten years. Plant management is . are. Design -your sales talk to match the genuinely interested' in costs; involving: ' .- plant problem. - - : 1. Lost productivity . 2.-. . . Training replacement; employes'- 3. Poor quality :rcsulting- from' use of -untrained personnel. " . .-One of the .popular conceptions of a safety representative is that he: is: ai "worry-waft," a ``prophet' of .doom," a "negative person ality," and a "Monday 'rooming :quarterliack." Quite frankly, I; have dealt with ' 4. .Improper use of equipment . ' ' individuals who fit. this.description. .'I-have, 3. - Medical services costs '6. Workmen's compensation 7. Overtime .to cover absentees ^' never felt that they effectively.'contributedto plant, operations 'and I'm sure .that the cooperation they-'received was limited; : I am proposing .that .you. avoid this 'tag and ...All bniiesc'cost elements can he identified . become, an .active part of ifianagcmait. and' reported for every safety hazard-br- ' Continue yoiir;. statistical .reporting. but fore the-accident- occurs; Get. better ac- - look, for - more positive .ways to sell your quainted with your cost analyst or controller; . safety program. Speak' the .same' language You can certainly'benefit if your ideas and . as your foremen,, your'superintendents and recommendations have- a "dollar, sign" at your manager.. ' '; tached.'* ft costs money to be safe; but it . Show that safe practices, safe equipment, costs, more to be unsafe. good housekeeping, 'and -safety conscious The approach you jtake. in 'relating safety' ness can be, and. are,, vital contrifnilors to the problems to the objectives'of manufacturing success of a .well:managed-.operation. You management must be tailored to your in--' will find, if you. are-willing to'look, that dividual -plant of .company. ' When- your your program can be related to management's management recognizes the co-equal objec objectives of quality, schedule; and cost. . tive' of ..quality,' schedule, an.d costs,. your- `When you establish this relationship, jour problem- is-.much. simpler, than if- the man j'db: will .be made easier-and ' your' mainageagement leans heavily .to otic of the'- three. ment will-be more interested in j-our recom Don't-try', to sell safety from a'produe- mendations and thereby, more safety minded; WHAT'S ALL THE NOISE ABOUT HEARING LOSS? By J. S. SHARRAH Occupational Health Services, Pennsylvania Manufacturers' Association ' v Casualty. Insurance Go., Philadelphia Hearing -loss is an . affliction which ;Has . frighten or upset'their opponents when in existed/throughout' the hjstory of mankind. . . battle; . ,. '. . .Disease .'and traumatic injury . probably' It-is- reported that a short time ago words accounted for. a considerable portion of flic were exchanged .in the.Housc of Commons in cases, of hearing loss, but one. can imagine .Britain bctwccn tlie English members and 'the levels, of sound produced on. the ear by- the Scots where Ihe English , interjected tlie constant ring of a broadsword or a mace . .the skirl -of 'bagpipes into a: discussion on dicing brought down. heavily* on a metal noise,- and the Scols countered, suggesting helmet.; . ." that the English may not have 'ari ear for Also,- the Bible states that, the walls of music.: However, hearing' loss or a de- Jericho fell . when, the. invading armies'' ; crease in- hearing sensitivity resulting from trumpets were''blown,. and all the savage noisy occupations has been known for over tribes usually used some manner qf noise to . 100 .years. .. Glass <9,- Ceramics Section Prior to 1948; hearing loss was not re - Also.in.. 19a9, in two cases iri Maryland, garded' as a- significant factor ijn; Workmen's the courts , held tliat -no compensation copld Compensation. Also,.since most of the.claims be paid as long as the claimant- is not were for ;traumatic injury in .the past years, actually, incapacitated from performing . his hearing loss was not concerned with Work work and had no wage |oss. men's.- Compensation Since; partial "loss' of. In 1962, a significant decision was made hearing .due. to noise was not ordinarily by * the courts' in. Georgia. The Georgia considered corppenSahle. This was due to. ' Law provides that .injury shall not' include the fact; that many years of exposure arc disease - in any form. ' There is a schedule usually necessary to create a significant: ;of benefits for total loss of . hearing in one' hearing loss.: or both ears. c . : !; '- . The: deveIopment of hearing impairment Ls As in other states, a section of. this law usually `a .slow process and. the' date of in lists-the occupational; diseases included by jury is difficult tip establish. Very often a the law. The defendants argued t^iat loss '"hearing impairment did hot result in 'a loss, of hearing was an . occupational disease, but .of wages. andtherefore,' in general, ' the the court ruled that the loss-of hearing was. compensation laws `did not apply. In those the cumulative.'.effeict of a succession of. stated where`hearing loss was compensable, ; traumatic injuries: suffered- -.by each sound as aii occupational disease,. the number of impulse on . the/air.. The' court therefore claims were limited by the! requirements that allowed the claim and`accepted the medical, there must be a wage joss, the hearing loss evidence' presented in this case whereby .it . had to be totals or there were limited, pro-. was. stated that a .51 - per cent impairment visions for the establishment of the date of representeda total loss of industrial use of injury.- the :ear. '' , However, in 1948,. the New. York Work'men's Compensation Board ruled'that " the Schedules, for loss of hearing, existing .in the law. was. applicable to both- accidental injuj-ics and occupational diseases and fur-', ther ruled that a claimant was entitled to an. award, even-though his partial loss of hearing did not affect, his earning power. There are three main, legislative precedents the Wisconsin, New York, and Missouri, laws. . The major points of the. Wisconsin law! are: . -. : '.- - . 1. Occupational hearing loss is compen-' sable arid is listed under, a separate schedule;- In 1951, a precedent was. established . in *..- 2. The last employer is liable for the en .Wisconsin .when.-the Industrial Commission tire'hearing loss if exposure is"proved, uri-. ruled that the date of ..injury was the last less be can show, a prior-hearing loss; . day of. work before filing a claim, ' Since .3. 'No claim for-benefits tinder the tjfhcd- the Wisconsin Law . covered occupational uic may be. filed until six consecutive months diseases this! made the'case compensable even of removal" from the noisy environment after `though: the- hearing loss was nonjy partial date of injury. The date of injury-is defined and the claimant was still employed . and as follows; had lost ho wages. :. . A (a) - Transfer because . of occupational .. Jn 1955; a legal precedent was' established- dcafn^s to \iion-noisy . employment wider the United States longshoremen's arid' - Harbor Worker's .Compensation . Act. This' act makes 'no. distinction between ac cidental injury - and occupational disease. ;The defense argued that .compensation for (b). Retirement (c) .Termination of. employment - (d) Lay-off--provided it is complete and continuous for a year. ' ; loss of Hearing should be paid only when 4. Separate'provision is made for com there was a wage loss. - The courts held that pensating an employe ..who, because. of oc occupational loss'of hearing was.compensable cupational ' deafness,' is transferred to. other even when not accompanied, by a wage loss. noisy,employment; thereby sustaining a wage ". In 1959, the Missouri Supreme Court loss, subject to a maximum of $3,500. held that-theToss of; hearing is an occupa . 5. . There is no formula - in .the law for tional disease and'-compensable uijder the.dis the measurement and evaluation of hearing ability schedules'in the Missouri' Law. loss. However, there is an administrative 4 . *** . 1964 National Safety Congress , . V; . \ -' ; . ruling which describes a formula rccom- well as certain, drugs of. the streptomycin . mended by the A.A.O.O. and. the A.M.A. and salicylate group. However, ; the most The major difference between the New York Law and the Wisconsin Law lies in the area of apportionment .of.'liability. The Wisconsin Law relieves the employer of common cause of heavy loss is the degenerative. process, that takes place in - the cochlea' . during the-process that takes place during thc-physical process of aging,'or persbyctisis. : V ' liability when he..can'prove a prior, hearing It .is':comparatively easy to distinguish ' . : ' loss,- whereas 'the New York Law. holds between conductive arid 'perceptive hearing.. . i : the,last employer liable for.the total hearing- loss,.but it ii impossible to-determine; froth . ' loss; However, In the case of. the New York examination alone that a .given cause of employer;; he does have some-subrogation- ~dStfness is due'to'exces'siyendke. However; : ; . ~ fights-if the exposure existed within a pre- as. with many diseases, the medical history, vioits three year period. the evaluations of exposures, .etc., will lend. ' ; There ;are. two main differences in?, the. the expert' very valuable clues to deterr . ' : Missouri Law--from the precedents in. New'1 mining the responsibility of hearing.; loss. . York and .Wisconsin:. .. .(1) There is a statutory requirement re-' . . quiring .the use .of a formula for the meiis .liremcnt and evaluation , o'f hearing loss. . Usually high frequency noises are more. . injurious than low frequency noises when'*"'" they are. of similar . intensity. The mostdamaging. to hearing is the noise.`in the. ' (2) As-part of. this formula, it requires-. -bands 600-1,200 cps and 1,200-2,400 cps.; '- . an. allowance for.the average hearing loss The organ of hearing possesses consider that'accompanies age in the population, or as able recuperative power. For example,, when this.is called, persbyctisis. .'.'i the ear ist just'subjected to. reasonably; ex- The-Council of State Governments. has cessive noise, there is a threshold.shift which recommended certain state legislatibh which may return to : normal when the exposure /. . Would include: ! -i ' . is discountinued.' This is called the T.T.S. .(l j The six month waiting period or teriipbrary threshold shift. With, con- . (2)' Measurement of hearing threshold tinued exposure over a considerable period,, levels at 500, 1,000, 2.000 cps ' this may become .a P.T.S. or - permanent .. . (3) An allowance of 1/2 -decibel per threshold shift or loss of hearing. ' ; year for ages oyer 40 foir'persbycusis. ; The .most important function of the hu . Jt lias been estimated that as high' as 8 : .per cent of the employe population may be suffering: from hearing-loss: so it can be seen that the problem-is widespread. man ear is to hear and discriminate between speech sounds. These sounds usually lie in to 500 to 1,000 cps and the l.000 to 2,000 cps bands.: Consequently, testing for . deafness often, is done, at the 500, 1,000 and . .. ' . .-The common . definition, of noise is iin- 2,000 cps levels. '. .. ; wanted sound, so it-can; be seen, that .the difference, between' sound and; noise ,is one. . of psychological response rather than the physical characteristics.; 'Tor." the . purpose When we wish to .measure noise, it must be considered that noise has two. significant qualities,_' intensity and frequency. Many " -of'further discussion, these terms will be used synonymously. states and/or agendes . have criteria for. overall-sound levels without regard to the separate. octave bands in .the sound spectra. ' - There are two distinct types of deafness Consequently, these levels will 'vary between \ i._ .V . j . 1: ' 'i . J' --conductive and perceptive., deafness, and 85 to, 95 decibels, the unit of sotjnd.intensity. . these also-may be found existing together. Actually,. it is far better to measure the ' .' Conductive deafness results in .abnormal' 'intensities of the various octave bands to conditions, in the middle ear and is not be- more correctly gauge the. degree of, ex- ; . lieyed to bear any causal relationship to ex pdstire. Most criteria.indicate that a thres cessive noise. Perceptive deafness is due to . many causes, among which is excessive hold limit .should b . established .'for broad band, .continuous noises for .five-or - more ' *': . noise. _....' _ . . hours per day at 85 decibels, as the average - Certain prenatal, diseases' arid childhood for the.300-600, 600-^200,.and 1200-2,400 ' diseases often cause perceptive'deafness as. cps levels. , ' ; . 10 .1  Glass'& Ceramics Section <6 - . If it is established that noise-is excessive 7. Reduce the air turbulence. .- in-an. industry or in . specific instances, there D. Reduction'of noise by reducing the is a suggested'method of attack/which is - / transmission through air. / ' ' similar to.that which is used to,attack other;/ *:1,' Isolate "by, creating enclosures . industrial problems.-. "2; The use of sound- absorption in area : A. .'If a new plant is to be built, the plant should `be planned in such. a manner that no'excessive exposures are created. 3. The use .of sound absorption" along transmission path ' B. If .plants-are already built,, the sub ; 4,' Sound absorption by resonators . stitutions of quieter 'equipment, processes -or . 5. Sound absorption by mufflers material may .be considered.'- . , . --ErSound^cancellationr . : C. - The first method of noise, reduction There are also two-Tenuis of personal pro which should be `considered is noise reduc- ; tection. against noises,: the ear muffs, arid lion at the source. . ' the. ear:plugs,-.The ear plugs, if fitted prop . 1. The driving force of vibrating' sur erly, will reduce the noise levels in -the three faces may- be reduced ,l>y: . a; Reducing the forces'b. Minimize rotational speed c. Isolation. 2.. The response of..vibrating surfaces may be reduced a. By damping important' octave bands about 30 decibels, the ;ear mu/fs about; 35 decibels and a. com bination of - the' two. about 45 decibels.. When considering the noises which one eri-. counters, in. the. ceramic,industry,..one of the ;npisy operations are; the'forming machines. In a previously-unpublished. report,/it was found .that in the''octaye\ bands 'from 500 to. : 'b.-By additional support .4,000 cps the sound levels-ranged | from 94 d. By. increasing the stiffncss"of the ma-. : to 99 'decibels 'as -the 'average intensity .'in `terial . -: ` . ' d. By increasing the masses .of the vi brating members . e. By shifting the resonances. several plants at 4he various levels' at the' operator's, position.. Our' own .experience in dicates that we have found the intensity levels at . these, operations to be soihewhat Jowcr than these levels. ' 3. The radiation from- the vibrating sur-?' faces can be reduced by reducing the'. ef- . fective area of-the tadiation-- ; However, the first report shows that with ceiling- muffling, enclosures on the fan's, arid air. valve-mUfflers;. a reduction-of from 6 a. reducing overall size to' 7 decibels in the. important octave bands b. perforating surfaces '. ' can.-be effected 'at the operator's position, 4. Utilize the direction'of: the. source. . . 5. Reduce velocity of. ' fluid flow . (air). a. Increase cross section' of' streams 20 feet from these forming machines' aiid a simitar reduction is indicated 30 feet away, and on thereat; walk, across, the feeders. A 3 to 15 decibel reduction is found in this b. Reduce the pressure =amc region in the: forming basement arid a "6., Reduce^ the- cross sectional area of the 5 to 16 decibel reduction can be found in the air jets. . copibustion blower gallery. - \ OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 General Chairman--Robert W, Moulton, Ball Brothers Co.,'Inc., Muncie, Ind. First Vice Chairman--C. D. Noce, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Col, Crystal City, Mo,- Second'ViceChairman--Frank Bentley,Brockway Glass Co., Brockway, Pa: - Secretary--DonK SlPE,.Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.,' Shelbyvillc, Ind...: : Newsletter Editor--VvAtiK Manning, Ford Motor Co.,-. Glass Div.; Dearborn,t Mich. Health Committee--Glenn ' S. Usher, M.D. (Chairman), Owens-Illinois, Toledo, Ohioj *-W, G. Hazard,-Owens-Illinois, Toledo] Ohio; .'John V. Skendall, HarliisOn-Walktr, Pittsburgh, Pa-. Safely Promotion Committee--Jerry -Agnew (Giairman), Owens-Illinois,. Clarion,- Pa.;- Joseph E. Morrison, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co:, Pittsburgh.'Pa.; H. V. Gardner, Owens-Illinois Glass Co;, Toledo, Ohio; Terry Castee, Gastfc-Hanson.Corp., Rochester, N. Y. . . ' " ' : : , " . ' Noinihatigris Committee--'John' Kheinheimek (Chairman); Hunt Foods, Inc.,' Fullerton, Calif.; Joseph E. Morrison, Pittsburgh Plate Glass' Colj Pittsburgh, ' Pa.; *Clinton Ballinger, Owens-Illinois, Gas-City, Ind. ' ' Membership Committee--TatstY Castle (Chairman), Castie-HansoA ` Corji.l Rochester, N. Y:; Ai D. Davis, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Creighton, Pa.; `John Y.'.Skendaix, Harbison-Walkcr, Pittsburgh, Pa.; `James H. Gatreix,- Blue Ridge Glass; Co., Kings- ' port, Tenn. - ", ,,. Off-Tke-Job Safety Committee--W. W. Boxeix . (Chaimjah),' Foster Forbes Glass .Co., Marion, Inr(.; Frank J. Bentley, . Brockway Glass Go., Brockway, Pa. ; . 'John B. F'ullen, Kopp Glass, Swissvale, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Clyde C. RutmieK, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. -. '. . . News Letter Committee--Frank Manning (Chairman), Ford Motor Ca, Dearborn; Midi.; Andrew Oresick, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Ford Gty, Pa.; 'Jerry Agnew, OwensIllinois, Clarion, Pa.; John Lonc, Pittsburgh Plate Glass .Co.; Cufnberland, Md. Program .Committee--John J. Long (Cliairman): Pittsburgh' Plate'Glass Co.,; Cumberland, Md.; Howaril Baker; Pittsburgh-Coming Corp., Port y^llegany, Pa.; '^Russell W-. ' Frank, Ferro Corp., Cleveland, Ohio;'Dot!n Sire, Pittsburgh Plate Glass. Co;, Sh'clby- ville, Ind. ' Engineering Committee-- Robert E. Evans.(Chairman), Ford Motor Co., Nashville, Tenn.; Edwin L: Wray,'Ball. Bros. Co.. Inc., Muncie, Ind. ; `James L.-Morris..-Th^ Federal Glass'Co.,-Columbia, Ohio - _ Wxr(irifl'/</nj : CHiii7/<i<;-r-ANiiijK<v OHEsi.cK XCl>:`i'niaiO..;.I!ittsburglr Plate. Glass Go.; Ford '.City, Pa.; Jottn W. Bloom, Owens-Illinois Glass .Co., "Fairmont, W; Va;; David T. Quigley, North American :Rcfraclorics Co, Cleveland, Ohio; W. W. Goxell, Foster Forbes Glass " Co., Marion, Ind... Safety Conlcst Committce--R. P. Snyder (Chairman), Pittsburgh- Plate Glass Co., Glass . Res. Center, :Harmarville,`Pa.|.FBAJ<K Manning, Ford Motor.Co., Glass Div.r Dearborn; ' Midt; John Long, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.; Cumberland, Md; Robert E. Evans, Ford Motor Co:, Glass Div., Nashville, ;Tenn. - -Training Covfnullcc~RicMta.Srr.ts (Chairman), American Standard; Plumbing &.Heat. ing Div., Tiffin,: vOhto ;"C.' D. :NoqE, Pittsburgh;. Plate -Glass "Cb.,- Crystal City; Md;;: Harry Jackson, General Motors Gorp., Frigidaire Div., 'Dayton, Ohio; Howard BAKEJi^Pittsburgh-Corhing Carp., Port Allegany, Pa. . "Blatters-and Pugkr?'Committee'(Past Generat'-Chgirmen)--Fred\G.Anderson,-Coming, : 'X. Y. ;` H. V. GARDNER. -Oweris-flllinois Glass. .Go.,' Toledo, Ohio;'JpHN.P. Stephenson, . Ball Bros." Co,, Inc,; Muncie, Ind.; James L. Morris, The Federal Glass Co., Columbus, .Ojrio.;.,J.jC. Dittmer, Cranford, N. J.; T. R, Doxoghue (Deceased), Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. ;. W; G. HAZARD, Owens-Illinois, -Toledo. Ohioi .HXRBy^.jjACKSONj Frigidaire Div., General-Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio; J; H.'Gatrell; Blue Ridge Giass Co., Kings port, Teiin.; John. B.' Fuixen, :Kdppr Glass- Inc., SwissvaIe, Pittsburgh, Pa. ;Russeu. .\V. :Frank; Ferro Gorp., Cleveland, Ohio;. Clyde C. Ronotck, Pittsburgh Plate Glass ' Co; Pittsburgh, Pa.; John V; Skendaix, Harbison-Walker Refractories;Co., Pittsburgh, . . Pa.; Edwin L. Wray, Ball Bros. Co., Inc.,,Muncie, Ind.; Clinton;Ballinger; Owens: Illmbis, Gas City,. Ind.;' Joseph. E- Morrison; Pittsburgh Plate.Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; John Rheinhf.imkr, Hunt Foods, Inc.; Fullerton, Calif. . Stag Representative--(-j. Shirley, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. APast General Chairmen ' . ' OFFICERS OF THE .. ,, RUBBER SECTION NATIONAL ' SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 General C/iaiVin'aM--S.'T. Burrows, Safety Dir., Mansfield Tire &;Rubber Co.,.Mansfield, ' Ohio . _ - . Eirst- Vice Chairman--F. J. Frame, Dir. of Safety, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. of Michi-r garl, Jackson, Mich. ` ' ' '-. ... Second ViceCliairmah--N. R. Hunter,- Safety Engr., Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp./Buf- . falo, New. York . ... Secretary--L. W. BoultoS, Safety & Plant Protection. Siipvr.,: Polymer Corp.; Sarnia,' ; Out.', Canada .. ' '. Newsletter Editor--E. E. Goi.dsworth, Safety Dir., Gates .Rubber Co., Denver, - Colo. * Engineering Committee--G. W. Nickel (Chairman), Mgr. of. Safety, Armstrong Cork-Co., : Lancaster,. Pa.; E. F. Metz, Safety Mgr., Copolymer. Rubber & Chemical Corfu, .Baton Rouge,.'I-a.;, W. V. Kelly, Personnel Mgr,,. Stokes Molded Products, Trenton, N, ,'.*G. H. Burkharht, Dir. of .Safetyi General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Qliio Health Committee--*F. W. Sands (Chairman), Oiief-Ind. Hygiene & Toxicology, United . States- Rubber Co.,. Neiy York,. NV Y.; *S. A. Wright, Supvr., Safety & Hspkg., Inland Mfg. Div., General . Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio; R. A, Manning,. Mgr.,. Safety' & Hygiene, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co!, Akron, Ohio; \V. E. McCoRMiCK,.`Mgr., Ind. '^ - Hygiene & Toxicology, The B. F; .Goodrich Co.,'Akron, Ohio; L. H.. Ballou, M.D., /Medical. Dir., Firestone Tire Si Rubber fo., Akron, Ohio; R. J'., Evaxs, M. D;,. Medical Dir., Gates Rubber Co.y Medical IV Dental Clinic; Denver, Cola . -. Membership Committee--T. E! Leah, (Chairman), Safety Dir,,-United States Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich!; *Frank C. Starrird,' Safety Dir., Firestone Tire-& Rubber Co.; Decatur;- Plant, Decatur,-III. . ........ Education and Training C.oinnn --R. F. Ayer (Chairman),; Safety Supvr:, Naugatuck! . Chemical Div.' of United States Rubber Co., Naugatuck,`Conn.; !\L G. C6rk, Mgr. of Safety, United. Slates Rubber Co.,' Mishawaka, Ind.j'.W. J. O'Day, Asst Per.' Mgr., Hewiti-Robbins Inc., Buffalo, N. Yi; O. W. Wut'i'o, Asst. Per. Mgr,; Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids,''Mich: ' '. Publicity; Trade Association, .and Liaison Committee--R. G. Forejt (Chairman), Mgr., ...Ind. Relations, General Tire & Rubber Co., Pennsylvania' Div.,- Jeannette, Pa;.; R. S.t Walker, Editor, Rubber World, New. York, N. Y. . - ;, Rules and Regitlhtions Committee--*M. R'. Batche (Chairman),Mgr. of. Safety, Firestone1 Tire & Rubber Co.,'Akron, Ohio Statistics Committee--J.R; VVeth'erhoi.t'(Chairman), Safety.Supvr., United'States Rubber Co., Geismar, La. '' ; .12 Reclaim Manufacturing. Committee--*R. M. Boyi.es (Chairman), Dir. of Iml. Relations, Midwest Rubber. Reclaiming; Co., East St. Louis,; 111.; *R. W. Fjckes, Goodyear-Tire & Rubber Co., Akron,' Ohio; *M.R. Batchf., Mgr. of Safety, Fircstonc;Tirc & Rubber- Co., Akron, OJiid .. Rubber Laboratories Committee--K. B-Oohuett (Chairman), Supvr. Plant Safety & Security, Armstrong Cork Co., Lancaster, Pa.; R. I'.: Ayer, Safety Supvr.; Naugatuck Qiemicai Div. of United States Rubbier Ccr., Naugatuck, Conn.;. W. L. Cato, Safety Iingri, The B. F. Goodrich Co.,. Akron, Ohio . ; Fire Safety Committee--J. H. Hager (Chairman), Safety Dir., Qhio; Rubber . Co.;. Wil-- loughby, Ohio; M. Y- BabSa, "Fire and SafetyErigr.,B..F.GoodrichFootwear Co.Div. of The B. F;. Goodrich Co.; Watertown, Mass.; Roy N. Johnson, Safety Engr:; The-- . -Armstrong Rubber Co.,-West Haven, Conn. : .. . ' V_-- . . Off-The-Joh Safety Cmnmittce--A.C. HoWARD(Chairmari),-SafetyDir.,,Kelly-Sj>ringfie!d Tire Co., Cumberland,, Md.;' T. ,P. Garland, Safety ;Erigrn';Firestdne. Synthetic Rubber :v ' : Latex Co., Lake- Charlcs.La. ;JonN Glenn Jr., Production MgriyElectric; Hose St . Rubber Co., Wi.lmington, Deb ; .- Synthetic Manufacturing Committee--M. P; Barker (Chairman), Safety Engr., General " . Tire &; Rubber'. CoJ,'Chemical Div., Odessa, Texas; J, B.Chenowetp, Safety Engr., . _ Goodricb-Gulf: Chemicals,' Inc., Institute, W. Va.; J. R.Wetuerholt, Safety Supvr,, \ United States Rubber Co., Geismar, La. .- Advisory Coniiliittec--*C. E. Beck. Sl Clair Rubber Co., Marysville, Mich.; R. A. Bui.-lock, Personnel Mgr., Corduroy Rubber Cb., Grand Rapids, Mich.; *.T. J._.Cain; Jr., Dir. of Safety, The B. F. .Gopdrich Co., Akron, Ohio; *J. ;L. Dean, Supvr. of-Safety,' . . Firestone Tire & f<ubber Go.', Mcmphis Tire Plant, Memphis, Tenn.; *C. S. Kruger, -. /PersonneLMgr., Carlisle Tire & Rubber Div;, - Carlisle, Pa.; E: C. ShEdd, Supvr. of. Safety,- Naugatuck' Footwear Plant, U. S. Rubber Company, Naugatuck, Conn. ; R. .H. Wii-sos,. M.D.; Medical Dir., The B. F. Goodrich .Co,, Akron, Ohio Staff Representative--R. G. Belknap, National Safety Council, Chicago,- 111. Past General Chairman -~ ( 33 MEMBERS OF THE conference NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 NSC- Vice President 'for; Homes--]. P. Warnf.r, V'. P. and Gen.-. Mgr., Humble Oil & Ref. Co., Houston, Texas " ` . V/; Conference Chairman^-Stanley A. Mate, Dir.,'Training, National Tiifle Assn.'; Washington,.; . . 'v; D;'\C,y/:'';.,;';.' / \ /; ' ' : -7; /' v'y;' ;.V/7. 'f '' Vice Chairnian-^DAU D. Gowings, Dir., Div. of Environmental Safety, Harrisburg, Pa:..- : ;j Secretary--Philip Dvkstka, "National Safety Council, Chicago, .III. . . Members--Miss Rosemary- Archibald, Home Service Director, -Harper-Wyman Co., Chi cago', III.; : Sidney ,F7 A'schek, Regional . Accident .Prevention Consultant, Region ; IT; ; U. S. Public Health, Service, New York, N. Y.;. Paul ' E.; Baselek, Exec.; Director, ; ; Building; Officials. Conference, of America, Chicago. -Ill.; Mrs: Marceli.aS. Beatty, - Exec. Director, AFL-CIO National .Auxiliaries',- Washington, D. C.'; Alan C. Boko. .. ../Building Editor, The American Home, Curtis Publishing Co.j New York, N. Y.; Caesak . Branch ini, Health Education Associate, Equitable Life Assurance Society,' New York, N. Yl ; Percy" Bugbee, General. Manager, National. Fire Protection Assn., . - . ' Boston, -Mass.,; Mrs. Lucilf. Bush, Consumer. Education Dir., Johnson's Wax, -Racine, . AVisc. ;: Charles M. Cameron, :Jr., M.D. Professor, Public-. Health ; Administration, University of North. Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. G; Alfred W. CANTWFxt, Nat'I. Dir., 7...-Safety Services, American National Red Cross, Washington, D.-C.; Mrs. Marilee B._ ' Cavender,' Accident Prevention Coordinator, Tennessee Dept, of Public Health, Nashville, . i ''; .Tehn.;,Miss Mary. Champun-, Consultant,.National Council on the Aging, Inci, New; ' York, ;N.,Y.;'.Austin C. Chidf.steR/ jR.j Field Rep,,,'Pelaware Safety Council, Inc., Wilmington', Del.; Bernard nDaitz, Ph.D., Consultant, Div, of Chronic Diseases; U. S. Pub-. .lie Health Service, .Washington, DC C.; Miss Nettie ;Day, Chief, Accident Prevention :. . .Section, North Carolina - Board" .of Health;,Raleigh, N. C.; Miss Hei.enf. Demin*.'. . . ' Acting Director,' Division . of Home Safety, Iowa State Department of. Health,' Des . Moines, Iowa; Miss. Edith; R. Doanf., Director, Family Division, New Jersey. State. .- . Safety. Council,; Newark, N.. J.;'Miss Violet. G. DuBois,.Chief,-Division of-Educiition;' '. OrnaharDoiiglas County Health Department, Omaha, Neb,; Donald A. Dukf.uIw,. M-P- '' Department ;of. 'Health Education, American- -Medical/Assn,; Chicago,;. III.; Alfred S. . - . .Ekcolano,..Executive Director,. American Nursing' Home- Assn.,. Washington, I). C.; ' . Mrs. Lawrence Fisher, Vice:. Pres:,- National Extension .Homemakers Council, Vhklers,. ' . ,__rT_Wi5. ^RoiiERT-G^FRAElF.R,.-M,D,, -Secretary, American-Axsidcmy^fJ2ediRt^ics,_JWanston.'_:_._. ':'^ 111. ; Victor B; F-uquav Director, Accident Prevention Program, Kentucky. Department . of -Health', Frrihkfort, Ky.;. Richard7E. Gallagher, .Consultant, Accident Prevention,; U. S.. Public, Health Service, Washington,;D.'. C ; George Gf.hkf.s, Consultant", Accident . : . Prevention, ' Florida State B.oard of Health, Jacksonville, Fia.; Mrs.. Sally Gf.ndrew, . .' pircctof, Home Div., LouisvilleSafety Council, Louisville, Ky.; Victor C: Gilbertson, - ' Minneapolis,,Minn..; Dan D. GowingS; Vice-Chairman; Director, Division of.Environr-: ' mental. Safety, Pennsylvania Department of Health, Harrisburg, . Pehn.; Larry A. ... ; Hafirx)d, Asst. Secretary, / Kiwanis International, Chicago, III.-; Gf-Okgf. - W. Harfer, .Professor of Mechanical. Engineering, University of Illinois,Urbana, 111;; Miss Lilly ' . D. Hoekstra, Administrator, Children's Hospital,.St. Louis; Mo.;:Miss Wilkie Hughes,' ;.. ASst. to Exec. .Director,' National .'Association for Practical Nurse Education and Serv ice, Inc., New York,. N. Y.f Mrs, Berne. Jacodsf.n, Safety Chairman, National Congress. 40 M ''A'-*:...*..*  V; ' of. Parents & Teachers, Seattle, Wash. ; -: Rudard A. Jones, . Director, Small Homes.; '. . . Council, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.;;-Mark Kenyon, Ph.D., Exec. Director,-' - Nassau County - Medical Society,' Garden City, N.. Y.; . William: J, Kerns, 'Safety.'- : 1:. . AllvisorPMf^:DiviTHuihKIe"Oi!1'&"Refinihg_Co.r'Eindi,"Nr7TrARVii4.ErKraus, Df-"` . . | .; . . rector, Div. of Accident Prevention, Arkansas Board of' Health,-Little Rock; Ark.; .j ; 'Norman; LEDGlN. Mahaging Dir., Greater. Kansas City Safety .Council. Kansas City. - ___ V: t ` . ' . Mo.;. Eugene'L;; Lehr, .Deputy Chief, Div. of Accident Prevention, U. S. Public,Health .--. Service, Washington, D. C. ; Fred L6ng, M. Dl, Director of Health; Peoria Health : . : Department, Peoria; 111. ; Miss'Anne Lyng, Asso. Director, Home Economics, Procter /.' : ;.& Gamble Co.;(Ivorydalc Tcchnical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Lucille J. Marsh, :M.D., Regional Medical Director, Children's Bureau, Chicago, III.; Robert, j.-Mason,' M.D., : V: .: ' Birmingham, Mich..; Stanley A. Mate, ' Chairman, Director, Training Activities, Na- . ;. . .. .. tional i Rifle Assn, of. America, Washington,- D. C.; Mrs. Marjorie B. May, Director, f . \ . .' Home Division,:Greater New York'Safety.Council/New Vori^.N Y.; Levttte Mendel, .' . 1" Asso. Director; National Health Council,; New York,.N; Y.; Roger J. Meyer, M.D.', .' f Asst. Professor,' Department of Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Ver- : I : . " mont, Burlington, Vt.;. Mrs. Charlotte Montgomery, Editorial Department, Good ' J j Housekeeping, New York, N. Y.;. James E; O'Neil, Director; Industrial Service, Na- ' . -. .; tional Society for the Prevention of. Blindness, New' York, N. Y. ; A. FV Parrish, - ,.- . Director, Housing Hygiene! and Accident Prevention Service, Georgia Department of ; Public Health, '.Atlantic, Ga.; Miss. Kathryn Pjiilson, Professor, Housing. &'Family Development,-. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va.; Miss Glenda. ' Piper,- .. Extension Specialist in Housing :& Equipment, University of Illinois,' Urbana, III.; Edward Press,. M.D., Medical Asst, to Director, General Administration, Illinois De- - partment of Public Health, Springfield, 111.; J. C..Robertson, Assti'State Fire Marshal,. .; . Baltimore,- Md,; A. B.-Rosenfield, M.D., Director, Special Services, Minnesota Depart- ment. of Health, Minneapolis, Minn.; Miss Luida E. Sanders, Director, Health Edu- cation,-Wisasnsin. Board of Health, Madison, Wis. ; .George L. Scharringhausen, Jr.; .. ' Park Ridge,- III.; F.'J. Scjilink, President.& Technical'Director;Consumer Bulletin, . ' . '.- .. .Washington,-N. J,; G. George Seceler, Director, Utilization Bur., American Gas Assn., ...: -New York, N. -Y.; Miss' Marion' Seitz,'-Supervisor,. Special. Programs, Con;.Edison, . i : New;,York, N. Y.; Albin Sella, Supervisory Engineer, National Board of .Fire Under-. : ( .- . . writers,-Chicago, 111. ; Hilla Sheriff, M; D., Director, Material-& Child Health,-&)uth i Carolina Board of Health, Columbia, S. C..; Miss.Jayne Shover,. Assoi. Director; Nar ; : tional Society for Crippled. Children and`Adults, Chicago, III.; AbnekD. Sil-verman, | -Asst. Commissioner for Management, Housing and Home Finance Agency,' Washington, . i - D. ,C> ; Miss Mildred C. Sommer, Asst. Secretary; Underwriters'. Laboratories, Inc., .* Melville', Li I., . N; Y..; Irving Sunshine, Ph.D.; Technical' Director,' Poison. Infonnation .Center, Academy of Medicine, Cleveland,-Ohio; Emil A/Tiboni, Director of;Continuing ; Education/School - of ' Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann:Arbor, Mich.; Mrs. : \ : Alice P. Tice,' Exec; Secretary, Roanoke Valley Safety Council,'Roanoke; Va.; Miss. '/ '-. Ruth'Tuckey, Exec. Director, .Community Nursing Service, Oak Park. Ill.;-James T, . ' Wadkins, Managing Director, Richmond'Area Safety Council, Richmond,. Va.'; Earl R. . ' - . ; : ' Wallace,'Senior Safety. Engineer, Kodak Park Works,. Rochester, N.-Y.; Jplian A. }; .. ; ' , /Waller,.;M;D.,. Coordinator of Accident Prevention; California Department of. Public' , , - --/ -. :: Elealth^JBerkeley,-Calif;-MissTdARY-M^WEEKS^Bpecia]istrHealth-and-Safety-Eiliicatioii, . . .v... Girl.Scouts of the U. S. A., New.York, N-. Y. ;'Miss Janice R. Westaby, Assti. Professor, . ... public Health Administration, University of North Carolina, .Chapel Hill, N. C. ; William ' V. \Yhite, Chipf, Family Safety Branch; U. S. Public Health Service,.Washington, IT C. L . S. L.' Williams, Employee Relations Dept., Safety and Fire Protection Div;, E. I; du. : - 'i 'Pont de Nemours.& Co., Inc;, Wilmington, Delaware; M.: W; Yates, Safety Cxirdinatoi;, i i : ::.i. . j. . ` 'Memphis'&Sheiby.bounty Health'Department, Memphis, Tenn. /'i.\ `l.l l. Volume 12 t National Safety Congress Transactions INDUSTRIAL SAFETY (Subject Sessions) % fit% m, m T 1 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 52ndNOTONAfc ^FEW CONGRESS rv'y'Vyv. ;/ Papers delivered in the; ; Y SUBJECT SESSIONS National Safety''CounciL Resources.. v-.V-V V", BASICS OF SAFEfy . ' <' V' . |Vj. LightingforProductfon and Safety.... Ij Why Safety In an Industrial Organization. Is-.. . Y \ A New. Look At Industrial Housekeeping. J Safety Sarnplirig^-1.964 . . . .>.: How;Accidents Can Help Your Safety Program: ] ;i |V |_ ' INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE REPORT "Opening Remarks Y Off-the-Joh Safety :V.. ... . Y>;.', :Wi G. Johiison . 5 ..M. Hinry Kruger, l1 i.W;C:M6m 15 ...B.LCIoud . 19 ..VincentPollina 2? 6.C:fJaierM J. Sharp Qupener 28 Robert G. Belknap - 30 .I.f ' i. e\' JtrV- .- . fsiiv'-'> I.Y:. INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY Recent Developmentsin Fire Protection Equipment ...i.i/. Ward Bush . 31 ... .Rolf H. Jensen 35 Miles E. . Woodworth 39 MOTIVATION .. Safety'- Tralning versus SafetyLearning ; ' The Manager's Role in Motivation .!.. Motivating Others:. Fact or Fancy?.. .. Richard Oi .Peterson ". 41 :. Mj Stott-Myerf 46, Ingo Ingenohl, PhJD. 53 TRAINING-fFOR SUPERVISORS I Our. Next'Step, to; Zero........!.. . . . . ,F. R; Bamako- 59 Techniques, for. Evaluating. Safety-Training Programs,. DonaldL. Kirkpatrick .64. 3 "' I ' *.*&**.ptrv-tii** ;:;J^ !'!aCOMRLETE S^FETy -PROGRAM ;'&\i"4^. :v' :44.' i ;v Introduction.' C U; S.;,Steel's -.Safety;'Program..^'.V Worthington .''82; ' .'. ` i .Dan:Farrell .85v' ;4-.: - iNSPEfrioNs:-4;'-Y.4'"-'r-y; ::i'-.rVv\y What's. Wrong with Thislhspectioh? (A Skit),.. Chicago Members of:AS.S.E. . 98 '' 'Safety Inspections--SafetyCatalyst.;,... . . .Vvy.... ;J- ff* Stone'104.. .. ProjeCtionAidsIhSpection andCorrection. ... .r.v. / . . . J. V^.Tyssei j lO ; JOINT SESSION WITttpCCUPAflb^ NURSING<6MM(TTEe4C Interrelationship; of the Safety: Engineer to the Nurse. .AnnFetencei RlN. 112 ASSOCIATIONS ,1 :.Marvin:P, Vethulit \ 17- V Officers:of the Industrial Conference I964-45...:. , Officers of the Associations Committee 1964-65 . .. . .i.. . ;-4.4 . Other Volumes in-1964 National Safety Congress Transactions.. ....Back Covier Basics of Safety LIGHTING FOR PRODUCTION AN* SAFST* ff By M; HENRY KRUGER?.: - /YH,'//.'- .', Vice.President; Sinitljcraft Corporation, Chelsea,,Massachusetts' -/.This subject;matter is not simple.' Neither, .' Then, 'we. will-consider,. light and illumina- is it complex:--or pertepsiriysterious: or tioh: relative, to this; and I! will finally show ' maybe just,a ' vague problemwithont sub-' you some results : and . accomplishments ... of. stance.Or bodywhere results . must rely on ' good illumination. : empirical 'methods rather than , calculated .'Obviously;;.we can have titf- vision.without.. ;processes.V- : v: ' . light-rand- although the eye is the; receptor ' It. is/more like that; bothersome contro of light-rays creating-vision, it is,the brain ; versy of a- woman's hat: Does/ishe wear!.it. . that;, intcrprets what-' the.-eye.secs. 'An' inter-.. . to-look pretty--br ip ' keep her. head, warm-- esting fact is that the; brain'does .not* always . or.tiiaybe' just to' hold her. hair in place--or . interpret: correctly what the' eye sees---and to brag about her husband'sincome, a status, similarly,, the 'eye often lies when it':'sends'; symbol--or perhaps tb.be proper'and lady- .; ite message.of What it sees.to thb.brain. like1--of because it's: the' latest style . and ' .mereiy.the thing'tpdo? ... The eye may be a fabulous piece of-,equip ment, but oftert it may be contrary,', and'it . is ; Nbjv^ypur. wife will give you a multitude far' from, perfect ; ' of; answers to1 this question,, and you will., find that no' single one of'these answers will ' be sufficient,, but; if is going to take'a collec tive group'of these answers to-satisfy .your ..The eye is imperfect. for'many reasons. /Let's examine .'some 'of` these/ .-Firity its 'rcspouse'to visual acuity decreases with age. '.'query;. Secondly,-, while the eye'-adapts itself to' ".' Lighting is. just, like that - The. problem . .'tremendous variations' of brightness of surr :bf- how lighting'can affect' production norms roundings,'it-does not. do this quickly. In and improve quality and'safety is .only an-.. fact, tinder some, conditions, such as/from '. swtrable.by. a .lot--and then still more--of ; fight to dark, this, adaption is qiiite .slow.. lit'tle bits of knowledge.. . When our eyes. arc; adapted to':.a bright . Tlie nice thing about this, is that most of sunny-day, we.do.'not instantaneously dis- you have .a. lot'of these "little bits of knowh . , criminate details.- But as .the adaption'ofthe; edge," but you are. just hot using them. ,/ "eyes' take placed, these details "g'raduaiUy be-' 'What I am going , to'till, you, show you, ' .; come pronounced, An example would pie -the and `demonstrate to.-yoii is mostly not new-- 1 -experience during a bright, day .of driving.1 but you:.will, I hope, be encouraged to use.. .into ,*a toroid; <Th.e . adaption time' tld- is * ; this knowledge^!1 rather, putitto work at;. quite long. " ,' once instead of.'letting'it reside .in'.the back'; ' ' Third, the eye'does not; see'Objects, in; cor- ..'rooms of your cranium. rect proportion" relative to each otherr-ras.'an.; ..One other facet, about the subject. matter. . example--common perspective;.'This. is, per ; of my'talk: it must be obvious; to"you that haps, the most obvious, case, of, where, the, tlfuminatiqri. has. absolutely no effect on. the-' brain relying on its. interpretation,'training, machines vuid tools we..use and operate-; hd experience, relays-to our- intelligence ;the_ therefore, we .are concerned only, with the' ; concept of distance and depth--even . though ' affects of- lighting on'-the human being. what a person is looking at may be-a' picture : . Bearing this in miftd, det us first examine'; . some' psychophysical and . psychological ' as-/ bn a single plane without' any depth what- , soeVer. ' " . pccts of vision or sight and show how these Fourth,- '.'the eye. sees, things' that .simply might have an effect'bn safety and produc are pot there. Perhaps,, one of -the greatest tion. ' '.' .' : " ' recurrence in accidents by seeing ' is. com- ` - ` - - .v-:.ii lP<!4 National; Safety: Congress- ; plicated by lhc problem of - so-called `Alter: . > Most .pt these lightiijg installations pro-' ;.. lirage'.;. A ''-..' ; A/'- r.' v /yide/fedod visual' coipfort--for;.the workei-... ' v1' Fiftli, what '..the 'eye sees are' oftentimes-' There are, however; still many industrial.'w distortions arid.hallucinations, The -'^ye ab.: areas lighted' with c^y ;30 ' fdottartdles or -. V;:" 'waits; wiAouti exoeptioii, sera'-vertical lilies less--ahd -.these plants are .'riot; enjoying the'i.'iA'an^.obierts-as'.Ionger' than horizontal, lines;,. . benefits .of'-pnodem industrial.' lighting;. ' Meanwhile,'; ,iiow.- about.the brain?;How, ".- tin.*; modern.- industrial.-plantS;.- it is '.inter- ; v doies- it/ contend with ' these misrepresenta- rating to compare office: lighting with ljghting '. 'V tlons and' discrepancies ?.This mechanism has installed in the manufacturing area. \ , boai. trained over the .years by repetition of . Often the office lighting isgoodand; meets ; . experience';ahd-by memory,-to'interpret to. the currant minimumfootcandle recommen . our intelligence what ' the brain thirties the dations. However, the. manufacturing *a:reas ' , eye was supposed-to have seem ; : hi these.-same plants have : lighting levels , ' . ,- Now,- I mrist/ grantthat'in mostcases, : . much lower, than the offices;'- Often 'less the. -'multi-functions' between the eye.- seeing . visual. comfort has been built into many . an object--relaying what .it thought was an . factory: lighting installations--and the-light- accurate picture-to the' braiii. which inter-. Tng may be produced .'by' glaring, fixturies prets.this.to our intelligence--works.out fine-; ' designed .with practically no - shielding: and ' ' ,, But' how about, those, few cases; whdi this'. .' poor brightness writtrol.'- '* . coordination- falls down?-. Does this'result . This ofeurs--even though- the .'visual tasks - ;< m:.ah accident or slowdown?. We-must admit- in- the factory, usually .are much more. i'dif-.; ' V. . the potential.has been .created.' ' - ficult--and' .dangerous.... Also,. more -costly - . : We'. can how draw this, conclusion ; .the mistakes can. result from'poor seeing, while ability of -the eyes to do:a. job while .pri-- better seeing in the factory can! contribute "... marily-. dependent; upon the visibility of..the directly: to greater, safety, a higher -quality - . work is modified by the human being him-.- product,* and also increased production.; , - self! We know . that .visual acuityvis af /What is the optimum, quantity, of light .for fected by age, subnormal - .vision, and ' the . the factory?- '. /' ' : state of adaptation; ,.Fo'rtunateIy, such con- The/desirable quantity, of light- for'any. ; ditions; benefit with an improvement in -il lamination, .and subnormal -vision gains far' . more percentage-wise over normal vision with particular installation depends primarly tipon the work ' which is, bang done.' In - most . cases, as rthe illumination of ithe task (and,'... this improvement in illumina'tioii -,.'f , , hence its brightness), is increased, the ease, So, let us turn' our attention to lighting--' speed,, and accuracy.-.with which- the task . ' and particularly to iridustriad lighting, . The ' can be accomplished are - increased.. ; purposes .of. industrial lighting are'to'., help, However,! the. brightness, rqqiuifemepts provide a safe, visually comfortable environ .. which' will produce optimum seeing'.condiment; to pirpvide efficiimf arid-correct.seeing . tiohs are materiallyaffected by the degree of 'as-an aid to all types of operations;.'and,to accuracy.'required, the firteness ofdetail to , ... aid in the conservation of' vision and energy. - be-.observed;.-the color; arid the'reflectjvity of - It is. one of the. best iriyiestments available- the;. work, as well as by the immediate sur - which will- benefit not- only- the prbdiictidrt: rounds; ;/ /.. - schedule and fluah'ty oi the product--bui also. -Lighting recommendations,-, therefore/ 'are' ; " the .`morale,* well being, safety, efficiency. . based--/not-.only on the perfonnanicehequirc- motivation, and'health oi the employes. .... ments. but also twl the characteristics of the . .Thissbundsgood--butlet us consider the visual - task,- and Mohonfic . considerations.;.- .amount of. light and the-(]uality..bf -lighting T<he, Illuminating Engineering Society has . . .'. fobnd in industry today.-': : been' responsible "for. intensive research in . .'' -Some-; industrial -plants are -lighted'' vifitli determining the footcandles necessary, for : 1,000: footcandles which is- more than the . various types :of tasks/- amount of -light ..outdoors,in the :shade of-a . ' The'recommended level of illumination for . - building on. a sunny, day. :It is not uncommon .medium: assembly or machine work is 100 . to find- plants using.. 100; to 200 footcandles footcandles. pdr fine assembly qr.machine throughout their operations.. ; J '. work--500.' footcandles . are recommended .* 12 ' -. ,' I. V I ;/?'! ': Industrial"Subjects Sessions 1 u - .(; S' . . Very fee work 'calls-for'1,000 footcandl^s.. ControllinBrcflectanccvofallsurfaccscori- :.. By. way. of comparison, the current recom- tributes 'to the balance'!of.brightness 'which; ''mended, ilhmtinatioh'level for , offices is >100- ,is! a must for comfortable vistial environ / ' footcandles. '/.. -.//'/. /-!'.' ments.' Since these footcandle recommendations . A wide -range of> colors fall within tliKe. .are based on considerable research, itis dif- reflectance values. In gMieral,1. lighter .colors .. . . ficultto, understand' why industry, tolerates create a .pleasing vistral. environment .'and.. f low .'footcandle .levels. . and> glaring -lumi-. contribute most. to. the '.utilization - offlight/. - naires- in manufacturing- areas -which would ! within a space. .. ' be .totallyunacceptable for office areas, in the ; same'plant;- ".s':,-.,. . Coiors iof-a cool quality--light grayrgreens or - light grey-blue-greens' generally are best -; let.iis .now consider. thequality of light* . suited./to-. manufacturing areas ' for, wails/, '. mg? : . 'I-1... and backgrounds. Sharp contrasts, such as . Alllighting systems-are,'of *coiirse,-'inr ' : .dark , painted wainscots,, moldings, :and; con- . .. -.tended! to provide illumination'that, permits twisting colors create distractions and should, v easy seeing. Merely making tasks- more therefore, be- avoided: As' opposed.' to this, visible-and easy to see, however, is' only one rest rooms, reception, dating and recreation. . . part of the story.: The visual comfoit of the. areas should incorporate warm.: tones' and. installation' must also be -considered.... contrasts--because. in these 'areas, distrac '. i iir creating the'visual environment for the. - worker,-it-is necessary to first-consider-how1 tion acts as a muscular relief and stimulates interest and friendliness.. . - most people perform visual tasks.'/Studies While-a "monotone effect in manufacturing . 'show that people -performing Visual, tasks areas is:...desirable and must! constantly! be ' never continually fix their eyes on any one borne in- mind, machinery, racks, etc/should pewit ,Even though the task', is. one', that re- be painted a color just, one-step'closer to'the. quires great concentration, a person's . eyes yellow center of the spectrum. . hive a' tendency to-move, from the. task- to Thus, if the walls ..are green* the; ma ' ' some portion of,the surrounding area. chinery, etc.'should be yellowish-green; and Therefore, the best seeing conditions- re if tite walls are greenish-blue, 'the - ma- quire.! that' the brightnesses of all areas iri. chinery should be great! 'Objects that might ' ;.. a' room'"be. in ^balance..' This, means in 'be bumped into should be pajnted still closer . ; ' balance--pot only between' the task and. im-. 'mediate surrounds--but also for the fixtures.' to tite yellow center pf the spectrum. .Change ihg the color .toward' the yellow center- of/, . arid their surrounds,' the vertical.', surfaces... the spectrum tends to'advance'the odors, so .. ;,of the rbom.'andin fact*all areas which' that the object stands out--rather than re- - fall, within the.;visual-range.'. The. higher the cedes into, tite background.: - level of ,illumination, 'the:.moVe important ; The. same affect' can be created tjy the use it is to balance brightness. ' of more-intense, saturation, of the'same, hue, . ..Room surfaces, ceilings, walls, and .floor. Therefore,-let.us' use color to help create - are a major part ofthe visual environment. . depth . perception as an ; aid to; safety, The reflectance! of..these., surfaces..affect vis-! The . selection ..of lighting equipment can -. ual comfort. A ceiling with poor reflec-/ .'either produce a- pleasant :pr; an uncoro-'; . '. ..lance, ior example,may absorb , so much fortable .visual environment.- Well-designed '. light that the .fixtures become uncomfortably, .equipment'., should' rriiet certain basic 're-' bright agaidstfits, background. -. The total., quirements. Since tite primary-..purpose bf. efficiency of the lighting system is also lower . a luminaire is to deliver. light - to' the task, because of the loss of- light tiirough absorp- ffiis is the first design criterion.,. ' - ' : tidn by dark surfaces.. Reflector,.designs .'which, provide,' food\ .Recommending white, ceilings' in indus shielding and permit a generous ampiiiit of trial areas'. is not a fantasy. Even though upward' light 'will contribute, greatly to'.the the area may beone of heavy dirt accumu over-all.' comfort of the 'system; T^he. up lation, the white cfcifiiig will never get as ward1 light balances-brightnesses between ' dark as one of lower reflectance.' Walls also the-, fixture and the surroundings. ! - Good, . fall in the same categoiy. ' ' . shielding, will prevent direct.view of lamjw; '- v' ,'.'! 13 t J  ': A -.1 )V. - ? 1964 National Safety Congress : , ; ; ./ within the. norinal : viewing; angles/-:thus;- ceiling full of bright'fixtures, theb the sys- ayoiding.~'direct; glare . which , is'' the.main temi has not been properly Klectqd// . .. 'cause;."of inteiiference'with .vision or eye. Fixtures should blend in with their sur ; ," -fatigue/ rounds/.-. Careful selection of.- fixtures ids ', ::..-/ An. additional benefit derived from.opCn-' required to obtain these results.Good shield; .: top .luraiiiaires b less dirt accumulation on ing;aind fixture brightness control are ppme '. .. _ the inside of the reflector;: Convective,air requisites. '- currents produced by heat generated ,by the lamps in.the .fixture'.are. permitted freeflow - .Let us now consider economics- Benefits . obtained front.m'odem lighting to,the worker, .past the;lamp.-and\iUhi!Oii^'.';tte!.'ir^eeior;: can; also be measured in profits. In factory;-, '/ Most dirt' and dust are thereby carried through .instead of being deposited on' the inside of the refleicto^.; This is particularly; after factory, it has been showii that, belter' "lighting brings improvements in productivity. ,- . i important -iii areas' where light Joss" from; ' Production increases'have; ranged from-a : few peri cent to' over.. 25 per cent - Often, more important than'- increased, production,,. .'. , ' -is also' important1 Where the' seeing .-task- is bright and 'shiny; such as metal stampings, bright. small light.: sowcesr-rsuch as.: rncan- descent, or'mefcUry vapor.Iamps-rsh'ou.td'be '. - avoided ';';. the factory owner also realises benefits from fewer -rejects;. greater accuracy in work- , . manship, reduction. in accidents/ less eye strain,- higher morale, better order and plant ; cleanliness. These - benefits :must .be con sidered in calculating .the. cost of the lighting .Large diffusing' - ilrinents---such .'as fliio^ .-.system.'. .. . > rescent fixtures--will' usually provide greater comfort since the light , strikes the surface. of ...the.-task, from 'many, angles, .instead, of; essentially one. ' ; " What does it..cost to own and operate a lighting system? Plant and equipment costs include indirect non-production costs, such as supervision;: research and development/ Ail'bright surfaces .'make'excelimt mir- : and engineering'.', and drafting -services,1 etc. ; rors which will reflect' the image of ' the Typically, these costs are the. largest, por---. : lamp, even ,though- the luminaire is;.well. tion of. prodiiction.cpsts. ' /V shielded. Shiddjnlfonly serves to hide the ; light source from, direct view'within certain -angles; -. ' - Labor includes fringe- benefits,'- etc., and' is typically the second largest cost- : ` ' . With a oneself to When, the blade background--One -. adapts a Jdw brightness.'when working. operator.looks.tip, there will, be .: Poor light costs about two cents per man- " hoiir and. good lighting is.' four to six' cents per man-hour.: ; ///; -/.'- ;' areas of greater brightness to which he will Of course, costs .for spedfic installations fltucldy'adajpt himself, if,his attention how vary. Studies; have shown, however; that" "returns -to his. work,'some.time:elapses.be* /the. average hourly cost Of lighting b about: fore the adaptation tOthe/tower.brightness one- cent per footcandle per hour .for each/ . level is made i So, even , this is'not the ideal 10,000 square. feet of factory space. This, , solution--and this is why'a:, balanced higher covers installation, operation maintenance .". `backgrpuhd brightness % required. and amortization of lighting equipment oyer ^~'';:-'^--'~.*^i-ik^vitsIyi*-wd'.mttitrdned^ffiat'rdi.rccf.glat'e.: a ten-yearperiod.-/:/-'...!.;--'..... from: fixtures that were not well shielded ' So, even, for /really good ' lighting, /the resulted'in, discomfprt; fatigue, after-image, hourly cost per; 10,000 square- feet-of area .fend/other reasons for, interference with ; wqrks' out 'to .be /less than the hourly' wage . . ' vision.. Windows,giving, natural illumination' : rate for. a janitor,arid this improved fighting V must be given the sante consideration, and would benefit all of the productive employes. . should.be shielded when they are in a direct line; Of vision./ / - ' Mot only production processes boiefit from good lighting. Slow or improper storing and . Adding'this all tip,, the best .lighting sys- ; handling of materials .often are a cause of tem' is on that provides illumination without Customer complaints and ...accidental: Far- >, becoming in Itself bbtntsiyt :If, iipon en rel Liges in Brooklyn,. New York; his at - teringa room, the first thing you see' is a least three piers .lighted with, fluorescent if; ;U: :: I ' .'.'V.y ..;vn'V/.r l > Industrial.Subjects Sessions lamps>providing 'about' .50-' footcandlfes' for small area by superimposing the spot? of easier- handling- and. storing ;.of material. .' 50ft watt feflector spdt lamps. /' :'i. 'Without'.'.enoiigh light; .equipment may easily' " The'task is; seeing where to. start'an deer; ; be tipped over or -damaged with a. fork lift trjc Weld.' .With the mask down,' the welder ^^t^/.the.ppeiratpf.;wd.uldl .unsure'of.'its. Vis blind until he. .strikes .the,;afc.'' If the' !positiqijI;V'.'`':y;~' j:v v';V' /arc is struck with the masfc up, the1welder '.''- There., are: times when ;.ii -is-:either ,not is; , temporarily' blinded. -by the. flash--and. . practicaf. or econpmicarfo'use .only; a general his eyes' may be damaged.. Thie 10,000'- footligh!ihg':>systeitrf; for- a. difficult' task.- At Dr--. candles that are produced permit , the welder . . ' to1 see'the task-with .his mask dowit The fpotcandies. are'provided on. the task; 'A '1 lighting in this, case,-is controlled with a fobt general lighting- system . provides about- 10ft switch-750 that.it can be turned off. as spoil '. . Toptcandles'.to-provide.a-'idisarit visual en-; as the arc has'been struck.- . .yirmmet0.l;-Fovr\hmlfedi fbbtcahdlcs .arc TTie benefits here" are' obvious.. The. weld .. . , added by -the luminaires - suspended oyer the is placed exactly where it Is desired. Chip- .fables.lire magnifiers. contain...sinallfluo- . ping and - machining are'.minimized ; which v. rescdjt lamps for the 'dther'lOQ footcahdles.- saves tune-in production and better; appear-'., . ;Wire>- finer' .than; human.,hair,'. is used in ance results. : V-'.-r winding coils in this area.. There are times whWi the general- lighting . . There'; are certain pitfalls which-must be is blocked out by large equipment Seeing - - avoided; -when using supplemental lighting. is difficult; for bpthtbepperatorand th.e- : Brightness control , is-important- If only the . rigger. Supplemental lights-mounted on the ;- task were/lighted.'td;.60O footcandles. in this equipment would `provide/ light--nbt only 'cas'e-r-and the. rest' of >thejarea'ignored,, eye for rigging/rdiut-for safety,.also.. fatigue' 'would'- quickly result;. As I said ..' It.is.easy to see hcrw a new-system can . previously; balancing, brightness , between the - create employe stimuhis, '-give greater, flexi task, and its /.surround,' and also..with -the. bility.to the production space and make more '. general room area, is most important. . fldor.spaceUsable. ' . Lighting Ievclprreven higher than/ full -sun?- It is also' always interesting to compare. ` shiner-are sonjetimes. required ; for special \the old and the new during the transition , . tasks; An example may . be in a place .where period. The . contrasts are so much easier over 10,(100'foottahdles are 'provided in a1 toevaluate. WHY SAFETY IN AN INDUSTRIALORGANIZATION? - By W; C, MOSER ; P]antMgr.,NylonPlant,E.I.duPontdeNemottrs & Co., Inc, Chattanooga, Tenn. . V;A speaker In'ai conference.like this should - obtain this,- some probably better than we use bb an expert on his subject. I'm gomg to ; on mir plant--but rather, why I believe safety. bd L departure frori the norm! I'm going, tb . is' a major; challenge and why .I, respptuible: adinit',. that.. I - am. not-; expert--nor ' is - my.- . for the management of one Du Pont plant,; Clratt^ooga organization. Always;when I'm . 'ani so'deeply.committed to safety:, preparing a- talk 'on.- the, subject. of safety,- ... Why. is-safety so fundamental in an in I'am .reminded of an old. decrepit story,. dustrial plant?-. . I havc no desire to cast myself in this .. -Because, in our concept of running an., fellow's' image. I am riot'going' to talk organization, whether 'it be a -research and. "today about how you get good :safe^ per - development organization or a majrafacturformance--tfiere ate many good,; Ways to - ing organization,. safety. is..{a) `anexceUent ' v ' -V is m . . i . .. . 4 1964'National Srifety Congress 'vehicle for.-accomplishing `-nearly -everything;, ,'Wc guarantee lire,performance of every/one- we hive to accornplfeh; -.(J)) ;and[even more; b.f-these`packages. -Our process'is hot. very ... itis'abruta!ly5harp,quantitativemeasurij)g. highly- autbmatedvby..'.'mahy. 'stafidards.. We! ..tool, for teli.ing: is the results wef-ah^-jpr `awl': ! 'employ o'yer .3,000. .employes and :by-. calctila- [' : not^ettihg; "'.'.- ' : lion there ,are' some.'v500-5,000Ychances :.of -.. ./;;.'-I';..*!iiei'thcVpiabIein:pr\^.a--safy..per-^ human errohron -every, single .one of- these ./' fprmanc*:tarts much :earlier.:tfian..hpw. you ; packages;' go abbiit `getting gopd performance. /I think We have a superyisbry-to^operator ratio 'tad.;.often; ; in . too.'[inariy places) we .; have of 20-30 tO:l.; Do;you see.why the individual v istaffefi out to "get . safety ' performance--:. is- so.. important .'to.- us-^-why /iir acceptaricb [because) it's/a ;pqpular.-.:dea-^r[ because ;we oil hnpoiiU)i^;.is;'<nie'.'o|..'.<>nr most;impor-' . ' think, we.'should;'. 4'y. taint needs?.'' .'... : It's goingtobe-t obvious: that I think the Safety is a continuous reminder,' tbmari-, ;;-- .most importiiit Stating...place-, of a-safety agement andto the. iiidividual that [regardless v ^program.isthe'^ positive intent to have good.. of -flic pressures . of-other-factors; that-;the.' ' .- safety.performance.^ . If/this is present, 'the . individual is pm-amountr-arid'-the soundest . . rest- will -come.' And in. order ..for .this- to be.' Success of. the- whole is 'thresitened ' by': or . present;; each, of us must come-to; his. own . based- upon the ,successof the individual.; '"' reason why safety' is important to tisi It.matters little wby[-/ie accepts'his responsi . Many visitors .who -:cbtrie' to) jour, plant-- look - around .; and; then : ask; me' the question bility--biif accept it-he must-. Arid safety is, : a good vehicle, to Start' this. process. .[.' ; ---how' much money do. you jpend on safety? .' jOiir newest eiriploye, -when ,hired, doesn't . They are usually surprised: when: I say-, really believe- in':'safety--arid doesn't`eVen that I don't really know.'Then' they. ask---' conceive-; generally what we mean by [safety. . how'. can you possibly 'iustify. the, ariibtmt He:is'confused and distrustful and suspicious',; of money you. obviously-do ,spend? If:we ' and. skeptical' for many.weeks and months were , to look. at what .is commonly regarded . that-we really mean, safety: first..- I: don't .-".[; as safety,' we probably couldn't. - . mean . safety first when convenient; ..quality.'. - But'we think the'investiiiehf we makc-'on. first arid safety second,, cost' first-.and safety-:/ ' safety- earns a;.very handsome return. second, production schedules first and. safety :; Thcre arc really three separate considera-V second: . I - don't' mean safety - first' in con-; cept and.";secqnd .in practice. If. you can't lions that make safety a deeply persot^l and important matter for-.me. .While these three are"separate,: they. are. so completely inter-, .believe and- set. safety first--then 'you' arc .' better ofil forgetting-about-Safety altogether. - related- as to.be almost indistinguishable.'' You'may agree witli me that safety is riot.- , I. might .describe, th'cse three .briefly as :; something .special over- and beyond the job. It is-a part of the job. Safety first doesri't ,1.; Philosophical [considerations: v . impiy thaf.nothing else is iniportarit, but the " : 2. Economic considerations ' : consequences of setting ' safety second .- .arc 3.0rganizational-effectiveness . damaging..: ' - * - ! ., ;; ' Fifst^T-th? philosophical matten-fth'at safety Because today's new'employe,, and many -, is humane, ethical and Christian.; These are , of--' tfi'e .old,.'employes^', suspect -that you mean ;.' 'factors' that we; in; business^-who'often .are; ; .safety- first when- wriveriicrit---arid,when. you:;.... [pictured - .as .cold and calculating--need., to , give.him. evidence.lthis i? so--then, you are cultivate' Slot just .-Os an iriiage^butas-a. a Hypocrite who'can-'t be trusted--and you're fundamental belief. .'We accomplish .through/. going;.to have' ^ 'difficult time ' convincing ..individuals;--and we. must be'c'onstaiitly. aware ' Him- fjiaf... your .motives with "[regard, to that they are individuals and' not machinery. safety,-or to any. other aspect of the. job Why? We are dependent upon each'in- . are not something that he should always . .dividual accepting hir responsibility'for'do- question. ing Mr assigned task. . . [,[-'[' ... .bbelicve-Tand our cbrnjjany believes--that [ :. T^'t-me .tell, you about our .plant'just.w no job .will, be done' until we think that job " ; minute.'' We produce nylon .filament yarn-- can be. done^safelyr^-stnd at some point the ' almost'100,000 -individual packages', a. dhy, employe's'come to understand, that we mean - 16 4 cl Industrial Subjects Sessions: ." this-randwhen this, happens--he's ..working' T is hurt or disabled,,'we not only : have lost ; fw' a`company .who thinks ' .of hiin as -an . Uie investment; in him,' but have ,to ! muter- : individual and this,; we believe,gives us the write" the 'investment in a neWemploye of an best ahploye--an employe ,who gives us :an. '-. . equal, amount';This' can amotuit to hundreds - edge on competition. .That makes us look of thousands. of dollars--and nobody.- has I3a better: bMiness .men; ' That makes me . gained/ .7 . /Ixdc.I3ce.a-better manager than I really am. As many of you know, we is a company We try very hard to.make- a man's safety pay disability .wages forj employes unable a'/Very ..personal. thing to 'hiin--his:',personal . to :.work. - This." .rate --is. equivalent . to,.' or responsibility.. If he-has'so -little , pride and .-. slightly, higher than, his 'regular -wages. Over .'.'. reject''for .himself that 'he won't' put-out:; the1 past eight years our .plant .'payroll has .'the effort; to be.safe,, thMe'just iai't. much.' been of the. order of $120,000,000. Would ; question that he will have'any fundamental .. yoti ' eare to 'guesis .Jiow! much .disability, pay respect for-his-employer, his equipment, his we have paid;; for/on-plant ' injuries during " costs ot the Quality qf his product . that same'rpcriod; of time. About $2,000-- There is something else v.ery .important: 1: . less than.l/lOPQ of one percent' . '. . - don't believe,-a-young'man.is. naturally safe. This ` kind of performance has put us 'in' . ; We are brought up believing- it's manly- to the- positTon 'to'insure, ourselves..; I don't" ,,,. take' chances--and-wear the-scars' of the'. know :.how piany . of you know' How many . . chances which. didn't '.come off--as medals 'dollars, yinir. company spends ` for - this' kind ` ...of honor.-." /.' . of insurance, butlcan tell you that -the : '' Ifwecah teach that'.kind of . individual. to curb our human nature to act first and analyze, afterwairds--we have-a', man who - difference between our'-costs-and'that of. a commercial insurance' policy is many 'thou sands of dollars each year. J will 'to'a great extent--do ..likewise when he Similar : facts are; available in regard to . operates his equipment fire Insurance.. Over the past 40 years, our . - ' . We. can't, see' inside a. man's' mind; but we can see if he' is.doihg the job safely, ind if he is,, chances are-he's also, disciplined . .- 'himself to. do- his quality .'job. right during ' the. large! percentage* of every .day-when we isn't be looking over .his shoulder. To me good safety- and housekeeping -are insepara- ' .Me. company has increased its earnings by nearly 100 million dollars thru, self-insurance.. This doesn't mean that we are against insurance companies; - We. still- use their services, when it' is-profitable to do so. -But'we are respon sible, and. accountable for maximizing earn-! irtgs, and this is one way in which We dis charge that responsibility. . Housekeeping is extremely' important in our. concept for a very simple; reason. Through-this'we believe'we-come to-con-: vince people that! small,; seemingly-insignifi cant 'details are important' and we are looking for. the total job to.be done. ; . ; TheSe are 'cold; .hard .business facts for those business men'who care little about the first; consideration I, discussed.' :I believe in; both-^-a'nd a " third--which to me is of-.at' least .as much value in discharging my job .as the'others.'*' b S'" 1/ . v I -have said a lofabout safety first I '.. haven't.arid won't sayi "safety, at apy cpst" " The cold, hard'profit aspect'of safety isobe which as, business men isa.secohd impbr-: ' ' Safety is'.to nie-almost'.-a jperfect vehicle for -measuring.-! individual. section manager or individual 'supervisory performance' in a large.organization.,Does' this -surprise-'you? $' !tan.t. consideration. Over. a period, of ten There are two factors which make it jso- ; years . we 'invest .approximately.: $10,000 in ' The first; i9 probably still unique^-eveh in ! the /training' of every' one of our-' 3,000 this; sophisticated day and agd--the charge ?a*, ! .. employes. This is' a third of a billion, dollars., laid before us-by,the'president of our com I estimate for our business--as I am sure, pany; 7!v . . you would in yours--that while we.can-train . ''There is no consideration, however ma `S- Jt . 1. .. a man tq run a machine in any time between . jor, that can ' be permitted to outweigh two month and twoyears--he doesn't become personal;-injury, however minor."; ' an employe trained to our way of doing . ' This means that.in this facet of- safety-- . business for five yearsor more. If. that nian , - and perhaps this alone1--compromises are 7.' . '-. 17 1964-National Safely Congress riot'necessary. . The objective is completely.' Each bfus.try and do this daily, weekly ".''clear.- ; and monthly, incur audits, and- inspections. We', have many measuring sticks that we. At .Chattanooga. :we have found that.;, a ; uSe daily, weekly and./ monthly - to. measure ' formal ',written., analysis, once each quarter a' supervisor -or ' forerium's. effectiveness--^- is a very .fruitful and revealing, study; ... but eacfr of these- involves compromises of . . We are almost always surprised--when'We I the moment--for example, we say the fore- .. finish this 'quarterly analysis--that, ptir per . ' man - must ...produce- good. quality--blit we formance isas good as it' seems to be .on mean- quality at a reasonable cost--wcsay . the -record; This 'discovery usually nourishes : he must.control hiscosts---but he cannot 'do. our attitude properly--toi take another step this -with too littleVattention to quality--, forward.' - ..' thus comprbmises--and a-balance-'which, is .. ' Would you': be interested in what we never the same-r-one year -to another.. usually find--' .'' But if .'we>ay.we must eMihina'te' personal,. ; ...1. That we make many more errors of, .injriry'in our section or group, the'objective .emissiontHan.of commission. . - is' completely, clear and :uficiiangirig. !2. That'we've been "too busy" to.do the .And. the'second-important, factor is^-that.. whole' safety.-job. '. This simply, means -we; the altamnunt of this .objective;,requires the.' - don't understand the objective. * sameexact supervisory and management ap- proachas the attainment of any Other objectiye. We used, to' call this . 'approach the scientific, approach. ' . 3, That we. find;we,have a lot of talk ..about -people] accepting! their individual re sponsibility -- someofitmearongless -- becausewe have, not taken the. time to. define . It .requires; what this means and translate It into specific . l.' An objective analysis of the present ; words that our people understand. Let. me. '..-day status or situation. , . give you a'simple example-- ` 2. The supervisory need to anticipate pc^` How many, of you are full time safety * tential problems.;' ...... engineers or supervisors?. How many of you . 3. The development of a specific program ' have forma.l written' job' descriptions which' - to eliminate or head off these problems. you. and'.your. hoss; arid the plant manager 4. .Effective communication of the ob- . have agreed upon. jective and program. ' .'Now let . me' go back to the way we say - '5. The .establishment of follow-up con-, we must tackle any problem. * trds is being carried out: . To define the problem--problem finding: ' . In safety--the results.are so. easy to meas- To plan a program, communicate it--prob- . ' ure--no guesswork' if a 'mad'is in first aid lem solring. -. or. in the hospital: ; Honestly now--what per cent of your job ''. What .'better yardstick, to'use to measure' . .'organizational effectiveness than this, one'in. ' 'is. problem finding and what part solving?-. Is problem: solving 90, is-problem 75, .50 per ' ; which .the, objective. is., so painfully, clear. cent of your'job ?' \ And if; an'individual .cannot get consistent ; I' believe a safety supervisor's-job' ought results under , this , environment he will not .: to be: at least 75 per cent problem finding'. get results through people on any of the . Let mie -ask yoit--how. many of you see your other: job' requirements.' And I .think, each top .'plant, management. face to' face, to disr of you would agree that the extent to which cuss safety each day. How roarty-rtwo per we can get this approach used on every tjfoe Week--two per month? of probletri is the extent to. which we w|jl :. I don't know what the right frequency have, competent.supervisory organizations. oh -your ` plant is--I '- thing on ourplantit - .This'approach must start .with us--not ought - to be- every day'. But I know this-- ] . the .employe. It has to start With the will- ' that if .safety performance is- truly an indi - ingness to make , an honest analysis; of oiir cator of everything else wedo--you better ; strengths'and particularly our shortcomings. Iiave specific ' understanding with manage ' -r-starting;at the-top. .Look-at qur perform-'; ment and if you `-don't--ryoti'd better take ", ance--as it is--not as we would like' it to be. the initiative to get one. ' . 18.' .' .-- " ; '. j&Sti&Sti&Silfci&fRnw.awH' Industrial Subjects.Session*: ' 4. That we .don't use the supervisory, tools : Before- we can get people! to accept/the , we; have: Too many otherwise;' capable. responsibility. for ; thjeir ; individual - safety members of supervisiop gradually' persuade we. have got to actept ours^-iii'an honest : themselves that they, are far too experienced ' and- positive yray. ' }; ' ,.to use the - fundamental - tools of- standing -i; still to observe, '.discipline, and} letting.:.;thc- This fa; a whaleoif .g.lot.easier.if we ill operator know precisely what is expected of '.;/.agree on .wky..safe^;is importaint.^totis. ' -'him. , '''j'v .Now if. you will review-mentally the three : . . 5.,Tliat'' we,: do a lot . tetter- -job of dis-:' ' reasons why-safety'is important .to;mef V ciplining ourselves and our pimple after . Philosophically, fiiianciaiiy, as a; yardstick ... someone gets, hiift tiian we; do when we'see .' thesameunsafe act :performtd without an ''.ipjurjr. to*'.'supervisor .effectiveness.' You'- can see why I consider safety 'a major challenge and why I consider it a great management We have missed the opportunity to probiem/find--how we have;to problem/solve. . ..tool. .Tt-.isn|t academic,1: it doesn't look at! somebody else.- It looks, atboth today, and" 6. Wc' : forget : tfiat the training of 'out-:. the future..,It is/a direct .measure, of:.our .. selves! and. oiur people is a dynamic function . --no jobrW no individual remains the same for 'Cven a six-htonth period.; .... s" ability.'to' do our job' to get results,, to man-:' age,.to supervise. V! " These are the problems-^the program to Safety isn't just for the employe. It isn't : correct this is usually simpler- to face than for "the Safety supervisor. Its for tis. In an honest appraisal. ' When you .take these this 'age of cynicism and what .passes for V -things ' back', to their ' basic * components. -- sophistication, are we/ wilihig : to stand lip V- the circle is completed... beforethathonestmirror? A NEW LOOK ATINDUSTRIAL HOUSEKEEPING V ' : By B; L. CLOUD \ Production Manager,'Hughes Tool Co.--Houston, Texas - Have you ever wondered why all. the fuss Nothing/ however, .could .be further - from about good housekeeping l I have, and I am the" facts: Good housekeeping is still, a just now beginning to- appreciate the values. very necessary-part., ipf the. industrial acci . . You hear it at. home, and at the plant dent prevention' effort" Men .and women; in There is probably, more data' available on industry, - even in - this-'so-called sophisticated housekeeping than any. other single: subject. ' ; society, still trip Over' loose objects pn floors And..the.data ranges anywhere from' such' and stairs, are* hit by objects falling from statemCntsas, ``absolutely necessary to: a suc overhead, slip and fail on. wet and greasy cessful accident prevention,program," :to ' surfaces, and we; .bump, into projecting and .cdihpletechaptersin some;of the;books dnd poorly placed, materials and equipment; ; literature.' ' ' ' Tlie' latest edition1 of Accident Facts, at .But why'such treatment id a sophisticated least to. my satisfaction, seems to support industrial society? We live in theatomand- this view.-. In 'the analyses .Source and (jostj space age, with ..comptiiers and data, proc of ContpeHsable Work injuries, 40.9 essing equipment, and with . machines which' cent of all disabling injuries.and 29 per cebt operate at the direction of a tape; or the of those which produced fatal Or permanent wink of-an eye. One .would think that good disability came from the following sources: housekeeping had served: a long and useful Falls--sdme and .different level; struck by life! and was. no longer needed, dr that falling or moving objects; and/ stepping on industry had outgrown the need. * ^or striking against; objects; While'the data' : ' ' ;'' -10 IL HOMO* I ." a ' `1964 National Safely;Con0ress : . * dq?s'not isolate housekeeping as the specific -In .'recent-years,,we :have contracted' the : source, certainly, housekeeping was an utjder-. .'sanitation', and cleanliness portion of. . this; ' lying fartor in each category.- If we should' work'including all 'maid and janitbrial.serv. . heed further proof as to "why", good, house- ices.; All ..factory., housekeeping. duties . and..,: , .. keeping..is stiH>a very necessary, part Of- sendees were given back,to line management; ," - the. accident prevention effort, we'have only . in :.the\ plant^;-.The.,janitorial '.contractor.-Is- . ` to'examine the recent accident which ie-. responsible for the locker rooms, lava--. '; suited in. injury, to'ilit..,Col.'-John;Gierin. ' . tones,'.t'offices, ' 'drinking': fountains,', etc., 'Here is a man who!pioneered space without almost evcrything cxcept the production area- i incident, only. to. slip on. a simple bathroom '^services.'. "...- mat.V -.- ' -;'. ; ... .. ' Without going into detail,' I: ..can assure f Although, we- consider housekeeping, essen- you that th'c "change-brought; i. rather sharp ' . -i ' -, ;'-tial\''to''-production,' -it-.' fealty-'.ik* not- do . rise in' office housekeeping-complaints.-. Per- '.. anything to enhanM'.the value of;our prod- . haps..we had..'our people spoiled.: But ! .' - nets.'. However, .our-,' ^ .in : would father think if was due/tpthequality ' pressed-either favorably or unfavorably ;hy . of.the sdrvices we received in.the beginning. .'. the .housekeeping.'/they' see .in all of :.our People -who are accustomed to good house-. ' : , 'plahts.',We have at Hughes ..a steady'flow-. keeping are sensitive tp .a reduction in qual- . ' of :'customers .and visitors'-touring our. plant. ity and will react accordingly. -It was thercr' daily, and our. plant housekeeping conditions fore, necessary- for ,the; contractor to train ". . will either give them confidence in our prod his personnel lo'meeit our,standards and our. ucts or. will leave them with questions about ' heeds. And . since this was-done; this change ' .-the .value arid ..the; quality-of; the products* has saved us- several hundred' thousand dol-'. We'produce.,' .We also have-family visita lars each 'year in- costs. The orily; way that- tion-one day per. week., If housekeeping this, program can be successful is to. have, activities, did - not reduce accident costs or. a-contractor who is a real specialist in this ' * -increase production, ..we would stiff bi forced field-^and who will meet your standards.* : . .' . . to-consider .them.a':necessity.'.A clean shop' -.towel, .a machine pan free of'cuttings andshavings, or a neatly trimmed hcdge'or lawn,' or a sparkling drinking fountain are hard ..tomeasureiri.termsbf-.vaIuerecciycd.Bufit is thirc, just the: same. Just try' it the other.way and see 'what happens- to your accident raja -.Our'.plant is a. shining ex. ample.and'we are proud of .the housekeepi ,ihg.progress and ihe libusekeeping-programs'. wliidi. lave been very helpful in making our sales efforts successful.. ' . The housekeeping program in our; factory is really quite sjmpie. - Monthly. Inspections are made of the.'entire production and fac-` tb'ry areas by a team of -three people:-One from .the fire, department,' one. from the medical and .safety department and one -from plant supervision,;; The1 factorymember 'of', -supervision .is-rotated, each .month so that each member of supervision has an oppor-" tunity .to.-see', what' 'other departments are .rdoing..- Tills alsohelps to buil^a competitive , . spirit. Tlic primary. puypos..of'.the.inspec --. . ' . ";For'thany years.at. Hughes we.had-a large tion is ;to evaluate plant housekeeping. How-, housekeeping and janitorial department. This every tire committee is. also concerned- with department ; not 1 only handled all of the violations'of general plant safety rules arid ; office.'.housekecpjrig'-duties,: .but' also-, per-; regulations and any-other unsafe 'conditions, formed a large number .of services .in the : and practices/,'in general. A'report of the factory areas, such as floor sweeping, clean . results'of .eadt inspection, with recommenda- ing, rearranging,. and assis^^^^ in general. lions,.'is . submitted to the medical and safety . ,to' clean-up campaigns'. As time passed and the ' ' services department.Copies, of the' reports . general wage increases were granted, we' are then sent back the-respective depart-- found, oursylyes^witlj'a very, expensive op-;. mental supervisors and' factory management . . eration and sotrie divided responsibilities. We,. for. consideration arid action.: . ': . also-believed that, some improvements could. -. Follow-up action is a . responsibility ' of. . . be gained if, we consolidated, some services. the - medical and safety' services department.. We; therefore took,a new. look -at- our house A"good housekeeping-plaque, is. awarded each - keeping -.'duties' from a. cost, and control month to the department judged by the'In* "' viewpoint, '. spection team to- have1 the best housekeeping.. 20'.' ' ' . '.V "... ' 'I -I ' -, . .  ' We also publish a semUmonthly house, organ but; the actual- implementation: ;this would called the Hiighetnews, and oncei a month' include . planning; for the location and ar- . pictures and 'writeTups arjE publish'ed wit- 1 rMgtment:of ;eqtopinih material storage \ 'liningtheprogressarid.theinspectiOn report areas,/storage faalities- for -equipment and/ which'-has; been made; by. this team. Addi-,' materials,1 dhpasal coiitaihers, time, for: inV tionqlly," each; member' of 'the/supervision is spcctioiiland/diah-up,: Additfci^yj man sent each quarter, .aif 'inspection jforin; pr agement - maiit--; 'provide the . incentive ^, or ;' 'guide. The supervisor -is expected to inspect motivation,.and. training, and the;siipervjskm ; - his' own department,', complete the inspection . to see that .such! activities are part and parcel .. .form, and return it tb..the.medical and rafety ' of the daily routine. :*!/ .I1-.-./ . services departmentfor.-,review.; -It. will'not succeed any 'cither way. -An pc- -. ' : This is. pur. procedure, at Hughes... It. is. casional! clean-up campaign is.a poor 'substi- : probably quite- similar tQ-.'thjs; procedure fol tute for this important '.management respoh'- -: lowed in- your plants.. Since the particulars sibiiity;-,- -/-: -..of soap-and wiete .dispoMl,'.'.material, stori .`Although'; to this point we /have, not dis- '. . t- , age/floor condition, tool and equipment stor cussed-: the /individual employe's responsi-, age, and'aisle space.are also mor.e than likely - biUty.' in . good, housekeeping,.It is; neverth'er, similar to what yi>u' are now.doing.addi-, less,/important - The very best of plans and / : tionai discussion atthis point seems uiinec-' intentions)' be. those plans for housekeeping.'- ' .'^isa'ry.'. Let. me point out/,however,:-tbSt'.-if or what have-you, will fall short of the goal . ' . die effort is to, be. of value and produce if' not properly., implemented.'at the worker .. .satisfactory. Vaults, then, obviously, it' must Ievei- . Each person. must do : his or her . .;be:done, with great detail, and with'aposi- part' A spectacular effort on- the. pajrt of .five attitude! and in-'a professional manner..' " .a few will not produce^satisfactory results.. : Housekeeping mea!ns':.morc than just dean-" The individual'must, te prbperly. trained- and . linesS; .. Somewhere in:..'the literature, !,I; directed. from the very first-day .of employ- . .. . read where, "A house.is in order, when there nient and such; training' must- be. repeated|j^`' .are no unnecessary things about and those .often as'necessary; 'We al}. know!frdnf our :.- that are necessary are in' the proper, places."' ' experience -.with' children that people,can be. .. -This definition.;appealstome. , It ajso.causes taugbt-to be good, housekeepers. Should we-/me. to' wonder,, speaking from my* .personal dt> any;less with otir people iii mdustiy? I , experiences; just how .much valuable floor. . We at Hughes have made housekeeping. .. ' space all industry is now using-.to store a part .of the resportsibility factor in all ' obsolete, scrap or otherwise unnecessary ma jobs in the factory'inejudirig supervision. It- terials and equipment. And if we knew,-1 is - written into each job -description and is am sure that,the figure'would probably, stag- . therefore a factor of job level,. The em- ger the imagination. Many.suchitcms-are. plqyee nay perform the-duties, required or ;. . -probably- moved; clcanjsdi:1 rearranged' and , hie .may see: to it', that action is taken, as re- ". .- , . counted' seyejral times each- year and many quired. Every. employe ' is a /part of, our will never agaiti . serve. a useful ipurpose/ /'program. ' ... Conditions such -as this produce acddriits, -. ; ; The adyaiitages of' good'housekeeping, in and accidents produce.injuries and cost.. Also'-. the fire prevention effort hre rather obvious ; . . these items`are denying .to us valuable pro- . ; however, T- sometimes get the:; feeling ` that, ', Auction and: storage . space.Goad:housekeep, because of this,; the matter plays second . ing siiggiats that; we do sdmctbihg about fiddle to. the slips, trips' and - falls; While /' / them; to do otherwise is false economy. the /possible! consequences to the! employe Although-/most 'of us., expect.-, each emi- are quite similar, in each situation, this does . ploye to'-keep- his- or her. own -house'! inorder and clean; housekeeping^rgdod houser keeping--is a basic management responsir bility. This is fundamental -to good man- .not -generally! hold true for fire damage to machinery,' inaterialsr-both jlnished and in process--buildings and jthe ilikq.. A . serious fire could put U3 0ut ,of business indefinitely ; \ . : agement - It', should get- full support, with evcn so-called '-'minor'' fires, can'cause major proper preparalion,.jiiedjtation and dedication business, interruptions.: ... ' ; -to a .successful undCriaking. After alJ, man-i'. We are-probably more fortunate , th^n . ' ` agement'must provide'just about everything many companies; -because - we . have. several'.,.' ''; - -'v - / /'. - 2i . r.rl * .' 1964 Ndliorial Softly .Congress full-time, fire department personnel oh duty consistent with the; levei- of housekeeping. . ` atall times" OTd they serve on lour plant Although many parts of. ; our'plant , are, inspection team. This brings a knowledge- quite old and most Of the buildings are ;of . able' persoh'.with fine'experience and trainbg wooden construction; through . our' good . . into our. good hbusdceejnng progiiaro.. . In .'hdtisekeepihg and ..maintenance efforts, we our plant we use many types of.flammable .have been able to maintain a high:. level: . * gases aiid.liquids and'we find this assistance..: of efficiency andagood safety record. Our . quite [valuable.. If similar assistance isriiot Industrial injury. experience will compare : . available, to you, then I would certainly di- favorably with any! in ; the country;: arid,. rcct ydur attenticm to such things as a care- we haye won several national awards. ; -j-'; [ fulexanunation of aill liquids and gases. everi We feel that we manage. a .pretty ?cleah. . . .solids, used: in[or- 'permitted m '.ypur plant,' .. houseand'our people-are-trained tq recognize. [.,-' . td detefmine whetber they are towc br ' the value of houseiceeping in the total pro- ; .flammable.; a dctajled examination of the diiction effort--and this includes accident . ... are of usej'.final utiliiation;equipment;;e!ec-'. prevention.. Our: employes.: and supervisors. " . tricaland hcaf produ<mtg''devices; 'and, of . are-.in.,tune with both, tiie. need-.and. our-.' course housekeeping,.. Detailed .attention to. , program, and'resjpond accordingly. sudi matters today could well be the as- . Our top executives hot bnly want a dean: surance that you will. be in buin to- housej they inti* on it.: We invite both ..morriw. Good.hmisdce^jing? 'I .consider it customers. and prospective' ctistpmers info . X'oiir [plant- What, better advertising could. '.... Good housekeeping - is just as much a one[ want for a product; the people who part of the total, acdden't prevention effort ` manufacture that product; and the condi- vtoday as it. was many years ago, The dons under, which it'is manufactured,, than ..' /". / industrial 'situation--and-even the; home-'- . good housekeeping? " . .' will probably never, seetheday. when the Intakinganewlookatindustrialhouse- ;nd will pass into obscurity. The facts supv keeping, I heartily, recommend that `this porting the nd. are just as valid today housekeeping.. functions be made a permanent .' 39 ^h*y. were 25'and even SO years ago. factor in each empfeiyeVjob;or"position,'.and Generally speaking; the; industrial injury also that you review-your, cpst and con- -experience in . any establishment will be trol against the results.' SAFETY SAMPLING--19Afl ,v By; VINCENT' PODLIIfA. ' *. Assistant Corporate Director of Safety, A. O. ffmith Carp.,Milwaukee, Wiscotunn:. -We are all working hard toward our com- designed with consideration for the human mon. goal--to reduce all . types of acadents element--the end result being maitiimeiy tool- ; which will prevent human paint humaut'suf- ing and equipment engineered reasonably fering, aiid .property damaj^;: safe- for your employes. Safety, education - , 'Youi.kncw' industrial^'injuries' need ndtfor all of your eroptayes-to assure they *. be. a by-product .oil manufacturing. 'How are. properly trained before they start, their . can :you eliminate..them?' By putting into jobs in your plants. effect .a good basic industrial 'accident pre- : In giving instructions to your employes, vention program. It should-indude safety they must understand how to do ich step [ . planning and engineering, safety education .[. of their job. *' . . " and safety enforcement. Safety enforcement as you know, is the In the planning phase, you miist work with foHow;.up by .the foreman to assure' his your engineers to make, sure equipment: is Employes are following'instructions. Your . . V ' .. II- / t ' '' ' j .- *- v - . ;f. /;:;-,.v:v '' ` " * /.' . .. . . .* ; -.;r-. '..,v-: Industrial Subjects Sessions' basic industrial accident prevention program' (a)'All unsafe aefe-and .conditions .which : must include those activities of '-your plant .resulted ins" '4-.?.''<. ,t.' - designed to prevent all types of accidents. 1.- .Disabling- .injuries .' How do you keep the basic.program dive? :,:2. First-aid cases .- -, . Tbere are dozens of. ways! If yoti-are like 3.'.Near misses . . me. you have tried all sorts of gimmicks-- posters to green.stamps. I've' never found anythhrg as dynamic as Safety Sampling. Ai.'you`progress,with your program, you : add: the unsafe acts and -conditions from . your own experience ' that- result or could Clark Woodward our corporate.safety: di . result in injuries. rector, defines it: "Safety '.Sampling is, a constructive analytical approach' to, the. ac cident prevention problem;" It.-is patterned, after -toe work. sampling;, technique which has been used' by quality control engineers in quality sampling-^also : by industrial cn' gineers in determining indirect labor .effec tiveness' and manpower requirements. ,(.b) Ydu then categorize the tinsafe acts and .conditions.. 'This, will make.it easy to readily, identify and.'record the unsafe acts and conditions''in yoiir operations. ' In-.coni- .'piling .yoiir. safety .sampling code; consider ; "the: act' of. allowing an. unsafe condition.' to exist while.an employe'is actively work-ing at his. job." You., must become ai^uainted with the . You:, might 'consider such items as: _5.03 laws of probability to carry-but this! new in oiir !code Permitting'Pits or Holesto approach. You will be .'able to predict com- . exist .without prpviding guard rail protect .- ing events by evaluating facts of the irtmedi- tion. or suitable barricade. 12.14,'Allowing ate past Forone moment visualize a bucket bare electrical wires to rrinain after making full of marbles, of! different, colors. Look ' an installation or repair... ! - away,.reach-in and-pullout a handful. You . You;are now- ready to make a preliminary cam estimate ' the 'number of . marbles of': survey of -your entire operation-. This is each. tolorin the bucket from the ones necessary - so you , can determine the jnunf- . pulled out ` i . her of observations needed-- to' give you , .-.A? you' know, - industry for. many - years statistical reliability. . Each observation:. is has usbd this'technique on items received. an employe doing some sort of work. These The quality-of the shipment is determined . are .random; observations ' taken at - random by the random sampling' bf'; a few items. times in your operations..'. ... '. Your sample must be large enough, to give statistical- reliability. Your degree of ac curacy will control the number of: random tunes you'want to carefully inspect. - . The.formula usedto determine the number of obsecrations is taken from the-latest edition of Work Sampling .by ' Ralph M. -Barnes..' -This book, is published by John Ymr ban apply this principle to determine the percentage of safe and unsafe work ac- tmty in' your operations': Safety sampling pinpoints areas of .supervisory' responsibility Wiley .and. Sons, Inc!, New York. .After you have completed the preliminary, survey, it is simple to figure out how many random bbservationsvyou will, need! ' , ' / F heeding attention. It places the accident Your .next step wiij. be : to make the-re?, 3- .prevention responsibility on .'the line su- quired' observations and record them! on the . "Safe- Practice ^.Observation Form." '/; In addition, it ties this responsibility: to You will need a theater ;cqunter, a pencil r% . his nipervision at ail levels. . It is a safety i and !the recording . form. Click off the. safe performance appraisal`of management This observations on toe counter and record them k- evaluation can be made of-your operations ontoeform. The unsafe ones are recorded . any time you want it--hourly,'daily, weekly, - then on'' toe form- under toe proper code.. monthly, or yearly'basis. .. .. You .then figure the. safety performance . flow.. do' you put Safety `Sampling ' into of each foreman, general foreman, and su- '.operation?. , jperintendent of each division by shifte. ... 1.. Develop your : wh ' safety sampling . . You argnow ready to put'this'.information code! !?o do this,, you will ,have to make into a form, which. wiU give. toe total per? -.ah'analysis of:' formance of your operation. ' : ' -! . 23  .' \ : Y^1 '.te 1964 National Safely Congress How do you. go about putting this pro Where' else'can you profit frbrii.it?.- WhatY;'.Y' gram into effect? You .must .prepare a'little., results'Can" you; hope to get- from, this V training program to familiarize your man projgram in your plant.? r~' -...i .' agement '-Give them full .details :oh; safety.; - When this program vjas.m. Operation, for. . sampling.' .' <\\\ a complete calendar' year, the Milwaukee Following this training program'.yoii .can-. -Works results were: -1, ;. start in a simll section ot a-division'.. Start ; First aid cases decreased 25 per cent slow and; sell Then gradually expand .until . . .'.Disabling injuries Towered 50 per cent you include the. whole plant. You . will; get better acceptance 'of this program if' you - '' :1?req'iuency -rafe" reduced. .cent send- sectional .:ancl divisional rcports. .This Severify. rate cut 50. per cent' .will give the .line management a chance-to . -, `..`Overall -`accident* costa slashed. 50 per..cent' become familiar -with the program. :Tt. also . will, allow them. to. take rieces'sary to improve their perferrriiance. Y action. .. Do''you think Safety Sampling is worth it?- Safety; Sampling can be a successful pro? gram for ygu, if: , . ,' j What dd' you do'-when you have a- safety' ,1. You.have'a1 sound basic.'accident. pre'-1:.'.- sampling program working throughout your ventiori program operating, in your plant.. plant? Distribute, your, report .for about- three months* t'6 ypur line management. This' will -give them a chance to put their, house"; . 2. You study this new technique arid adapt it to your operation. - ' in' order. Them send - trie complete report to 3. Familiarize- yotir management with its-' top management. This, will give them an potential in controlling, the. effectiveness of '.. V. insight of. their accident-potential . problems.1 your safety program. Yoa will get corrcctive actipn 1 4. .Start, slow arid sell.t HOW ACCIDENTS CAN HELP YOUR SAFETY PROGRAM ;. By OaC. HAIfiR . .. -. . Mgr., Safety and Workmen's Compensation, Standard Oil Co;'(Ohio), Cleveland . 'There, are a number of: ways that, acci- some measure of competitive spirit to.encour- . -. dents'can help your safety: program. . age those with experience hot so good toim?.- Safety engineers liay'e'for years been prer. prove their performance. ' - paring riionthly,'quarterly,, semi-annual or . ; - Periodically, as'.an appropriate occasiori -' . annual accident.. summaries for -review: by arises, such as the occurrence of' a particu- company management "and operating super? larly severe injury or accidentia full-blown- - -.visors. These summaries usually show riiini- investigation is made. .The plant- manager, ber of disabling injuries, number .of days general superintendent, chief engineer, super- lost, frequency rate,, severity- rate by;de-' interiderit of maintenanas,'.Safety engineer:. partment, plant, operation, or company in : and'other iriiportant-people will : take part. - ..the case of large, riiulti-eompany.organiza- in,this investigation. The report is circu-' tiorii., ..." fated. iri: the. plant and to. other..plants, and!'. ' Sometimes charts or graphs are made to . the injury' oir accident will bediscussidby .accompany the statiStieal tables to more ade- first-line supervisors -with ttiqr men. It will . quately or dramatically portray the- trend - geta lot of attention and action,"and In-., lines. There are two primary reasons for .variably there will, be a'good effect .'upon v sending these reports and'charts: (1) they., various aspects of.the safety program/ . tell in a way how things are going in the ac- - Occasionally such a report will reach the . cident occurrence field and (2) they provide president of the company and if the facts ' . ' 24'.-" '' - ' i f V- : ' 'V .Industrial'^Subjects:Sessions ' . are presented in sucb-away'as to' excite . activities/were; successful? Could/jrou/ray . T him and .his; interest, he wifi exert his in with authority at any one: point in the'sue- fluence eyeyywhete, and then ` things are -. cessioh bf. 'mqnths - that' sbme particular ef--. ;. : likely to happen. This type! of influence also fort,drive, /promotional; scheme: or;- educa- ; is good for the safety program. , //' tional -program /was particularly effective .in < - -.'. Then there'is'the infbrinatibn . that comes, preventing, injuries?"; . - / .* froni industry or "trade- associationi,. particu.-.. . .';If,, after' /operating- for one.ortwoyears larly those having 'good, .active.safety and.' ., with -zero, or one disabling injury, andthen fife protection; committees - suchas the 'one your [pjantfjtupped to three, would you .say' ; 1belong,to,; the 'American Petroleum- Iristi- : that your program, yoitr effort?, your,'drives ; tute. ' /r /V-/-/.; were'ho-.iohger effective?- ,We get. comparative injury'frequency arid We've been faced with that- situation in : severity rates;, fire loss,smd: frequency'rates, several'of our plants. ...We asked our operat-. vehicle .aettdent./ ratesMpid /''descriptions*;. of . , ing: research group, .'the, proTessional statisti- ; , fatalities, arid serious-fires -aiid;'explosions. ciaiis; what they thought 'about it. ' , ; ' We send'them to the'plant.management and safety engineers as Well as various ehgirieqf-'' 'ing groups. We make great .use of them in spurring on our; plant; and departmental . -, management to compare.. favorably with.: others in the industry,. We'also'ceview our. practices, our equipment' specifications,' and .our..'engineering standards, as-a. result of : . They did.a lot of Tesearchingand studying . and' finally; concluded that on a, short-term . basis, lib one -could.-say- that* /efforts,. pro->. grams, drives,- etc.;.-were, any more or :lws - ; -effective--if .you just.look at experience such" as oiirs--where We number of injuries would . .vary front 0 -to_3 every: twelve months... these descriptions `and- we malce changes Thqyvoffered as . aii .example'the following . where they are indicated.;.' proposition: Suppose you..Were.'able to deV But by and large the mainstay of-a plant's .vise a new, :j)erfect approach to injurypre- . or a company's.. safety efforts is its own' vention arid you applied it .You would'then- , experience'and the results .of analyses of record zero disabling injuries for a number ; ' various' kinds and severities of accidents- and.- of! months .in succession. --Couk[..j!(W','.tlieri;.-.' injuries. ;!. .' -. ;. - V' say that the new approach was responsible ' Ah. analysis shows, that falls frequent, so efforts, to prevent on. level- arfc falls, are in* ' stituted and'made, a part of the safety pro- gram. . An analysis/shb-ws that'eye'injuries are are numerous in certain made to. prevent,eye . areas, injuries saondeftfhoertsse-,; ' efforts become'partof the safety program, for the latest'succession'of zero .frequency. months?. They said /W'-rrhecause. if' you- simply would look- at past history you would .;' find that there were' many-successive months . whenfthe frequency was zero. Thus, .even '. without-this. new .approach- you -could expert this result`more often- than not. So there /! would!: be;..little'. rational ' justification for " - Most'plants'or companies of any size gen- ; -.: - claiming any -accomplishment,due'rto our new ... erally look , longest and .hardest; and some ipptoadi. ' -/' -. .* >-'; -' times exclusively, at the disabling injury experience. :. They said we'd, have to' look at greater. numbers ;of injuries to tell' anything .about.- - There sire many, plants and companies.with ... program, pr .effort effectiveness'on- a short;. ' > . extremely low frequency. rafes-j-so-'-lbw: in ".;terin;basis.;^-.;./ -r:-' -;-r-/ ...;...1 ;v.. |;:t. i fact-,' that they'may-'be. approaching the point: - where the ..frequency ..rate-jib. longer, affected very, much , by; the things can -be I. have > . .. just .been describing to you.-V -V /.Thus, if the | frequency rate' is not','.af-- ,! fected very, much, -how can .you determine that the ltwel of safety.of your;plant has So! we' devised, what 'we.have-'called; the', Sohib -Serious Injury Index; This .index is made up of five kinds of Injuries: 1 1. All.disabling injuries according to ASA Z16. .-.-,r ; 2. All :lnon-disabling. 'ore injuries from chaqged--either improved or deteriorated? ' . work produred objects or corrosive liquids .. : Suppose you had a plant injury record of {' zero, one, two; or even three disabling in requiring treatment by'a doctor.- . 3.' All noh-disabling-.fractures. -. a juries during several' successive 12-month -: 4. All non-disabling idce.ratibns requiring I. periods. Would you consider that the safety .sutures;/' / ' '- "  1964 National Safety Congress; . '. . . 5. All other noh-disabling iiijuriea ^or . impossible to.tell how serious an injury will. - ; __ ; ;.wbi,ch.-Jthe_attCTdirig:i:phyMdan . prescribes,.. result,'' once. the-.accident .cause..has'/started . ./work,restrictionsor motionlimitaticmsi . -.on its way. ';.'/; ` -"Y.Y .These I am . sure yop; will recognize'as; - And, how. much .rime. and "effort - goes into' . types.' of injuries about '.which there will, be explaining why a man.lost time from work, little or no trouble/in, recbgnizingonce they .- or-'even .why he doesn't'.have: to lose time' , have occurred, becausethey- are 'severe because'there is/worjc, he can; dt> without: .. riiotigh for - the injured . person, to .have to ' aggravating his injury.: Howmuch' more, request medical attentioh. .You might con-/ productive that same rime- and- energy ,could : ."Y. ' sitter, theise - five as a combination of dis-/ . be when. used/ in; pfeVenrihg 'more arid ,more. ablirig and' potentially.or.'-nearly, .disabling,' .accidents and. thus preventing more and more/ : ' injuries. ' / .;.-'// . -'/ ' . ' / /.-.. .injuries of varyirig degrees of; seriousness. JN'ow.I know a lot of. people are wonder-. This basically is what is behind our own ; . ing--why pick out just five kinds ofinjuries^ efforts in prompting the concept. of.41sopous'i. r-why not all injuries? l ean'answer.that injuries, botKYdisabluig'. and ndn^-disablmg,. in this way: : -Y We make no claims' that our system - is the .; / _ '/ .1. We felt that if employes got . the idea;, / last/word,/. but I. think; we ' are preventing. . { " : ; we. were looking too closely at their minor . more injuries than .we ever .did- .Perhaps injuries;:;'the^. might not`feel as free to re-' you. don't, have the same types of injuries ! port.them;and . / ; that.rwe have; ,buf.,I`feel- sure that-if you'-, .. , .; ' ; ZYWe felt that every last minor injury, wasn't bring' reported now. ` .. -. We've been looking at .and studying our. .' . so-called' Sohip. Serious. Injuries. noW since.. : late; 1954 . and we .caii see reducticms in all .lands of; injuries,, first..-aid cases,, doctor': /cases, and'-serious injuries, although in'sey- era! of our plants the. number' of disabling looked long and hard at; all your, injuries you would: see a nurober/pf recurring types which could-be' the^lasis of your .own/seri- -. ous injury index. ' .; ;.. J; / Of course; yorir own Objectives wiil; de termine.'whitdi 'way you Will go; If. you. are , satisfied with the disabling injury'frequency., rate, as your measuring stick-^-fine. : If, you:, injuries has remained constantly low, I'd .are; not, then;, here is a.^suggested systeJn.;.. like; to urge you to Ioolcbeyotiddisabling ; For otifwdves, we think it has . helped us injuries. Don't be-satisfied just because many . to reset .our sights on the gcal of prevept- . of your injuries-dotft involve loss. of time.' irlg injuries rather than largely on the pre- ' -. Think of. the many times-men have'fallen at work only to get tipi limp; a little for a / venrion - pf 'loss of time/from; work; as ira-; .' poftanfas ttiat is. * - ' I,*...,,, ..feyr...step?,,or. rub, /their arms or bands or . .When .you have plants which experience; .for"si lew minutes, and then, go ' from zero ' to ..three - disabling injuries per/, . about their work. Or how many rimes'such .'/year, year after/year, you have a rough, . falls have resulted in strains of. the. shoul time; trying, to. overcome the feeling., that , der, or 'leg or arm muscles which have Kept' -eventually will come?--'.'this, is eaSy"--'`We've' ! them/from doing thrir full, jobs; for.a- few. got" it made"-^"There's no /safety. problem ; / days or even longer, . They are the same . here.'''i ...'. kinds of falls which sometimes , result , in: The fact/that we threw .the- spotlight-on , r broken iarms or legs; cracked rjbs,/fractured j. more than^just-diSabling injuries, added con skiills-Yso. why hot. look ./into, riienn.' mote:--' siderable' impetus; to our aedderif preveritibn. - deeply, and. intensify your efforts to prevent. /efforts: throughput the organization. /Super- all fails. | /v-:":/ visors 'were- .forced' to' broaden their views Or how about the number of times men' / of what, was going on around theni; Thiy ' have bumped;into things or ' have'had parts were forced to Iook at .worldng condirions -., of their, bodies caught between two .objects. : ana; work practices much iino're closely. and . andhavesustainedfaauationswhichbad analytically. . to .bestitched up (sutuKdr-say the doctors) / But`we/ put. these Sohio "serious" injuries insteadofbadlyfracturing bones or ampu-: . to. additional use. We adopted quality con- : . taring fingers or hands or toes or otherwise v trol diart techniques plotting serious injuries more seriously .'injuring themselves. I can as- per million man-hours mcmthly. We ttied/a . . sure you in .most, cases it-is veiy nearly; standard -formula for determining; upper and -26 '- v Y -Y .' Y.,Y'Y 'v :Xvv V.-' '. /.' 'V. .] Industrial Subjects Sessions ] lower control Hants to'show the amount of . should' be ; able tdjdetect, when effective or. ... random'or tonceVariation in the monthly; ineffective accident prevention activities are ; figure which Could be expected to occur if in use or certainly when they remain, in use . there .was ;no change in the ^effectiveness,of for.; i relatiyely: ^ort period. This is some ..' - the .injury'' preventing activities. :j/\ thing } we could not detect by the usp of , y. As With;;ariy-.quality, control chart; when] our "serious^ injury frequency stays_ within: these control - !inuts,ilthe. fluency is] ccfn- . sidered to he under control. .' .Or, {mother .way of looking at..tiies'e .varia-;5 ;. tiom of the index witfiin thecontror limtts disabling injury frequency rate alone. When plantssuch as ours operate with but .one or tWodisabling ;injuries in a :]year, .and some times without' any, the statistics are'just too]' . nieagdr to interpret, and]; as I. said, before; this can Jeadtoiiraplacency. ]- V is the effectiveness of what ,we are' dOing in ; - We think it has beeii a useful and effective . the way of' injury- prevention' is; about:.'the. same as' long , as the index'; is' i^ntbin.-the and in helping us to direct our'safety efforts, ''-''^.ccrntroi limits.. If the:index;; however,- goes where, thty will''do themost good. ..'' .'; 'above the]tipper control.limA, .something has ].] We've' also been flatteredbythe response ' 7 probably , gone wrong in otir prevention .ac* of . the; many, many safety..; directors who ; tivitiesj and we! shouMv begin to^try`. tp :tind. have writtei) to. me for more inforihatioh , ; out what did take place, so corrective meas since we published our first article in the ] ures can be instituted. journal of the A^.S.E, hi 1955.. Apparently Likewise] if the. index goes] - below the ihairy companies are using our. approach and" -.'seeing thing* which were not apparent be ably, has taken .place to gdye its such a good fore. . ...' _performance. and we, should try. tovtihd out .1 urge you to take a good look at; it; try what it] was, to. continue and expand its `use jt and seie if you don't experience raiew.M Through- these control charts then,': we actiwty in preventing injuries of all kinds. t. r.zr J 196J National Safely Congress' SAFETY INSPECTIONS--SAFETY CATALYST V : By J/R STONE ; Director, .Safety and Suggestions, Oldsmobile Diy., General Motors Carp., Lansing, Mich. The 'well planned safety, inspection serves . v' - Well-informed safety personnel. , as a catalyst- and. a control medium- in a ~ ': General knowledge of tortaf plant objec . safety program. This presentation 13 based tives and policies. on; thepremise that, the safety program to Sincere iriterest by'those doing the actoal'' which we will refer is.aimed at the .control; of accident causes---hamldy unsafe acts and . hazardous conditions--and that the program ' has . adequate top management backing. If . inspection. '1- ;/ Knowledge of. services /available;-, to. supervisor in the safety program. ... ^ the ;' your particular,safety program does not meet ; .Good communication .with supervisors rel these,, requirements, an inspection program . ative to the mechanics of the ..inspection. 'would :be :superfluous'. arid probably;, misun-: - -Understanding ' that. safety. work be done derstood. A promptly, and safe practices implemented with ! To be of any value in. the prevention of ' minimum delay;. r accidents a . safety' inspection : must' be an - Water tight, factual' data for', written undertaking . arising . out.; of sincere' com- inspection reprirt mitmerit and-genuine desire-to ipakq safety . Dignity of all concerned ' with respect to a' reality. Safety engineers' the; world over the safety program and tHe-safety: inspec are .tiring of-frequency-.and severity as a-.' tion. ' .. means of rating progress and regress in their safety programs. The - reason is that 'these, two factors/are- entirely negative'in that-they are based on mistakes, not ac- complishrnents. - ; 1 - To reach maximum potential in the safety inspection'program, the building blocks must be framed and developed with care arid con viction because it is in this area that the -program acquires strength. arid capability. In more and more cases today's safety- Without this, foundation, the-program can ' programs are acddent-cause-oriented, instead - bc'nothing more than-ordinary.->\vv' of lost time-acaderit-oriehted as in .the past Now the question arises, what should a A; well planned '.safety inspection;activity safety inspection cover? 'What is. covered can' be ai super comprehensive tool in con- depends cm.thc safety philosophy surrounding .trolling accident..caUSes. ; the' area being-, inspected. It is - designed But to; make the inspection have .tlie.de-... to check actual pcrfonriari.ee against:ground-; . sired . effect;on --safety, there are certain rules.' ..; -'- ' "building bloicks"`necessary to;form a foun : To'be a manageabie function. an accident- dation upon .which to establish ground rules '. -preveritipn "program -must .be- a .well defined for the inspection. To get appreciable' re aggregate . of' specifically assigned -responsi- . sults. in a 'safety inspection, certain Under bilities with clear-cut- starting-and;stopping standings and conditions' must be made..to . points. . " ' . . : 'V ' exist They., are the building blocks for good, safety' inspections' and must be given careful .attention, in preparation for. such a program. -' ..- V : .' ; Accidents (injuries) are -..the result of' mixing . peoiple with hazards. Takd. away' either the people or the- hazards ; and no ' accident (injury) will result :The-buifdirig blocks are: ^ : . Unquestionable-top. management support, ! This can be expressed'in-a siniple formula: .. Weli-un'derstoqd distribution of safety re - ; H ' + P. = -,';a;:-., sponsibility.; (Haranls-{-Pcoj>le:=Acddehts) V Facilities to make safety'possible. -. . Since the factors inyolyed in all accidents ' Commonly understood . safe practices and, are hazards arid people and since the [safety- .safety policies. ` inspection :is directed at the prevention.of- t f 1(M .. . ' * Industrial Subjects Sessions-. accidents,.it ls' clcar tliat tlie inspcciion must on-the-spot, factual examples.-The fire pro- center ajrcmnd these two factors/' tcctiori . representative is another _ person - Inspection brings, to light .instances,where; having much,.at stake in' this ajtivity. He it is obvious that these factors are not being should be a member of -the. inspection team considered in the management-of a depart- for much the same reasons as the safety meht or tlie supervision.bf a specific job. engineer; However, his interests . center Inspection ^covers. hazards and. peopleVrcla*- around -fire 'prevention. and nre protection tive'to- their'association- with one :another, security. / , If also'.determines whether- or-not safety.-. ; When the personnel pf. the inspection team responsibilities arc being /carried; out' 'ac-\ is' dioseii,-' it -should be: composed only of cording to plan. Thb information is nec- those with much at stake and with the cssary in' order-that prompt action,can be authority to act whim out-of-line condidohs taken'to . change such , conditions in behalf : relative' to .safety are noted-during the in- of safety. : . spcction.. . - . . The next question to bt answered is. Who - ' . The next , question would- probably be should inspect? . Safety inspection must take What are the mechanics of a good safety on tlie: image of being a' service ' to the inspcctipri? The plant is inspected at least general purpose of running die plant, namely,' once , each month. In small; plants. diis cm. producing. the product It: should -be con be accomplished by a single inspection team sidered an important .part .of .a-waste "con made up of the following:' . - * trol program,: primarily aimed at holding , The foremm of the department being in to a minimum inefficiencies brought about by. spected, the general supervisor ;of the fore accidents:. man,; die safety engineer (who serves - as There arc other beneficial aspects to ac captain of the "team), and the fire protection cident- prevention "activity, but they arc- in representative. - tangible for accounting purposes; for ex-"' In large plants, two or more of these teams ample, die humanitarian bimefits ` of. the may inspect simultaneously-to get the job. accident that was prevented. . However, the " finished" more quickly.- Inspection is . com- . most comprehensive atmosphere for a safety,, pitted in one week, as the data in the printed; inspection associates .the inspection with com inspection report' should be current, to give mon operating problems. Poorly controlled the program impetus. It is" suggested that accident factors must ".be rightfully- con the' safety engineer, take all the - notes; that sidered inefficiencies,' having an adverse ef- . will' ultimately, appear in the report and feet on the economic success, of a plant or. a that' the-safety department prepare, dupli department. ; *' - , cate*- and ' distribute the report to everyone Tliis being die'ease, the inspection should connected with the operation' of; the plant. Be made by-a team of persons having a Specifically responsible foremen are listed in.-. stake in the success of the area or the. fa the'report in. conjunction with the.exact lo cility "bong-inspected. The foreman whose", cation' and full/description' of each unsafe, area is being inspected should certainly be condition or'-' unsafe dct-. noted.; Responsi in the group and the general.supervisor of bility for cadi unsafe; item noted, is: deter the-for6man-.shbuld help inspect '; mined .during die inspection by the in " With.' these, two" supervisors' at die; im mediate scene of the safety problem, action, can be taken without delay er misunde.rr standing. - Inspection gives the `genet^I -*-' pervisor an ideal opportunity, to evaluate the on-the-job safety -performance pf his sub ordinates. '' ,- The safety engineer must be in die group spection team' as the items- are written; into the *ndtM. ---Tlti - this- -manner, each- foreman. knows how he stands as .the inspection pro gresses. ' ; i am sure this .will bt the next question Do you use a "check; list" for the inspection ? This is tlie check list used:; to spearhead the.,activity, -He is. in', his ; most, prwluctivi role, during a .safety in spection-; project because "it is here that, he .coordinates.;the safety program .'and teaches - The 14 Basic Hasards 1. Pinch. Points. 2. Catch Points by first hand contact with supervisors using 3. Shear Points rwv ~j >n:av, -ra A. / . .r 1964 National Safely Congress A. Squeeze Points hazards to expose- during the inspection,' Do 5. Flying Objects . / . 6. Falling Objects . 7. "Run-in" Points 8. Electricity9. Cases : not generalize--be specific. Do not follow the' aisles--get . Out; betwefav the .machines and . in: the comers. - ' " Remember that theprivilege of criticizing the safety perfonnance of others carries with, it the respoosibility'for halting suggestions 10/ Heavy Objects for improycnent and helping such sugges 11. ` Chemicals and Flammable*12. Hot and Cold Objects and Radiation 13. Sharp and-Pointed Objects tions become a re*Bty- The: inspection must be . interpreted and used as a tool to get . a job- done and not as. a means of passing judgment on individuals. Point- out what 14. Slippery; Surfaces-. is..unsafe about -a practice or a condition, . One or more of the basic hazards* is present in; any accident and becomes the `h" or "hazard1* factor in the accident for- : mala, hazards.-}-people=acddents. Hazards ' are. manageable in that they can be changed, guarded, or eliminated, 1 Since hazards are present in `all accidents, it must then be recognised that accidents can be forestalled through - the management of hazards. This being:the case, the. 14 basic hazards are.the/ best 'possible check list for a safety in spection.1 '` ' emphasizing.the hazards involved, and then Suggest a disposition.. This practice, will add to the educational yalne of the inspec tion. .When these factors. are considered by. the inspection team, ` theinspectioo' .be comes a" positive.activity with a,minimum . of negative aspects. Since *a comprehensive safety inspection program is based on the premise that, all hazards are. manageable, each hazard noted as. being out.of control must be the responsibility of -some specific member of management. This is how spedfic responsibility is. determined, v -1. ' Checking for the- control of basic hazards and the' association of. people with them, The" plant is. iSvided Into geographical is the whole purpose .of the . 'inspection- areas, each supervisor bring held responsible .for safety, within tire boundary lines of his Another question that is bound to come area. He fa the "prime mover" in all safety up is What instructions are given the in- natters developing, in this area, and must . spection team? ' * ' take the initial step in correcting all unsafe Since the safety engineer serves as captain . . conditions or behavior in-thfa area. When of the inspection team, these instructions are. .his own meri. are involved in unsafe acts, directed, primarily at him. Keep, in mind the he'is responsible to detect the fact and-take fact you represent- safety to all people whom the necessary action to change the practice. you contact during the safety inspection and . that the sole purpose of' the inspection' is . to. throw light on safety and fire hazards. Stick' strictly to safety-ndo' not' get into other, areas such as'politics and person/ alines. Do not "whitewash" data by omitting' items that, are tenacious problems to the su- * ^ pervisors invojved. Ride tenacious problems Hard: Standardize-die "terminology: in' data submitted for report. When employes^: supervised by another foreman,. enter ; his department and work unsafely, it is his responsibility to call this fact, .to die attention of the other foreman, so. the otter foreman can take corrective action. When hariuds exist in. his own de partment, it is his responsibility for noting; the hazards arid' issuing .written' orders, to have the conditions changed so the hazards are other' eliminated or guarded: If an Do not be a "lazy writer," " and, on. the other foreman's employes do jvoric- in. his other hand, do not- "over' describe.-' Give department'.arid hazards are created by .the .enough, information so that the hazard can' . way the work is done it is his responsibility . be., understood and definitely located. Remember that you'actually, saw the'-hazard;where persons reading'tte safety inspection . to contact the .other foreman, so the otter foreman can" make such .conditions safe 3 jT - report did not Notes must be legible, 'ac In`short, each foreman fa held' responsible curate and data must "hold water"--do not for the' control `.of all unsafe 'Conditions or. exaggerate for' emphasis. Do not "save up" . unsafe acts-in his area'and .must-serve as 106 t li " Industrial Subjects Sessions. "prime mover" to change the condition* to of safety, must be considered urgent and make'them safe. ' ' - Warranting special fiandling;by service .de In safety inspection, a foreman is charged partments to expedite, its completion.- as being responsible for -all unsafe acts and . Delay in completion of safety work, once hazardous conditions in this area, regardless it has been requested by the foreman, is of .origin or supervisions! authority involved. interpreted as an indication of management This method of responsibility distribution is insincerity by hourly workers and must be based ori the premise that weJl-defined,. spe avoided. To prevent delay,, those Orders cific individual responsibilities are usually must be earmarked and given special han better understood and niore consistently ex dling in the. se'rvice departmoiU that ulti ecuted than, dual or group' responsibilities. mately do the work; Naturally, a priority Furthermore, it. eliminates areas of "no re- rating must be- established, even'.'with , a sponsibility." - backlogof safety work, orders, because only., During- the inspection, in cases where a foreman can show: proof that he has of.fidaliy served. in. his. capacity. as "prime move?! and; has written orders to service one' such order cap be placed at the top of the list in scheduling. Tliis . being the' case, a suggested -pattern for prompt com pletion of work orders is as follows : departments to-have a hazard corrected, - he The foreman writes a work order: re is commended by the inspection team as questing srifety* work and routes if to' a haviiig met- his basic responsibility, relative central clearing point, usually the plant en to the hazard. - gineering department The safety depart if a hazard has gone unnoted by the fore man untiidisclosed during the inspection, if .is pointed out. by the inspectioh team and indicated in. the .report that he has not met his basic responsibility in regard-to the' hazard. When a hazard has obviously ex'isfed.for several work Shifts, all shift fore men who supervise the area are held responsible, and- this fact is noted in the re port.'. ' ment reviews all work orders at the dearirig point and- earmarks safety orders by stamping all copies, "this if'a. safety .work order" or "fire prevention order" as' the case may .be, and retains one copy for the safety work order backlog file in the safety department office. The order is then for warded to the service department. - Where, it is placed in a, "special handling" category in the work schedule; The priority of safety work orders is determined by the supervisor It is emphasized by all .participants in-the: of the service department along with the. inspection activity that- the various service safety engineer. . departments exist primarily to service the: manufacturing .departments, but 'must be . alerted by the manufacturing supervisors ; before their services can be obtained. The foreman must serve as "prime' mover" in all cases where-such services are needed.:1 This is his' basic, responsibility, in the. safety program.' ' . The estimated completion. date of ! the order ' is determined by -the supervisor of the service department The txuklog of incomplete safety work orders is.reviewed with /applicable supervisors during the monthly safety and fire prevention inspectlon. Supervisors are held responsible. for following tip to see that workis done satis If you happen to. be a foreman, and. I factorily and promptly. .The status of safety am sure some' of you are foremen, I- am work order, backlog is' reviewed .each, month'' certain you-areT asking., ibis.' question. .; with the general manager and staff. .. "How- does the foreman, get safety, work - Each, superintendent reports in the monthly, done in his department?" .- .operating, safety meeting concerning the, When the safety- program is -backed' up . .status of safety work orders issued by su by top'management.support, provisions are - pervisors in his . division.. All, service de- made for adequate service of facilities when', partments issue a safety and . fire preven safety hazards develop.` A foreman needing. tion work order .- status report to all safety.work done in.his department,'shouid superintendents each month- (prior to the merely have to call upon a service depart safety meeting), indicating estimated com ment, arid the service- should be forthcoming. pletion. dates for all; ihcomplefe - safety and Work requested 'by foremen',, -in behalf fire prevention work oj-ders... 1964 National Safety Congress The' report of monthly safety- and fir.c understandings, . foggy areas, omissions, and prevention inspection, . carries. .a- complete lack of attention to conditions that lead up list ol.:incomplete safety and fire, inevention to accidents.. Even `with' a'good, safety pro-' Work orders'at dhe time, of the-inspection. gram! it is. often necessary, to make amend/ The safety, work order, backlog: is reduced ments -to the plan, because of changes'in and-'.ihade' current by: .actual floor check' conditions in the plant and personnd re- during the monthly safetyrand fire proven- assignments. The safety inspection "scryes lion inspection. As you can see, a-safety : as .an instrument for frequent and. thorough . work order,, once, it is written by. the fore audits of/fat^ual. c<mditions. right at the. man, is. given 'priority and' is expedited scene of the problwn., through to completion. To Reawaken. Interest In the Safety . Guarding standards arc in a perpetual . Problem.--Itis human nature for people to state of review-and are upgraded frequently . become so engrossed, in other problems that as'.-technological changes .are made in the ' their interest .in safety wanes/ Periodic. plant :Many -are upgraded after accidents, safety.'inspections of each supervisor's.'de prove them unsatis'factofy. Some safety partment forcefully call safety to his/at standards' are written./.into safe practice tention oii a sdiriluled basis. This' activity pamphlets and general safety rules. Others reawakens his interest .in the problem and' are;written'into specifications for such items . adds impetus to his safety, efforts; - . ' as conveyor, installations, purchased ...nia-. chinery and.equiptnait and machine control' . arrangements. However, many "standards" are nothing more' than clear-cut, well-runder-: Stood, -unwritten agreements, relative to basic safety, hazards and :safe behavior pat terns aimed primarily at the satisfaction of . safety in the operation of a plaint .''To Re-evaluate Safety Standards And. Policies.--A good safety program is. pro gressive, encompassing new developments in safety devices'and.personal/protective equip ment as soon as they are made known. By the same' token, outdated . safety policies should be'revised, to match conditions on the job. The safety inspection offers an ex There are two kinds of safety standards, cellent opportunity to consider this problem. written -and unwritten.' Both 'are equally important' and'both 'are directed at -the same objective, the.; control of accidents. Written ' standards usually involve static hazards of a common nature, while" unwritten/standards are thos^ discussed by the foreman and the employe as a part of the. job -instruction and supervision process. Instructions, relative to employee safety,on specific jobs, frequently f. To Teach Safety By Specific, Tangible Example--The safety inspection is a very . capable ' educational medium.' Through on- the-job discussions of tangible ..factors, con' tributing to specific unsafe conditions and practices,. a- more definite understanding of safety, is drireloped in both the employee and supervisory groups. - inejude both written and. unwritten material, . ' To make an open and conspicuous, dis .with the added impetus of verbal' comv play of sincerity.relative, to-.safety. muhication between the two parties involved.. . The fact' that' scheduled inspections `are We' have used the catalyst program at made and that concem -for safety .-is' ex-, Oldsmobilc for ' 11 years- and .feel that the pressed by management representatives inspection, hnd.the follow-up associated with through their participation,- has a positive the-inspection, put us in .better contact with influence on hourly employes,. -This fact, first line supervisors who in turn are in di ' coupled' with prompt correction*, of . unsafe rect comact- with: the employes. . . conditions notcdduring.thc inspections, spells If we. were - asked the question "Why "safety inspections", we would give a dozen management sincerity in .the mitras of the1 workers. ; reasons-^here they are,: To deled and re-activatf unfinished bus . To Check The ..Results Against The iness.. . Plan,--When . the planning behind a. safety Procrastination must be held to a .mini program ' is' sound and well implemented mum in safety matters. The safety inspection- results should be noticeable and measurable. is frequently instrumental in spotlighting uri- The safety, inspection brings'. to light'mis- finished -safety projects,' that, for lack'of 108 \ ;.v \ 'V-^\ I .Industrial Subjects Sessions systematic follow-up, have come to a halt. rearrangement and -the introduction of new. Once pointed out, such projects can be "re-., processes and products. The. inspection pro? activated without delay. gram, puts safety standards to test by com- To collect current safely data'for up-tothe-minute reporting. On the higher rungs of the management ladder,; the actual scene" of the safety prob lem is far removed. However,' it is ex tremely urgent that these persons 'be kept ' paringthe standard :witJraclUal:plant condi tions." When the standard is obviously made-, quate, it can be upgraded to better shit,the current safety problem. ' To check hew and rearranged facilitiesfor employee association.' informed relative to the accomplishmenU';6f . . In many cases, -an arrangement appearing the. safety program. Current data, recorded ideal on a plant layout drawing, presents during safety inspections, is helpful in'get safety., problems when the layout 'has. beot ting and holding top management interest carried out' and employes placed ait work in. and support when channeled to them in re-* the area. A safety inspection should include ports and presentations . concerning: condi : consideration of 'actual, layouts -relative- to tions in the plant. Managrthent expects to employee' association- and resultant safety . be called upon to make decisions irrthe safety hazards. In some cases the' actual arrange? program, but will not be imposed upon by moit' varies" from, the intended layout and being asked for decisions without. sufficient tmpredicted. hazards result The inspection 'factual background information.'Safety'in will bring to light such discrepancies arid spections arc ideal for preparation of such immediate correction- can be niade. - data. . . To play down any feeling that safety To note and 'act. upon unsafe, behavior, programs Ore, in effect, a "eat and mouse" trends. activity ' .. Sinco-a comprehensive safety, inspection in- A" safely inspection should , be made in volves observation and evaluation of em an atmosphere of cooperation. There should ploye work, patterns; from. the 'standpoint of . be no choosing .of sides because control of - .safety; it is'possible to detect and correct die .safely problem requires a - plant-wide unsafe practices before the occurrence of-, ..effort, with common objectives. During' the accidents. This is a "bcfore-the-fact" ap inspection, there is an opportunity , to draw . proach and greatly reduces personal factor closer together; the point of view of super accidents! . visors and safety engineers. The super To reach, first hand, on-the-spot agree- visor . of the department being inspected inchts .with responsible parties,, relative, to should not go on ' tije defensive, and, he is action on safety problems. V not" tq.be treated as a"bad boy" by other." .With the inspection , team, including -su . members of .-the inspection: team. The safety pervision, directly responsible for maintain engineer,'on the' other hand, must' avoid ing a climate ..of safety in l the area Being . the "fatiicr-knows-bcst" attitude. The whole inspected, agreements -on corrective action., ' inspection .must' be conducted with intellir' can be reached oii the spot, with a .minimum gence and- dignity. The del result will ad of debate. This practice reduces, to a bare vance rather- than retard the safety' move- minimum, the delay In ' getting correction ment by upgrading'.the supervisor's ability underway' and results . in prompt disposition to recognize hazardous-conditions and apply- ofsafety-problems.' corrective action. To improve safely standards. . %Vith this -''positive, before-the-fact attack Safety standards are subject to constant ott ..the causes of accidents we have eomc to change, 'due-to .technological; changes, plant .'view,accidents before, not"-after, they, occur. ; 109 I 1tU* rry :r^bwcE*s^0Ffwc;-r^ W'W-sl ..- i; . w f .'TVfcY'.-l !4ll A i' Vice-. President for Indfuius/trryy---r-J]:. S. Queener, Manager,. Safety 'and: Fire Protccticm Diy.j V' E. I. du Pont de Nemnooutirs &&C`Coo,., Wjltnington,'.Del..-.- :vVv':. Ckairmanof the Conference--G.l*. GoRBEU., Manager, Safety & Fire.Protcction, Monsanto : Company,-St. Louis, Mo. .' V.: '/v - v' . Chairman-elect--hi: F.BianCabdv Manager,. Safety Services, AlHsrChalmers Mfg. Co., . v Milwaukee, Wis.. ' . A. i./-v- A-v. ; , Secretary-^-R. G. ] Benson, Manager,industrial Department,' National .Safety Council,. .. ' Qiicagp^ill. : . [:'' -V 1 v,,-. 'Committee .Chairmen-- Associations Committee--R. -Ha<.pian, Chairman : *; ' /Indio VisualAids Committee--W. E.Stuffing, Chairman L . {- ' -V, v-A* . . Congress ProgramCominittee--D.pAMns- (Congress Program)'; K.i$. Hedges (Subject^. Sessions) ; H. Huntington (Sectional Sjessiohs) . ] Contests, and Awards Committee--H; C-. DaultonI Chairman '`'rl' |- 1 Executive Committee--L. Gorbeix, Chairman; F. F, Bianca'rdi, Chairman-elect;-H. S. }. . . McFarland, Chairman of Committees ` ' |Industrial Safety. Training Committee--H. Ribfenstaiil, Chairman XVAi-;.;-'* Nominating,Committee--]. S. Queener, Chairman.' . Occupational Health Hazards, Committec--F. W. Sands; Oiairjnari : ` . /:j? ' . Occupational Health- Nursing Commillee--li: Wilzewske, R. N., Chairmah; DEBRA * '../GijOVBti'R. N.'(Staff Representative) " '; . . Off-the-Job 'Safety. Commrtfeir--V.;J. Mevebs, Chairman . ^ : Physical-Hazards Committee-^E. B. Landrv, Chairman ' Research ProjectsCommittee--V. J. Dodson, Chairman' r Standards Coinmillee--A;.'L.Cobb, Chairman : Technical Publications Committee--R. L. Moore,'Ctiairman \ .119 L OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATIONS COMMITTEE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 Cheiirman- Robert Hagopian. Assistant Manager, Accident Prevention Dept., American In surance Assn., New York. New Yrk Members--Das Adair, Gx>rd. of Safety Activities, Pacific Coast Assn, of Pulp & Paper Mfrs., Portland, Ore.; W. M. Aixison, Senior Safety Director, Council of the Forest Industries, Vancouver, B. C, Canada; Santo J. Barca, Assistant ^Director, Can Manu facturers Institute. Inc , Washington. I). C.; Eari. A. Bratton, ^Secretary, Steel Plate Fabricators Assn., Inc., Chicago, III.; D. L. Buchanan, Assistant Manager-Operations, United States Sted Corp., Clevdand, Ohio; William M. Calowhi, Asst. Secyv, Gray & Ductile Iron Founders' Society, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio; J. Higgins, Committee Executive, National Assn, of Manufacturers, New York, N. Y.; Jefferson D. Keith, Managing Dir., American Metal Stamping Assn.. Geveland, Ohio; J. Mark, Texas Farm Products. Nacogdoches, Texas; Marion E. Martin, Commissioner of Labor & Industry. State of Maine, Augusta, Maine; Hugh McCahey, Assistant Manager, Asvariation Service Dept., Chamber of Commerce of the N. S., Washington, D. C.; J. Neil Moore, Secy., Greater Chicago Hotel & Motel Assn., Chicago,'IIl.; GTTrevorrow, Bituminous Coal Operators Assn. Staff Representative--Paul E. Sheppard, Director, Associations Division, National Safety Council, 425 No. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60611 4\ 121 :.y V * ,f i - ... - -- r- -TASg*<V l^ r . - , - 1; A ."pr-.. j Volume 13: ar" \. V }? . :, It National' Safety Congress ;Tron^rti^i|i^ ;"i ,V i',: .. NATIONAL SA^IY COUNCIL k; 425' N. Michigan Avenue ^Chicago, Illinois 6061 i` ; *.. ; . I J . ':. fV: 52nd NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS Papers delivered in the - LABOR SESSIONS contents - ' ..\ ; ^Consolidated Report'ofLabor Conference . . ; . . ; . : .y.iV 3 _ . . .. Radiation^ Safety in industry - .AlanF. Botch ' S ,`.. r fihpf.'Alqni .8 Safety, and the Troubjed Air ...^Arthur C. Sitm , 10 . Health and Safety Aspects of Automation. . . .... .R. Wr dstiiag -13 ;,: 1 Percy Baxter .16 : Industrial Noise Problems and Hearing Protection ! . :. .Harold Buoy 18 Hearing and Hearing boss . ... Dt. Atam G/orrg .21 :. What To Do Wheothe Bag Breaks .... .. . . .Ralph NcUtnitom' 29 . Winners of 1963 Labor Conference Safety Awards y,....... .. . . . 33 .. Successful Union Safety Programs . . V. .v..Marli/i J. Horan 36 Curtis'L. Collifan "39 V. ^ : Eugcnc M. Roeddcr -.41 <3. K.;Williamtoh. 44- ...... Officers of ihe Labor Conference I9644>5;.... ........ - .47 Other. Voiiimes in .1964 National-Safety: Congress. Transactrons.:.y.'; . .-;Bde6 Cover 'i 1 rgi^4arasAsay *r . i... h: H t CONSOLIDATED REPORT OF LABOR CONFERENCE .. \ .. .> (Presented atlabor:session, Monday, Oct.- - . The attendance record' cards';- this", year-. 26, '1964, by Vtcior E. Wfiilehouse, immediate. .carry, a questionnaire forih on; theback ask- 'Pasi : chairman ofLabor Conference/: and ' ingdelegates for.their opinion of -the'sessibns -' SafetyDir., InfLBrd: of Electrical'Work . and also, suggesthms for speakers and prio^.' ers, AFLrCtOj Washington;D. C.) v. 'grams fdrnext year. ' ' ; ,:Tlns '.consolidated' report only highlights Committee and conference activity., for the PaSt yejr. =V. ' .-As.was dime last-year,, ^..committee'.will. \ again; compile the. attendahM. rei(rd.' cards * signed; by delegates attending labor .'sessions ' only, into-a list which"; wilt ;be 'suit; to ;the ' Awards Committee: - sponsoring bodies.thanjdngthein for . srlnd- : ..-Tbe.'.donnnittee met' three times this. year. ing representatives; The committee realizes - In Aagast the cotnmittee.. held its judging.. ; that for local unions, in particular,. this' in and granted-eleven ` labor,safety awards for volves considerable.expense, travel and lodg- *. outstanding accomplishments during.. 1963. ihg fOr .theweefc, and wishes to' acknowledge ' Twenty-fair applications were, received from thdr cooperation - with a letter of appreda-'; labor organizations! The winners will re . tian., -. -f- ceive their awards'at' the Thursday morning , Special' publicity and additiooal. promotion of .labor sessions'.was carriedon this',year. . 'Those labor -'organizations which did not.! A special-"meeting 'csdl". -was sent by the qualify this-year, received, a letter from the-. Vice. President -for Labor to-ail' labor or-; ;' cbainhan, offering suggestions onfjow they; ganizatioris affiliated' with thcNational Safe- - could hnprove their safety program so 'as ty Council. AFL-CIO also conducted a: -.; td be ehgible for ah. award next year, and special: promotion. , to, bitild up attendance they wore urged to re-enter,. ; ~ . '.- and seat aletterto apprdximately;300 state . :. Six. .Public " Information' Awards -were, granted to labor press publications for;,out-; ; standing efforts during -1963. These awards and local bodies in TlUnois, Tndiri, Ibwsf, . Michigan, Minnesota;' Missouri/ Ohio and Wiscoqshvurging attendance. - : - := were presented hi .conjunction .With. the Labor delegates , are urged "to attend, riot; - spring meeting of the Labor Conference in only every, .labor session btit': also to/attend Toronto, Canada, last May. the .afternoon industrial- sectional, meetings The .committee has' set up a- plan whereby /that perfain. to: thdr iown. area of indtetry. .a special award certificate will be presented' '; Labor, delegates .are also. .urged to; visit to.union organizations .which ai'e afiiliated' the -special'.labor educationalsafety: exhibit - with the National -Safety Council and whose' ' in --the .Conrad Hilton .hotel in the North . contracted, company has won air NSC award. ..Hall at Booth N-& / . /V/,:V" */ The committee will..'again intensify, its publicity and promotion of the award pro ' Fife. Safety Cotmnitlee: : gram for the coming year. ; The committee's - major .'project this year.. 'Congresf Program Committee: was. preparation/ofa spe^ Fite Brigade . Plan 'for..iise;ih-industry/': -The.-first' draft; -; The. committee 'niet three' times', in; 1964. has bem drculated suncing Labor Conference /They-worked' hardall year on.preparing meiqbersarid.their:^ mcor- 'J -an outstanding program fqr the 1964 Na- . ;pointed into asecond draft; The'final pub-/ tion Safety Congress and Exposition, and; liMtiAn n*ll llta *T wkrit* Cwfwiir/'-! feel.that the. program-to'be-.presented to ;-Newsletter" and .exlensively -circulatid.' ;' this year's delegates. Will beofputstandmg .TTiroughbut 1964,the^^^"Labor &ifety News^- \ interest, and educational, value to-delegates.. letter!* dirtied artides sptcially ' writtpi for,: The committee'has arranged-for ushersto it by' mertibdrs ^of the-'Fire;`Sqfeiy committee. assist, at all .labor' sessions and-to welcome. Assignments are. how bang, set np .for-the speakers on their arrival.I coming; year and specially qualified members ' I '-3. ' ;;->V V, J964 National Safety-Congress '.:.;V; V will ;be asked to 'prepare articha on, spiedfic.. .'Another- article in preparation is oo'hBUing; subjects. .'. \ V;..;- ; loss ffcrni occupatipnal 'exposure:. : ;'! ;! Government and Labor.]Ajfencfo.Committee: ; : A project in progressiS.conducting a study . of. state, safety JaWsahd cpdes.LThis-project .: ! .! Thecommitteeis; continuing-ite effprts inV has' been (started m /thh Office .6f !Oami- 'v! three major areas as;follows :; - tional Safety! of/.the U-: S-' D^L pLlribor. - :...'! V'.l) ..That safety be. tirade a. high, priority'' and will-ie:.finished.in^the. next.yearior - i--' '':! hah oh the prpgrams.of AFI>Clb iatiooal year. and a half. and state'cpntrallaborbodies; 2): That .A^I>C10 headquartersestahlish Ofi-iherJob .Safety Committee:.: \'- .. ' a. safety- department to work With' state;cen Off-the-job safety-articies appeared fegUT'. . tral bodies and internationalJujiioris i fand.. ,larIy.'m-.the!:-"Lafior Safety!Newsletter" !this 3) That intdnational unions;-[ establish.' year arid reaction teu;b^-gooi5!%v;:\:;-';:. safety, 'departments 'to aid Iocalsvand;: state .- The.;.Labor Day Safety .!Ciuni^ign; was bodies.'. ;rv- conducted .for -the !sixth year in cooperation ,: . Atthe'May,- i964 theetiiig in Toronto^the' -with ;the! AFL-GIQ stahdm^ ;'0>minittee. oh'-;;.;, Labpr. Conference' approved the:fajt(est"bLf: Safrtyimd Occupatiohri ^ealth!- the 'Uhited ''>.,;: this committee; to:;change. its'. name "'from .: Mine WoTkers bf Atherija, labor.auxiliaries;; ' "State' Labor Dqrarhndits" .to ''Government; labor preSs and other inferistril JaborgroupiL -. and Labor- Agencies" .committee, as bong a! - This year the;Natiohal &ifety Cotodl sent';;; riipre appropriate name for this group.'' ; ' out over .21,000 promOtiohal' !flyer3. .which ; . were refjbested -by. partidpatihg' uhirari; and'.; Membership Commitfee:' '! .'{ ' other--prgam2atiohs...;0ver;!6,000-;.pad!ts "of. .' . This committee,is pleased to report an'in .campaign .materials were mailed in'"answer. V; crease ofc67 new members since ayear ago. . tb. requests.Twenty reaignitiph certifiates . ! .In-.the past five njonths .we. gained 54 ncw . w^re mailed- to labor unions for conducting' , members. The;greatest:gain in membership an 'outstanding campaign - Uiis year; The \ is. due ,to* drives conducted by. the Auto ' ;rLabor! Conference . >voted to.. continiie the.!. : Workers and International Brotherhood .-of campaign- for!.anoth'er. yeair. ; !>:!. :' ! Electrical Workers among their locals: . The Chairman of"the!Labor.'CbnferezKe ; The common; annuah.renewal date' estate' has been authorized to setrip.a special study - lishcd by! this committee! last year has facili committee `to 'explore .the,' possibilities, for.. ' tated follow-up letters bring sent .try .inter developing, and ;usin'g:..the Natiohal Safety national..unibripresidents to their locals, arid ', Council's ^Driver : ' Imprbyanait" . ptpgnsn; the results have.' shown that;this is-mainly among various imipns.<.T1ie:stw^;p6nuhittee' responsible'for' ainfiriued' local. union re will! make, 'reamunriidationsi.atv. the - spring .-.! newals. . The. committee recommends continu 196S mecfmg b'f the'ronference., ing this method of: renewal and; follow-up. . Re^crial'amferences.'fpriavic leaders'have^ -. : In the area of- fiind raising and cohtribu^ ! been held^Wfar-in Kaiisas Gty Columbus^ ! . tions 'made by- labor -unions' to. the National !" Ohio'; i-WliningOwt. ..Del!,' .and' Atlanta, - Ga.!. Safety Council's Trusteed Fund,. .the -.ccsn-' ; LaborVorgahizatioh. repr^entatives who . at- -. -puttee, is pleased to notesthat aver' $2^500; .-.tepded; were enthusiastic' about: the sessions, .. .. has come., in 'so far, 'and additional '-unimis'. ;;.and-;:'atternpts: -wll^f.':be!!.made `io seoire :.aV - jvill be solicited. The response has beeh/very larger ,att'<m^hce. ';at: 'fmurc good to date. !'" "'''-.'t-jr.\'.V 'V ' Training cemferriiais;!; '';S ]'}'-! ; i V.-V:- ': ; .'.Efforts wiU be,niade!at ;this; &i'fiety.jCdri-;.gress to -omtact. gtiest -oteeryers frein labor:: : '.Publications qnd A'cwite(ter: CotHmUte^ unimis'-. arid- irjfonrivthem ; about affiliating' -Thercommitt:;-: inaugurating.a; special. with the, National- Safety Council.:. -" safety cartoon ' contest to..- rim -throu^iout! v Occupational HealthConunittee:; ;l96S. . An outstanding. .^iiy-'qirtdbh':.frbm...:! the labor press v^li':appear",in every, issue An article:on the subject'of.'dermatitis'' of. the "Labor, Safety NewsIettCT " . This from exposure to'coolants'appeared; in;-the. means spc cartoons ,a yar. A: $10 prize will "Labor! Safrty Newsletter." - -This. was. spe be stnt tOs,cvery cartobnist - Whose work*ap-: ;! cially. written by- th<>. rqmriiittee chairman. pears in-tbe; newsletter. . ! 4...' ''' "-'-v . *. :. VV.i yJ W l'/: yanB ijabor Session*'' -i `-.The -committee was pleased to run articles^ ...-.'..The-committee "isstudying '-the'.-.subject this,year.in'thp "Labor Safety Newsletter*'- of . radiation safety in' collective bargaining . which ;:wtre specially, written bymembers ..{and1 pros^ess'- otiworkmen's .cwnpiensation ' of'theFireSafetycommittr*.' 'for-radiation'injury..: . : '..'-/V'; ; ;The ; JJational {Safety'. Council. Km;. just' ; .nv^ a' suhstantial price.- reduction for-.the: Safety Training {Committee:) -' ; bookcalled -"Safety. Guide for -Unions."' ; -This cbmrhittee .h^ been working:hard' - A promotional- drive is now.' underway :arid all: year- on/several- projects.-; -Among-diem, the-committee will contact presidents of hit is the handling of - asragm prepare ;.. intemationalunions, ui-gmgthrimtotakc ad- questionnaires ; for every chapter m- ;the : . yantage of the price, reduction' by -ordering "Siriety ;Guide for Unions" to be used in - in Quantity. ... '. .the:. Home Study: Course-r i Most {of.these; . A special off-the-job safety - Column-.ap' peared .regularly- this' year ip- the: "Labor. Safety Newsletter." .This ;area will continue . to;- be.'-covered .in - future -issues' because , of assignments- hive been completed - ini their first draft - The committee is starting its' planning fair promotiono!.thecoursev'which' isexpected jo .be releasedduring 1965..'X-.'/: its overall 'importance to"union' people.'.. A training slidefilm entitled "Ssifety in the . -'"js''. 1 : : Radiation Safety. Committee; - Union Hin"'was cmnpleted:durihgT964and is arailabfe oh frte lota to any and-ah. TTie committee is preparing special articles, unions: requesting z, copy./ .The 'committee for the '-`SLabor Safcty Newsletter" which urges that.Iocal miionswrite directly to.the i will - cover radiation incidentsI.;ahd artiries National Safety Gotjndl tb bookthO film.' ^designed - tp ciarify miscqnceptions in- the This is a35mm.slidefiim which: illustrates .-...field of*radiation.hazards. ' ; , . . '-and describes how the,.union hallcan be >Members of this committee met with die utilized for effectTye safety .training ,ndudt chainran-of theOccupaticpial Health Haz- will prevent painluil and costly accidents ; to ' ards ;committee'' of -..the National '.-.Safety. ' members and thekfamilies. ' 1 Gbundl's Industrial Conference yesterday for ;; ; .?The survey which the . committee ttm- the.purpose of seeking a joint, common ap- 1. ducted.- this year throughout 'the 50 states, to proach on radiation hazards. It.is-felt flat.. update obsolete information onsafriy tramr these.: two counterpart .committees should : tn.mwn people iseoni- work together in exploring problems in this pjeted The Canadian -Labour Congresses field and-arrive at solutions and recommen- cooperating : with our: committee in making dations. ; -. . . asinjilarsura^ wfflbecoiripleted- Thecommittee,studied ;the radiationreport . sbbm TTw information-will be incorporated prepared by jhe Canadian.Labour;Congress,. in -a' revision.of^the "Directoryof Safety and additional/materials-..win be. forwarded . Training Courses Available to.Umon Mem- to Our chairman: I- : :.bers^*'- j; : * . Asst Dir^, Research and Education, International Uqlon of Operating Engineers, '/. AFI^Cia;Washingtim,^..C.' ' ;'r ,: ...-.1 know thaCsome of . you feel we spend radtatibn .safety, problem .is one-of the arras' too. {much time discussihg radiation hazards in which: we have .been able to'work, almost a:'when-"'there' are' to many other industrial ^from''the' stoit^-with ^^the^Varibus grmqis ^hazards . to be; draft with that affect more and agencies Whp writelthe rulra and regu-; people:. - . ... lations.: l/-we' ouj k<*p` -these'-regulations. Perhaps irt a senseyou- are{'right,' but the up to^ the' high'est stahdarthL ofsafety,:we fesSB&amtmtm fX i. -y.i1 1964 'Saiumitl. Sqjfely Congress ; shall have done our .firstjw.-inachieving , maximum' security.'fdr-those ;workers; who .Act.;; v -.-o v..'' v.; : - work . with, opr near, radiationin industry. While itis trite toatditese regulations " .Wrajt ^ u. fc present-context; overly apply only tojbos&.federa! K^p^y.cootradors 'concerned.` with saf^, m i^de^ ie4iot . who hold contracts for ten thousand; dollars , plantsi where all factorsmeat-least capable prmore/tois never&elessrepresenls a.large ;' /. '>'hf','ri^ycaniM;;/9i;'>to^a;'le$5ej>..degn^- in : segment of industry and is, ;m addition, a . fuel/fitoricatibn 2nd:processing plants.-where ' {pant step hr tot.'ngfcifdirection.'. Organized the; presence of fcnowledgeable persotmcl and labor- through a-coniniittee claired hy Hunter . restricted: access to danger .arias make good .. Wharton, Presidentof the IritTUhicn of '. safety practices, possible.. if not'always so Qperating Engineers, and a group from toe . /observed mactuaEty; but in the increasin^y' ; AFL^O. Subcommittee; on- Atonra Energy'-, ' widespread 'uses' of; radiation ; in industries and Natural .Resources, badafargepart in' T. - where '"thee'new tedm^ues 'have': been- but revkmgthenew rtgnlalipn to : itspresent ' recently.introduced.. ' '.. form which is/,compatible witfatheAEC \\ . Radiation ; techniques have. cut costs 'aod - regulations as,expressed-in 10 Chit- part 2Br-jr. splved bafHing problans in alinost'every in- and: are; in theiimto'g9od*egto^ . (hjstry. and radiation/devices presently.inuse toe ^htofprwenttotylaoowh^e.... in'industry .are numbered in.' the tens. of.' . 'A coronary advantage-.gained, in toisefr ./- thousands-THs-use/so far represents only a small percentage-of their potential. Indeed^ . fortwas the; cttoirion of some previously denied; protections ofC 'pairt 20 to toe entr many older-industries are dependent on these ployes 6f .AEC''optirptu^ ooirtiactors. `On, * - methods'-' today, and new industries .have' toe other band, much .poEtical .and other - sprung, up which were impossible prior to the introduction ofthetedmcdogy. - pressure has/been brought to hair, op toeDepartment of Labqr.cn-toe question of . I ;believe it win riot ^verly! .exaggerate whether ornot titeriatef.-u^ '{-. .the possibiEties-.io state-that: in a .fcftv years' meats by: reference. should , have toe; atn . ...time, radiation-using machines: Will-be as thority to enforce;the .new regtdatioos.. We -commonly, encountered, as- toe- electric. welder do ftpt faiow. at tois point; what the answer ; -i$' today. .' For ' example, radiation ; density' to tois questioo win h^ but the bope for gages-sure'almost universally used in the., true,-urafonn regubrioto-appeara.toumtohed. ' cigarette-'and..food' packing industries, levd gagesinthe petroleum and chemical in-' dustries,. flow rate meters," leik 'detectors, radiography, moisture control, , wear studies aiid many - other techniques .using' radiation ' . Perhaps it would better serve anir purpose to: digress; fair, a feW mpments and give-a .brief explanation of whaf we are Sxas;Sng .`---nufialioiL .* ; are -commonly used in the manufacturing;, : A ratocisotojpe fonn rjf an dement is.a : servkeaildcoastnictionindustries. form which . emits bdpha,- beta, - gamma or In the.new' industry category, perhaps neutron- radiation. For. toe present; we will the .prime Vexaniples are the' pasteurization ignore neutron 'radfatibn. mid expai!.. the];'.: . < ' and. sterilization'of food,.and the polymeriza deflmtion of gamma taj-S to indode. x-'rays. ; tion of plastics .both' by massive iriadicatidn,' wlucb are in faet toe same toi%i differing, \ . The foregoing. is*dnly a .bneLexpositioa of .only in origJm iYouJshbold beart in mind. 3analriady-Iarge,and rapidly growing Est. .' tins, fact toai -vrintever is said, of ganrnn " >;: ' of- everyday uses of radiatiorC ; nuEation W*J;b-:fa:.'z^^.' Each, It is'.wdl to reuicmber, at this, point,, drat" - rainy, of the devices and tedmiques'so far - mentioned., have . had' no. control. exercised' ibtovidcal - radioisoto^. -has'.-.a specific .'and . nmqm; "half-Cfe/' which ;<oni be; defined as'.'- the.'.toiie. ii' hikes;for-a. green amount of i -} ." **\ over thWn by toeAECorany other,federal .. agencjr.andtoe recdrd.of states intoisre- acririty.-- gard does;- little to cdm. one's fairs. An ' The' half'Eves . of; toe more than , 1200 I effort to' ' overcome this -shortcoming was begun last year, , when the Secretary of Labor pubEsbed a proposed radiation safety radioisotopes vary , -from extremely small fractions of a; fecund to. MBons of. yaws. A .wide-varied ofradimsotopes- is avail- i code to he made part of the Health and tola-nmstlyat Idw-cdpL. - -- - . 6\ L "t \'The-, -most common . types of vradiation ; fire; electricity or ' autoniobijfs.: In '.ioany.-'- -.:/:.- . ' ' *!..V ; "emlte4'Jiy"^d*qisrto^;s^-/as--'w'-teve'-jmsteiiclBSb'speI_.i,isininn&.`JHi4.(eAM^i^\:.:.'v-v^sald^ yalpha ^partides,^ beta^-particles, :and : are:required,'-butthey; ran bc haj^ed wthout' y -? v.; _ gamma rays: -Alpha raysywhich aT&^m^c^- .t^iie xi^rii' tKe ^oper /proo^Tcsj:a.re: ' . i; ; wth .hdi^ nuaei arc'fenutted at high-veloc- 'understood andfollowexL C VV. -y r;:; C!v.:!'.:.'> '- iiy^mauily .-.- : -topes/such-as radiam anduranium,. They ^MiAmg ^aiitrir controls oyer radiation ' -:';;we-'aB?.KMt penetrating of ^the- three .types, haiard*,-is the troly apaiifeWo kiwwJ- -! ii : J'' -l^/^)*Srtied..wwleli4y by an ordinary / edge^nthie part ofrthe general pfiBlii, about * i .- - r sb*t of writing rpaper. In general,-. alpha the biolt^ical Effects'-of Ration;? A ;gtk>d\;' ' radiation feyless often : used in - industrial. .; deal of' amfusionhas been caiisedby those ..-. / application than .beta or ganiftia^-radiation.-. extremists who 'make -nftenirices: ^letipied' ' v: ' Beta particles: are high .energy electrons solely to; fit their ownspeqaldaises and ; /, ignore the known fads. Tte'arguments over 'v.' . t. ' ;" trate matter/ beta, radiations are-intermediate the sbicalled /threshold and ; linear theories -yV' . V V%iwbn alpha.-arid gamma rays.- -A^beta of radiation damag<*are- tyjnral. -Nb",om: ..' . ; ^particle witb.anenergybf-<mfc-tniflion/dec-concerned withthefield of radiation; safety. - / . ' y: ;". trori volts can. penetrate about twenty thou- has',senously. advaricedthe notion that tberc.'-.'- ,- ',:;' . ; sandtbs of .an' ineji :of'steel; .while 'a oni y^ a'threstald jlc^ge Mqw's^ ; tenth 1/Iev beta' will ibe st^^ed by. about; -; tion damage bccnrs.as it..basis for'cohtro!- . /; fitenthousandths ofanincH ofthesame- programsfor tnany yearsnow. .- V'" metaL. ^ ./ Imspite of thefact that no one:Teally> : -.Garmnarrays are el^nagnetk radiation,- - Knows.'whrther of n6t it;is;s6, the.basis for: ; j ''; ' ajjartof the same spectrum as radio- waves,all /.radiation regulatory programs and !con- -.-.'. visible light rays and x-irays. w'th u^efui- trol methods is tbat' aiqr . radiatkxi 'may be ;. : r photon energies ranging' .from' one-liun- ' harmful, regardless bf how smalTin quantity, - - .*.. . y ' dredth of a'Mev to aboat-10 Mev.- They.are yarid -tliese :'are (iertain. liniits beypnd whidi . * -v . very. penetrating; nine-tenths, oi an'; inch' of dosages.must not be;Jdkwed 'tp go.:^^^ : ^ X- . ' ' t: steeT uffll.reduce'uab::If Jtaalt'th;''Inienri^y*' The goal of/.the-radiation.sifety-rt8k*r . I{ - : ' . oeofmgnaimoimilya.usraeyds-iafdrpimmsoctoopbaelst-yd.O. one of the i^s 'tehe v.rrt^lnimburmttedonsatreipSossible^. not the ; . .j | . Careful attention most lie paid to. possible, tremendous benefits' iof : midear energy; `and ' personnel hazards' when working* with! ra- : its accompanying phrooinena,. to.oiir. pviliza- I .. .' .diation-rprododng substances -or devices, tibn nrpst. be balanped agaipst some.degreey; These hazards tacay be divided 'into two - bf-.hazard. TTiis is;eqtiaDy true.of tutarly ' " tyj>es: l: r^iatiobs striking the body from - all the .'fruits' .o? oiir adwpuang Industrial - - I an."external 'source aid 2. - possible; inhala- ' technology. - ; : - -V.v * tion.-or / ingestion -of-'-radioactive material, :.why Should' W toepat' anything different ' \\ i . . therdty elitering.'our bodies without the pro-. from radiation teclmtquM^ :- . v- . tortions . provided^by our jdotiie?, pur sldiis they. seem , less familiar than -more coiwciir v -5- - or-other niodes of shielding.; '.'^ tional advances? -We must-fay^to!keep the / : j: . ;. When this, occurs! fhe alpha emitters..then 'problem . In perspective - andy neither .over-. . -} . become the most dangeroiis of the several emphasize-nor . unduly ignbre .what^er to S` radionudidei,'as all of: the-alpha particle - lards tnight.be involved.^ It is he>pftd tb.;^ear -! 'energy is! absorbed-by the. body in a. short , in mind that we are.i*6t.discussing'.'expbWe: . fit '. disfance.'.thereby'ddmg more localized 'dam- -fo a barard that'may .be comple^y...avoided ',- : " age thsris' either.fcta or" gainuna (radiation.--'We.live our lives.rn'an environmentin-wJurii - -i C -! If radiation emitters'are Handled -care- expaiure to:'r^tion is inc^pablt . V ^ ' lessly or without pi't^ier^^precautions;'serious .; . Aq1 of. ns are^ constantly bring bombarded . !, j'-.' harm can occur, as is the- casein using : ty. radiations-^rom radioisotopes which,occur.!'' chemicals, electricity; automobiles or fife. iwturally'm! many material5'.(indoding our - Oiir main problem lies in :the fact that while own -bodies), cosmic rayS,,; and.' since 15(45, the proper precautions for handling radia- fallout from nttdear -explosives. .What we - "!-. tion emitters are well established, they are have, imder (giest^ is same additiottal small jj. . - -.nothing Hke as. widely-known :as'those for-" expo V, 19ffy Natwna! $qfely. Congress- ' ' -r."iX.-. - <'" . - raiiil therapmitic medicakuses; Wewouidju>cb of s^ulatii in ^c n^s*m^a.l,We laye indeed we . could .ri^fdaiidoM.Ae^usft.op'-itoiealkhowledge of fteratidiaijlm'tffduiw electrical energy simply*because, it' entails . mCT'the-few'knpwn.e^ .The - acceptahce .of some-degree ;of hazard.; We: "uncertainties 'farl outnumber.' tke rortainties.' accept.the hazard , tp keep .it witWn We ;must do the best" w-can :to s thatv bounds.by establishing:certain controls over whatever .regulations and. controls; ire es- "- its use. Radiation is amenable fo the sanie tablished.arethe bestpoSsible-m terins: of kind of .treatment; -V; 'current understanding.-.'As:ourTIaiowIedge <Our knowledge about tlie bhdogical.effects .: increasesand the" vril. o-.myst^.is^dowly ; ... of radiation -is limited; We;.know\ certainY.withdravrivwe-iniBf be ever alert to revise" '-. effects :rteulting- .frwh."massive oyerdosages 'and amend'tltose; safetycriteriaihthelight . but .practically nothing"about:,the.. long-term .;: of the new .data-. We' must retains flexible \ ...effects of vdry`small but rdafively.contlnuous - approach and never allow ourselves to fall doscs.We know equally little about the in such:tigid; posture that we accomplish, genetic effects ihspiteof enormous.-amount nothing; but; the defeat of-oiir.owh. purposes^ IN INDIISTRY V ' International -Representative, Interiuitioiijd -Brotherhdod.of ElectricalWorkers, AFl^CIO Washington, i). C., Co-chairman Radiation Committee,' Lahor Copference, N.S.C.' .' V ' ..'y'/' . To most people; radiation ` safety appears- indicated-to be equivalent'to about 2 roentgen '- to be a very confusing business; thst't' is--it is' jper day;: ''. .'/ -entirely new; andvery-little' is.knpwii. This; ' ' 'Hie.-.International' Corrunission . on'- Radi-- . however, is. not ;true; .'There-has been an ' ological Protection (1CRP) . was "formed; in ' ' *. awareness'of -tlie problem' dating backto 1928. Upon' recommaidation of the lGRP; . the turii of the century and an .organized the -U.. -S; 'Advisory Committee oriXvray ` radiation protection pr'ogramfor more than-- arid 'Radium Protection ,was formed in 1929; . thirty years. In' order to-better .understand -where, we are today,it.isnecessary. to-briefly review'what'has taken place in'the past. . In 1934, die International CommissionjOn Radiation' Prbtection ehdorsed an f. occupa- ; tionai tolerance dose of 2 roentgen-pier,day,', - The'.first.'organized -attempt to promote - and a total arxumulatcd'dosc of 60 roentgen - 'radiation- protection, was ntade-by tlto-British .'. 'per year..- The U;!S.--Adyiroiy;'Committee;' .Roentgen Society;in' 1915 when it issued its however/ canie oiit' in -fayor. of .air occupa-. ... . "Recommendations foy-the. Protection"-..of.- tiiniai. dose; of:%.l roentgen per ' day -land.-a.' X-rajr Operators."- At that thne, nd attenript '. total -accumulated dose of '30.-'roentgen "pear - was made to set a dose. year.-. \ ; :v-' . . The first attempt It6 define, a. dose was. In 16, the name of : the U.Sr .Advisory ' : .,- made -by. the British^-X-ray -and Radium Committee was changed - to 'the frational . ' ; i .Protection Committee in 1921. It established. Committee, on' Radiation'Protection ami in;. .the. concept of maximum permissible.;dose .. 19S8,""and" M^sufemenfs" was added.\ J > .- without setting our any :numbera for sudr jn |9^^the ICRP irade a retiisibn'in;its a-dose. -* rccommerKlations and recommended:a.level . ' .In. 192% the report was essentially-.adopted; . of- rent- per Week and. a total-maximum- .... ' hy the American. Roentgen.Ray Society. Both accumulated-dose of IS ,rem per' year.- -This1.'. 1* reports, restricted ^ their recommendation^ to ' value, was also .adopted fey the NCRP until I the thickness of lead harriers. * 1954 what tlie' NCRP issued a report, recom- . -in 1925, a scientist recommended a maxi- ' m'ending 300 mrerti` per Week to the ^whole ;.. '. mum permissible"dpse that later calculations;. Itody with a possiblemaximum bf 900.mreni . -. ; 8 - l 11 j -.A. - i-"-. '.; l _ ,V-- _ . , *.i - {--vm.'ohsi -' ~ii -po wctl^- providing! the!:totalof! thirteen : turns' drejmet. Ifftlie.conditions arc.met, ; ; -consecutive wecks did not exceed 3,000 mrem the-quarterly.exposure is;not tj exceed 3 rem (3 rem).:; Onthisbasis,'it was permissible for- die ;wIipie.tedy andtheaccuihufatedex- ' toaccumulatea total exposure of.12 rein in posure is hot'- to exceed 5(N--18). [ The, , cne year. V,;'X".';'- filiation also pamdes for -a -"Notice. to' ; - iri: 1957, "the . NCRP .-again; revwed its Eriniployees1--Standards for:Pr6tecfion against-., ' recommendations. andsuggested thelimita^ -Radiation" (form AEC-3) .to be posted so- . .turns - of. radiation exposure'-'at' 3,000 .mtem. that emplqyees -rnay obserye a ?copyon die".-! (3 ran)'- per thirteen consecutive weeks and way.to orfrom-their place of employment. ! a tnaximum of 12 rern per year. To limitthe-^ .- A-'. Radiation- Section tvas placed; in "the ' total - accumulated. radiation exposure to :a ' "&tfety !and '.'Health '.Standards! "for. Federal -; recommended.average of!5 rem -per.year for1 ' Supply Contracts" of the Walsli-Healey Ptjb- ; ' the individuals' workinglifetime, the formula: ..lie Contract: Act!(41 CFRParf 50-204).--Ah ! 5(N^-18); wheire N. is the age.of the indivjd- ' . exposure-.of '; 125: 'ran .pier .calendar.-quarter ., - ual; was' devised to 'assist in' carrying /out . for the whole. body.'-, is- not-' to!tie exceeded' theNCRPrecommendation.-. v. unless.special conditions are met .Wlien tiiese .;. - Bearing in' mind-; that we .have.been ' talk- conditidhs.-' are met,;-the quarterly-:exposure:.-; ;ipg afoot recommehdatipas by.-die various' is:not to .exceed 3 fern per .quarter' ahd ^tiie committees, the'/Iogical .question -we 'might .accumulated ..exposure-is .not -'.tb .exceed :- ask 'is--What are 'the OffiirialRadiation Ex- 5(N--18)! " . posure Standards in the -United.-States?.-' In: . . -'The-above' regulations .:are`;:natibnal -:in - .' the Atomic .Energy' Act of I954,..the Con cqyerage'..and:-'ih'- I959, Section' 274 of - tfie gress-placed upon'the Atomic Energy- Com ..Atomic '-Energy.-Act- was amendedi to. allow-! mission the.! responsibility . for - -regulating, for. the transfer to -the states-certain -licensihg through a system of -licensing, .private atomic and regulatory' authority.with respeettq by- ''energy!activities to .protect' the! health and'' - product, .sourceand special miclear materials,.. ' safety-, of- the .public The, Atomic Energy . inquantitiesnot sufficient- tof.fbrm'a critical ! ..'Cuninissipn.'also has ite own-facilities and. mass,'. V,-. ! '. r\ '-Cy-'.;:. '" programs to regulate.- '.' - On .the.basisJ.of-NCRP. recothihendations, the AEC issues specific mandatory penius.sible; levels of radiation exposure'. for per-. ' ' To date, Kenttickyi Califorhia, .Mississippi, . New York, Texas, Arfcahsas; Florida, Ndrth GarNina,'and Kanns haVe'tnade agreements!- ; with die AEC `The programs are essentially r tractors through the AEC Manual Chapters. Thetotal :accumu!ated.'dase is controlled by; use of the. formula 3 (N^-18) with a maxi mum in: any calendar quarter of-3 rem .for. the ' whole body.:' .Copies1 of-*the'. "Notice" to' . the- saihe as tbe .AEC regulations. All of -the stide regulations.sprafy .that a'^Noticq to . " Employees''^.poster is to be posted _so. that " the empldyehs. may obServe it!on .thar. way . to or from thrir pljice of employineht Employtes-^Radiatioo .Protection Standards" -All of 'the regulations we lmve been talk- ' -. . (form.:AEC-9) must be posted'! so: that ing aboutrrequire that. appropriate personnel Vemployeesmay observe a .copy .oh-the .way -monitoring equipment, bet supplied,; such.'as' - ^ . totor from their place: of employment. film, badges, 'podeet /dosimeters, etc.- iEni^ .' -The AEQ= through its licensing -and repir.'latihg' functions,, haV-developed. and placed- -Into effect hasici standards-for!licensed opera tions. Theregufatioiis of .'the .'AEC'|are- ployfces are to. be instructed iii' the -Safety ^Problems assodated with' exhosure to 'radib-: .-active- ..materials^ and!Vthe precautions and procedures to minimize!exposure.:.' ' ; .- published in the Federal Register and-becooie. . In -Conclusion; it ;nrast' be' ported., out that / a part of- the Code of-.Federal Regulations rules and. rejpilatidiu do not in themselves.. . ,(CFR). (Ihqy are thp-tow.)"Title 10 CFR : make - a gooi^- -radiatiqn' safety 'prt^iram;; it. .. Part 20 "Standards for Protection Against requires^the cooperation of .lxrth the- em- Radiation'' states dial an exposure of -125'. ployee and the employer and' to use ail mom rem per calendar quarter to thewhole. body available in order to Iceep. exposures !to :the ': . is not- to be'exceeded'unless 'special condi- minimum;- ' ... '. \ ; ' ' ' ---- WM 'V- V j :' -* -- vfc '.a !'.'.-! V V -' fs r & ' >1964 Rational Safety Congress /. . . \; v'/ /. V '.-'h ' By ^i^THUB C/'S|TRN^^--r.-.' . .- ,AssisfcantChief.DivwionofAir Pollntloh,PublicHeaIthService, U.S. Departnientof' Htalth. Edocatloti. aiid Welfan5,\yaslungttm, D.C. .. ' . I airi-glad to havc the ppportuiutyto dis-..:an4;-huniaii..healfl, economic.welfare;;-.in-? .` cuss the .problertt of community air pollution dividual and public safety.urhan planning;... nt> tfanr-National ^Safe&.t'Cbigfess^ '&* the ' indnstrial,-activity;, and.manyotherfacets : '..-inclusion of air pollutioh in these.procceidings of our iqacasingly complex way of life. . ,, . -v is another Air pollution is su old as mM himself " . -enrnne :vt6. rccoc^iizp^tius-pmtags'.as-'OTe..-. y/c can imagine the* emotiems: experienced ;r'7- .. -.wluch. touches, on a great variety oftne - by- our cave-dwelling ancestors condemned .... challenges facing ^isnatiqntoday. . to breathe the.noxious fu^ irom great ^ -' .^ . ^:^t-.M^tIbt'gn.'aveisiniplica^'to'fires .as the priceof protection frw. Uie^ - ; man, all too often/ tends to see sodal ^ . cold and inhospitidjle.world oiitside the.raye.; . . environmental'problems.as isobted and com-'. We cmimagine, too, the relief that.the cave, partmentalize& It -is tius tendency, perhaps, dweller must have: fdt e^ :moniing::when : ; . 'which capses many peppie.to overlook the he stepped intd;.the. relatiye!y pure air. of ' '' obvious'.connection between air; pollution and : his prehistoric world. ^ public- safety; just as. they may fail"'to' see.; . j&*' daffy. relief from smolc^filtri" caves,' V / '' a amnectionbetween'air pollution andhealth, though it, was a wayof^scaping the- air- ; air pollution and urbaui'decay,, air pollution . dilution problem: afforded, only a temporal : . ? and, the -squandering-of economic, wealth-?- solution.. Man was destined.to dominate' the' . .-./"Indeed between air. pollution and a host of not to*cower in it. He moved out ; . .assaults upon the public well being and the of. caves and info villages, towns, otiei and ; {/ : rational.-vitality.;,- gnaf'mljtropqlises.' No lionger did'fireprp-.1' -/'-' ' v . Thereasonsforour sometimes too.harrow vide security and warmtb?-as well as.polluted -. view..of.'the ramificatlons of communityair air--fora dozen or two persons-hiiddhdti*- ' pollutionprobably, could be 'fdqpd'athbng the , .gethcaf ina cave; 'Bythe' .dawn, of .recorded-' ancient roots from -which .contemporary life' histoiy. tens of-thousandsof-.personswere has sprung. ". Man has. traditionally faced crowded. into ancient cities, their fires' num- * -. : problems in what seemed the. best possible .' boring in the thousands; therr smoke nun- - ..wy,~ perhaps .thp-only'way,.of dealing with' _gling-.to.form pockets of pollution^scattered - them--^.individual challenges tobe-wrestled `nt-many cprners'of their-proud cities. one' at-.a. time/ Hindsight permits ;us to'see?.. _ _ the.-.limitations,; of-.such ^ahTlapproach, .but .Coritemfoniry rroblerfi .-' . ' no one could' deny ..that it ftai produced Let me. not give , the; impression that the .spectacular and even; miraculous results for contemporary' air polhjtioh pnAlems .are the ^ - - the more''fortunate peoples of the" world. - same as jhosc.of the ancient world. On.the '' - ., We .'need only look-about .its 'to marvel 'at contrary, .we have" learned how to foul jthe ... pur 'success: in eliminating famine,- pestilence, air. in ways that; ancient man. could' scarcely ' tbe- infectious diseases .'associated with fiifh'. have'imagined. ' Tn .jour ' era, -mankind ';has 1 _ .; and insanitation,' mass poverty aridwlliteracy, literally.revolutionized its capacity,tb pollute ; .'and a host of ills-which have..plagued man-' - the 'environment.. The industrial' revplutiori . ,,- . ' -kind'for. nearly-all. of recordV.-history. . transformed' almost byemight.'the/fires, of i'* " -' .: I > -.- . But the -roots froin ' Which modern life caws and ancient dties :i^/the mfernM . ; : j ^ hks grhwn have, atso .iiven rise to. the which power our ^rn ti^Iogical. world.. ., > . complex, fabric, of contenporary' society in -Quietly in the jiuddle of the.'righteenth . . . ' .; which we can no longer treat our problems century, England began to diange the course.. - ` as-discrete-oitities, separable from all'other. of-'human- history.i .Old-? theories .about-the;- *{ .; j. . aspects of .ciyiHzed.-Iife. 'Thei.prob{eih of cbm-., use of machines.'to :do the worlc bf rnen? ; -\ munity air-.pollution is not seen .whole un-_ began to be translatnl intb practical reality. less^ we recognize the association between.it'. Stearp .provided the means of; converting . . 10 V " . .. .V,- I Labor Seuiom t . tlie vast resources of the earth', into power, but atthat same time evidemx was appearing ; poyer to'make cloth, powerto.makethings to suggest that' iunoke. was only a. part of. T mtV*oiiron^aigl' to transport the contemporaryair pollution pirpWeA.' In ;> - rpcople..and goods, - power to.heat. and light' Los Angeles-in .the .mid 1940rs pepple began /great-citiei.'Mahkindhadobmea long'way to'cbmplain of the eye irritating*smog;that -. from the world*of the.cave' where escape... occasionally hting oyer the city. Thgr,^oSe . .. from -.mr potlution ya$ - a few yards away'', thevword "smogAprobabiyout of-;the-notibn from'thefiroMan.hy/the.Iate'tuneteenth'- thaithey too were being affiktedbythtih- /' i". and .early twentieth.* centuries had'..learned-, famods; smokeand;fog;of -London, which. ' f' - ..hOw.to transform .whole-cities, into "smoke-.'' gave rise: to.the. term. But investigations, in ;' . :filled" caves; from;'which:, the .;dty-dwe]ler;. the -years tiiat' foliowed provedhow wrong- j>. ; seldom if ever.escaped.- this early impression-Was. - ' .! ;. ; : Some may. beSurprised that so.little-was.... Smog inLosAngeles ;was: found, to bear - > done about an. air pollution situation' which,;: - .little resemblance to theiair pollntion of - |I.-assure.-you, today we would hot tolerate; LMd6n. Unlike London, L(>s AngeJesburned - J;'.- :.. . `But.'when we remember , that . 'only, two -no coal, either in hopte or industry. .The haze j.'; . .generations ago, our* grandparents lived -in . that becanie almost axdaily inhabitant of theV,;.. I;. : fear, of ' death. from'infectious: diseases -Los Angeles^ Basin, :Was' found- to; be ;the [; or unsafe food, it -is'..not surpiising 'that : - product of1 a: complex senes of.reactkdsin'" ! ' . they! felt little inclined to Vworry about which' gases produced 'by -'the- burning -and ;;. A\ " polluted city air. Air; pollution. was.;-an erapomtidn of petroleum wefe' dranged by. unwanted but seemingly'.unavoidable - price Sunlight ;intb: even - more irritating- and .de-,. -' ' " :to pay., for prosperity, and' knowledge- of structure pollutants. . .' i. ; ' i!- , . . ; . public health 'was. far 'too ; primitive- to. raiie the suggestion that air pollution might indeed be a major contributor. to disease and . death.'Tuberculosis, yellow.-fever, infiuenza '.'seemed to. be,- and probably were, far-more. .'- important threats' .to; the .public health. Not 'until these ;and other ' health; problems were broughtunder -control -could people, be ex- " peeled- to.give.thought,'to'-' what long-term. -. . effects, air pollution . might'.be ' having on ` . their health. : ... Los- Angeles {pipvided, in a -.vastly accelerated form, a picture of the changing air . pollution paftern . that was taldng slripe in cities, in: ail'parts - of the. .United; States;' Many old sources of;yisihle smdkje renained, "despite'the real strides that had beorimade against this pfob|eni;-;and to tiwir ennsstohs . were bring added a host;of nqy pollutants; -the by-products of new .ihdustrad' activity,greater use of motor vdide^. .greater 7 amounts of refuse to be"burned,;Md a wide , . ' -V ; .. . . ; / In fact it .was notprimarily health cori-: "range-of technological changes wbicb com-. - siderations which - led to 'the anti-smoke bmed to charge' the' air with; a 4iost of - programs' which -sprang up in England and ..chemically unknown aridibiriogcally'untested V.A. ..the United States within.the last;60 or 70; . pollutants.' It' was becoming dear jin'- thc ; j; V ' years. Instead it :.was .the slieer nuisance I950*s,1hat major >mmumty` air'.pollntk - ' effect .of.-dirty air .that prompted London,' . -problems could and. did'exiri in'places vriiere. ' }. - Pittsburgh, " St Lcriiis, .-Chieagoj -and a.few 'dense. smoke- was - absent of relatively- .well. other heavily- industrialised ?cities .to ' try ; controlled." `V;- ^..: to control .smoked-- To, a remarkable degree, ; ' the anti-smoke efforts of - such cities .were '. The FederaVRole .. V. '/A/.' . ; successful in getting nd of mueh of'the most ...' - 'obvious, visible. smoke, -pollution,Technical, . -means were developed'add applied to prevent 1 IS WM CM HtHI UHIV MMS MIV U . M..yrVM-| mTne' mnta1cSmtive4ilym^menitleiaredfa;tihlaer.;oal irr:wpwoillnuatviioenn4f*ildwd<.l V' . .. , .} ;. ' the discharge of '.dense, blapkAmolce from . `coal-burning fumaces in-factoriesandhomes. ... Needless.-open`burning was reduced,- more. -. rifidehtuseof ooal wasmademandatory,' and In 'some cases; the use- of .certain coals '' was-prohibited. ' been only;very little^engaged'm.actirities rdatingvto. this 'problem. Hpwevej-,:';with; the.-passage in July-. 19SS;o^ the^o^gm^ federal legislation relating exchiriyely to air: ; pollution, the federal. government; ^through' the:' Public..Health. Service of thb Depart-; .- _ ." The control of ; smoke pollution reached ment: of .'Health, '.'Education; ' and;; \Velfare, its highest level of achievement in the. 1940's, began to devejop and' carry - oirt a; 'cpin.- :Y s ;i 'j- V >.T 1964 Natumni Safely Congress ; 'V' tf'! prchensive - program , of research, training Safety and the Troubled Air . and tdfmical assistanceyhose prime' pnrpose ,'Yoa' nay ask: ^What dpesi aV this have was;: the la^-^ijdiwigiKeRC' pollution..' to 'do-'witba broad, discussion of safety?" :. .. In the jreurS;brtwBcn;.19SS and~l963nnd<s-- In answer. lct mereiteratewhat I suggested ! slanding bfthe susipoUadda prdblem'-in terms ' at tiie faffiinujgoftiiis!diikarision7Unless the nation realizes that polhrtedv;^ as . vtrol / underwent ;a profound, change. "Both . modi a thxeat to the poblicsafety areare - the generalpubEcand titoteim&ridta&and. ^auto'accidwitv. industrial; accMents; boating:" organizations responsible for~air 'pollution 7acddentsandany other-hazard which our - control'carneto recognize- flat this- environ- '. contemporary envirdnmeraaffordg.thcn we mentalhazard was worsemrigat aratemuch '. wi0 z3 tomatditheproWerhjof air pollution . faster-'thait; had'been anticipated. FurtherV ' with the,effort it demands.. 7 " more, Lit became dear that the cities ' and .. Itrcqinres not'.mentadgynmastics'to'thnik;- states,, which have always been primarily re- ' of th^ air poffutiau problemin terms of; sponsiUe forthe; control of ..air- poUiiticm, safety. All of ns here,recognize that poor . werevnot devoting snffidmtnanpower and' vrsibilltyon a lrij^iway or above a congested .. - ` resources to ihis prohlem.. By. 1963 it was '. air..tenmnal mcEeases:thie .risk ofacadents.;" dear, that. the .federal.. government '-would:' . Brit' in a;grinder sense,mait's environment is - lave to. reshape its program tooffer much, being, code unsafe try the air.he breathes..; v more in the way.of assistance andstimula- His . dances of devdopxrig .'a. crippling or tirin'v to the. local and- state 'governments fatal respiratory disease are. increased. fiach . throughout the`country. " time he: fills hip fangs-.with polluted urban . Tins reshapingis now in. progress as a air. ' '. ' ` i. .- resnlt of the adoption last December of the! It is''sensationalism to say ..fiat the .act ' new'.federal Qean Air -Act of 1.963. This - of bratiig constitutes a safety hazard in' .act'offers an unprecedented new. opportunity '. the iraol sense; but- if we broaden our per- for;the. nation, to mount an. attack on''air..; spective to think of- public .safety not. only . - - polhftionJconsistent, with- the growingseri- . ii>'connection with spedfic. hazards but .with . - ottsness; of this proidem. In addition to ex '.the'.very fads of contemporary life;.then panding , the existing federal program -of.; we have to acknowledge that pdlteted air - : research, trauiing,and technical'- assistance,. - is among the prune safety hazards to which'. . the Qean Air Act authorizes the: federal nuUions of Americans are exposed moire or -. . 'goveriimentto provide financial assistance, in jess constantly. . the. form'of matching grants, to . local,'re- I cannot help, recaliing a .statdnerit made . 'gtanal,'and state mr. pdlntion ppotroi agen- . before the National - Conference' on* des:.to ,hdp them, initiate or improve their'` - Air. Pblhnioa by Dr.-James Dixot^ who was . programs. . The SK. further 'provides for then Commissioner .of Health for tfie'Qty 'federal abatement action' in'instances- where; of Philaddidiia and is now.the praderi^f interstate dr certain intrastate air poOntioh- Antiodi Coflege. He said, "If-gas masks . .. problems `.are HP* being adequately dealt are not to become as!common in a hundred , with at the local-'and .state level of.govem- years- as: shoes are -today,in ..the riyiliied-7 - merit. _ '. - : -- . world, we should do wdl to beed our !some- . - * The prprisiofts. bf the Qean Air Act 'and 1 what'snhmerged''instincts'of sdf-ptesemtioii the resources if!makes available -for the. and mnemb?r that^wlatever other uses nan - -'"straggle against air- pollution can mark.-'a nay dense for it--air.is still -essentially for - major turning point hi this nation's efforts to breathing.''. - ;7 "4 r ' solve, a .critically .-important environmental Probably few persons attending this Con- ", problem. But iflbe provisions and resources gress .think of tbemselves as- involytri in.the.1' of the- Clean Air. .Act pie .not. used to the. , effort to control air poffatiom Bat I snggest fullest possifde'extent.liy the cities'and states, . that.' we are all favolved,- -and that We it-!.' the .opportunity .to. strike, a heavy.' blow tendpg and portictpatiiig in these ddibeni- .. against air pollution will have.beeu 'missed . tibns oo^bt lo be especially involved; Safely,: -' : and,the consequences in terms of unnecessary I think we' can agree, iS in jart arsodal . '. human ' suffering and economic loss- will be dollenge, in' that' it requires pnhlic*:rinder7 .tragic. x- ` ' standby and jwblic action .as wdl as feyh- ' - 12 " V \ :s  -* -'`Va ) , V . Ldbor :Sessions nicalinnovatian. .This isnoleutrueof sSr will not he alone;for organizatiohs.in every\. : pollution: solving this problem, even making . part, of the country are strong community .sufficient' Strides vtoward its .solution, .will. action to. clear -the air. .Voluntary health.. organizations, service organizations, .Com- actfcm/aswell as continued technologicalde- - mittees of leading scientists:all are .engaged.' I: ' ydopmeht The publicmust be made .aware in the: effort to forgp a concerted national tint .it holds . the., key to- air pollution con program: of* air pollution control .through' trol The people.will have, id; tee to it ihat strengthened State and-local control pro-' their governments accept fully the responsi granis... \\ ... * bility,'andthe opportunity, fen- air pollution, *Those of yon whose concern for the public F control, that .they'apply, their resources to welfare centers on problems of;.safety can. the problem and . bolster themwith the contribute measurably, to the'national, air. i. . -{ ,1 assistance Which, toe. federal- government pollution, control .effort by hel^nig to guide ; . can offer public -understanding to! a recognitiohof the i .'In thisf task of strengthening local and . relationship of air -po^ution' to. safety. state* pfforisthroughattt the country,.. every The -challenge to protect and' preserve'the * authoritative voice which joins in.the tall for . safety of dir riivironment fails squarely pn ; action brings that adion one step closer-to. the Triple of. the nation, acting throngh .tii.rir : realization.. . Those; of 'yoa 'who are in a' agencies of government vlt is our task to : position to speak to large segments of the help and enawirage the`people to act-wisely . national: community can * accomplish - much - * and promptly, for the hazard of air pollution. - by. pointing to the need and-opportunity for will surely increase indess.'we move to-pre- great . progress against air pollution.' You * vent if - ' . V' HEALTH & SAFETY ASPECTS OF AUTOMATION 1 By R. W. OSTLING Director*) Canadian Department of.Research and Education,: International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers, AFL-CIO, Montreal, Que^ Canada - Research :.for .source ;materiai suggests of the . Sttodihg-.Committee on Occupa- ; that although there is substantial informa tional Health and Safety of the Canadian tion oh -automation and its application on* Labour Congress I have begun-tp. suspect *. the , industrial processes, its'-economic ef- that .many .tragic.;illnesses and; crippling --fects etc^". there :ii.ih fact/.a. tlearth'^of diseases' 'could .>haver/been .^prevented if, *.. data and other ,information- available con- ; knowledge. andedutationhad been::avail-' : cerntng the occupational health and. safety able,*espe<^ly-;-to.;.the.iwprkers-'iityaived;'.' aspects of automation. Therefore portions How much' mbrejjTiifcrtant then^ir it his .paper., wjli'*-.necessarily be .of - a that ;Wc* .acquire as touch - knowledge and**; culative as well as a factual ,nature and education 'as is possible to toake automa .relate - primarily- -to the - pulp- and . tion a: boon;to.-ihankmd.and. not a/riirse^, paper.-industry- of; which. I; have some ' aslbelieyecan easily happen;' knowledge. '.-* . . Ithasbeen toy efeperiehcrittiatalthough . substantial- progress has been* made -.in . Perhaps; I should state here-my definition - of "automation"..within the; contrite'.' - protnoting' industrial. safety, :dccupational of this paper. ; "Automatioh" ut its-fullest or .industrial heath its' causes and effects sense of the term has four essential ele- . are not well known* in many cases to 'em- merits:.--,'.,. 7 . ployeei of industrial undertakings. - - ' a). Automatic, machinery with.; a pro-' Since I was invited; to become a, member set cycle of operations.;. , " . .` . ' 13 i- .. >< H: V .* ! -' mm  * .< - e- 1964 National Safety Congress- '. bj Integration of various automatic mi- from ^larp.-httifing knives,,d .-particularly . . . . chine operations- through automatic Iran*- ' troublesome sourceof injury,?. : ;. v fer equipment ^vhich provides .continuous.. :Tbe . introduction' of huge' pumpswhich /Sow./-,:; ;. V. ) v create-a water current which. in;furn.jmoveSj . ' . ,cl Automaticcontrol or. "feed back" anti logs from "log. pond*;'.to conyljyoiis7called .. . -d) Computers to. compile store' speed..- . which are used-primar.ilyj and' analyze data at high. ' . jackladders has eliniinated-a source.of.injury.. from the long spiked poles which wet-c used to sort and route logs along the: "pond" to conveyors. Since -.the - number; of' em- ' - * - 'A great.many extremely important.fe'ch-v . ployces /using?.these, "pike poles"- ha*' been nologicai changes and mechanization are substantially reduced,; the mimber . cif in- ; . - hot':"automation"' in the strictest'sense,; juries has fallen coiresptmdingly/v ' 'but- their . impact .ion working, conditions : is at least as' great .For example,' diesel ' locomotivesiand'.-the-chain -saw 'have had' 'enormous consequences for.workers In' the., railroad ' ;andJogging industries- ;r'especlively. For . this .reason) tliis .-.pape'r will . : discuss a nuhibfr. of important tecliholog- : ' ical developments -associated.'with health - and .safety which ; are not literally "auto- . - Continuous pulping systems are found'.in-. most 'of the. newly constructed .pulp and- _ paper mills.' These pulping ..systems arit;dso> ;; replacing . the ,?batch" coqking systems ;in: a - .: -number of older-mills. Tbesighificant occppational change' which hai>' - resulted - from;-' the. continuous.pulping process has.been -the'?.. reduction in manual jobs involving-physically . matjon." -. demanding tasks -and" repetitive manipulation' .' -of machinciy. . 'I. .'suppose.-that it could be'said that, automation--will reduce exposure.-to haz ards, .that technologiral changes appear to.' offer, significant opportunities for making , ; Compared with the batdi .system, there is. little doubt the continuous pulping installation is;-a -safer work place There .is less danger . working .conditions, safer diie.'to the elim of workers bring injured by flying chips and ination - of ` heavy: physical'. effort' and. re- . . wood dost Since thework of the "capper" : ; . ductioiiof. exposure to-'excess .heat, 'fumes, and noise. - and "diffuser dumper" in. the digester opera-; . tion have been.abolished, there has also been , a reduction - of muscle strains and .serious - - However, automation and -mechanization - hack injuries?.' --' {- . - also , could; cause enormous problems. con cerning safety'because'of the fantastically . -in.finishing and shipping .departments 'of : evtrraccelerating - rate `.that " "the application newsprint mills; major changes are replacing will affect every aspect.of our daily, lives.. manual,'or semi-manual, operations by auto-' made conveyor syrtans.for-pap&rpU-'finish-'. Perhaps .it'would prove of interest to. first . ing and handling. Automatic wrapping, head- . - dismiss'the safety improvements-created by irig banding, -and'; moving -.of '.rolls ' -to O?'" automation.; : ; -' ' pre-selbcted areas Is'producing a significant In the pulp and paperindustry, over which - result in the decline jn frequency and severity. -s "my ..union' has ' cptjsiderahle . jurisdiction;. rates of injuries. : Although the "absolute . "woodrooms*, are considered one', of 'the number of. injuries increases'correspondingly' . most/ hazardous areas'-in'.a .paper . mill:. {with increased', emplqyment jn .'finishing'.'. '-. .Workers' still continue to -be. in' danger-.of . rooms, ' the" relative frequency . of sprain?, .;. injury front 'falls on wed surfaces) .'.from - bruises,- and -other' injuries {per employee? is ;. being caught in conveyors and;cdher moving reduced accordingly* . '. :' . equipment, from being struck by logs, also, - Closed circuit T.Y-, the cottralizatidn- of .' from .strains'/and .back, .injuries, incurred controls thripugh the installation of 'graphic . 'while '.lifting and' positioning .heavy logs. . control pprids situatril in 'dean, air .condi-; : { flew equipment and hew. processes-have'in tioned rooms) are obviously providmg'safer /many cases reduced danger from these haz working conditions with^ the added bmius of ;- ards. , . s . comfort. . , . ' 'J ' The-elimination' of- hand harking and hand- . knotting. operations and-the introduction of ' *, *.-Impact' of technoloxfcal change and.,'. . automation fn theuEulp-anaT'Paper -Induatry-' .. mechanized equipment lias.rripoved ahazatd U.8.- Department-dflabour. .. . ! 14 ' : l Labor Sessionsf: ' - i- i.1* Tv *! . i ' / It is alsoprobablc that with the introduc - companies haye acHIeyed- much better Jm- tion- of automation, enclosed equipment, and provements ih. accidehtfrequency rates than'' 'remote .controlwill tend to'reduce- medical' . havestnall companies.* '/-. . ... V- > v . problems where they are related to Chemicals;: . "It. has generally -been accepted however,; - , noise, heat and (times.* - that-automation.is mainly possible, in large Safely Httsqrds of "Automation" ;. ^rms,.;therefore improvement'*^ .-be' -ex- :. - j pected in- the years -ahead concerning acd- , .. ./While it is true that:, extensive,, highly. dent* prevention, since automation, in many - ' mechanized - conveyorizalion reduces heavy instances by redudng the-' number', of cm/;/ physical effort, .it.also' incurs danger, in that pJoyes,- : automatically diminishes - accident "high speed" conveyors, driven by powerful; '. electric'motors, are ahazard source thatdoes probabilities....,... -// :v produce.'serious .injuries; ';..-A;consensus of opinion is that.for years -to conic, technological change will not cause - The.introduction.of mbre powerful diehi-r. the' disappearance- of. smaller firms/'in' ..the-':.'.. . ical bleaching.' agencies' as a .result' of tech construction, .'trade, and -service industries. nological:change has created additional poten'.tial -hazards.to working conditions in thepulp . Sihce accident records Indicate. that-, these --industries' have, the. highest acrident. fre- and papw-industry.: /' ' ' ' \- ' ; quency rates,' it is'reasonably-.safe to assume - ` - Because-.ionizing radiation' loads Itself to that unless there are revolutionary, develop autmnation.its,use in industry has grown' ments in these smaller firms, automation will , , rapidly.. Because radiation/presents, a "very; 'have.'little beneficial -influence' in: this, field - real;' potential, health, hazard it is necessary1 'of accident.p'reventiota.. that all workers and;those. in .authority have1 a knowledge of this hazard since with ade-.. Occupational Jiealth and Automation ; . quate safeguards and proper regulations; ex-., - Limited'studies'have been conducted on: - ports tell us, it can be handledsafely; '; this subject'much of which is still speculative './It is pot my. desire to "cry /wolf"regard in-nature and can..only be confirmed by ing this very , real and dangerous hazard, but- experience.'.However/sociologists and-memh. I; am convinced.' that the general lack- of befs. of- 'the medical. profession -'have, come . knowledge concerning- the dangers of radio .'to some disturbing conclusions on bowautor ' active isotopes presents a very acute safety- . mation will Uffert .workers', psychologically. prpMem.- '' : A study grdup' sponsored by the lnterrra- /' For 'example' practically every important tional -Labour" Organization states -that"a-producer in- the. pulpand paper, industry now . factor.of-great psychUlogicid.importance in uses radioisotopes. The moist common- use- is evaluating the' effects' of, mechanization. and.:' '.. 'as a: measuring' deviczv or gauge,, on paper ' automatioci on health of workers is the remachines for continuous gauging -of- weigh!, action to de-fad of change'.'itsdf.... .Jt'is " and. thickness of paper espedaily' laminated, not difficult to imagine/the feeling of frustra..coated,-and.impregnated-products. Yet- em . tion:and* futility which.some.older workers ployees who'.work in .the .immediate vicinity, may., suffer- in watching;a' machine, perform;.. . .of.'these-.gauges-have.little.or ho r?al under operations in'which they, the older workers;. standing of the potential danger,-;and. there have gained knowledge and skill only afterfore rmust, be '.prodded with adequate pro- . years of'training and experience,-'..'-. tection. :'. The "anxiety producing impact'-' of 'auto- . It can-be stated-that'most radipactiveiso-'. . -mation on employes -has in many, instances - tope installations-in`industry present'd' low caused an. uneasiness created by the .nature . /' -hazard unless, someone tampers with -the of the.change. 'This'.has been described by / source, material. For this reason workers .one authority as.follows:' -.' shotild be.made'amare.of'this fact'-- " "It is quite sufficient to talk'with'anyphe- '- - It it -interesting to speculate liow"automa in those affected areas to -notice the unrest : tion-will affect large, and'shiall'ihanufactur- - and the anxiety which is awakened by. the ' - ing, construction, and public sendee.-. indui-, fact-'that automation, seems to .enter their. - tries. Factual' statistics ' indicate'. that :'large" lives;.. .. herd,', for the first time'we have. a. The anticipated effect.'ot Automation on ' IMS Summary' of accidents complied by: - Industrial Medicine. , John H. Fougfer M.P. Quebec Compensation Board. . - ' '; : 15 '' . ' ' .. *-. ;V;i - ; : v'.'.I 'I/'-- i i-y j wjiwi 1964 National Safety. Congress '. lo- do witha machine that "not only replaces - Haw dir' we-aolve .the additional .health humanmuscle,but which actually replaces' and safety problems created ty-automation, the human brain and- which, therefore, has.' whenobviorisly wd .have not realistically re-, a .considerably deeper tapad on hitman pride. solved existing .occupational health and safety ' In-other words, there is.something fatmore problems? This is not to say tharthere have uncanny., about; automation than there has; not been tremendous strides in'the promotion.' been about' the ordinary type'of industrials .of safety and accident, prevention, of.whicfi ration. That, all tilin' has . an immediate and the 'National; Safety Council can justly take .direct influence on psj^cho-pathologji, can be' its share of credit However,. how. cariwt'. proved'-by a. fairly recJent experience. It rationalise success in thisendeavor when. 'has'been.shown that.working who work for over, orie-half.of the. industrial plants in the machines, have a far higher inddeflee of United .States lackbasic industrial hygiene neurotic- pathology than workers who:.work . control measures,'.when'my' sources of infor- for other- men. : . tuition.indicate jbniy. five of- ten.'provinces in. "Fear- of the unknown,'- myOis which- have -developed.around die rapacities of -new'-ma- Canada, have/.-active ;.agencies?* . .--:';v. .- occupational .health ' clilnes/allied to. basic fears ' about job se f.'Education, information,,and espedally re curity -and skill- displacement ran' undermine search,on'a far; larger, stale than is pres- the-, confidence of- workers; and -may, in' .ently'.existent- is urgently- required to help : some rases seriously affect thdr mental us anticipate and prevent accidents and also health;''*. ;\ . to detect'at the'earlirat'moment, the^hanpfid Tlie preceding quotation I believ^-is equally.- effects' ofautomatioo. -' applicable to office workers as well.as .fac- . . Early .' arid! complete information . is - the tory employes^ surest way to dissipcUe fear. Effective and continuous cbnsUltation with employe! or- Although .the -safety and .- occupational ganirationssuebas unions or other factual . health aspects' of automation presented here - sources of authentic information is, Lbelieve, refer, primarily. to. "factory'. and; "office anahsolutenecessity. `workers,'', it- is .-interesting, to-note that-' automation -is and will :continue to affect management as; well, espedally in 'what is ! 'commonly, referred'to as middle.management. : Competing with. computers and.othcr think ing and;decision making machines is.bound' to ; have; a. psychological effectsimilar to. . -..While, automation can prbvide the.prormse of release fromhazardous work.it, however, creates a "multitude of social problems .ofadjustment .The safety arid health. aspects, of automation'.will- depend largely onbow ,we.use this new.technique. .' that of-workers-in the/officeandfactory. v. Dr. Edurado Krapf, Chief of -Vental Health .Section; --.World Health Organization. 1957. . ' >. -Report of the Committee ' on -.Environ-. ' mental Health Problem* to the Surgeon Gen-. emL : -Report to C.H.C. - committee on Oecope-' tlonal Health and Safety. - HEALTH AMD SAFEfY ASPECTS ^ OF AUTQMAtlpN f By PERCY BAXTER Recording Secy-,' United Auto' Worker* Local 122, Twinsburg, Ohio' Iri.T.950, when a Ford. Motor-Company -'-electrical, or electronic.devkes; we doubt that. executive coined the word "automation"- he. could possibly' have envisioned the trewhich means the' supervision and. regulation - mendous -controversy and- impact tins -angle'; of.the-production process, by. Self-operating ..word, would'interject;into the: mainstreams mechanical, hydraulic, -pneumatic, chemical, of industry. '. 16 ,V-; > ' :' I'. V A: . 'W .'1I ' \1 ; Laber Sexaonx V ' ~, ' Automation wasmtrodncrdtothepublic in. Petroit for.-example. ;Some; yearsago. . j*\ - at;Iaie and piwJ^lmed to.be.a aeW:: and. - tbSs phht whidr - produces engines forjbe, _ . rigmficmtUbOT-saving-methodandprocess - Chrysler:Corporation,' decided to move into ;* .. . ` . : ' : ioincrease production by atitoiraticallycon-: ' the pastures .of automation and m making . . ; tiollrfmachmes. ^eptd)tic rdations prpgram: - the move, the safety aspect of antomatwaHy \ 1 - citing automation.- as -evidence ofthe virtue controlled operations tooka temporary bade ' > - . - .. of American management ground'toabrit,; . sat.'to'produttiori. :.Rt a very short period -7 . * however, when trade unions not only agrixd ; of .timev -this -particular plant moved to -the 1 . 'that such'technological advances werffworthy. number ooe spot in the corporation foir'pn '/ - f ' -of. notice. but moreover ted the .effrontery thejobaeddents' whkhcaifced manyofonr {... to. quote these management prodainadons}in ' members long. mod. painful marths..of. con-.. .1 . support of union demands forasharein the ' finement and lossof pay . .. -j. \ |' iiwcsBed'productivity gains-cauted by;antb-"~:.; The .Ihnon moved vigorwisly vtoward the ;/^v.' i.`nation... = -;v ' j core.; of the many ptoblems involved, anr' ` j `From, thatpoint hence;; management- re- plqyes subnntted ideas,^ dnef-'stewards vnpte . . . I ' . versed itsdf;. In some instances^:automation . grievaiuxs thus earning the ^ Mound.. Read' . . .. , - - was represented'.as -more old titan -new..-Jn - engmeefiqg staff to spend many many hours. . -, . others it was deprecated or ignoretL It went " of research which proved to be frtfilfuL At.;. ' . so far in some management circles tfaateven this .time)'the Mound Road engine phmt ls the mentkm-of ftius word' was .regarded as no longv'a place .where men ore constantly - . . * . most unbecoming conduct. - bring injured on tfaeir- jobs, suffering tmtold '* A . '?/' ' Laboi' realized automation , had changed . pain and " loring -undeternuned .amounts of - ; : I....' . .the nature of. topical-factory jobs so as to monies, but'instad it has. become cue of the ...j weaken .the common bonds which historically safest.engpre pdants in the; industry. This . }.. . provided a source-of union strength.'- A plant is evidcOce for all that safety need not I.. .'publication was issued out of Solidarity be sacrificed in order tb;ihake a profit (> j ...-' House in 195S. under the heading ,'The Im- ! Safety is-rightly recogmzed to he every- :- "- j .-. pact of . Automation" hi which organized .hody's business, from the productioo worker I '. . labor welcomed autonation. although it 'was to wham - saldy u a constant necessity, to - - j realized by organized labor that automatically ' the plant.manager 'who makes periodic toars . ; .' controlled operations replaced machines and' through the automated; areas with visiting - ' manually paced'.jobs with the- result that. .brass. Between , these two^ there should'he^ | . -... there was a decrease in the importance of safety committees consisting of both maxi- [ - the' traditional methods used by work groups': agement-and hourly people worlong m nmsen ` { . to control thar.:>rork pace. with safety as their goal. . . :- . ^ ] -' When 'the intensity, of physical effort no Some of the; automat^ industries are dan- . ., ' longer controls,,the level' of. output,, and gerous from the standprint of a high acci- j. automation sets the pace, we in iabprcazmot' doit rate. The percentage of acridents varies , .permit' ourselves to overlook or disregard from plant to plant in the. same industry. " - " the safety aspect involved. When tion-thinking : This variance is due. to the degree whids; .. . . electronic devices; determine andv,control the the various plant managers employ, the safety .'. loading and unloading of machines. . ..;. .provisions.. So,. It. is :plainly.:eyident. tlrit -, >' \ ^ese-automatically motivated instruments. : mary woricers are' unnecessarily exposed to' .of productivity were primarily^instituted irfto danger, . '" a .' ;- , - - the .industry, for the purposed of increased These imsafe ' and.- unhealthy conditions . production. There were very few; if any, exist , beesurse'- some Arms are reluctant. -to .' ' . , . acconunodations for safety methods from tire mcqr.`the-;ecpense o'f- modern protection de off set,.but the trend toward safety has been vices and safety programs. Putting it bhndly, - ; moving.rtealy to the frorit and must attain thrir greed for profits is modi'greater than . . .the 'position of top priority if automation is thdr eonsideration for the.health and-safety to.survive a$ a basic part Of our. increasingly and lives of .thrinrorkers. . ' complex ^culture,, and the saying 'that "the Inthisautomitedage^weearuiotortT- . . dollar is more important' than safety" must emphasize the absolute necessity .for aictive become a phrase pf the past. industrial: health ahd safety contmittees fin. . ' . Let's take' the Chrysler Mound.Road.plant our shoi. For altogether too many years. '. 1964:National Safely Congress ; tooTnany.wageearriershave paid with their: methods, of preventing"' injuries. A, Safety lives arid their bodies for whatever progress committee chairoSan has trUly said "safety Is. has been achieved in safety. : . : not aone-way street" The developmrotof Such "progress tiirtmghtragedy" mustJbe Stopped. It can ' bestopped. It canbe .' stopped by'gemrine Labor-Management a>- operation.; It can be stopped by .effective safeQr. should.have. the ame grerojight as : }h* ifcvelwenenfof automation. Aisafework*- 5 ; ing force .wqpldprbceed_ rapidlyunder the- i^.Jrade^'P of tmion and company - eduiation and proper safety training of eveo^ oflkMfls. ; . : .: v ... ; trade unionist." it' ean be stopped by realistic'' - Workers working with -and: around auto- .safety; legislation;.whiah will provide mini- mated eqmpmrotshcrald be thorroughIy.,-m~;, mtim protection*, to both the unorganized and' s'trutted and familiarized with' .the:bazatds. organhti-workers. -of .its operation.' Proper guards, protective '' The supervisor Has the responsibility'far. devices,^ extractor, and ejectors are so .es- the safety of his workers, including providing =. sentialin .'safe operational .procedure. These. - _ s:safe-wdrking place within his authority.: . procedures are based on a punt's overall \ He must"demonstrate -that safety .is', im- automated ysfem~and cpuld .be applied; to portant in his- department and -that the safe. ` any specific.plarit;pperatioh.; . : way b the accepted way to work. . ' When theireis -adose .thixture bf-;.tte/.^-; ' When automated eqmpment 'is riot fuiic- ' human elemerit and aniechanically motivated ticning -properly, thro it is: within "the su- element^ accidents could, be numerous.'. Pre-. - . pervisor*s authority to.determine whether-'the -. ventive measures' to'circumvent ^ese^aco^ . impropriety roristitutes an urisafe operation; .dents shonld be given the highest priority.by '* After.making this determination, it. is his tins body, for when an accident-is. prevented ..: additional responsibility to apply whatever ' on aii 'automated -operation, it is because preventive mrthods are necessary to render someone had the foresight to apply proper . the'riperation""safe:" preventive methods, ' ^ _i Stewards,-saf^'rommitteemeii and other .. Labor fully,realizes that the potential bene-. .. . union representatives' must also take a: re^ fits , of automation arii great, if properly . sponsible attitude toward safety. They rmist haiidled. But, inToolang ahead to. the many; be jnst as akrVto.nnsafe'fraetieesoi mem-, "benefits, which automation, can produce. We . bers as .they are to unsafe.working condi- riipst not overlook or minimize "the.many '. . tions. Overlooking a dangerous practice by problems which- could inevitably arise .in a worker is to be condemned as$trongIy as making the.-adjustment to the new. tedmoty. 'J . failure of a;supervisor to correct the workerl ..ogy:It.is indeed, iniportaiit. that, safety With automation being such an important ' 'continues..'to- be everybody's -business .for ''' j ' factor in today's industrial environment, it without sifety.the potential benefitsofautb- ... ' must be .^emphasized that-the-observance of / mation,' though, great, would , be of - Httle. -unsafe .conditions cover both, fundamental, value to a. crippled arid maimed socuriy. ' INDUSTRIAL NOISE PROBLEMS AND HEARING PROTECTION ByHAROLD J. BUOY -' Assistant to the International President, International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, ; Iron Shipbuilders, Blacksmiths, Forgers, and Helpers, AFL-CIO, Washington, D.'C. :: a. ;* . The problems involved'in this subject, are. Yet the .problem daiiy becomes increasingly ' so vast and the protection so varied,* so dif- . more important- and labor has ;such.- a. vital ferent--and in some cajes.so limited that you stake in'it that.it,just can't be glossed.over.; ' just couldn't begin to touch than in a short .So l thought I might limit -myself to the article; .' ; . problem of hearirig amservation and 'what . 18- .... \ \ v- . .., i -.: -V, XaborSesHons - . labor is trying:to do-in the. field arid supple-' something; onto. a fellow worker.Or the. ment my remarks, to . you . with certain pre .wprker- becomes Startled .by.'it'-atid'ialls- off' pared statements of reconunerided: standards. ;. Ihe.ladderor from' high, places. He. becomes and .suggested noise control* programs. irritated by. iV- he suffers; anguish from-it,, *. That the subject .matter. is importsuit is illustrated .by an article in ' this month's and soinetimes. it; is. more- than he ; humanlybear/. % ...' out: Reader's Digest, October 1964, entitled The Secondly/ we are concerned .with noise Rising 'Tide of Noise" in which-'it is said,*: '. from the: stahdpoint of the worker, not: being. and'I' quote/ -"The - United States' -is-r the - able 'to. hrar-instractiriris or getting his world's noisiest country. and every year.it is instructions garbled. ' ' : ; *. . getting noisier.Y . .'People subjected. for Only' .'recently in ; Virginia a '-.Wrench long periods -to sounds of 120 decibels may. - dropped.into the water where sotrie workmen suffer permanent, ear damage, or become. - were .repairing a large noisy pump.. One -seriously upset---physically and/psychologically. of the workers, 21 yeau-s of age, volunteered , It is estimated'that ihe sound levels to which to. retrieve it The'boss told hini to wait we have been exposed have'increased on. the 'until .the pump was shirt' off arid-left the ' .average-oneltiecibel' per.year for the past.3Q 'job site :to shut; it 'off. Bef<^ . the. pump years.* As tqadiines proliferate and'popula- was shut off, 'the worker juSnped--into.'the- tion-increases, - universal. din. is expected to water arid was. immediately sucked into the 'engulf us. at an even steeper rate.*. . . New , pump and drowned. -When it was over-the . studies indicate that workers in factories arid : boss said,*"I guess he didn't hear;me." ..: - >:offices with,high noise levels .carry a burden. of resentment and 'irritation, have more/so- aal conflicts' athome.and on the job than .Workers in:quieter surroundings."' ' What 1 a-.tragedy. A:.two.dollar, wrench and a 21 year old'boykiiled over.it. Yet we. feel, that grtting instructions properly.are a. part of any-job.. . In another article I read recently I. found ' And. then last but. certainly*not least, we, this amazing-'statement:. "If you could- get the workers,-are vitally'-interested-in--the' the eight, million in .the city of' New York hearing loss, deafness, ear. impairment, and ' together irj one .spot, and have them say.iri psychological', impairment of diir people left unison and- simultaneously./Good morning, by this noise. Mayor Wagner,, happy-birthday, to you'/ you . would get the same noise- levels -from .all - To - my union it' long- has been a problem. . For many, years. the namepf occupational these people speaking at one .time now get. from cnejet aircraft." as. you .. -loss''of;.hearing', was Boilermaker Deafness.-. Today this name is rip longer appropriate' ".' Arid so with qew. things constantly-cbming because- theproblem . is- so widespread arid ' into our--environment, with motor traffic, air- affects) riot,just one craft or trade.brit nearly .planes,. air: conditioners, .'the loud television all ;6;the;workers in. our shops, our mills, commercials, lawn mowers,on Sunday morn arid :.dur/plaints.'.*/> ing,'chainsaws'and ail the flew .motor, cofri- . .Records, for.claims(compensation for .plex of our society, the problem becomes more- hearing.' loss) date back to 1931. ; Claims ' acute each working day. senting labor,.-should' be We people, repre vitally concerned.: ' 'We. are' concerned. ...From' angles are we involved. many different - were accepted in 1939. : ' ... Although- compensation claims have, recognized; for.- over thirty' years/ a. '- been New.. . York Court . Decision- in'' 1948' (Slawenski /First'of all . we-are ^concerned-'with, the . Case) uifluenced'top'.inariageirient ofinsur-' - natural: fear of noise.- Every individual is-' . ance companies and -industry - to/begin ap bom with a. natural fear of..noise. `We sure praisals of' tire hearing/loss ; problems of bomwith.only two fears, thefear.of falling worldSrs exposed. to noise, and '.the lear.-pf noise. . All other fears we are educated 'to. ** ; Most emphasis is still,on the compensation phases of :the. problem with a very , great. ...... Butthefearof loud'and . sudden noise is lag in the practical applications of noise' with us . all. our .days. A baby in a crib, will cbntroland hearing conservation; programs. * scream when frightened by .it -A. workman . The results are certainly .riot:commensurate .on a job becomes startled by it and drops. . to the great, fund of knowledge accruedand j. . . J96i National Sgfety Congress '' ifthere arc; improvemenU, theyare not rfr; . 4.;. The amount of hearing, loss, produced, v. fleeted .in die compensation claims. by a given noise-exposure varies from person;, The laws today; do not encompass;a .com to person.' prehensive program and basically recommend - 5. Noisedndaced hearing loss firstaffects. ...the. shieldihg.of -the' workeragainst .the man's hearingofsomds higher in frequency,. effects iather than make provisions for the than those essential -for communication, by control "of the hazard. Theyalso indicate - speech. Therefore, rnost'eariy noise-induced . , anon-tmifdnn approach tutd indeed divergent'..' hearingJosses pass ubnoticed unless'they,are ideas as to standards.,. . . '. . detected by suitable hearing tests,' -' . Except, for the-International Brotherhood -, 6. Four..major fatten characterize noise- of Boilermakers,- Iron Shipbuilders, -Blade-.", exposure. ' smiths. Forgers, and .Helpers, AFL-OIO, the . major role, of the unions has- been oriented .toward' the improvement.of state workmen's '(a) overall noise leyel .,(b)-composition'.of tiie.nmse . ...-. compensation laws `dealing with injuries due /(c) .duration and distribution of--expp-;-. - to exposure' to- noise; and 'rightly . so.' If,.- ' sure during, a-.typical work-day ; however, 'progress 'is to 'be made in. hearing .- (d) totaL time of exposure duriug. a. ; conservation,...it .will' reqiiire-:the fulf.co- ;. work-life. -./. ' *-: '. --.operation of tthployer, employe, .and those ; 7. -Both hearing'ablUty and nofee^Xposure interested ' or roncerned 'with se'rvition prnoise program). 'hearing- con- ' can' be . properly measured, reliably hiy comjwteht, trained personnel. - (The measure Labor's main role is to guide, sell. convince. ment and evaluation of.- Impulsiye- noises,- employe and employer of the wisdom and - which -are- produced., by. explosions, drop economy of proper hearing conservation pro- hammers, riveting .gun's, etc., present special ' grams. Labor; particularly..-international im- problems.) . ions.cain exert sf unique leadership, in. this ' field simply because,pf the, widespread and 8. To be effective; a hearing conservation.: .diverse, membership. -Their.- members have . program should include: ' also, a much greater, economic stage- hi a T .(a) a noise-exposure analysis- . hearing program. than any other group. _ (b) provision for control of noise- Much .-is still to be {earned- about the re-*. - ' . . exposure ' - -. ' i - > lationships of hearing loss.add noise'expos- . (c) measurements, of hearing ; ure; however, die large vdlume'of experience and information gathered through years, of .. The indicatianof a hearing ednservatioh rosearch and observation are a' good enough program should be considered whenever pier-, basis upon which' to establish hearing con-: sons have.:', . ;. v. serration programs. 1.;.Difficulty \ communicating -'by.. speech, . Although there-is-still much-to-be learned while theyareinthe nciise, or; 'v ' about the relation of, hearing,loss to noise- -. ' 2. Head noises or ringing in their ears, exposure,'- we -have accumulated -enough'm-.' after -working, in the nense for several hours, , . formation through- experiericeandresearchi. i>e;.^ to .enable-us to organize and 'conduct'con-. .- :. 3. A temporary loss of hearing that- has ; ; servation programs.;'This' basic information the effect -.of ; muffling , speiich and .:.certajn` is,.in brief: ;.v Other sounds after several hours of. exposure 1. Many noise-exposures.;can producea^ . -to !the'noises '. ' permanent hearing Jots " munication by speech. that '. may :' aflect. com-. . - , .. '- As; "wo plainly going,, tiiere-is a see fromall of-the; fore- -great, deal of work, to be 2. Noise-induced' hearing. -loss- .'may be - - done in this field. temporary,- -permanent of a combination of - "The International Brotherhood of Boiler- . temporary and permanent makers- ;has-submitted recommended stand 3.- Permanent noise-induced hearing Joss.' ards through the Standing Committee, of is due. to destruction of certain inner eaT' Occujatiomd Safety and^Health, AFL-CIO, struetures which cstrmot be 'replaced or re- for adoption by the.'Secretary-of -Labor as paired.'. . ; . . - ' ,- requirements under, the Walsh-Heqley Act. 20 - . , ' *' . ' A;  '! Labor Session*.. These standards have berome the official rcc-Our-; International. President,. Russell. :IC. ` ommendatiori of the AFL-CIO. . .. . . o Berg, intends to ask the' Secretary of Labor - - :My organization Is eonvin^ .that nbise^ to appoint abalancedstariy, .:is ~an-acute problem affecting the. healthand 'explore the extent andtiierate-pfgrowtn welfare of-oiirpeopte This is evidencedby of the noire pn*lem ^ the fact that compeosation dainu for hearing a solid foundation ran be laid for .the dt- .' 'loss; due to;noise exposure are increasing vdoproent;of reahstic Hearing;conservation . rapidly. Regrettably, comprehensive Surveys programs. . . T: ' of the extent and the rate of growth of. this 1Wi.need.your'help.. .Weneed thesoGdarity problem in industries are lacking. This un- ; of- all. the Iirternational Unions.- working.' controlled.cnvironmental noise hazard which' togetharin this; cause. '*We need .these stand- - . ..can cause permanent' disability amatigwoirc- ards and we.heed national,'legislation.. We eirs, "greatly; adds 'to the..number' of poverty;. aslctbat ytm join;with usin'this riiatterfor ' stricken.. the welfare.of all-our'members. ; c ' HEARING AND HEAR1NG LOSS By DR, ARAM GLORIG .Director, CaUier Hearing andSpeechCentef,' Dallas, Texas . ; . The accented definition of noise is-that, it thing' similar,'where the injured man;Can': is- unwanted sound, and' I: think the 'reasdn .' say.that, "up until, the tiime of the incident for this ^ quite divious when you realize iby. .hearing, was'all right 'Since-'then'I: that some ..people complain .about .one noise - have noticed a haring' loss." . .Now this is but- the same noise will'not be -complameil... correctly. called acoustic' trauma.: ., about:by. others.- There ij something'dse.to -. - it--that it is -an immusiad; ,wrhythmic typeof - sound.. So remember,the.definitioa of -what we are gang to talk about-; ,- The ldnd of loss, one gets ' from, steady hoise-cxposure to which most of-esisie-ez-. posed, either-; through' our isocial- activities : or our occupational activities, we call noire-;. 'If: you' go back -in' the' literature you can- induced, hearing lofs.- ' . -y' find records of. noise induced hearing floss : or acoustic , trauma ;as far back as: 1802,. blow'-why do we (differentiate between. .; when have it was fad-it first -reported in blacksmiths. ,We now for over a hundred yeafcs:. . these.? . Because' tiicre. are ferences.. Acoustic: trauma important Vdif-' produces, a. dif-: and it took us over a hundred years to real ferent land of hearing loSs vrith respect to. ize, that something should be done' abgut it Whether or not it; was due to the magnitude . the audiogram. s)iape,- with ^respect'.to; its prernanericy,, and with, resped torts' item-, . of increase of the problem or what, i do piot porary 'characteristic. Nmse-induced hearing; know.;,;':. - . y. .There'are two terms we use when we- talk. about tiiis problem. Ohe is acoustic trauma ` arid, the other is noise-induced hearing loss.!- You will notice if .you wiH'read the .-older . loss comes cm verygradualtyover a periodof. years. ' lt is 'sq:; tsraduaL that most .people dori't even Jcnowthey are gettinga hearing ' loss until it .is bad. enough,to cause-difficulty. hearrng speech- .' literature,: that damage-.from noise is called . .At any rate, we use these different terms acoustic trauma, if the damage is to thdear.' becauseof theirlegaland medical, differences.'. We have tried to'separate tiiesejternu,-and. ' reserve- the use of acoustic -trauma ta fndi- - There, are 'also medical dlffoenccs to tiie pathology,arid the etiology; . mated. v. ; cafe. the .kind of haring c lods that' occurs - . Remember dcottr/ic irauma' for the tingle '.from a single incident, Uke a .blow, tti'the .incident. cause df. loss,. arid noise-induced: . hod, an explosion, .gunfire,' br; a bflfs't of hearing loss for the gradual loss -due to long ; riveting gun noise inside, of a tank, or some- exposure;;'.' 1.-' ' -Vv 21 \ : "" 4"'-- 1964 'National-Safety Cunpfess , >! Now let us talk about the health effects of .' "noise, cxclusiyeof a hearing.. loss..'I heanl. -.i .previous':speaker state that noise, .will'.pro duce irritability. nervousness, tension. .-I'm. ..not.saying..that fatigue' and these do. hot.. Oman urn . occurbut I ii saying that.tip-totoday there iis j^ cohcrett: evidence-.that, all these things-.: result from.cxjtosure to, noise It is. well ; rccognized.tliat noise- may be ap additional stress'; and. ' that as- partof many other!, ' stresses that-occUr," noise' may-add.weight to:/ -eveiyiay-ltteege.v-;-.-.v\ ,:'''V'However/.'- we-`-teiye .-no" concrete medical .: v ewdcnce, that'-we.'can. discover'; by-' present1 ' methbds bf/medicalexammation, to' support' '-v such a' statement' Or that .it causes-stomacli- -,' "iilcesrs."!. \.';\ ' ' mw (T) ' There are individuals, of course, that.-can. \ber,affected by almastanything.Tm talking .. increase tip 'tb' the 'rocket engine of'the'-' ; about.ithc average-man who walks'the street. .' future. Notice that mbst.of.the noises we are. : 'There .are.' sonic. studies,.* reported in' Ger-'! exposed}to range from approximately' 70 dB : '-'nuuiy,; that; indicate soipe.-.of these 'things''. in heayy. trafiic to subway rtoise, ordinary air- ; are happaimg.-But, when one looks at the' plane noise and up! Industrial noises vary ! reportsit is'apparent that'the- studies are.' somewhere between :80 tp-100 dB in general. ..--not; well'.controlled,' arid .the data are. ques--, Thehumbers . indicate overall. level-; They .lionaBle. ..'v . '.' .represent'.the' total energy of the noise re- ' ;Our laboratory personnel fed .that We have gardljess :of the spectrum. : -done' enough with -respect `tb .heanng-.loss.' Notice `the':Word; decibel: .The meaning ..''problems"and'we are starting'to' investigate -.' of this is very-difScuIt- to explain to a lay' -some ofi'the other physiological effects're- audience. But let me illustrate it this way. . lated -to noise-expOsufe. I'm talking about' Notice that.-a subway generates about 100' . the kind .of noise;oneehcountersin ordinary - decibels--this isone"train ranting .'through '' . industrial situations;-'not the tioise-that will ` a; subway tunnel. If two. trains 'passed-yotir'; . 6e-' prodfcfced by.-trans-sonic-airplaiJes. .We ., measuring' .point; -you, 'Would .not. have 200 ! expectsthe noise': level; to' gp'.'fo-170 .or' -180 dedbefa' because there were' two engines or .' - dB. i'm-. npt talking' about 'expdsures .that two trains!} The' increase 's! overall , level - . accompany several jetengines^priien the level ;, would be <mly three deribds. ' .is ciose to 160,decibels. ,VVe don't-kn.ow what. ,; these exposures' - wjbuld do; hut . we - expect - ' that man can't take this kind ofexposure ;,The general ride says that when we doable, the ehergy \k iprirease the noise Ievd. by.only; - " " continudusly' for very /long. . There much .energy, involved.- is. too. three decibels. Now let us Illustrate this ih; phe " of your shops!: If one engine, generatdt 95 decibels,' arid' .yoa -.sfcurt andther . I -'But .. as regards. ordinaryindustrial ex- engine, the hoise/Ievd inCTeases cmly three - posures, -the sort- you people are most ; in dB .to 98, . Edch-'time the enagy^purce is; terested in, . we `do not, as 6f today- lqiow doubled,'the level increases;by 3 ;dBi: This , . of- any', ill .health effects except - those .which - is, why;' measuring- the.'boise Ic^ of ione .-relatei :tb Uie- rarl 'iHowever, considering : engine is not mudi different than measuring /that .hearing.; is extremely important to daily . noise, in an entire.'shop where there.may ' living, we should consider the function' of '.' be 20 engines because' -ihe.. decibel' ^cale is ' hearing jnore carefully. not' a' linear; scale--it does not measure;in v.Figure lshows.a general curye .which units Iffce inches `or feet! It is arlogarithmic - gives you:a little idea of ;the; kind ofnoises- scale. and jsvery. nranber, represents, a' dsange.' .. we. are exposed to in our daily lives. You . ' of - tenfold.. If -'.yon; remember this Simple ' . -Will .'notice zero, is about |he least amount-of.." rule,.'you will not be misled by. numbers Hat sound the-best ear'can-hear. Then the levels are frequently used eVroneously.' . - ..'I ;. Ill 4 .i .22 >. - j L - 4 1\.;M. * -.* * Now what about the'spectmnof the noise; the character of the noise, andthe pitch.of the noise?. Figure ,2 illustrates octave hand levels. What.is an octave band? WdJ,if you're familiar. with thp piano youwiHre-: member that middle "C^ is approximately aja -Tit **e rmotuca aoa-x*oo mB_ Hoi-. . for eight hours there is no change in- theiraocfitory threshold as a .result of the eight; 250 cycles per .'second... Cycles per second -hour-exposure; -.But- as-we inerepsethis ex- mean, roughly, 250 changesiii atmospheric posurelevel to 85, 90, -95, .-100' and' 105,:-the pressure due4o a vibrating body.The parti subjectsbegan to. show significant, increases, cular octave band: that -includes middle "C in ihreshbld at.tBe.end of eight hours. :The would be 150-300 c/s.' exposure signal waspartofawhite noise,, Notice that the numbers are doubled as the it somided. like" hisring stesinu :These ex noise increases in' pitdi- and halved - as it: posures produce the changes shown.' -Notice' decreases in pitdi.; An increase of one octave that when the nense level , readies 105 .the .indicates-a -doubling of- frequency and -in-*, bearing loss) (temporary, - of course); .uk crease.in Tpitch on the piaho by one.octave;..'- creased to 60 dB;. .*' ' ie, from tniddle"C"- or C to the '.next."C". . You are probably, wondering why we did- woiddbe a frequency change ;fro*n 250'.to, -this-to young men) Tlhelbss is a temporary, 500. Frequency, orcycles/seconddetermines loss and-if. thecxposhre.is not oontinued too, the pitch of the-noise. Ibis gives the noise, long, reeoveiy talas place by the.nejct day. or its quality, limber, and character, .whether it tm. .This is why weean use these subjects' is.high, or low pitched) .)- r for'experiments. We. know they will re ..-Now why do'.we'measure'.frequency?.'. cover.. if . we expose' than' under controlled. Because it. is Very definitely -known -that' conditions. . = ' -j some frequencies have; more "effect on the ' We now-have a' lowirlevel that:can'.be ear. than; others and this must be considered considered a safe level for the,average; than. when standards are evolved. We know,.-for In other words, if the level is kept -bdow example, that the .'frequencies.from- 300.to . 85decibeis,.we'know that, anaverage person 4800 have'more effect on the' range' of hearing- will not have a' significant hearmg loss for: that we are interested in thah the frequencies ; everyday speech -15-or 20.years bier.;, :. below300. (We'doh't, know what thereasoh. Figure. 4 .shows- the - rebtion of .time -to is fgr this.) .- Frequendes'from;300. to 4800 energy. Notice the graph designated 106 -C.\ become the most important frequencies when 'criteria, for 'noise'! control-'aft considered. 1 1 I "I I..- , -Figure-'3 `shows other- factors .of-'noise-' that: we must .learn,"about; 'What level of - OCOKTUWOUS. >raiecNTTB.0N noise is necessary toproduce'a hearing loss? Perhaps' it would ;be) better.) to ask; "what', noise level will not produce, 'a' hearing loss?" Because of. many difficulties', accompanying field studies, we'.-had to go to the laboratory qnd run ' experiments' on normal -hearing young college pten and women. . 'V '_v -- For example, Figure 3 shows that when wC expose a. group. of twenty men 'to ap proximately 80 decibels (the. lower ordinate) EXPOSURE TNE <MM 1(V*4 J V. V '1964 National Safety-Congress '. It indicates'-that these -subjects wore ex-. -produces an inner ear change winch-results; ' ' posed for various numbers of minutes to 106 in dainageitd.-die nerve> endings.' It ;is per- ' ` .. decibek of continuous noise. At SO minutes' manent. Jtcarinot be treated; it must be prey -.. the hearing increased, to approximately 32' vented.- 'V "" . ;oi: 33 dedbds-Nextwe interruptedthe noise. ' On for 2;niinntes and off- for 2. minutes.' Nov, aftpr 50. minutes of exposure (half time on and .'half-tune off)'- the hearing level is .only .'about 20. dB. 'You. will say, "Of course this ' 'would t* true because there is only half the Autdmhtic Audiometers or; more correctly;;- self ` recording audiometers' are used, to'a V large extent, in industry. There are probably .; more' manual audiometers,- however, ' ;The;',v;;.`. results from these are completely comparable. - amount 'of .'energy," - but 'if ybu will .follow-' ' All 'bf you should think seriously.about;; .' die time.; line one inore sUij, from Sflf itolOO: testing-hearing.; No one should'be^employed'. minutes -you .wiir fihd.~that 100'-minutes.' of without a jpre-employroent.or a pre-placement; ` "half ohr-Jiajf ,off" does;.;not iiicreas? the hearing, test. This is important, to fhe- em- .. . . hearing level toiveiyTMemore- than half ployee as .wejl as 'the employer; It-is" im-?;;- ' .as .' much as 50; minutes;, of; Continuous; ex-. portant toslcnow.'whether the ;employee hasa; posure.. ; V' *'.'' ' . - heating. Kms already, or; has norinid-hearing. . . It bpopmes quite dbyious that time dis Not that the. manwho has a hearing Joss , is' ; tribution is an important , factor - in noise control. We lcnorw that when a person-'is exposed'for a specific period that is followed a greater risk. Actually the man; with; a hearing .loss is not agreater risk, as far; as noise; exposure is concerned. .We: haye def- ;-. .by a' specified period'duiing-whidi the noise' . level is below 85, dB,-he. will-not need , ear -- initely- shown this !in;spite of. the fact' tot somepeoplewiU argueaboutit. . .-. protection,. -The rest period acts as a pro-.: Figure' 7" gives a- few .important, .facts tecthredevice. We can.-now work time into about;the.ear with .respect to..its' sensitivity . oiir criteria forhoise.controt .Figure. 5;shows, a section through the human'.ear.' The. .external 'ear, -.where the arrows;are, is not.of much use. to most of.] -V i and range. The heavy, line indicates the sensitivity of -'the best ear in sound pressure; . level. ; The; line with; tjie clbsed.cirdes . . ' usexcept to cArry sound.tbthe dram head. ' .Tig middle earliesbefweaithebTolcen lines. - . To/the right of the second broken-Ihie is the -inner ear; called the' cochlea because it. looks .like a. snail.'. Within the snail' .for.-audiometers..-. Notice .'that-it'.b';a' little lughertbanthe best* eaiy- This is die present ? reference,'standard toed, toy determine if a:. subject's hearing.is wthm. hbrihal: limits. . . ' shaped, .bone is . the .sense organ Of hearing. ' - The; ear- can . operate within, a .'dynamic'; It is here that damage front noise exposure. range of intensities. that extends frgm-Very occurs.: The middle.ear is not affected in. faint-sotnkfs-to the sounds of a< jet engine'- - any way-by.'.iufise;exposure unless the noise' (about 140-dB).'At this level Jhe listener , happais to be an expidsive'type. The force ' notices paim Please-understand .^t.-damage . of the. wive front may dislocate the little is not commonly assodated with. pain. Noise middle car bones. Industrial noise commonly causes-damage to. hearing long before pain;: 24 ' ' - ' . i* .?',>' " . .tu.W Labor Sessions ' isexperienced. Most noises are not painful, ' but-many noises.will produce a hearing`loss. - hcarmg. levels, m .common use .. The ear is sosensitivethat V'lODOcycle tone (about, two "Cs" above middle "C"), ' barely heard will,move the drumhead about .. the distance of one-tenth the' diameter' of a :hydrogenmolecule;.. To put' .tins .in more familiar' terms,' if , one-tenth the weight of a- flea is dropped an. -.- the 'drumhead^' the brant-will respond. This. gives yon " an idea' of how sensitiye the ear ' `actually is: Therefore,' it.needs care and pro- :: tectioufrom noise,exposures'whose octave . - .timid levels arc above 85 to 90 decibels. The ' '.freqnmcy'' range, of `the car . extends from - ".about 20 cycles on die low end, which is'the ' . lowest note on tbe piano,. to- approximately '16-^-cr 20,000 cycles on- die high oid. Notice the' ear is less sensttive to low frequencies'; ... (below 500), and high, frequencies (above '3000)"than it is to the.central frequencies.' -The frequencies that are necessary to hear - speech are'those that;the ear hears best .'. High frequency 4oss is most- common in . The ,reason .for the. apparent increase is ''everyone..and is very interesting. Eeeaus* - due te lowering die' reference level from. 15 . people..will'spend agreat deal of money.-for. dB SPL (re-0.0002 dyne/cm*) to approxi-/ ' hi-fi equipment. :(out to 16--^and 20,000 cy- . matdy S dB SPL. (re 0.0002 dyne/dh'). ' cles), but by. die time they arc oid; enough' -. Actually the upper limit;of nonrial hearing to have money enough to afford this kind of. equipment, they can't, hearit, because aging is accompanied by 'a. high .frequency- loss. . for speech' Ts approximately. 25'- dB SPL-' (re' 0.0002 dyne/an,), .r^anness of audio-' ' meterzero. The crux'of the problem .lies :. '' I'm always reminded of. the .old lady whp was interviewed' by one'of Kinsey's :rieporters .and'-after, the interview , said, "This ' i in. die fact that hearing handicap-for speech' is related to' sound pressure level, the irefer ence foir which is 1U0002-.dyne/cm*, whereas 'man wasn't interested-, in high -fidelity, he audiometric .zero is biased on'-a statistical, was interested .in high frequency.H average of the hearing ina,sample pfyoung - (18-25 years old) -otqlogu^Iynormalears . . .. The importance of-high'frequences ouristandpoint is smalL Werdon't'heied fhroigmh ';>rapso.rata.nfut npcotioinnt of to frequency.' This u an im explain. because. you. .will > frequencies for much, of-anything unless we . happen to be',a;picook> player or'flutist. And even many musicians. have significantTosses- undoubtedly -have some problems iwith. it ' -later on. 'ia-thehighfrequences. ; Figure 9 indicates various Jevels of hearing. :'....-i''iaeaais.h-nndursratgediFgefvnn-f.gtieni-ehcgce;'sewuIeuusiDsttrlepyst-eeuitsdteo'dfap.tr-sdian8ptin1n'hdnuwet5gadbanrit'rlartdhld`i/lo.rniBisitdassmhgu:r,,.esiorrfaasieot;uebupurt;odtrporpe-uiartmobf'edsttnemhseencs1eyeaena0iontso-uttirep;t.uosuAdmraerrne'eombua;amuzb.drelbppie.leiereeoherniflctmmerosltoiayao\eoil,nrdsontobienfbwesfrgwbch-tsea,azrooerneuefwmnaodsrifngeeo-er-r.-*'....-.' '-bntditpmtwnhoheericfeeoailcftor.pinht1ee,cw'o6tsraua,asrssbeldrentaeteesydBhgrsgpiei-linehsryn'aieec,estbltowo.aal.eon:tfrtpvove/isnrneiedettlgahho.-s-',;net.eret.hsodma'n,pJiWsar.teoia',arnehbds'lpcget..hoapnh*ieniPnn-Yemrde`tsaot,aeooahr^rvnipyedhine'les.gewrrfhay':aiwnpderiliildlneahna-lncayrgor2flino:oun6lHyidrigtfmmaeweedvsB;taphieeh'n-aen'v;nacuriroereeepotft-.-'/j.-,'i -'speech.' When the new" zelro reference is ' . Some frequendes arc more,important for1 . standardized.the.upper limit of normal hear- everyday speech than otherfc'.as- Figure 9 . .-ing'for speech will be 26 dB. - also, shows. They are 500, T,QOO and 2,000 .. ' '.'r'--'25.- *' i ; .|..i -' ' '* 1964 National Safety'Congreti 'V. . -.practimlivel3 w heabwo. ' uarcrmtkimim MINC OF NOMIAL isin the ihner/ehrandthe loss is called a" senspri-'neural loss. -.? '.' .. Figure 10 illustrates hearing lost due to agci ' THe age; factor in heating loss . is; an. important one from-a. research;standpoints Thisgraph indicates hbwmuch-lbss onecanf HEMM LEVEL-AS*' rWCflfil Of ME =':- , ; OMH*JOE-.Oea*TWO MM". 40 so Me m mas cycles/second.;JRemanbcr, thcse are; also .the ;; frequencies for- which; the ear is most- sen:,- - expect' in the average person as a; function of sitive. v Any criteria forevahiating impair-' age. "Noticejhat the. speech' frequencies '(we ment is usually'based on the-averageof '-the", left `out '-500 c/s'because it'-is the same as loss at these'three frequencies...-' ` l,000c/s)sh6w only slight change:with age. Total ' impairment, is : reached. when .'the-" Age does not produce a communication. pTobr. lem provided' the central. (brain) mechanism average. of. these frequencies reaches 82-dB' iscapable, of interpreting'the auditory sig re present :zero, or .92 Ye new- zero. -This does not mean , total hearing' loss.; - It means ' nals. Therefore.we do hot feel' there-, is. any nedd to correct: audiograms' for ager-prior to* that: underfordinary circumstances,, a person - determining compensation for hearing-' im-. yvithf this hearing flevel.cannot carry- oh ' a . pairment., satisfactory. conversation..- .'Such f a' person - ' " ' ' .* -' -- .can hear, biit the human voice c^mioi 'itaia- '. '- Now'-what happens to ears when they are taip thislevel longenough to carry on a.sat- -- exposed to ijoise?.. ' islaOory- conmimitttion:' Impairment then, : Figure 11 shows a summary of thoustuids lis' between these two'hrariirg'levilft. : of-records. .Notice 1,000.and 2,000 eyries, Audiograms- irSicatethegeherai' kiqds .of'" -the-important speech .frequencies.' They show hearing losses, that' occur. ' These" depend' on;: where the pathology 'is/ .You will recall I. ' mentioned the. middle 'ear.. .-If damage oc curs' here;-for .any :.reason, "a-, conductive; hearing Ipss results. ..Whenhearing- is meas- . ured with an earphone over the ear* and. an V elevated'threshold.is found; but when. meas-. . tired'With a^ vibrator ori theskull, which by- : passes.the middlV ear,.and a-hormal thres hold is found, this indicates',the pathology is-ip the. middle, ear, the-Joss is called'! a eon-' ductive fiearing loss. . ' . .When; the-hearing measured via the skull awjvia the ear-is-the same, the pathology MUM mmn p Mi. M ' - ' / Labor;Sesst<ms-: 'increasing.. loss during'.the. entire/:30-year. Permitted Weekly Average Exture\ exposure.;'.We itave. people .who have been- V Frequency exposed up' to.ovcr 40;yCars. - Notice 'that. 8-1.6- Band. '-. the higher frequencies (3,000and 4^W0) Iose ' .1960 c/ Hoiira Per Week ar . as . i'. 3:\ io ;:_40 . /during..'the-'first-;-10 or.l5years:and then T -. 63 ;a0-: TS 185 138 &' US 110 106-' show no further: loss; except, what:-would-. . be' expected/ from age. -Of' course^ if -the . re 250 600 75-150 -. 150-300" - 300- 600, 135 130 120 110 106. 100 185 12S 115 106 -96. 06 180 135 110 100 . 96 - 00 '- noise'level: is increased,-- the .hearing; threshold . .will, be elevated proportionately. . 10003000 -4000 . 600-1200. re:.iao. no 100 -so 1200-2400- .130. 116 -106 .100 90 2400-4800 . .120 115 106:100. 90 ss 86 SS '/When, we . first discovered that .high fre-. ' .8000; .4800-9600 ' re. US' 106 100 90. .86. S-1.6:i960--American Standards Preferred Fre-.'; quenaes -reached maximum loss; in 10-15 .. quenctea for Acouatlcal Ueaaurementa. -. . ycars, wc-thdugh't we wcmldn't.need to worry' - V'' ' about- hearing conservation after' 10 years _ FIGURE 13 /- /; -: exposure. Unfortunately this did not apply Figure 13 iS-a; table" showing the .hearingj" > to:the'important' speech frequencies/We be- conservation criterion-tliat has been, proposed s "litve that these' frequides Will also -reach a. , by ..the. Bureau of: Labor: - It Lis;, a.'fairly. - maximum Toss evenfually.'.but with the:noise - sbuhd proposal. . Thert iareTsooie..technical. ..levels generally!ound in industry the" average- faults that coiild'be corrected to;maiceit, man will riot- work long enough' to re&ch tins. - somewhat better.-:.It-: is a little' ihore con- : ._!point ;.. ' --- servative than necessary. !' . '.. /.Now what' about population statistics?. Ibis criterion is based-oii the equal energy' Figure 12 indicates that ^pprpximately.4-1)2 .. law, which states that no matter how a rioise ; 'million mates' between . 10. and .59-years' of is distributed over a day; (continuously or -; .age have, hearing levels of 15' dB or greater. .intermittently), -as. long' as.' the.'total is' the *. #, . : . - same, the-effect will hit the same. This -is.; not.quite, true,-but as I say, it isednserva- tiii tuom- - 1 esriHMSiMn ar* .' tive and we won't'.object too strongly. bm urn.. t Mii or a reg* ' 1M <Y MM-,- ..I-.happen-to.'be Chafrman of an Interna- C/I ;iional 'Standards''Organization Working mra . .... mm MU. wwmo mm nMtiud.iu ttSMa* .1: ` . - - Group; that is working on the problem: of ; rating noises for'--various'purposes..,. - V11 MM . 3MB f*BsBBr iato t . . OB-49 .jm $1 ' MMWm,Mi * W4M l,MN & NM* m.--M mjm Hit* min 4,9ki4mr , .* . -. Figaro .14 showii a' series '.of 'complex '. carves which can-be used to rate noises. Today ;we're interested only, in the: one forhearing conservation, . -If-a noisc is on. for t nj. i*s mi. @ five or more hours per day, (for. practical purposes `this is an all-day exposure), five; -at lOOg. c/3 and oyer, a.milliqn of ;these:meri- ' days a week, for 10 years or so aim, if.the/ 'level-'of noise exceeds the -curve 'designated . have need for some sort, of assisfahce.tohear : as -85. at,- any point along its .-entire- length, . '-.ordinary--speech.' Notice' particularly that-. a. hearing conservation program-.should- be-'. 3 per cent of; males between .50 and .59. uped 1 considered.'-.y- ' *. i-\'.- " '-. assistance'; according - lion'swhpitt.- . to'this general popula-' ' It's amazing how.-, many .'countries: - have- accepted these, levels independently: .Russia, '. Statistics-taken/from a sample of . a noise 'France;,-Germany,- Austria, -Australia, .Brit- - exposed-population.show that 26 per. cent'of : .airi, Japan and many, rnore are/using -this the. males between 50-59 years 'of.'age'need curve .to/ draigiute .the. need- for :hearing:- .-assistaince,.sur increase of-over -20 per cent'. - conservation -. when. the exposure is: con- - " when" compared to the general population. . :tinupus fbr- 5. hours or1 more per day.- This is concrete evidence that should do .- .FigureJ5-indicates what.can be'done-about 1 somctliihg about protecting mat vWmwork in cdptiniious. noise tiuit is on for lessthanj '/. noisy occupations.- And I.can .say categor- . ..hours per day. If. a person is to be exposed '. icaHy.that'a good hearing conservation pro1 for less than 120.minutes, the; criterion curve . gram' will. reduce this to a negligible -number. ' changes as'-indicated in this slide.' * V; - . 27 . 1,; -1 *' **/r * 7.'V/;;. 1964 National Safely Congress none .MTiwa mu m wro--imnr EXPOSURE ,.V** ordinate crosses dose to . tins intersection.. ' If .lhese .apprd3cinate ."oo times? and "off times" are adhered to, nosigmficant hearing loss will otxbrovier an ?raage work life. ' '. If you cannot .'nieet.'these general guide lines' with . respect ; to -intermittent noise, . ' . you should . serioudycnosider:- a .hearing ' conservation program:; v': A"-hearing conservation "program consists. of (1) noise-e*pbsure analjws, (2) ; noise- . exposure oontrol and (3) measurement af. < W -MO 1000 .... M0O . Hi.- ..SCO.,. 3000 . -- 0000 Hr '... * mi4trtqumnctr% Klait Ws hearing.'-' 'You should - havegalhered 'from my thik that noise-exposure analysis'ismore; .than just'measuring noise. '-Yon. mustkhow Avengrc leverof what' the- exposure is A .noise, level -cah-: be 180. dB and if'these, is no one around . 800-1200 and .1200-2400 - " c/| bands - . On-t(immienupteesr)day it doesn't matter. On -:the- otherl-hand/a noise levd -can.be 83- dB .and' if. a'.inah -.is;, \8980ddBB ' ; Less than 300 lectM than 120 * 96 dB '.. .. . Less than 60! exposed onlyhalftbe' time he is all- right,, but if the exposure lasts all' day, he will lOOdB Leas than 2S' ; 'undoubtedly sustain s bearing low oyer a long. '- .. 111006vddBB "'. "LLeesssstthhaann'-1126 - period; ; ? * V 116 dB V . '-Leas than 8 V; 120.dB/ .- Less than. 6;' V. : ' FIGURE 15 '..' -"--'Now what- .about', mxser txmtrol^ - Noise. ' can .be-.Controlled at the source. This- is ' theoretically -easy to .say,: but' believe me. it - - Figure 16 indicates' what - can. be- done is,, not .nearly ias- siinple.'ito; dal 'We have -.when the noise exposure is intermittent .If looked at manynotse sondoes with respect . thenoiieis ratedas lOd, and the'man is tor* to .iioise;^tr6L ; Many npis ' can be.cim-: 1 beexposed for IS minutes.we want, to know trolled tQ;a .'degTee':where; thiey will not. be '.how much ''quiet he needs before be caii; nearly: as. harmful*-but .very few;of .them'. take another 15mimitesof exposure. <Qmet . can-be reduced to tbe point ofnodamage. . is defined as;, aqy ; noise , rated bdow ^85). ; We' encourage yon tp doallyoa can: to .- Merely follow ;:the ..IS minutes . ."on - time" . control noise at the sooiae;in anyway you .'ordinate-;to .where.-if intersects the;carve can. that' is ..reasonable;- hot de pot expect .' designated 100 and determine,what "off time" flat you will eliminate the problems -except 28 : :^/ ' Vte;.'v r i w :+.-' \/a.-.v ." - XV /' *~* : h " -.'._ * '* t*'s=\ I , - * * (I i ; . ..* . *. . : LaborSfxsums in inmstol, casei For : example,' take a drop My 'stodc .answer is.'Thebest ear: pro-. hammcr^ Tie noiie from a drop- hammer, tector is the due that is' worn." rail .lie controlled but the niachine camibt No;matter how. good a protector is, if.The men will qot wearfhern becauseof -an. in . ; . but by bo meam least, is measiire- ordinate-amount of discomfort.-they:are:n6t - .iiM3it:!of . :liesuriigj. .The' two measurements . modi good. . V ,/ .- .tint areYmost - important' are. pre-employmCnt '.tests` and redreck tests- every-12-18 ; months - on men who work in noise. Pre- '. : Despite lay ic^nnions,' ear projectors will nbtmake it impossible or even more difficult., to hear waniing'signals or spoken commands, . .. employment examination 'does not apply only to tliase moi.fb. wifl'work in: noise. We feel' that; everyone should 'have a hearing. ' ' when they are worn in a noisy environment. In fact,the.reverse is-true. It is actuallyeasier ~ to' hear' when protectors ate./.worn- . test rYw. never-- know, what a 'man' will': be transferred into a noisy job. while in note ' . .. Briefly,1 drat is a hearing conservation !. program. We have stated. that. most .in dustrial noises-.cannot Be reduced to * safe ., /level by control at'.the--source. -'What -can - be. dooe? The obvious' answer ' is control 'tit-the ear.' This can be done by enclosing; ' the: man ' (sound. control, booths), or bycovering the ear. The two most common . methods- are by ear .plugs or ear muffs. -' A .. third whidr-wilIsoon.be available is neither ,. The dwjce. bf apititecfor is based upbn; tfie . place whereit will-be-worn- aiad-.the'. acceptabilityby the .Wearer,.. All; protectors are.'relativdy equal inattenuation-(amount of protection),^Cotton gives vety.littl^ if any,. 'protection.' As with all'- maner. of.safety de vices, msuiy: objections, to wesurmg ear pro-, -teetbrs - Will be raised. None of: them is -valid' nor.important .enough -fo: excuse any- - one from- Wearing protection.' ' . a muff nor a. plug; It-will close theopening Hearing is.a/priceless, gift: It is worth to the external car., without covering -the. keeping..' . ;.77 -I'..'V-'i-v-.. , ;': -" ear &p or inserting Into the. or canal. .V It is important to latow thatanyear pro- \ t. "Guide tor. Conservation-of Hearing in- tector will be uncomfortable for a.short while when .it is first used.. The . problem Noise." Transaction* of the. American, - . Academy of- Ophthalmology A - Otolaryn- ' gology Supplement . is-to. get protection": with as:litt!e discomfort: Z' Nebe.and Tout Ear. 'Aram .GIorlg, Grune .as possible. ... - A; Stratton. Publishers, New. Tew.' -I ant' frequently asked, "Whidi is' file'best Z "Mm Effect*, of Noise" . Journal of XAiynjnlogy and Otology. Tot. 75, No. 5. 'ear. protector?^'. 1 WHAT TO DO WHEN THE BAG^ BREAKS d: - -:. - By RALPH W.- NETTERSTROM. . Chief/Division of Maritime Safety, Office kxf OccupatlorlalSafety,\ - \ Bnrcan of SUndsfds' * . While -I realize that: the majority of ;yoti safety arises from the fact that: it adminis? are. a long way, operationally, and in most 'tors for the Secretary of Labor'Public .Law cases, geographically, from the. waterfront, 85-74.passed, in. 1958. Tlus act gives the all-1 your plants' are* at. Both ends, of the' secretary the,responsibility for promulgating - transportation pipeline' and to some degree and enforring safety, regulations and other must deal- with chemical hazards and sitrilar wise promoting-'safety in employments under - problems. Certainly those of you who'are the Longshoremen's and- Harbor Workers'. enga^ed in land transportation have'' many - . Compensation-Act. These employments .uh identical groblans.. dude mainly longshoring -and ..ship - repair-. The BUreau's specific interest in maritime ing -aboiurd ships and in some -cases' ship- . Hi * * s *1 *, - a.-i.j til f. - p ' ;:li>64 National Safely Congress . r build!tig andaliipbreakingon vcsselsafloat refrigerant in one incident almiit' lS year* r' | , The act does not: cover imeiiibers of the ago. Therehave been two cases,' one on the crews of vessels nor'does'.it cover, waterfront- ship andone.ori the docki of large chlorine' l. ` workers, on. the per or in (he yards and cylinders developing massive wUdi ' . . shops:ashore. .TheK: IaHer are under slate resultedin njany -Jougihoremexl;- suffering -. ,.i \;- -.. cbmpensationand safety. jurisdiction just ,- varying degrees of exposure^ Some of.fhem '1 as are"the majority of you^ - -required hospitalization. ' There haye 'also j ' .Longaiioriiig'.is. used tocover . .been-several wfodi>ra^were ! : thework of: Ibadiig aid fi:hdrging cargo ^ Vdstd'fp fumigated, gnunor hied cargo - ; -;i .. into add Mtdf ships and bargb-Stev^ririg W^- ^:npt ^.Pr^Iy a!.red out be-; ; i ;;: . is a term also often applied to the same fore ibemg .loaded aboard. the vessd. In world' In the wait; that sbme of yoii ari these cases, also> there >?^e no lasting ijl. Vi. . : j among die.manjr-peojile-who:find: the .two..-effects.. -.confusing, stevedoring technically: indudes There, are among any. group of'-men. a !.: the fplanning of.: the stowage, of cargo to '- few .who. are'especially allergic-'to a'spedfic : ensure.- the safety of`- both the yessel and: product Castor:.beans is an example. 'A ' the-cargo, while'lrnigdjodqg v'covers the 'numberof;years-ago Several'.cases'turned `. skills-and. efforts involved in actually-ddng - up in .which the entire-gang developed/ ' the jiib..l^ie simplest means.of distinguish- ' all^^c and toxic, symptdhs from a castor . ingthe two istorrernember that-there are . bean product- Then there have beeh many longshoremen's unions aiid. stevedoring com-.rases, in'which one'oirtwo menina gang. - . paiue5.-Sitice both the compaisatioh act and . .suffered'bums, rashesr and other toxic efr ' ' our safety program are directcd tOward.the ; fects, few-.of which required hospitalization.- ' .protection- of-.: the workers, - werefer. to:the . J ;do not offer-the abirve summary: of fatal * . ; :ppentiop as.longshoring.;. ' ' \r i \ and.serious rases .as. being-.tomplete. and I . : In longshpring,-as in-other ..phases'o'the'..`hopejyou'dp; not :iii'fer. tha^I consider the-- .: ;. transportation industry, there'should .he ho chemical hazard lobe. unimportant. I am .' chemical hazards despite the fact' that all of. merely trying to show.that despife the large ' .' the chemical -products which; are; manufac- . variety mid. tonnage of chemibal. products -'hired and. used in.industry1,' many of them .handled every year there: are vrjpr few. .setoxic, corrosive or flammable,-are .-trans- rious injuries. To -be;specific,:Jast yeajrof. ported by.land arid sea, and some .by air. 'the-total-of'22,50injuries: repented to'die- . -The reason that. I say longshoremen and Bureau of- Employes' Corapensation, :375 or transportation workers normally are not ex- -1.7.per cent involved exposure .to.fires'-and; - ' -posed-to these chemical hazards' is that the . hazardous chemical cargoes^ ' j .... } >' ' hazardous chemicals-arc packaged to conf ..Both... the ..Coast Guard, .and': the ' ICC.. - . tain the product The transportation worker through their-, control ..of-., packaging' and as 'well, as the men on the. leading .dock or - stowage and. they Department. pf OAbdr*=:"' ( in ;the'warehouse handles' the. sack,'drum - through'its .safety regulations,'which place - ' box or otherpackage, and not the product requirements on the stevedore,.areworidng ' itself; . ' , . **. to reduce the hazards to the lowest practical Exposures- to ichemicals in, longslioring minimum........ .............'- --. aboard ship or jn any other form pf trans- For example,1 dSuigent regulations have ' - ' i - --'.. portation is. in itself an iweident:' Except, been placed by ! the .Coast - Guard on- the ; . i for duSty'rargoes in bulk or-in .loose mesh -handling, of-ammonium-.nitrate to'prevent a- V ^ f. . . - sacks, the oply"exposure'ocairii when the .repetition .pf-the Texas.Oty. explosion.dis^ y container^ leaks or is 'ruptured. Accidents of; aster. ' The' hazard-, of - COj from 'dry ' ice this'.iype are not infrequcnt: but-the vast was eliminated- by .prohibiting- its- bang . majority of exposures have been either ipiile stowed below 'deck. ' 'The ' Department oi . | harmless or.had verf'minor effects,. Labor now requirfs-the stevedore.to make-. . -J-.. To the :best. ;of .tny recolltetion, in. the -certalii ;ia^';tliari._M^'.'t^:*inil^^ ' ; . United -.States over. the' past. 20. yea'rs, there rargo has been properly aerated. have been two disastraiis cargo flres which We worjcfd with' tlie. International ;Long- ' look...men's lives aboard' ship. 'Two men dioremen's : Association, the Coast-Girard,. . were'killed .by', carbon:dioxide used as a and the. importers toBan-shipment of un- i 1 . .. ` ' ' h` v;. Labor- Sessions- '...* treated castor potinace and tov improve-the and swallowing a little dust if it does not -packaging to .further reduce- the, exposure tastebadorchoke'us. . ' ,olh>5tofcastor bns. Unfortunately, our. sqisesdo. not give . . In,.the 'case of the .chlorine leak aboard . us timely -warnings of mariydiemicals,-and - ship,, we found thatwe shaired'm a-very . we sire'.in some degree- of troubIe ;before .- . .' .'widespread..ignorance of some of the pre- . we detect' the-' fact'that the sutetance -is cautionsnecessaryupon discovery of a leak- , harmful, Wewanted Vs find' a practical . -. ingcylinderih the hold" of a yesseh. We means'of. suppljSrigthe necessary infonna- studied the problem' thoroughly and worked, tiori. 'and warnings' before. the emergericy with the Chlorine lnstitute iri developing a arpse so that roen'Woiild. not rely_ontheir pamphlet-which-was distributed'to the in-1 senses to avQidexposure. ' '. " dustry.Webelieve that the. application of. ` labeling on packages of course,. one . this information^ prevent a reprtition of *,1^. The Manufacturing Chemists' As- this massive . leak and the consequent dan; sodation has developed * set of recommended gerous exposure of large numbers of. men. labelsfir iise on many specific priiductsaiid . The. pamphlet'also emphasizes the need for a number , of manufacturers use them. We . . ' extrwne care m handling the qdmders So are.strg|y in support of thii practice t . ..aymaTracturpig them by, dipping, , which only for the protectioriof' transportation. . .. .was the situation on the-dock. .. workers but of 'workers in the=plants that ' You may work- in- a -plant-.that-.'uses ..use-the products'and of-the 'individualscon-' .. chlorine-, daily and be'fully...familiar, with sumer. The-Department' however, has no \ all of ils:properties, hazardsand'means of authority to.require the.use.of labels in fiie - '-. preventing leaks. aiid protecting;against ex- United States, let .alone'by-shippers, abroad. ' . : posures. - You may. say, why ' doesn't. ..the The faihiliar red, yellow, green and. white - stevedore ki*>w: all; about this stuff?-There ;;labels. required. 'by-,the-(iast'.Giiai'd. and ' m-e two reasons.--One is-that'Jw may never ICO oh many hazardous cargoes are cer-. handle this product-The . other is that; Jie . tainly i'of- great value but-they cover-broad-- may'have handled.the cylinders, from time-- categories'; of products', and. simply .cannot to-.time over-'a period of years' and very give-all the information which we believe to possibly , riever. even ' smelled the.'chlorine', be necessary. 'Language differences in kitir- because the cylinders, performed, their func^ natipmil-trade is-a problem that'-the ;ILQ-las . ' . ' tion and allowed none to escape. .'been seeking to-'overcome .through interra- ' : /. We'-recognize that this chlorine was a ,iona> adoption of a unifoim set' of picto; . good example of the situaticm with-which 8?bs to indicate flammables,'xorrouvev - the employer is -faced in regard to all of : t&*lcs' etc.-TTiW agMn, while catuply of . the.chemicals he handles:. a-wide variety of. .are limited in the amountof roforma-, . ^. 'products, many of which .he never handles; tion they can convey. . .. most of them in relatively small quantities You might''say,' why not-sunply'require. ' '.. in'a given, lot; and the fact thatfarely are.-' the'; stevedore to. obtain- the -information':... - the longshoremen exposed fc-the toxic prod- any way he can as long as'he gets it? As. .'ucts they handle. But still there dan be' and a matter of .fact, we made a preliminary are.-'actidental exposures, and .the question proposal ofa regulation along these-lines. '.; remsiins as to what lo do -when the bag It doesnotiiowappear tcfbe' practical be-^ ,breaks.. : .v .- cause. of the -present difficulty faced by the' ' Most longshoremen, like the rest of us, v, become. wary in the presence' of a strong, madota-in alI -cases.\^Ve try, even..though we . Unfamiliar*.odor,- may- be 'hesitant to slop . cant convince ;-cvwyonp:o this,, tp -tnake . . around in. a liquid which hums on contact our Mgfa*m practical- ,W want them Cd ._ : and aren't .likely to'.pop bits, of unknown ' be. observed in time to prevent lnjuneSTr . material,.into their mouths. Also, like the nptsimply to.Use them to dub an employer . trheesitr'of- us. they aurpe-.wlikiteh'l^yanto obdeogfunideidsby' - r^, after hhias*n,nfs'-dtou:rac-'ltoongfroiidllorowmathn^e!n::,Whaes' . not too unpleasant, wipe up something by . therefore looked-elsewhere.for a solution. . . - . hand if it dot^n't-hiirt-therskin-right away, ./As l indicated .earlier, the .Coast`Guard - . and not.'worry-too- much 'idiout 'breathing -and.the-ICC^both have regulations presarib^- : .s 31 L n.- y >' I- . J96i National Safety Congress .. . v. ingthepaclragingofhaxardoasmaterials. contacts and which ones nnut be avoided : TheCoast Guard regulatumsafe contained entirely;- what specific type of respiratory " 'in; Tart 146 of Title .46 o the Code'of protective equipment iboald be.womand .FederalRegulations. They are entitled. "Ex-,/ the conditions tmder; whkk it is ..imiiltely. plosive qr, Other. Dangerous Articles.. andV to be ''needeiL. We.plqn to include infdrma- ' ,; ' Substances a^ Cooibustnde ljqmds on tion'on.syniptbmsof oyer-exppsure andfirst Board Vessefe" - As.yon' can.well imagine ' aid tirato^t, with particnlar; referjce to . - the publication is proportionate in size to those cases which should recave ; medical ` > .the length ofits title, covering as it does ' attention.- . ':-.- more ttern. 1800 speaficitems. -.- . : ' It is our presentintentkm to'jprOvide the . . In .ad^tion .lto spe^ying.pa^gmg^ enyl?yer. wi&-.tte pan?pMet :We 'smU;ret . quirements, the-regulations-^so.-cover.'tiie: .'^re ;.htin-to'-jdhi^.;'tiie;;'4hngerottS'';cargo-.. stowage requirements aboard various-types ' manifest -for the name3 rof^commodities he' of rvesseli Some products must be on deck mayhaveto handle and the'marfcs on the . where tii<9 can-ite watched and, if necessary- cargo hy vdudi he.cah identify. it Refefnng washed'over tlie.side,' some must be pro-, to the pamphlet, he willhave the needed tected against heat. as froni the boiler.spaces, infonnation to pass: on to his supervisor . . and otKers-must not.be stowed with prbducts. and (when twcesHuy) . his . employes as to ^. : . . .,mth .which'they, .would rea^' if mixed. The .what, to'do in any situation wliidt may arise regulations indicate which cargoes must be .- in tarns, of protective clothing^ respirators, .. labeled. ... ' '- ' . gas-masks or-other respiratory protective . : TW r^^ infor- equipnusat to be worn, and put^ which Biin. on tire hazardous.-properties of the should be taken m deanuig up and disposing. substances; and, general' precautions;to .be" of,spilled material. 1 . ! : taken. FInally, the regulationsrequire/not ^Vehqpeinthisway.tohelptheemployers that ;the-chemical name'of all- products be avoid any increase-in- the cases, of injury necessarily placed on the padcage, but. that from toxic a,,d flamn^ble' cargoes despite it. be listed;on the manifest with identifying . -the variety aiid tonnage of- marks on the cargo so that the ship operator chemical products being carried. We arc . ;amd the Trill ki^ whaf tiie prod- M;tiat . thb ready source of information . . . willfind use in-other formsbftrahsporta- These manifesting requirements apply to tion also. .We hope also that our efforts imports as wdf.as to; exports. - They-have along tins lihe 'will further stimulate manu- . V been in. existoice for many years and are : facturerir toimke rimiiar information avail? . to ajarge extent adhered to. These doeu- -. able'to. their customers... Knowledge-of the. v. - mentsareavaiiable.toandusedbythesieve- chemical nameof asubstance, rather than dore in plaiming.his work. a- trade nmh( must 'be available-before any . -. . : \Vnai ire : nn endeayoring ' to do is to one' ean determine the hazards mid the riec- ;develop^' pamphlet which, will 'indicate; for- cssary precautions. . \ each- of the commodities listed the-hazards' f must mention*one important - chemical produc^ by and the precautions, inc!uding hazardwhidCexists aboard ship as wellas . , emergency equipment necessary for handling jn many plants and warehouses.'.It & not . ' leaking'rs.ruptured containCTs under ..the a hazard created- by the 'cargo. but one conditions/ which prevail in . handling cargo create! by the stevedore's equipment. This . ybaard'ship;. -. ... ;. istbe exhaust gas from' internal combustion 'v_.' .; . It . will indicate those commodities; which - engines in lift .trucks " used'aboard ahip.\A , . could / develop. flammable 'atmospheres' and' . ship's hdd. can .fc .Iikencd: to. a warehouse '* whrihri- the'. gas '.or vapors. would; tend" to . witii about one-third, to one-half of' the. roof diffuse through' tiiev op hatch^ or fo ac- cut away'in the'center. The trucks may dinnilate in the.bottom of the- hold;.what. work* on-surfaces-anywhere from-8.to.30. . incipient fires can be extinguished by pour-: or 40 feet below the bole.in the roof.' While ' ing the contents of'the water container on the- general tehdency of the hot exhaust. . it .and whair fires'.would be spread or en- gases to rise through the hatch inmany : hantted' by doing so; what commodities -will cases prevents.^ dangerous concentration of. . .:.- dq iittle liarm in brief mid. infrequent skin carbon monoxide the natural circulation is.. ; ; : Labor Sessions : often ton; limited..; Men have been deposed is - being made.^ foward solution of " these' to dangerous ', concentrations. Here again ; chemical hazard problems. ' Through; our iqost of themleft- the hold before they. Were ' promotional efforts more andmore stevS.- \ seriously, banned) but a few have required, dotes and longshoremen are recognizing the , hospitalisation. About,. OJr per cent. of. .all potential hazards-' of- spillsL The men tend. ( injuries;last-year,involved /carbon monoxide. to be more wary . and' the stevedore is. be-.: Carbon tnonoxide-isoneof those chemicals ' ginning to call-in a chemist to advise him ' about which- what the nose knows is) of no cm the degree . of hazard and the means of. . hdpi '.It is odorless. Werequire.the Steve? .overcoming it. : dore to-make periodic; tests of the atmos- ; The Coast. Guard h*sTrecehUy contracted , .' phere-iri which .internal "combustion engine With the- Nationad Academy of Sdencesfo'r powered-equipment. is operating. ; He -must.- assistance' in 'dealing- with hazardous cargoes,, see that -through forced ventilation' or other- particularly the increasing -.nambei' of them-'; , wise the concentrations of carbon monoxide which are' being or- will ;be carrirtj in' bulk;' stays belqw the generally accepted'.threshold' -Two of the Academy's committees--that- chi ' limit value of lOOparts per million. . Hazardous Materials, and the Advisory'Crti-; If . concentration god over this Rvalue, he ter.cm Toxicology, are working on the- proj must-get the-men out until .he-can again, ect The results of their studies .will'provide. bring the concentration down.' Through an the tedmical dajaneededby theCoast Guard educational process we-are getting both men indeveteping regulations to protect vessel/ - and' management to recognize ' that' a. man ' operating personnel, men whohandlc loading -.feeling'headaches, nausea"or other symptoms- ' and unloading, .and the general public-from-' should not'he allowed to climb; out of the. 'exposure' to chemical- hazards.-. hold-Tfie greatest danger of a fatality, from- ' We are also happy to see that the Manu- ; CO-aboard -ship is that' of a man,, deprived : factoring - Chemists' Association -, is publish of jOxygen'.hy the-carbon monoxide-in his- ing a.series of placards which are; to -be - blood, not being.-abie to quite nuke it to the .'used-on-' shipments to.provide necessary in- top of the ladder and' falling to; his death. - -fprnation to cope with an acrideriton the It hasn't happened -and we hope we-have- highway. - ' - ' headed, it-off.. /-, ' In conclusion I offeriny apologies to. those ' To get- back to the chemical, cargo haz- of you' who came -expecting to learn:/spe? . ards, .1.' think you can recognize the fart. ctfically' what to- dowhen-the teg-.breaks, . - that we have embarked bn a: project that I hooestly. can't ten you about more than' a will - take- some . time to complete. : I am. few bags; but.I am going 1o learn and hope-. happy.to say'that, in the'meantime, progress our work wiU hdp you leam also. : WINNERS OF 1963 LABOR CONFERENCE SAFETY AWARDS Printed at tabor session-by Hunter P. . The first-such- awards were presented at ; Wnmrlon, Vice1 President for-Labor of the the-1961 National- Safety Congress, honoring.., National Safety Council, and General Presi union organizations and individuals for out- dent,-International Union 'of. Operating En standing efforts carried out in I960. gineers, AFLrCIO, Washington, D. C. ; The -award for-labor organizations, has ' -. In I960, the Labor Conference of 'the Na ' been designated The Harry Read Memorial tional /Safety Coundl approved an. award Award for Labor Organizations. Theaward plan' desighed to give tangible, recognition was named;in'honor/of the late assistant for . outstanding safety efforts by union or-, to the secretary-treasurer of AFl>CIO for gariizations and individual members of the . his . work in promoting labor participation labor, movement. - . .in organizrtl Safety, for 'his service on. the ' ' : Xti- i; 1 -/f: /. V^^y-OV'-. : I9&t: {Jalional Safety Congress ... 1 - '\ ;. Rational Safety- Council's board of. directors,' tioneiy:-Wpricers'Local Uriion VNo. 3 of andforhis work as one of-' thefbunderspf i Lotig Island City, N. Y.; i theliborConf^ceoftheNatiocalSafety -i- Brother:Miller las; been a.,tireless,worker ',. Council.:.;. :/~i `"yy-v :'Vi.-y vwho;efforts;an4- dedicari6n; mi:setfing up There are three: caitegbriesfbr. the' Hairy; the safety;program" for: Ins Local .wetei'tomr . -Read-Metndrial Aw^d.- 'TTi^e arp: yyvy - mended, by. the ^mmtt^'^e;il)tfd"an ' ya)'. Awards of'-Honor v: y ~ ' ; ^ b^.-Awiid of Merit V? ' A-'- ' 'outstanding:job;in establishing"relations be- .;. -hfeeai'the.LwalOTdtheB VStahdards of toe .U./Si.Bcpfc'-qf ;Lflbor,;the' ,,, V c) Award -.of Commendation-.;. ;;New .YorkyState Xh^vbfVli^ . r . -There iate -three citations awarded;-to..;m- Dept o'f Hedthj the H. Y. Gty Fire. Depti dividuals in.the.labor movement TTiey are 'and.the.Hatib^Saf^:Cb*m^.'y i'i ' ;i' ;>'ifori '-. VV'y'- ' 4. Qtation; f6t V- Mtaitorious; Seryice;;to * - ; V a)'~Distingiushed Service to Safety' : Safety is .awarded tovWilliatn McCullough^ :-.v b) Outstanding 'Service' : V c) Meritoripus Service - '^ot Oitam HydM lOOO. of TorontOi OnL. Canada. . v- v.. -This is ithe first'thiie'that' aniaward has " - . Citations are grantedto union- people who ' been -granted, to a rhembdr of the Canadian r ' . have contributed outstanding Work on -behalf labor movement ' ' .--y'-'v- of.accident prevention. .. V : -The judges' spoke particularly, -iabbut:. V " Tins year' we are' pleased to .announce ' ; Brother McCullough's work as.-a member y; v that 11 of these 'Coveted awards 'have' been- .in- jiis own; local,: and also-as aimember of v; ' granted to -sevin union organizations and- ; the ..Canadian -`Labour Cong^ess's cbmmittee .vV, ..." four individuals, as follows: - i'V !' on pccupatiohal health and safety, and their - ; ' I. 'The Harry Read Memorial Award, of radiation subcommittee;; aiso". the . Ontario . ., '.'Commendation 'is awarded to Oil. Chemical '-Federation, of' Labour's committee on wel- and .Atomic Workers Local. No. 8-12(K8, of -. fare . and. safety ;. also ' with' the Canadian - ,; V-. Niagara-Falls, Hew York: Nuclear: Association's - safety committee. The committee. warmly commended: than. Brother McCullougb' is also.a membw'ofY:' , ' for- their efforts and stated that th'ey haye the -National- Safety CouwSl's Labor Con-1;. ' a -good .foundation' forcariyingpnawell-v fcrence, .where'he is bringing the Canadian .' . rounded safety program. j '.V.y .Vv- -.viewpoint to'the work--of the Radiation .. . Here -to- reitetyei. the' award oh behalf of ' committee, on Which he is an active manbdv Vi the 'Local'. is .Stahley; KasprzaJc ;and the ;.S.. Harry Read Manorial Award of' - . ' entire safety Vcommittee'of .lhe Local.' ' - 'Honor goes to International Brotherhood. of.-'.- .-' 2. The Harry Read Menforial.Awafd'of . . ElectricaJ ' Workers' (headquarters -'Office),'. : Merit.1 goes'.- to -Bakery';'and Confectionery.' ,.Washingiton,.D. C; V . ' "V.Wbrkers Local -Union Ho.. 3'of Long Island This .is the first time that the Award of ; i.Cityj N. -Y: V. i':Vyyv>V;: -i ;v; v Honor..has' been' granted, twice to. the same -i - The -local launched anextremely .success- organization. , .r' ; - ; - '-:i> v <-_ V ful program which has-continuity. Tfu^-did.'. -'-.-'this within a; jhort -period of scyeral' yeai-s, yTo .list only'a few. of the'bmstanding 'coi^ishmaits'.qf'-flus.union: ac- .. -Vi; and tlie judges particularly noted'that'efforts:-, suchas this will'insure constant improvement; ;y --they have-a full-time safety djqwrtment in :the .-.safety and .health of union; members . r--thqr.. maintain a; comprehensive acrident -. in this; local. . '- >- ' ; 'r reporting' system ' -V - j f V- v-Here to receive theaward on .behalf:of --they have'formed minimum safety stand- l .'the local' arc Murray- Miller,' Coordinator. of .: V "afds under . which- .electrical Vcrpffsmeii ' ;. the Health and Safety.Committee and Harry .' .work- ' .= Gordon. ' .-. ' --;their safcty dept, participates in.the-for- - '; '*- 3.\The .LabpiyConference's Citationfor v ., mation of state electrical :safety stand- - - Outstanding Service to Safctyis awarded to. ards aiid in the esiablishment Vof joint V Murray -Miller, Coordinator of Health-iuid. {abor-management Safety. owpmittees a't Safety .Cbmjnittee of; Bakery and- Confec- . - the local level -S*-'' ` . v:-` . to ' 7- m 1; \ .7 ::- - 'Labor Sessions; --tlieyare particularly active in the field ' . a two-time winner andpresent the "Award. ' of-radiatibn':safety Oif Honor" at fhis;time. \ . . ' - - . Thc .Cnmittec: took iriahy - dther.' factors Here to acceptJ-th'e -award oabehalf of - into consideration ;and decided that the- iiH !Lodge851 isDotiald.Storm.- -"/ tensified.'efforts and extended activitiiK.of . 8. Harty.; -Read.': Memorial; Award ; of this 7 international union ' merited reedvirig; Honor goes to Goodyear Local No. 2 ;of' 7thrir.second "Award of; Honor." /United /Rubber' Workers, -Akron,!`Ohip.!/.-.:! - Htie'.today to receive'/.the; Harry/Read / ;T^ beai dmffg an outstanding "Memorial .-Award 'of . Honor" on behalf "of ' /job. in aeddeiitpreventien and the.committee the -International.- Brotherhood of Electrical ; jartioilarly./commended ihemvfor the extent Workers is r - Victor E.Whitehouse, Safety ; /and. qualify./ofj-.their. program and . accom- - Direbtor!T ' ''. plishments. .-Thejr have an active .safety _6.;Harry:Read Memorial Award/-bf; committee, with; monthly - mertings,/..their: Honor ,goes to International Union".ofOp-/,r members; reedve; spedal safety training on o. Ilk; a.icontinning basis//-.They -. vlfc-wduld take .quite spme time to enumer fine o/f-the-job safety program. .. v-v/7 7;/.' . ate the many,activities,in the field of safety-, .'7.;/l^rar7-entire..:rafety/committee -is - hercat-. that .this local .engages in. ,";/.- /,tdihg/;the. Safety: Congress. /Their, safety; "./Safety-training is an important'aspbet of chairman, Tfuftnas/ J. Hemsley .will accept ' their overall program./ The- local publicizes.: the award.mi thar behalf. . ../-'. /safety,information'.'regularly in its bwn:puh-;'- Y 9. Harry. Read ' /Memorial Award / of lication.. Thdrsafety -coordinator. has taken ..Honor is awarded;to Firestone. Local. No./7 .the ; AFL-QIO four-wedcsafety training ' of. United ,Rubber. Workers,-. Akron,. .Ohio.' course.-arid has. since put./the' information 'to /. /.This/local, .too, -qualified/for. the; very . piactiralusein the locak. They have 'printed .highest-honor-.which' ran .be-granted.to` a; many . safety bobklets and job instruction'-' .union/ under thd /awards program./ Again,' it; - materials' particularly adapted torthdr work. / is/not' possible "to recite everything they, sure Many-other .factors were taken into con-' 'dbing.but/their.very.actiyesafety-conmiit- ' sideratkjnbythb awards committee, but the tee.has monthly meetings; they;;conduct above ^should .suffice as ah indication, of'the safety inspHtetions; safety training is an im- . "excellent job this union is dom. .. . portant part of their program; and off-the- . '' Here to' accept./the -award'on .behalf -of-' .' Local 150 are1 Bob Farrell, Safety Goordi- nator and William. Martin, president ' job./safety-.is aq especially effective actirity . of the' Jbdal. Hteir -mendjers partidpate in regional 'and' national safety meetings,. as -Wdl."; -- , / ' '' 7i Harry: Read' Memorial'.- Awird/'of. Honor, is" awarded toTnternational Assn, of . 10.- Citation for .Distinguished Service to;. -.Safety - goes -to john R. Kumpel, Spedal Machinists'-Lodge 851, of.Joliet, 111. ; . .R^res^jfcitiye, Safety, aij'd Compensation, of r'-This i local lodge received . 'an'Award of- - - United Rubbra Workers Int'l. Union, Akron, Merit'.for 1962. ..The committee recognized ' .Ollte.;' //..;' . ': not'-, only-..the. continuity^ in.`theiic .-program-', - It is . logical /at tbb time to call John hut -also' thq. accelerated, activitieswhidi Kunjpd to the platform. The awards com- -made impossible for 'them' to' qualify for' the_ .mittec, . at!its judging this past August,, was > very, highest honor whi.ch .can . be .' granted-' /particularly pleased to acknowledge the truly / them. 7.'. '-. - .. ' . ' _ I''-.. .* outstanding! efforts of Brother Kumpel .' by. -They, have a joint labor-management safety, ! granting him the Citation for Distinguished committee which meets- monthly- Safety is; Sehrice to Safety-r-the .very highest , honor- 'included''as fart of "their-'regular- union' which- can be. given-to an individual tinder meetings. / They actively participate in com the awards-program. munity safety programs TJiey/ have been . John hasheaded, tip; safety mid compen- ! promoting .the use of: auto seat/bd.tsamotig. ration activities of the United Rubber Work- their members. - They- have done a-/good j6b. . ers since 19#.- He has direded approxi-; in publicizing off-the-rjob safety; ...V mately 300 . safety and. ^compensation - ; It's a pleasure fo-welcome them back, as workshops . .since 1945 for uiiion districts, ' ;; : .' .. 35 [' I ^giaga^o.viuji^ja^yipwtw ~f-Jtc ?& ' ' .;/-; ; \ ;v'. - -..'--i: . . t . ; 19(MNalfoHd!afetyyCm{pess\:^ ^<^iidVoow^::;o6nyaiU^V:aiid.{ ka& ;,-He safety Has been remarkably and. all: offus in ' . - : hosspoken da manyoccasions.'on safety smd.. : labor are deeply Indebted-to hSn. -A',' .workmen compensation:and also', presented. 'iLloyd, too, is bneof thefounders of-fthe. ; .thts; subject fdlr :l4\ymrs at - Akron' Umver-. Labor. Conference;and has been: one of its . ,:si^:';>; .> v-'-'f-^ /.: v-';-.--':..:' hardcsf-^toripErs-raiid.'leaders-T-smcetvit. was* He . :his ::been";!.; dedicated.-.-and ' tireless' ' vejfciblish'rf^in'Aprflof 1956. !.He,Served;toe..^: worker on behalfj ofthe. Natlonai ' Safety r.".'amfefehn-.with'.'dlstindidff^JykeHdidirii^'.vy'. Coimdl.indtiding serving tiueeyears- on mil956;Md\^ iii,;;.-y. . the;':; Council ' board oCj directors. : He . was.:r'-19i57--janif'195S.;r As Jyioe -jpredddit?fpr-labpr " . - instrumental in establishing. the .iibqr Ojn-' of the.;Nati6td; Safety^Coucil he did a; job jJ. ferehce'.wthinthelCtiiidI;;a^;:liasplayd / with dedication,- mid/'jtn} additi^ )serted ;-a key role on the; I^bbr;Gonferenoeyexecu- : continuously 'as "a member. of the Council's tirc.'ConMnittee*-:*coiitinuoiisly.:J-fn3ni^-i%7:^to/_; boardfof- difectors'^since;1956. - -.'..v.-:.. 'r - .tbe prereiA' V^'^^ : -J: His woric asdirector of-the United Auto, - *. He his been an active 'participant aswell; . Workersindustrialhealth.and safetytiiyi~', . -as'smmg;on;steennglcoinmittees'?for:many J sionj snice l949 ' saw ;thevinaug^ration .bf ;an; ' sessionsofthe annual AH-Ohio.Safety Cpnr'v outstanding ^ety;' 'prdgrarh' m - that'^linioh.-.. ;gj,esseir, .y;::V \ -'i'5'' ''c - , 'Among ^:;Other-. \actities,-..;tiie;' committee ll.; Citation ;forDistinguished: Serviceto - noted his swvice as; president lof the Detroit Safety is .presented toTJayd D. ;Utter, EH^ .., So<dety-;'f6r-;the:-Prevcntidn; of Blindness'as ' rector, Industrial Health ` and Safety Dept most commendable of United' Auto Workers (internatibra]' of-- . -itiis impossible to mention. aU the organi> zatioosin whkh.-Llqyd;"has been activejin :: ' ; Brother Utter- has Trtany ptaqni^for'safdy; tiiefieid .ofsafety,; kit. -the'eonnnittee. spe^<-` activities hanging onhis .wsdkbutithe^wards:. .aficafiy Stated thatit is throti^ efforis likii ; > . committee hopes he wili resptid .thlsVaward-' Ids that we are ;abIe!;to.;jealiie ormstiin't iiii- ;; ..with -spedar fondnea.- -Ortf';-.tfce:;-years - provenieiit in tbe saf^ suid h^thjtrf. unkm. ' Brother..Utter's, dedication- to the canse: of em'pkqre^ ali oveir the awntiy. fi, SUCCESSFUL UNION SAFETY PROGRAMS f \ ^uARTmihosAn,Pres^ Gaieral lndustrial Workers, Local #146 AFL-CIO, Linden, N.J.' i; VAlthough the : type of- . audience I -have ..The p?ih, suffering and'.loss df-eariung jidwer ' today, -is'.qidte' different than I usually hayei fall "heaviest on the worker and his family. y.*. tiiere is,- however, at lcast 0ne are*in which No amount, of money -can ever conipehsate. we have unanimous agreement; the ehdorse- > worker and his dependdits.'.for. a serious ment of'.safety and-Safety pfograms^ disabling^.injury. O ' first of all, we are-jail safety, .conscious; .'Over .100,000- men,'. wdmen and duidfai,;. and -are horrified ^at '.'the 'abnormally' high'- a large majority of whom are ,worlrers, lose' :, incidence of loss of life and limb through : their.lives annually from .accident3.; Ann'uai;:: avoidable-accidents. The 'Department' of injuries to woirkers fraia>dl accidents affect.V Labor in Washingtonj. D. CL recently1 puh; more than 4,000,000 people .(figures .puhti fished a report and slated that many more fished by the^National Safety Counal).. niah days , have bechi lost in industry because The pairi suffering imd'economic.'losis. to of. accidents!, than .are...lost due. to.strikes. these lidlfidhs. of workers omnot be evalu .We in -the labor, movement have a vital . ated indollarsandcents. ^v-V-'.; - v . interest - in- preVenihig - loss., of life join.'limb; .-...The';'problem,'of industrial accidents;and to workers, while at-work;and elsewhere . acridoits' on;the streets.and highways;,is. 36 . '' L_ -v\K tftCJUU-IH tW'|CW A/' ..7. Labor Scssions b'' . not it local problem' but .cqaceh^>tbieVnatm. this committee -is ufengnatedl by-md-as die; . --as '-a' :whole''; and-',continues- to -grow hurger- ; local 'union '.president, with' die- approval of :each .year., Today, ' Americans' suffer, the thexumpn's >: executive, board., We. appoint :m v ,v highest. - rate 61 ateidental deaths:.hi \,tiie;: membirs' to: this.committee who^- m.lcirder...' -world-'1 It-is hard to. believe:that iny'sudi .'to; qualify,* must: demonstrate.their- intense . 7:1 : * .';.;`a-- rich -- and: expanding.' economy; our irate . interest. .in /safety- mid "who arewilEng^tb ; `-.:i7v-of-' a^ddits. -m .ro: iriddj greater: than in . :devote teany 'hours outside, of their working r coantfies where: the living ,standards arid schedule -to; maintain, and promote safety -. -... :V">- health; conditions'' are 'retetively .pbor;: T^ programs inand out of.the plant -; . safetyandhealth resolution adopted-by-tee \ The. chairman 'o.:the safety committee is 1957.convention, of .the AEL-CIO .dedared ` that the deaths of more than lOO.OOO Ameri- ship;-' at . its/ niohthly meetmgs.- TTiis report; ' rans ahd -mjnries to niany millions.of others .-is followed by opai discusadn with the man- ;.;:mri^ly;te - bership./ Frequently, djscusdotis on safety :'Whtle worldng people: make up a 'large teoblc^ wU' take- up -a- substantial por&.- -^segment , of'.the. country's population, --- or- . : pLthei'irteetidgi/fBecause^^tKeseVpiroblemssire-; .`1; ; ' ganized -labbtfs interestis'in the.welfare . of' hiajor: importance .to:-oar:. members, 'we:. ! allpeople.We.- have become-.' involved - do; riot - limit . diteussitm witir the: safety 7 in`safety- because workers .andTthdrfatnilies: cpniniittee. diairnian.- ';We . :find . that .thise : v.-:have the/bijgesjt;stake and -cte-achieve. the.' Unrestricted: discuss'iteisTon Vsafety pitebtens..: .. -.greatest benefit frotn'promotihgsafety. More rtend to promote a; cpnsdousness - of -safety,; - .important than the dollars aid;,cents are. the.' among the workers smd brihgs to light :: happiness- and the welfare'of the working-. . conditions, which potebdally . could prove to . . non. Accordingly, .unions htefeassunied-the be dangerousV After. sdi,- isn't this the ntsun , obligation .to take all active part in th'e.pre- objtetete0!. * safrty program? . - - Aa Ventiori of accidents. :! nught'add. that hi : . our plant in Knden;;.N:: J.,vwe have con- 'V' \ .sistentlyhad'oneofthe finestsafety. records - in the United States, '-'V,-: - In. the. pl.^V dur committee icollaborates'; : and iheets; reguterly With. its j djumerpart, ;. ; the/hranagiteidit tsafety committed while.: we in the;; labor ntovdnent have lio.derire ' Effective participation' in the safety mdver ; to take ' over . manaj^menfs i responsibility . ment must, pf necessity, require that every- to . operate, the. plant,, we;' are obligated .to - inlernational unioh^and iteaffiliaffisi'and.-na- . tee that managohent carries' ont' its/ re-'-, .`tioiia! councils mamtain aniactive safety prti- sponsibitities to - /provide'; a safe working : head^ .;lv ';eciirit^:\(^imttera 'to environmaik /' 5- ' '.'..7: ... f:,-.. < ."a :v : . cwfducta .continuous and affirmative pro-.'' . ;:;?grami both .in /the.iplant'andiri - die home.' .The supervision ahd direct .respbnsibility of ... .theVcwnmitfee's 'activities should'fail, upon `die shouldets^of a^dteignated union offidal ' preferahly pf the rank pf president or. vice. 'president.: ;It is essential 'that- the highestunion officials'- become intimately "involved'-' v'--.; in'safety;-prpgfams in the -samemanner. that the. president or other high rajikingofficial ' ot. a "c<^p^y ;'aMumes `such .`respisibility.7 -We' arell&ewise aware thatrsafety w; itet; a one-^yreiy. street; since ' it is not tiie sotp ' responsibility' 'of; management -:to avoid ac- cidaits,. Union officialsVand individual Cm-' ; ployes". are:. obiiga^/ to diink-.-.'atid .work . .. safely. .Cooperadoh/lietwedi labor ted man-.^; agcment.is a fundamoital essential to a good ; saftey proffirami - and ' the' education^ .of all />e/toiiiiel 'is no lew importtet to/achievinsT V sound tefety. /practices; ate Zprocteurei . ' A ;. ; ' . : . " Qiir. - local unionrepresents . .some 1,350 employes ;at the Linden, New Jersey plant, of: General Aniline&EIm 'Corp- 'We.are .vigorously pardcipadng in.a jmht -prografti wtb/the company to reduce'and eliminate' .aeddents and to investigate and explore.new ; methods, of prevention of avoidable injuries.. r.' The 'dnvfe:--fpr; increased profits must. notI: - be {he cause of depriving workers of a safev oivironment/ - ted workers, hi' -turn, must>. Irarn to work safely ctece that environment ' is. provide,-- Unionefforts/mtist .be.dvt<?f; :in'two principal-areas,': First. the union nmit maintain active vigilance in tradong -down and- alerting management to unsafe/coudi^.' Our union safety committee consists-'of; tioiis and'unsafe practfces.; They must never.' seven monbeirs who are either:officers of the - overlook or - condone' any condition;- that ; local-imion or . members. The chatinrian'of could -possibly , present a danger to tlirir ; ' ' ' 37 s ' : ...- 1964 National Safely' Congress'} . .fellow.workers. Twill concpdethat jnaftage-; v member: makes - frequt!.tours a^' reports -'./. > ''mfotyalone ;tiur. never'-fujly. ryindicate'Its' unsafe - conitions or practices, whether. ! '- ' - obligation for safety, without theicooperatibn/ gaged: fit; ty' siipervision .'. or /wnram/,/ . of its employes. Union *fofety!comihittee' themselves.:-It".t^en Sbeccthitslusrespdnsi- men . and officers-, must always; insist .upon bility -tb ; eliminate thecooditiou ior/tbe ... the observation of-;safety rules and /safety : pradice' Ithby bm.said/*7o .enr is-hnman ,V f- procedures./by- its: own. members and .not. . and to! forgiveis: divine/* but: this;';hM';-im. :'. , `Hesitate lo" reprimand, ordiscipline the' ha '.place in the/factoiyor plant. Nobbffy.caii ;'! bitual- offender. , / be:forgiven. for.maldng; a stnpid. error^ br.: :; -. . . Mutual understanding, between labor 'and'.' .; management is.' the basic j requirement nec- essary' for eliminating accidents' and las., led to the achievement of outstanding safety. -records.. violating a ^ety ;.rule ; No.'einplbye !shodd " '.- ever , forgit that'. he must,!Work- m./a/'safe !: - manner and must talce all precautions which . ``have been.explained fo him. Every inanin/ . the plant- Is his -brother's -keeper, !!and/sf- he; -.' finds a. fellow/worker consciously ' 'r unr/ < - r -. .'.Our - local: union . realizes!ithaf, it . is good ! consciously.;creating an tmsafe condition, it .: '. business -for .'the .company- to have'a,-joint' is his duty .!tp :put a stop'-to -it:' Empfojres.' /tabor-' management'' committee;,'' said ': iit-cer-, . should work together as brothers; and.guard -- <* tainly. promotes.the .well. bang of itS'mem-:' /against, each other's hegHgedce. or! mistakes. . ..;; -.'heirs.. I am sure 'that we here are against . Our .committee- has. also sponsored safety ' unsafe -conditions, as we a!l ;inifdit 'siy' : essay contests in our schools. We fed that ' '.- ."we are against an." 'But merely'.repeating.. : if: the: education -starts' in `diihffxiod/ tlie- . young men/and/women .will kx^ remanher. / '.good safety conditions, ' '. . . . these lessons. : Many' of thc%. children are/; ' . In our efforts to eliminate- accidents; and" human suffering, our safety committee-has; been-in existence in the plant 'for the. past . bin-. - future workers, or supervisors, of 'fo-. . morrow, and the deep impressions that are made in childhood ' sire camed ttirough.' in . ', ' 17 years. It. was created by mutual agree-ment rather than the restilt of collective' adult life. We award prizes: to' fodie stUr ;!. dents presenting!' the best essays -pin sifety. - .bargaining negotiations. Themembersofthe, ;The;* contests are < judged' .by . city cffidals V.. committee are .highly respected by company' ' aiid schoolteachers. Widespread puMicity is: .management' aiid act las an advisory com- . mittee .to the executives. -. They, meet once' given to these contests^- and .we. tiy .'fo ar-.. . range for as many prizes-as. posable-SO as! . , a month with' management to review pc- ; to increase active participation by!the ydm- -' ... cident reports, -if-- any, methods! of-.prevention and -also, to' disciiss' and. avoidance of a: sters.;! Recently, we have awarded bicycles, cameras andother valuable items s6 treasured ,. -reoccurrence: .. .' ' - by bur y'outh. The cost of the prizes- is , :divided - equally' between tbe''!umoo_ and. the - F iI ... + 1 Serious,Jaccidents, though' infrequent, . are' company. 'Underlying all these actiyifffo'isj..;/. ..' highlighted. - through departmental . bulletin. the' unanimous .cooperation .that : we, receive.: boards so that the membership may'read . from -bur /membership in these ptograms-- ' ! of them.' The-'details of the accident ire regardless.of cost! ' -' ;/ !-.-:;v/:\ presefited.' and.a.statement' is--made/as. to '-. hew-the accident amid .have or should Have':- -been -prevented.- - Much- ofthe committee's . The union has'.on occasion jaid the ex- ; fpenses. of ,'the--safcty -committee - dcurman^.. to .meet with /committee chiuraiqi iu -other; 'time-is taken-up by communications/with, . plants- in-order to exchange.ideas and dis^y the'employes .on safety matters.-iReminders: cuss new methods of prevention. The iremlts " 'are sent out', not .less, than .once.a. month'. ;of. these meetings are,reported to tbe roem- ' ' through departmental bulletins, and literature . bership. , is. mailed to the homes of the.employes by As I previously stated, the' existence'-of '... . 'the union.-'The entire plant is/divided into our safety committee and its jfdaisbns. witbY . I.:. - individual areas/, and each ..member' of" the . the company were reached not thrbdgh./ne-: ./. ' safety committee.'is put in charge.of one of gotiation -but- by mutual! .agreement and A' -these areas. Me assumes- the .responsibility - conviction-that safety, li of major impoitainfo - y .'; j - !to'pursue-safety complaints-in his area until in the plant' It is hard for me to beCeve 'the condition is. rectified.! The`committee tfiat a union should be compelled to make. ' -v- 38. .'- "' /;. ' ' t y* ' ' i r ' safety Ber ; Vmeetinfpi are held on,c^p&iy.tinicy and the ! :!-. cause:-of Uie nidti^ Vtiiidit^tindu^. ^tiuit we ^ ^pkq^ .aie cofnpeiisated .for. this^tiine. ^ , liavtachieved With our c^pany in; fte.^ " Our pbni- is it cwiad^ed aVsinall poc of 'saf^.;;-We lave accompliad. .: ^ epiploys: approxvnatcJy: 1,600Jworikas^: Safety. meetings..are aisoYhetd '.pti.jower;' " and ,Is. spiread 'oyer 'roany.v'acn^^^^ ^ ! . levels at our plaint;. Abbut evay 'tWo Weeks These- frequent area :meetings' cover:niany: . there are departmental> meetings'on' safety. . problemsand help to alleviate- accidents and These sessions Iaist anywhere from 15tb20 unsafeopnditions wjthout waiting for a-high; - minutes--sometimes a little longer.1 These. .-hWd-meeting..' SUCCESSFUL UNlbl^^FErir ^'cirem-v'coixisoK^; Vi;VV: VV'. . Personnel lleladons Mgr^ General Analne AP3nt CorpL, l4nderi, N.J. I.have been.apersonnel manager for.'28- safety: In respect to this concern, our labor-; years in themachine tool,' textile, iron and ' management safety committee: is. set up as. . steel, and ' nowcheniicals' industry! The - strictly an advisorycomnutteeanddoes not.: .'..comments, that'-1 have-to'make are drawn have any decision rights^' However, banafidc ! ' from this experience.'" " i i-.` logical suggestions emanating!romthe hjjor-r- I fed there: is one; very important reason, - management safety~ nmittee -are -given ^ from a' management standpoint, as' to why.. prompt attimtion fay management . 1. '' safety is so.important. I..will'express this ,In` relation to .the positiv'e sideofa; labor- ' one point' as.' follows: ' "The1 plant '.with a.. management program. on. safety;.-! list'the';. good safety record is aplaht..whidt-is fcffii following: ' `. > - " ciently run,- highly productive and profitable.". 1. It. is fundamental that the success of ' Getting to the specific, subject, that being , a safety .program 'is based upon the .complete. . " the valnesachievedwith a jointlabor-man- . - understanding by all ahployes of thr.reason- . agementcomnulleeand a complete program for such a' program and..the desirability of ; ...of. labor-management working relations in. ..maintaining-a safe plant operation." If this . the-field of safety, I first'.Want to express.. 'recognition of the. importance * of under what' in my opinion' are ' the -pros and cons, standing in a sound safety program is deaf, of such a' relationship;-' First let me cover" . then the method of achieving this understand- , ' the negative side of' siicK'a'program and.. ing becomes most important; This- brings - I list them as follows: - the logical 'thinker, to the polnt.of recogni- ' ' 1,'. The-recognition by management that the-.' tion of .the -stature of 'the- union-.-in.' our union has a part in `-the-administration of plahts^-iu strengths . and its ; weaknesses,.. a ^safety-program, leads only..to .the! union..'; Certainly in analyzing its strengths one must; ?-and--its- members-constantly--bringing- to..' ..arrive at thefconclusion that cpmmunicatioqs management's attention, petty'gripes' aiid com- . and attitudes - are, to x high^degree, 1iiTthe~ - plete - over-emphasis - of 'extremely./.minor.1 ' hands of the union officers; !.' safety problems.'Comment; As to whether In an attempt- to biiiid a sound safety;, or not this- negative reason is sound is program, if. Management -overlooks this; they -completely and wholly .dependent .upon the are .violating!.a- -yerybasic' principle.' '.It "is - ' leadership, given by management to. its safety*', then up to management to create-an htmos-'- committee work. -: .'phare ,Where these .`great strengths of. a ,'2.' Some'' managements- consider that a - Unionfare used constructively. '.close'working relationship with the union-in'- - .After many- years in personnel .work, jt flip -area of safity. results' in unwarrantW is my firm opinion, that over. 90 per' cent. ` demands hy the unidn td. spend .large s'ums of accidents-which occur could be-prevented of money' on - projects . under the! cloak of by-.the mail whowasinjured;. Themain '',! 1964- National Safety Congresi . ; question, therefore,fotlows: How do-you - in avenpes yof sound working relations in', ! motivate each individualemploye to so maqy other areas of labor relations. ; conduct himself that he! will not be'injured? The recognition that Labor atd l^urage- : I recently , rieid an artideinohe.of our .ment must work toward common goals' if safety, magazines giving the1case against- job .security, good wages ami good working joint labor-management safety , committees. conditions, frqm'the union' standpoiht, and " . One .of'the headlines,was "Ariy management .good business operation, .high profits,, and-. that has a joint safety'committee is. weak.- long-time success are achieved from a man . The jointcommitteeisan insulttdthe safety agement.standpoint are realized. .' ' director whois willing'to get out and'work."- I repeat, a sound, .sincere' working, re-.; After, reading this 'article 'T'.-smiled,, had . lationship with a-union in the.'area of- safety ` .' many thoughts-which.I wHI not repeat here. .can-only'.produce sound, sincere working -However, my last . thought wasapathetic relations in theolher areas of. the.operation ' concern forthis point of-view..- of. a business in which untohsTiave a very As a matter of. interest, I inherited a . important'place:. ' safety engineer-iwbo-worked .with;this point' - -Commenting, on this- further,-. I was told . of view; The plant was literally plastered by one- of otyimioij men .who attended your' with safety, sighs^ ail prefaced with the word conference last year, there was actually ,a. . "don't" . In the six months that he stayed strike over the .one basic subject with the ; ' with me we'had 65' lost-time accidents in company-not.agreeing' to-establish a;labor-: a. plant of 600 people.* This man was ah' -.management joint- committee on safety. To ' excellent' safety technician, blit-as'a. safety- me this situation . can -only '- he extremely director he"was a complete: failure.' We imficatiye of very deep-seated problems in . replaced him with a man whose basic' skilb' other areas of. the'plant so effected.' ` ' ' .were trairang.'ahd sales.' .He -had .no "qualms . - White I believe that a joint labor-manage about, asking a chemist the hazards', of. a ment committee on safety 'should not be a - V certain -chemical. He had no qualms about' part of theworks agreement between the asking, a pipefitter how to-prevent-an add company and* the 'umon,; iieverthetess, the leak. He had no qualms about asking a recognition that the union hiu a prime stake - janitor what type of wax to use to polish in tiie safe operation of this plant is funda - . an office floor.' He had.iio' qualms, about- mental. .In no way dom this abnegate the . - .asking an 18-year-old clerk-typist'. what , basic principle that the company is responsi-. should be done to cement stairs, to prevent bte 'for the successful operation of the plant .. a re-occurrence of .a.girl catching a.high heel and falling. 4.. Recognition by management.that the . union has. a .. very important part. in the: Under the definition of this artidej as l safety program-makes.a union more respon - understood.it, diis.mew safety director was sible and more .effective This is a very ' weak and hoy.. However, - the; remits he important aspect of any sound labor-managed . . obtained were phenomenal.: = ment relations, as ir responsible union,, cmi- 2.- The second! reason for having and be- .structively motivated, is.a .very positive force - ' -. lieving in a- joint faibor-management safety : in the' proper conduct of .a' sobnd business. . . . committee program is that a safety director ; 5. Specific programs;' such as. contests, nuiitrhave-the sldll to-multiplyhimself-withi- -cotnmunity.safety.progh>m5.in.scHop!s,hpme_ empioyes who have a sincere aind dedicated safety . programs; ^.traffic - safety - programs, - approach to safety; -In .our plant'we have*. etcy have-beat -devised and created by the . 1,600 employes sprea^ out in .55 different joint safety labor-management- committee. , hinldings. over an 'acreageof. 175 acres*' Actually; it . has teen our experience -thatv .It is. physically, impossible for.him,-to be -at least 75 per cent, of our 'programs used every place.ht all times. Therefore, he must werethe ideasput forthby union .members.-' use every possible way to get other people -6. In-relation.'to. the necessity-for 'disci- . * : sold and actingas safeiy lookouts. plinaiy action against employes who violated 3. In the bbor-managonent relations area, safety rulis,'the union lias actually con . the . discussion of and the' sincere working curred in'and-ftetoed disciplinary-action be '- relations on -the subject of. safety creates . cause they have realized that a msui hot .only: a basis of discussion which can only result can injure-himself but can injure-his; fellow 40 ' / ' . " I: :: L; 4' . ' i :- /i ; ' w:; ..Ijtbor Sessions.-v employes as WelL In our last- fifteen' disci - In summariiing, rhaye.the folIowing!copi-;: plinary.: actions for violations' of/safety-rules ' .merits to make: /[-/.. -"'..4.;;.^,^ the union- his; diaJIenged -oniy one; and' this; a.' In' the adrnini^tratipri bf pUr joint labor- -: challenge.' oidyinthe area of the of"the disciplinary action .taken.-.' severity \V\ . management afety : programour position-of.::. safe workmanship, Ls-.more productive .work- * ;7. The' whole philosophy of our joint ! : manship. . :. .' Vi--. 4''.r labor-management [safety working ;relation- ; ship, is built on* the-phflbsaphy.that .95 per b.' A jjoint labor-managanent ; safety,' pre^ cent of our empIoyes;are good, solid, hard . gram' in-noway -relinquishes the right; by working.-people..'.; These...penile have: good-, . nuinagienient to manage:- . -. . homes; good familie^ and ' understand the i ci -f-believe- that ajoiht labor-management. . necessity .Tor working safely .and; giving a; - safety program;contributes to the.building.- `day work for.'a .- days [ pay. The effect of' '.of ^responsible unjon.tnenihership. ;" ' the union; leadership bli the small per cent :bf; negative. employes.*-that '..are.' present hi'' A ln a labbr-rnanagqhent Mfety program ' every; plant is most- imporlant if manage- - We rare tapping .union . leadership which-rsa-'' ment willgiv^- the union leadership -proper .. .substantial -source for .'the good of this -pror. recognition in dealing with 95 per cent of-: gram, especially .as it [applies to first-hand sound; stable employes;- . * communication. . I SUCCESSFUL UNION SAFETY PRO0RAMSv y rV.;-? ` Bir EUGENE M. ROEPDER \ ' . .TtiwtneM Mgr:, international Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 1439.-* v '-.Local Union -1439 considers'!^ a'great' joint coojieratioh between the*`company':: :. _ - ; privilege to-'speak to you [today about [the and unioriin matters of safety. .- - 'joint- safety ' program negotiated between ' Tn our opinion, faith,-[trust- and joint the,-'Union'. .-Electric Company .arid .'Local-. cooperation:, are: as- important: in. todays'; [ ;Utiion: 1439' of the International Brother successful safety program as .the .invention \ hood, of Electrical'.Workers. As } under-' pf'fthc wheel wkp'to-.riviltze'd-man. :i'- stand;-it, the; assignment , suggested -for- .today is .to`[speak to you on 'a-tried-and true safety program.: The': words'."tried' and true".leave' me somewhat. Concerned' . ' Now T would like to. talk to you.a .little; *; hit-about; piirselyes. -:Local union l439.o'f thc Tnteriiational Brotherhood- of Electric... . ... j -. lest', they give you ' the'-' impression that 'cal .Workers has approximately 1650 mem-; " we' in - Local--1439 have achieved . the ulti- ' mate iri'safety. records, -in- safety progress, herswho are employesi.of the Union'. : : Electric Gbmpany, ah ;.electric public, util- - - ' . :. .i - or, for -that matter,':in a" safety program. We actually-have not. .[['. tty; The [Work pur mcnibersperform in- .' volvcs somc of industries neatest haaards. . ." ? We have, however, in-.this , joint, safety -. .Thp.-.electric utility ,.industry-.is. an-iri-.: . agreement, .a piece of '.machinery that to dusiry which*: had' iri;*'its ;eatlier''-years-'a .. ; date.- has .worked ; extremely vweil.".' This; safety [record' which ieft - much* to . be ;[de-;... V agreement, has. enabled '-us to nuike prog-- sired.; Linc constriiction... work -iri .[.those.'. ';; ;: .. riess iii safety..-'. Progress' in . instilling. '.in early - year's;'- spent [.lives'- -'with''[reckless-' many : of ,our members,: -a .greater -safety abandon:- '* ""'[' *>';: 'v consciousness;Progress.;'in:'.improved ; However, through: the introduction ;Pf ;. safety records in many, areas. Progress in safe work practices;..safety programs; and;.'.* . ; faith .in' trust betweeri the company and. education,, tlie industry, as ` a [whole, has - v the uriipn.. And: lastly, progress in true. made very substantial improvement in .i|s . 196t Nfltional SafetyCongrets-- accident .severity; and -accident frequency rules; and provisions . are made for- the ' : records:. The.frequinicylratc ranks LS out-, safety and., health .of /.employes-.- during;..... 'of apossible 42.and.the severity:rate:ranks ' hburs' of their employment." / :'v 32-out pf.a possiblc; 42. \ThU:s: based -on : 'Another section identified as "B,"- works ; - information contained, in ' the-. 1964/edition' on .480 volts:, "The company agrees to/-.--, qi-Accident ^[Factsi supplied / by'.. the Na- : continue ` present' worit practices' on ;480-'-'.' tionat Safety-' Council! ' So. you see .that, voit' work.".-/.' - ''as'of,today, opr;job is: not- finished.; Another . Section "CT: work J on: 2,400 ;' The program ;I .propose to'discuss with; VoU's and, oyer/;/Wheh a journeyman is-, . you in just'a few .niinutes was not our. working on energized/circuits. or equip- . . first .program. /In: the past' the- company; : ment 6f2,400 .volts and: over, it -shall be and unipn members-' developed programs - the policy! to have ajpumeyjnah,a third .-' `which' to;-a .large..!extent failed. ' They" stage.' apprentice! ['of other .qualified; cm- failed for.a: number, of masons. . '^^InilthlgJjikT'fr V. -. y ; Looking - back, /we see that they con Exceptions to theabove provisions are:', :. tained;,ho promsiontopfoyide the origina- :1) - Using: traiisforiners,' , 2) operating ,tor of 'a safety .'suggestion, With a" timely.. .switches, 3) untying. tying ahd..skinning .. !reply. They, faiied because they made it , installation -iriddehtaT thereto,. *'and"; .4) ; /possible for a form of pluralistic Ieader- transferring .cbhducto'rs.'wh'en-taps-are riot/ ship in the conduct of-the safety, meetings. ..involved,. '. ./'. : : They' also failed ' because-specific stand.- -ards- for recording, and. measuring work - injury: experience were not .included "as- a' "'part of the-program.-! The/instailing and .lifting of/ live line plants. and clearing Circuits, ;the. applica-. ./ tiori of-,this sub-section "to new or Changed-.'. techniques will be deteririined bynegotia-,. , .' They perhaps. also. failed- because .the , fions between the company and the.broths -safety-meeting, which Was-conducted .at'. erhood. ...... / - ////V' V-;. .times-'by- the--union ..member, .or. by/the. .-.- And another, section identifiddas/D," , : 'supervisor! ,or both, degenerated into ' a' . (work on 5,000 volts and over)proyided, - gripe -session rather than a safety -meetr "that: whenever it was necessary to/Work. ing. .Much of the,time was spent discus : qii - conductors energized' at- voltages; in ' sing. matters Which should more properly , excess of 5,000 volts, such wprk sh|dl be . .have been resolved through the grievance ' performed with -the usp of -live line/fools.- / ; - procedure.'.-.And'-, last,- but-perhaps most. important,, was the fact .that, one previous' program'was-'not. a' signed agreement. . The membership also/felt .that -its-posi. tion in. any case of arbitrati<?n Was further '. supported by. a. statement'.of- policy from - Therefore,' the local, union being, cogni- -Miy'jf.' W: McAfiFey, president of the Union'. zant of the fact - that; the safety program .'Electric.-Company. Inparfylhis' policy. ' . was a proper matter' for negotiation, un-. ,statement^ provided;.responsibility andau- ; dertopk. to, negotiate improvements: in. the ' thority .for the action-necessary, to prevent ; safety -program which cotild'.'become a .'.accidents- rests'-with each'-'supervisor.-and .--- - part of ' the labor ' agreement.'':'-Haying th'eTeader .as an integral part of this job. ! * failed' to . accomplish -a/satisfactory'agree- - And further,;in a letter of interpretation. .. ment:during..the negotiating sessions, .the : accomplished^in negotiations/the vkespresi-/ . membership,* then :VOt'ed: favbrabiy.'-'on.. a; - dent - in, diarge -of^ labor relation3 : included .: . company proposal.- Which..eliminated' the', the. following sentence "Sirice/thC^forenian cooperative participation-and. certain- of "has the'responribilHy for'safe.performance, the responsibilities ofthe: union members' of -the [work, be shpiild . have the* authority /in the: safety. program. -' These members to preiride .the journeymari- irith- fety, as- t hen chose to .`rely ;pri the. grievance: iha-. sistance .whenever ittis 'hisiconsidered judg- - ' chinery to satis'fy'the.'remaining provisions ! menb that is the tiling to .do;" /; ^;- of . the' labor agreement,' as'- they .related - to Sjifqty../'/ y... Then* after 'the lajtte of several roonths, . following failure to; satisfactorily.- resqhje - ; These.provisions, then, were as follows:- ' the' safety issues during, negotiations,.the' : "The company will cooperate -with- its' executive -vice president': of Union-Electric- .employes'so >s to, ensure- that .'reasonable - Company, Mr. Carable, contacted the union - ,:42 ; I i- " /.-.l : : . JJ \ c\t: l-Labor'Sessions.. and-suggested that, we mtotand discuss the -bership action'and following ratiiicatieivthe--- i. possnrili^ pf-'resblving tlus.safety problttns. agreement was .dgned,,(topies?bfthi5 joint, ' j. This for-.Local; Union 1439 yris,almost- agreement- were. then printed by . the unidi: ... ... fortunate Set pf.-drcurostaiices for it- was .arid -distributed to ?each..union member'A atthis point-that ;\ye:again begahto build - If appears. 'to some; of us' that one''fault-' .1 on"a concept ofthe safetyprogram.which remains in a.program snch as. this and. coh- -t . needed complete cooperation., ': ; ceivably it stems fromafundamental human' ' -t We found ourselves, after ` the' meeting' .. weakness, .pfdon't suppose; for.;bne : miniite .; ; i \ began, to be .'men dT. kindred minds' and we. . .that: this is unique,'Iwould believe that this; had one single objective. . Whereupon the'. is .a 'problem thatconcerns -itself:.with any'-; local undertook:,the study of material - and tofety program. - help' 'available - through toe:. Inttonaticmal: . For ourmembersihave found that super-.','; ' Brotherhood of .Electrical": Workers.' ,', - visors'- and 'contract .employes unfortunately.-;': It happens'that wp 'are fortunate'ihat'the . to 'a: very:miitor.'.dee^..tend'. to'-.y)ew safety ' - ,,jInternational v Brotherhaod of Electrical rules* as .rules .wbich/they may' or may not,; : -Workers was actively pursuing' safety and ' ; follow, dependmgupqn- - their. independent safrty helps, for.the local.unions. They have -judgment' at thatparticular moraeiit. We -' continued to work in. this area and supply recognize; that tKis is;c6ntrary to:all of the. , considerable help to.our local unions. 'Our; , principles .established ' through ' safety ' engi- - ' . . international staff.'for some maims lias pro- ' neering; but there stems to be - no ready - vided schooling' and training' sessions that, ' solution "for this ...minority'. group., except, - * have' to' do. with radiation and the `related . perhaps, tomakeall matters bf-'safety man-.. -' .> '.' . problems and atomic energy problems. .. -datdry.N . --'j:; _v ".-.'-V-' We are' also -greatly aided by the National Ironicaliy enough; most 'nwri 'recognize that.-. ' Safety Council. Much pf the materia^-that . the man'who'lights a matchmaroomfUIed . the".National Safcty .Council makes avail- with dynamit^' is automatically; in violation . " - 'able' to memberswas found to be and. tojn- ' of safety rules:' Yet, thef-e 'are those .who: : tihnes to be extremely helpful to. local unions ' believe that other- rules affecting safety can,- suchas ours. .If I can speak;from my heart like a coat,.be ptit on-or. -vvorn .when'it suits - for - just a .second -1 would -like each and . their convenience. This,'-we believe, is"not' ` every .delegate'and person in' attendance here :propesi:^. .. , ;; .to take back to make known to their local. . In order to shore up the safety program.'. . unions the need . for participation in - the. . in to far. as the local dnipn is concern^, , National' Safety Council. . In our-opinion, the local tmion members have on, some sev- ' - , ' membership in the National .-Safety; Council, eral occasions. "brought;'violators of .safety. ' : >' . is-one .of .the .best..bargains that any local ; -rules'before the.executive board.'at- which ' ` union-can avail itself of.; .. . time' considerable stRss.and: discussion took : And we were further aided through-the place "(stress; on the need- to follow ssdety reports of the President's Conference on.Tit- 'rules) and, we have found -from expentoce, " - dustrial Safety. .-Now' it happens; that -the . that- this his been a- very effective and potent. - ' reports'of the president's conference very. < help in providing hetter conlormance with \ often /gave.emphasis -and .. meaning to thc the safety. rules. . . . ..word-`'cooperation," Sufficient stress was' Ae JmntiSafety Board Is composed of jplaced on cooperation-in 'the.-reports studied ; three members from miutageinen^'and three v to indicate'ltodperaiioii'was yery-Tntich-the1r^mcmbeis-of';the-.lpcal'-union, .andJitlie pro- ' . cornerstone.' of'a successful; safety program-- 'ijgraim: Sets out .the,duties ofithe joint board. . . The 'National'. Safety.' Council's /Manual ; One of ; their y duties is to report .oa the . prOgress and the activities` of - board stoni- Manual foi Industrial Operations were par ' - .annually: tod one such report shall be- sub- -' ticularly helpful in drafting of a proposed .. mitted at- an ahnualymeeting of; the iepre- .; safety agreement, which was then submitted sen&tives. of .managanent and the .officers by the itnion.to the Uniop Electrip Company, executive board members^ of^^ the-union. After a- number of meetings: between the . . Certain other facbts involted are to pro- . .. company, and the union i$presentativesj' a .itote cooperatibn-pf .everydne cxaicenied with. ; stipulation'was drafted, submitted- fdr nieih- . making, 'the' safety- program.- toccessful.'' :. I''.':!/v';:v''' ' -. -43 f .i '1964. Nalifmal. -Safely Cmgreh f - : .iTIii-y."review: and make recomipendatiptis the program': that we. taUccd about justa concerning safety .suggestions which may minute - or": two ago. -There is..*' training have been'appealed; by/ ah 'employe. They. program.. incorporated .in the agreement .'and.. review the" conduct and effectiveness of ; it provides '.for-'the elected.-safety: repre safety. meetings.',' ^ey. i^ew.i and' discuss sentatives to get.training in the fundamentals - proyisions aihd effectiveness; of the . standard' that .will' enable: him todo an 'effertivejob. 'safe '..workingpractices mahuaL..They dis-: -. This .program . also provides''. for- .the"at- " tuss the effectiveness. of . various 'aspects of. : tendance' ofunion' ^towards at sonfe rof'' the safety^progranij functicms of safety rejp- these trainingsessions.: -. resentatives, Safety.- statistics, and other re-: AO acddentsare reviewed by .the-'com-!., lated matters. / : ~" ' ' ". pahy! and union members and the! ;dected : - Thisprogra'm also 'p'rovides for'.the'dec-, Safety representative participates. in the;re- . tion, or appointment! as necessary, of - the' viewy'With .regard, to-'statistics and accident ; safety re^resaitativCi - They- hive functions ' reporting,, the. American- Standards' Associa- spelled .out in; the program'- and a' safety - tion standards are followed bythe. company representative normally. is - elected/by the. . and .the - recording and; measuring. of. work employes in awork grotip. - ; ' r ' .injury-experigice. is.based;oh standards set. by the AmericanStandards Association.: In case of .failure\to' do this, the safely representative is an appointive job! -They'are pven a reasonable time off from work in order-, to .make the . -necessary - prcpaiaticmsfor the conduct .'of! a 'successful monthly meeting. '. ! There is also provision in the event.,thereis. a-question .-as to .whether or not anacddent has been properly reported. . Thisques_ tion. would he addressed to the.Aiherican . Standards Association .and thrir ' opinion would be ohtained. y. . ' The function of 'the elected safety* repre ' In .the event tint an employe submits a sentative-'istoact as chairman- in the con . 'safety suggestion, and. he- believes :the .am- duct of the monthly -safety "meeting;' and swer he receives is not-asatisfactoryone, there is -a supervisor- 'appointed-who wdl yhe . then -has recoorse to appeal. The union' . monitor,, guide-and assistthe chairman when mernbers upon appeal,' will send the appeal-. -it 'is'-'necessary or ' when it' is/desirable. to the local union offkx and the local union There is-also' a group, of- safety, advisors office then forwards it to the.'chairman of composed' of.'supervisors'as', wdl as'-.the the- joint.safety board.. ` elected -sifety ^representatives.; . .Certain reports are sent to the" union of- - - The program sets out* the way- in. which-- lice:! 'All' of the ; reports ai*e sent ;to the .the - safety ; meetings' are . to' be scheduled. Joint- SafetyBoord,. and certain of the re- There is a safety'meeting-conducted-'each . ports'are sent: to the elected safety repre-' morning by" the supervisor , in addition to sentafive. A SUCCESSFUL SAFETY PROGRAM ; ;; By G. V WltLIAMSON \y Vice Prea. Operationa Executive, Union -Electric Co, St/Louis, Mo. As'.;those ,.whp work in safety.'ldiow, In'fact Safety depends!-.on ;the hardest; safety is 'a 'crusade. '.-A crusade primarily' .of all kinds of work--creative .effort. Creagainst a weakness rknown- 'as' indifference.:' ative in ideas,- in 'avenues of -approiwb; amT Like any crusade, against ahy evil, to keep ; in' waysof appeal. In all: this! there is a it gwng we have to work as hard as we ciui, greatredeeming' -help^--theiveryfine people ' on- as many fronts-as.- we', know how. This dedicated to* the same campaign, working takes lots'of work and a `lively imagination.. .just as'hard as you are and. willing, at all- labor. Sessions' times to help.; As: in so many;crusades. ' Monday morning for IS minutes sigh con-: there' is the wmningforcc of' so "many- ferertces are -scheduled for. ejeh' werhead. 'working-for thcsamecause. , . construction crew.- These talks succeed pretty ' tit's take' a . look at how' one company, an-electric utility, has gone about if Not because-wehave'been outstandingly successful. - ' .largely on the basis of skill and conviction of the. foreman-leader,and through participation hy .the crew; -They' are poorest when, they We have made good, progress, but obviously have- to' make a great deal - more; -But be cause our campaign illustrates once, more .the - are canned.-talks; they are best when, there 'is' a freeintcrchange by all in ideas, ques tions, and-observations of actual ,experiences. - old Crusading principle,- hit 'em hard, hit'em More elaborately and more fully, prepared everywhere, hit- 'an all together." ;, * are monthly one-hour .safety meetings;witli' We have concentrated on three roads to 'safety..' One is on equipment, .the tods;' machines;.and materials with-which we Work. ;. .-Here, constant effort with!highly cotnpetent technology is devoted to. elirhinatihg^ the hard-to-control hazards from the job.' An other, area are the human elements of alert- ' ness, attitude, training and skill. And-finally ' we- depend on . cooperation because this cam paign needs everybody, and-we mean every body, from the man at the gate to the super- '. intendent. and to the top executives .working presentations, movies,-, or illustrated talks, and with practice; for example on resuscita tion . 'With Resusci-Annc. Here- .the- elected. Safety representative;;of the.Union is a key non, for this is a joint muon-management meeting. Plans for the. meeting are.-worked , out- in advance' .with members ~of. the Safetjdepartment offering prepared material - and suggestions, and with the safety'represchta-. -live .and supervisor in- joint, cooperation. That, key theme ."cooperation": will be dis cussed again. . together.- . . ;'. -- AH safety efforts are "awarded? of course A. few examples of equipment-problems- with just' one- thing--the limb or. life- of and solutions illustrate: the. first approach.'-; those working. Btiifa so-called-award dinner,', -;An.analysis of accidents' in- transmission and -distribution showed that 3 per cent were ' caused by. "electric., shock." Take as an -example an electric modern "blacksmith.". really'a-recognition event,-is organized fair' an evening of good food and companionsliip. for work groups successful in .rixigMy-'cnc year of working without a lost time accident. Here is recognized one. great fundamental .-V high frequency induction coil is .used'..to heat' metal. "If .the-transparent protective . plastic cover is accidentally lifted, the - trie circuit,is broken.. ; y of -safety. It. involves everyone; 'the. group in-full-bloom of mutual'care and'respect Each -and all responsible .for the- safety of all and -each. These are good dinners'; there ' "Slips" and Falls" account for 23 per cent - is. a minimum of-.speech making; frequently, of; the injuries.. For example;, as a substitute something'V added in the way .of .a discus for . ladders, mechanics 'work bn a ceiling sion of company affairs-^a top official talking hoist from a scaffold mounted on-a truck and answering questions about same .tom-' top..- ." . .. ... pany activity'in which the men are interested, . .-`Struck by or striking against". account,. and would rather hear from one'of us than for GO per cent of. the accidents.- On a new a neighbor outside the company. 'balding.brake' it.was' found'that rack and.- ; When such a work group Wins ;foiir pinion, were exposed. A guard was devised. .consecutive "recognition" dihners,.in addition A truck up oh a hoist maybe" prevented front, falling off by. proper support adapters. to-the dinner a gift certificate catalog is-sent to his (or her) home, from which die.family - ' Studies' showed that in .1963, 89-per cent.- can choose a tangible "preseht."'This brings- of -the injuries involved an "unsafe act." . the family, thergroup really most interested: .Here then we are In-the great-field of.'train- ; ih:safety; into the act of safe work; We have ing for skill and care, the- physiological ', another program- for home safety that also -problem -of alertness and .attitude." Here are dales- thaf ; and that is a subject worth a-talk` .three 'aspects of our program-.in this.area: in itself. 'First'.of all .we consider the "tailgate" .' - But now' we- come to, cooperation. Here safety discussion between foreman and crew' indeed is where safety is created,- sustained,. iobc a'key in training and-alertness'. Each , and made. really workable, and where ihc  ^.nui^fiunr'w.u' Mi r.1- *. - V 'lP64.Nalifi'al Safety Congresi, > .*. ' . fullest cooperation.'between; union manage-v, of; eliminating a. job, : but of teachingthe. nirat,-union.members and <^pMy.maMgfc' ;.-'siIertne5s>-.'.thei-sldll,'- and tKe care t avoid \ . . ment is thekeystone. This Iatim^p.hM -7siaitoteMdiose 89;per cent caused-.by-an been recogriued with.'two'unions' by a safety' ^unsafe-art'; j-. stipulation,.aformal document worked out This campaign at Union'Electrichas'wcm between these two groups for.the purpose -..results. .But.we^haveto be keenly'aware of stating just how safety cooperation can;--.that hew'ideas and-new approaches'are\.' -. be ; worked, out. And the' foundation .of .this heeded; We have - under discussion a pian . . - stipulation is tiie jrant safety -board.. It .ier. -for drawing the Work.Practices'-Mahiiaf in- . -. " . -solves agreements in work-practices, safety . to the Monday.morning "tail gate" confer- : '- methods, safety suggestions, and report.<H- qices, as well as to die monthly safety reedy to a company Via President, Exjxu- meetings A sound tape and slide presentation . Uv^ to assist in resolving disputed'points. : is bdng worked out foreach section of this ,- . .' This; joint safety. board, a . true working several hundredpagedocument Few. people 1 example f safety cooperation, may be re- or as thoroughly as they should. -garded as at the heairt of the spirit and This, presentation may win readers, as -well organization by which safety.is made real. ~ * hMtU .mifebAg Of aghyd and workable. . to safe work'practices. .. Here, too, we have had the excellent sup-. Thetrading. stampapproihmay betried.* ' port-'of .Union representation. The v/ork - A considerable hlockof stamps would be. ' '.-they do' brings, safety-directly from'and' handed to an individual .of. random choice bade to the fidd workers. A Similar arrange- whose turn comes up if;he is.wearing the: ment also receiving fine support_frorriunipn protective equipment he should..; - leaders is a safety suggesUon plait--with The Safety calendar in the home, with organized follow-up. Nothing is more dis- iimerick contest; has bon used for several ' outraging than a/Jost" or Sttemmgly ignored years. - ' V safety suggestion. ... _ . One event that wins cohriderable respotise* . - Finally;, we hope to' continue to: reedve is an all-day Annual Safety Conference'held . .good Unidn support in the qualify of'dected-.--.in'-the roof garden of a prominent hotel. ' . safety representatives. Groups'with the best. Showmanship is the'key. here.' It tnust.be-a ' '.- safety record are typically groups with the day of awards and review, of displays and . best representatives, representatives who un- instruction, blit also.of fiin.`.Safety cannot derstand the trite, safety story, a story hot: be won with boredom. 46 ' i: OFFICERS OF THE. \> JLABORCONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964^65 Vice-Presidenlfor Labor--Hunter P. Wharton; General President, Int'l. Union of Operr ". ating-Engineers, AFL-CIO;Washington,D. C 20006 Chairman--John D.Connors, Assistant to thePresident, AFL-CIO. Washington, D. C. v 20006 ^: $ yice-Cliainium--J. George Eiciihorn, . Grand Lodge Repr.; Int'l. Assn, of Machinists, AFL-. CIO; DaytdnaBeach, Fla^ 32018 Secretary--Robzxt M. Wilkins, Manager, Labor Department, .National Safety Goiincil, 425N.Midiigan Ave.,Chicag6, 1111-60611 (Area 312 : Phone 527-4800) 'Labor.' Representatives on NSC Board of.-Directors--)6nis.Vi: Connors';-R.J. Lamoukeux, Director.Safety and- HealthDiv., United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO, Toronto 7, OriL, Canada; Victor E. Whitehouse, Safely Dir. Int'l. Bro. bf Electrical Workers, ` "AFL-CIO,Washington,D. C. 2000a; Arthur P. Giuiea, Secretary-Treasurer, Unite*! -Brewery Workers, AFL-CIO, Qndnnati, Ohio'43219;. Paul -HI Conneleey; General Office:Staff, tJnited Brorof Carpenters and Joiners, Washington, D. C.-20001J. George- Eichhorn; PI L, Siexiller, General Vice President,-Int'l, Assn, of Madrinists, AFL- . CIO, Chicago,; I1L 60603: Lloyd D. . Utter, Dir., Industrial Health and' Safety, United l-Auto Workers, AFL-CIO, Detroit,-.Mich.48214: ^ j . Committee-Chairmen--Awards--^Thomas A. Dillon, Business Repr.;-.Int'l, Assn, of Ma- chinists District 55, AFL-CIO;' Joliet, .'111.; Congress~Program--Bevt- Mondabaugh. . United Steelworkers -Local 1014, AFL-CIO,-Hobart, Ind., and John'R. KuMPEL, Safety - and Coiflp: .Repr., United Rubber Workers, AFL-CIO, Akron,- Ohio; Executivc-r-JoUN .: D. Connors; Eire Safety--E. B. Haggerty, Int'l. Repr:; Int'l. Assn. of-Fire -Fighters, AFL-CIO. Cincinnati, .Ohio'; Government''and Labor.Agencies--Veavavoo J. Castro, .. Dir.,;-Bureau of Work Accident Prevention, Puerto Rican' Dept of Labor,: Sah'J.uan, Pi R.; Membership--Arthur P. GildeA, and R: J. .Lamoureux ; -Nommating-TsttYp D. Utter, Safety Din, United Auto Workers, AFL-CIO,. Detroit, Mich.; Occupational . - Health. & Research--Dave, Pabden, Industrial Hygienist,- United Auto Workers, AFL- CIGj Detroit, Mich.; Off-the-Job Safetyr-Jhck Moye, Presiiient, .Un3t'ed Rubber Work- 1-. ers/LocaJ 5, AFL-CIO, Aktoii, O.; Publications & Newsletter--Bzx Lauck, Asst Editor, "UNITED MINE WORKERS JOURNAL" Washington, D. C.; Radiation Safetyr- Alan F. 'Burch, Asst Dir./Rcsearch and Education, Intf. Union of Operating Engineers. \ AFL-CIO,'Washington, D. C. and Edward Legan, Int'l. Repi'.; International Bro. 6f r.Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, Washington,/D. C.;; Safety Training --' JdELVTN P.l -MitchEll, Safely Repr., I-oeal 17,- Tnt-'-l.' Bro.--of' Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, TJetroit, : Mififc .- > . ' ;'v,. '-'Past Vice-Presidents for Labor--TH.aux Read, Assistant to Sccrefcuy-Treasurer.AFL- -CIO,-Washington, Dl C. (OcL;1955-Oct. 1956); P. L.;.Siexiller, (Oct, 1956-Oct.' I960)';. Ltoyb D,'UTTER,,(Oct^l960'-Ort.;1963) -. `Deceased V 1 e Volume 14 \ National Safety Congress Transactions MARINE SAFETY NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 mmmmmsamm 1964 Xational Safety Conyress Ordinarily, no fire hazard .will exist if should wear compressed air type masks to- the solvent vapor concentration in air is kept supply them with a flow of clean air at all below 1%. This.figure is rather empirical times. however--there is only one solvent in the 7. Where epoxies, epoxy coal tar, coal . above list which is below 1% by volume. This is turpentine. The amount of ventila tion required in various sizes of tanks to keep the concentration, below this limit is shown in Table V. . . tar or phenolic resins are applied, protective. clothing should be wOm to eliminate, con tact with the liquid coating. If these simple rules are followed during the application of any coating to enclosed 2. Since the solvent vapors are heavier spaces, the'hazard, from fire, inhalation of than air, they have a tendency to concen fumes or contact- with the liquid should be trate in the lower portions of a tank or maintained - at a level which will provide 0> closed structure. Therefore, the suction maximum safety to the individual workman. blowers should lie operated in such a way as to prevent' pockets of solvent vapor lieing. concentrated in the lower portions of enclosed spaces. This can ordinarily lie ac complished by sucking the air from the bot tom .of the tank so that the circulation is REFERENCES VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER AND CO POLYMER PLASTICS Technical Data on Plastics. May, 1948 Plastic Materials Manufacturers Association, Inc. from the top manholes or openings down MANUAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE, 1944 through the tank and up through the blowers. In this way the solvents are swept down and immediately sucked away from the bot Division of Industrial Hygiene National Institute of Health U. S. Public Health Service. . tom portion of the tank, eliminating any. MODERN PLASTICS ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1949 pockets of solvent vapor which might lie DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUS 'above the explosion limit. _ TRIAL MATERIALS. 1957 3. Maintain ventilation in the coated tank until the coating is sufficiently dry so that By N. Irving Sax Relnhold Publishing Corporation any remaining solvents cannot build up to the explosive limit. Sec Table IV. 4. The fourth precaution to lie observed THE TECHNOLOGY OF SOLVENTS AND PLASTICIZERS. 1954 By Arthur K. Doolittle John Wiley A Sons. Inc. is the use of spark proof and explosion ACUTE RESPONSE-OF GUINEA PIGS AND proof equipment. Electrical equipment and RAT8 TO INHALATION OF VAPORS OF lights should lie explosion proof; tools-and ISOPHORONE shoes shall be spark proof. The use of such . By Henry F. Sjntth. Jr., and Jane .Seaton Mellon Institute. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania equipment has been common practice in the Journal of. Industrial Hygiene and Toxi application of synthetic coatings for a num- cology l)er of years. Volume 22. No. 10, Pages 477-483. December 1940 5. All smoking, matches, fire, flames, or A STUDY OF CONDITIONS FOR THE SAFE torches shall be prohibited within 50 feet of - APPLICATION - OF AMERCOAT-COATINGS- the area where coatings are lieing applied. 6. All. men working in enclosed areas By E. N. Hlestand and R. E. Heika Battelie Memorial Institute September 1. 1953 f i1 1 VENTILATION FOR HEALTH HAZARDS CONTROL IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR OF SHIPS By G. S. REICHENBACH , f Indduussttrial Health Engineer, Bethlehem Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Maryland Shipyard ventilation prior to World War 11 was usually limited to locations where the beat stress iqioii men due to the high ambient temperatures and additional radiant heat could interfere with their productivity. During and subsequent to the war, however. 32 L Marine Section developments in welding, surface preparation prime findings of this survey was as follows,. .and coating of ships extended the require "ft has been found most satisfactory to use ments for ventilation. general ventilation as-far as possible. Local A national conference on safety and health, in shipyards holding contracts with the United States Navy and Maritime Com mission was conducted in Chicago on De exhaust ventilation, requires. the welder to cooperate in its use; and since this coopera tion is frequently not forthcoming, the venti lation suffers accordingly." cember 7 and 8, 1942. As a result of that The final paragraph of Public Health Rul- conference, unanimous agreement was lirtin #298 stated, "Based on the observations reached on certain minimum standards for of this study it may be concluded that gases safety and industrial health which were arid fumes generated by welding of mild later approved by the Navy on January 20, 1943, and fiy the Maritime Commission in February, 1943. steel as practiced in Maritime and certain Navy-contract shipyards induces an upper respiratory symptom complex and other pos Section- H (14) of those standards had sibly related cluknges such as arc-welder's to do with ventilation.- Subsection 14.1 stated, siderosis and a slightly lowered blood pres '"Ventilation is required to control tempera sure. It would seem that these alterations ture and to. remove air impurities, as from as demonstrated statistically are of clinical welding and paint spraying." Section 14.4 referred to- the type of equipment needed, "In ship construction, two types of ventila importance so far as temporary disability, differential diagnosis, treatment and prog nosis are concerned; the observations, how tion are used--local exhaust as for removal ever, indicate that these changes Iiave not of welding fumes at the poirit of origin and led to permanent disabling residual effects. general ventilation, to supply fresh air to Safety measures in the form of eye and skin confined working spaces." protection and ventilating practices have un Another section recommended tliat local exhaust be used for control of welding fumes. In those cases where.it%was not pos doubtedly aided materially in keeping all industrially related clinical findings at low levels of significance." ' . sible to furnish a local exlinust system-to a The next publication of interest for venti welder, it specified that a minimum of 400 lation for welding was" that of Committee cubic feet of air per minute per welder lie Z-49 of the American Standards Association supplier] to a work space such as a deep tank which was sponsored by the American where general ventilation was used alone. - Welding Society. Their first publication was In the spring of 1943, a number of workersengaged in new ship construction complained <f respiratory symptoms'. According to Pub lic Health Bulletin #298, "Health of Are Welders in Ship Construction," most of these complaints- seemed to arise from arc Z-.49. 1-1950. Section 8 of that publication, entitled "Ventilation and Health Protection," ' emphasizes* the problems of' welding on lead, cadmium, mercury-bearing or mercury-coated material,- or zinc-coated material, and also of using fluoride-bearing fluxes. welders'who performed their-work-in-inner- -- In-cach-of-tliose-cases. aic_supplied rcsbottoms or in other confined spaces of pirators were specified for - use by the vessels under construction. This symptom welders. Additional requirement's and/or complex was commonly referred to by the limitations, were stated in Section 8.41* shipyard workers as "shipyard cough," "Mechanical ventilation sliall be provided "welder's wheeze," or "welder's bronchitis." when welding or cutting is done on metals As a result of these complaints, the previously not covered when : a) in a Maritime Commission in August of 1943 space less than 10,000 cubic feet per welder; requested the United States Public Health b) in a room having a ceiling.'height of Service to cooperate in .a survey!of ship tess than 16 feet; c) in confined spaces or building yards to evaluate the severity of where the welding space contains partitions, these complaints and to determine the balconies or. other structural barriers to the etiology from extensive field studies. extent that they significantly obstruct cross The result of this study were published in ventilation." 1947 and have particular significance to ship- Section 8.42 states. "Such ventilation shall Imilders and ship personnel. One of the l>e at the minimum rate of 2,000 cubic feet 33 I96J Xatii'tuil Safety Congress . per minute per welder, or four air changes The acceptance of this manual has been per hour, whichever is the- greater, except excellent, and it has been one means 'of where local exhaust hoods and- booths as per providing for unifonp ventilation for welding Rule 8.S or air-line respirators approved by and burning operations in the shipbuilding the U. S. Bureau of Mines for such pur and repair yards of Bethlehem Steel Com poses arc provided. Natural ventilation is pany. ' .' considered sufficient' for welding or cutting Although the large-scale introduction of. operations where the space restrictions listed welding in shipbuilding and repair require in (a), (b) and (c) above are not present." * ventilation to a much greater degree than The subsequent revision of this publica had I>een previously practiced in shipyards, it tion in 1958 changed nothing with regard to was the forerunner in the ventilation for ventilation requirements but did take cog preparing and coating of surfaces. nizance of the fact that more exotic metals Many factors were involved in the change and materials were being used both in rods over from the application of "paints" to and coatings. Where these materials were ships by means of brushes to the now al being used, the use of Bureau of Mines ap most universal practice of spraying of proved air-line respirators was required. "coatings." Two of the major items in In Retblehem Steel Company, responsi bility for the health and safety of the in dividual employe is the responsibility of his fluencing the changeover from brush to spray were the increasing cost of labor and the advances in paint-technology. immediate supervisor; hence our company F.'ainting and coating manufacturers de slogan, "Production with safety." At all veloped materials that would give proper levels of supervision, staff services are pro adherence, film thicknesses, and subsequent vided to advise, train, and otherwise assist over-all life when applied by means of a- the line supervisor, liut his is the ultimate spray gun. However, since the scope of this responsibility for health, safety, as well as paper precludes further elaboration on the production. - reasons for . the changeover, of brush to The shipbuilding division, in the late 1950's, spray painting, it shall suffice to say that requested the Industrial Relations* Section to this transition created a major ventilation assist it in preparing a manual of recom problem. mended practices for ventilation of burning The spraying of coatings in the early and welding operations. A committee repre stages of its development with regard to senting the disciplines of ventilation, welding, ship a]>plications-was not entirely satisfactory safety, and production wrote the manual. as far as the length of coating life. 'Sub The'manual, 'four by six inches in size, is a convenient one-for suj>crvisors to carry in their pockets. It is twenty-six pages with the scope taring covered under A) sequently, research by manufacturers, ap plicators, and'owners found that die prepara tion of the surface prior to the application of the coatings was extremely important. production; B) .'responsibility; C) personnel This meant that the specifications for planning procedures; D) ventilation require these coatings jobs - generally- required-that ments; H) equipment and installation; and the surfaces be blast-cleaned prior to., the- !) special problems which might l>e faced application of the coating systems. Due to its by the immediate supervisor. effectiveness and low cost, the commonly- Section (l>) on ventilation requirements is divided into a discussion of fundamentals, principles of air flow, fans, blowers, and used abrasive for the blasting was silica sand, which created a- potentially sewte industrial health hazard. / lastly, the ventilation required for welding In the Baltimore yards of Bethleheng Steel and burning. Under Section (K) on equip Company, it became obvious that dutch of ment and installation, the general types and our coating work would require d* blasting characteristics, fan and duct selection, and of surfaces prior to coating. Together with how to place equipment aboard ship are the production personnel, thl Industrial covered. The ventilation requirements as set Health Engineering section begin to investi forth in this manual were those that had gated substitute materials for sand. After a leen established by the American Standards number of trials of various materials, we Association. were able to find a competitive product which 34 ( Marine Secturn contained less-than 1 per cent free silica, and. in which the lead and zinc content was also- below hygienfcally significant amounts. The material that we' used also met all of the requirements of the line production personnel. We have used several different substitutes equally satisfactorily in the Balti more area both in ship building and in ship repair work. As a result, the amount of sanrf that is used for* abrasive blasting in the Baltimore area of the Bethlehem ship build ing division is negligible. The next problem that arose from the new spray coating systems was the solvents that were necessary to give the rapid drying time required for spray operations. Where for merly, turpentine, mineral spirits, and other much. less`rapidly drying materials were satisfactory for brush coating operations, we now ran 'into materials tliat .were much more volatile and, of even more importance to industrial. health personnel, had quite significant health aspects in many cases. In April., 1951, Dr. Allen Brandt presented a paper to the marine section of the National Safety Council at the Greater New York Safety Conference in which he discussed the safe use of. solvents in shipyards. This paper was .probably the first in which .'cognizance was taken of the rapid changes in shipyard use of solvents. I should like to quote at this time `one paragraph of Dr. Brandt's paper which will set the tone for the re mainder of my article. "Before getting into the meat of this pajier, I should like to mention briefly one other jH-jint of misinterpretation or lack of knowl edge which frequently leads to erroneous conclusions. This' is the misconception of so many people in fire prevention work that if the atmospheric concentration of a flam mable vapor is kept below the lower explo sive.limit for 20 per cent of it as is common procedure) no health hazard exists. "Nothing could lie farther from fact. Gasoline is a relatively harmless solvent-- its safe concentration !>eing 500 ppm (parts of gaviline per million parts of air) as com pared to 25 ppm for hcnzol, and it is an extremely flammable one. Yet 20 per cent of its lower explosive limit is 0.26 per cent or 2600 ppm wliicli is more than five times its safe limit from a health viewpoint. "Consequently, it can he seen that the truth is the exact reverse, namely, if the atmospheric concentration of a' volatile sol vent is kept below the sa'fe level from the health standpoint, it will be much below the lower explosive limit." One of our first interior spray coating jobs using the then so-called new or exotic coatings - was performed in the Baltimore Yard in the summer of 1950. The owners of this Victory-type ship specified that the No. 4 Hold deep tanks were to be sand blasted and sprayed. The tank dimensions were: 1) port forward 45 feet by 25 feet by 11 feet for a total of 12,300 cubic feet; 2) port aft 36 feet by 18 feet by 11 feet for a total of 7,100 cubic feet; 3) star board forward 45 feet by 23 feet by 11 feet for a total of 11,400 cubic feet; and 4) starboard aft 36 feet, by 16 feet by II feet for a total, of 6,300 cubic feet. The tank hatches were 14J6 feet by 19>l/i feet.; trim-, ming hatches were 4 feet by 4 feet The nec essary scaffolding was erected in each tank for the blasters. Each of the foreward deep tanks was ventilated by two vane-axial fans, each of which had a capacity of 5,000 cubic feet per minute and 3 inches of water static pres sure.- These were U. S. Navy- standards size X-6-D-1-W-5 which were driven by 5 IIP direct, drive motors. The fans were installed on planks placed over the hatch openings so that they would exhaust the tanks. The remainder of the hatch opening was covered with tarps and lioards to make the hatch as air tight as possible in order to eliminate bypassing of the air. Trimming hatches were left open in order to provide access to the tanks and to allow air to le suuolied to the tanks ex hausting.-Canvas exfflnst ducts, 24-inchc1* in diameter, were connected to the fan dis charge and these were extended " to the weather' deck hatch coaming. The inlets to the fans had metal ducts installed with the intakes at different levels to eliminate strati fication of the air. Use of the fans as exhausters rather titan suppliers gave two important safeguards. The first was that the access ladder was be ing swept at all times by uncontaminated air. The second was that by carrying the ex haust alwive the weather aleck hatch coaming, recirculation and buildup of dirt and dust during blasting were avoided, and during the coating operation between deck spaces 35 ), iTinB rnai 1964 Notional Safety Congress' and lower holds were not contaminated with The testing procedure used was to start * solvent vapors. one painter spraying in a tank and to take This arrangement of ventilation was readings on the explosimeter in his vicinity, checked .during the blasting operations, and rcadmgs were as follows; I) average the distribution in the tanks was found to be excellent due to the high velocities of air through the trimming hatch and !.he location of the exhaust inlets. Air volumes being reading near sprayer 20 to 30 P^r cent of lwcr explosive limit 2) six feet beyond . ,*ie sprayer--negligible--2 to 3 per. cent of . l*,c 'owcr explosive limit, 3) discharge from < i handled by each fan .were in the range of '*,c canvas "uct negligible. 10,000 aibic feet- per minute which gave a A second man was then started spraying velocity of 12,000 feet per minute of air in the same tank. When the sprayers were entering the tanks through the trimming in opposite portions of the tank, the readings i hatches. were comparable to those cited; but when & When coating work was liegun, the area they came close together in the cycle of work, around the No. -4 Hold was posted with the readings rose to over 50 per cent of the signs forbidding hot work and .smoking. A lower explosive limit in the direct exhaust. . fireman was- assigned to enforce these pro* After this check, only one painter was used- hihitions. All matches and lighters were re- *n each tank. moved from men working in the area. Work- The required four coatings were applied, men's shoes were examined for protruding to a|| tanks routinely with production rates . , nails, and rubbers were provided to those being five gallons per sprayer per hour for men whose slices could provide a spark. the first and second coats and seven gallons "Lighting w^s provided by explosion-proof, per sprayer per hour for the third and portable lamp-, with connection Ijoxcs in- fourth coats. These rates are similar to those stalled on the main deck. Suitable hoses given by spray gun manufacturers, but are with fog nozzles and applicators were con- misleading for ventilation calculations be- nectrd and placed on the main deck; fire cause these are average rates. Therefore, extinguishers were on hand. they include times for shifting lighting, mov- From the ventilation measurements made ing around scaffolding and 'Other painting during the blasting cycle, it was determined tasks. , However, the ventilation furnished that sufficient ventilation could not be pro- was advantageous in that no time was needed vided to the tank to eliminate the possible 1x1 ween paint coatings for curing. This toxic hazard of the solvent fumes. .These made it possible-to complete the job in less fumes were methyl isobutyl ketone and than the estimated time, toluene .-and were typical of the vinyl coat- A recent surveyof five different manu- ings being applied. . facturers' primers showed that they contain Slince- the ventilation as determined by the as volatile solvents: 1) methyl ethyl ketone measurements was practical only to the ex- with a small amount of xylene, 2) toluene tent of control of-.the explosive hazard, all and. xylene, 3) toluene and xylene, 4) jiainters were supplied .with airline res- toluene and methyl isobutyl ketone, and 5)pirators. Foremen, chemists, and other per- methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, sonnel who were required to enter the tanks and xylene. These are similar to those were furnished chemical cartridge respira- encountered in the 1950 work. These coat- tors. All respirators used by the Bethlehem . ing systems have met with rapid acceptance Steel Company are approved by the U. S. among ship owners as considerably greater Bureau of Mines for the specific application. size tanks have been and are in--the process I As a further safeguard on the measure- `^ify of being coated with a veritable witch's mentx and calculations made with regard to brew of materials. the coating system, a chemist certified by the In recent years, an additionalcontrol of American Bureau of Shipping was retained the environment has been required by the to make constant readings of the explosive coating manufacturers because of the narcontent of the air. A sample of the coatings row range of specified temi>eratures and has been furnished to him in order that he humidities during the coating application might calibrate his instrument for the appro- and curing. This has required the devdop- priatc explosive range. incut of a push-pull type of general ventila- 36 --JbUfeaJU*******'"1 Marine Section lion in! which the makeup air, which had drying of the coating. This manual, has lecn' merely the ambient air in the case been part of the training facilities made described, now must he controlled within available for line supervisors in our company. these specified limits of temperature and The Sparrows Point yard, which is pri humidity. The expense of tempering makeup marily a. new ship construction yard, has air makes it economically infeasible to at minimized its ventilation requirements by the tempt to control the health exposure ex installation of a .facility which blasts scale clusively by means of ventilation. from plates by steel shot and then ^sprays Several years after the prejiaration of the the prime coat utilizing an electro-statically company's manual on 'welding and burning charged paint spray. This is an automated and its acceptance and use by the line super line with complete fire and explosion pro visors, the shipbuilding division requested tection and safeguards.. personnel from.industrial relations to assist in the preparation of a ventilation manual for the preparation and coating of surfaces. A similar manual to that for welding and burning was prepared with headings of an appropriate nature. Jn the section under ventilation require ments, tiie portion on fundamentals was re peated from the previous manual. The sec tion on local exhaust ventilation was elim-- inated and several typical cases were listed which had lieen controlled by general venti lation. ' In addition, whenever possible, subassem blies are blasted and coated on the ground fabrication tables prior to being assembled on the ways. In summary, with regard to spray coating, this method of application has caused serious potential problems from the safety and health standpoint for the following reasons: 1) the increase of the application rate of the coat ing; 2) the increase of the solvent content of the coating due to the need for less viscous materials for spraying; and 3) the increase in inherent toxicity of the solvents A simple formula for determining the gen due to the development of the various plastic- eral ventilation required when spraying in a type coatings which require more complex confined space in order to control the fire chemicals as a solvent material. and explosion hazard was given: The control of these coating applications Q -= 8000 (s) requires individual respiratory protection for (x) (y) men when they are working in confined where Q = ventilation rate in cubic feet per minute s = coating consumption in pounds per 8 hour day x = molecular.weight of coating' (or primary solvent in coating) y = lower explosive limit of coating ------------ --in-per. cent (or of primary sol vent coating). areas. They require ventilation rates of sufficient quantity so that 20 per cent of the lower-explosive limit of the applicable solvent is not exceeded. ^ - The safe and healthful application of coat ings depends upon the cooperation of the owner, vendor, and the yard. As to the owner, he must select the coatings in time so that proper precautions_for_applying the coating may be taken. From the- vendor's^ Rates established by the above formula standpoint, he must supply sufficient informay' will give''adequate control of fire and ex tion with regard to the composition of tl'' plosion hazard with proper circulation of the coating so that the yard may take the nr air in the confined space.- However, higher essary precautions with the coating. 7 rates may be justified' from the production yard's responsibility is to assemble the irf standpoint in order to minimize fogging and mation and furnish the equipment and; improve visibility. Additional production sonnel required to perform a safe, her benefits may tie obtained from more rapid and technically excellent job. ; 5. CP OFFICERS OF THE MARINE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 General Chairman--C^n. G. H. E. Buxton, Dir, Safety Bureau, New York Shipping Assn., Inc,`New York, N. Y. I'ice Genera! Chairman--Wainwrioiit Dawson, Safety Engr, Bethlehem Sted Co, Bcthlehem. Pa. Secretary--C. Bradford Mitchell, Dir, Bureau of Information, American Merchant Marine Institute, Inc, New York, N. Y. Editor, Marine Newsletter--W. D. Lindsay, Dir. of Safety, United States Lines Co, New York, N. Y. Assistant Editor--John R. Blackeby, Asst Vice President, American Bureau of Shipping, New York. N. Y. Advisory Csmtmiltee (Past General Chairmen)--D. L. Buchanan, Asst Manager, Opera tions, Pittsburgh Fleet, U. S. Steel Corp, Cleveland, Ohio; Capt. R. E. Mackey, Coral Gables, Fla.; R. W. Berry, Vice Pres, United Fruit Co, Boston, Mass.; W. Lyle Bull. Kxec. Vice Pres., American Export and Isbrandtsen Lines, Washington, D. G; L. H. Quackf.nbush, Vice Pres, States Marine Lines, New York, N. Y.; Catt. Jones F. Devlin. Vice Pres, United States' Lines Co, New York, N. Y. Nominating Committee Chairman--D. L. BUCHANAN l'ice Chairmen--Capt. R E. Mackey; R. W. Berry; W. Lyle Btnx Secretary--BkOno J. Auoknti Chairman (Safety Of Life At Sea)--Adm. E. J. Roland, U. S. C. G, Commandant, U. S. Coast Guard. Washington,. D._C. ; Capt. A.H. JMcComb. Jr._(Asst^Chaimun).U.JL, C. G, Chief, Internationa! Maritime Safety Coordinating Staff, U. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. C. Administrative Consultant--Harold M. Wick, Port Washington, Long Island, N. Y. Passenger & Dry Cargo Division--J. M. Dempsey, Jr. (Division Chairman), Vice Presi dent, Slates Marine Lines, New York, N. Y.; L. O. Coffman (Vice Chairman), Safety Engr, Matson Navigation Co, San Francisco, Calif.; Capt. J. B. Rucker (Program); Mgr, Accident Prev. Div, Lykes Bros. S. S. Co, New Orleans, La.; A. T. Davis (Membership), Asst. Vice President, Transpacific Traasportation Co, Portland, Ore. Tankship Division--C L. Boyle (Chairman), Vice President,-Transportation, Sun Oil Co, Philadelphia, Pa.; J. Andreae (Vice Chairman), Gen. Mgr, Marine Div, Humble Oil & Refining Co, Inc, Houston, Texas; W. L. Avrett (Program), Chemical Engr, Socony-Mobil Oil Co, New York, N. Y.; Gforce WashburI* (Membership), Senior Safety Engineer, California Shipping Cb, San Francisco, Cal. I 76 V Great Lakes Division--John L. Horton (Chairman), Asst. Manager, Marine Dept, Cleve land Cliffs Iron Co., Cleveland, Ohio; John W. Mannish; (Vice Chairman), Supt.of Operations, Steamship Div., The Hanna Mining Co., Cleveland, Ohio; Riixy O'Brien (Membership), Manager, Marine-Dept, Inland Steel CoJ Chicago, 111.; Robt. E. Kratzert (Program), Mgr., Vessel Personnel & Services, Columbia Tramp. Div., Oglebay Norton Co., Cleveland, Ohio Stevedoring Division--Andrew D. Warwick (Chairman), President, T. Hogan & Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y.; Capt. Morton C Roach, Manager, Marine Safety, American President Lines, San Francisco, Calif.; O. P. Villarrubia (Program), Claim Agent & Safety Mgr., T. Smith & Son, New Orleans, La.; Robert P. Alden (Membership), Safety & Wage Adm., Castle & Cooke, Inc., Honolulu, Hawaii Shipbuilding & Repair Division--l. C. Yates (Chairman), Safety Director, Alabama S. B. & D. D. Co., Mobile, Ala.; John Antolik (Vice Chairman), Safety Engineer, American Shipbuilding Co... Lorain, Ohio; H. J. Nordstrom (Program), Asst Plant Protection Kngr., Newport News S. B. & D- D. *Co., Newport News, Va.; J. R. O'Donneij. (Mem bership), Safety Director, Avondale Shipyards, Inc., New Orleans, La. Ilarge Sr Tdwing Vessel Division--Wm. C. McNeal (Chairman), Oil, Transport Co., New Orleans, La.; F. A. Mechlino (Vice Chairman), Vice President, A. L. Mechiing Barge Lines, Joliet, 111.; E. Thomas Drennan (Program), Material Service Div., Mgr., Marine . Dept., General Dynamics Corp., Lockport, 111.; Robert L. Gray (Membership), Manager, River Operations, Ashland Oil & Refining Co., Ashland, Ky. Gmernment Division--Rear Adm. C. P. Murphy, USCG, (Chairman), Chief, Office of Merchant-Marine Safety, LI. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. G; Vice Adm. Glynn R. ' Dona no (Vice Chairman), Commander, Military Sea Transportation Service, Wash ington,'D.-G; Capt. B. D. Shoemaker, USCG, (Vice Chairman-Program),. Deputy Chief, Office of Merchant Marine Safety, U. S. Coast -Guard, Washington, D. C.; Rear Adm. Halert C. Shepheard, U. S. C. G. (Ret.), Westmoreland Hill, Washington, D. C.; Capt. M. I. Goodman, Maritime Administration, Washington, I). C. Discussion. Groiips, Atlantic Area--W. J. Beck (Chairman), Safety Supervisor, Tidewater Oil Company, Delaware City, Del.; Capt. H. R.'Rosenoren (Vice Chairman), Safety Director, Moore-McCormack Lines, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Pacific Area--Capt. T. G Conwei.i* (Chairman), Vice Pres., Ship Operations, American President Lines, San Fran cisco, Calif.; Lawrence C. Ford (Vice Chairman), President, California Shipping Co., San Francisco, Calif.; Gulf 'Area--CAn. Paul Poixatt (Chairman)rSafety~Director, Delta Steamship Lines, Inc., New Orleans, La.; Earle Smith (Vice Chairman),.Safety Director, Waterman S. S. Corp., Mobile, Ala.; Great Lakes Areaf-Jack Thompson (Giairman), Interlake Steamship Co., Union Commerce Bldg., Geveland, Ohio; G H. Stuber (Vice Chairman), Asst. Secretary, Cleveland Tankers, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio; Inland Waterways Area--Cait. B. O. Capi.ener (Chairman), Marine Supt., Federal Barge Lines, St. Louis, Mo.; Dave Jarvis (Vice Giairman), Safety Director, Ohio River Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; Government Group--John R. Wolfe (Chairman), Safety Director, Military Sea Transportation Service, Dept, of the Navy, Washington, D. C.; Capt. J. O. Thomson, USCG, (Vice Chairman), Chief, Merchant Marine Safety Div., Third U. S. Coast Guard District, New York, N. Y. Standing Committees Program Committee--Capt. R. N. LePagf. (Chairman), Safety Director. Farrell Lines New York, N. Y.; Con. C. A. Culver, USNR, (Vice Chairman), Marine Safety Engi neer. The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 77 j. o Volume 15 National Safety Congress Transactions METALS INDUSTRIES L 16c*"-* NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 1964 National Safety Congress WHERE DO YOU GO FOR THE ANSWERS? By W. E. SEBESTA Chief Industrial Hygienist, Republic Steel Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio ' This question has probably arisen many times for innumerable organizations whose employes have become' concerned with the conditions under which they work. Of course, there may be reasons, other than those which may irritate an employe's physi' cal health, which may generate a criticism from the employe or group of employes, in which' one's health is questioned. However, since we are .concerned here with industrial health, let us delve into the various paths of investigating an industrial health problem. There are several air sampling procedures which are recommended by various indi viduals and organizations. Some prefer taking air samples by a midget or micro method, such as, evaluating the dust con centrations in areas, using the midget im- pinger system. Others pr.efer using a sam pling method which is related to the breathing rate of an employe engaged in moderate labor. * liasic air sampling procedure must consider the type of contaminant, the method of sam pling, the possible interferences, and the degree of hazard of the exposure to the con taminant. One must first consider whether the prob lem is a. dust, fume, mist or gaseous con taminant. If it is a dust problem, the con-taminant should be collected in distilled water; if it is insoluble. If the dust may be water soluble, a lion-dissolving liquid is rec ommended. Dusts have also been captured during air sampling by electrostatic precipitation, by filter pajK-r sampling, and thermal pre cipitation. Once the dust has been collected, it is counted as soon as possible (if it has been collected- in a solution). If the dust has feen captured in the dry' state, the dust is redispersed in a suitable liquid in the laboratory for counting. Sometimes, dusts are analyzed in other ways; various microscopic procedures, by change in color of the filtration medium or by gravimetric means. After counting, the j dusts may lie analyzed for particle size distribution or analyzed chemically for other reasons. A fume, which is a contaminant resulting from the condensation of a volatilized ma terial, may have to be captured using a sampling procedure capable of collecting the particles in that particular size range. Some fumes have to lie sampled by use of the electrostatic precipitator. Sampling for gases may be performed using (I) indicator tubes (if available), (2) use of a scrubbing liquid, or (3) .cap ture a quantity, of the workroom atmosphere by means of a vacuum system. The indicator tubes are susceptible to interferences, which are-listed by the respective manufacturers. Scrubbing mediums can sometimes be de vised to capture the suspected gaseous con taminant, this medium being ahalyzed in the laboratory for the* Specific gas. The vacuum system refers to the capture of a sufficient quantity of the workroom atmosphere in a bottle or other container. This container was originally evacuated in the laboratory* and the .air sample secured in the field by opening the cylinder closure and per mitting the workroom atmosphere to be drawn into the previously evacuated cylinder. There are also other sampling methods for 'dusts (most of'which involve filtration): a) Owens Automatic Air Filter--a paper tape device which filters the dust from a definite volume of air through a small area of white filter paper tape; b) the Konia gravimeter^ c) the paper thimble mctliod; d) the bag test, which is similar to method (c) above; e) the sugar tube method; and f) salicylic acid filter, which like the sugar tube, uses a crystal mass to retain the dusts. There have been several methods developed for the capture of dust aside from the methods mentioned earlier. They are: Koniometer, Minnesota Dust Counter, Owens Jet Dust Counter, the modified impinger and cascade impactor. These are modifications of the general impingement method; the variance providing the separation of the dust into fractions which can then be ob served separately. 8 OFFICERS OF THE METALS SECTION . NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL* 1964-65 General Chairman--Chkouss . E. Wilson, Safety Eng.;-Bethlehem Steel Co^ Bethlehem/. Pa. ' ' Pint yice Chairman--G-Lundie, Asst Dir. Safety .& Plant Prot, Inland SteSd Co/East Chicago, Ind. -; . -'.-; ' . .- '. - V'.. `J- Second: Vice Chairman-^W-J>. Wiu.iams, Supvr. of Safety, The Youngstown Sheet & 'Tufw Co:, East Qticago,-^ '; : . - . Third Vice Chairman--Vf. T.. McLean, : Gen, Supvr. of Safety & Sak, United States ' Steel Corp;, Gary Steel Works, Gary,; Ind. .1 ' Secretary--C: P. Vorhes, Mgr. of Safety, Jones. ,& Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Newsletter Editor-t-Steven Coujns, Safety Dir., Midwest Steel Diyi, National Steel . torp., Poirtage, Ind. ; - '. . , Co-Editors and Speakers Bureau-^W. R..RoBUN,Corp. Supvr. Safety, Allegheny. Ludium Steel Corp:,Pittsburgh, Pa.; L. D. Tracy, Safety'Eng., Corp. Hazard Cont Dept., Drayo Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa: " Congress Program Committee--K D. Kent (Chairman) /Safety Mgr-, Aluminum Com- : ; pany of America,:Davenport Works, Davenport, Iowa; H. D. Hrcirev, Safety Engr., Bethlehem Steel <30., Bethlehem, Pa..; R. A. McRae, Safety Engjrr The Colorado Fuel: & Iron Corp.; Pueblo, Colo.; G. F. Grace, Sales "Mgr., Industrial Citain Div., Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonawanda, N. Y.;. D. L. Johnson,' Supvr,, Safety > Engr., Pennsylvania Manufacturers Assn., Casualty Insurance Co., Pittsburgh, Pjl; Edw. Manohy, Supi., Ind.' Relations, Republic Steel Corp;, Cleveland District, Orte-. land, Ohio ... ; . . . . Technical Publications'Cobmitieer^]. S..-Chapman (Chairman), Mgr. of Safety, Armco Steel Corp., Middletown, Ohio-; .D.. W. Brown, Safety" Eng., United .States -Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.; M.! W. Gray,' Safety Director, Weirtbn Steel Q., Weirton, . W. Va.; J. B. Anderson,'Safety Engineer, Republic Steel Corp., 'Cleveland, Ohio; MANPO*t),RuBy, Safety Engineer, Laclede Steel Co.; Alton,' III. I I -i j Membership Committee--Amtiw - T.. Pochiber (Chairman), Safety Dir., Allegheny ' Ludium. Steel Cprp.,.Lecchburgh, Pa, j R. I: Reichle, Supvr. of Safety, The Youngs- town Sheet & Tub-e Co., Youngstown, Ohio. .' ' ...'*; Off-The-Job Committee--'L. C. 'Parker- (Chairman), -Safety Director, Granite Steel Co.,-.1 -.->{ Granite Cityi III.; *J. D. Holtzapwe; *D. D. JIateer; *J. Gl Cwaen t Contest and- Awards Committee-->G Danes. (Chairman),'Management's-Repr, Bethlehem . ' Steel Co.,. Chicago, HI.; E. M.. Bouquet, Supit., Safety & Pit Prot,, Acme Steel. Corp., ." ::GHicagp, ill. .. . " 20 ! Training, and Education Committee--H. W..GiLBERG (ChaIrniafl), W<jrks Safety. Admin., Jones-& Laughlin Steel Corp, Aliquippa, Pa.; RE. McWhekot, Manager) Per. .& Safety, Sharon Sted Corp, Farrdl, Pa.; W. .P. Saohdebs, Safety Director, Universal . Cyclops. Sted 'Corp.; Bndgeville; - Pa.; J;.-D.'I*MaA,- Supvr, Iiii Safety Sect, .Sted Div.;. Ford-Motor Co., Dearborn; Mich; .. '........ Foundry . Industry Committee--John Speowls (Chairman), Safety Supvr, Caterpillar-' Tractor Co., Peoria, 111.;. Chasies . RetEbt, Per*. Mgr, Grede , Foundry,: Milwaukee, Wis,; K;: S. Hedges, Safety Director,: General MotorsvCorp.,: Detroit- Mich;; J.- M.' Eakin, Dir. of ' Safety & Insurance The Coo^-Bdiseher COtp, Grove City,;Pa. ; . H. J, .Web?r, Director of Safety, Hyg, & Air Poll ` <^tir., American .Foundrymai's . Sodety, .Goif & Wolf Roads, Des : Plaines, III.; G.: W.>Davis, Asst. Per! Mjjr.,; National ' `' Malleable Steel Castings (S., ' Sltaron, Pa.'; ` W. -R. ETHETOGE/Mgr!! Industrial Ret, Blaw-KnoxCo, Aetna. Standard Div, Ellwood Gty. Pa; ; W. H.-Decree, Safety Man. ager, .Central Fouiufryj Danville^ J1L'; EBihglehak, Safety Dir.; Dominion Forind- ries&, Steel, Ltd!, Hamilton, Onfc; Canada; ` ' !' - - Steel Service Center Committee--&: F. Schboedeb (Cfaairnianji. Manager of- Safety Diy, . Joseph !*. Ryerson &fSdns, In&^CMca^ 11L; Asthijb J. Matiem, Mgr. of Personnd,. United States Sted Supply, Diy. United -States Steel Cop;, Chicago, 111;;- G; J. Mrrchell, Supt of Ind; Relations, Republic; Steel Corp!, Youngstown,OhioX, ; ! Industrial Hygiene Commiltee-r-JoHh 'Jakous (Chairman),' Ind.HygieneEng.;-Jones & Laughlin Sted Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa. j Habby M. Donaldson, Mgr;, Ind. .Hyg; &Safety.. The. Brush Beryllium Co," Elmore; Ohio;-W. -R. Sebasta,. Chief Ind.-Hygienist, Re- -public Steel Corp., Research Center, Independence, Ohio; E! J. Labgent, Mgr. of -En vironmental & Ind. Hygidie, Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond, Va. .v - Steel Industry Committee--G. H. Reilly. (Chairman), Safety Eng-, Admin, United States . Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.; Be?l. Ellis,- Stfpyr. of Safety, Armco Sted Corp.,- Kansas City* Mo.; H. L. Seimetz, Senior SafetyvS_tjpvr. Republic Sted Corp., Canton; Ohio; W. V. Beinecke, Safety Supvr, Republic Steel Corp., Youngstown, Ohio; .G; L. Hughes, Dir; of Safety & PlfProt, Phoenix Sted Corp., Claymont, Dd. ' Non-Ferrous Industry. Committee--Howmd L. Hobo (Chairman), Supt,. Safety & Sec, Ormet Corp,- Hannibal, Ohio; K. G Gxabam, Dir, Safety Coordinator, Union Car bide Corp, Ashtabula, Ohio; Theson T. Vinpm, Safety Dir.* Kehnecott Cogger Corp, Salt Lake Gty, Utah; R. C. Becxstead, Dir, Safety & Tech. -Etnjpl, American -JSmdting & Refining Co, Salt Lake Gty, Utah; F. H. Illig, Mgr. of Safety & Sec.) AJiinumnn Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Ps. `- . -. Fabricating . Industry Committeer-J. Patlyex (Chairman), Personnd. Supvr.; East Chi cago Works, Blaw-Knox Co, East/Chicago, Ind,; Eabl A. Bbathw, Secretary, Steel Plate Fabricators Assn., Chicago, 111.; J. F- Chooole, Mgr, Operations-Const; Giieago Bridge & Iron, Co, Oak Brook, .IH. ; J. L. Beckneb, Mgr. of Safety, American Bridge Div, United States Sted Cop!; Pittsburgh, Pa.; E J;' Collins, Wks. Safe^r Eng, Fabricated .Steel '.Const,'- Bethldiem Sted Co, Bethlehem, Pa.; E. S. Skobofa, Div. Personnel Supvr., Grover Tank. & Mfg.. Coi, East Chicago^ Ind.; Gebald F. Johas, Mgr. Ini . Rd,. Builovak-Dairy, Equipt Diwsion,'Buffalo, N;-Y^ . t; . West Coast. Committee--P.- P." PhyOb,' Jb., .(Gxwdinator), Ainin. Asst, Safety, -Bethlehem- Sted Co, San Francisco, Calif.' '' ' Members at Large--Hokth K.` Laubie (Giairmah), i&iser Alumunim!.&'Chemical Gnp, Oakland, C^lif.;- Habby Schwabtz, President- Washington Pipe & Steel Co, Seattle, : ;Wash. ; ... - "v, !; -V . V-'V-' 21. s?U: ii . 'f!-ri* i San Francisco Area-rRm E. Mathson XChairman), Federated Metals Div;, American Smelting & Refining: Go., San Francisco,- Calif. Northwest AretJr-fL Vi Mougak (Chairman)-,' Safety Sopvr., Kaiser Aluminum fit Chemir cal :"Corp,Spokane; Wadi;R.-S. Jamar, Safety Ehg,~ Bethlehem Steel- Co.,- Seattle,-- , ..Wash... '! Iu>s Angeles Area~Ex>mn S. Wynko6i>(Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co., Los Angeles, . Calif.; A G.GXtes, Harvey Aluminum Co., Torrance; Calif. Salt Lake' City - Area^Tntstaa fT.; Pikder. (Chairman), Safety. Dir., Kennecott. Copper ; '; CorjpvSalt,Lake City,Utah ' V;;;: V' v' Rescarchand Advisory Committee--Tysse. (Chairman), Mgr.- pf- Safety, .Republic-SteelCarp, OcvelaDd, Ohio; *jAMES' G-- Ctnj.rx, Supvr^ Safety Sect, Ford Motor : Go., Dearborn/Mich.; *D. D. 2LvTEEa, 'Safety C>rdmator,- Safety &;WelfareDept, Jones&.Laughlin Steel .Corp, Pittsburgh, P*.; *R. I,'Pisti,:Supt .of IndrRd., Chicago Distrlct^RepcbEcStttl Corp/Ghipagcrilll.;' *J-U-- HotiZAPFEE,; Mgr. of Safety & Train- ;; ing, Bh.w4Ch6% Co; Pittsburgh, Pa. ; *C EErcjyBHOD,SafeityDir, McLoujtlrJsteel Corp,Trenton, Mich.;: *G: 0;`. GRlmN/ Mgri, .Hazard Control, Dravo C6rp., 'Pittstergh, Pa.; *H. Sr Snrrgoir; Mgr.' Safety, Caterpillar Tractor Co:;- Peoriaj' 111.; *J:.;E-Ridiier,- Dir.', Safety'S: Plant-Prot, Inland/Sted -Co,, East Chicago, Ind.; ?P: E. 'Grundsian, ' Safety Engineer, Anbco Steel Corp, Baltimore, Md.;-.*R.'H. -Fergusow, Assfc -Diir.. of - Ind- ReL, Republic Steel Corp.; Cleveland, Ohio'; *D. A--FAHWOi,Uir.:of'Safety,.U. 'S.: Steel Corp, PfttsBbigJvPa.; *H. G. HENSEi, Arcadi CaBf.1'; Staff Representative--E. K Koch, -National Safety Council, -425 N. Michigan Ave, Chi- cagoi I1L 60611 Past General Chairmail . *' 1 - A I 1964 -w- l" Volume 16 r\b National Safety Congress Transactions MINING NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL J 425 N. Michigan Avenue **%**%& Chicago, Illinois 60611 LJ 196-1 National Safety Connects 1 cies, information ami aid arc supplied the of his men. It is up to him to see that they unit-by-the Dcparliwnt-of~-Safcly-and_Tcchi. get the information, learn the safe operation nical Employment Ol'lirc in Salt I.akc. The pit safety program is aimed at providing safe conditions and Keying as miieh infor mation as possible to the equipment operators, procedures and to see that the safety orders arc followed. The Safety Department helps him by supplying information, . planning training; holding safety meetings, making^ teaching them the safe way to ojicratc their inspections and keeping records. particular equipment under all conditions and The Mission has recorded a respectable situations and seeing that safety instructions safety record in the jast, but everyone is are carried out. , always trying to make it better. New The Mine Superintendent has the direct suggestions and ideas are welcomed and responsibility for pit safety and in turn, each searched out in the attempt to have an I'it Supervisor is responsible for the Safety accident-free operation. REACHING THE MINER WITH SAFETY EDUCATION By HERBERT A. WENDEL Chairman, Bureau of Safety, The Anaconda Company, Butte, Mont. Reaching the miner with 'safety education i% the ultimate goal ami main objective of every safety program in the rfiining indus try. If we can get safety education to every worker and it is properly learned, enforced and olieyed, we should eliminate at least 85 l>er cent of all jiotcutial accidents. We should have very few accidents as a result of .un safe behavior. Then we could concentrate most of our future-efforts on preventing the type of accidents which are caused by faulty or defective machinery, equipment, tools and materials. --An uninformed or-uninitiated jiersoti would think that it $hould lie a rather- simple proc ess to reach the miner with a safety educa tion. Theoretically he would be right Itecause here we get involved in a matter of seman tics. When we say "reaching the miner with safety education" we actually mean that this education must also lie accepted and learned by the miner; we intend to mean that safety must be observed and followed at all times. I'.ut in order to realize our complete mean ing of the phrase, we must overcome or find the solution for a number of problems anti obstacles which are all too well known by management anti safety personnel. Probably the greatest deterrents wc face in projicrly reaching the miner with safety education are the far tint numerous faulty mental reactions which are usually referred to as unsafe attitudes; these, coupled with superstitious or fatalistic belief? common in the minds of the type of workers who follow mining as an occhpation, complicate our cor rective efforts. A summary of the more common prob lems we arc confronted with in reaching the miner with safety education would in clude : 1) employee resistance or reluctance to new safety, ideas, programs, innovations or devices; 2) long standing, undetected or unobserved unsafe work liabits; 3) improper altitudes including-fatalistic beliefs ami thephilosophy that life itself is a gamble; 4) inherent desire to take short-cuts or chances; 5) reluctance to o!>ey orders or safety rules that seem to involve additional work; 6) objection to the use of required personal protective equipment; 7) resistance to safe--ty because it seems to restrict freedom of action; 8) feelings of personal immunity to accident or injury. Miners and other employees resist safety mainly because they feel that it restricts their actions, seems to cause more work, interferes with their freedom of action or slows them down. This is probably not, in their minds, a djsregard for orders or a disresiicct for safety. Some men believe they know more about the job than anyone else. 24 OFFICERS OF THE MINING SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 General Chairman--Herbert A. Wendel. The .Anaconda Co.. Bureau of Safety, Butte, Mont. 59701 . . Chairman-Elect & Secretary--A. D. Annand, Tennessee* Copper Co., Copper Hill, Term. 37317 Second Vice-Chairman--Harold F. Thompson, American Zinc Co., Mascot, Tenn. 37806 Third Vice-Chairman--Robert M. Neil, The Hanna Mining Co., Agents, Iron River, Michi gan 49935 'Xnutletter Editor--Allen D. Look, Editor; Louis J. Zaverl, Assoc. Editor, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Duluth, Minn. 55802 Assistant Newsletter Editors--Northeastern District. Joseph H. Weekes, New Jersey Zinc Company, Ogdenburg, New Jersey 07416; Southeastern District, Warren C. Stover, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. 63628; Western District, W. Lynn Hart, American Smelting and Refining Co., Wallace, Idaho 83873; Southwestern District, R. L. Johnston, Chino Mines Div., Keimecott Copper Corp., Hurley, New Mexico 88043; Eastern Canada District, M. R. Fraser, Accident Prevention Association of Ontario, North Bay, Ont., Canada; Western Canada District, J. D. McDonald, Mining Association of B. C, Vancouver, B. C., Canada Off-The-Job Safety Committee--A. D. Annand (Chairman), Tennessee Copper Co., Copper Hill, Tenn. 37317; Harold F. Thompson*. American Zinc Co., Mascot, Tenn. 37806; Robert M. Neil, The Hanna Mining Co., Agents, Fron River, Michigan 49935 J^tertainmcnt Committee--Everett White (Chairman), Mine Safety AppliancesCo., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15208; Joseph Haj.l, Reserve"Mming-Cb.v-Silver Bay,-Mnn^55614 Engineering Committee--Charles C. Hilton (Chairman), U. S. Smelting Refining & Mining Co., Salt Lake City, Utah 84110; John E Berridoe, Hall & Henshaw Ltd.,. Insurance, Montreal 2, Quebec, Canada; Larry S. Hansen, Northwestern Mining De partment, American Smelting & Refining Co.. Wallace. Idaho 83873; Fred G. Michels. White Pine Copper Co., White Pine. Michigan 4W71; W. J. Hunt, Phelps Dodge Corp., Copper Queen Branch, Bisbee. Arizona 85603; T. T. Pinder, Utah Division, . Kennecott Copper Corp., Salt Lake City. Utah 84110; Robert A. Skorseth, The Hanna Mining Co., Agents, Iron River, Michigan 49935 Membership Committee--M. R. Fraser (Chairman), Mines Accident Prevention Association of Ontario. North Bay, Ontario, Canada; D. Bent, Meramec Mining Co., Sullivan, Missouri 63080; V. Bishop, Union Carbide Nuclear Company, Uravah, Colorado 81436; H. Bloy, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; R. W. Brummett, Kaiser Steel Corporation, Eagle Mountain Iron Ore Mine, Eagle Mountain, California 92241; Walter O. Gonelson, The Hanna Mining Co., Agents, Hibbing, Minn. 55746; D. W. Henry, Heda Mining Company, Wallace, Idaho 49 83873; G. S. Ichpurani,- Regional Inspector of Mines, Government of India, Dhanbad (*Bihar), India; Joseph H. Weekes, New Jersey Zinc Company, Ogdensburg, N. J. 07416; J. T. Williams, The Bunker Hill Co., Kellogg; Idaho 83837 Program Committer--Roy G. Stott (Chairman), U. S. Bureau of Mines, Interior Bldg., Washington 25, D. C. 20240;. A. W. Ness, American Smelting & Refining Co., Salt Lake City, Utah 84101; M. R. Fraser, Mines Accident Prevention Assoc, of Ontario, North Bay, Ont, Canada; Joseph Ham., Reserve Mining Company, Silver Bay, MiniC 55614 Visual Education Committee--Walter O. Gu nelson (Chairman), The Hanna Mining Co., Agents. Hihhing, Minn. 55746; A. W. Ness, American Smelting & Refining Co., Salt Lake City, Utah 84101; William L. Smith, The Anaconda Co., Butte, Montana 59701; Melvin 'H.,, Tayi.or, Cananea Consolidated Mining Co., S.A., Cananea, Sonora, Mexico; A. L. French, .The Anaconda Co., Great Falls, Mont. 59401 Statistics Committee--*R. F. Wilson (Chairman), Minnesota Ore Operations, U. S. Steel Corp.--Wolvin Bldg., Duluth, Minn. 55802; Forrest T. Mover, Chief, Accident Analysis Branch, U. S.' Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. 20240; Doi.ra.AS F. Coleman, Bethlehem Cornwall Corp., Cornwall, Pa. 17016; Owen B. Boland, Caland Ore Company Ltd., Atikokan, Ontario, Canada dissociation (-Publicity Committee--M. R. Yottsr. (Chairman), Internationa] Nickel Co. of Canada Ltd., Copper Cliff, Ontario, Canada; Georoe Sam., Mining Congress Journal. Washington 25, D. C. 20036; Alvin W. Knoerr, Engineering & Mining Journal, New York 36. N. Y.; George O. A roam., Jr.,.K. M. World Mining, Brussels 5, Belgium; . Chris Mam ex. Canadian Mining Journal, Gardenvale, Que., Canada; Richard N. Pauli, The Hanna Mining- Co., Agents, Hihhing, Minn. 55746; David N. Skillings, Skillings Mining Review, Duluth, Minn. 55802; J-. W. Jeffries, Wahush Mining Co., Wabush Lake, Labrador, Canada; W. J. Thiesen, Republic Steel Corp., Port Henry, New York 12^74 Hygiene and Ventilation Committee-- R. I. Seari.e (Chairman), U. S. Bureau of Reclama tion, Federal Center, Salt Lake Citv, Utah 84110; G. D. Winans, Region 7, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver. Colo. 80225; W. A. Bardswich, Mines Accident Prevention Assoc, of Ont., North Bav, Ontario, Canada; Robert L. Giuliani, Pickands Mather & Co., Hoyt Lakes, Minn. 55750; Richard A. Hudspeth, Utah Copper Division, Kennecott Copper Corp.. Salt I-ake City. Utah 84110; L. P. Gingras, Asbestos Corp. Ltd., Thetford Mines, Quelec, Canada _______ __ Teaming Committee--If. Bioy (Chairman), Mines Accident Prevention Assoc, of Manitoba, Winnepcg, Man., Canaria; J. H. House, Meramec Mining Co.. Sullivan, Missouri 63080; R. J. Forsyth, International Minerals & Chemical Corp., Esterhazy, Sask., Canada; G. E. Kohrt, Pickands Mather and Company, Hoyt Lakes, Minn. 55750 Members at JMrge--Mohn A. Cooke, Falconbridge Nickel Mines Ltd., Falconbridge, Ontario. Canada: `Edward C. Leonard, Inland Steel Co., Ishpcming, Michigan 49849; *C. R. Nf.ii, Bethlehem Cornwall Corp., Cornwall, Pa. 17016; *S. E. Sharp, Tennessee Copper Co, Copperhill, Tenn. 37317; *R. F. Wilson, Minnesota Ore Operations, U. S. Steel Corp.. Duluth, Minn. 55802; *Jop. T. Williams, The Bunker Hill Co, Kellogg, Idaho 83837 . Nominating Committee--John A. Cooke (Cliairman), Falconbridge Nickel Mines Ltd, Falconbridge, Ontario, Canada; Edward C. Leonard, Inland Steel Company, Ishpeming, Michigan 49849; C. R. Neil (Secretary)j, Bethlehem Cornwall Corp, Cornwall, Pa. 17016 50 ` NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL T964-65 . .. . ' Vice-President, for Motor Transportation--rV/es-B? M. Frantz . /: CAairmaw--HakoliS R. Hosea ' :. Vice-Chairman (Chairman-Elect 1965J--Dobwin L; Williamson Immediate .Past Cfiairwwa*--Karl.Schulze Chairman Commercial Vehicle Section--Johu 'W- Jacobsov Chairman Transit Section--Elliot! A. Thiel Chairman School Transportatiotf.Sectiort^--C. Bill Lemon 'Staff Secretary--AjjREbC.. Finch . :-y--; Members of the Board .of Directors -Representing Motor Transportation Conference-- John C. Baine, . Ernest G. Cox, Robert. E. Gocke, Robert G Hendon, Harold R. Hosea, Claude A. Jessup, Finley . S. Lake, Edward-B. Landry, G Bill Lemon, William G. Macintosh, Harry 0. Mathers, Arthur J. Naquin,. Kaxl Schulze Honorary Life Members--E. J. Buhner, P. H. Coburn, J.P..Hightower . Executive Committee---H. R, Hosea, Chairman;. ,C. W*. Boyce, H. A. Brandaleone, C. D. Calkins, Raymond Davis, E. J. Emond, D. M. Fergusson, W. M. Frantz, A. L.Hauck, J. W. Jacobson, F. S. Lake, G Bill Lemon, A. S. Lombardi, V. G Lucas,. J. .W. Lumpkin, W. G.. Macintosh, A. J. Naquin, -R. H- Papich, L. F. Purves, Mark Robeson, H. N. Schulz, Karl Schulze, W. Ji Simon, G. D. Son- theimer, E; A. Thiel, R. W< Walter, B. L. Wheat, D. L. Williamson; Secretary, A. C. Finch .-. y-'-- . y | j Members of the Motor Transportation Conference--Norman E. Aikin,.Director, Indus- . trial Relations, Commercial Motor Freight, Columbus, Ohio; John C. Baine, President, Transit Servicts Corp., SL Luisr Mo); J. Pope Baird, Asst, Director of Adminis- ~ tration, Transportation Section;- State Department of Education, Tallahassee, Fla.; Ernest M. Barber, Director, Safety and Insurance, Scherei-Friaght Lines.TiicLi Ottawa, III.; Kenneth N. Beadle, Director of Safety, Pacific Intermountain ExprMS.Qakland,.. . -Calif.; William P. .Bowling, Jr., Direclor. Safety and Gaims. Virginia' Trailways,',:. Charlottesville, Va.; Carroll W.; Boyce, Chief Editor, Fleet Oiwier Magaizinej New ) Yo.rk', N. Y:; Harold A. Brandaleone, M.D, Chairman, Committee-, oh Standards for Motor Vehicle Drivers, Industrial Medical Association,. New York, N. Y.:; Ed J; Buhner (retired),-c/o The Mason and Dixon Lines, IncyLoUisville^ Ky.; Melvin:G. ; BthxocK,. Asst, Mimager,; Safety .Engineering,-Transit Casualty. Company, St. Louis, . Mo.;. John M. Busby, Jr.;. Supt of Transportation, Memphis Transit Management; Co., Memphis. Tenn.; John Godfrey . Butler, Asst Vice-President, Personnel-and . Industrial Relations, D. C. Transit. System, Inc., Washington, D. G; Clay D. Calkins,.. Mgr., Safety and Personnel, Pacific'Motor Trucking Co, San .Francisco, CaliL; Syl A. Caria, "Vice-President.of Operations, Twin Gty Lines,'Inc., Minhwpolis; Minn.; Robert W, ; Cary, Regional Safety Officer--Reg, 2,. U. S, Bureau, of -Reclamation, Sacramento, ' . ' . l'\. 87 i'! !. t *. - , Calif.; R. Dewey Cassell, President, Safety Motor Transit Ca,. Roanoke, .-Va.; Paul H. Coburn, Director of Personnel, Pilot Ffdght Carriers, Inc., Winston-Salemj N.. C.; Max Cooke, Vice-President Xx3 Prevention, McLean Trucking .Co., Winston- Salem, N; C:; Ernest G. Cox, Chief, Section of Motor Cafrier, _Safety, Interstafe Commerce' Commission, Washington, D. C.; Raymond G Davis, Director of Safety, New York City Transit Authority, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Frederick H. DEEG;Mgr., Acci dent & Fire Prevention Dept., National Association of Automotive Mutual Insurance . Companies, Chicago, lit ; John'A: DePew, Director, Safety and Personnel, Dohni Transfer -Co., Rock Island, 111.; Colin. Dobell, Mgr., Staff Service Transportation,: British Columbia' Hydro .and Power Authority, Vancouver, B. G;--.Theodore A. DrEscher,., Mgr.- of Transportation, Borden's Farm Products, New York, N. Y.; . Cunton W- Dreyer, Managing; Director,-Eastbay .Chapter,National-Safety Council, Oakland, Calif.; Mrs. Martha Dunlap, Executive Director, National Truck Leasing System, Oiicago, III.; Bernard H. Ehrlich, Mgr.i Institute of Industrial Launderers, : Washington, D. C.; Raymond C. Elus, Jr., Director, Fleet Safety Services, Assn.'. of Casualty & Surcty Cos., New York, N. Y,,; Perry R. Ellsworth, Asscdate Director, / Milk Industry Foundation, Washington, D, C.; Edward J; Emond, Director. oLAuto- . motive Safety, Armour and Company. Chicago, 111.; Douglas M. Ferguson, . SupL of . Safety, Nationwide Insurance (ilunibfis, Ohio; Georce IL-Fiore,- Executive Vice- President, Transport Indemnity Co., Los Angeles, Calif. ; Leonard R. Fucker, Safety Coordinator, Permanente Cemerft Co., Oaklan'd, Calif.;-DAViD M. Flynn, Supt of Transportation, Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago, III.; .William-M. Foley, Director of .Safely, Consolidated Freightways, Chicago, 111.; William H. Franey, Director, Highway Safety Division, International Association of; Chiefs of; Police, .Washington, : D. C.; Wei.by M. Frantz, President, Eastern Express, Ina, Terre Haute, .Ind.; Robert E. (Jocke, Vice-President, Greyhound Lines; Inc, Chicago, 111.; Richard Gorman, -Supervisor, Safety and- Public Affairs; Allstate. Iiisurance .Cdmpanies, Skokie, 111.; Walter T. Gowens, Vice-President;-Industrial Relations, PilotFreight Carriers; Inc.; Winston-Salem, N. C. ; Horace I; Gwilym, Exec.Secretiry, National Association of Taxicab Owners, Cleveland, Ohio; Harold K. Halbrooks, Director, Accident Pre ventive .Division, National Automobile Transporters Association,.Detroit, Mich.; Dale W,; Hardin, Mgr..Transportation & Communications, U. S, Chamber of: Commerce, Washington, .D. C; Albert L; Hauck, Director,-Safety and Public Relations; Trans portation Underwriters, Indianapolis, Ind,; Robert G Hendon, Vice-President, Industry Affairs, REA Express; Inc., New York, N.-Y.; J. P. Hightower,- Asst.to President, Pilot Freight Carriers, Inc4 Winston-Salem, N. G; Wiluam Rl., Holley, Special - Lines- Engineer, 'Truck Insurance Exchange, Los Angeles, Calif, ; Harold R. Hosea, : Director of Research, National'Association of Motor Bus Owners, Washington, D. C. ; Joseph V. Intorre, Supervisor.Motor Fleet &/Traffic .Training, Institute -of-. Public" Safety, University Park; Pa.;. John W. Jacobson, Director, .Accident'Contfol'Division, F. J. Boutell Driveaway Company,1 Flint, Mich.-; Lswrence C. Jaynes, President,' National Trailways. Bus System,. Washington,: D. G; -Claude A. Jessup, President, Virginia Trailways, Charlottesville, Vai; Walter. H; Johnson,'Vice-President..'Tech-, nological Services, Liquified Petroleum Gas Assn., Chicago,' III.; `Finley S.' Lake, . Director of Safety, Interstate: Motor Freight System, Grand' Rapids, Mich.; Henry G. Lamb, Nuclear Standards Engineer, American Standards Association, New York,. N. Y,;: Edward B. Landry, Director, of Safety and .Health, U; S. Post Office Depart- ; ment, Washington, D. C,; G Bill Lemon, Dirertor; School Bus Safrty,. State De- .partmeht :of'Education,' Santa. Fe, N. M.; Anthony' S.- Lombardi, Vice-President, ' Western Gillette, Inc., Los .Angeles, -Calif.; Frank P.: Lowrey, Assistant Managing Director, 'Auto ' Industries Highway ' Safety Committee, Washington, D. G; Va"n Court Lucas, American* Transit Association, New York, N. Y.;-J. Wylie Lumpkin, Director, -Safety Services, REA- Evpress, Inc., New York, N. Y.; Willard G. . Macintosh, Mgr., Engineering Depiartmwit, Hartford -.Accident ;& Indemnity,<.New' York,- N. Y.; Jack F. McKenna, Safety. Grdi&tor,' American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y.; Charles S.- MARSHAt.L*.BellSystenv Safety Supervisor, American Telephone & Teiegraplij New York, N. 'Y.;: Harry O. Mathews, Vice-President, Transportation and- Distribution Division, Armour and ;Co., Chicago, III.;' Charles . C. MiiA-er, Tire Division, Rubber: Manufacturers Association, New York, N. Y-; `Lee- 88 ";vV Mills, Director of Safety, Gndnnati Transit Company, Cincinnati, 'Ohio; ^Robert F.,. Mills," Plant Safety Supervisor, Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph. Co., Denver,' Colo.; Arthur .D Naquin, Safety Counselor, New Orleans Public-Service,' Inc., New Orleans, La.'; Forrest R. Nofpsingejl Tb? Traffic Institute, -.-Northwestern University, .. Evanston, 111.; Richard O. Olson, Safety `and Personnel Director, Dan Dugan Oil. and Transport Co.,' Sioux Falls, S. D.; Stanley- A. Ossman, Director of Safety,- Western'. Greyhound, Inc., San. Francisco, Calif.; Frank C. Palmer, Chief, Traffic Safety Branch, Division of Accident Prevention, U-- S. Public ,health Service, Wash- ' ington; D. C; Rauel N.; Papich, Safety Consultant, -American Gas Assn., New York, - N. Y.`; Robert H. Paradise, President, Sdhoolway .Transportation Co., Hales Corners, . Wis.; Orville G. Parrish, State Coordinator of Pupil Transportation, Trenton, N. J.; . . John `M. Parsons,. Supervisor of . School Transportation,. State Education Dept, Columbus, Ohio; Stanley W. Parsons, General Safety Director, Carnation'Co., Los : -. Angeles, Calif.; Lorne F. Purves, Superintendent, Transportation and Safety, .Toronto Star, iLtd!/Toronto, Oht.; Morris W. Rannels, . Supervisor of-Transportation,; State . Department ..of Education, Baltimore, Md.; Dwight E.. Ray, Director of Safety,- Pilot: Freight Carriers, Inc., Winston-Salem,-N. C.; William R. Redmond, Safety Consultant, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wis.; .Mark Robeson, Vice- . - President, Yellow Transit Freight Lines,- Kansas Gty, Mo.; Claude .Schlaoenhauf, . Director of Industrial Relations, Akers Motor Lines, Inc., .Charlotte, N. C.;. Elmer-R. Schuemann; Supt., Transportation and Safety, United Motor Coach Company, Des- , Plaines, III.; Howard N. Schulz, Secretary, Committee on. .Medical, Aspects of' Automotive Safety, American Medical Association, Chicago, 111.; Karl Schulze, Supervising Safety Engineer, Standard: Oil Company of California, San Francisco, ' . Calif.; Wiujam J. Simon, Safety Coordinator, National Highway Users Conference, Washington, D. C.; E. Jack Suncerland, Safety. Director, Seattle Transit System, . Seattle, Wash.; Mrs. Madeline H. Smith, Executive Secretary, American Taxicab Association, Chicago TIL; Goley D. Sontheimer, Director of Safety, American Trucking Associations, Washington, D. C; David .H. Soule, Coordinator, School Bus . Driver'Education, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Mich.; Kenneth A. Stonex, ! Automotive' Safety Engineer, General Motors Corporation,- Warren, Midi.; David L. Stroehmann, Vice' President, Stroehmann Brothers Co., Williamsport,'. Pa.; FeUx Tapp, Director, Persdinel and. Safety, San ..Antonio Transit System, San Antonio, Texas; Gilbert E Teal, PhD.; Gilbert Teal Associates; Newton, Conn. ; Elliott A. . Thiel; Director, Accident Prevention, Columbus Transit Co., Columbus, Ohio; G;. Wray . Thomas, General Superintendent of Operations, Philadelphia Transportation Co., Philaddphia, Pa.;.Robert Thompson, President, South Suburban Safety Lines, Harvey, . III.; 'Stephen'. J. Tompkins, Chief Engineer--Trucks, Dodge Division, Chrysler'Corp., ' ... Detroit, Mich.;' J. Francts Trimmer, Vice-President, Industrial Relations, Ringsby System^ Denver, Colo.; Roy- W. Walter, Director, School Transportation and Driver" Education, State Department of -Education, Charleston, W. 'Va.; Howard -T. Walton, ; Director of -Safety, McLean -Trucking Co., Winston-Salem, N. C; Bertram L. ' ' Wheat,- Safety Director, Eastern Express, Inc, Terre Haute, Ind.; John C White, . - .Managing Director, Private Truck Coundl of America, Washington, D.-C; Thomas . H.. Wilkenson, U. S. Army Director of , Safety, Washington, D. C.; .Dorwin L. . Williamson, Supt., Training and Safety, Cleveland Transit. System, Cleveland, Ohio; - : Daniel G. WisorrzKEY, Director of Transportation, Boulder Valley Schools, Boulder,.-' Cold.; Thomas A. Wolf, Supervikir, Traffic Police Administration'Training Program, . Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. .' : 89 i L * m 19$4 National Safety Congress .... ' COMMERCIAL DRIVING SCHOOLS By H. P. VINSON ' - President, National Professional -privet- Education Association, Inc. and: - Texas Drivihg-School, .DallasyTex. ' When we hear the.terin "driving school," find many states that have NO laws' eon- , the ;general ,impressiotv.scems to be that .all trolling driving schools. Conseoueiitly.school {such/. schools./ are-.;classified'^asybeing j; they; owners; continue '.to -operate-'.without. any: same. {Nothing could- be- further from'{the { rules .or regulation. - -To us,., this seems truth/ In reality, {we/have { two{ distinct utterly.jridiculous. classificatioiis{of such schools;-- r.{ j-' /: . . ' Piiying.schciols. first became' an established > ' First, .; we. have the commercial driving .. business :i.n:19p9, They -have- continued ;to ;V schooI.MeTC.wc find school teachers, police-, grow.-and prosper.as 'the years go by.: 'At: ' - men,; auto clubs, auto 'dealers and {depart-- the present- time,'. they are training . more , - : ^ tnent stores offering driving lessons, to the .drivers'than any other group-r-about ll4 to public. Needless to- say. these -people offer .2 million people,a year. Yet driving schools such, instructions; hs^a'/s^iiw'!<p'.'tlHr;r^(---'. are ignored by other safety-organizations ular job or- business operation. ' Ithas been ivho profess to be-working-for traffic'safety. ' our. experience ;in the past- that these people.. The' most conunori comment; we hear, is consistentlyoppose Jegislation designed '.:to . the remark. that we -. are; doing, this work - improve and-.upgrade . the' driving "school: for money /or compensation. This;- seems profession. Inasmuch as this ;' group uses rather odd since few'.-people, engage-iti. any . driyer training as /a. device to/promote sales work unless .there is a salary connected .with . or raise a little additional. money to supple the; job.'{Next, we hear the ccunment that ment their regular- salary,, theyshould. truly V our instructors are. not ' college graduates, ... he classified as commercial driving . schools. -. but. industrial -psychologists' advise us ..that Next we have' the; frofessiongldriving . this'b not necessary, and,' indeed; {our ;6wrif schools. You might, ask the/question ::."What. experience,-has; indicated to- us - that- people is a professional driving school?" In es without college degrees generally can -be sence, these 'are- people:' who have .continued come better in-the-car teachers, of*, driving,,: to study and educate' themselvesand work ' As. members- of the National Professional constantly to improve. their progra'ms. In Driver Education Association, we. do not " the tradition of any professional person, Claim to: have all. the answers.- \Ve-,realize.. they willingly share their knowledge with y our.shortcomings, and probably all the; lies others engaged, in. theysame type of' work. : you. have heard about .us .are true.'. How They consider driver education and' driver ever, being the world's largest single '-source ; - /: . training as their, chosen profession/ .. of-; driver training, we feel ah obligation, to - In .many/ instanccs, : these people.' could, make known our. 'views, our opinions and.;make . more /money in {some . other type, of the truths which.pur experience - Has indi- ' work. Professional school^^owners are'proiid {' cated. '' { ; " - of thrir business .and utake pride , in their ,1) We believe the age. limit for .-obtain-; . prograrijs.- .They, became."theTecipients'/ofT '^'1i^t"aI7drivefs"IioEnse:"sliouia:be'';raisedito''-~'--' ridicuIe m many areas throuKhout the nation. . 18. - ' ': . as the result'of the'activities o'f the com 2} /We believe new drivers/should ,-bayc. ; mercial operators.-. They, Ijke dther profes- - , the .choice. of receiving,training in cither ? sionals, realize the need for- strong- laws the- high schools or;in professional .driving controlling their {activities.-{and'. are; con {schools. {. , ' . ; {{..{{ ' :/ ! '} { stantly working to improve the. instruction _ 3): We/belicvc tliat no-program will ever. , - and services they offer to the -public. reach .the pcak'of maximum performance To participate' in a .. profession.'- with no without the element of competition. ' restrictions or `f|iia|ifying . factors; Is: hardly ; 4); We: feel, that many programs arc ' ; worthy of, oonsideratioin for any cojiscicn- obsolete and- totally inadequate with the ' tious `or intelligent' persOn.Howcycr,we changing times. , '.; 54'-' ' ' ' . "V/'vy /;'\ -::{ -I Traffic Safety [ ,5) : Wc feel. that tfio many.. programs with members of the;, teaching profession ' are nothing:, more than''~a[\ short" cut .to .' a from.-colleges; universities, .high- schools and driver's'.license. _ 'other-.safety..I organizations ^throughout ,ihe 6) We believe that there, is no place' country. in our high schools for adult programs We hope, that:-this will continue. . Our at' the taxpayers' expense; : espedally -in' members arc happy , to: .work: with you in view; of [the weaknesses in many'teenage your state orrin your community, in any programs! ' - ; ; .way .possible to. help improve, our safety [ . . 7) We are' convinced that road tests program.. . . ior drivers' licenses should be greatly im- . During [ the past . legislative sessions, we proved. . found some members: of. the'driving, school . 8) And finally, wc Itelieve that there "profession opposing members of'high schools should ; be . some [semblance-of uniformity.-. betweenall-groupsofferingdriyeftiain- ' and ot.her groups in,the This cpuld easily be legislative chambers. avoided byhaving . ing to.the public; .Consequently,.we should' .meetings prior to the introduction of a hilj worlc.:[closely withV all;^oups .['interested wherein the two'1 groups could get-! together - ;im improving: and^ agree in principle on: the terms. of a We . have! asked- for support frqm many .proposed bill; Jfet^{.tiiites/:;^rivi^g.''Sdui^ 0 owners'dre accused of opposing high school safety organizations, insurance groups,' auto^ - -[ driver .education when in ; essence, they are ' ' mobile manufacturers, and cithers, to help; "doing nothing more than fighting, for' their .. promote, and pass laws, controlling: driving right to survive and conduct their businesses, schools in various states./ In vepf . few.: >as businessmen .'working under .our principle states liave we t received - any. help.';.Wjia.tsp-; of free enterprise.-. :1 ever/ On the [ contrary,- we- find, in /many' states;' ^especially, during .the;past: legislative .. Such was tiie . case in ,New Jersey this session, automobile: clubs 'as well as - insur past year. Theref6re,'fas .the--president of ance companies appearing in: the. legislative the.National Professional Driver[Education '. chambers, and opposing our bills. In short, .Association, I. pledge that we [are 'willing . they sometimes'profess an interest and a)n- .. to ! meet,and to [ discuss legislation with any- cern for traffic safety but ` at other times group proposing bills relating to the trainX their actions do' not bear this out. It seems ing. of new drivers.. Howevbr, we: will op incredible to us that anyone', who: claims [ pose any. hill designed to raise the age limit x ( y- 'i to-, be'interested in traffic safety. wouldnot. . for obtaining a driver's license unjess pro- only turn his back on-the nation's largest- :fessional schools are included in all training : sourcesof new ! drivers .but'. would also-...requirements of such . proposed Jaws. frustrate our efforts to upgrade and im prove - our driver training, programs., Js .it. If driving schools in your state are in a 'any wonder that a few of our members are . deplorable condition, then you must assume ~ in agreement with' some of . the' thoughts, apportion -of the credit for .this situation. conveyed in the book The HighwayJungle? ' Through' your .'lack" of interest in helping . -Keep in mind that we are not asking for .[ freeautomobiIes.xWe're_ not; asking, for;any . us obtain : laws and regulations,, you are dis-- playing. a lack" of. .sincere interest in a na- -tibnal highway-.safety program;--. donations. We are;financially' able to.support . ourselves, ; . ' . '' '' .. It is.not the objective of our association .' As' men Of honor and good judgment, and in' the interest of - the entire, nationwide,. ,, driver.'. education.' program,; we' ask your [ ' suppqrtfor mpre rigid Iaws;and rcgulatiqhs to ridicule or. degrade other programs. How-. . ever, .wc.-will not- remain silent- while laws 'arc being passed,' designed for (lie extinc tion of our professional 'schools. ;.:cddirpjli.ng^ 'schools th'rbughpijt: ` :'rhefe will always, be a need , for driving - the' nation,; and we pledge that: we Will ; 'schools;' The demand of the public: will wOrk'^with[-any; grotip;that Is* tfuiy: interested[ make tltis - inevitable. : They , are - essential : in improving, our 'national:1 highway safety. to. those wanting to learn to drive quickly. program. During tlic past years,' we have "They are necessary to those who arc con v enjoyed ; some' very pleasant relationships sidered problem students, . Tliey 'arc pre- X V.. " 55' 1964 National Safety- Congress - r ferred by those /desiring individual 'JnstrUc-. age'drivers who have been partially .trained tion. And last; of all, they, are: needed to in high school programs.- This list continues complete the training of thousands of teen to grow year after year. . SELLING SAFETY PROGRAMS By JOHN A. FORD Vice. President, Public Relations, Chrysler. Corp., Detroit . The automobile industry has several; good Most communications-.about the. need-for freasoiis> :-f<)ir: promoting ' traffic, safety,/.even i safe: driving,!:.or? for safety programs, . re apart from- the .obvious need to: save lives. quire the listerier ior reader/lo assume.'that, Safely is good business for.Us; We believe he's about to have an '^ddCTfcTliis'-is'-jhPt that .the confidence of. the American con- . only an unpleasant idea:- to .all of Us'; .it also surnci'- in our.-industry, in the safety of our seems a .'remote'one. rPsydwldgieally:: acci product, anti in our ability -to provide safe, dents are something thait-: happen to some- pleasurable. motoring, lias a lot to do with body else. None.: of us really' escapes that the rate at which. he Will .buy! our cars i,n unconscious conviction except under! Unusual the.years ahead. So we have a. stake in safe-' ' circumstances:-Safety messages are for some-- ty-for business reas'oiis^-as well as for hu body else.. : . . . manitarian reasons. :;' . ( .; . I'm -sore tliat ..everybody who lias hid any We at .Chrysler arc. proud of our work connection wilh safety campaigns is very in advancing the Cause, of.'safety--the efforts muchawareoithisquir^w o; our safety specialists, our. designers and psyche. Obviously, it is: necessary tp break production men, and ohr dealers! VVe think .tliroughthat|deliberateiridifferenCe,tomake this is'important work, and we intend to keep- people realize t^ this is their business,!that at it. . you're talking - about //iii. And . the tactic However, the business of public persuasion ! is: another, more difficult always special problems matter. There in- trying, to arc sell! . Which seeriis1 to occur, to many; practitjoiiers first is shock. ;Grab:.them by; the throat andyell; that will gfet their attention. highway safety; programs. I. want to. touch ; -: We've' all!'Sefeti: thousands of/examples'of- on some of the . problems, some of the prac this -approach. There are . those!commercials tices which seem .to me ineffective, and-then -which ;begin-with-thehappysuburban;family talk, a little about'how I believe a -safety, 1 on their `way: to: the country, -with, the ' fast program can'be sold. cut to the!.' crumpled "cars and -attendants . What I just said seems; to imply that sell ing safety programs"is a process quite differ ent from selling safe- driving. We all know- " this is not true.Twaht to. talk about the two kinds of! safety selling in terms of one kind of communication:: the kind that has some' chance to persuade. .. ' carrying.:stretchers.Then' there are . the mangled: wrecks .placed-' at- dangerous inter- sections1.withiappropfiate:Sighs;thephony skeletons and mock graves; and7a "thousand other gimmicks,' ! some of. them : admittedly ..forceful'!(as a"nialtef. fof fact; sortie along-. side the -Toad ' have "been': so . striking that they've: had to. be . removed--as traffic /haz The first problem for the communicator- ards), always is tp' get people to pay attention. The human; animal has a remarkable ability to . ignore ' messages which Sfe: Wring or apt to be unpleasant; We do hot have to avert" our eyes : or close our. ' earspsychologists But the shock technique, even though it may have .some temporary,: impact,', ^really, dpesn'twork -verywell.Therc' are!a. cOuplc of reasons for.this. have demonstrated.many times that we,can In the first place, it has been, demonstrated turn things off in our heads. '! many times that:suchVcffects wear off. quick- : .v.-V; Traffic Safety Iy;we develop psychologicalcallouses in a : show this year's total to date compared with' huYry. -This generally seems to inspire an .last year's. This is news; maybe; but nothing effort to produce an even greater shock, and deads me to believe that"it does anything ;for 'wli'en .'that 'one ^begins to attenuate,-another the cause.- -- - - W/i greater yeL ffTie lt^cal cnd of tliis approach ^ . -It 'probably has occurred to you by this J is perpetual hysteria;-' - ...' V time that we've been; talking about how not : It never goes this far, of course, because to sdlhighwayMfetypr^^ ; ' of the -second . of those reasons. ;.A. classic hardly the announced, topic. :I-suggested in study was- made about: fifteen years ago of ; the beginning that there are no arcane secrets what psychplogist Carl'Hovland called "fear- ; that rain solve; all ;'pur.;;probleins.. If . there-. arousing communications." He-. concluded-^, .were,:;I'm. certainthat-they ' already! would . andlater studies confirmed--what our com- - be! in 'use; it takes. only :ia quick glance at - mpn sense- Would; lead'us.-to. believe in the the safety promotion field;;to conclude, that first place: that when .the attempt to induce prarfcally.everypossjbleidia'haSbeentried.; a serise of .horror:goesytoo -far, ' We/ react Newertheless.lth&fc-are^certain-fundamen^; sharplyin the other. directicru \ye notJonly tals that-rif .prop^ly-IoIIoWed^-give . the turn off the message-hi bur heads; wel flatly; safety-selling message,- or any mtesage which' reject:it. Anybody who. Was in military serv- . tries to mdve peitgile to action,.a better chance V ice and' saw some of those.' oldffashioned y of . getting'through; :T'd. like- tpy introduce; y gutsy - films ;about VD: knows exactly wha't these with an/anecdote which happens tioi. be ' Imean. . ^ ' true. : It seenis to me that whatever gain was About three weeks-ago I was-on a twin- to be realized from trying to frighten people engine jet going home frdm Ghicago, and;. in safety campaigns lms long since been used we lost an engine just' after .take-off. - A tip. Yet it- still remains one of the more cbm-;. member of the flight crew assured us as we mon approaches. One. of -the most familiar .-. headed:. back to ithe i airport; 'that there "was is the standard storv Ton-the eve- of every no'danger and; that-it- would be a normal major; holiday' prediping the., number - of! landing.: It worked - out that way. and. the' bodies; by the time itYpver. - landing was routiher-but the experience was At .die risk of seeming a riide gucst, I still a-little unsettling, with emergency trucks -, -mustadmitthattheapparentconvictionthat racing toimep us and^-fhc.rmiway cleared; this is . an effective 'attack on the problem ;.. 'Wc huddled 'together for pbout an -hour, baffles; me.' The theory, I. suppose. is that the - waiting- for Another.-airplane to be. brought - holidaying motorist reads /this melancholy!'; up, with everybody hang a little self-con-! advance story, blanches,, and says to himself ` scidusly blase .about the "whole business, and - "Good- heavens! I' must drive. safdy, so I -'; : then' took off again.' The voice on the PA., won't- be one of them."1 And- the';community made a particular effort to reassure its dur- _ - leader7says "I -must join -something-to pre--; Ing the flight .with'.occasionaliljttle'jokes and vent it." Comments on the scehery and. the .moonlight:. Even'assuming-that the first reaction does - Then, when .-we' started yto -.let down for.. affect .driving .for. the better--which I doubt,' Detroit, he'came op again.> = - ;>; ; for reasons.:whiCh' I want, to touch, upon,.'.-!- y He 'said something'.like this': ."We're1.now!; ' later^itrseems'highjy -improbable!that thisi;. apprGachingtliemostdangerons-partyofythe: . standardized set-piece.! works 'that way for ; trip," There was asuddehsilencewhilethat anybody anymore; Everything we know about sOaked in: Then he went-on: "I'm'riot refer communication-would lead us to believe that'.. ring ;toythe! flightl'mreferririgtb the fact the mah.-.who has to .drive on J Labor Day that ip; about *ten minutes we'll1 be ony the , will,' instead, simply/skip the story; pnd the ; ground. ahd you'll be getting ipto autdmo- - community -leader; will/reflect that -he .. has . biles and driving -home. T/iat'r the.'danger- - too niany commitments already/and. move.. eous part. . ' ! -y . - m to "Lil Abner." ;., : . . : . . VNow, every-'one of-you back there has'. : In the same genre,is' the familiar billboard ! ', your seat belt fastened! -The sign; told you to . with1 .the- changeable numbers,' the .running do it, and the girls . go along .the aisle' to tally' kept by the wire services, -and those' make certain. Most of: you folks also have - \ bleak little boxes on the front -page which . seat belts in those cars you'll be getting'-in'to, - i": yj . i.; '1 iu 1964 National Safety Congress -but-there-won!t-beTahy-sign-or-anybo<lyito^: iVVhen.you're t'rying{to.move.peopleLto,action,_ come around.and make ybu use theni.;Try this is the kind of"message that works. It is to remember, will you?. We'd':Hke-;tdMiavc' tile stock/in trade of the professional per you as a passenger on this/airline again.-" suaders: "vote'for Smith," "Buy one..and' That,' I'm quite sure, was-ohe of :the. inost' get another one free.": "Sign, here and your effective safety' messages:-ever uttered. If; family's future is assured." : -he'd added "and write- your congressman . A great part, of most safety promotion is. about a seat belt -law,", the airport newsstand of a quite different sort. It' is vague, or would have sold out its ball-point pens.: - essentially negative, or both, When "we're v One. of ' the factors, in- its -effectiveness, trying! to make people into safer driver?, we admittedly, was'Special'to that tinusuaI occa often deal With What . sound' like moral sion. Thetimingwas- right.-:Yqu:'never-saw: preachments.- /'Drive safdy! The life you ia - clientele so interested in-' a; discussion of save .may be. your .own" .is one of the most .safety. This matter of-' hitting: the -audience familiar- phrases /of our; time--but it hardly, when -the mood is Hght can be an important suggests a concrete plan-of action. "Don't-be part of obtaining: impact, bub unfortunately . a -statistic" and,-"make,it a safe holiday" and there's little, that can be; done. about' - the a .thousand.other, such slogans:come" close.to environment of die safety message-^at least meaning nothing. Does the slogan "insist on Until somebody invents a- tape {recorder- that ' strict- law enforcement" :. suggest _ that I: comes :on. automatically every time, we have really./ought' to go up. to, .the cop. on the cor a close call.. It might be possible to arrange ner and tell. him to do his job better? for somebody' to "play; "chicken"' with the : -When it comes to .persuading the public, chairman , of the appropriations committee when he's on-his .Way to the. stalehouse for the vote on increasing ..the highway'patrol, but that seems a little drastic' or public bodies., to support safety programs with attention and mtkiey, there's been a tendency- toward the . same kind of irrational approach. It could be summed up as a kind In terms of the safe driving message .aimed of collective repetition of something like at individuals, it's ;easier to point out'condi "look at.-all this blood!-Give money!" , tions: which are unhelpful; than to suggest . better . alternatives.' The; citizen ; dozing in.. front of hLs_ -television .set probably gets nothing at ail from, the safety filief'-'dfcipped into the late movie--and I doubt df its.print equivalent says much :to .tlie average .houses holder pawing through, 'the'-polychrome* yastness of the paper on . Sunday morning.. Drive safely--by .doing what, precisely? Give money, or your time-rfor What, pre cisely? If, in selling safety, it is Possible to outline a course of action.which can be car ried out how With a reasonable prospect of success, the chances, of action are much im proved. Long ago most of the insurance companies stopped concentrating'-on. such . .; So.-. far as I. kftow,- there has .been no . ideas as "wouldn't it be awful if something^ reabstudy of such messages on radio during, happened to you?" For that vafeue-and nega .peak driving .hours--but/, offhand,- this -Would tive threat, they've-substituted, in effect,' those seem to be a more promising situation. Most two Words I mentioned a moment ago: "sign of..us'drive wth the radio dn,:Md.we're at; 'here." The insurance business is better than least- occupied .with _the/ subject when the.. ever: . /. ; word comes. . . } r' i;. ,V :'. t-- '"Tlrerscat"l)eif_eampaign/l)SS"b<en~a'liappj There was a more important : characteristic . example' of. this: positive, here's-something- : of, that-pilot's message, however,' which; con you-can-do-now approach; Not only arc in ,te calculated and- controlled in any safety creasing numbers of people using belts, but, Selling, situation,- It applies equally well; to significantly enough, this has been sold as a- both /the safe driving .message and to the: .program: witness the states arid municipal ; wider: problem of - developing=public support ities which now rkjuire their employes to use '.-for full-fledged programs. ' ; the seat belts in'all official Vehicles.:. ; Make, sure you fasten your seat.belts, the ' It seems to me that there are other spe man said; In {other words, hereTis' something cifics .which could, take-advantage: of the specific, which-you can do. lt is a discrete, same kind of . treatment, We at Chrysler positive action, simple'to perform, and after : have a program im cooperation with Cham you -do' it you'll be-belter off :.than'befarc. pion Spark Plug which scuds' famous racing -/ :.t . >`. 15K5MW--J. - . Traffic Safely. drivers around to talk' to high 4 school : stu^ psychology, arc necessary: to provide the am- ' . dents about.safe driving. These are men talk- munition for the sell, that will get acceptance; ing about a craft at which they' are expert; That ammunition must .come .first. . . there's no obvious attempt /at evangelizing -with it dn hand,-we wilhthwi be able to . ,|>r lecturing. They are concerned wijh. teach- sell, safely. programs on- the'basis; that they-' mg young drivers, how to do the safe .things produce results. The' history of the growth . .and.avpid-the dangerous .ones; Our .program 0f the financing of medical research provides / .' of jirovidii^ caTsTrec pf.xhargcfpr iise m v an interesting corollary. It is still difficult - h'S1'. scliool driver education.is designcrl to . to get money,'particularly public money, to . ; ?. satne.thing. support something as broad as medical educa- This might be-.classified'.more as' education n.'iionl.But m'edical1 rescarch-^that's something :. , :'than as persiiision^rbuti then, persuasion, fa quite different1. .Thirty years ago it was. diffi- . T simply education taking- hold. The ftitida- cult to .'get money to support basic medical ; mental assumption of'thesc'programs is that . 'research1--but. now this kind ..of. activity has it's more impofthrit'.;t6 ;teach specific skills -become associated in'jth'e. public.-'mind with ' . ;than try to cultivate ;a'state of mind.-This. the idea that ."we're oir the way to a cure.'.'. . ; kind 'of approach seems to' -be restricted . The'cures have come, of: course; and every .largely to learners, for some curious reason; time one docs, it' generates a hew Wave of - most ladult campaigns seem to he concerned ^support for more research. *'' ; largely with ..developing fear. This strikes It seems-highly improbable that anybody me, as. an outsider, as-somewhat curious.' ;s ever going to'come, .up with -a -sure-fire ` 1 have no idea how many accidents result preventive for the automobile accident.: But from skids on icy roads (although I'm sure pr0Kress can be made through . research-- ' some pf you know)-but I do know that I've and highway shfety programs can be sold, never seen a television spot which instrucu ^basis' of acting' in-self-defCTSeMie- . a_ driver on the proper way to get out-of a cause, you might be next, bit because skid. research-pays off. As a .driver, L am more If the emotional, fear-arousing approach impressed by the' information that the re- . is somewhat suspect in .affecting road be- flanking of a curve over which. I. drive daily- havior :fbr the individual, think how much, has cut accidents by a few:percentage points, less is going for it when we come to selling .' than' by a photograph pf the latest pile-up. broad-gauge safety programs. Here both the And, incidentally, .as'.a driver. I seldom get . need to talk specifics, .and the chance to-do. that kind of information--at least in'a form ' so, are infinitely greater.- Legislatures, are in which I take-notice of it; The rest stops not going 'to greatly increase' enforcement on modern super-highways generally, have a- facilities and driver education programs, few. bulletin boards'on'them, filled with bits industry is not goingVto -put `down more of'local history. 'maps. and an admonition , cash, the public is: not-going to accept a .to drive' safely.:Peopjle-always-seem,.-to -be ~ - . larger role in planned .safety progress, on reading these; things. ..Has. anybody ever the - simple basis- of collective ; fright. Cor- - thought: of putting on them a.description, in . . porate arid public decision making is a com- ' ijon-technical terms, of how .the road is deplicated process,' but of one thing we can signed, and why ' it's'done that Way?. 1_I,,; a sriise, of .cbiirse.1 the, preparation-of____ - uPn sI,d-tpfnrmation. v suqh ammunition and the lmilding of a better ' This implies, among other things, a lot of . -case for support of safety programs through . hard work--beginning with research. I don't ; Ixith money.'and-publicdnyplvemeiit represent . ' ' mean research; in persiiasion. I rnean research tlie jiard way lo do it. It's easier to think devoted to measurement of the effectiveness- up catchy slogans fpr.have oh? more crack - . of safety activity. The Cornell work on at the horror story.'. But the evidence is . crashes, and particularly on scat belts,- is a . accumulating in an increasingly, depressing . classic. example--hut it is only a. very nar- .way.'that the familiar methods--`whatever we row slice of a very wide spectrum.- More ' might Charitably assume they once accomp- . . careful evaluation of such things as driver fished--are less effective all the time. This' education programs, of highway design and audience does not need: to be told that the ; . construction and maintenance, or of driver - fatality >o/c is now going up. .We're revers-. 59 r 1964 Naliona! Safety Congress . ing': a : long-time-trendduringwhich the:. rational, not the emotional; .the specific dirccT gross increases in fatalities could be ex- ' tioo, not moral preachments; the giving to. plained in terms of more cars arid more drhjrpeople of things to do, rather than night- ei-s, while the actual rate Neither dimiirished ,mares. .. ..-v; or remained steady. v; v-...'j ''If;: those' who are professionally charged ' This means that pot onty professional with the administration of safety promotion safety: people brit ali of us who drive are do these : things, they will be better vper- looking the tiger in the eye. The selling of; suaders. If those of ta oil the outside accept safety programs, and of safety, itself, is at our; responsibilities,' we'll be somewhat better a critical phase. Perhaps "selling":is a bad /:;;receivers. And if ; all of; us work a little word; it implies the striking, the catchy, the harder in both roles, we may liye.Jonger and. touch of blarney. Our needs now are for the' enjoy -ouir automobiles more. *. i 1* v ; ; ' V . .1* tV. '-i'.V V' ' StiiiS : Petroleum, industry JOjNT SESSION WITH CHEMICAL SECTION ./'./'.By; DONALDW. RICHMOND /; Engineering Specialist, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Mo. ' It is frequently said that most accidents. have been recorded as; ;a direct result , of ' .'.are preventable. White the accident rate, in - such.'design oversights. processing, operations due to equipment, fjiul- ' Unfortunately these accidents'isometimes.;. . ''ures.appears .to.be fairiy modest, occasionally .-'occur as - much : as ` a year-' or - more';: after /.a!malfunctioning; control system can.leaitf to . installation, -and Ihe- designer never -. knows serious accidents. resulting in deaths; and! a. about it . ' Unless an . awareness of location Heavy destruction of-property... hazards is developed, a., repetition is likely. Efforts successfully, have been made to Self-Acting. Pressure Reg'ujdtqr. ' There shut doym portions of an operation in a are two basic types, of! pressure regulators., safe manner -when - instrument break-downs-. One -is the. type with the .integral down- . occur. Consdentious'engineers have made. stream! pressure tap and .the other has..the . . great Contributions towards rediicing safety- external downstream pressure tap;' '} hazards in their designs. . The first valve is a`single- seated valve Certain, pitfalls iii instrumentation which.- which normally is .used either with small. can lead to difficulties seem to appear - all flows and ; small valve sizes or cm;.those ! too; frequently, however. Of course 'the mis applications involving small! pressure drops. take, is always unintentional,!. but, what's The. other valve; is double seated generally - worse, these pitfalls invariably exist unde- because of large . flows* /or. large .'pressure, tected--until something-happens one day. drops. Usually double seating begins- at the My purpose is- to briefly present the most . 1J4.inch size.- -- ; -'!- '; commonly overlooked safety.hazards in auto- . In both cases,; however,, the 'action' of; die mation. . It- is hoped that., a. study of the -. spring.' is .opposed to the pressure.- that .is - ' principles' involved in - the following discus- . placed upon the diaphragm. The purpose of sions-will, enable the. reader to, improve his . the - regulator is-; to reduce' a fluid pressure safety "batting average," whether Ids con-, to a .smaller value.. Rupture1 of the dra- - cem is design of new facilities or upgrading phragm .is. the-commonest.'cause; of failure. of existing ones. ; in . both types of- self-acting. regulators. . - : Location of Equipment. The problem.-of location of controls is often is too'late to effect'changes. pSuot moefft.ijmme'tsii'thite. '-, Should ihe diaphragm fail for any reason, the action , of the spring will be to return the valve to the wide open position. ...' decision .of location is left. to! someone who Because; of its design, therefore,' pressure -' is not familiar with -instruments. The com-. ' regulators ^Tail ' in the `unsafe . position, i.ei, plicated'control 'loops, may. have been satis-' .' open. Upon SUch a failure full upstream line . factorily' worked out on. paper, .but is' it pressure, cap exist on; the downstream .sjde possible for, maintenance personnel to remove of the valve. This brings up the first rule ihe control valve safely? It is .advisible to about .pressore regulators--they always fail v allo.w'for complete drainage of liquids away unsafe; from the control, valve 46 permit safe ,re- Because of 'this inherent weakness, .it. is', ' moval. ' This -is especially important , when . customary to-find, pressure relieving devices hazardous fluids are involved. . or safety discs installed downstream of self-! These same considerations should be giyen , acting ! pressure regulators to safeguard to . the location of all field mounted trans equjjMnent frtom over pressure, :/\v , mitters, primary "elements such-- as' thermo-.;. Pressure Relieving .Devices. . There are'..; couples and orifice- plates and 'final control . two commonly used pressure;.relieving de-- operators.. Many chemical burns to personnel rices, the valve differs from, the qther .iii .;< !; /" : * T.'--'-; :.1 :;..V ' <:- . 1964.`National. Safety. Congrest . that the a<rtion of the-valve pjug isreversed,. the specified.relieving pressure,aijci the relief. and the {diaphragm;pressure",connection :is ;;\valve Is set 'at :a somewhat .lower".pressure.'-;': V .. made-on tlje upstrram; side.of the plug One'of tlic commoncst mistakes involving ' instead of the downstremj side; It is used rc)}cf valves however, deals with its Toca- toreguta^'inltiK^ tidn\imd-tiie pfjahg-cwifigaratioit-rtjprtream:' .Vi ? (Wtemtio.-Of -the plug and spring.-: doWiisfnam of it Undmiiii*tf rhis-valve-is available'xn single..dr double. ' j|lc upstrijjmj -or downstream.-piping'-'will 'i '; .*?ted' bodies, depending upon the. pressure cau^c pattering when the'Valye.relieves, AH. . drop unbalance at the plug. too the exhaust pipe is'vertical with /. It is possible for;`tight, shut of! in tlie . an open end.. Any water which falls'through-: single, seated .design,--bat'the dcwblevseatcd . this pipe lodges at the dosed.valve. : >' . [ - ' V"lve should never be considered for tight i,, subfreezing areas the resulting ke if it - ' ="T' .:' shut .off service. .As- '.in1 uie- case of the . fomis'will prevent the. valve from opening. :4 - dov^str^m .presswie regulator, a . ruptured Appropriate caps or a downtumed pipe will - (fi3pf'ra8fn the-commonest failure- Such ^revent enteringthe pipc. A rca- a^dureWill result in a closure of the valve.- . Sppable alternate solution is theprovision.of. Because of this weakness, consideration a drain at the bottom of the exhaust pipe or ; should be given to.a .positive niftiiis of presr- .. the: lowest section in the valve. 'Many valves sure release. , cm the upstream side of' the are sold with plugged drain connections in tlie ' regulator- in.vorder to prevent equipment,' valve body. It is necessary, only to'replace over-pressures. . : ihe pipe plug with a downtiirned.-street1 elh i . . The relief valve performs a. similar service. {Frequently, relief valves or rupture discs ; . as the . spring-diaphragm relieving regulator, ' are installed, for the' mistaken purpose of but' there .are. important differences. The protecting, a system fromthc pressures of an upstream pressure at the relief valve is . explosion.;This is a-misapplication.of.these exerted on' the. plug, only and all `of .the devices. An explosion disc is often used. ' . downward spring force' is exerted on the -'for this.service. ' plug.-. V.'\'\ ___ The. rate of pressure rise in any-explosion , To prevent.valve.chattering, a special plug is. so rapid that it is very-doubtful, at best; .- design which presents .effectively ;a-larger that a. relief valve .'or. small rupture.'.disc . cross' section; to . the fluid after'the valve .could..possibly prevent pressures front ex-.- opens, causes the valve, to open more fully" deeding safe limits. The control of. explo- . . and -remain open until the upstream pressure sions is beyoiid'the scope of this booklet. -. i .has. .dropped to. a lower pressure -.than the initial opening pressure.; , _ Temperature Regulators. The actuator of { fa self-acting temperature:regulator's ,a beh- . 'This valve-is normally dosed and. opens lo.ws motor in which the vapor: of a: fluid only under1 emergency conditions in order to in a temperature sensitive .bulb-exerts . its' prevent the system pressure from exceeding pressure.'. The "bulb contains '.a. liquid such' . a specifiedvalue, .These, valves are always: ; as ethef -or.alcohol;{The temperature-sen-, single seated, are/ahyays.' designed- for tight ; sitive bulb is -located- in. a tank;;br .vessel ' -. ' shut off and can be used .on gases, vapors or; . which is to be temperature controlled;; liquids.. , -/ The heating medium for the. vessel-passes A common^ cause .pf failure is a blodcage, ...through,. the automatic . valve .as; IheV-fluid. , of the inlet This occurs in many services '{pressure.Inside of tlie bulb'increases because involving condensation and freezing of vapors of ani increased temperature,. The. pressure and in-mahy chemical 'services. In some in- .. in the bellows rqotor will gradually close off- .- stances, the problem tan bp solved by mount- the valve. . ' V . ing the valve closer to the vessel where .This action , reduces the rate .of heat-input J , freezing could be eliminated. 'to the system and .in that way the tempera In other situations, particularly, where cor ture. is regulated. As in the -case -of : tlie , rosion is involved, .the.installation ofa rup- presstire-regulator, a failure. of the thermal ... ture disc between the vessel and relief valve.; system wilj cause the valve to fail in the - will effectively protect the relief.valve. In. wide open position because, of the. action pf 'this case; the rupture disc is designed for the spring. ' 18 . ' v,. 1 1 .. w-l. . .Petroleum Itidttslry . These regulators;with valve plugs oh top bulbthe- pressure of the mefcury drops V. - o Ae valve se^ts are used on heating'serv- upon a rise in temperature due to the dif- 'V? . it^ This brings'up the same .rule with re- {erences. in;'tHe.inefficient:of .expansion-of . .gaird' to 'pressure 'reguiatorsr-all self-acting the .invar,' mercujy and :the :stbinless' 'stee| .. .-: .. temperature regulatorson--heating'.service" sheath. . fail hi thp open position which is generally Upon a failure of this closed' tubesystem, ' V"' ` the unsafe position. the pen or pointer falls hard: against' the ' - For cooling, service, the same instrument is high end of the scale. The' action : of; the used by reversing-the;actionvof the valve.' controller, regardless of. set point position, The plug-is on theunderneath side of. the is-to move the valve to cool'die system-.off.: ? seat instead of the top. side; A failure of This applies to heating and `cbolihg systems: the thermal system will cause thd spring to . as well. .. ..- '..s;. v' -V ;. * ^ close 'the valve, in which case the coolant: . Electronic Balance rnstrumentsinControl :- ; ,'v ' is shut off. Therefore, self-acting tempera- Loops. Whenever atherihocoiipie'"orire-.V ' ture regulators , for cooling service fail in . sisfance bulb is used as the primary tempera- theunsafe position. ture measuring element, its voltage br re- Because of the inherent; weakness ;of self-., -sistance is almost always measured byan ; ; acting temperature regulators, some external, . electrically operated potentiometer or bridge .. temperature switch is required in order to circuit Upon a failure of the primary ele- . protect vessels from overheating. . . ment, a choice of upscale or. downscale- " '- ' . .. Single seated temperature regulators canjnoyerrant of the pep or pointer is available.. , . ; : be made to shut off.tightly while double Th.s cho.ceallowsthe finalcontrol valveto seated regulators cannot be relied upon .for , move to a_ fail safe position in the.event an : . tight, shut-off service. As in the case of open qrcuit appears at. the primary , element: . spring-diaphragm pressure regulators,: tern- .' If there is a failure of the power supply, .'- ' perature regulators will throttle over a range the pen,or-pointer, will stop in.its last posir.i'.. of from 5F. to 20F... ; ' tion at the time of power failure. Whatever i ; : Closed Tube' Temperature Control. The '. on*off ***& W*! nph^ig" 1' I closed, tube system temperature controller automatic reset rMponse rs used the-fina! employs a temperature sensing bulb as in the '" vaIve w,,t *. either.fully open or : .; . case of temperature regulators. Close tern- fu*ly closed. . . ; perature control., is available because pro- ' The failure position .depends upon .which portibnal and proportional-reset, control mech- side of the' control point the measuremwif: \ . ' ahisriis-can .be added to. the-instrument .' was at the instant'of. power failure."''Sta- The final control valveis usually an air' *&>& ^ 50 per, cent of the power . ,; : '; , \ | 1..! .! ' .. - J - . operated diaphragm motor valve..'.The.notion-. will result ; . of* the controller is always reverse, but the m a valve pos^ion. ' v. choice of.-valve action is determined by the ' -There are. many waiys'to. overcome., this- "service. On. heating applications,-the nor-, - difficulty- in. potentiometer--or.; Wheatstone mally closed, valve-is used, and on. cooling bridge circuits. One way -1st to iise electronic . ' applications, . the normally open valve-is. .controls instead of .pneumatic control.- Since f ", "used. In either case the valve fails in a safe the- electronic output derives .its pbwer froni' ; position.upoh;a-loss of the air supply. the same power- supply, a 'failure of.,the .. . : ' ,J.. . This control system is not necessarily safe power will return the output, to zero.. ? . . however.' A failure-of ithe -thermal'system . If pneumatic -control is employed,'a rsole--,j - . will cause the measuring pen or pointer to noid.valve in the pneumatic controller out-. ; !. -fall hard against the .'zero end of th'e-scale. p'ut-'line.qw solve the, problem; if cafe, is , j- The action of the controller, regardless of taken to supply the power to the solenoid '. ; ' . . the. set point position, is to move the valve -. valve from the same circuit as that, which . .- ' to overheat the system. This disadvantage . supplies the potentidmetef . or Wheatstone. ' ' can be overcome by; the use of a special bridge.. Upon a-! power! failure the-control ; bulb system, . . '' valve can remain: . ,-- j. - :. " . Using mercury in the bulb-system an'd a . , a) in its last position by using ^ tiglit carefully selected piece of invar inside-the shut off 2-way.solenoid. , . '.. ' > f 19  i' 1964 National'Safety Congress ' ' . :b)' fit one- extreme position -by usinga 3-'. can be. likewise worked, out for otlier piping ;; . way .'solenoid; with a; vented third port.. . control schemes. ;.. c).at thc:other extreme position' by using ;. plecinc:; Motor Failure.:: Electric' motorj;: . a 3-way soiendid with a specified pressure have'become the very pulse of modern procr . connected to the.third port. essing industries.-. They provide .this muscles;' ... to !move gases, liquids, solids arid heavy . Quite often, an electrical to pneumatic equipment Upon, p; motor, failure,'produc-v. . temperature transmitter is used in order to ' ti.on' is - usually.'..shut -..down.-:.'Motor -failure..'.; , employ : an ; all . . pneumatic . control schem.c. akrms-re'':tliei^ore;,.yyV'c6hmwi'. in the -,/, '.Standard transmitters' of.- this type. resuit. in design of interlock and; annunciator/systems.: ;a zero, output pressure, upon a. power failure.'-. .. Several fety pitfalls occur.in motorinterr .If a-solenoid is not employed in the con .. locks. For. example,' if , it is desired' to pro-, troller output signal,1 it- is advisable to de- tect a stirred pot reactor .from loss of termine the safe output pressure upon power. .agitation, the method often used is . the. . failure; .'On- ; most temperature."application?; auxiliary contact on the motor starter. This ' it ...is : recommended to feature" full output: procedure overlooks fracturps of the agitator pressure on power failure. Iii this way,-.the; shaft If the. shaft breaks, the-motor con-, controller will-cause, the control valve to fail tiriues to, run, and the Astern, therefore is .in . the'`.safe; position. -. If a' high .temperature not protected against loss, of agitation. alarm, on'Heating applications or a low . tem perature - alarm .on cooling; applications is built into, .the control loop,'there will be an . instant .``abnormal . temperature"., warning .whenever:.the electrical, power supply fails.'. '.-.One -way to overcome this`problem is to.' use a current, sensitive switch, on. the motor ; current 'The reduction in current upon a shaft breakage is thtPsignal- to use. . Mass Transfer.-: Iii the. transfer of liquids from one .vessel.- toV.'another,Vsquestions of liquid levci in 'ea'ch: tank. become'imj>ortant .considerations. Many: means of level meas urement are currently available. ..The.transfer .of. liquid from one or; iriore ..vessels to one or. more vessels also raises , questions of op erating errors. One . of. the most. prevalent operational; error? is believing a valve is closed when- it: is open; This problem' can be sepious if there is a fire-hazard. - Another example of an unsatisfactory/to- terlock is the. use of an auxiliary contact of a pump'motor starter'as the initiating device to represent-a loss of flow through the pump. . The flow through a centrifugal pump or biower .would be zero if a block .valve in v ,thje line. is. closed. The , motor; would con- ; tinue to run, yet there is no-interlock action.. Oneway.to resolve this, problem is to use .a switch directly, .from a: flow "sensitive'or measuring device,- since; it/is. the; loss".in , flow, that must be. guarded, against If/the ' If level alarms or switches sire connected . fluid is difficult to measure,'a pressure switch to each tank, a' measure of safety has been . is often satisfactorily used since pressure is . built, in . to . prevent 'spills. If the fluid does an-indirect result of floW; -.not readily permit, weight or level'measure-- ..; 'In most' , cases, motor/failure alarms, arc , \ tinent,'. some; measures, of safety can' be built perfectly appropriate,; but ' before deciding - in by ; connecting, limit- switches to. each ^.upoh- a -procedure to'.'provide safety, .con-' ' drain '.or. fill .valvc.' The- switches are 'elec sideration should 'he given to. the following: trically arranged so that onIy: two, valves can oe opened at one time. 1.-- Define the system requirements. ; If a third valvi* is accidentally opened, the . automatic feed .valve shuts off. This ar rangement requires that" each valve is. me chanically Connected to a . gang of switches . 2. Make a list of probable arid-possible ; .. failures together, with the. consequences. 3. Make a list of methods to solve the problems: in step,2 above. . iii.an. enclosure^. All switchcs.arc closed ex ' 4.-'.' Ask yourself if. there; are any. ways -in cept one. There; arc as many switches as ; which the suggested/methods in step valves. ' ' - . .', 3 would fail' to function.; .1.- : i; : In, practice; the -solenoid is, replaced by a High Voltage:.Much.reliable.information' relay which. perfornjis other .functions in on the dangers of higli voltage is so com- . cluding alarms.'' Other , similar arrangements monly.available that it -seems as; if nothing' . 20-:. ... . : . I V / : PelroieutH industry, ':- more -can-.be said on tlie aubjcct Perhaps . instruments and. use. the- third wire, to this argument .would be acceptable, were it . , ground the case. This b especially im riot , for the .continuing; records of accidents portant if .the panel is nori'-irietallic. or. ^involving .'electrical shrieks.. Suggested for ' ungrounded. . : , serious considerations arc. (lie following list 6. Make simple provisions to" ... remove . of do's and.dori'ts: . ." power, from . instruments to. facilitate :1. Don't .. use ' voltages over 115- volts';>'on. maintenance. /instrument interlocks and switches or ..'Conclusions. The safety - pitfalls described on instrument panel boards.. .-. ,'. herein; represent those most commonly /en 2... Do tike care, to ;enc!ose wiring behind', countered in the: proems industries. While instrument .panels; ' . the dfcyices'-illustrated-and described were' ;..;'.3/:.Don't...use'.'e^p<Aed'.'.terminals in in-. strumerit cabinets or panels if terminals-' - carry 115 volts. Y deliberately simplified for the sake of clarity, ; it should be- emphasized, that- the principles involved in the unseen hazard constitute the underlying. purpose ' of thb. booklet The 4; 'Do take care to identify areas of high reason for the emphasis, of. these, principles ' Vriltagesuch as using appropriate color lies iri -the countless repetition-of thesame , paint-and the. appropriate warning signs. principle designed- into so many apparently ; 5. Use 3 wire power connections to panel different control loops.' SAFE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN OUTSIDE AREAS HANDLING FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS & GASES By DR; RICHARD Y; LE VINE - Manager, Fire Protection &.Pollution Control, Olin Mathiesori Chemical Corp., -- ' New York, N. Y., . "v. \. Many years ago, in the far off city of ..of the.blind men judged. the elephant by hb . Baghdad,-there lived;.'three blind, brothers, own narrow viewpoint, or -shall we say, Now it came fo pass one day that a merchant' ' fccipoint, so each ,'o'f the industries' has ap- .-, ' of - India, visited Baghdad with- an elephant proached the-problem exclusively in terms'-of And:;tlie blind men Who were oii;ious about, its own. .expcriehc(^ operations and needs./V j the elephant-. asked :to touch it:. The -first"' /The chemical - industry^ with, 'its many '. blind-, man felt' the elephant's leg and said, ; batch processes' arid; much of its .equipment * ' '.. "Verityr-rin-.'-td^P^f '-i:.;Hke.a trunk -of a and operations still. indoors, has .favored /tree." .Then j.he:;; secorid blind; mart felt the . electrical equipment suitable for. the highest . elephant'sjiw .'brother,you degree of haiard. The petroleum industry on / " are wrong, an-elephant is akin to a snake.'' the other hand, with its continuous processes,. -. ,v And finally/the. third blind man felt- the ' closed systems and its outside-plants has'been .'. elephant's car and said,' ``Nay, , brethren, you- an advocate of electrical equipment suitable . . are; both'" Wrong,: an'elephant is likd a huge .for a considerably, lesser hazard. The con- J palm leaf.'' And all .'the! assembled' peoples troversy; however, lias about run its.course, \ laughed because ; the 'blind men could.-not for as the chemical industry goes more and .. agree, oh what the elephint, was like; more to continuous .processes and to out .While this .parable' dates;back many thou- door plants; it will, for econoriiic and.tech , sands of years to ancient Persia, it has mean nical reasons, have to take.an approach not. ing, for us here today, in the supposed cpri-. unlike that o.f the petroleum industry. troversy between the petroleum and chemical just what such an approach should be arid '-// " industries on"the subject of safe electrical how it , would provide adequate protection- equipment for hazardous areas, Just as each against fire and explosion, in outside plants ' K 2i L _j .* ;":..-/V .1964 National Safety Congress processingflammable ; liquids'and gases, is - phere, the equipment wil! breathe-ln /that , our subject for. today. atmosphere and an' explosion may//occur. - Article 500, : tlie section of .'the ^National. Electrical equipment for Division 1 loca- / Electrical Code, which deals specifically with ' tions* where we ran normally expert explo hazardous . locations,-; tells - us .that*-- locations sive concentrations for' extended periods of;./ ' -. where explosive concentrations of vapors or, time; must therefore be;desigried "explosfoh-: .. ; gases' may develop, itre called/ Class, I loca-' proof " This means that tiie equipment, is ; tions and that Class ! locations aredivided enclosed in..a 'rase which,is strtxig oiough ` into Class I, Division..! locations- and into. to withstand an internal explorion m a spedClass. I, Division. 2 vlocations,: Division .1 ' fied vapor. : If must al by proper d^igu .; locations are locaticms, where .hazardous com of all joints and seals, prevent , the; Ignition . centrat^ .-oLlftsmutahie,^vapors ./or/ gases . of the specified vapors surrounding^ the / ' `' exist continuously,/intermittently or period- enclosure by -hf and flkme / from within/ . : ' . ically under normal' conditions. of .operation, Finally, the .equipmdit must bperiste -it an . "/ ' maintenance and-leakage.-'/Division '.2Yloca-. 'external terriperatore' such that the specified. r.f-j-V ; tions are 3. types; . I) -" locations' adjacent- to. ; vapors will iiot be'ignited by it. , Division 1" locations which/may. occasionally'. ; Note, that we have several times indicated be readied by hazardous - concentrations; 2)/ . that the equipment id satisfactory- for a.sped- .; locations ..where , flammable volatile, liquids or fied gas or vapor. As explosionproof motor./ gases are -handled; processed or used' but : enclosure' for example which can withstand, .where hazardous concentrations are not nor- an .internal explosion of a gasoUne-air mix- ; -maf/y present due. to confinement of the. ma- .ture cannot necessarily withstand; an/explo ' tends, in dosed, systems;., and- 3) where hazardous concentrations are locations/., normally; sion, even of a hydrogen-air or/acetylene-air.or an. ether-air mixture; since'these mixr prevented by positive pressure ventilation.- torts develop considerably, higher explosion - . .These. locations . become.'hazardous only in : . pressures.. The National Electrical. Code and // the event of accidental rupture of vessels the Underwriter^ laboratories which lists . or piping or breakdown.of ventilation.. V approved eltctrical equipment, take cogni- Division 1 locations then are locations' zanci of. this by grouping, materials bn the where We can normally expect explosive con / basis of tl.iear Hazardous characteristics/': centrations'for extended periods of time arid, Class'!, Group A equipment is satisfactory -. Division 2 locations are locations where tix-k' for atmospheres containing acetylene. ' plosive concentrations .occur only under, ab-. ' ^ normal conditions and thus- only occasionally /Class I, Group B eqnipment is satisfactory ``and for relatively short periods of time..' for atmospheres exmtainirig hydrogeri and /gases of.- equivalent- hazard:- suchasmanu-......... Since in outside chemical plants, materials factored gas. which has a high percentage' - . are handled ' in closed . systems; open air - of hydrogen./ v' ' v-.-y. " / /y ; ventilation prevents accumulations erf' vapors; , ' and explosive concentrations occur only un-' Class.I,.Group C equipment is satisfactory (lcr abnormal circumstances, most areas of / for. atmospherescoiitaining ethyl/-ether,-eth- ... an "outside; plant, are -legitimate : Division`2 ylriie and cyclopropane. "locations uhder the National Electrical Code.- Class I, Group D.equipment is satisfactory There is therefore no reason why Division 1 for atmospheres <ntain?rig gasoliritv hexane, . ; explosiopprpof equipment - should be used. naphtha, benzine, butane* propant, aIcM' .' throughout/ ah 'outside plant' as was so often . aceone*' benzol, lacquer, solvents-and: natural done in the past. Oh .the other, hand, there.. gas. - are a number/ of very cogent reasons why Unfortunately, many of the chemicals' with. . explosionproof equipment should not be used which we are concenied. in present day chem indiscriminately. Let us take a look at some ical manufacturing, . are mot / to: be found of them. ' - / /'- listed in the groupings. For example, such : `'One of the basic principles of explosion- coriimon modem .day chemicals as ethylene proof technology is that entry of vapors into oxide* acetoldthyde and hydrogen sulfide to '/ . tinpressprized electrical equipment cannot be name only three which, are quite troublesome i - /" prevented, even with the tightest of gaskets. are not listed. Anil sometimes when the' ' / Given enough time in an explosive atmos-1 chemicals are listed .'there is only a ' limited - : f; 22' .' tli: V*k'. 4\ - .i.^.-w'r.fWhrWfSUt'tlH .* r. . V ! v . '/ Petroleum fndiiilry . /amount .Of, approved explosionproof electri- 1 explosionproof equipment in Divison 2 .... calequipment availablc- For example, there. areas; and. while this is legal and unlikely ;. arc .no. approved explosionproof motors for. ' to get us int? trouble, it Is costly and un acetylene and hydrogen. necessary. It js no/ pernnssible to select electrical .'1 For the.true Divisipn j; locations, the lim equipment on the;basis.of -an analogy drawn.' ited nuniber of tbt^ materials arid the lim .; between an.unlisted chemical atmosphere and y ited ' amount- .'of ./.approved.! explosionproof '. other.listed,.chemical!atmospheres. It is also' cquiprnent for Groups A&B are serious tech . ' Hot: .permissible .to' use Class. I Group D nical . handicaps -to. designing.a -'plant with"., ; equipment forGrpiip A, B,. or. C atmospheres . fuily explosionproof -.electrical 'equipment. on. the.basis thatClass I Group D equipment ...Maintenance is .also' a! difficulty with1 ex-!.. is the best; available True, such a procedure' plosionproof equipment. Although it is likely r has been- followed, for years--when in .dcjiiibt. to require, maintenance less frequently than ; ; use Class, I,; GroupD. However, the use of '..ordinary eqiiippient, once repair is necessary, Class I, Group D; equipment in unlisted at-' . it must be done'by V thoroughly, trained man -.' ' mospheres is -a violation of. the National! with loving .and exacting.care, otherwise the- ; Electrical. Code arid may lead to a disastrous .: reassembled ;. equipment may...no longer' be 'explosion, since the Class I Group D- equip-;; explbsiohproof. ' ,\y ment may not be able to withstand the pres- ; sure of,ah internal explosion of the unlisted Finally,; explosionproof equipment is..very material or prevent the propagation of flame . expensive I know- of one' $3,000,000 outside therough' the . joints and .seals ,;of the equip -chemical plant where the increased .cost for ment to,the "Surrounding atmosphere. a fully explosionproof.'installation amounted. to,.seven,iperi cent of the. entire project and - - ... Why, if tills is so, have "we not bad more, because of the. materials being, handled; , the * . explosions, due! to, the use of improper ex- use .of explosionproof equipment did riot . plosionproof electrical equipment? The. ain- improve the safety of..tlie plrinti.; \ .swer, probably lies in the fact that tbere are . so''.few>true Division I areas' in the. sense' . that an explosive, mixture exists continuously' throughout, an entire area. The- ventilation, which, is necessary to allow employees to ' ....'work'in an "area, tends1 to limit! the. concen- : To. recapitulate, then, the full /explosionproof .equipmentapproach- and certainly the classic Class .I, Group D' approach is; neither 'desirable nor economically. and technically feasible for most outside 'chemical plants;, trations; of, vapors and gases "and cpnfine We. cannot, however,-' write: off explosion- the;!.' explosive' mixtures to :the. immediate - proof equipnient because in, every, outside vicimfyVpf;.,the vapor or gas' source. And - chemical; plant,./there are some Division 1 singe: the allowable.; concentrations for {in-. .areas.'.-Among-these.arer-. .. dusrialhealthare usuallyfarlower, than . 1i*.Open;*bclowVgrade areas such as- pits,- the; lower. explosive limits, there :is a-.built' ; sumps < .and. trenches - and- all above-ground in safeguard';in' almost all.-atmospheres-in. areas within ;dike walls; where vapors, may which people .rinist work. - . . t -.7 accumuIatoli-Electrical:equipment should be .; . Fori example, the'.lower explosive limit for ethyl .ether is, 1.9 per cent vapor cdricentra-,tion in air and a concentration as low as 2 kept otit'of sudi areas or should be Division .1; with; proper seaJs to prevent vapors from' communfeatirig to otherwise safe locations. per cent. causes acute intoxication^after sev- 2: Pumph6use and compre^sor houses with cral. hours-of exposure.. Similarly, the lower '. restricted ventilation which- handle' flabimabje ..explosive, limit'.for. benzene is 1.4, per cent- liquids,. vapors arid gases.. Because ofthe . and a concentration of .75 per cent is dan continuous nature of most outside cheniicaj gerous 'after one half hour of exposure. If -. plants-,;shutoown for repair is riot always im- .. you. Wish to consider the MAC value as the `mediately possible' and- explosive edriamtratop concentration in any area., then the mar tions may build up suddenly froth leakage gin of. safety is.even .greater..Thus, in most aroupd packing arid bearings.' Where solventcases, if people are working.in an atmos pumps are located outside, Division 2 motors phere, there is little immediate danger from are permissible.!,. . a fife or explosion. Essentially then what 3, Locations where equipment' must be ' . we haye done in the past is to use Division opened regularly and frequently for repair ... i 23 V*fi-V'VfV ' 1961 National Safely Ctmyreis . y\. %<'. ' or for the addition-of- materials to thc'proc-'. or . abnormal - operation m . a: picbc of; equip-/ css and where the release of- large volumes nient,/otbenvise an ;.explbsi<3h: may '-result:' 'of flammable vapors cannot be avoided. - - Intrinsically safe ..equipment '.-can'-be.used; .4. Locations .where, a- failure of., process, storage or 'other equipment will 'cause.'ari. electrical system failure simultaneously with ' the - release of flammable' liquids, vapors or1 advantageously for, instrumentation', :forVc6hr;' trol circuits' and .' for. communication' equip-, ment .but it is not ;a solution, to,the overall problem;.' -,;y 'gases. .- ' ; '.. Remote location of-.electrical equipment is': .! -5.' Areas''immediately .'around flammable,', liquid, loading and unloading, racks,' drum another, approach;:;.It ..is often'. possible/'by. the' exercise-of a . little -ingenuity to :locate: filling buildings with restricted ventilation,', and areas immediately around . storage and. process.tank breather vents'.. some : of the electrical ./equipment.: in less hazardous^ Division -2 , areasf.Or in nonhazardoUs-areas.' Transfonner.s,..sWitchge5ar..ah.d. starter panels can;' often. be . located. in. nori- All these locations, in my opinion, should . hazardous areas. so that 'ordinary,. equipment be'considered Division -1-ardaS. .If the ma-' ' can'be 'used. Remote Toratiori, while it has ,, terials* being handled aire* listed, then we ` wide application, is -also not a .complefe-an can use,approved explosionproof equipment. swer to the. overall 'problem -. since-: some;. but-what do we'-do.-in. these Division 1-.. electrical equipment-. such' as , pump- motors, ': areas when the chemicals, being handled are '' lights and switches must . necessarily be in not listed ahd vice have no approved ex- thc hazardous area.. V ,V plosionproof. .equipment? Well, we .can use any equipment which is approved, for* all 4 Class'I Groups--A, B, C&D. It is most, uri- . likely that- there:.would be any gaises or A third: approach is - purged and pressurized equipment;-, cases,'enclosures; rooms., and buildings. The provisibn Of an air pres vapors that are worse. than the combined surized control house, for, an outside chemical '.bad' properties of acetylene, hydrogen and . plant is rapidly' becomilng a standard prac ethyl ether. tice. 'As much' of the electrical equipment, as possible is put into the control- buildings; While this is hot.'strictly according. :to.. instruments, control .devices, switchgear, cir-' Hoyle or, shall we'say, the;National Ejectri-' V cuit .breakers,- starter buttons and even the car Code, taking this-sniali liberty is absp-./ instalment' and; process .'air 'compressors and' . lutely' essential if "we are to'be .'able to place '. motors. 'Since .the; building is kept, under- any electrical equipment.in a Division- i area;- positive /pressure at; all ' times..- andvapors . where unlisted- materials are handled. We- 'cannot enter, the , electrical' equipment can- cannot possibly eliminate all electrical equip- all' be nonexplosionproqf. lt is' essential, ment from every Division 1. location and this .. however,; .that, the air,-' for pressurization lie approach gives' us .such- necessary general. drawn from a location where it cannot, be explosiOiiproof-equipment as cond.uit fittings come contaminaited with/ cither toxic or and boxes,' lighting", fixtures and fittings, ' .flammable' vapors/.. It --is/also.necessary 'to snap' switches and motor, controller push-; provide an alarm to warn of loss, of pres button, stations. -Beyond ..this equipment, we surization so i .that ..-the-'jeiectrica^jequipm<mt must take a -different tack to- solve the can be shut ofT if a luizardous /situation is problem.- developing; '/ v; Intrinsically safe equipment is one pos- ' ;Pressurized,mqtors-are ycry.yaluijble tools,; sibility.' By. definition,; intrinsically, safe equipment ' and wiring is incapable of re-' leasing sufficient electrical energy under nor mal or abnormal conditions to. cause ignition, and are approved by the Code for. Division, 1 locations as an alternate to explqsidriproof. motors. For' hydrpgcn-and unlisted materials of .a specific hazardous atmosphere.. Again, ' ; for which; there are no. approved "explosion: you: will note we are talking of a "specific" . proof motors, pressurized motors; are/the' atmosphere. -' A pifece of equipment which is only solution., A totally.-enclosed motor'; is intrinsically safe' for ope atmosphere , is hot provided with, positive pressure" ventilation' necessarily' so for "every -atmosphere. - Each from a source.of clean air. br inert gas and gas and vapor, -has- a minimum ignition' en- is so arranged that it cannot be energized ' ergy which must not be exceeded in normal until it has been thoroughly purged. It is 24 i i Pctrolcjm Industry. .also so' arranged- that .'it *will.: aufomatically proof equipment'.is used ..whai . hohsparking : deenergize if . the!. pressurizing: - supply :fails;;. -. .devices are unavailable. .-.,.* These' totally ehclosed niotors must also '. In: order to haveahexplbsion (from this :. haye safeguarded external sufface tempera- ; type of equipment, it is necessary to have- jjtiires so/.thatjthqi'. willnot cause ignition of an . explosive .epneentratibn. for.- aii extended / tlie vipor^in the area; *-. period of- time and to have, a simultaneous : .Pressurized cases . and 'enclosures.; for; in-:- : strumentspnd 'control'equipment Haye:similar which results in A' spirit.*.: In a true Division safeguards against : High , temperature.? and : ; 1 ..area, .such; equipment might under adverse loss' of pressufizatipn and in addition should ' conditions - cause an -. explosion. VIh . a. ' true' ; `be designed so./.that' the, power must.: be-ciit*. Division .2 area, : where 'explosive; concetitr- - ' off before.-a-Case can.-be opened. , . ", tions -.' ercist only: under fabnormal; conditions . The final way to solve the problem. is also and therefore oqiy very rarely;* ahd for. reb ' . suggested, by. ihe; C&ki:;:ypv `.ynll>,ripcall..tha'' atively ' short;'. period.sV/pf;-.^ a . piyisioh ,2 - location is a Jbcatiori where ; equipment : is: .morel, to flammable*' liquids,, vapors or gases ar han- gives adequate: prot^ti<m5a]pimst';:ffre'(and' dledj: processed or- used but: where; they are,- , explosion! :-:;-:*.V normally confined in.closed systems or .where ; . Ideally, when desigruhg' electrical equip- hazardous concentrations; are normally pre meht for irn outside chemical, plant,; ai^;and vent - by., .positive '.- mechanical ., ventilation. all of the methods, that; we have outlined .THerefore; " if' 'we can upgrade Division 1 ! shouldbe : investigated and;, possibly used. , areas to Division 2 areas by proper ventila- -While* we have, listed' intrinsic safety, re ( tion. and/of -by closed systems, we can , use ; mote location of equipment andpurged and . Division 2 electrical equipment just as we . ! will use Division 2. equipment in. the greater part of - our outside - plant Just what is. .. . Division 2- electrical* equipment - and what .degree of; safety can; we expect-*from it? ;pressurized equipment as;, alternates; for' Di vision 1 locations,1;' they work equally well for. Division. 2 locations' and.'may:be' less expensive . Flexibility '.should therefore : be. the- keynote: in specifying electrical equip- . Division 2 equipment is essentially ordinary, : merit .for outside- chemical plants, That flex , low temperature electrical equipment; which . ibility*. will. not only produce-' the. most eco is nonsparking or. wlpch has; its:.make or nomical installation, if will 'in* the long run break contacts immersed' in oil or.'cbntained- produce, the -best protection against -fire.-and ;; in' hermetically sealed chambers.. Explosion^ '. explosion. EXPLOSION VENTINGOFBUILDINGS AND TANKS By WILLIAM H. DOYLE Chief Chemical Eng.* Factory Insurance Association, Hartford, Conn.: * : I .want -to discuss the explosion venting. : study in discussing barricades rather , than which will permit a combustion explosion, vents. ' . *'. ;pnginating at. atmpspheric pressure,, to take * Detonations of combustible mixtures- are place'inside .a building-or"tank and, because likewise a subject, of barricades. .. To dis- - of the veqting devices ' or . system, cause 1 minimum damage.; to the building or tank, .minimum injury, to personnel, and, in the case of the-tank, result in. retaining most of the- liquid even though .it. may be- burning. in* . this, sense: detonations "progress at a speed' exceeding that of /sound while7 the speed of flame in uncompressed mixtures of ' gases or vapors; with air.' is* only 'some; . Explosions- involving explosives are; not 2 to 10 feet per- second.* The speed of flame being considered here. They are a subject for travel increases rapidly as pressure builds up" pSPl j:'Am;\' ,.V.- -`V*Vr 1964 National Safely Convress and thatis onje reason for <;Iibosing; toneg- pressures, etc. Let bs -now - consider sonic Icct explosions originating at pressures other ' , actual; results from these papers; VWhat. open than' atmospheric. % vent;. ratio, is needed1 'for. example; 'to - keep In .1933;.: two: berich marie. papers .were the resultant pressure; from' exceeding 2 published. The .first by the Department of Ibs./sq. in.F The answers, are :.;;' 'V. ..Agriculture,- coverea^vchtihg of explosions For- a ."mild" dust' explosion l sq; ft of in grain, dust and `starch.. dust, both in. air.. ' vent for each 65 to70 cu. ft- ' This : paper, was the - resultof. continuing For a "severe" dust explosion '.1 sq. ; 'ft work:-since the first . report'on- dust . exjjlO- -: 'of verit-for cach;16 to 18'cu.'ft.:. Shims by the U.S. Departmcnt of Agriculture For ari optimum acetone mixture: 1-sq; .ft. :: ' .to the; National Fire Prevention Association in 1922. The second, by the Bureau of Mines, . ,discussed: .experimental/work . done cooper-' . afiyfely withtheW-Mterri;.Electric :Conipany : on vehtirig expli^ibhs' of acetone yapor in air. ' -The Department of:.Agriculture work ' reported on the pressures that could build up with various dust;.concentrations in a. of vent for each 6 to 7;cu..ft Why* did I select 2 lbs;/sq; dm ? Because that is 288 lbi/sq. ft and the resistarice pf epical1 'structural walls .to lateral- pressure. (10' x 10.' phriels), determined by. the dead., load method qf the Bureau of Standards, is about as follows: ..VY. ... closei; bomb arid in structures with open 8' thick high ..strength brick 126 p.s.f.g., vehts;' Th'e Bureau of " Mines work, reported . 8" thick medium .similarly, on pressures, in .a, closed, bomb and strength brick 8" thick-medium strength 48 ' a`-bomb'with openivents.. but -then continued brick (best workmanship) 60 ; on - to investigate the different situation, that 8* thick clay Ole . 8* thick concrete .block . 40 to 64. 35 existed - when. the vents .were. closed - with 3 7/8* 'thick glass, block- f 91. diaphragms'made, of various thicknesses of 3* thick verrolcullte.between.- sheet steel panels - .227 ' aluminum; tin and. lead. ; . ' 10? thick 2-4*. concrete block , with 2? alr lspace .; w The above two papers, both now old 8 1 /2* thick -reinforced brick . erio'ughdo. vote on November 3, 1964,: give : adequate .background., arid formulae to per-1 with tile backing Wood frame 10T thick reinforced ' : 203.273 . mil safe design of buildings, arid- tanks to concrete panels' - . " 430 v rpsist explosion when. the. .protection. is by This means to me that venting must,'ex- ., - means of open vents. This is not, however,' cept in the case of reinforced concrete or' 'aoractical approach in most cases; although. specially designed structures;', be -adequate N.F.P.A ' Standard Na. 652; on `magnesium . to keep the explosion pressure below 2 lbs./ -powdeif ' plants, ' suggests ' that . two. walls of - sq. in. In. fact,: for most 8",masonry .struc ariy pulverizer room ' be constructed o( doors tures, it should be kept, below.I Ib./sq.,inch.. that 'may fbe kept t^en .during operations, arid modern 'design of' .chemical, plpnts;and Why .am I not-more-precise and why do . some: dust-producing : plots '.-emphasizes I. not recommend: venting; to limit1 the pres- i weather-proofing of' equiptrieri't and its iri-` sure to.a certain fixed per-cent of the wall . . stallatidri . in . the open - to . bypass'; the prob- .. test pressure?' Now- we . are -getting'into leriis of:explosion venting. _. . - the area: where venting becomes. more of .an art than- a science. At this pointi.T will Only ' . Until 1950, it was gcrieral .practice, al-. point out. that the- Bureau;of Standards' though the limitations-of the procedure were .test applies.a dead weight;.while'.explosion ., well recognized, to use pressures, reached, by loading, is. a' tran.sierit 'where. inertiaViplays.i explosion tests in: equipment having , open a considerable part so.that` a .mathqttical.iy;- . vents as a. design.basis.for venting buildings correct expression`would- involve,'..'functions: using weak walls, .glass areas,'hinged sash of the dead weight, wall'resistance; .the max--' arid doors and siriiilar closed vents.. Even ~ imum possible pressure in a closed bonib test, tually, however, the-effect of vent, closures ' the maximum rate of pressure risri/ the, ori. resultant pressure . for. dust explosions ratio of vent area to volume and 'the ratio ''was investigated By-'the Bureau of . Mines- (possibly weighted) of the inertia; of the and--the results -were published, in 1946.; . vent ' closure to tbe inertia ; of the 'fixed ; Up to this point, I have.-intentionally section of. the wall. Adequate research on omitted. specific . figures on concentrations, this complex.interrelationship;has riot been 26 . - L% 1 ./. PtiroUttm Industry done. However, .there, are:other.factors'of an.pt (lie, type tliat swing shut, after re- ' * greatpractical' importance. lieving. pressure, the/rapidcooling of .the ho*/ , ; First; let us amsider the factor of con* combustion. gases: remaining in'..the fknfcfing centrationi In ihe Bureau of Mines . Report may cause ail? external pressure of as much // on a'cetone, it was .indicated that ari open as 800. p.s,f.g; For this reason, as wdl afs to / vent, ratio of. l'.to 6 or 7 was needed 'to keep have' open vents to- relieve, a secoodaor ex the resultant pressure below' 2 p.s.f.g. How plosion, venting devices,:such as doors, hinged ever, .'.this was for a mixture of 5.5 per windows and/swingirig panels, .require stops cent acetone vapor; by. 'volume /in:. air.' The' to. hold,-them open, whenever they/operate. lower explosive Mnut ior. upward propagation of an . acelone ' explbsion./with spark . . /. At-, this pant, it seems the. matter of increase in ih order,to.take pp pressure causedby /.-' . ignition- is about 2.15 / per cent A. 3 per vent closures. The .Bureau of Miniesf report - cait mixture, gives' a ' good "expldsfom but a ' on acetone, explosions is not pertinent/-in this vent ratio of ' 1 to 52 held, the pressure lo case/ because the tests wem deagned- to/ex-. -.: 2p.s.f.g.This means, practically. that it is ; not necessary to consider, the .worst possible situation when .. designing: explosion venting amine the. venting of .heavy equipment and . pressures examined were in the' 5: to 70 " per square inch gauge range:- because- the/worst possible situation is'(dif ficult to.;dbtairi , when trying/td test , for it. .The 1946. Bureau of. Mines -report on \ . , / under laboratory conditions/and is practi relief vents, as relatedtodnit explosiduvis . cally' impossible .to- obtain/ under field condi-.' good, but the. authoritative report is1 one/ . dons.. Certainly, the .overpowering order of. made in 1950/again by the Bureau of Mines,' acetone ..at even 1/2 of its lower, explosive . ; titled. "Pressure-Relieving Capacitiesof/Di limit .wbuld Have prompted..workers to open . aphragms and Other. Devices for Venting /'/\ windows and: doors, /turn on . fans and' Dust Explosions." The; data and conclusions .' wash - down spills long before an -entire in that report are /equally applicable to . . work room could be filled with even a lower. Vapor explosions. This material is/published limit mixture. At any rate, such a supposi-. ' in N.F.P.A. Standard Ncx 68 anid ;1 have tion is necessary to justify the thinking that included the . table - arid' charts' which, cover, ' vent ratios of from 1 to-35 to 1 to 60 are as . you will- note, only, frangible materials'.or adequate- for most flammable liquid ex- materials' which will Mow conipletdy out of'. : posures. This,. of course,. although the. fact- a. vent. Use of: vent closures of;either of ' is sometimes overlooked, means that auto these, types does away with the problem of mated qperadons require.either a more strin keeping the vents open to avoid, secondary .* / gent approach to explosion venting, or me chanical . devices, such as flammable vapor indicators, to substitute.for the absent work damage because of- the vacuum efiject There is; however, the disadvantage that tbe:'entire closure* or fragments 'of-it, may becoroe dant men as detectors of incipient hazardous gerous projectiles. This is more of a problem - conditions.. Siuch ,'mechanical -devices can with materials such as glass, rigid/paper start ventilating fans or .sound' afarms as laminates and nietals, and : less serious with , conditions may indicate; . . . . The' factor -of concentration with respect to' dusts is somewhat. different' Dust clouds have no detectable upper , explosive limit, but usually the cloud that is ..ignited is^ near materials that. are flexible or which tear in place. A piece of cardboard can be scaled .quite a distance but a piece of paper must be folded into an airplane shape before it can be 'thrown very far: : the lower limit. This produces' a mild, One. common vent sealer is,, of course easily-vented explosion but also/stirs iip'any single, strength window,glasj. However* .he- : dust lying, .'on the .floor or shakes down. that ; cause of. projectile danger, its use is less fre on overhead surfaces. An explosion .in/this quent, than it used to be. Where it can be. secondary dust cloud or in a similarly formed used -with, reasonable, safety,.as where-win- tertiary cloud is usually-much m'or.e severe./ dows face toward an embankment, or a blank' because the cloud/is larger,/ However* the wall, scoring .the glass diagonally will/reduce, first. explosion will have/ displaced vent. the/ pressure: at which it: will relieve- When closures so subsequent explosions occurwith/ fill's is dbrier it must lie remembered that the open vents. Incidentally, the. Bureau of effectis a function of the sharpness of the;V Mines points out that when' vein closures at' the'.bottom of the scratch (and. that .the 27 . 1964 National Safely Conyress siiicktes^m' glass' arc just: sufficiently soluble speeds may. be up; to' 50 times greater; when , . so'.'that continued, wetting /.with-.,rain>ahd.' the - ignition source .is reniote from/the vent ' ' dew' will cause the scratdi' to :heal, .tha't . is,. than.,when;Jt a less thsuithree hydraulic ass'ume..a.-'U.'shape, 'so! that oyer. a`-jperiod, ...diameters away. This effect .was;; reported ."; of fiVe; to ten"years .scored glass', .will regain' previously by the Bureau.iof 1 Mines; as a -; most of its original strength.' 'qualitative: matter. but the. eqpatiqn ,:and; the ' - Implicit: in theabove remarks coricerning ..- frangible and! blow-out 'vent closures is . the ' assumption,that each individual .'device closes i only a relatively, smalj opening. Individually large, desires' are almost; invariably, of. the ; blow-out pajiei or swinging pand;' '(or; door) : design. With small closures,; th,e.consideration., of design|ng them to remain closed .during ' mathematics '. first appeared-in'-.the ' English >:' work. Recognition, of. this/effect 'has -re^- suited- in requirements in' several';.JN;F.P;Av : Standards. For example, No. 656 :pn. "Spice VV Grinding Plants" requires, that.no part of a :.; grinding. room be farther from. a vent than .;. LI times the least horizontal dimension of . the room. 7 ' . , . .. '.: high' winds, (explosions. should operate, tlusn. In a father' rambling .fashion, I- have, now but winds, should not) is- a-relatively, small... covered background information- with .re- ; problem.: -However,-, as vents'increase in size . sped to' strength. of Structures',' explosion the need to design them for ah internal pressures; relieving capacity- of: vents, and' load: of 25 to' 30'lbs. per square. foot without. factors affecting vent selection arid 'location. opening, pretty well eliminates the possibility. Now I would like, to give a few specific iii-j. of. using .'paper, and. flexible' plastics. Vent., stances illustrating'modern practice in de- closures thus become large and .rigid and'' sign of explosion relief, facilities for: Wild- . operate by moving as units father, than'by. ings. In the publication "Occupational1 rupture'or. by .pulling .away .from .their, fas- . Hazards" for- June 1961, there was a report , tenings as they stretch. - With closures of of- a .hydrocafbori vapor.explosion in a de-' !' , this'type, the inertia of . 'the unit .fends to velopmerit laboratory of the Dow Chemical become the tnost important 'measure, of' its- Company' at Midland,. -Michigan.' The. rirea . effectiveness.. .Vents of . this -nature which wris., "surrounded,".-.', vent ratio unspecified, have a ^relatively high mass, arid, thereforp.' :by::.panels-of. foamed "self-extinguishing^ .. a high inertia, can be used- only when the .:polystyrene. Ten to- ,12- panels .blew.'.out' \ explosion to ' be vented is one that - has a . ajid /others.: melted, jn the ; subsequent', fire. relatively. low rate of pressure rise. ' My,; Explosion dariiage was nil. :'' physics professor, some 37 years ago, forced Use of foamed plastic for such a purpose . me to learn, that P equals M x. A .(force is- relatively new. The panels -are light equals, mass times acceleration) and prom- .weight so .have low inertia; th are''good;., , is'ed that .if I would remember It,- all proh;: for thermal insulation and they have low. lems would be ,clear.:.to me; For .vents of mass so . they' do not fly. far and. what (hey.this nature ;he waslent.irely correct. The next : hit, they hit gerifiy- ' : ' time anyone: tries to- talk youjnto a counter-'weighted hinged vent, remember .inertia, F==MA; smile in', a superior, fashion, say `"no" and,mean:it. ' When Parke,- Davis & Company buijt a new; plant.' in H'olland, Michigan, -in 1961, : / exteridr.wa.lls> were; designed 't^vgiyis./ex-,' . plosion relief. venting in ratios varying, from * 'With respect to safety,, large1 .vents' that ] 1 to 30 to, 1' to 80. Walls: consist of 'con-;; ' move as a unit are probably better than .the' 'small frarigible; closures, such as 'glass. ' Be cause.of their grrater mass, they'will .travel farther,'particularly , if . they plane, hut they, are.very much fewer,-in number-. Crete ;grids with openings' about 1Y I*'by' ,i',/7".. The, openings' are'closed with' 1/16" '. .thick" celltilosc butyraieplastic bowed -;with '. the Convex surface toward, the- rteterior and caulked in place. The bowing. affords : good Another point-about explosion venting.that-, 'wind resistance. This .seeriis like an excellent , ... has; been investigated is. the effect of reia- design but I-know of no field cxperienceVith;.' ' tive location qf the venfs. English work at it,' Incidentally, this was. reported,' With pic-' the Fire. Research Station, Boreham Woods, ' tures;: in. the January'22, 1962, issue;' of . Hertshirc. feported in r 1959 under the title "Chemical Engineering." /';. ' ' ""Reliefs for' Gaseous and Vapour Explo , The Eastman Kodak Company uses an sions" indicates that pressures; and flame insulated metal wall foy explosion .relief , in .28C'h\-:-;'----': ' v--v, v I f _Lv.[." .,,'" "- '1 ' ' ,-v- \ . . Petroleum Industry -. areas where temperature, and sweating, must keep the hydraulic radius of tiic'vapor, space ::-;-.le controlled. Tle panel* are-mounted`.in . as near .unity as/possible witli-'respect to . -metal .frames and held in.place by boltis' or- . container; length. The. reason is that ignition .. pins of. such design ..and number.,that the - of ;a-combustible, mixture at one!end of a ' panels will blow out at; an -internal pressure-' :`f^'iV'i^n.v.ea^.''.'cdni|>re^a.-..'^-:'the'. un- of about ,30.p;s.f.g. Tlie top of each panel,'' .ignited mixture further along the pipe./When : -.is connected .to;the. building structure by, a ;; the beat!of compression' ca.uses- ignition of. chain having , considerable ..slack; . This,;last this compressed- mixture, pressures of up to';. . ' featureis,!pf course,' to.'miriimize-the chance 709. to 800 p.s.Lg. ran readily result There^'. .: of /personal injury. . . fore,- the tank-; designed' to; contain an. ex . ' The, Manufacturing. Chemists''Association plosion must'look as. little like, a! pipe as.! .' publishes;.' as you probably know; case his- .possible. ; >.;'y lories -of accidents.^reported by members... ... '.-When' it comes to making the entire end Case-History, No., 994 fepprted.: successful , of the -tank, an explosion vent, this'is ,cer- operation; of explosion : venting. When ' 1. :' tainly pot advised for horizontal, tanks; Not;. asked for-more details; I-was told that the, ; only would ''^.-/btihthig;;coRtents'-'-jbe dis-; expjosion tdief, construction consisted of-. charged violently, but the: tank-body would 1 /2"' ' thick., corrugated ajbestos cement- have a tendency ,to rocket With- vertical panels .4' x. 8' attached to the steel beams- tanks;./however,, use of a,cone roof with, a ' of . the-building using "Top Seal", explosion ,, Weak' seam where '. the roof. joins the shell, . - relief bolts 3": long x 3/16" diameter with - will. provide. satisfactory explosion relief, j 3/8";lieadS; 3/4" neoprene coated aluminum provided that the tank is. so located, that, . ' washers;fUhder. stress, the -washers gave and, neighbors wilj nof -some day,:call' .up and . in-.this rase,: the siding fell off intact.. This aslc .that the strange tank, roof. on their particmlaf--fastening' system is made by the property be retrieved by' its rightful owner. ; Fabricated'Products Division of the Townr , In this respect, construction of .a cone roof send Company, West Newton, -Pennsylvania.; ' tank in accordance with the standard.of the! The job assigned me back/last spring \vas - American Petroleum Institute, will auto to-discuss ..explosion'-venting -of buildings matically result in!a tank with a weak roof and tanks. With, respect to tanks, there is -to shell, seam. Where dome roof tanks arc. - little I can. say. The previously mentioned /concerned, satisfactory results have been ob*: Bureau of . Mines Report on`acetone, vapor tained. by grinding down the. top peripheral .explosions and work done by. Cousins and . ; weld;! . Cotton in-. the Factory. Mutual. Engineering : In summary, most. of the, basic- work on' Department Laboratories in 19S0 -and re . explosion venting was done hi the 1930|s ported* by'them to the American Society, of and 1940's.- . '- -! !-': /y^'-;!"-; Mechanical -Engineers in ,1951 as .Paper ..' Best current thinkingwith - respect'': to No, 51-PR1-2 both indicate that tank rupture building venting results in use of can be avoided only by making the tank .' strong enough to contain an explosion, which , : means designing. it to contain about -100 ' p.s.bg.; or by making the entire , end . of the l.;.Concrete' grids. sealed /with' 'blow-out sheets of plastic. .v;;.''''-:!'.--'! i.Vyy;.': ' 2. Structural frames sealed with foamed tank an explosion vent or by. Some inierr plastic, '' '/',''//!./!; mediate combination of the two. ' Design, i; 3. .- Insulated or uninsulated panels attachtti . to contain is'used in rare cases-where the* t6.'structural: frames, by;;specially;,designed : cheaper approach ' of keeping the-1 vapor, fastenings. . "V v!.;!'!.-:..!/!/. " space inert is not practical. Wljen contain-; ' 4,; For tanks,', design! to contain or use an ment* is used, `the dpstgn miist be such as to A.Pd. cone roof tank. , --I. 29 wMmm 196f Nation&SafctyiCtmoriisi V v '' "7 V gallons''.of ; compartment volume.- Jlic ' .time" ages-and injuries', ih;tlie event, of a; rack fire: lostby-a muitj-compartmented:truck' can .be.-: are: ,'- .iv; kept to :a'minimum, by loading the first .com-,;; ;lii.:;ICeeiiiihien'..outrdf;^ad)s' and,Vto;tHfe partment- eductcd while eductingthc, others. extent,^possible, offs.the .trucks', duringload-' Aluminum" trailers, are, almost.:standard., ing. Even a. few feet ran- mean the differ- . equipment' for haulers and are becoming .'ei^'Mtween'a'.sankitis ihjuiy and jio .injury!' more common: for'delivery service;'-Unfor-; 2; Keep ;as -many:, hatches, .as possible.: tunately. the alloy used-for construction can-1, closed during loading." This prevents a,hatch.-, not.withstand .exposure', to- fife' without loss' . fire ' from,-spreading into other' .compart-., ...of structural' strength! After about, one mm- ; menu;,:;'/:';; `.'.V'-". rite-of..,-unbodied /aqflsiweJto a-ground fire, ' protect, trailer, hot-- "an:. aluminum 'trailer . wilr^fair and- its" con- .. toms.- - v-,' ' tents, will be added to thc fire;:Further,'an : internal explosion that;, a = steel ..trailer will .normally ' contain will' split", an/aluminum'.-, 4...Grade'rack':areas, to.-control, flow' liquid, iti.-the event of .a spill,.;;.. ] of traileh ' V? v'-.; ..' 5; .. install fusible. links in the .loading; line: : These characteristics of. aluminum trailers drastically-, affect' '.the.'dcmands-'O'n,-loading to cut off the flowiof a productin the event:, of.a 'fitje.-.; '>". . rack fire protection. -if' ignition" occurs in- '- Conclusion: sideanaluminumcompartment, the compart-' -.We-still.do not knovir why,-after years of ' ment :will;split and its burning-contents will. ' safe operation, two fires occurred on the pour :on: the ground. Even if thp'.other com- same rack within less thah 48 hoUrs./ The-. partments aren't: split.! by -!the - initial cxplo- ories abound, :but data ,on: the-conditions ; siori, -the: ground .fire,will cause .'them- to in.:. which'- existed just- prior.-'to- many .loading about one minute. Uniess any, other trucks . rack' fires are unavailable; By -unavailable,' ! ' in the area ..are removed or cooled rapidly, mean.the responsible officials, in many com-; ' their Contents Will, 'soon be added :.to ,-the parties will, not; release the: data they. haveground`fire.: ' -. ' collected,- nor will they., perinit .iiivestigation' One. minute' is too short a timer for' a by: outsiders. 'Investigation, of accidents is., loader, who sees'or ; hears 'the explosion, to one -of' the best!-means' of getting the'infor- shut the rack down, fun to'the nearest fire matiyn required ;to 'prevent 'a- repetition of - hose, and bring the . hose into, action.,-Cer-' . the. accident. '.Secrecy, about loading-' acci taihly .one.:minute ..-is'too .'shorf a time for ' dents can . only .'lengthen-' the. time. required help from outside, the'-loading "area to. come : for finding a!solution to this serious prob-.- into action.. Therefore,-a rack .that does "not. lem.-. .- \ have some Sort' of automatic fire protection..' Therefore,' I* urge- each of--the readers.of . ..System, such;, as., heat-actuated.: sprinklers, . this article to do everything iii his potter.: risks a large, ground fire. .When we say . to - make, infbmriation'' on 'leading, accidents ' . large, we . are thinking jof over,;10,000 gdl- ' available, to ..groups -studying;, the."problem.. Ions at even .a .small'rack. ' This can be each, individual's contribution to . .Precautions 'which' will:minimize the dam . loading.rack safety. ", .., ; TRANSPORT TRUCK LEGISLATION i y.By JOHN A. AINIAY: Committee on Public Affairb, American Petroleum'. Institute, Chicago \ -iMjr. talk on- the subjectV'Trahsport Truck' uids, but -.aiso-' to sound !a word of warning-Legislation," gives- me' aii-. opportunity not, :lest our industry :bc-saddled.with many.addi-f only to dismiss regulations which are pecul- tional,;unnecessary- and,- sometimes, inimicalfor.to.the. transportation offlnmmablc liq; fq^ifotions'.under:the-guhe''6ritRfe^> ,, .. i  .;. : .. yfcjJ.y ,V;-, .0 "y-: ' ' Petrpteuiit Industry:;: To lay-, the'. . foundation for this'.talk'bn : published by National :Fire; Protection AS- . lank vehicles, I shall say that in.my wPrk I . sociation arid. National -''Bbard:, ;of '-Fire" am. constantly:" appearing before .city ,coun- '. Underwriters.: These: proposals tistrally'' put:: ;.ciis.: and. other . regulatory groups. and, some- more 'emphasis'on safe structuraldesignahd. .'times' even. in. the- courtroom, .defending the. fnairiterouice of -equipment,;, conductof, the-' .: petroleum trucker agiansiunreasott'ablc regu- ' 'operator and; sometimes, in .cooperatibn wfth . . i lations; From- this. experience, I ' have.' come. . the.- industry,' the; designatioh.-.bf. certain.prev ' to know--why-m'^ny of these regulations, are ' ferred- routes' for tank yehidcs; *... V .proposed and.'promulgated.' : Ndw f waht to cite some, specific examples Thescpropbscd regulations,, promoted un- in each ' of the; 'four'. classifica'tiohs.; Before ; . der the guise ofi safety,. can actuaily. be doing' so; however,. it shouId: be";said that placedJn aboutfour general classifications:' prie. of. the Veasoiis, that we.' have.'iirri'reaspm'', Thefirst'classificationincludesrestrictions . promoted'by competing forms of tfarisporta. tion; This type of"regulation "is`hot ericbiin tered 'as-much .as' it waS: in" the;piast;. . able.'arid- unnecessary 'regulations is 'becaiise : the' aeddent and fire experience .within: our. ; industryis, so exceptionally good!; f meah . just: that: When ybiu: realize, that thejdanand .for. petroleum' in; the'"United 'States equals The -..second -,classification includes regula almost' one-half billion - gallons , a tjay.;'and; tory 'measures .promoted by.'persons who. that most'.'of this is hauled 'in atruckat . . may have an honest- but erroneous idea . as least once, you must, consider that.'the':reia-. : to what- -is .necessary' to achieve -safety:; live -number-, of ' fires is phenomenally tewi-'-' These men are usually, public offidals and It is this rarity-.of'fires which makes them. they., are,, generally heard frbmi immediately So newsworthy 'when they.-dp occur.. From' . after' an accident or ' near-accident. These* yoiir-:own' .experience you 'know that a- traris^ ' so-called'`.`experts'*' are most apt to'propose, . port fire -'anywhere in the'.United States' is that' unloading :at night be prohibited--or, . front page news, accompanied - by pictures . sometimes, ; the. exact .' opposite--.that night all: across the nation: This; plus.thespec- , -delivfcrics- he. required-' One of. their . favorite tacular appearance of a petroleum ifire, gives ; : gimmicks:'is to: propose restrictions 'on the- the pqbjic and ; public officials erroneous . size bf' the'yehicle or.the number of gallons - impressions' as to the heel for regulations. that may be hauled: This may.. be^'accom?; - panied \y;'. suggestions ".for. unreasonable .speed regulations.. These men are often'.led ' ... into' erroneous thinking by inaccurate'-news, reporting of accidents. - . Now' to go into* the sperifiics.: In .Chicago,. ; in. 1950,- after a streetcar rammed into'the" /side of a transport truck,'ah ordinance.was' introduced to .limit' the. size.':of trades,.to 3,000 gallons, ' and to .'require , that . deliveries ' ' T regtet tp say that-the. thud dassifica-- hkd to'.be made between midnight..and six :. tion. .'-consists - of restrictipns . promoted by .in'-the morning:'Industry experts...were able:. people wjthin' our. own; industry who.; seek- to. convince the city -coundl- that . such ain . . 'a competitive advantage '.by; 'prohibiting di ordinance would Vincrea'se the hazard father . rect delivery-to service statioris':by transport than decrease it.-A substitute ordinance was . .trucks-. These -individu'als.vare.' usually, local - worked .-out with; ..the - cooperation "of our -.! citizens'with considerable influence with-their - ' industry. This ordinance divided the dty. --.local city council and', fire .chief. Tnrtalking : .into,-' zones-rsetting up, preferred roiites tp . /about proposals which .would' limit', .the size dte .used! There,--'are' thyee;kinds';pf routes:. .- : ' of a truckforscryicc: station dcfivc.ry,. but would'place, ho. limit on . its size when delivering'.tb a.bulk plant:. Fortunately, this' id/ (1) Those, which .'are, to : passing through .the.'city. . ; be; ; used when". bccoming less, .of ; a problem every yea>.-.,I'. (2) Those' to. be .used when dnyihg. be- . wfll'- talk more' mi: this; subject, later.'-; '[ '. ' tween zones. : "'- '.Then there is-the'last classification-which;' (3). Those, to' be used within,:tlie zone.;.. includes ihe informed;. and realistic app'roadr -This.' ordinance' has' been!on. the;books' - in. " to 'safety: Regulations bf thisfourthtype are Chicago, for approximately 13 yeairs :and has : generally developed arid endorsed by'career worked very. well.'.In' fact, we.havd'-letters'., fire chipfs who have a .good working know!-'-, in our files frpm public officials citing this.' edge -of; .National Codes, such , as : those.. as- an outstanding example of "industry-- " ' ' ' ' V--' 33 m iiiriejjSlt'-Sf.' 1964 National Safety Congress ' government' cooperation." However, I. should ordinance is written prohibiting: the delivery point out that the. factthat this ordinance '. of `gasoline lo a service station ;irra truck % .works well in. Chicago does..not necessarily with more than al.300,gallon rapacity.* : mean that' a.- similar, ordinance would work well in Other cities. .-. :' Of course, the retailer isusually' a friend .6f the local,agent, and. has been fold;.that;'; One. of .the .most recent, proposals aimed "if he does .not support the proposal he -will , -at the petroleum' transport' came up .during. haveall'ofhismoneytiedup in a biggaso-' ....' . the last, session-of the .Michigan'legislature' line inventory. So lie, is normally- persuaded . Under the ...proposed. |aw, .petroleum .trucks V-to lend'his support to' the-proposal.. '! : . - would 'havc been restricted to'25 miles .per hour. ..in commtinities.,.where the . population', density exceeds 500 persons per, square.mile (How. the. drivei: Was. to make this .deter-' miration was . not '.explained in ; the bill).. You can imagine` the problems ..this would create, - with'.' little or no hnprovpment. in safety, This , legislation was propped as the result of an aeddent'in which a truck' ioaded with'' bacon ran . into, a' petroleum truckAlthough the bacon continued to burh .long . .There; is another sopree ; of. locaksupport. :- .; for this type of restriction! I'm referring to-' the-'rumor that a company wHich does not have alocal bulk pla'n't is'.: planning topped V; y: a.':.neW,.service station -in town, - With this-: threat of.more competition; it is:no problem - -at'all to get the iocal retailers,.and .bulk 'agents to--bade' this restriction 'fbr.'/if -tHe outside, company; cannot deliver', hy.-'frans-'-;" port. they are not apt to ppfen'a'iiew' station,". after- - the. `petroleum. 'fire was. out, - legisla , .There are many reasons why this type , of,' tion was aimed ohly at the petroleum truck. . ordinance! increases the hazards. 'I am sure I am happy 'to' report- that' the legislation ; that you are familiar with; them. It.isgood (lid.not pass. .' - to report'`that .except- for a few far,western' : ' . At.the local level, 'the ordinances' which have, caused us' the most trouble hav.c been . states there are! .only. a handful- of ;thcsc .-: ordinances, still remainingop .the hooks.' ; !'/; ' l.hpse-which prohibit the'use-of -a/transport' For'many, years,-the indilltry put .up with ..truck for delivery to'service`.stations. Even `this type of prdinanpewithout testing it in though this,,type of ordinance is always the* courts.' There were no' 'Supreme-.Court ' .promoted as a .safety measure, -its effect ' .decisions-dealing'directly With-'the'problem would be .the- exact opposite, It would in- and'the courts are npt inclined to.substitute' : ' crease the hazard rather .than reduce it,-' Jheir judgment, for that of'.the.'.local city I have, personally come lup against .'this type' of ordinance at' least 40, or SO .times councils, when dealing with the police.powers of-local.government. '. ; - iti the 11 central' region .'states.. It -is safe, . .-Uur industry.Was. afrald.'-that an. unfavor- to say that at least.75. per cent of .the time, able 'decision', woiiIdi|>e the-!springboard;.for it is proposed .-.by certain segments,, within'''7: promoting many, rporeof, these ordinances. - oiir own oil industry. "' *!' ' '. "'"v So;!for several years, our efforts were con- ' *' centrated at'.the .city..'council, level. ; , Here' is how -it-is.: usually, promotedA"--local bulk plant agent hears that his supply-., tog company is planning : to make direct delivery to a certain service'station.. In -the past, gasoline has been:delivered-to his-bulk One of- the -first court .rases came :up in Scdalia/'Missouri. This ordinance prohibited : '-wii'-j delivery to a service' station, ty- means .of*,a'v'-^Tv. transport truck. TJie ..loWer-" court-. declared plant, by* transport truck.; He, in turn,'- has -been re-loading - it ip small a'mounts .and the ordinincc invalid; and the decision .was riot- appealed to the hlgher court; ' - delivering it to. the service,station.. Now if a .' Valparaiso,-Indiana, passed a similar .br.di- ': company is - going ."to deliver directly to a ,`nancc back in 1949. .Alxjut' two yearsago,- it - > service-station, the bulk plant agent is. fear was challenged and"was declared 'invalid ful- that-he may lose the commission, To* by the. 'lower* court.-Again, there `was. no . protect his. own commission,' he calls'.upon .' appeal.,. ,.,* . .- - his' local councilman' and .convinces' him - that - 'About a year ago, similar'; ordinances . in'- . delivery 'by transport .to'.a service; station, Columbia, Missouri! and Ballinger,- Texas, , - is very dangerous. -.The councilman, then asks .were declared ' invalid ' by their, '.respective ': ' the agent about; the size of his own truck. - lower courts!' The . Columbia 'rasjs -was not', - The agqfit has al,300 gallon truck.'So the appealed. .However, the 'Ballinger' case'was - 34'. . - ' ' V l -*. ...- I; t /- . ' lJ-;\C''' : yPetrqItjm,Industry ' appealed; toVtlie.-Texas Gwrt-of .-.Criminal- "In,, the series of -explosions'.at the' inter Appeals /where it wasajso declared . Invalid..; section./. .." v / '/'v; ' -vl-V.-.-v'-; This; summer.a similar ordinancc wfis; ; ' "As. thc-'.'cxplosionVspew'cd burping ,'.gaso-: challenged .in ..Colorado Springs; Colorado; liih'c..;thrqu'gh''thc. intersection. . ; ' and a ruling-from the. Court.-is expected any .``Explosion rocked. area;;.".l v/ :day.'.nbwl`,.f ' .'V Apparently,'' they tirid of .-the .'word /``ex/ '.; '} .At the-prcscht'tinic,"there is ainotlicr-court plosion" and- for -the- next-two references' " test tinder ;'way,iri Tomah, Wisconsin. If; it' uscd-tlic wprd "blast". and. then,/of .-course/.' ..can -be/won, it..%ill.. leave Denver. and one . in' tliis smalj-map/there.;is./an "X" where- ;. '6r - two . other Coloradocities ' as: the ' oriiy `4he; `'expIosi6h,' ocrurrcd. 'Whcn.you: seethe-` cities - where ...this.-:Ordinance ..is--.a .serious-- pictures of ' the truck- you- will' notice' : mat'.-; problem in '.-the.; -Midwestern, states, . 'nierc 1- the aluminum -tank! has melted/away. leaving - -are. three;-.or/four-'sihall - towns where, it is. only-''a-' part - of .. the . shell -.and !. the running. : still on the books.; - ; " . '/gears/-;The-publicmust assume that -this./was' . In eyery one of these .cases, expert .wit- .' a; `-`blast" that- spfewed gasoline over', the.. nesses. testified to-the "effect, that a. gallbtiage.'- ' area. .restriction o.h: deliveries- to.service-stations- This- particular .edition-.;'was.' printed' '. for -. . -actually-increases the hazard. * out-of-state delivery./.'A localrepiesentative .'At'this point I would like .to add .a word,o'f.warning. for the;..'petrploim' indust>y; called'iipph" the'. newspaper1about, midnight.and convinced the ' . editor that the paper/wasdbing a disservice : ' -.1.' aim ' afraid .' that -we . are goingto be. by 'reporting-ap- explgsion 'wheh. ah/.explb- facedwith/a riew rash of: unnecessary, mis sion had hot" occurred.'In- the. middle.'of .the'. guided. proposals 1 jo. regulate' transports .as' , night,-/.the paper pulled.apart'. its; front!page" a result -of oiir increasing use of aluminum' and- re-worded. 1 the Story/ -'.This'. is a 1 copy . -. tanks;.You'and I know.that these aluminum of tlte.moriiing-city..editioh 'I .- /tanks are 1-riot- going, to ^explode. We also 1 - know . that when it .is-involved -in-a fire, the "Gas Truck Overturns'/ Ignites," aiid /in' aluminum tank.lwill/open- up. mefts above the liquid level. as the metal , Some of our- each place ..previously-' where-, the'.wordbeen used, 'they "explosion" had' used, ``burning''. . best- Isafety'"authorities. "say `tliat'-this is,, ah -or `'flamirig;:gajoline'' and they even added , - added safety factor because'.-it- gives- .addi-. a paragraph which reads "the . explosions . ' tional .protection' .against a pressure rupture presumably were causedby the truck's tires;'' . . ' of the' tank.' 6ut. from .a. public - relations/ As a -result .of this accident, an ordinance . .Standpoint/ithas already and .will continue. -was .'introduced m -the Minneapolis.Council., . to create , problems.'.To the-'.public, and .to,; which would have limited`tank trucks-to'a.: - hews. reporters every/tank that opens tip. iri . 4,000;gallon .capacity. lt..would have required a fire is an; explosion'. We 1 have spent years/ special transport permits, and- would' have convincing- -firemen and the- public' that- a .placed a-20-mil.e per hour, '.speed', limit on - tank, truck- is!-designed' to contain.- tlie prod- gasoline trucks' and would.. have ;. required '; ' uct-ev. when'-involved iii a major-, fire.'- deliveries'to be madebetween the .hours of ! /.Now,J somehow, we are .going to have' to". : lOpjn. and 6 a;m/ Fortunately, -the .ordi.- " convince;.these ppople that, -when V'a tank , nance did not pass/ '.-" ' mejts. down -it, is also doing what it' is -de--. . signed to do..' . ' ' ' . .'. /.There.-have been many "other instances, but ' I...will.-.,cite- only'cnie-more.- It .occurred in.- "`Lit me cite.some examples Superior,-.Wisconsin, just about three months.-; Here is a dandy. To-my.knowledge, this . ago. - A. news ..item describing a .truck acci-/' is the first, time .we have made the paper in ' dent uses, the'word-"explosion'', fotir differ color, and is: a-classic ettample of what/I am ent times. One'paragraph reads/ "Explosion .-talking: about.;-The Minniapolii Tribune' re- ripped a/.hole. aboift* .3 "feet, in' diameter' in.; pbrtid a fire in. Minneapolis- arid .on .the- th"e/.'front! end of. the tank ! and' the /force . front page,picture is a headline: "Gas Truck of the blast threw' the. track's engine about Overturns and .Explodes." - In the accom-. 20 feet"'' ' : /!-. ,. ;; panying news jstory'they refer'-to- the "ex--, ' In this, instance, the fire department Was - plosion".-many/times:. ''.! . certain- that .the truck -had " exploded .-'arid'; -:3S,. 1; I If`yivV'' 19(A National Safety Congress - evpii Ihc^owncr of the truck thought it. had /...operate:' in/ the- dark then you must';, expect exploded- because there Wa^ a biggaping bad, misleading; and 'erroneous/publicity;..' . ... . [ :.amhttpwmiamhnoaeoneeldarervklt'oeg.-tme.i.iwndatnhaeIbganabnbot'eltyitweuoo..r^.tnftitThlt-h.ljo,teh'h.etb;heis;asby-opeth"lp'aa.r'oerSetsmehwntp'iefsio-wneyttrahaogtelwesu,,toa.wipfinstfniuhar..teresnhetthohle.dycedte..ea.etpuaeh-tfaesranneoemir.gld.tsnremip-n,etxt-yepebbpo'oyunlbo'-rctt(etsa.oc.tiitwrnmohrhi'dnsgeee-...".;*'*,,':"--''fw-itwttriohrhiau.viladlldscJol'tkole,teyt-hith'xxivhnetaa'wee'g,fmttn.dhh/-.siiirtdarnlihevitreaeei.vt,-m.;.hcj-e'uu'pidlosronnussslluiifoot.s..didpfaa'aiioodvgddgf,fv'iie-t;nnnwe.nggtn.h'dhot..h.ef.iotedter-fFsu.'f..,oir'eirrrteoee.fre.nupmsaco'agdkwrcinastvhhs,:i'iw:cpeewylerfiieosnil.lt,ue,Ih/fs;'t'hhf;yh'.iwa-ero.otevhriuwleseel; . As ' the chief fire- inspector., of ' Superior- '' Now .l..; know-:that; you are going'to.say .'. was taking me'.td'isce where litis fire.oc-'- that you instruct /your' driver^ that.;';tHey. curred, he said,. "You.don't. realize. until. . must-remain; at the truck: 1 t-.-I `'have something' like this' happens-how -many' tif never ;known : `a' company: ' which' did - hot: these.;trucks ' are', running on our -streets '- Every- 'state code fand .many city ordinances without, any; regulation."-:' require . it,' Yet; a; large percentage,,of- our' . ..So I. issue '. this warning' to ybU-^-even .-, fires.are. caused.'Ky''the"fact' that the-'driver' though;, an. aluminum .tank may...be- just'.as ' did not remain, with' his truck.-while;5im- _. .safe -as.a steel, tank), those of you wh.o are ' loading. I believe that almost one-half of' ` ' pperatihg them- must; be prepared to defend .the . -.fires involving - unloading, operation therit" against adverse publicity which they would 'have' been, prevented,' or.-would have are .going to.'.receive .when involved in an .been' comparatively small, had the'driver.'been' accident,'.. .' '" present'to '.detect a leak, an oyerflow. or a- .'It jyas mentioriedearlier that our .industry, broken coupling. . . . is sometimes .'thb -victim of erroneous news Certainly any extra effort on your part . reportings of an.'accident:' Perhaps" this is to see. that this .rule"is -obeyed will show, ; partially our own fault., There seems 'to- be irp as a; definite, improvement in.-.oUr,.fire a tendency on the part of people who'have' loss - experience,- and' this iri turn 'will - result had aU accident or a near-accident to "dam' in , a'better understanding' of /our .industry '.up." apparently'.with .the hope that there ' on the. part, of the public with' less demand will -be little, or. no. publicity.' I.believe that for..unreasonable .regulations of our .trans this-attitude is wrong.-'-If a-reporter -must.- ports.- . "' 1 1' ' ' . " . ' i .j ..`1 '....36;' 0 ' ..'I J. v/V.-, NATIONAL OONGlRE^ ' *'-... . Papers ddlverjedl in .|he \putoc;imLria^?ES5ibNs -1 'j - CONTENTS ^ {.,.' * Five'yeaYs of Frrture Dates for the National Safety Congress ....... . .. ....-ty 5 - Management Has a: Responsibility, for Safety ............. . . .../cfc. S. Stone 7 ^ Associations7 Have a Responsibility-for Safety -C. S.Siaekpoltt 9 . ' Living-With:Accident Prevention ........ 1 ...... Richard K. 4yw " 13-'; . . Be Well Grounded . ......... ................... B. 'J. Lortat 14. ; .' : j .. . Dueling With a. Thunderstorm . . .. -. C. J. Crockford 16 Seven y^ars Safety Experience at^ Shippingport Atomic.Power-Station ....................G; ,M. Oldham .-Jtl*; " Organization of Water Utility Safety Programs.... ....----- Byton Ni. Johnson 27 '-''.''..`.'"--`---.'Recprd.-Keepins-and Accident lnvestigation. ,'. . . . .John Ti. Cappio 32 . V;s^ Bui|clihg Saf^ty Consciousness; Among Employees ,. .. . . . ..Vincent B. Gardner 42 : Officers of the Public Utilities Section .1964-65 .. . . .. .. . . 45 . ; Other Volumes in 1964 National Safety Congress Transactions.. . . .Back, Cover * . 3 '.-'v '. V-i' :'; : I, : y Public Utilities MANAGEMENT MAS^ A RESRONSIBItim ; -vv;;-- i" ^ : V;J<::&;STOfEV?/-..;'>v^- .'Vice Pfes.., Southern Beil Telephone &-Telegraph C6., Atlanta, Ga.i.. ; Our ..nation, engagedas if.-is in .the- fat-;- .dents. /cost - us: . more.- tjiari'. the. combined-. 'tie,against Communist domination! must pre-- federal .budget .forJabor-and 'welfare,-- com- ' serve every economic and human resource ! riierce ' tod;;housirig;;,iriterriational. .expenses,-, To ' each., erf. us"' citizens,-'. whether in .in-. - national resources .[and ...the. maintenance of- duiitry \or:..elsewhere, ..fails' a'critical share.-.' 'geria!.gqvernmto.fc;yj-y;:r . of ' the . responsibility for. conserving; these;. -. . In human misety. atciderits cost us ihorey -resources.:;.-.- \ .thjih'' we: :'Cari.-' possibly comprehend.'.-- Hqw\:: ' So .. to' yoii wiio fight , this-- cunning'-: ' irhich is;orie 'Hfe wqrthf How.: muchdoesit; .enemy,' not with die traditional swOrd and /.cost; when a husband arid father-meets an shield,-bur. with the!-keener lance of . knowl untimely death?. How muclr-areyour eyes -. edge, torn . of- experience,[wisdom and; un- : . worth? -. " derstandingy. I: congratulate; you..on your ' Management,hasa responsibility.for-biiildr-.. conquests', and . aid proud . to be amqngyou. ; ing. a-dam of economics' and' they will.'. .Into "the'-ever-widening and.' deepening-' do this only , when they; recognize that acci- . stream of ..the .ywork force.'of our Nation- .dent -prevention arid safety precautions' do flows. "generation after'`.generation, .those: hot' costy-they actually pay-dividends.-; - - hazards', -to life.and ' limb" which,' if undi-.:. :. Another' responsibility that management ; 'reeled,, cause, misery, loss -of"-life, disability ' has.- for. sa'fety- is in' the .field 'of..education, and costly consequences ,! and training.-If is through!ttlucatipnand Because of carelessness.- lack of knOwl- ' .triiming that- the free; -enterprise ` system-: -edge, hurry, lack of. supervision arid forget- \ `-lias [grown and', flqurished^-lt. is through [ed1-'. fulness, there' flows from what ought to-be..', -ucation and training that attitudes are. tnade- a greiti . ever-widening, qiriet and peaceful and .changed. In my opinion 'a'-large-part-of `Stream, an ever-increasing stream of broken safety-and'' accident prevention, deperids on : bodies,., wheel; chair jjatients.' am'putees and;' the" right hind, of. attitudes. -- !! funeral processions, (ailed- the:. River- of ; Evidence of this',is ihown iir-ourbusiness , Blood!-'-. ' [ during, periods -of extreme hazards such-as ' -Management has a- responsibility: for this, sleet storms,. hurricanes, -fires!', floods'and.: not-the'whole responsibility; but a:responsi- - tornadoes.. Do workers get'hurt then?-.-|No, . . bility, .not to -build bridges to" merely, 'cross - they ! do. not!They: recognize the - hazards,; - this . 'stream'[arid.'let it go on rfo ever ip- . -their .attitude. is one of.icarefulness, they .creasing flow, but;, to .`build dims that will - Work rapidly.but cautiously. v -:- arrest '.the. -.flow,- ' retard '.its' -.evil -prog-. ' -; On. the.'otiier .hand the!accidait .rate- goes ' rcss,-'..eliminate : the-: rapids arid , cause: it 'up' on, their- regular-day-to-day. -assignments -to become a quiet, peaceful ever- enlarging. '-^routine-jobs! They feel safe and they .fsul ;: stream-.again. . /' ' to take the necessary precautions--Attitude!. ; What arq^someof - -.the 'dams which ..-Attitude! "Nothing 'is .going; toi.happeri. to.- iqight be erected? ; -me^-l can fake-just a little charicri." Many: / -. -' Since good management is' cost-conscious, of us arc guilty of such. , '! . it heeds-to recognize-that: the; casualty-lists; ' : Maingehient has a responsibility for "der1 -' are- lengthening arid' that' the cost to;America veloping this:land.of attitude aiid needs to: -is now running the staggering total'-of: al recognize- that education; in ' accident : pre-: ! most.--100,000; lives .lost jnd' more titan. 16 ..ventiori does not .stop at ariy age or 'any tiihe ; -billion.'dollars.arihually.V'' ' ' , but, like any education,.must be programriied'-' ' What amazing .totals!:. Only, one national from the table to the grave, -; expenditure: is- greater'than, the cost of'acci- - When rtanagement. has realized..its rer.v: dents--1 national defense!'-; Last-- year acd- . sponsibility for- education- in' the field [of.- > i*S J- ' - Sy 196f-'Natidnal 'Sofety: Congress safety,...it jmiist -follow: tip by- seeiiigtiiat- in . tiie newand .improved methods and safeguards laws. -. arc engineered into all new machinery, tods, Thiis far;I have mentioncd four ^s'' of plants and mqdenuzatidhs.' v - . . ' management's responsibility for safety: .. .-' It is just as important,-perhaps: more'spi; "./.Economics-.' "in this-age,.of 'mechanization'arid tion, to build into, hew. facilities the autortja-.latest in '.`.' Education. ' safety -;fcnpw-how as if is tpimprove by . Engineering . ; % :; *' ` V'.. ;.' experience what- we now' have. :VEricpuragement v- . ' ;This is-where 'management must- use -the- -; - -.TKKe.;;are. ' fout darivs. that. might irnpede safety engineer to the- maximum. of. his . the flow of the river; of blood, ^our. dams ability, and here is where,oify<ou do riot; that,-.: if, property' constructed;, and ; -main-. have- a safety specialist, you will- wish that tabled,.would change the- characteristic- of- -: you- did. -His" advice-would be-.invaluable' the ever-widening,stream. \ - \r.: when his real-worth shines through..',/ -'-Three :-inofe'.'dains' -.are-, in need\cf- con-' ' Properly '.engineered-' highway grades,and : : Struction hnd the. ribt arid .' foremost; is the; curves are-just-as important as are proper dam of-entliiuiasvi. -. control signs and a rion-slick road surface. >VYho. has ever conquered without enthusi-. Another area where management-'Ins a ;';asiri?.-It' was enthusiasm -that led .our fore-'; responsibility for safety; that is-often Over bears through the trackless; wilderness,. It looked lies'.'in - its encouragement of. the ' wasenthusiaSm that has forever raised'our.' . right kind of laws. ' ' ..colors', in battle, .it is .enthusiasm-that wins- . .The federal, state arid local governments ;. hall .games, and it. is-cnthusiasrii. thatmaikes; . are .constantly, passing and changing Iawsipcr-. ;a good safety record. '".'-v.: tabling to safety and some'of the laws eri- Ifris the responsibility of management-to - - acted have' become burdensome to! manage-., -..-keep the esprit de. Vor^j high--to hpId.high - ment, possibly largely because, when the : the morale of- the organization--to keep on- - hearings.. Wtye' held, management did .hoi. '.ployecs; interested in their work*and their-: take' time'' to'discuss .them; with the: com- work! interesting. .- '. ' ihittees, or thought that they would'not be. affected, by their enactment. Show. me a. group" where' the morale" is'.' high and I'll sltpw you a group which -has . a Workman compensation-laws were .devel ' good safety record. -! - ' - oped .front the. humanitarian aspect arid in sure -that the* workman will : fie .treated fairly. ..Many lives fiaye undoubtedly';'been -. Thi.i.is-an. extremely .important'; part;of.: anycniployee enddavor. \ -saved and. many, benefits have .been paid In spite of all that cari be said and done, "that would never have'been-'.otherwise.-,- in spite of all the efforts of management ;to Cities have ordinances covering safety' . items, building codes, inspectors,'fire regu lations and police forces, , all of . which set keep/morale, high; there; are. -times: wheti/a. workman continues., repeatedly to. ignore' known safety prartices: - ' standards which must'be. followed by: man- Despite'.his-supervisor's repeated insinic-; _a'gement; The. price of -complying and the - tions and admonitions, .he persists' iri: his. dis cost of these services on bdialf of"-safety obedience. ..'? '. 4 . . .- is:staggering and'-is defrayed*either by- in-: - ' When such" is the'.case it is' time, to build. ' creased taxes, special - license or firandiise ``the'.Mxth dam qf "enforcetnent. ' Manage^ taxes,; -, -'.*: : nient just- Cannot ignore su^h a potential .- Still further'consideration.by. maingeinent'; . hazard and must trice disciplinary .action, . is necessary to avoid -costly' civil 'suits.,or. / either iri thefprin of sliort susperisiod, rc-r litigation that arise teem' motor vehicle ac - 'pealed-suspensions or in ultimate layoff..-. . cidents or .Careless behavior on the prirt of "How .else can .irianagement'. uphold, {the-. its employees:.. .. . hand of its:safety supervisor ? If he does not' .-'All,-of these have an effect upon. how a "get the support he needs/ he becomes ineffeeperspn can manage his husinesj and, there- five, ill-adjusted, (jisedonged, morale be - :fore, management' should take' direct action comes low and the effectiveness of .his' work .8 ') v'y'l''.-'-: s.`: S&fegavw v: s;V'm'P^y.:'-': ';^y. .-Or* =: is:' lost 'in. ; the .'complexity.'- of inadwjuate ' .This' hribit. could `then welf be .jcallid the . .: fbllow-throughandlackof support ..of die embodiment';'qI-, safety. iin.thcKindiyidial. . '.program.' which.' management -itselffaster Management liasia responsibility.here tt ~. gated.. ; . see that the/effect of its every act...word v.`- So-1 would suggest to'you who.are ex- arid dewj.arc'such.that Uus influence bn the; .../ ; pcfts'in .this field' that:'wheri.!yoa>fecl that .-.individual njakes him' realise thit liis own -' - management- `is-, not rendering:, the'-..support'-' ^personal-, selfish- interests-will te'best,served..' which you and your-.'program' of safety de- .-'hy- his accepting this responsibility jyhich.is ' . serve,'youydl to high heaven and'-keep on .' -his andwhidi he alone can'fisAarge..---..:: ...... ;; yelling until your cry' is heafd above the The actiwi of managienient should never v roar arid din of the coniplexities of the. be such as to detract in auy wiyfroriihis , . ritomerit - Your program -is of necessity a . discharging: this most, important ' respbrisi- ` continuing one,- and-the .'difficulties-of ;the bility.- ' . : .. .{mmrient should not long be allowed tri mtery' th^ are the seven ; "Es" - of marage^ : merit's responsibility for safety:.-!Eoonomics,v'.- ; 1 It nftist .be.the. dream of evyone.:wterts Education, Engineering; Encouragement; En- v , ; interested: in safety, that some day. somer;.thuisasm. Enforcement, Einbfimeitt; these . ! - .- how,;_ sometime .they -'can walk- through -the are'. the seven dams that stexdd. be built to . Elysian fields of No Accidents for a weefc. Effectively-harness the current--to. decrease *. .'-a'month,-a.year or even S.years.;;- and impedc fhe flow .oT the river of blood. fn iwder to ever., nearly approach this > if and when them duns arts effectively - ideal,:there must first be inculcated into thc constrheiedand properly maintained, the tnnid-^-.ewfy individual his own nSponsi- fortl,a own P***?1**! safety. ..men'will continue to movemajesticallyon- .. ." ' Safety and safety habits must become-as - ward,' dearly, .beautifully arid ^peacefully, . much a part of the-patural friari as. are-his' ywithout'thc unwanted.arid undesirable com- - -'other'desires'arid.'wants..- pa'niorishipof today.'sriver ofblood. : * ASSOCIATIONS HAVE/A RESPbNSIBIUTtV V'.:FpR.:5AFETY.; : Vy-;V:, ... y ... . By C,S. stackpole , :: Managing Director. American Gas Assodationi New.'York City ;.;',Vy..:y y.. - yr-?' ' _. .` . . . What' can '.a national association do to' -.tively and economically thari.oould bedooc..: . improve ah'industry's safely record ? . '' by members'themselves,'working individually. . ' The experience of - the. gas industry dern-. or in separalesmaller groups. ' - ..'omitrates-'that.such an.associatjop can make ' .With a staff of' 400, the American Gas y a.: substantia] ."contribution: to ^solving- the' Association, ranks,among the tat--largest'na- " problems of accident preventiuri:' One of die .. tional assodations^ In..-the . .United " States^ American Gas Association's'riiajor: respbrisi-- It serves 'nearly 400 straight gas- arid coni-. . bilities is the formulation and: implementation frination gas and dectric company ,inembers, ; of an industry-wide-safety program-carried-;which, in turn. scrve 9 otit of lO of Jhe na- .. . out throiigh its manners. tion'sgasutility customers. '. . ' -A.G;A; - is . a professional, technical and . The riieriibership consists of gas utility,. . ' trade association formed by investor-owneil f - pipeline; manufacturing, tedding service;-and' . companies and individuals ' in.the ..gas in- other associate companies,,such ai'advertisings' - ; dustry. . Its purpose-is to pursue common 'agencies,-banks, and producers,', and-nearly. interests'at the national level more -effec--. 7,000-.individuals. .. '' ' v. ;/ ,v 9 1964 National Safety Congress- : \ A G.A.'s safety , program is an outgrowth V-Becausc -.industty ;i leaders yfinrily believe' 'of-the,gas industry's accident'.experience in .associations' have a `definUe 'respohsihiiity: lit- theycars following. World- War II. - - the ' areas ' of - public .arid"employee:-safety, :":- v .- Each'- year,. tiic- National; Safety) Council tanks'- the- .forty major industries ; by their accident frequency and 'severity rates. " Backin -1930. the gas 'industry- was ,`m eighteenth place; and from -1930 to 1945 it fluetualcdup; : A.p.A; now-.lias":: a. very; activv.''rpehly" staffed professional safety :dcpartment. it functions ; under "the ; association's-, top level.' general managcbnait section, 'with.; assists; ifrbni. all; .either' interested, departments.;'.-_ ; - nnddown until, in 1945, it was in .twentieth - . It datcs hack to -.1952. wheri'the. assricia- - ' .plai*..;j /tion addedamanager ofthe- safety^depart-:;: 'The -year " 1945. was' significant in that it: was . the year that the industry: really";began to grow. It was tlie advent'of .'natural, gas /merit to the staff. His prindpaljob is to -'disseminate' to-' the industry . . infonhation ' from the executive safety cinmittee;and:data:. . .-; on a national scale, distribution : systems . Pipelines' came in'- and starred to .expand.: As: tori' the -work, .the friittec::'had'-- been accident; .prevention com-; :' doing:.; In '' addition,:- he.... - ' ;'" 'itt-hebyeecaamrse'roellevidd,ebnyt.-anthda",textphaen'saicocnidceonnttinuperde,r': vention.-efforts of -' Ijte ' industry were" not. . keeping pace with its groivth. " . -.'gathers information and statistics ;to: help . determine . tlie' cost and/to7 "guide 'the \ek-' ; Parisian of -the ianployee. accident - prevention '.program. : In-1962 an-'assistant; manager was added- to pay particular .'attention; to 1 . -In 1946 .the gas industry was "it* .twenty- matters concerning disabling-injiiry anal-! .seventh^ place among the-forty major in . yses.'. -'- .' !.- . j- dustries. In 1947 it was in thirtieth place. - and the'industry properly, although somewhat From the beginning, the accident pr?- Johnny-come-lately, .became- concerned about its ^accident experience:' Insurance premiums ventioit committee has. effectively promoted. .' the "idea^swapping" concept. - ;lts-entlre ;prp-':.: - " .' reflected' the. poor "experience, and instances, .insurance' was' difficult because of-this'steady'increase in in manyto obtain accidents. .--gram' is .centred around -fcceping thc in- ;: dustry constantly awareof what is happening. . in"th`c field'of accident prevention and what ; individual. companies are doing , to correct Tlie- industry ranked thirty-fourth among / arid centred their accident experience. - the 40 major industries in 1948, and that, year . saw.the.first "step in exercising responsibility "Today, the committee has- .42..members, for. employee. safety on an ' industry-wide .representing every-segment'bfrouiTndusfry's ". basis. The. first, corrective'action was toln- - 'operations,--a' representative from 'thc.-Na- ... .crease, the activity, of the. American'' Gas- tioml-Safety Council,' from -two insurance . Association's accident prevention committee. '. companies, and-one from service, companies. .--.Other, steps followed. As a result, by. 1963 the .The scope of the committee is-'- the' study - industry had' moved up to 17th 'place. : of. accident causes, preparation of .'manuals.. Important asemployee'' safety is; the area. '; .' and-, data measures, sheets, and the reepmmending! corrective! -.. dissemination pfinforiria-':. - of public'safety- is no .less important. In tion to the industry that.would;be helpful-'' -this'area,", the. gas industry's safety image is tin.the,reduction of employee-'injuries,/motor'.:;' . , determined^-:^Progress of . retrogression in Ideal; markets is defermincd::)argely by the goodness or the. badness of! that' image.in /^vehicle accidents, the public^TM";'. and accidents , involving, ^ '. the public'eye! The. in.dustry lias come a ` -The /committee,' One . of- , the./most; active - long, long.way on .the'road'to greater public and.- productive in'the'. association, has 13 - - safety. subcommittees..'; ..* . . ---.- . In 1951 'the industry, formed `an executive . One outstanding activity -is., the -.annual; : safety committee at A.G.A., - made up of ' Accident. prevention Conference ithe cotri - ' . cliief executiveS,- to demonstrate-.top-"mah- - mittce sponsors each year, usually hehfin'ah" .' agemeht - interest and obtain the impetus'.and '. aria ' that has * an accident frequency' ;rate . . .-! motivation which always result, when presi- . ..worse than the industry.average. '-During the.' -'. '.' 'dents and chairmen speak their pieces-loudly . ' two-day conference, delegates ~ from - some ' ': " --and firmly-in support of'employee';safety - v 100' companies. (in more" than 30' states, and '' efforts. ... Canada) usually attend.. 10  K * . i . : ' -Public Utilities^ Ddegatcshave an "opportunity to .attend based upon the committee's, analysis of more / workshops dn - pertinad ' topics , wlicre "ideas. ' -than 2,000 disabling injury .reports';submitted , ..and experiences .are exchanged.. Also, as "voluntarily , by; gas '.companies during - the"-'. .'" >'parf. o the.conference- every.other year; a' preceding threcyears.. material' and\ idea: exchange . display . is 'or Analysis revealed, that"there are: sixmost ganized.' Last y^r. more than''30 gas'utility.: "common types- of accidents accounting for arid pipeline 'compahies showed some of 'ihe- more .-than 75. .per cent; of "all . disabling in- ' materials; manuals and programs. which' they juries'.reported.-They1- are::fall todifferent '' . had.developed or iiscd..successfuIly in their f accident prevention programs. . ' level, oycrexertfon, struck against, "fallto." same - level,: struck by; object,';; and ' bodily ...r A safety -'publication -.subcommittee, pre . reaction. In its'first; mailing: to the. industry,.; pares - arid - publishes 3 quarterly.' reports, - the -committee urged "that-the 'prevention-.of. ' called, "How'Injuries. To.Gas: Men: Might ' these, six particular.,"accidents'; should', be Be Avoided.".-They areanalyses of'signifi-' given top priority.\ . . . . ' - + ?X cant i accidents gas '.companies have ex- - Th'emostcompfcliensive .selection of acci- .. penericqd '.and "the .corrective, action 'taken' or "dent prevention audio-visual, materials A.G.A; - . needed - to prevent similar accidents. { An-- bad ever .prepared-was., made- available to' otljer quarte'rly publlcatiQti, "Safety Siftings,". . the industry to assist iri coritrollingVthotse six .is;a*digest of the best available/articles re-; lating to . safety, culled -from "the' ' safety' literature',arid house organs of the gas''com panies^.'and made-available to all' members.. The' third quarterly,* "Tailboard Topics," .is ' edited, by-. Don Buckley, safety director ofthe East Ohio Gas Company. ; ' , most-common types..'. .,V " ; y:;As all association executives: know, any . activity `must have the support ;of:; its - top executives to lie successful. It is particularly; true in the' prevention of. accidents.Hc.rc, -.' the . executive "safety committee,, mentioned' earlier,;plays.a vital role. Competed _6f chief ''X ...An'especially "successful "activity has-been executives';of outstanding-mmber companies' " a two^ay supervisory training course,.started and. normally- chaired - by,; the * association's ;;- -in 1954,-; entitled, .``Accident - Prevention second vice president, it is." the accident.. . Through^Informed Superyision." The coursc prevention committee's- "pipcliric" to every " lias .been'. conducted '112 times, in' 32 states . chief execulivc/in 'tlic -industry:- It .has. been and Canada, by A.G;A. safety manager R. N. invaluable in helping to keep top manage- Papidt,' 'assistant safety-, manager, .'Harry . merit. informed qf.'oiir industry's'problems ' :Becker, 'and; meihbers, of 'the accident pre- in "the. field, of. accident prevention and'the ", - vcntion committee. More, than '3,200 superr - progress being, made in -solvingtliem: Even " " intendents. and supervisors, from more than- more .important,- however; -is' having ,in ' 200-companies' attended. /.- formed, dedicated,;.har<Iworkirig, enthusiastic ; The compahies- 'tcstify.' that the.'.course arid talented Safety men-from member coni- . has, been of .real help: It: lias bad the addir.. panics ^working so untiringly, on,-the' safety tiorial, valuahle elfecttof getting the associa-'. problem. ... .... tion and its know-how outfo companies, which'.for..years.were.members",but never What. has tlie industry acbicvcd since its ' association .faced its'safety responsibilities,; had any . direct contact., or'tangible evidence* largely, through" these meri'and :thdr- pred- .of'what the.'association, could do for therp. ..;ecessors? .Tlie industry, started to dp -some- V Orily about- one-fourth of .A.G.A.'s' mem- , 'thing about' its employee accidcnt'.coritrol ;: her companies .are large enough to employ. ; problem'in 1948. Since.then, it has-showri." safety- -specialists;or- establish safety .depart-'-; consistent improvement in "its disabling in; " - . ments,! The.' association . clearly, must' accept jury, frequencyTatc,:.cstabiishirig;,tKe--I6rigest- - the responsibility- for. formulating an effec linhrnkcri rcrliictioh in frequency rate in U.S. ' tive, industry-wide' safely-' program. . industrial safity-history. That's sixteeri.con-. -. , In this -context, the action program-en sccutive years of-disabling injury"rate, redue- - :/ titled "Nix the .Six"- .was espetaally helpfiil." /ion'by an entire industry. " -> . It was. prepared,'developed arid produced by The -industry, lias- reduced the number- of tlie association's accident prevention commit disabling lirijurics .from morc tlian 6^00 in . tee: arid -' staff in 1963. . Member - companies -1.947,-to".less than 2,500 in. 1963,'-'a-:decrease.:' . participated enthusiastically.'-The' program is of.60-pcrcent, It is-now" 17th in .the standing,.. -11 t -i; .- - -"a. - J964 Ndlional Safely Congress among -. the','40 " major/' industries mentioned, .type - of ..activity .is; carried: right tioWn to -above: .-.v;/ > V."'; the ideallevel where'' companies ' coqpeirate What might have been- the- facts had the - withlocalandstateauthorities ,to: cncouritge industry, maintained.its -1947 disabling injury the setting ; up -.- of -' gas. equipment ' safety ' frequency rate of 21.86?-.It would have in- ''codes,..-.. -. creasedvits 'disabling injuries to more-thari ' .This' means that 'A.G.A. isconstantlyen- $700.m 1963/ A1G1A. believcs/that, over; a gaged in . researdiing and ^dCTeI(^)ing;;-new; - sixteen-year Spain, at ; least .65,500 disabling' materials and methods for piping,, purifying/; injuries have beenprevented: Estimated sav- cdntrolling.and'handling the 'gas-fhat screes:-, : ings. in the.."wages. bniy" 'cqst of-1 the dis- the public'so well. Ofteii, atthe laboratories/' ' ahling' ihjuries .prevented--: are- '.more.' than brand new appliance'ideas cpme. out'of work ' $^0,0d0, -- that started ; as a safety check. Eventually, *- How much-has it'cost the industry through . home-owners, everywhere benefit :.. the1 association's accident prevention depart- .; The standard tests- used in:A.G.A. labora- . .. irient ?Actual ' budgeting for-.accident- -pre-' tories .are-; set .up. and supervised by.'a'. 275r . . ventiori' activities began ;. in: - 195f- with., a I n^ approval requirements; cammiUee:of' the '. -"modest $7,900. Total;out-of-pocket costs for American Gas Association.. Th'e size of 'the1 the pasfe sixteen years' we.re"$424;75tt;- For a. ' group gives some idea of the rize'.and scope: . mere$30,340aVeragepcr.yearas an associa oif ` the -industry's/continuing effort in; this tion, A.GJV. has.helped save--its -companies branch,of public safety. J ./. ' more than an estimated- $47,650,000 iri' "wages . The'.committee' is' made up. of -represen'ta- ' only" cost-, for injuries preyented. - (tyes from :.gas utilities, gas appliance manu- .. -' A-G.A. -' is . pleased .with. its. -progress " in .facturers;.'-..the..'.National.' Board ;of /Fire employee safety--but, not: satisfied. The. gas . Underwriters,-the U.S. Public Health-'Sery-. industry is still ab(iye:.'th.e;-all-industry aver-, ice and the American Ihsiitute;of.Architcts,; ; age in its disabling injury frequency rate, but among .others. Safety , and icomfbrt of gas- .it is'.definitely heading in the right'direction. ;users.is their No/ linterest. _.' - _ . It is probably, unique iri. the measures, it has. . .taken to help-'assure' the safety-of'its-aippli.'ances-and the piping and mainsllthat are used - to supply convenient-gas seiyice. The Ameri. can' Gas Association spends millions of dol- lars each year;for research activitips and on . its'testing labiriratories 'in Qeveland arid Los. Angcles,. which' have been at .work' since ' 19251 Their'Blue Star seal-of, approval on gas...appliances "is/a .'familiar' .symbol, . an -assurance that' theappliarice-Avhether. it. be .a' 'kitchen .- range, a . water , heater, clothes ; diyer. air conditioning 'plant, - refrigerator,. V' TheTaboratoriestest more.-than 6,000 gas-appliances/arid' accessories- each; year,; :and, in -1963, thcre' were. 245 A.G.A. .employees arid. $1,500,000 devoted to .the woirk. Each, - ycar.as new .scientific discoveries are made - ' through the association's national research : program,..the laboratories' testing standards are- raised even,.higher. Today, for example, no domestic gas range ;cari- cam.- the.'Blue, Star.: sea* unless; ail burners . light. aiito-; ;maiicaHy, including.-tifose-on'.the top of/the range; -and the oven .and broiler.; ; garbage incinerator," furnace, .oreven one of No other; major industry has anything ' -:the.-neir''.gas.. lights^-has passed their rigor- . qtiite .Iike the. industry's Blue -Stair- testing : ous-testing: procedures.; Tests are-designed- /prpgram,; Jti'is;uniquC ;Thanta 't6 it/appli- . . to'help .insure .Safety,-.'serviceability land- dur ariccs bearing.its approval seal ; ire . among ; ability--in short,.- safe and superior per-. the safest,, most convenient arid <asytdus : - formance for. the-user.: / ' A.G.A.,,of. raurse, engages in competitive Testing'appliances iS only .the first. step- safety! programs among member /companies, : in-, a/-.continuing' process that .-doesn't', stop arid'the certificates and plaques for records. ' .;uiUil it reachbs.the 35 million homes, of . our .accomplished: are -%yidly sought after:.- Staff' nation's' -gas customers: Not wily- do ' .the. .--managers audTlifir 'assistants are called upqn ; .A.G.A. laboratories.I iri Oeveland find -Los to; conduct week-|bng safety apdits iw com-:; . -Angeles carry ton-their valuable testing, they pony.."premises/, with the lielpjof tltoseTn alsd. collaborate with the American. Stand Charge. ';Mgny';- times-:'. audits ' result- iri- ards Association iii sctting up new standards the boss giving more /attention; 'to rsafety,-; -for materials; and construction. This same- . and .-perhaps, setting .aside'more money.in the 12 ' ''\- i v ''" .' ;..'' *y;-:-\: ;" - :. 7' "j-Vi..I-..'..-Public\Uliliiies. . ; ... ':!. budget' to 'hclp. ilie' safety' dirtctor l do a ] With-thelicind 'of ,'inanagcmcnj, operating,' V : - ' / more ."profitable ! job for his company, '.'.aecdimltihftV selling.' and .accidentprevention: ^ .The ii'uljistry'is'a great and expanding, one Vi*"P>ewha arc fafit-' to3^y^p^ent.!lei!ds.;--:a';-- ' '--not yet; old,- except. in birthdays. If.cele- can hc-caimdcrcd :mcjr<t road'sighs to' future . hratcsits--I50th in I966. Its pastgrowth' is heights/ -far beyond today's Tdndest Jiopts ' " . liut a down-paymciit on the ycars to comc- and -dreams. ;:-.u : V i-*'. LIVING WITH ACCIDENT PREVENT :!y/-'Managing Direc:. tor,B.MyeRtroICpoHlitAaRn.DSaKfe; tAvCyioeiimiSri;l : ' . ^ - :. Serious' consideration . might1 lead one: to ness is important;but we-inust know it:takes wonder -if 'perhaps it is. the very, living-with, . far morel v:it'-takes. acceptarice-reyen ap^ accident prevention that.'might -partially 'predation. .We . can gain awareness! by pre-; frustrate attempts'-to. look'-at the broader Scnting facts ' in' a' Comprdiensible.' way. We' necessily.ol getting others,-top, to live-with': can gain, acceptance: with.tbe; addition of accident -'prevention: '.For any . realistic- ap-. .'stimulation!' We;'can-only' gain appreciation praisal tells-us we still-are having-far too when this is all- appealing to the onewe/are many accidents^--too much misery--too much approaching. -Ta.spread our living with ac- loss.- Is..it-perhaps-.a challenge we-face;to . ddent .-prevention it-must be'proven to the improve - our ; techniques' -in- spreading.' the.' - advantage of. the .receiver of - oiir message. word--effectively? \ -'. And, if we are' to compete', successfully . '. I. suggest that-if we arc-to hope'to have ' .with' the steady drone ' of.- noise -in ' today's'. others concerned -with this ..living'with'.ac ' world, we neodV.be a', bit expert -in. our cident 'prevention we might well ask "Who abilities' to communicate! ' . . .. . cares--really?" 'Well, we know that in ad It should be tinderstood. -that'the ccnn-' dition .to-nbmtal .human, consideration, -map-. munication process is a' highly: complex, one agemetit; cares about the; economic of the' . involving:many, yariables in".both. the..dis-' thing, supervision cares .about .the produef.. seminaiting. ' and 'receiving.- relationships: '- It . ti.vity, arid employes- care about .'the' Ioss. and the.suffering too--but usually.have some'dif would be -foolish. to -hold'.tint accomplish ments, in- this-tiOtd can lie either, simple or. ficulty: in relating' themsejves' to personal. accident experiences. Actually, we-may be.only at the ' starting point. to' 'this.'whplcV tiling-far. too few really know enough to ' care very greatlyI That-gives us a whaleof. a job to be done--right? . ; easily.'jd'evelbped: -But, the'hope worth" holding is.tliat 'we' ..niay' draw. fr&n others' in'our; .organizations. who'.'specialize! in -this'field as Well as. call-upon.'-the'specialist's from qtg> side, to did and .assist. " ...It possibly challenges'us- toaskafew; more question's suchas: "What are' we say ing?" even "-Who's.. listening?" *or. "What's .happening?*-' and the answers to each of these . In the meantime,'-it might be appropriate, to: -consider' some- of- thc- basics Jn ' thc cbmmunication. process. - We .might- ask ourselves' some questions such as:- -questions and others' like diem can only-come,- Wliat.a'r'c wc sayirtg? Tp find the right I ..believe, from p 'better understanding - of ' message .information must' be gathered,: eval communications techniques. We have to get uated, riiadc.iunhlc,- and then .disseminated-- the' message .through^efTectively!. iio'tTilcd.away insomedrawer.. . ' ll may be possible: that one.of the most.-, ... To. whwn aro . we talking?' -;\Ve Have- to serious . impediments tosuccessful "accident ' -dcfuie .the' right -people from , loir to bottom prevention comes from thenaturalassump- ,:ahd- alUtlic. wdy betwden and know' who they.. jion tliat 'sensible' people will react sensibly, . are, what they do,' what they tliink and how -from a store of factual information..Aware rtlicy react: -- 13." I L ) t J964 Naliqttal. SafetyCongress] What. arewe'tellangwUi?Tbselecttjie the greatest 'challenge. facing. the; aeddeut. ' . fighttool or combination of tools we'have to ' prevention' -people -todayis; tp ; briiig' their evaluate every ' medium. of- -',communication knowledgCv of;- atddenU. land . what, :causes - - front-'the personal contact to]the mass media.. : thcm. along with -tl^r;.^ti'fy';to';dMermiim-. That's a . pretty broad range, too. ; ; what;rieeds barig -done' to.:avoid]them; into; When] is : the; right; lime?-, .We-ileed ourmessageto pertinency. - time, V-aVVmuch improved vpiia^ce; of -'the]'-'bbnt-;... ; munications .techniques.: >=,.? -.; r ' -.' y: ' . .Wliosays so ?>Th'e soiree, needs able and respected. .'Example'; is beicredit often :.pnc, -.. V T .'conterd tfiat Orir own -living. info .the lives `and onlyas] we \learh to take 'witK.accident; prevention actions of 'tteseaboutus ' . of our greatejt prpbletns as weH as one of .our.greatestpotentials., vi ]can:: .we expect; te> aaxmpU^' oar -job of .solving.accident problems.. Asywe can riot' ;; And, is. anybody listening? Ottrjnessage only gam -awareness,- but stimulate;' accept^ ' needs'to provide infortruiti<^;' gpin:.under- . ariceVand appeal/to; appreciation] wili we .be stariding,. Improve., petforinance,'. arid, assist =:';;abie' to. measure our; accomplishments.. In toward; our; gbaTs:\The feedbacfc process'; . - short--we have .to -opcnhmnicate--effectively! - is.seldom as autoiriatic.as onewould suppose.'-'. - - .And .this." I bdieve, from all X can]see In-fact, feedback, 'to.teeffectrye, -must-be..; ; aridhear, -is -just'wfiat accident prevention- ' nurtured, planned] and - structured. 'And jt: pcOpIe are addressing thernselveS toiioday iri . may be -process ttemost iiriportant step of' communications. ' in the entire-': 'iiicreaitrig degrees:; : accidrot. prevention As th^r. are- livingtheyare doingan with eveir Really,-we have. been: throwing.out: a. lot--; v improved-job of getting -otters"to ' live, with of rules in- almost-a-random, fashion.- Orifc/ ."Accident prevention by getting tte:right;mes- could go on for days iri this manner. One; .sage to tte-righi people' ih .the right'way .at' could-make a-whole presentationfrom, ex- the -right ] time--<ri- they are. coming -doser-v : ploration: of any ohe of them. Yet--I.suggest :.';'.to'.it'day;6y-day.!';.''' ' 1; . ;. BE; WELL GROUNDED }^ ^ - Manager of Safety.-Northeru Indiana Public Services Co>^ Hammond. Ind- ' -: ' y Lights go on--lights go off--we eut our- electricity-it takes'"to.get us into troubie and . . ' ' lawn-7-We trim our hedges--all of usdo-orie- of course, what;precaijtions we should take .-' : or iriore 6f these'-'every day--some .of-.tiiese. to avoid these; aoiderits. .': > ' .] ; ] I"3"? Hmes a day. Generally, we don't give. fn onfcr to te sine we sue all speaking ; .* ,; ..it a'thought.-We;ju$t take.it as a matter of the same .language] with apologies to tliose :'. '- - . - course. . ' already fmniliar.with. electrical-'terms,. I. will ; But nearly, any . day .we Gtfi 'pick- rupi a. 'define the termioology. I. will iteyThis of >- japer and .read, where a man was killed by : course, is iuiriplifiedv. buf`-:for;;the-'practital -..-an electrical' shock* while looking for awa- -' purpose'-to; which this knowledge-can be'-ap- '. / ter .Ieak under his'house'with'an.extension .:;plied, if; is' adequa'te.V :r ' .. ; ; ' cord, or perltajw we can read where V wife The movr^t of eiert^^ :or.mother was rirotwtited while'waslimg:iri./ lj1^t!- fartrirs.' ;';'r:*';--'' '] ; ' - : - her basement,: ] '. V"-] "Lvl-';"]' . -These people were-killed by exposure f6,.,- i/i{0SC-^nrrrii/r^^i.w/oirce.-- low .voltage] and-'most of -us.ask oursdves-- ..-i.-'a.'-'Voltage-^P-iesiahe^just asdnssater--a "Hoiv. in the world coiird tliaf liapjien?;': ] ' ^lump `prbdnces^ so mariy^prMUKls 'pressure-^- '] . I wpulil like to try and cxplain wiiat ? here the pressure of force: iji:^cpressed in; ! 'happens to the humain body when it]comes : Voh-r. . . ^v-,--. . ' .* - " in 'contact "with electricity,- .what .valties: of b. Guirriit--Is tlic amount of electricity ' ,; y'"M ;I - : 1964'Nationtil Safely Congress' V, ' AVitfi dry; clothes. there is np eurrent flpw %c.;(l)..Brush. holders-yqtilside of. dril!;: .....- a- = '.on conlafif--but-moisicirthe~right;elb6w ami. Inwly--insulation chipp^-by screWdriver. \ `i;.;"chesi.Vwjtii'.watcr.^arid. we- firiid"25. mills ,or (i)^.\Viridings break dtiwn.br diorf.out. arimirip;flowing. . -.. .". d. Coulacl rtvilii -cxtc'malTCticrgiz'cd cquip-y,: ;V Moisten with; sweat -ami we find.55' mills. tnent. .' \: -;;;-l -f.--.V');: ' - or. 1 /.20 of'-a'n'an.tp:;';. 7 ----./'v-/''; ;;:;;3.-Combat -thesb.cxppsprcs.by: !.y; V,. Here, again tlic"sanic results*1--the .orange ;.ahd'-r^.-areas.; Vi a. Gopd maintenance jiihI inspection 'yyy '.- 7/'.\ 2, :Due i6 the low voltage used'pit'these' !. illustrations, one' important. factor.:was. npt -: ihcludedand .that was .'the length' of time'of.' .cbritact.Thc biggest'single itenrof resistance : b; Jlest way is to ground itool./ather withy . : ; :3-.wire system .or by:a'n;.adapter p|ug with; '; , grounding- attachment. ;Inythe proper - sc-., '; -quence: y. V;y\ X ; .:offeredby our body is' bur skin. -.Once'-a- (1)' ..Grounding`dampattached.toground; breakthrough is- effected, the . resistance -w: i ;-firstl'. :rv; jy:','. -y; v:y.yy . greatly diminished resulting -in an increased (2)' Ground, plug;, adapter.' 'should-- -be' ^current' flow/ 'On -contact with . a 120 volt ; / plUgged in receptacle. ..; 'circuft. blisters will-form, after; three seconds. ` ; (3) Plug of -pp'rfahic ' tbol 'plug^ Once that octurs. and,contact is maintained.' .. last -J;:.-.-s .- i '.-X, yX -] : 'you are: immediately in the'area tliat 'couhF ': v produce . ventricular fibrillation. . ' Reverse procetiure to; break down set-up. .-' ' .%'The. factors`which, determine tlic outcome of-.-contact with'low voltage arc : '. '.c.';No' known ground-operator should ;insulate himself,; '.'...l.i Aibount of the current. ;' d.-' Insulated drills- are avaitable,' with' plastic; body and drill isolated .by.-fiber. gears.' ,. ,:Z ' Path of the'current'- .. ... 3,Typie of oirrent;--A.C or D.C _ ' r iiave /not prenfed. this ' picture of elec-;/: trical liazards.in.an bflort to produce in;your '- 4:'-'Duration .of- contact/ ' . ' : mind the spec'tcr 'bf ..a/mohslrous Cdtagon*. D. Preventive Measures . ready; to; leap,; out; add /grab;- any. .and .'all; V;, .Electric -power.' is' - like any yother' '.type. of ; , 1. I am -sure- tliat'you. have, noticed that power ..whether'' it., be. water,; ;steam,-. gas ' or . ; ..the .current-values-which can.cause death are atomic.; Prnperly hanncssed,- . controlled :an'd . .. well' below-'any; values' that are needed to Irandled, it is a very; useful and willing scr- .' blow the' ordinary fttsc or circuit breaker:;- vant in .homes, stdres.-.and industry, v;; . - So you'-cannot depend on those protective. ... devices,: but must'produce your own...- . - You should be in.; a ' position to see that, '. within your" jurisdiction.-all .of 'the .neccS-' / ':'.-2. -Howdotools become, energized?. . sary.. precautions - are -iaken -tp insure' that, it'; ' ....'a. Cords--enter body. ; '..v.v;,- will be a servant and nbt a'desfroyer.of life-' ' b. Defective switch or wire'.attachment. .' brjprbperty...V-` :i:;'WITH- ^Tl^ V.: , /vy. y ''By :C.; yyiyl-vy.r -;: -; StalfAnalystj.WeatlieT.andElectronicaTeclmiHd'Piyisi.qn,. . jOverhead Lnei pepfc,'Detroit'.Edisbn Cp. : v ';. .: - ;' ;. Have youever thoughtof the mahyvaried. : you noticed the (ontianpluous looks, infact, -^--safety-'-programs- in relation to the lowly'-, some:of-pure hate; cast his' way by the other - v y ' weatherman?-. Have you' ever noticed the. 'passengers, if the current weather does not local weathcr prbgnosticator in tlie- elevator - happen -to suit their'mood at.Vie moment? -/.as-'Jie'wends liis way to his;office? 'Haye It -'is/not enough .to .forecast 'the' weather .; 16 ` V.:'.y"'; ; :s\ : :r. /'.-. Public-Utilities correctly.-(and" wegoof oil this-. on/e-evay Our/overhead Jines. department, b divided now and then), But the' forecaster is held -geographically uito five field divisions.JiacIi responsible by a .large segment of .the public division'-operates independently and b xc- for Weather,; copditidns that areout of step 1 sponsible:for all;wood pole line construction, ' '.' with - their desires at" the moment. maintenance,andoperatidn .in. its; respective ...' A..-So'here .we'have a/-frustrated friendless psychological accident victim in the making; A man who unthinkingly could' stop-off the ciirb.iqjtb the.path of;traffic, orperhaps sttrnir ' area, :Dejaftmcpf operations, involving steel ;; tower/1ransmission -. lines' are-' tjie-.responsi. bility of a centralized. Tower .Gfoup based T/iti- Detroit.:'.- / j~". /-; . -,/ ' ble down elevator shaifts.Caji ypu.-jncture iPEATHBR POSES. PROBLEiif'the.. . . this-chaip 'taldhg:otlt 'his frustration at the Defroit- /Edison -Company ' in; common with ' . wbeelof.hb carin. freeway traffic? I.hopc other electrical- utilitfes-facesthc same! prob- ."before .thb -Congress; adjournswe/will -see lem/iri coping With/.the thunderstorm--that7 ; . a sub-cbmntittee formied for the Express pur- b : to; have enough personnel and equipment'.' .'-pose of assisting unfortunate weather' fore-' at the . scene of . trouble as soon as possible casters trick/into .the path of safety right-: " -when - trouble' occurs, This- problem: takes. / eousii'ess. . ;'/ /V/;V(/,/ bn 'serious proportions with:us- after, normal -- " ' : . And now; let us. talk about the yreather as . if affects, the Defrost Eson Company; working hc^rt .and -particularly duringthe weekehds//The surnmer months only aggra-. vate' this situation , by the cxodus .of pur , / As' you all' know, the subject of weather peopleto rfc/reation.areas,; '"/./' . .. b a universal topic with all ot its.- In fact, it is the first topic;of the morning, for most, of us with the dedsion attendmg our clothing Sekctibh .for the diy," ft b atso.a vital m- gredientbfpur fishing trip or'weekend of .golf.-. 1 '/-.--. /.'. / .''./ '..'-/ ; . . Itwould seem that if-a reasonably.'accurate, storm. foreristing system could be-'developed, ' "we would.have enough time, to gather-our'... -working'./forces, together., or in.the' ease- of weekends, , to piif thcm .'"on call" so-that, we ' could, be assiired. of: their availability. We - . Of course, - Mother Nature being unpre .' must' all. agree- that- it b better to':have:.a - dictable,' goes into a. tantrum1 every, now and working force ready forstorm duty -andnot /; . then, and-'the..weather .'becomes a,sious. '-''need /them,-than to-have-a storm catch tusV problem to electric utilities; They know from . unprepared.'; Of .course, in using a plansifeh past experience that wires' will come down, ' as this, we must' work .With a- reasonable circuits -wiH'lofck out-and serious interrup- margin ed, -error because storms that develop ----- . lions to service-will occur. Under conditions - quickly ..in our own system rcdiicSe fhc/avail- '-/; such as. these,:.utilities are seriously con-, .' able'time necessary to marshal-our forces.-', . . ' cefned and strive' tb remove. hazards-and re-; store service to the publican, the. shortestpossible.-tinted Under' these conditions/ ... Oqr problem then, resolves .itself following listed conditions.- . into' the ' weather becomes a.formidable-enemy indeed, 1. -To:-have, adequate' personnel available ' -and. we must plan to-engage it as s'uch. We ' when trouble occurs./ must constantly/be aware of. weather coh- 2.To-dismiss '/this personnel when storm ; - ditions that cause storms to develop, locate . trouble b oyer. .. - ..uaind-frack., them .as. they/moye thrqughour 3. Tp allocate personnel over a prolonged / , system,-and drawpap our arniy of linemen, advecse weather ebriditipri. ....v : - technicians ..battle with and - thb equipment to do 'effective/ cliallenging'opponcnt. ': /.-. Jn essence, what Edison '.-:is .simply" we are doing'-at tbis^-wc ' arc Detroit viewing - .; ' -This paper describe* how we nt the Detroit weather forecasting and slqrin tracking'-as Edison engage -bir. cnetny, "the summer an important and sejorate operation instead , thunderstorm, the .most' spectacular - of the of a minor duty of our dispatch, board" \.'- .. various types-'of- inclement:; weather common We. 'presently are b|erating. a.', full 'time./': ' to ptir location; - -.Wcbtiicr.'.-Center. Iliat; acts ./as a collection ' . The Detroit Edison: Company serves over agency for weather information juid reports. ' - ' . lj.' million 'customers- living in an area of .' Here, , incoming- weather information is an .7,600 square', miles- comprising tle south- alyzed. as' to-its effect' on/our system- and ;' .'. eastern portion of the:- Siate of. Michigan.: 'storms are tracked'. Ijy radar-during periods, .. . .' ' '.';1.7. i: j V .#** V K-i . :l96t:National Safety Congreis 1. weathcr.77Aii. of- tins^irifonnation audio* output-^bf-.a^radio-rcceivcr-;.triw : to 'Ml . -. iA "'*i'i .*passeda*'.on t>o_don--cemed> c---o---m----p---a---n---y */-dJ---ivision--s' 11o8n9.'\Kf f.*G ffs* t/lwocHaifateiidl ;i-min' nDWewtMro^i'ta(hiidl'-npi<ic4kr>s-futnp and .departments;'-.During; storm periods,'^His ...lightning/:disturbances,which; are!'recorded .-function becomes a continuous ; operation. \.on ;a chart! This reoirder is an impbrtant We make full use-; of. professidnai weather ..- faetbr io us l'ri alerting' 6.ur dispatch.:pmonn<J : . J; .- .-information as -supplied' by.-the.-Detroit Ofr-.. .: of - the - presehce ^of .lightning ipr static :.dis- ;"Hce of die United. States Weather Bureau, : tiirbancta .due to airturbulence./Inasmuch as/! ,' plus 'some instrumentation of ourown///,,: a/wrigM s In addition, >ve receive reports of adverse \ recorder;.the':indicated dracejsa/function.of - -; Weather 7-frorri-. Consumers: . that serves. Michigan to Power . Company the V/est of our : ; both7 theVbmplfthde ', static. disturbemcesV ' jmd trequaicy -ofythe:/ - :7.-y s - _7.7- v.:.- ; . system. With additional. inforination being - , (7) 'Airurays/Wother.Receiyer .'/..-A-. supplied-by bur own. peoplf in outlying-areas-; Thjsdeyirc^ located at . ' - of. our' suburban division/. Current factual: ' .one pf;our:sub-stations in- the, viaiiity. of/the ; data-is the life blood-of weather forefcastjhg:- ; - Detroit: Metropolitan . Airport, which;.' ind-V and ithaj.been our experience that all';tlie; / dentally.' is 'the- headquarters of] the Dctroit j 'j.weather information-that-We'can obtain is- Office" oLthc tJ.S. -Weather Bureau. never .enough. ; /This: reedver is tuned, to';a freqiiencyof. Our own weather, instruments are all read ' , 388/: ICCi// used .by -. the pederal" Aviation at- our Weather .Center, located adjacent to Agoicy/to transmit Weather ;Bureau infor-' the : Detroit Division Line .-Board, .which is: mation 'to aircraft The.audio output of .this ; . headquarters of that particular'division'and :.-receiver' is sentby./telephofne line t6 our also' tlie-nerve- center of. `our- entire Over;. VVcather'Genfer-in.DetrcnL/ -. Iiead^.Lines System. A OWi: WEATHER-PL4NjN OPERA- . - /This 'facility is . manned around the clock; TION. .Tlie. Weather ^foblem; posed by the ' ' in contrast, to our suburban"districts -..that- threat of a; thunderstorm to our own- system" - operate .only normal daytime. hours; except, or to any eledric uUIity resolyes itselt: into of, course; during emergencies caused'..by ihree major points as follows: . adyerse weather.-etc . ". : I: When and. where wiil.the stormstrike? . ;. A' list- of.-Weather instrument's. an<| equip-, - ' 2; Wliat ;is. the. intensity ^of the'storm? ment that we presently- use' follows: . a . .. . 3. Is the storm over? ... `(I)' Recording Barometer - - ;;Tlicse simple'questiohs become of major. (2) Recording Wind Direction. Indicator ,importancc :t6vus in':deciding how; many . and. Anemometer men.'and how;miich. equipment are, meded..to . (3) .Recording '. Thermometer and Dew . !' .meet/the chMlaig^-pf. adverse' Wdither. .So, - Point .Indicator (4); General.Service U.S. Weather' Bureau- .- weather" problem :.'-;.;rv';v ; --: > 7 ' Teletype. (Telco).- _ ' " I. When and^whcre. will the storm strike? -This. teletype is a 'service , of ..the Jocal. ', ... It has beWi pur - experience that tb ` -wait office of the U.S: Weather Bureau and prints. until we-.have ewddice thaj >tltc-.storin is. di-' . _ anmning^rcsumCLJ?L'.Wc^ther_,fore^sts; apd_ tcring our.-system-'is^robabiy' tlie greatet " inforination* embracing'.-the .areas of Michi /mUt^.that'authem^^wea^riwfiETQnfe- gan and the northern -portions of- Illinois,..- "must be'alerted and ready,before that critical - Indiana and Ohio. ; time is rcadieA:., To obtain a-.safe margin of (5)- Service 7060 ..tJ.S. Weather Bureau: |time, wc liave -found that weather must be... Teletype (RAWARC). .- sfudieil.' and -'evaluated- /daily.At / Detroit -. - .This . is a ..special.- service of, the . U.S. Weather`Bureau information' am!', .the mid-western giving, nationwide weather radar bearings from all'of;.' Weather'. Bureau radar in . . stallations. 7 . Edison, ' Weatlier watching is a/ continuous .operation , and r/We Varie' forever-, alert: for' tlie appearance, pf conditions..that ^may -indicate , the/formatioh of :a.tliunderstbrni.-_'\Ve-.WeH.'; know, that-conditions of high Iinmidity ..and high temperature associated with movements - -.(6) Recording Static .Meter' ' of wa:rm .-and.:'cold,air '.masses /establish con-. A- recording- voitmctcr that indicates. the ditions for tlie breeding of a-thiuiderstorin, 7 i ./ ">a.' - V L-Vl '-.-I , 4 ' .. ' ;::v V - ' V; *. Public Utilities :.* ..V **; . . -\ ^*. . . **.-*.. -^^wc^liidjQl)e_iggatjij:r mapsday by day ,df ; tiiifie-. possible: ;so' thatwe may. assemble. . so as to;.follow 'the moveinenfs of (he- warm - men. and equipment.. ' * ;hnd cold fro.ntsa^ they;pass t|irbugh;Miclii- . { As sooh as wediaye the .first evid(mcc: that: {^^..>. - gan..;\Ve continuously study our instruments : .t sfoim. is.movihg ih'oh'our systein,;the game . ., : , ;; aiid': teletypes' and any .-and all information '.of "weather cliess";'.hegins.;.The.barometer. : -! - fliat might fit:' helpful iff prcdietingahe future. .'.is; steadily; fallirig, and-{tlic.{readings." oh othv-;' Weather.;jfalteri.: static 'meler'S are rising.: ;TIie,-radar teletype'-.. % { Watchinga-thuiiderstonii devcloii is botli . is showing'echoes'.(6^ tlie/weit.and.-tiie^.Cien^ ..interesting: aiidawe inspiring, and something- Cral Service. Aycatlier .. Bureau**, .triefype . is . .- ;tliat;ha<t:.liej..^!tg..oh..from the beginhing.v sending. us.yoim confinnation/ At tliis point,. ---; of time. -. So let iis p<*'r a- fittle" closei-yin'to -all divisions ofoiir-system are warned;;. ; the: make-up ofour adyersa^ v'Frohtal^air; v;' Theh-the next part of our dud with the; ' ..- Systems-such as.a htrge/JrtaM'.'iif^c^vair'-' storm logins;' as' wej plot .its course.and 'at-^... ' moving .iii and pushing under-warm .moist air.' : tempt-to ascertain its?intensity. ;This bpen- . or a warm moist air front:moving into arid;. tihn is carried-<hk{on;a Plexiglass 'covered rising over- a cold air mass, causes: the phe-{ plotting board consisting of: a mapdfall the / '{ riomenonknowri as- tbe thunderstorm: {'{-- -area iij.a 300-miie radius frompdrrit:This ! -.In -both' .of. th'ese{casevthe..warm moist area . corresponds to the: area wider radar ..; air is cociled as it rises.; ati'd as-it .reaches:its surveillance. - ' dewpoint temperature condensation takes -We operate' theplotting board by-marking ' -' place mid douds are formed:-Asthese cloud formations* , gain in size*-and altitude, pre-' 'the echo positions, as recrived by. tdetjpe, on : the/Flexigba/shcri with. a grease marking' . cipitation takes placcand rain and. ice.crystals. -penril.' As the- storm -progresses, latcr radar ' : start Jo'fall-through the cloud-formation and- : information is. marked 'on* the: board:in this . ,. (lie thimderstbrrn .is horti. Cloud formations - .same-fashion by using-various.colored;grea;. -. . of..-.this, type 'during'-,thunderstorms .often reach, altitudes: bf'40-to 60 thousand feet/ pendls so thaf the progress of the storm-is'. clearly/displayed. -. With accurate.radar bear- ' . and we are abIe_:to. gauge intensity by.1 ihgs, theloation tori.moven^ of .storm:, . !- determining the altitude- of theselrioud .for-'. mations: This'measurement is.made by radar ' as .will be described later. The^preSence of ; cells becomes.a relatively accurate'procecfure;: This phase of the cmriatioR becooKs si. layir . gational. traclang problem with correctims- . : .' liail.-is another, factor, .used -in''our' storm' .evaluation^-the sizfc of the hailstonesbdng a : function of intensity. Hail is caused by'wateir' - bring :made as' additional'.' radar bearing'; irif-. ;formatipn is recrivied{by trietype. . ; droplets moving up and' down Inside of- a Combinations of' these bearing prints are : cloud: fonhationi until- they become -heavy-' used; to designate Knesor:aresui of..storm ; .with ic<v: and gravity id able'to overcome-the {echoes' with' individual -strong -storm -.crifs . .'cloud's'-thermal forces-and-.the hail -falls to* also indicated. :in additton to "bearing" .in earth.. Meanwhile, lightning caused by.-deer' formation, the- altitude of the. echo is accer- trostatic-. charges ; developing: in `the; cloud fained by radar... . .V formation? is Bring measured' by- ourstatic - :-.Now. that we'; know where the storm'`is;; . ;: Janitors and evaluated, '. i'.- . V--'- loqited'and its' probable. course -the. second; : Ajf.Detroit .Edison, during ' the' thunder- : !paft of, the .weather 'prpbleni/must-be pur- -; ;-; ;stom :seaSoh which usually takes place::in..' .-the months of April through September,': Y !:2. .What is the. intensity of: the: storm?.;' - and.wheticdndilions. of high, humidity-and. temperature'are present as mentioned before, - we increase our vigilance! In our particular location in' Michigan, the -greater. portion of. { In;our operation, we rate adverse'weather in the.following catego'ries'as'a.fuhctibh-.of" ' their, seventy," . {- .' our: adverse weather comes .out' of. the west.'' \. Tiie Wtalker 4lcrt'.- The- alert. is.'the. '' -.{So- we watch ourihstruments, pldt , radar ' 1 first order 'of waming pf. expected sidverse - bearings! read. the-teletypes :as they are sent .wcJther. ' This- waming gives the alerted divi- -. . to.-us from the-Weather Bureau andtry to sibns time .to 'hotify'key personnel and per- - 'seek' out the storm at the .earliest moment in': haps- .arrange woric so that a shift to'storm order to' allow, ourselves the widest- margin operation may be lmplemented smoothly. -. '. {' .' ' > -V:'-'.- -. ' : 19 . ... *. -' 1961 Nalii^iSafelyCmiareti- - 2.Scqllered^Sie^^AIM^^ii^ a r e Onir, of course, hi theradar. As the storm siormsof' small tell r*1riicttire, ui*iiriprT owes;.through biir *y*tern on its way east- ' datftagc. . During alerts ..'of , lliis-type, those ';.-ward,' *tfirm eell : ecltoej disappear from, the- on .call should lic'.csticcially conscious. of screen aijtl temperature* drop indicating, that the weather.; ;.lt iiwy' lic necessary .'to'':JuJd''y-nl. air- i,<i-.lnkiiig, the.place of llic Warm, .to-the work force when-, only- bn-ctll crew* moist air iiiasstliat.sjawned the-storm. ;So; : are on-duty.' ,'wc -watcli_'ir- radar information, .anti plot- 3. Moderate.Horn, Alert Stortoiclassrii as moderate will- contain adverse weather"""K ^our ^airways that will cakse: minor to serious idamage to weather radio recotver. The determiitt^on. . the ;system. Consideration -should be given : *;**. the working fortes. Vj-.v; S -/""'ilBit-Jlils^ibWM-fce determined mth a 4. Severe Storm Alert. S tor.m. activity .gp^y.^t n( ?M,r*ry ' ^jasted^atievtte wiir contain large. Tb'datc;7 oiiir experience Kas been, very ..'.-be.-prepared for-an. .extensive..amount of. . emergency work.' - .- . : - the weather:system- just .described, 'we have beeri forewarned omevery thunderstorm that 'lias invaded our.-'system. Sometimes we calf' ` . Storms of severe- intensity may. involve - out-men ..that arc.-not needed, but-this is. a -. sending personnel, from other, divisions into calculated .risk as. there are many variables in damaged areas. Wc. must know "the move- the' weather--picture, over .which .w'e mere - ment of the .storm tip do this wisely.;- mortals lave -no central. .This is particularly - In. `attempting'. to determine '-'the - storm's'. true hi the Michigan area,.'due to'the stabiliz-. .'" severity,: every. item of information-b -used.. ing-effect of the. large bodies .of waiter Com aiid . integrated .into , the weatlier picture. prising tlie Great'fakes. This', costs us Mine - 'Storm reports- from .-previously mentioned' money, bf course. but.it is on' the right-side .- sdufcesVare probed at soon as - they, are 're- - of jbc.lcdger as far.as customer interruptions . ceived. regarding the presence of-'hail, wind,' - and. .hazards aire-concerned!-. ' lightning.and.-possible tornado activity.-Mariy -, Meanwhile, our weather plan goes forward of .these alls come from, bur awn people in w;t|, us peering into the next twenty-four . -outlying areas/as. the storm passes-through;. hours, day after day,'because' we. have our system. In .all fairness, it must lie said fenied that this-b the. only way our storm hat this..is not .a "cut and dried" procedure, '. problem can be handled effectively, and storm -experience i,; of Wemendous as- . *? the. '** i!fned to course, applied to other types of adverse make storm, intensity dee.sums. After our TMh M wind **,**,. own experience these last hre* -WJ"* but thbu another story in our year rbiind believe we will be able to. do this job with Weather npoationi ' -. ' a .reasonable. .ddeeigrree of-accuracy. . , All: the! information regarding-'the .storm', as previously described,~is tiranimitud.'to ir I sincerely, express' my.-gratitude to Mr. J. -Ballard in charge of'the'Detroit Office of the-U,S.-AVeathe'r--BureaU-and.-his-staff-for- leid'^division, epntimfoiisjy; taking tfirni V^fr- gracious heip-and assbtabce in our fully.infonpeil a< to_ the^probable time of the storm's arrival .'to - the time whaii the 'storrn Wweeaalt|iheerri.nprroofgfmramm.. TThhiiss mmeeaassuurree, ooff ccoooopoeerraation-`is-a. vital -ingredient of . our. weather ``alert is declared over.; ' program.; This brings us to ` the 'third-.part -if. the, . And so, day' after day, week after' week weather'problem': and month after month, we are now- main-. . . 3. is the storm-over? - . tabling'a weather, watch because we believe Two things help'us .to determine that-the. we havd- indeed learned how. to effectively threat;of 'further, storm.activity-is'epdwi. "duel-'with .a thunderstorm.' . * " 20 \4 -.Public. Utilities SEVEN YEARS SAFETY EXPERIENCE AT $HmPIN^pRT ATOMIC 1^ : >;> v: By G. M. Oi-EiHAB* ^ ?-V/'; -Supt., Shippingport Atomic Power Statiori/Duquesne.Light Company, ' I'" ;.v ShfepfaiglOrt, M;V'.-{ .-The reactor at Sliippingportis'of thepres- sonnel safety was and still' is'upperTrKist in' .; surized'watcr typer: using light.-waterMor "the mind of ' the; designer ,-and . the .operator.- - ; moderationand .codling. The. project' iwas-j While .working with ;radiation was not:ex-. authorized in july .of 1953 and actual, plant actly neWj it was far 'from. 'bjang "old'hat" . : construction .started' in. March; 1955. The' to most; people attiietimeiSKippingpprt Was ` plant achieved initial' criticality-on December becoming a., readily.: The designer.,^bf . the; 2, 1957, the generator was synchronized .with' ;.: reactor; portion;, pf. the' plantvhad -to: keep ' 'theDuquesne Light Company's .transmission;.; -.asking: Is.the shjeldiing sufficient to protect; 'system on December; 18, 1957 and; was Op- ' the wbtker; will the materials - usedsafely erating at full power of 60 megawatts (dec-; operate- under, high.; ra'diation ' levels';' can.. tricaljonDeceniber 23, 1957.. equipment .be worked on safely? ..... ' ,The ; reactor portion -of "the.'Shippingpbrt . Our .experience over, the years has shown, plant was' designed and ' developed by the. that-.the''designer did a'-creditable job.' -The Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory -underitlie operator. on the other hand,' had to keep ' : direction of arid in technical cooperation with consunti/in mind- the'safety of'all person-. - the.'- Naval Reactors: Group of -. the-'.O.- S. nel;-where he could permit operators to go; ; Atomic - Energy. Commission's-Division of how. to protert themfrom over-exposure. to ; Reactor Development. The Bettis Laboratory radiation ; when .maintenance woric;coidd be u operated-for the-Commission by the West- performed' safely in stii .qases; problems as inghouse Electric Corporation. ; . sociated with safety, during refueling .and a . Tlie-Puquesne'Light Company, which owns - myriad of other safetyprobIems..Hereagain, . andoperates the turbo-generator facility of ' our experience has been good, the:, plants is under contract , to tHc - U. S. . For tte purp<; of . -this - lper, Itihink'' Atomic/Energy Commission to supervise, we - will have to ` accept the design of 7 the operate and maintain' the '.entire 'plant-, and. plant as npw. fixed and-; that"built into the .' ' purchase the steam'produced by the operation . plant are all--the. safety. requifements. de-:. of-the.atomic reactor... - ' ' . (indited, by most 'of the safety codes, laws,; -The Shippingport project,,.therefore, rep*: directives^ and .suggestions . pertaining to a resents^a'joint endeavor of-the government, . -nuclear power, station.. It'.then is up to the'4 . a .pubtic.'-utility > and an 'industrial concern;.: . operator -to--cany on the' wtork of-operating -. If^ybu-think this '.adds;complications from: the plant iri such a manner as.;toi provide for an adihinistrative .point of view.you are - tlie utrruMt ni personnel safcty.; Let ;us sec,. ; correct.'':However, thereis one-area hvwhich-' what we'at- Shippingport-have 'done -in 'this . : . all pa'rtics- concerned': have always-.bom and " respect. continue to te '.vitally 'interesled^-lind' that - In 1957, when we were starting to man the - .'is safety.- station,, it was deddfcd that to as large a de- . V. When talking about safety at the Shipping- : 'gree. as possible' plant;.personnel' would be ., port'-Atomic -Power Station, one naturally recruited.' fromwithin the DuquesneLight thirties. of three areas. safety of personnel ..Company. 'One-advantage ..of .this aixaiige-' in' the; reactor .p!ant, safety pf; personnel'in ment was that we would bc abfe to start out . the turbo-genierator plant,'and safety- of- thc -with people .trained.in safety, not-'necessarily; general public..For today**-discussion I will nuclear safety it's, true, but safety common'' h'rmt my remarlcs essentfalty to safety'in the . to the electric'power industry;, . o'.'. reactor1 plant, and touch only briefly, on. the 7 Our effortmet with'success fo the point ; other two iireas 'mentioned.. that .only one person, a'health physicist,'was .,' . From'the inception of Shippingport; per recruited-from outside''the .'company.- Since; / 21 Umii L, l 1964 National Safely: Congress ''' ; j ;, . most of the personnel-were notfamih'ar.with. .11 is realized tliat nomatterh'ow elaborate ' ---radiatipn"infctyn>Trailic^x|<m5iye7iijdMiri^;^r^fcty^prcwRUiir iMay."berTljerer|s7alVifisys^r' / '; nation'course wasVcstablishcd. eonsistirtglof /; the-, chance;- that an accidcntmay happen. ...several hours of: classroom Icclitrcs. incItKlIiiK ? -I'rudctit-prc-arcidcmr'^laitnirig, -then, would pertincur nioviiig pictures ami slides." incftirlc a'method.of takingimmediate action ^ ' . j-.; . ..! ; lixpcrjcucc .'lia*';sfiowVi.;iis' that the lecItir^ VVelfetrof an accident On ihc ./tyiic'.of-'imloctriiiatioti :is valuable for new v person or-persons involved. - . ^ . :vj. -employees arid, tliat : lecture ticribd.of Vp* .' . /.At Shippiiigport we lave an emergency' I; proximatcly ope hour,is sufficient'to..provide . squad available around .die clock, -7- days ; -- \ . tliem 'with die- basic .knowledge they need to. .per week."' This squad is" trained to handle'.'. start' working safely. Subjcctscovcred in' .any-emergency. including fire and/or acci- .these indoctrination lectiires include: what . (lent, in which either the nuclear or.ctihvei-" i /radiation, signs mean and -how. to: proceed tional portioned'the statiprt iswTOlvH.^Thr^._v /|" . : when `one 'is encountered - the difTerence Miuad. consists of aTMtuadcnief, aTsquad :'- . between radiation and contamination; -an in-, captain, a .reactor: attendant, a pump, at- : . traduction to uscof anti-contamination cloth- . tendarit, a radiation tec|inidan and a chemist.- .!/ - . v-'- irig;^radiatipn citsirarice. ami permit proccr { ;Tlie squad' chief, is the station operating' V; durcs;..and an explanation'of. die application; engineer oil duty and. the squad captain is . - of- time,;distancc and .shielding"as protcction : a rstation operator- iwtb-die.-bals^c.of' the .. from radjation.viuadbcing assigned :onaday-to-day basis Two tools' that`we diave found .to be of at-thc beginningof each shift. ;. ; great ;be|p in;lhc rafe performance, of work In the event of 'an acdclerit br fire. the involving nidiation arc the.radiation clearance - discoverer immediately reports the incident . and tjie radiation work,permit, . . to the contral room/ By-use of an appropriate The radiation clearance form is usol when'. alarm,;tlie-emergency squad-Ts-summoned. ' is'.necessary for.personnel-toWaiter:an exV-. .and. immediately proceeds .to 'theiroublc spot. ' elusion area only for'.operation, inspection Oh/the squad, are- at least;:two- persons . . .. . and observation' purposes. At. Shippingporl. trained to administer first... aid. Frequent . . an .exclusion .area. is an area that .iS:fcirri.- trainmgexertSses are 'scheduled;.in which'. - . caded and hbelol'wUh the appropriate radia* ' fire problems; injuries, new- equipment and ... tion warning signs. No otic is permitted general . plant' emergencies, arc . 'discussed. : ^ oitry unless arrangements have bcen.made in These'serve .-to maintain emergency squad- ' accordnnce with approved procedures. v iiroficiency .iwralertness. - ; "' . ~ ', '-v lf.it is neccssaryto perform,maintenance, Since the injured may be contaminated . . . ! . construction or testing, irradiation work per- with' -radioactive substances, provisions have . 1' ./.-mit-is required in addition, to- the radiation ..-been made- to.--either-.decontaminate him and-. '! - clearance. . .-- . tlicn transport .him/to the local hospilalj or Tile radiation* work. , permit , provides ,a ifhe is. injured ^erely/enough that valuable ' j .' . detdiled. .Sccount "of- the radiation-exposure : time might, be..lost' during the decontamina- . related to a inrlicular project .and-' aids in ,.tiori; he-is wrapped in a pdlyethylenedilm and..' . j- future .planning.'- -The use.-of these two per- moved directly to the hostrital. ' ' ,"j '. mits; Wliich wc insist i being xecitfd:ac-.v'.- 'Rca^dng-. the-'priMeiB'ihal might arise as - cording- to'approved.-procedures for. each.". a re.iultof-. handling aii injured 'person ; job-involving radiatiori. liave prevented many.'.. contaminated with radioactive substancesdn cases of; unnecetsaiy sadi^-''exp(^.^.-;>,|nqdttU,-:-iq .wprfMd'Mit a plan with.the .- possiblc over-exposure. ' local jiospital staff wherehy- we stocked the , n f It-sliould'bc borne-in miiid that these iradia- '-.hoS|iitar|with. the'.esseritiaI;.supplies'Such 'sis ; ' -. - .tion _perjnils` arc used: in additimi- to our blottingpapcr.'pdyethylene film and so forth,' - - normal. Ihiquesne Light Company Equipment The'hospital'in tunrhas node a'room-avail-- -'. - . Qearance Permit which'''--is used- to authbrizie--. able,' tliat caii' readily .be:Washed down, wliere - 1 the. perrormaiice -.df-.-.mainteiiance 'work; oh- -the .'patient can .be. pven emergency treat-.. Miller electrical- or mechanical 'equipment, ment and decontaminated.; We give periodic' - Tins partiailar , clearance prpcedure has.bcen lectures to all thc-nurses and hospital staff . '' - jiSerf yery ijuccessfulIy throughout - the Du- "members 'on the lKisic .pnnciples- associated . qucsrie Light Compariy-fpr many years.. witli radialion and radioartive contamination . - :`S2z "vvv':V; /-T-v;'::. .iJricluding the, best methods . of dccontaminat- - -grade denatured ethyl-alcohol was found to inga, person.- : be'/Ucceptable.^Tliis-substitution/resulted.in: _ ;.' Our-'remergency - squad-..has - been, credited-. raising thie flasii pointirom 0*: F. for acetone with' the' saving 'of one life. In'this .case ; -..to S3* VF. :-for'.;the-. denatured ethyl-alcohoL ; .' (no -contamination involved)/-the /employee / However, dpite' ,the . improyanent -:iri; flash . was fouriirl. unconscious in the washroom lav- point,'. We .were' still'iising amaterial wftlqh-jng lost ; a large amount of blood. from ' a ' required safe handling:methods. ' . . ruptured ulcer. - The squad was /summoned '' Bulk -"- shipments.-- of ..'flammable'' Solvents . and; got him to the/hospital Just in - time.: - were-'stored in a/'Flammable'. Liquids" stoc- V The attending physician said that fiye mihutes age Iniilding whicli - -was -' isolated: from; the ; more and it-.would-have bwn-'too'-late to. -main' portion; of the plant./The 55/gallon " . saVe his life- A ..trained,;'.well equipped, ' drums'; .of solycnt- .wcrc ' morved .rnto 'con- ; emergency squad;/ wc believe, a iiecessary: ; venierit' locations within /.the ' reactor.7 plant; ' .. adjuiictlo a good safcty program. " .'-. - V.; -. as/pceded .and tlie solyehts dispensed directly . A safety-plan, .or-'any miter, plan, no-matter, ; fromVjhe drurnsVintd various ;typcs of con-. ' "how; well developed and detailed iit- may; be,., ' tainers.':'This systetn/reSultcd in the accumu'."is-npt-worth the paper it; is/written-an- if-- -. latrori. of . larger'.quantities .'-;of-:' flammable; . it-is siniply ncatly'boond arid put in a good , solvents in and adjacent to Work areas tlWn safe place'only.to be pulled odt-.whefi some-'" couWbcconsidered. safe.`Tliis:prcilem'was .-bnc ttslcs.if such'a plan is available.- . / sofverl, by tlie '.cstablisliment '.of' a ; Solyqit; '.`''At; Shippingpprt we have . .the kind 'of ..bistrihiition Station-, for the reactor1 plant ;safety -plan' which''we.bclicve.'ts. well'- devel*. '; A limited;supply -of- solvent; -in-: drums', .is: .. .oped; -detailed -anil reduced -- to '-procedure placed on`a- raisrNl concrete pjifl outside .the 'fomi';-and we .do practice using it;1 We havev "degreasing room. / A".-drum-.'of solvoit: is ' . ...drills. involving the' emergency; squad . each iKxdced.'up 'to-'an inclined feed pipe/ which.' " ten days on tire two backshifts alternating penetrates.' -the; liuifdirtg: and - fermina.tes at ; .' between a fire drill-and personnel:casualty.' the distribution 'station , inside--the -building ' .. On. a; more; infrequent'. basis, - we. practice and inside the;reactor- plant control,area. The moving a simulated -contaminated, - injured outVide dnrms arc grounded to'the grating.. persdn to the iiospital: This.drill wemakeas .over- the trough, on' whic|i.'the" cpntainers;:' "--`realistic- as possible..ahd. involve-.the -local.. ."set wWle ,being filled; fn addition -to the '.-.- . hospital staff.' I am happy to. reporttliat. as alve. ' alligator dip-; grriiinUing > straps;:a-/ ' -.'. of this date, we have' never liad to piit .tfiis"; > uel from; the piimp norrle lo fhe can. ; plan- into actiftal use . and - Ihope-we. hever A maniril pump is;iiserl to. move- tire sqJ.*V-' . 'have .to.'go.through.'such an experience.' ' vent iuto. an' appWivtd i>|ie ..transfer , cin'. The- maintenance.arid operation/ofa nii- . or work cdrjtainer. Any. vilvenf/which .'-re- > ;' clear.-.power . jlation requires periodic. le- - .-irain*'ih'.tlit'/tra'n*fei;*hose .drains =.back into ' ' contamination'' -and - -cleaning"' With'' various '- .tire: supply.-ilrumi-./A'/fire screeh/.wliich- is.;-. -/.types- of'chemical .'agents... At- Shippirtgport. located; under t^c grating slrbwn at thc bot-. ; ..a/clean-up' procedure,1 .to be) used'on compo " tom of the . slide, , serves, ps-'a flame-'arrestor/;.- nents that would have intimate .contact with'. to : secure'..any ..solvent; spillagje accumulation; - the; primary cdolahtrspecified.acetone'as., tlie- in the trough. Tin; Solr'erit vapbrs ' which - . ';. cleaning agent;' A" surveyrevealed. that -'a'"r result 'arc/exliaust'cri hy- ah cxiitosian-p'roof /: great- deal of acetone was heingused-bn the fair throrigh'/tliic''duct' wprk.'sy. tlic-r&ht^ridrp' site! .The trafficin acetbrie'was'-'found .to.Ire',, of rliecoliection trough.-.' '. great , enough' to..warrant r piircliasing /and;'.; :';)Sihcc part 'of ;our survyy- indicated: that the- ; ' /dispensing of. .tlte..)a^iimq-vin-/>aiMlTd$^iy'-^ `wont ami transport 'containers: heing riser! .' . from 55 ;gallop drum.s. The/survey /further ;-.;.at..tlic. tiritq .were.-arotVsiiit^rlc'' for- solvent i. indicated -that (lie- es'liosure/tb lfus/iiisiilirSK; v work, urr -adeqiiatc-. supply .of approver) equip- ' ' eipiosion Imzard-uiiist lie/rcdnccd or.ifpos-/' . merit 'was obtairieiJ, - These contaiiiws - lave .! siblc.eiiminatcd,; ;iV-/';-iieen digineered .with' flhme' arrestorjjf fusihle.; : ` ' A -review 'of the/actual -job application.-ofV /links/abd- pressure. vditsl. Oirr'.-pplr^ Ls; for.; . -acetone as' a cleaning; agent - Was 'made. and '. the work'niah to.draw off a minimum quantity.-' ;' itwas-; determined that Methyl-alcohol could .of solvent for the job-at land.; Tlic.solvent .' - .hi; substituted' for acetdnt/";An;.'inilastHal. i?i -then .transported to' the - job .in .an a^ ;  proved safety dwitamerv/THe:; twirk. caii.v7- timesAd familiarize site personnel.Willi tlieir which must .Have a Same aimwr or jliiidf^"duties ' and^the~wWheirriii"-.Which'. ;off-dte doling (tdUe .fink Gd, ii fiUid i firqin the .;/Vpcrsocmd,;^ U. S. Atdnic.'EiiWgy transport container. All resiiiaal, solvent-in . Commission, -WestinghoiuieBettis .Atomic. safety or wjwkcaM-inaW'bts^ the / Power Iiboratoryv.Pennsylvama;Department ' .end. of the. woric fajr; in JiEPA (National- / of' Health,'-state and-;local-police;'arid ' dvif . , Fire Protection Asspdaoqcj) code approved defense, will be tiied sfouidtheneedarisCf} ' v explosion-proOf .storage cabinets. i:v;After eachdnll.a critique- is:ji(MW; ; . V As another aid tosafety, we:yhave de- ' which all aspects,ofthe drill atediscussed . vetoped a hdbsdccetnng'ooiiimiittee, consisting ami changes in,the procedure;.are made if' . '-oi".three-" station staff,. unbcytirthdr:. ; necessary? A' /schedule of [ drills. has been; ; J agents. tjhat makes a weekly infection of-the /prepared and wUI,;be,cairied tt during the: . - station, noting any areas that needattention --. cmning- -yeius: at- apprqximatdy six: month . from a' good boosefctepingpoent7of:. view. intervals. i; 1: ;-.v-/'. ' '-< They aiso deternnne, whidr.grocipo? work-; - This/thai; in a. general .way, is. opr. ap-.'..--'. ers: -U responsible/!or seating'aiW-uhdesjr- -proacli to'the pit*lem :df safety. A 'most . 1 ;... . able condition. wboTs resporailJeT .logical question tfien might be--What has - . ; ing the condition, fanddete-rmine the./'date, been accomplished?. Let'us-look at the record. . ; . - "on Which -corrective/ action', will.'.be, taken. Since the day the ^ SHippingpdrt. reictor' Aforntal rt^.it jprqoinl and :ii{0)cd by ^achieved critleality. .for the first .time, De- ' . the station.- superintendent who forwards the ceniber 2,1957, 2,904^39 manhours have been ". - '.report to the general mperuitendeht ,ofthe .-worked .;by Duquesiie Light Company, per- ` . ^department for his information and action,' sonnel . to Juhe-'.-30, -: 1964. 'During' this' time '.. if any is necessary. We are firm hdieyors' tlie aynage radiation dWage Tor/ all em-^ in the adage which states' "Good Housekeep- ' pickets has'been 1,106 mrem/man-ycar. which .... ing'and/SafetyGo Hand in Hand." ..; ; is below that pennitted-by' the federal regu^. - As I mentioned earfier.we baveandbliga- - lation by a`factor of -4. The maximum ay- -'v - .. . tion to safeguard thegencr^puMicaswcll . erage /radiation exposure for aiiy. one eih- . . a*' persovjnel on site from the release of - ployee has bden-3^56 mremfman-year... We '- radioactive ' material to . the emiitmiL-The; ; feel that this .is a .good, record arid'we.phut - . ;x l`WR Hazards Summary Rrport dated 'Sepv - to -do as well, if-not -better,- in the future. -* ' . oteirnebveern-1ts95c7o.ustldat:ecsatmheata"traeolepalsaentoihfrloh.izsaertjduoeunscVe.-,. /. Shipjnngpoct-. has not escape! scot-free. from' lost time-.- accidents, however. Since '..; quantities.of fission, priafacts boundary."' '.v i'; beyond ihe , site^ -1957, we have In 1958--nine; had five lost-time-accidents.:dayi lost time' from a knee - '-. (^tinued .oi<ratioo of' SWppmgport has . injury^ due to flipping 'on^a-pal?h. of. Icc;''' 'rcaffinnedk this statement .and,, therefore;; one- - one in 1959-^-twelve diys lost time from a' couM.condudcthWy.^ -bade; injury, due to an awkward-lifting situa- - ; plattsible acddent there is:really .h6 htf for.. 'tion; cine in 1960-<>ne day lostTime-from^;a `7 an emergency' plan' for SWpianKPprt. ..How- ; - back injury; due' to .a pushing situation;' and;. ever,\it isikk'cdnsider^ "<Mte in 1963fr-^6.days lost time.frora a hade - ',prepared for .hahdlwg an'eincrgaicy should . injury-due to. pulling 'wteds on a. hillside.';' . Vsome iinforeseen situation' ariseVWhich:.rnight rOur last -lost time aeddeht occurred cm June ~ involve persons orpfbperty ooCfiSTthepIaiit-' ITTl^^^This ihan fractured his ankle when,. 7 . . -For , tliis-: rea5on,,;an emergency, 'plan lhas'\ lie ;tnpped ;desiendin'g -some steep -stairs/ .. ijecsi ,prepared.- -This piuihas been developed - 7; -As'-you can 'see,--none of'these' ca'ses-had :. in cooperation with thc U. SyAtomic Energy .. anything t6;-'do 'With' radiation.' To 'date, we // Commission anil'/the AVertinghouse - Bettis layc riever had a itiah lose time due to radia- .. . .-/Atomic -' Power Laboratory. _. It is/ .a -very.' 5 tion injury,. In fact, we liave neviriiad any.'-..' comprehensive.croCTgjany.procedure. It. spells'---.' type; of .an injury bcyausc of- radiation ex- 7. : - out /in detail wliai stepsaretb be taken in\ .jipsiire. ..' : v . -. . 7 : the- most- unlikely event; of. either;a7: majorr -in cases'of culs,'-abrasioh5a- or other minor V- .or-.minor release of. radioactivity. IQ tlte- river injuries causedoby contact 'with -contaminated ; .- / or- the atmosphere. 77 7.7 . eqhipmCTit,' the'.irijurWl area is surveyed and ; / .;>; . . Practice /drills hive been perfoirmed many; ; .deconbfihinated': pnor-'-to .the., application .'of';/' =7,' '5 I. : 7; 24 ' \ * 'j-ii Public Utilities j ; -.-' -anv^antiseuticior other treatment;' If. it;icari-.. :II%4; ..the yrar:;l963;.shows /a.'much' Jpwcr '- '.. ' ; not fie decontaminated; successfully af the r/tiafalrexpwunrthanifhe -previous/years. ;; >' 'site; the ifljured is taken to the locahhospital .- . ? The"sizeable.radiation exposure Inairred. - wbere-`the; contaminated area is snrvttyed by subcontractor personnelin years I960 and . again, and treatment is 'taken over' by .the ;1961'.resulted from modification work on the dfactor m attenifarice;/We have hadpne.such ' reactor, plant coolant pumps .and associated caseto datethatrequired some minor surgery -. piping.- Tt. has bain.necessary tosubcqritract: .; to-remove radioactive.contamination... . this work in the 'past because the- practical/. "/A;.graph' reprerenting a record `/of: the ' time Tor sdiedulmg- work of this: nature is . radiation exposure history at Shippmgpmt- When the readbr.'.plant- was shut down .for a.'. u divided into ftwr ,categories: .Operations, . refueling/ ' During vthe` refueling periods,/aH; >;' ; maintenance, modification (contractors), and y available Duqiiesne Light Company ;.maintc-' j' " ; a fourthgroupcalled "oihers" whichVaC' nance personncl '-were needed forrefuding ]-; - counts',for. miscellaneous personnel such. as ' duties..-.''vV -,:j! v ;; - ;; clerical,;guards,supervisory .pcrsonrifcl... . The radioactiVeiporrosion products which.; i ; '".etc.; y.' .'y ' .werc.mendoned; ^;.iim^:fhe.soarce of';mbst 1 The maintenance work group incurs, most. ' of the external^radiation -exposure are cori- - 1 -"-'of- the radiatioo.exposurc.and,1 in' fact; most, ; -tained :r within :.a. closril'. system;. ' 'What' the f' \ ; of tbe operations and contractor .exposure .- -system is ciit into arid opened up to.rije at-' t . -'. . was received in cormection with maintenance . mosphere, stringent radioactive, coritamma- _ operations. .This is. logical when itris realized tidn and personnel ' protective measures are' , j .7 that aocess . ip the' 'operating reactor is - hot .reqirired. The . pdssihility of; ingestion 'or I ; permitted because of high radiation iriten- ' ; inhalation of radioactive materials is another ( V . / sties-bM when the reactor is shut down to -. of. tbe- hazards `that arf; considered insidious j permit maintenance, work, a much - lower in jiaturc and;require pre-planning. bafstill'significant' residual. radiation' ;field '' Normally/ this contanfination is kept com - ? from . activated corrosion products is en- fiped to the job area where the men involved coimtered throughout the reactor. systent yThe wear appropriate, protective equipment,: but ;/ . -. intensify of this-shutdown radiation Averages - .during the .last-refusing (1964) an airborne'. V .; about' 50 nnlliroentgens per. hourin work. .' confamination problem' .developed; After, re-' '...areas.; This maynotappearto-.he a serious; . moval of instrumentation from' the reactor. ' radiation problem, but the need, to-perform. Iiead/ ccmtammation which bad been. Ioosened ; nonyimamhours ofnecessary wdrk'withits;`.' during a. "pre-refuieiing"- decontamination of resultant' radiation exposure, generates' the. the' coolant^ System becamfc- aitborne to-a'. statistics bn this graph. . . much greater exteinf than during previous .It is significant "to point out that 'ihe ; refuelings. Personnel.'were'prototted' .with -. radioactive corrosion products did not ajp^ respiratory devices throughout this pluise of ' . 'pear all at.wire,but have been building!up' ' the refueling;but a bothersome area-contam over' the operating years; As a. result '1958, ination problem resulted. The contominaUon "lour first'year of' experience, realized a much' settled ori all areas in thc fuel handling build- ; loWer total exposure;, than' the''.succeeding years. Careful job plarming; and dose, at-- It was fotmd to >be impractical- to attempt ' temion to radia(ion-exposure rates have.been;- -to-reStorel^dean" conditions .bn the walk- successful, '.in . enabling -.its -to perform '. our ' ways-.because of;the confaminatecTduit bong " stork more expeditiously.. The rising cadja; ' dislocfged by.! air. currents and vibrations . j--'; .;..tionfevdinourReactor Plant has not.re- from crahe- operation.' A small scale, alwd-- j - 'sulted iri;a steadily rising radiation exposure / .liitc.filterexliau*t system was tried.and fmind average; fiowever,'- the-radiation-.exposure to be inaldeiiiiale. 'Subsequently, a large scale.-. '. -.' las been. very, important in -our : refueling " air deanirig system capable'of.'filtering 50,000 program.-.':'.'-; . v- cubic fret pier minute through-absolute filters '.Each refueling. represents the largest main-; ' Ivas. installed.;.' Subsequently, airborne /radio-"" ... lenance'job on'.station anti incurs the major active cqntamiriation'problems have been mi- - portion of .the' radiation exposure. ; Since' nmr and hmisekreping problems dri walkways ' ' !the'third ,.ref.ueling was earned out Idle in' : arid in'-.work-areas, are tlitec normally' ex- j. V. l'Xi2 arul.'tfie fourth:did not'start, until early liected.' .1, % * ^ Jx&m 4 m \\ \. 1'' --JA-V-'vfv'-Hvil Public Utilities:} ORGANIZATION Ot2 WATERMITIUTX. $\:-X RO^RA)^^/^^ ' ;By^BYRO]^;N. JOHNSON: ;.: Director, Personnel and:Safety, . v.' v; Water. District No. 1 if-Johnson' Onmty.Mission, Kami.; ' -Orgahiiing ahd.operating a safety program Wo'rtliwhiie'widthe^fl^ be success^': ./ for.7 a /water; utility'.i$;: simpliatyjtself. The ful on the'safety bandwagon.'; .-.iV.-i,- first '"requirement that'' the:, manager : be?; - . in i9S9,. ;I -attended; ^eC.Natitml .Safety completely sold on;the program: ;With- his. Congress >^^in xChicagp/... Where Raynioiid -r backing and. continuous support a safety pro-. .- Faust,-. ;secfetairy-. of-thc American-r.Water gram 'can be established and-hasbeen found; -Works Associatitm,;lspoke atythjs.;-Public .. ;',tb. succeed^:/-- .>w-'. Utilities!. ScctibnCmeeting .commenting .that . . ; Without:the: help tmrf.amtinuous bafking ;. nottoestablish a safety program could stamp V |.ofv.the manager, .\the-job-bf .establishing:a; the manaigef Ws bring, non-progressive ; qr y. safety..-. program;'is practically. - impossible. `even incompetent:. Thisis ;harsh language, . Therefore, to -start. andmaintain a 'program ; biit norie-die-less factuaL-; ' ... :. requires the constant support bf the mahager; . .Now thatr.tfe;-'mainer.^^is sbld oo safety, Thus, the first Job- in activatihg a safety what is his next action? . Again, the, course program: is to sell the. manager ori its bene- .- of--action is quite' simple. . Before `launching - .: fits- .'.We must find out who, pays for. acci a program, he should become familiar with dents.' Here,we see that : ' : ' ,1. the..contents' bf.ihe.Ameriean-Wattr Works- 1- The' employer'pays by: :' : ' ' Association - Safety :Afanuat.' .particularly... Patts l andd Part-1 .'relates to the '"Need ; >- (a) 'Increased insurance; rates. - . for Safety Programs" and Part Z:to "Sfart- .. ::; (bjDamaged tools. . ing ahd Maintaining: Programs,'*. Uhd the 5th - . - - ' (c) Ruined materials: .. ' -Edition of Acadent :Pret^lidnt ManuA. for : (d) Lower -production and . .qualify; lower profits; -- ... (e) ;Damage to equipment; poorer .- . Industrial P/erbiioni publidied ' by: the Na- ; tional Safety Council. IThu is pnofably the ' most authoritative --and" .cbihplete,.'work I 'txisting on thc subject- pf safe practices' for : \Z' The.employe pays by industry. :I Wou|d :recommend affiliation-with y (a) Loss qf. income.? : . ; . . ' (b) 'Personal; injury: (c> jobloss. . the.National. Safy;.-Cpundl -which is. a fed- V erally chartered, non-profit, association:(hat -' distributes information.^^on.;:.the;1C!uisej [of. .'accidents.'and .ways to pfcyriit them: ..More, - -3.. TheaMtom^isaffectedby: .' - (a) ' Interrupted 'work, schedules. (b) Increascd cost - : -- (c)^PoSsible.property..damage:.; .tinii 7/100 business: firms encompassing .2^- ,. , 000 plants aiid bperating locations arc counr... ..'?> dl mnbers reJying oh the cbuncil for.facts, ideas, and training ihaterials/for 'their safety .. : ^progranis^-- ` : .By .this analysis of.'who pays'; foraccidents' Thesr manuals . are sound. ' .They- ,explain : we- can intelligently' say'to the manager' that' - the .need for..sr program aitd state ihe.spedfic: : there '.-are -three "benefits derived ' from a henefits.-;.deriyed from ih ;.Ih - tny . Opinion, ... safetyprogram r ' whether a utility has .five, employe** or : 1,-The .employer savesmohey. : hundrdds,, the job. pf .preyCTting . acddwits ' - 2, Prevehtion ;of personal Injuries' to cm- .- ^tails; these,hasi<^ commbn-sehse- rules :* -;V \ . -;;i',VHave:`i^<Mi'I'$riiiK''^oceAtiiis. '3;- There'Js -a promotion.oLgbedpubiic : 2. ; Prc-Wnplo^'enty physicals; S . rdirtkaw.': V- ". : ; 3^ Have a permanent ; work force :.with; Therefore, it! is evident .that the bWiefits good wage and salafyi kdmjflistratidn.. to be derived from; a 'Safety' program are .. 4.v Employe and..:anplbyer. ;cpnhm^ > . I, ; ; *> '.V | i '`il'f.-*.,. V- :i -V *7 ""rf'.`*TT *: \ --,r 1964. Nalumtd-Safely.'Congress'- ~rS.Iriitfete1and`maiiilainnntcircst-ni-s?fttyr-; 4ager-'whW.hc-adwSes-or^instdU^s2employes;^. . 6/ Keepan injury-record;;. ~ ' 7i` Locate'.and -correct, hazards.':; : V, ahaut iinsafe conditions or ads or when he.; ;i.f rTOnmmchding safety equipment "(It -is.' '': . must];important . for the; manager to aqt...-' - 8. . Make equipment, *plant. 'arrtuigcmcM.v promptly pnV.the. safety .director"s reenm- and'working' methods. safe: ; ' '/ 9.;...Control work habits.' /.;.Initrating'and'maintaining interest in safety ; ;The principle . behind these .steps'.remains! is a .broad fobjectand can. be discussed. for ' the same: \Ideas provedsuccessful in; large ' hours. Therefore,; let's consider this proln operations will' .work.'.-in'-small:ones.'/.But,; 'lem'fo/itssimplest 'form:-initiating- and'-. there'is one- basiediffertnee. in the;. two. In, maintaining 'interest in safdy .is; primarily-a . thW , larger . organizations, preventing acci seiling job.. . . dents beTcmgs to the foremfo and supCrvisors. ' Selling safety is no different- than selling:- Establishing ;worlc,procedures,: instructing, any tangible product/.fo for. as seliing prin- ; worlaai.to' use safeguards,;and supervising ciples are cowxrnal. Too ofteri we think that .thenilo see that they <to` so is the foreman's selling `Intangibles"- is .inore' difficult than . . responsibility. 'sellingtelevisians or.fawnmowers or.'aircon-. '. Xpu ..might question' this duty,: but let me;, ditidnersor' cameras. ' Actually,- the' prin-;. say. that preventing accidents is tied in with ciples'are.'the -same. AH wenredto.'do Is, many bf the important duties' which' foremen change. the product 'name'. from' "cameras'' - have' always had,'- even' when' there' are- no . to- "safety."'- /.v 'V/.' formal safety programs..1 Before you. cati sell. any product,' .you .. . Some of the typical foreman's, duties are . must know- that product thoroughly,.. Since toj-v./-.- [ ;... / "I was;'the -perroii sefoied to.'direct' the/ V; {. Maintain orderly condition's... - ::'2. tCeep work cm schedule. ' -3.' Maintain .equipment ;/ safdy program iii;our organization,' it was my job' to find -a practical - way of; .indoc trinating the employes. After tailitihg. with . many^'safety pfople. we decided to sell: the ;; ' 4; Establish, work methods. : supervisors and foremen first. . . 5. "Supervise arid- instruct :-workers. As 'wc'redly wanted, to sell Safety, and ."' 6. -. Maintain a full day'swork. - ' keep it fold, we felt we had to find an.out-. 5.- Control costs and <fuality.: '8. -Good communication.' ' -'standing foies manual.' ;We purchased the ' .' "* Supervisor/. ' Safely 'Manual published by the National .Safety' Council and-^written by " .'.-Safety'instruction:'and.supervision are'the' s.tail engineers of the council's industrial foreman's duly; therefore,' he cannot.' sur department;-..:-. : render, them to the safety, director or'to a. - Tlie manual is' a 367-jage. text, prepared . -safety committee without*-, surrendering a - expressly-.- for- supervisors -.fold foremen, de- . large.pa'rtofhisjobas foreman; ; In -the - -typical 'small system' "employing-, safety and. production -and help tea.ch them/, half. a dozen men oir less,.the safety-minded" -basic accident -'prevention -and '.human rela manager'must be thc safety 'director- along. tion techniques.' There are' 12 chapters, some ' - with many other functions he performs. He "^lear"Safety and^he/Foreman;"-"Know trains .each individual employe in- ways, of. Your Accident Problem;" '.`Tbe Human Ele eliminating aeddents: and' he is Slso ,'theone - ment '"fi"Personal. Protective :Equipmant!. who must, eliminate: .fiiisafe `working con and; "Materials Handling aiid Sjtoragf." 'We; ditions..- '. '.'P/.-'v - covered one- chapter per .: week in '.i - two- For. medium to large.utilities it isiadvisable, . hour sessioh.iintil all. 12 chapters^ were com- to. have a full or part-time safety director* pleted. '-? ' . " to achieve.best results. His responsibility-and Nineteen ', supervisory 'personnel attended authority' should be fully defined. and. his theVsessions.. In order.to stimulate'intenst, ,- function as safety director^"safety engineer we asked various ones to conduct a: chapter ; or safety. inspector -should' be made known of -thar. choice.'-!This' type--of' involvement'- to alb' The' -man charged-with safety must proved' satisfactory because ' it; made .more1 have the backing of. a'.safety-niihded. mari- than , one person'- think about safety. ;As ab '"-v../ . cv;.:v /': }_'r -] f!.>3f.' f: :;V ./>-. Public UlUifiet ah r aid ih preseritin^ ;the\frcitcr^i ;we-UK5tI- /.is-; given.by each ' foreman to his ' respective-,/ the N.S.G '. Manual Jttslrticlor's Guidewhich / creW;-..-.The talk. topic.is taken' from . tfieT /'explains..- ljow;- |o;;Organize /the class; '/what: : b^.C;^ik'T<^i:booildet; :/ - mm - it/shonld. l>c ; tlie . equipmcnf needed.. : - Such as a bl?ckbcdr<I, table;; projocldr, clcj:_ andltlicjbb, as an :instructor. ' Alsb, visual 'aids, appropriate films, moving- picfurcs.-and . safety .graphs/afe /indicated toruse, witli tlieV /various chapters of tiie manual.- . ,Wc Vpurchase; the books and - then. pass. :oiit a/`^Trilk :Tjpic^; cadi .week at /tlie fore- mm's;- meeting.' Along;'with.-'/thii topic a /follow-up.; sheet is handed out.' which the ' foremen. must fill 'oiit arid' return : through;: lihb.. organization/ ' to . the - safety, director. vln addition, other. aids,/ such; as^prbtective: 'The/ follow-up .sheet / asks questions related equipment.guards, charts, and; models. may to the, particular' material- covered." It also; be used. to/gbod-' advantage.' Included/ in .- asksstandard. questionS every/;weefc, such as : / /guideis a quiz.designed..to cover-' material../ : presorted : in.each - chapter.. These quizzes /..certainly': stimulated.; everyone's thinking ail'd / t. / Ninnber. of- employes under your im-' -. fnediafb supervision. not wearing safety .infar.tsome:'go6d,.warm'-to-hot-discussions.' . -dioeM.': /-./ v V- ';,/ : came out. of .the .many questions asked. - 2/ i :amawarc of : the" following .unsafe.. ' :Affer the supervisors' 'course was-going ; ^'..:iOonditiqns:'/-/v./.;.-;v:' ;vv;V-.': fuJIswing.we started reapirigearly returns. . ` Meter- installation--location': . Foremen werebririging up the need for/cor- , . rective action/ on many- unsafe `acts rand. conditions,-'(.which had undoubtedly .existed., in some '.instances.-.for.: many years)Here / Bad':ddg-rlocation; _u---;---- ' .* i- - * - lay; the-real test.'.Would riianagpnent ,spend T-` ' . ... ; money 'to biiy/ fafety. equipment," Cbrrect un->.. . safe conditions;,pnd .do something .to correct ' , :/Vl sunconvinced that we cannot relaic- or . unsafe-'acts?.' Yes, thty would!; Many-bun-'-; rest onlaurelsrachicved, btit instead WO must /dreds 'pf 'dollar; were 'spent./on replacing; try to keep/ improving bur program wh'efevei- /" worn ' tools'and purchasing- additional -equip-'.' possibIe. "We; have. fourid by experience - ment :^; . V tliat this -weekly-talk/ arouses .interest -and ' In addition: to the .many safety devices purchased, we felt there , was a' need -for a safety, shoe -program. VVe recommended.a safety shoe program to bur-/water district leads to mwe discussion among 'the- em- , plpyes/ thari if ilje meetings are /cobductel.' in; a .mass .meeting each time. Various,,sub-: . 'jects are select^ -and - assigned ..at; these ; board and-' on. February .2, 1960 ithe .water /meetings.-'"' .district- board voted;.to pay .I/3..of.'tbe cost -. .'We! find 'this weekly meeting to' be 'very ., ..of-.-l. pair of. safety shoes' per. employe/ per ' -helpful' to- tlfe riew;; employes. ^/.The .sub/- . year. -. - -;/::././.- /foreman-' or foreman' usually/ pntllnes' the Also, hi Jantiarjr.-bf .1961; a-safety.contest 'hazards, /of otir, particular . type: of wbrk ,-iiras accepted.;- Briefly,-, the/ rules, .'for this ' to: tie . new:: employe 'and ' explains, the ne- .: contest:are as follows;' A:contest.Will con- . cessity /-of follbwing/ -.rules of. safety .which !. sist of each two-month . period.'in' which', will protect' .hirii- against lrijury, as well. as '; there is .-.no-. lost-tiine:^cciderif?or'iChargeable/' ;bis fellbw/employes, -rr-- ./;:/. /automobile/ accident' At the .-close of/each / contest,: a < $25.00 U.S. Savings-' Bond is 'awarded; / Iij -determining `the winner;The - riamesofall eligible '.employes ; are }piaccd , in-a box arid one'.name is drawn.' .The drawA ing is done by an'impartial person not con nected with the'-'dis'trict. '. '. . ^Through ' the cooperation of the. inriiraneecompanies, industrial-' plants,;'the National /.. Safety' Cound!,'!-'-arid ' other. safeQr-inuided /, people' in. ouf. afea/we have .been quite/ sue- . ceisful in obtaining films. Some-,speakers, ' /anil other, appropriate programs/ fof lhe/gai*./.' eral 'safety meetings-for all ..employes.-These , - -Each - week/ a' five; tdv. ten :-.miniite ' safety ; meetjngs vare held -'niori.thly; We: find ./that /. .talk /is. conducted; . The subject .material is-. .'this type of- program'.appls'.mosi'`to;Our''. first:covefed.iii the weekly foremen's meeting employes, /particularly if the' films . ^n<i?pr '. held `at; -11 d)0 ;ajh.;-each' Friday and 'are- sp^kers) are 'identified \io due- way or in*/ known- as" "Safety /.Talk Topics." 'Then: it1 odier with our tyi^ of work. "/ : '/> - 29.' . iv., ; r: a,hr. i96i Naiiqhal Safety CSiiwne^.V'? '^r.;;'t*r:T"' *'^-. V .V r--Ai-ifurther,' challenge cut recotdstbere wouldbe no wayof' com-; .water district-has been entejrd m tlie ^tCT- - panng.the aiccklent expencnces froni year '-, works :.divisicm'-of- the-ptiBfic utiliiiesysafety'; to ypr. mouth to month; or cyen;discussing - -contestsince. January If I960. ;ThJs` Con-. ; ilie- experiences! ';--' 'test- Is sponsoredby the; ' National Safety: *'*. An "Injury Report" is flie.-.first--record-:. - 'Gotincil and a|pfoxinjatcly :400 . contestants .the' .water district; makes. Here.' concrete : -ar entered.- In our group, which is Group "facts -can' be determined -through extensive B," consisting of water utilities averaging investigations., andquestioning - of -all in- - ...- between * 5,000 and 20,000'roan-hours'. per -juries. ` ; . month, the :water, district limited. 29tln out' -of 30. in I960: with. a. freqBJcjr -rate1 of: 49.42;. in.. 1961'' we - -ranked ;2nd6ut of -30 - ` '.with -a-frequency1 'rate of O-. In. 1962 wfc' ' ianked-3rd out of 31 witlra frequency rate. ... :pf'.0.. In 1963- we .'ranked.-20tb .dat_ of.-37 : " 'with a- frequency rate of 11.24. 'Thus far .thisr : yearwe are.-approximatfly 3rd out of. 34 ' "with'a.frequency rate of 0-V ' V -Let me: say that tiie investigation bf afxidents is not for iheparpoeehf'phangblame, ;but.: a. fact-finding; 'operation to. gather in; formation; needed to determine .reasonable and practical action for the solution to-the probfem-. Jit tias ^connection;'it: is not only the individual orindmdials involved:in the .'particular, accident that we' are. concerned ! . ' about; bat all other, employes, who pray be .Naturally,:management .`ahd tile' employes exposed to personal-injuries..* .Therefore; :.;of Water . District No. 1 'are somewhat ': by piecing togethcrUl.thelactars which proud of the' record established .with. the. caused an injury, the safety; program can . . exception'of 1963 . when *we, did suffer two : function jbbjecfively; -.; '; ' -lost-time injuries and '' ; attributed 'to the -fact .. regular wdekly safety thi^'we'fed;':cail. -he- that we 'did not' have. meetings.: . Another form 'the . "Physician's used in .record keeping is ' -.Progress ' Report.". This '.. . form is used for each visit by.the emptoyeto ' - Otic of the'best, ways'of'locating hazards the 'district's doctarfor -all on-the-job. in- ' -' is to make a physical .inspection-: with; the - 'juries; The attending doctor lists the nature manon the job or with' Uie supervisors.' .S<> -lof the injury and also amy-instructioas to the * 'many injuries., are' caused-by>littfe; things-^-' em^oyes.-: He statcs whetherNie injured is ; - slippery ' floors, -cluttered' work : areas, .de-- ; rdeaised.' for fidl duly or. -limited' duty.: .- . - fective tools or exposed moving parts. -Often " risks may be'-substanthdly reduced.by.simple: - good housekeeping.' An excellent way of correcting hazards is to'have.'management: - If. lihuted duty, is -parmitted,; the' doctor' states the toditioris. One' copy of the report' is kept by the doctor and one-copy is re- - back. lip*, safety recommendations. .. In our . organization, .safety recommendations come - 'from- department' heads and ehtployesi as a result- of the weekly /safety impertkwisby- . turned, nmnedialdy to the district office. -. This report was : the: res'ult .of a. few em ployes - disobeying -the doctor's instructions.1 . . 1 have not; discussed .all .of-'our record keep- '. . the various' departments.' - ' ' ing, but- have roditiooed'the most important --- "ones. - -..' . . The original and. duplicate :recodhnenda-; . titas -are `torwarded to the-, safety director ! The ;best ,.waty to mdee equipment, and:. . .. who checks'them oat and approves thenil If' worlang metbcids. safe' is to integrate safety f/ the recommendation. is of-'such-a natur'e that- ;into all jabs. 'This fact-is highlighted,iii the' :'- there is*- a policy involved or-a large` out-: 1 Safety-PraciUei Mahual'far Water Utililiesr~ : lay. of money, then the manag^r-.'alsp re- \L 'want.to ghre yoa.ithese pipcedures- that' ... views.the' recommendation aiid makes a`de- . ' cisjbn. ' After recommendalions are approved,' I.. Integrate ;safety' into'1 the . contrapt:... : they ire forwarded to the proper department . . . - specifications -for 'buildings and eqiiipr ` '.; 'for;' completion. - After ."the. unsafe.^condition. - road l^rreqtnring*-that."the 'contractor' ' ' : has - be corrected, a report showing.that the .. or .vendor, meet aU- stote .'ahd.. Jbcal-,. .wprk 'has - been completed' is " returned/- to . safety- requirements. . This' approach. --- ..the/safety. director. ' * provnies a safe enyironment from the- ' . - Record keeping 'is. so.- fundamental--'with ' " beginmug. J : all of us that it-should.be no surprise that 2. - Provide good lighting and proper ven- ' . , this js required in a safety .program.. With-. ' 3P;. At y' \' PubiicUitlitiet, 3--Stomlv^friv cltrtW^gto^ gag^t^ V accompanied; by. explahatipins of . the/reason % ' - protective footwear,. g&s inask^ and; for.one-work haMt .Versus^anbt*her"i^'" " : dust masks, as required; ;; Safety' education starts/wheni -a; new.: erhr 4,' Remove, all obstacles' and impediments. ; pliye.;.imes - to work.. He needs;tb.. lim _ to the'.safe.'mpveroent irfiiien, trades about the' safety policy ' ofl-rfc'brgiiization : ' . or machinesl ; /.and. . .5, .Repair damaged . floors brokenstcps, struction is.necessary. for pfodttct^ 'ahd also- ` broken glass, 'and craiked walls'and for' safety.- 'Men whd. break-jin^jonr'a/job'-.bx-'- -ceilings.'-.; -":v': , trial .'mid/wor,;canVheverj-j^ trusted to/dp;-- . 6,; Replace worn or ;damaged tools!- ' 7.'Provide proper equipment-; for. the. ..the .;3db:':` righi.. and . safdy ^/rhis:'is-why iusbiu^onis'alwaysa;-part/ofonr.: jpb.as signment .even for experienced' men/Also, - --' T - hoistingand ihovementof heavy. :qtK- 'jectsi ' .'V' \:i." .--: ;. corrective instructioiris amust, f fmding br eondentnation^ but-as not as- fault- ': teaching and 'Sir .Install nonsYip floorsand stairs; pair- coaching; collecting small -errors- as soon as ' ticularly in pumping- and treatment- '.theyare noticed makes.fpi a goo4'safe'ahr.-.. Aplants, - : v`- ;ptoye.V :. * : v\ :9. : Proride: strong''-and completdpr pro- ; . /Good, indoctrination and-job training -mil V: tective. stair. and. guard; rails"around : do fdiir thihgs fora nevv employe t v: -l.. - -- ': '- . pits, open- tanks ojr elevated'platforms., 10. Install guards :for., moving parts of -machinery. . `v '-'..1./He .will'.feel ffiat the .-work has.-valae /'-when -he- is told hdwvhis' J^ fits into ' the.overall picttire. - -'\\ .Ill Remove debris,-waste.'matter and ot^ solcte/oruseless equipment . 2/ He '.trill know', his-.work is appreciated ' when ;.he '.receives praise trith good 12; Provide storage facilities 6f prefer ; : reason. .(Praise `hi/public--reprimand - - construction and design-for .all: types ill private.) -. ;/ V:- V:-';y ' . . 'of supplies, on-hand.-. tools/and materials kept' - 3/ He will:^.have.kf.sehse of security; by: . v. knpyririg exactly/what. the job.'is irri .-.13. ' Provide adequate sheathing.and brae- ' 'how'to do'it/ v'' / - ' ; . :. - ing materials for 'water' main service . line construction.and'repair-work. ; 4.;He '.will ;belbng.. to ' the 'work group : ' when he leams/hdwVtb wprk.safely- -' -14. - Provide ^rst-aid. facilities, 'including " V with/dthers. transpoMation. within convenient reach iif all workers. -. " 13. Maintain sanitary .'rooms,'- . lockers ' . V:and wash- , .c.l .would like to empltasiie that a safety ' program is.'a yeiry important part of-a utility ; operation, regardless p.f'the size^and Ve as titHity ;;peppIe..arc - charged with a r<al. re- ' Regardless*of the amount of safety built sponsibility- ' in; protecting '.pur -employes,. . wto 's jdb- tliere will be human error, sb;we - ' the 'public; ahd ourselyesl. It's not just-'what : 'must give thought-, and effort- to cdntroliuig:. we- waril'itp.-dp^-it's alsb/what. we liave to work habits. .'. .. V- " r ; do and .witli- the:tylioleheafted. backing of' . . Wiercver-iiossiblc,..right .and wrong-ways'. : mahagemcntV; ar safriy 'progratn. ;!s- lKrund to ' ' of. doing - jobs should - W conducted--always .' s 196f National Safety 'Congress RECORDKEEPINGANDACCIDENTINVESTIGATION Safety Officer, Philadelphia WaterDepaftrjient, Rltifedclpliia, Pa. ; RECORDvKEEPING, developed-:jn.' addition i-'toi .any' records.. or Records of acdddtfs ireessential' to effU. :Vepofts ; required by statie few, unless "the dent and" successfol^ safety work just ;as.- required reports iridirde all data .needed, for .records of- production; -costs;' sales, .profits' a coriplete-rinalj^is,program. and.lasses are essential.to effident.ahd sue-' Fbrinula foK:Keipittg Records \ . ./.' -cessfnl operation : of /a"business. Records. supply .-the information necessary to traits-, form hapharard, cpstly, ineffective-, safety. ' There are. five.-ini'poffant -steps' in develop-' nig "adequate information about ' aeddent work into- a planned, safety -program -which., experience: permits full use of all tire proven techniques/ !. :! n/vObtain. a report ;on . every injury, to effect'.Control over the'^specific conditions including, disabling .injuries, medical treat arid acts-.which cause aeddents. Records -are. ' rrient, and:first-aid;cases... the foundation'of..a; sderitific approach, to B. Cfessify. ahdrecord each .Injury - ac aeddent prevention..' cording to the American Standard Method ` When kept in accordance with the.recog-; ' of Recofding-aiid -Measuring WojrR.lhjjirry' .nized _A,S_A.-Z.16.1, /Standard Method -of;. ^Experience. ", ... . ';. .!' -Recording .and. Measuring Work -Injury- Ex . ' . Prepare a monthly orbther periodic perience, records provide' ah objective eyalu- '- summary'.report showing injury rates and ation' of a safety, program. Identify high-rate the circumstances -and' causes' of--, the; ried- plants or; departments, surd; give information - dalts. which-' resulted' in the injuries.' - needed to. remove the-acddriit causes wliidi : d. Analyze periodically tfae drcuiiiisfertces contribute most to - the. high .rates.'' More . and causes of theaeddents. spedfically, the-records maybe, used to:-=r - ' e. Mahe:an annual report-' for manage- . Create interest in safetyamong super-. -/..Tnenf and/supervision.' visors by - furnishing than "with- informa . v 'f;'-;Send - a copy 'to the National. Safety' tion about the'accident experience of their .Council i-for^comparisoniwifli ;the,, reqprds departments.' '.'"of-isimifef organization! -' b., Determine ' the:i-principal' -accident. , sources .so.-, that efforts .may be concert-. ..'.'tinted; where'"the-. largest reductions - in.'' Since-.thc completencssand accuracy...ofthe.' entire;'.',aeddent.. record'' system-depdid on the/info'nriation transmitted itr.ffieVindi-: accidents cjri be effected.-. . . ; - yidual.accident reports; simple fonr^irihidt / c. Provide informatioh; about tire most , jfbriteun all' .essential informati<m,./inyst;'be frequently unsafe- practices; and. unsafe "tis&hvTwo .types of .-report forms!are;recom- -conditions to`supervisors and 'safety com-.' :mended.:-.- / . ... . . ' ;' mittces so that theycan utilize.'their. time.. /(ri)- thc: supervisor's (or investigator's) '' and .efforts'to tlte.greatest advantage.. .-, report- forni to be -oimpletcd.fdlowing-eaclj d. Judgq the effectiveness. of the. safety'.' . -injury.;'.-;'' program by"showing;-whether-'the acci-. -'dent cxperiericc.is'gctting-hettcr of. wblrse,- rind - by providing-, comparisons ! with; .the'' . :(h). .the'first-aid. rtport ftir rnictbr inV .'juricstrehtedonthejob.- '/ ' experience of-.similar - organizations. Suj>eririsnr,s Report . Nearly all states, require that reimrts .lie It is fecam'ntended. that the line super prepared for. - work injuries; - the types of - visor make a.' detailed- report about !each reports vary, depcnifiiigoti tfie.-vriilings Sri.-' irijitry" severe' eQPtigli to: requir'e ! a 'doctor's the- different states.'. It. must Ite'emphasized,., attention - or /other . recognized' medical:- perhowever,/ that to accomplish best' results.in-'' sonnel,* for. one or 'more treatments. '' . tlic prevention- of injuries, .ihe'information - '-file completed report provides' valuable indicated In the'-. aboVe listing should be-. . information for the safety enginecr or' safety *. * .'!* ' ---*: -l -', --? '-_,- 'v 4t ^ .' w - . *,, ujx.-;".-i i,*--:* . ' ~t-- v -V*-,';., -'*1 ,-j~ >,..*;. - ^.v" './.. .-;- ;v ?;.*: rthi wirUkSW? //; 'Public'Utilities. ; committeeand. also' requires a SlatemcUt of. :(2)' the- agency -parf . ;the''supervisor's, .'corrcctive. 'actioii. JlTs pur ..: (3). the unsafe .mCdianicaFor/physied:.~ -r~ pose"and.-the- method of. filling, it out-should - v. condition : f A/:..". v AAA .V- he. fully explained.'to every- supervisor,:per-, .haps in' ;th'c. coiirse'of-'supervisory training. . (4) the accideht tj-pe ' A / -'Orpies'-of the.-supervisor's'accident report -(5) the ur^afe act -. ' r A . sliould bc 'sent to' the safety- engineer,': safety, :/ (bj tlic iinsafcpersonal.factor.. . committee' chairman, and '-.other .designated. perions.' /' . ';---" .'; ' .' ... definitions pjfiAccidchtTaclorS;. ; - ' Because of the. importance of sonal - factor-, .in' accidents, -. much: the, per : may-.; he'-.' . ;the '.aaeitcy ~is Ifhe 'pbjdt :br subs(ancewiiich /is most do^ely Ussodatpd with the . injury and which :ih :general could Have been - ' learned, about, acddoit causes 'from- these-' - employee injury records..If ccrtain.cmployees ' properly- guarded; or corrected!. -have frequent'-injuries,* a.study of tile*'-. ! The nffeMy pgrtrisVtfe^ particular part of - persons may reveal more than a study-of-' the; selreled . agency - which'. is most. closejy . ' aeddent locations, agencies, or other factors;. assoeiated ipth 1he .ihjury. and whidi in - general- could'.hayc; -been; properly jptardwl .- First-Aid.Report." - . or corrected^ ' ./ . - It .is; recommended' .tliat' recordsbe kept The unsafe jnechamcal or physical.condi? .-.. . of minor, injuries,' 'for use' if injury requires iibh.is the'-'cqnditiqn. of .the. selected agency doctor's'care and evaluation-of the complete which could-.have been guardod/or'corrected! , accident cxperiqnce picture.- The accident typc.is the manner..of,, con- '. Attalysing Causesof Accidents tact of . the injiired. parson with 'an object . The principal question..tq. be .answered', Or substance, ^or the exposure, , or the move- - -1 is:.' What .was '.'wrong and', how- can it.: be ment of' theVinjured persdn 'which resultal ' : corrected? ' ' *' 'm 'thc injijry.\-7. - A method of analysis and classification;dc- : ; The'unsafe-jut is that violation of a- coni- . vdoped to fit directly-'into the; tedinique of monly abcepted'safe procedure WKidi resulted aeddent investigation, for the purpose' of in the selected accident type.; ' . .' , ;v. ; providing a statistical method of recording the acddqit'fads, is essential in .accident prevention' work. The' ahalysis rcstricts fac- ' tors recognized' as bdng/ most closely re ' The-unsafe personal factor is. the: mental oir. bodily.characteristic..which permitted or ... '. occasioned `the selected, unsafe act. lated to'the aeddent,-and'of (he. most value ' Classification of Aeddent Factors ." in practical aedddit-prevention work. Rules' for analysis'and selection-of .aeddent fad-.' tors provide'a large degree of unifo/mity in statistical presentation, The lists .of/accident - factors'. given. here are'major classifiption groups, onutting detail, for.all factors except acddent type., (Detailed classifications are given' in A,S.A.- . _ '. . . Casual 'Faetors of Accidents; ' Z.162. Part vil,; Detailed -Oassification.. of. .. ; '..'This 7 classification.-provides a statistical ' Aeddent Fapfors;). The purpose of listing method of . recording the essential .'facts' of the major groups hd-e isJ . 7; -.- :- ..aeddent' occurrence; from whichj can -be_ _^_(i J to - indicate -the general scope - of- the ' coiUpiled'unformatioh.' essential. for' aedddit classification,, and!'' prevention. Provision. Is-made' for the .re- (2) ' 16; perinit ry^eleclion 'of the . degree' ' cording of only such factors as rare closely . of dctail.whidrjray be adequate. to..'meet - related to. the. aeddent, ahd .of .most impractical prevention work.- . ' value. - specific -needs/ jms. .facilitate,-'the" use of the major dassi&atibris, , some'' of -. the items . . Each essential/point of information about falling^ into ^Ktch. are shown in parenthesis,*. an aeddent is-.referred'to in the dassifica--' indicating toe'scope of the . particular: class-. tionas an .aeddent.-factor and factqrs/are.' - ificatiem. :itenj. .The - methdd of da^ficadfon- grouped into- these major classifications:' proposed here is botb elastic an^Vfiexible. - (1) the agency ;(i.e.,,'defective object' or Tlic following: list shows the -scope of. thesubstance ' most,, closely'.' related to..' the classification .of accidentfactors in-general injury)' < ; groupings.-- 33 I. -jggsgua . ; 1964: i1ati6M Sdfeiy: Congrcst- . Y/Y\. -----^'Agency -AssociatedrWiti^Ihjwij/--^ . " ; Unsafc:dfess'or:apparel:(absence;of:.or .: -. ; ^Machines- (lathed punch press/saiy/driil press, buffer^ stamper, etc.)'-. V "defective gloves, .aprons, shoes. rSpiratoreT.-- eye/protection, .hard .hats, loose'.'.ciothiiig,: ^ Prime movers and. punipsY(engine, pump; 'ftoj -;rv-.-;'V' ,:Y - Y V compressor, fan .'and. blo>Ver, etc.-).' Accident Type. .. :-,1 / ; r-v Y; /1 :rv. - - Elevators (passenger or! freight, .dcclric, Striking- against' (refers geheraily to "/ - /-steam,hydraulic, liand operated; etc;).- . ; - contacts jyitli . riiarp^pr. rough /objects,. re-: suiting in ciits, slivers,; punctures/ etc- due Hoisting. apparatus ; (erase, derrick, - Y tb.striking agmiist; kpeelingVoni or/ slipping ; " ' dririffe^etc.). <-y '^ - on=objects)V--:*v 'v . . Conveyors; (belt, sprocket, -chain, -arid- ' . Struck by ( faiiing. Yfiying, sliding -or .-''other-types)- '.-vV-;. - ;-'X 'Y- moving -objects) '.' - 'Bmlersand-pressure-vesselsCsteani Y-./.- ..' boiler, super- beater, condenser, digesters, V Caught;in, on, qr;between . ' y ' - pressure-piping, etc.) Y-- . .Q: 'Faii.'oh Kimelevel/ '; - .: Vehicles (motpr,'anima1, railway, water,.'- : .Fail-to'differeiit leVelil'/' ' ` ' . ; aircraft,;etc.).- . - -.' - : .i :Slip ;(it. fall)'; oyarpeeriidn] (result- . - Animals, (domestic animal, insect, snakef ;.} ->mg in strain, hernia;-efc-) '' ; j wild animal; fish; etc.)'' ^Exposure to tenipeniture' exirdmes (re-. ' Mechanical power . titmsmission appara-. tiis. .(main'- shaft, counter shaft,.' bearings;.- -` .-.: suiting in: burning, jscalding, lie&ing, exhaustion,, sunstroke, frpstoite, .etc.) heat Y pulleys, etc.) -.- / Y;, - -. /Ihhalation, absdrptibh,. ingestion (as- ; ' Electric apparatus.- (motor, 'cdndiictbr. rheOstat,:lamp, etc.)- genwator, ; :^ -. / phyxiation, pmsomng, drowning, etc.,; but excluding contact with - temperature ex-: ircmics) .. -- Hand Tools (axe, -deaver, chisel. crow. bar, filei naljet, ktiife, etc) Contact -wi0ideanc current (riich as reriilts in.electrbcutibn, ritobk,oto)/ . ; Chemicals -.'(explosives,-;:, vapor, -fume; corrOsives/poisonous vegetation, etc.) .- : :...' Acddent 'type-.nbt - elsewiiere dassified; . unclassified; insufliident data; ; .- Miscellaneous- agencies.- (ladder, floojr . opening, window, tank, can,:box,- etc)'- ' .' IJnsafe Act /''. : . ' / ./ /Operating 'without authori^,. failure .to; Agency Part secure or warn " Y' .' ./Agency:, parts ' are-- not itemized --in . this. -'' :' simple . classification because the parts for - the agendes'listed above differ; greatly. .(A .; detailed list of agency ' parts. is given. :in '' . : : ; -'. Operating or-working at/unsafe speed (too slow, too-.fast,, throwinff- ^materials,: / :'V' -v?;;/ ` - .:y'.y:;;v'y/ , A.S.A.-Z.16.2 Part. 11 )> Even without refer* .^faking- safdy/deviees- imperative, (re- . ' ring , to a list,. however, the; accident inves- 'Y .'mpying,. misadjusting/ disconnecting,' etc:) tigator'.'will.-ordinarily be able-to- select .the --'. ^; .'U kMds instead : Y ' agency .part,-', once be - has determined the 'Y_^.'-bf' equipment,; or-eqiiipment unsafely..;. ' agency, .. Y TTT7;~r* ;;''lUiybfe.. loading,, pladiig, -mixing;. cortTT . UnsofeMefhanicat.or Physical Condition Y Yhihing,;/dc;`:'-!;Y Y/ v * . ;Oefective-7 agencies ': (rough, ;; slippery,./ -:^.^tTaf(i>^j'-i^^sf<p./pSnUon"`bic/^fKMrtlore . sharp,- inferior composition; etc.) ` ///..'v'Y -7 ; ` der-: I Suspended.'idadi /lifting Y with bent, '. Hazardous arrangement; procedure, etc/ .-. ;! back; .etc.); :: ! . .'.'in, .on/or around the selected agency; (un-'7 Working bnimbving.'or; dbngerous.equip- ./safely-stbred^coilgestiorn, overloadingjett:) menl .(cltoriing, -adjusting, oiling,' etc.) . : j Improper illumination (insufficient iigfit,: } .Distracting, ttosing, . abusing, startling, ; glare, etc.)- /Y ./ ';. /' Y -..'///Y -/ etc... (quarreling, horseplay, etc.) Y Improper'- ventilation (iiwufficient- .air 7, /Failure; to. use' safe attire; or persemar ; ' v change;' impure, air . source, etc.). . " ' .'-protective derices. (goggles, etc;)- -. ;-34 ' ' v''//.;Y 1 fi > - -p/'TS'....gSl - vs 7 -^1 i Public Utilities': -Unsafe -Personal Factor '.. Improper attitnde (disregard of. instruc- tions.iailure to understand instructions,- nervou5,.' oidtable, : rtc.) ' *.. * .*.: --v ,-<SiihpleVtabies.. .comparing departmental - records"' / .- " -:' . Standings in Contests. - ;' ' .V. - ;i Frequeiit.causes of accidents; 7'-/ .- Lackof knowledgeor skill (unaware ofi safe; pnictice./ tuzskillet^ ; etc). :. . ' ::' Measuring Stick';:'*V. Bqdily .defects. (defective eyesight or ' ...Reports to Management-3 hearing, . .'fatigu^ . intoxication, ; existing Managemejitis increasingly interested ;in,` . hernia,, weak.heart.yetc.)' _' ; V '. , - '.'the accident-experience:ol.;its'--companies- ' : ' . ` Unsafe - personal factor >nbt elsewhere. clasrifirilr imria^ified; insufficient '"data;'. w iinsafe persiMjalifactojr - :; ; TherefOTe;no^hly.a^ periodicsum-. . maty reports, .which- show the'results .of.jthc : safety program,:should: bh furnisheditq.the responsible executive. Such/reports.need.cbri-..' Publish Repofts : tain ' no 'details ''or;: technical".language: and A supeiyispr'is.interested primarily in his ' own -department and .workmfcn. One of die' mostreffcctive. ways to' create and maintain ; the interest of supervisors and -foremen in . : . . may: be ' supplemented . by/duple." charts': or;.' grads .to show-the- decent acddoit . expe-rience in 'relation ' to , thhf- of - the-' pieeuSng, ptriod and lhat: .similar, companies.: if accident preyqitidn.is.td keep them informed:: In a large company, departmental data .' about`.the .accident experience of- their <k- help die executive vistBlize-accidait.expe- . partments. Departmental injury-'rateS for.: . rience in various. plant operations- and' pro- ' sufficient amounts of exposure reflect the : vide' a yardstickfor Jbrita-. evaluation-, of . effectiveness -of : the supervisor's safety progress made inthe"'elimination of acd- . .activities.:, v ' . " dents. - If cm*' figures are obtained,' , comr, Since' interest' increases -with knowledge,. bulletins containing analyses of ;the . prin-:' ripa)-louses*of'injuries in 'each .department - parhsoas bf stfdi -figures fof.differeat. periods arc of particular interest. / '=v !.' ` ' '1 ** *... ilj&gjL "i . Safety Perforiuancc is Raafive - not only'will maintain the supervisors' inter-. ' cst. at a high: level, 'but will provide the' ' supervisor', with.- the type ' of information . which will'help them to effect further reduc ; Only when a -company compares, its iiijury expcrience with, ffiat of similar rominnies, or with that of the entire industry ofwhich. it is .a 'part, or with its own previous expe tions in injuries;''' . rience, din.lt obtain a meaningful- eyaldatiori -The data on..which injury rates are based; of its-safety acromplishments. 'make good .topics for/diScussIan at employee'' To make- such compariSons, a- method of safety meetings. The number andseverity- of measurement -is needed: which win -.adjust. .'injuries', hours;.worked- without a disabling .for 'the.effccts qf/certain' ra :rontrib- ' .injury, and`the'details about individual acd- ' 'utirig to differdees in injury' experience. For - dents .On be' used as a basis .for interesting two reasons, injury- totals alone 'cumcg be discussions;- The ' department's of. plantls used- -%V - standing-in'a safety contest, is often-used to emphasize.. individual responsibility for. pre-r vcntion-of-injurieS; ' - --:-----.--: ' ' - ' \ First, a; company with many employees ' - may be expected; to ltaye .mbrie injuries' than ' "a^comprniyrTyrith-few-ehipioyees.--, Bulletin Board Publicity . - Second,..if. the- rccoi'ds of -erne'.company '.- '-- Posting; a/variety of-materials.oh bulle-,; :. include'adl "the injuries,iamf' are count'd in ; tin .boards is one of the best ways , to main-, tain the' interest of employees in safety. Many'items',*siich. as.the following,' can'be.found' in' accident records "or prepared from --the .rates. while.'th'e rerords' of-'a' similar -company- inefude only.injuries-senns'enongb to causc 'lost time, obviously' the,first, total 'will be larger than tbesecond. , ' them: V 'American Standard Z\16.1 - 1 No-injury records '' . . /'. " * lPliat.is.it and Itaw is it usedf' " .Unusual-accidents' ; '-:t ::. This',-is- the accepted''/metliod of .c6mpil-> Charts" showing- reductions in accidents ing- industrial ..injury: ratra/.approved'hy the :l *' . .. t-; V-- - :.l?64Natiorial Safely Congress r^roericala--StancIards.rAssociatibn in ; 1945. ing and measuring woric ihjitiy expetiehtt.1.': . '-. The'; work- on' .this Standard .dates back;. toi,; :Injury;:rateS compiled m ac6ofdabce7with"it-^ ^Bulietih 276; of .'the'; TJ.S' ; Bureauof rLabor".- : 'maybe used to evaluate:: -. -'. Statistics';;published \in: 1920; - . !; (a).the -relative need fpr ;accidentj.pre- veloped by a;body representing.governmental; - V.-ventibn: activities:in Afferent: departments.! ' statistical .agencies,/ the rate .proyisk^'^of" of-an establishment' -;!:'' 'll":/'::'--'-- '.''this-bulletin.were widely.followed!in..whole...-. Z; -`'lX^X-fhe'seminsn^'of ihe acrident prob-J. .or.in part by private agencies' At a national _!'. - leni/ iri an.estabUshineat <W, industry.; ; ^conference ori industrial accident preyentibin, . called by-: the -U.S.;. Secretary .of; labor it* _; AVashington.in l926,a resolution 'wasfadopted ;! V :(c) theeffectiyeness of,sifety activities ; - in establishments with cbimparajUe lcizards in'- fayof bf a revision of Bulletin 276 by a : :. .(d) ;tiie progress made in accident pre^ - sectional committee ' set ;up undo' tbe.prbr!: vcatioBL.withm an 'estaMislimeht .or industry -. cedurcsofthe'American Standards Associa- ; TheVfact that tiie enilo>! cw ;employer :;tion.' As.aresultbf-'the Work of the'commit-.'/ did. .not - have control oyer ' die cause, .of a : .tee,-' the; firstedition ofthe Stahdard-wasV -work!'-injury! sImII' 'not iw- a.-.icriteriba f for. : ajmpletrf'andapproV^' ih 1937.-; exbiuding-the work ih^'iiw.yi^iciiticin.: Work was started :in !.19<2 on a^-revision. of:!the 'prorvisions bf the'^t^ndard. r.of.the standard ;7 it was completed, and.the. ; :!'The'; methods Vontfincd in the 'Standard! ;- fyisii;:was approved.in;1945. Shortly after for classifying work injuries iare independent;; .! the. 1945 revision,- tlie.Intemational vAssocia- , of .worknum's . compensation' laws-; and fl tiofl of Industrial Accident' Boards. and-Com- ings of- workmen's ''compoBation agendes. rnissions and thc'-National Coundl ;on Coni- .. pensation insurance . withdrew.. as.spohsors- :ifote: Permission -was grtmted A.VV.WA... ' -bf'.tiiei'prbject,'and the! Accident. Prevention' to' reproduce, ihis' Standard. It!'appears in ' Dejpartfiieni!of the 'Association' of Casualty'.: the. 1962 Novahber. Issue of thc A.W W.A. .". and; Surety .Companies assumed, joiiit. spon-.; ' Jotirnsd.`'-. v.. . .V sorship with the National ^fety ! Council;' : C.oriipulihg'.Jlccidenl Rales-'. v Since.1945, the -Standard has :|>een'twice! reviewed,, in.. 1954 . and 'in' 1959.' It 'is how ;. Frequency`Rates ; - being' reviewed again.. '-.The . 1945 revision . The disabling injury . frequency.1 rate; is : proyided..for an interpretations committee to based ;oh-.tile total' ranhber' of .'dtriths,. per- . ' handle- questionable .cases, that- had- been pre- . - maneht total,, permanent'partial, andtem- . -sehted during the:past ..years.,'The caseihad porary- total-disabilities winch occur fsee p: . 'indicated the -need-' for further ; revision, . '..11):.during tiie.: period covered by the ratt ! . particularly in'order.to clarify which should The hate ida&s these'mjuries. to'thc hoors - ''be-included, or .'excluded from-;'the'.rates.- '- worked during the period and expresses tliem -The! revision-changed-.the basiifor severity!''-: in terms of a millioo-boor unit by usc-of .thc:. ; -rates: from. 1,000. .hours /of . exposure- to following-.formula:; v`... ;.' . .1,000,000. hours.thereby plaiting-.-it-'on-'the sami' Basis-as frequency, rates.; ' -- Disabling injury frequency rate--. %: >Nurhber of disabling injuries X- JfiOOJOOO ! -. -' Realizing that"questions'may; still.'arise'.-;! ;irom-time to timrrconcerninBi'nterprctations--- --Emplovee-hoUirs of exptKure. : .,. ~. of the Standard,- provisions' have again been -. niade' -for an interpietations committee,'to Severity-Rate . assure ;a uniform' hatidling of questionable !- The disabling injury! severity rate is'bascd ' '-. cases. lt is recommended that ahyone tising,'. on the tdtal scheduled dorges for all. deaths; . .the standard and desiring an interpretation' permanent total,; and* permanent partial.;dls-'.. . r of' a questionable case.the' American Standards' .cordance -with- paragraph. communicate ..with Association' in ac-. 5.l9.bf-thc;-Slawi-; .' ; - abilities, and the; tbtal days of. disability;from all -. temporary: total'.- injurieS ; wliich occur .during- the period coverbd by. the. nite. The interrelates-theseldays cliarged to.rtlie,hours . , .-V-ard.'* - =. -L: Worked during the-period-and .'expresses' the ' :. The purpose of the Standard-is to' provide- !' lbss'vin,'.ternis,.'of-.;'a- milfibt^hoiir unit,by; a' practical and 'uniform method, for. records; use'oif-'the.following forroula: ", 36. ' ;'/' :i!. : ' . ' I . r. ,,,,,, v lS-immj .'* - Ire'". : i;. V . * .-11 1' y 'Public Utilities - / ~: /Disabling injury ^severity' rate=' .':, Total days charged X l.000,000 ' ';' ../Eiriplo^-honr^.df .exposure._"_.-/ . ^^THese rates are. based on a ../.; calendar.'year-^.-/'' ' .:. part ^jfi:' ^ f .smy/pferex-V ~isting/diirihilily^of/-the^injured-LinemllT'' or. impMr^'bqdy fimction- J. /V--.rC: - d Tempoi^uy total disability is any in- ; 4. jurywlddidoes.notresult indeath or per-. ..................---------- * ilerf* llJS - / Calailalmg Employee (Man-hours' injured pdson 'unable to- perfofnj a regu-.r ' larly- established; jbbwhich is-';open andI -" The, numbei- qf 'employee-hours used in - ..-available to;.him during -the entire time - (^cnlating ihjury. rates;'.is-'the total/number: ; interval corresponding to the hquri of.his - ; ofhoursVprked by aHemplbyees, including regular shift on any; one or more days'- ' those o operating, production; maintenance, (jndudmg Sundays; daysoff; ordayswheri V transportation, clerical,:administrative, sales, : the piaht is riiut`dojfm) .'suhsequait to-'the .. ; ; and.other departments.; . . ...date of. tBe.mjt^:.' Employee-JioursshoiiId be calculated from ' Temporary.total disability--key pcants- Of . /: the/j^yfOH ;6r timeclockrecOrds: If this- the.* four",'dasses. - of disabling- injuries *used : . method* canbot.be> used, they" may'be- esti in criadating^standafd injury rates, ton-', mated by; multiplying the. total number of poraiy 'total - disability .is the' most.-difficult. / , em^oyee^JaysworkCd for the period covered - to interpret uniformly. Key. points in;^e : 'I ..by- tlie -number of; hours.'worked -per day- definition;are:./ .Disabling Injury -.: ./... au Tbe injury must be.serious enough ' :thm-theinjured'worker is unable'to .work.'. To standardize-the-types'of injuries to-be- /' at ajl.on any-day-following the dayof in- / included'--in'- the rates, certain minimum -re- :juryl '.The: injured worker need riot report' : .. ' qwrements have- had- to beestablished; ,Gen- -' for work at the beginning of thc' shift <m ^ ^ erally, only,those, injuries are included'which - the next day-ke indy'report, at any! time;.', .' result in . death or permanent- impairment- .during his shift--but When he does' report, ;.; or which are-suffidently serious that the in-.' ..:he -must be.able tqwork.' ... - ' ' jured employee-is .unable to'work .within 24 . hours' of 'the"end. of the. shift eri. which he. was injured.- These injuries -are - referred', to. as disabling-injuries'.and a're of four classes, as'; follows:' _ ;"-./ -.' r / b.-Jf;-the: Worker is* .not sdieduled'''.tq '. '- work the.next day,- if must be determined;'. - whether or .nbt. he Would have been' able ' to work if -he had: be^p .scheduled. This ' : ; opimon: should be'obtained from the phy- v -.. a. Deathis;any fatality resulting from a . sidan who is'atathorized to treat the injury./' work injury, regardless of the time int'er- If the physidan'u of:the opinion^that the. . ; vening between injury. arnTdeath.''/' -- injured worker would riot have -been' able ' /;.&, Permanent 'totol. disability is any in- : fo work Uie next day,- the hijitry would jury bther. than death which' permanently - -it- classified as a /temporary 'total dis- ?.. '" and.totally incapacitates an employee from., aWlity, even, though -the - worker was able following any gainful occupatioo.or which- ,: to return to work dufmg his next hedresults, in 'the'loss of or the complete loss: - tiled .work tirite;- > -/.'of. use of.any Lot ;the.following in one ~^-^accideht-:: .' ':V ' ' -V: Medical Trcainftiit Injury ,' ' .(a) both eyes';- ; ' - .. .(bj/one. qyie and enp hand, or arm, - Tfc.m^i^Ttfrafi^Sf^Injtior. is an injury -which dom; not result in death,.permanent ; impnnait; df tcmporary total disability,'But ' . or fd6t*pr leg; : which.requires metfical. treatment . ; ' . -/ / . (c) any two of tlie following not on . .; -the same limb.:-.hand,-arm, foot;'or leg/- First-Aid Case...' '. - " . c,.Permanent partial disability isiany- iri-'. V.: 71e_first-aid case-is an injury, wliich does. - - jury, other ihaiideath or permanent total . -not' require-'medley.; tfeatmeht, -and treit- disability which. results in the complete,ios: 'mail is recrivedon.tljc job- -;V; "or loss.ofuse of. any member or .part of. - Ajtlibugh these nondisabling' injuries.' arc -' a manber of the bqdy/or any permanent, -riot - included"in .the -'standard.--injury rates, impairment of .'.functions'-of the body of- they`should .'be 'given, consideration andot-' \.. *, u SB* T .v 1964 National Safety Congress. ..' tentidn. It does rwellto keep totals .of them. individual or. group; ishesf kepjtvfree from .. ,:`- *.. tlWM. . ^hsequeiiccs. ' ; '' . in. which they occuf;,what types 'of injuries ! ThepnhcipajIpurposes of . an. acddehtin-; they are,..and.the relationship .between.them vestigation .tferefore .are:. and disabling, injuries. ; Listed below! are, accident , rate comparisonsas published' by1the National Safety.'. . aiTodearu;accident.causes;so.thalsinii- jar accidents may- be "lirevtted -by: me- - . cfunicaTvimpiroyiM^ supervision, - Council:' I;';". V : S ;:-v- W: 0Q . ' or wnployee instnictibii. Three Tear Ratea ' -. \b. TO.' publicize. the.. particular hazard Mg..'- ajnong njdoyeesand their .supervisors, '. - .- i |, .and.. ,to direct'i atterition. to " accident ,prc- . ....'vefttion in generad v 1956 15J8 413 1957 15^3 995; 1958 17.69 1009 1959 14.43 534 1960 14.44 758 1961 12.93 . ='659 . 1962 13.73 573. 1963- 13:02 638 (54-56) 16.10 673 (55-57) : 1560 732 (56-58) 1551 .858 (57-59) 1666 855. (58*0) ' 15.46 767 (59-61) 13.96 657V(60-62) 13.77 660 (61-63) 1324. . 62? . : c.' To:deterniine factsbearirtg on 'legal ' liability:; Aninvistigatioriundertaken solely '; for this purpos^:though,twill; seldom' give.' v ., enough info'rmation for accident prevention . ptirposies. .On*the other tend; an iriyesti- gation , for, preventive purposes may dis-. dose, facts which -are important' in deter- - mining liability. ; . ' I;.. ; Each investigation . should -be' made'.las" '., . ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION soon after the aeddenf as possible. . A delay Successful accident prevention requires a of only'-a -few hours may .permit important '. minimum of. four fundamental activities:, evidence to ;be destroyed; or ` removed, in-' .' a.' A study' of all working' areas to de- . ...tect and eliminate or.,control physical Haz airds - which contribute to accidents.. tcniionaHy^pr-umniehtitmaliy. Also.the re sults of the; inquiry should be made known . quickly, inasmuch as their publicity. value ; in .tlie. safety- educatioh. of employeefs. and. . ' 6. A dudy of all operating methods and : supervisors is;greafly increased by' prompt- ' practices. ' .' ness. .- ", \ v-. . c,Education,- instnictioh, . training,' mid Analysis.ofthecircumstancesof-accidcnts - discipline to minimizehuman factors which' . accordihg/.to the recommended ' standard contribute to aiaudents. -* .. . method.can.produce-tiiese-results:' '.- d. For cause' 'analyses, a thorough in- * . - vestigation of at least..every accident which ' results in- a. disabling injury to determine' -`contributing circumstances...- ' .Purpose of Investigation' . Accident "investigation; is'of sudi prime' importance in the. safety .program that 'both -top- managempit and whoever. is .responsible. .: for- 'the safety prograhr must-Tgua'rd-.rits-- 'soundness -as a - device; -for' proventing.acci-. ' dents. Investigatibns. must be kept objee-. live, factual, and free from the "punishment1' .; motive. Otherwise, 'they-may do-more, harm: ~ than good; ; - .* Tliitf is .not to say that responsibility .may. .; not be .fixed' where--personal', failure, has '. caused injury, or .tbat - such' persons should y ..he excused' from tlie consetjuenccs. ".-How- - ' ever,' the; investigation itself-- is'. concerned. ' only with . the farts, and . the. investigating :- . a. Identify and-flocate.!;the :principal' sources of accidents; by determining, from., actual expefiaicc,; the ihaterial?, nochines, ' and fools most frequently involved in ac- ' cidents,i.and. `the jobs', most likely to pro:'-.' duce injurics, I ' ;' ' ,'b..`Disclose :tlie' nature and .sue .-of-'the accident problein in depa'rtments and among,. . occupations.'~:r'-----' c. IodicatC .the necd for. engineering re-". '.': vision by identifying ;the .principal ;q'nsafe. ; conditfons' of yarious tipes of equipment ; nnd matCrials. . - .- I d. Disclose ineiricienctes - in ., operating : ' processes 'and. procedilfes;.w.here poor 'lay- . out, -for example, contributes to amdents, I or-'where otitdatid-methods .or procedures 'ivliiclf overtax -the'!physical"ca'iwcities of , " ' ' tlie wbrkefs.'cattvbe-aVoided, as; by. using mechanical handling! methods. ' -.38 -.' '-.. L ;4 - -1 ,, ,1 ' f. V 'WM ` - ' r. -xtS .* itt __ . " 'J " '. r_ . i r - vi .. \'='V:^Sctosc'-:^e.''uilic'-T!!r^i^'VwIiich- ;lrazardpus'physical orvenrironmehitai con-- .. . need.special^raimi"in^reVtraining-of ditipn^exist?;^ -.' 'j.y-':l: 7 ; employees. -. .'g.'Agcncy'-of Occident. pari: .In what:'' v -v ` h; Permit.anobjectiye evaluation.ofthe. Case #1. : . . ... progress of- si" safety program.bynoting \ The 1operator, .of. a circular-.saw-readied - - incontinuinganalysesthe effeefof different..; pyer -the; running saw to pick-tip a. piece^of : safety measures, .educational techniques,- scrap.. His hand- touched 'the blade,;whidr , and other methods, adopted: to- prevent in- .-juries. " ' ' -. ." . - lacerated.. ; : Accident}Reporlsy ; Analysis..' . Learning (a).-whb,. (bj when, (c) where; -. ^ i Nature of injury--laceration.' (d) how, and (e) why. anaccident occurred - b. Part of bodjt-Hhuirnb. - means-agreat deal :in learning how to pre c :spufpe of= injury^-drcular .saw. vent them; The accident report, therefore, should answerthese.questions: ; : d. Acddent .type-^tntck agairist. ' ' (a) Who ?^-Injured Employee ,.;v e..'HazardtMs <phtftion^-ungiarded. . ' '(h) When?--Date aml Time- : .- .V: . ' :f. Agency of accident^drcular saw. ; .. v .-- (c) Where?--Location ' .g; Agency .of accident part--blade. " ,r (d) How?r-Description " 'h. Unsafe act--cleaning moving machine. (e)' Why.?--Cause" -v V'!' - " Case #2. Analysing'JCey.. Facts . A tnklc driver jumped from the^r^u- .of a.1 ;'truck' :to..the' ground- instead- of-.using' the- * .The first step, in. analyzing an injury. or :' steps. '-'As he'-landed,' he:Sprained his ankle; accident-report consists'-.of selecting,from the -report--.the:answers' to., the.-following Analysis questions: '- '-'. ;. ; a.;Nature oif injury--sprmti. . . ., .al Natureof injury. Whit was the in-: b.;fart of body-^ankle-.- ` ':-' - jury?. j..."." ; - ... V:>.-;/}-' - rl - c- Sburce of irijuq^^ground. _ ; `' b..Part of body.: What. part of. the : > <di A'cqdent 'typc^fan frpm elevatioa'. . . hody was affected by the injury? ' . . ^ e. Hazardous- condition-^hbne, indicated.:. . ;c. Sonrce'of injury. . What .object, 'sub-; , jt Ag<mq'-of^accident---heme, indicated.... .. stance, exposure; or bodily motion tnflicted ' ' -the-in;***"^' ' '.'',,v: g-Agency pf . acddent :. - cated.' "" part--noiie. indi-:.- d. Accident' typel How did the irijured .V "-.person -. came; in' contact/with -the. object,: h.}Unsafe art--jumping -from.elevation. - * /substance,. or" :exposure, or ;during .what Cdse:ii3; \-`,- .-1\ ; personal movement; did the . bodily/motion'; ' , ' A iabbrcf working 'in a:trench was sUf- v-.:.;pccur?' :> v ^v .y y ^betted--under- a mass' of--eafth.-wHen the .un--. . e. .Hazardous condition.' lyhat hazafdous. ,' shored Wall `of.'the. trench cayed in; . , 'v .' physical or ;environmeptal 'condition or* circmnstance. caused br permitted the oc-:. Atuilysis. :'^y \-..\:/:i.y-y.:yy'.:\-. v.';.--- : -. currence .of the event?. - a; Nature of injury--asphyxiation , f. AietUy ofjafccident;; In what objeef, pf body-rrespiratofy system. - SulMtance, or; part of. the'pfcjnises.did the . : ' c. Sottrcc df injtiry--earth, '. v V- V: -ViO. *V- y ';: - ' :P>V- " -! ;--y ./y-:, . > ` ; ' ' . . : . ; ft r ' ^"-Asr ,.~ ` ^ --v*-z- .-r y V. ': yyyy . * .='"y-; y.y- -.v-.y y;yy;::.(C-yy:,: . .yy:.y\,: L-. A.x x^v-yy^y-',yyy-y-V-v:;; 1964 National Safety Qongress . :. ' A Accident. * time, pa; forfeits, .arid other.;: -o .Hazardous condition--lack of shoring! .' l!a*': C?,I5'5`' :.;:^r- . . i ' 'fyAgeniy Of accidait-T-trenc)i/. V X / ^ At^mcy of aaccddddeenntt 'ppaarrtt---nnoonnee.? :'. ; ' \ welfare arid benefit.systems. V :v It Unsafe act---ffaaiillu.urreettoo si slwring. ;A : VIH: Gtwt; to the wages of,,the empl^ uncontmumg mjtjred.woilcer in full, -< Accident Costs. ....................v....a.fter hisreturn^-even. : though .the'ser...vkcs . y ; Acdderits h> bnp.loyra :are`*ti**- -hor!_ ; . .-Sirm tirnrlriMr *- /toll/t'' .le ' nrtt llftf ' fflSlv y only to the employer, but also tp the injured ':, '> may^for.^atimebe.worth,. employee, bis family and society.as awhole. `; TOnni yalut ; . ." It.is customary to'refer to compensation y payments and medical expense as dirat X n ***worl^s^prod^ucUvity and : cist AH other accident costs are spoken -on idle machmes, or eqmpment , of ks indirect costs. . ' . " . X X- Cost -of stihseqiient injtinesrthat oc- . ; ; diiful:kialysb shows that on the^ the indirect; cost (to the employer); of. a:. wakened morale due to the tmginal aca- . disabling injury.is at least, four times the'. y- / direct cost. XK Overhead cost per injured worker-- What is the indirect cost? ilie indirect ; ; .9^8^ h^.reitiand odier cost or--i.n..d..u...s..t.r.ia-l -a-cc-ide-nt-s -is detailed .by Heinrich as'fdllpws: ; . such items, which continue, while the in- , . jured' erppIoyee\ is a nonprodiicer.' . I.- Cost -of lost- time of injured employee ft should be emphasized here that many of (wages). ; . ;y.'' the details of Indirect Accident Cost will, not be brought eol by the usual ^cost system.. . -II. Cost of time lost, by other employees This. Is particularly true of: time loss' i>y .. who stop work : . . .. . ' fellow .employees, executives, and supervis- . ; a. .Out of curiosity. ; ''o--rs, --an'd* .''m---a--y--apply< to -M.a--te:-riial,._sp:toila.ge,' 5. Out of sympathy.. . c. To assist'injured employee! , machine, and' (equipment Idanwge,. and pro duction'loSsas `well.' :V: d. `For other reasons. ` Cost to injured workers. Hi; Cost oftime lost by;forekian, suh Injured workere thansdires, hpwevdr, are pervisors, or .other exeditives' as'follows:'. heaviest losers. Their actual Ioues^ut . .. . . . -monw may not.be so great as'the employers x Assisting mjured.employee. . losses; hut workers are .less aMe;to afford b. .Investigating the cause of the acci- their share of;.die financial biirdaij and, in . "doit. , ' . ... ". . .r , . -.additioiv it is they who must bear.the phys-. ' . c. Arranging for .the injured: h-' j'?1 in fifOT.ffwg.that.acdomittny evep . ployee's production to be continued by. ,nlury. If mjured while on...the -job,..the am d tmrfer : ' worker of course does not have to pay his * - ^7;. : . ,.. . ` own hospibd and dodoe billi he does:receive tranuiig,' or_ braking in- some income, in ''the' form of - workmen's .. someone-tolreolace. the.miured.emb1ovee^- --t., ________ __ ________ L e.'Preparing-accident reports; -or' at-/ ^ act or..covered 'by insurance..But- if^ injured - tending'hearings concerning'the accident.' while off. the job, he nbt.only doses his.pay - . / . jv.-'Cc*t of:time spent on tlieWW *f` 'Vi;, . first-aid attendant and' hospital depart- m addition, mus.t pay his own hills .for;med- : , j 'merit staff, when not paid. fbr by the ial .and h*p,Ul attoitimi. Accordmgly, his - nsiiiaiice earner: ' .expenses pile up wdiue-his income and-sav- ; , V. Cost due `to damage of machines,: . tddlv '.pthdr property, or spoilage of Cost to:Society: :V ' - '. material - ; : ' ' . Industrial areidents ajso place^ a . heavy -VI; Inltidcnlal cost due to interference: = burden upon society in general. Even though wiih^`production,-failure.to1- fill;,orders on.; theemployer pays compensation foron-the- - v. ;v..yi;'';.-jfctMiuaa8s^AMg4aioBW*^^ ' 'a .'.'F -'I'.\.:f J -'' ;-:v":--!v.- 'a' '.job- accidents.->iriiured:.-workers :and' their'- Mesistiraneiif^.bf!';l|<^torimh6tr^un-. : families frequently require- finahddl; hcjp.or . ` liar > organizations. and .'Natidrnid" ; &fefy . . support'.from such social agencies as.'hiispital , !i)CouMil-i:^ 's.i '.associations'-.and_ other, relief ' organizations. - ' Much' of ; this finaniSai burden is. borne ,by; fAccident Rates) - agencies that are'supported entirely, by taxes.-... National.Safety CoiineU'195&-1S63 - \ ' ' ; -' In-summary :it! is" 'established, therefore,- Industrial'.Accident Prevention . that a standard `recording system is essen . H. W.Helnrieh--McGrrirHIll Book Coni'-' pany-^-lMl.Edition- a- : tial- to good accident prevention. It affoyds - Induatriiil.Safety ' ..-.:, ; -A ; and provide.information': ., R. P. Blake^-Erentlce Hall, Inc:--1M3 b Gmceming accidents Edition:.- A .A--?-' VT-;;..;;'.- V-. Recording.ahdHeaaurinB Work-InJuryExr : ";Z. Principai dmie of accidents - ' ... perienee.*. .] a. a... ' 3.-'Fa<^ concerning accidents = - -AmericSn. Standards Association ;:V" Z.18J--1345 / ; : A.' AA."- - 4-: Means'of-creating interestand aware- : Compllinglndurtrial Accident'Censes. ' - *: viness; `. . ' . . . v- V r * :- American Standards; Association.;-'..' - ' Z.16^-1862 .A . AA S. Accideftt rates, frequency, and severity. .- Work 'AccidentRecords and Analysis, .6.; Acddentcosts - : National Safety- Council , . ;... Data.Sheet'.#527--2963; VA,-.'.. . .5. ;[' ;* r ; t -T .t i. -=. V A l UHltaMI V.' 1964 National-Safely Congress; BUILDING ; '';/'! . '.. By VINCENT b: GARDNER j - Offic^ lJgr^ I)^ df Mnnia^ UtlIit?es; Bort Dodg^ IoTO : : ' Thesizeof. tlie water utility :mhst. be a" V. - The' coopeiratidriof managemerif is;'neces- : - consideration in developing safetyconsdoos^' sary" to. attain-the/ right attitude: toward ness among-'waterworks pwswfmdi Sixty-- pfety. The elected officials are: concerned: seven per cent.of/185 of lhe*723.iniiiridpali- .With the safety.of theppbEc irithe comnm- : .tiesin Iowa having public. water supplies are :; hity'they serve; but,.at .tones, fail tefreebg- -.. . in a -population- group .of. 1,000 orless, yet nize.the heed' of...a" good safety.; program' this-67-per- oent group ofmunicipialitiesrep- . amongthemunidpal eirqdo>'ces.i-' *' .presents :only -14 per cent .of. the...urban-, pop- .! '; T-he-limited budg?itS;do'nbt p<KTtut alarge. ulatibn. .- V; ~ .-. 'expenditure '. for personal protective 'equip-..-; .Thirty-per.' cent or 218 of the723 public - .'ment '.: Modest' expenditures over a* - given - water .supplies inloiva are in a population .: . period 6f-years is ttsually sffiaent to provide - group of -1,000;to la.OOO.This.gr&qprepre- ample. protection. ..The 'men -Spd thatthe . . . sents 34' per .cent, of the urban pbpnlatibn very best bf protective equipinent is 'obtamed .- ; . of-the state.' There, are only-20 municipalities for them. Much..study.goes'.info the selec- in'Iowa having public, water supplies that are tion of-this equipment. O - .*. in n population group of over' 15,0001- Ibis .: Iasi.group of 3 .per'.cent represerits 52 per:' ' The small water utility's attitude of con- . - -cent..of -the total urban- population of the vidion .. usually . indicates-.that : safety. and - state.'- ' 'accident prevention' programs are hot'iappli- - ' 'These figures are based on the. I960 census'. . compiled by' the- Division of-. Public. Health', Engineering, .Iowa' State.-Departmair of. cable.The.feeling that, due to ils size, it is . not" exposed' to - the' hazards' '<as;'.-coropared' with: larger municipalities,.is incorrect ; Health. The aforementioned-figures are pre- - The. water.'Utility's employee must be'fa- _ '. sented to. this''audience to show 'that 86 per.' miliar with a-wide variety.of hand tools,, thhs" ='' cent- of .our'.urban, population' is. served 'by heisa mechanic.. He is constantly around 33 per-cent.ofthe-municipalities having pub- electrical. equipment-r-rangihg from; large L' " lie. water-supplies^ . ' -pump' motors' to -snudl delicate"recording in- *-/A safety'program suitable .for'-a..small stniments. In. many' cases' this, involves , the . -townin the Middle tt'esf.Would not.effect.-- .exposure: to' electrical - hazards;; Heis .the -- -' the'same results-, in New. York. Adapting the.- maintenance man 'on'.the grounds, working', ' : safety., program to the size bf the water .with- a. power'mower, or evoibrn a ladder -"- utility"cannot be ignored! -The attitudes and . or. scaffold,..washing the water- plant win-' . convictions of the small plant .are more easily' dows; We .find.'huh a heavy equipment opr .. ' corrected, ` This accomplishment can-he .con- erator or laying; pipe in. the bottom of a . . trolled through.''the ordinary supervisor>- . ditch, not t'o' mention servicing, and reading..' ---'methods.----'.-^--------Lv-- ofmeter,s.-^-This:and^ajbost-fii.various'other . S' A representative "Iisf of accident-'causes' -duties^expose this .man fa# more than his.. ' . that apply-to this type of plant includes mar .- ..superiors'.'realize. ; terial .handling, housekeeping. hand and ma- ' , The afety. supervisor genoalizes . on'.all' chine tools,-, electrical-.equipment .and 'work . safety - topics that - affert these rnen on and . ' practices.; The' a'ccidojts fall; into -the -two well known:major categories; namely, fail-. ';-ure on'.-tlie.. part of the- worker, or.'unsafe ' .'."conditions.. After the planning.and.develop- . - ing: of a .safety .program,' the plant, puts this . off the job. "Til* wide variety.'of subjects, that- can' be .covered -for ' the .shall filant' operator -by and . knge serve to remind and . teacli'these men.- program to work.' 'Active-'.direction'-''and, ; The key to the devdopment .aiid. building-' - ' .-interest. is- necessary.' - Management: must ac- 'qf. safety.-, consciousness - among-employees 'J ..cept this responsibility.*- - . rests with'.the foreman or supervispr; His ; '42 :-..- 1, . . C Public'Utiltties clbsedaily contart with- the employees; places tact .; between .the.-sUperyisof - and ^employee film- in; a position to.apefyisethe'individual- Hs'thcTliaison-necessaryrtopreach-the-workerJ du'ties.safelyl Th'c foreman;, or supervisor ' <.' All. information related jto -injury'-. reports!' ran effectively bring afout die proper'feeling.-' is usedl The facts ;of -an aedderitare^ana-. and', attitude' 'of' safety. - 'To' .quote''Oliver. lyzcd'and' the:'condu'sibnssmve to prevent. Summers;' of the-Indianapolis'. Water Com-; recurrences', [ ...... . J:-- paiiy..- at -.the -'Annual '..Conference..' of the AWWA'iri Kansas.Gty 'in May'of 1963:'' . Each msin'realizes,%'for:the:-first time that., 'the head; eye, finger; - trunk,; leg,' foot,; toe, `There s a monetary sayings to be had;- . and .back injuries .are his. He. realizes how. however,- this, saving'-is s!not..nearly 'as'.im - . that his co-worker's. Wdfaredependson hiip.' portant' as the need to-prevent suffering and '. He' begins- to partidpate in'discussions ;and-: to" save lives.' .At; times, >perhaps,'.people'.lose`-. assists,in interpretation and analysis :offac-;- their' 'sense:Of 'valiies. They''can replace .the " ddents; " v: . '* dollars,-butthey'cannot'replace'the life" Hissuggestionsaresought .Theyarecare- .The supervisor'or'foreman does not'want fully. wdghed ' for practicability; aiid -sound- - to see .his'employees'.'suffer. 'He-.is;interested -' ness,`and they-are.generally;accepted. :TheV in' them as individuals,' recognizing that as. . -safety., incentive 'is--presoit-'-''C6ntinued re- an individual each . man ' receives - personal... ' minders in the .form of mddmjj^films,post- attehtibn.\The foreman or supervisor recog , ers,' eto.- are ..used; ' Continued' effort, aiid nizes the. individual, acknowledges hi;-work, : cooperation between foreman and.-supervisor.' gives;.credit1-when' due,' lends an* ear to the . must be- maintained. . employee's likes and dislikes, provides an air. ... Safety consdousness :among employces is of security .to the: employee, and. points out - incorporated in that' fainiliar word-Vattitude."1 the.importance of job. safety. It is a way of life--it is catching' The good, ' I believe'the smaller water utility can be . example, displayed by- you .and.your super.-- reached, easily'to develop safety conscious - visory personnel .will provide the sound fouft- ness. The employee'of a', smaller group feels . dation in the'building of safety'amsdousness that someone cares for him. The close con -among employees. '' ,... 43 11 X. "l 5 I J- OFFICERS OF THE " r` NATIONAL SAFETY-COUNtli V964^ [ General ' Chairman--THe6dore F.: WtciawD, Safety Supervisor, Commonwealth . Edison ~Co-; Maywood, 111.- . v";: :'" First - Vice-Chairman--V/akben Currotf, Safety - & Fire &gineer/ Tlie- HyditnEIectric ; PowerCommission of Ontario, Toronto, Qnt,"Canada'- Second- Vice-Chairman^--Charles. Schweicjcaht, Vice President, Hoosier Engineering, .CbIumWs,;Ohio''.' ' .s"'= Secretary--Kesneth .G. CREfiAR,:Safety Director, Metropolitan Edison Co-, -Reading,: Pa. I Prograiir- Committee--Hvgh ;.McChesney ' (Chairman),. Senior . Safety. Representative * V '- -Detroit vEdison Co.,.-Oetroit, Midi.-; Mill `M, Mehring(Vice-Chairman--Electric),. Safety Supervisor, Consumers PiiblicPowcf District, Columbus,;Nebr. ;0.-Ray.Bowers - (Vice Chairman-Gas), Safety Engineer,; Central Illinois Light, Co., Peoria, I1L; G. D. ' - Montogomery (Vice; Chairman-Communiptions), Staff: Safety Supervisor; American -. Telephone &. Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y.; George.C Soft (ViceChairtnan-- / Water), Assistant .to Geheral.Mgr., Department of Water &'Power/Los Angeles, Calif. Technical Publications Committee--B. J. Lorenz (Chairmah), Manager of-Safety, Northern. . - Indiana Public-Service Co., Hanjmond, ImL;.Jacx E. Appa ^Vice Chairman-^-Elec ; -.trie),-.Safety Engineer. Commonwealth 'Edison. Co,' Chicago, lit; Thos. -G McKelly;' . (Vice .Chairman--M3as), Dir.'of' Training & Safety,' Laclede-Gas Qv.St Louis, Mo.; '.. C. F. Stanley (Vice Chairman--Communications), Safety Manager, General Telephone ' / . Co. ot Florida, Tampa, Fla.; H. D.HARMON(Vice Chairman--Water), Vice President: '. & Assistant Geheral Manager. Gary-Hobart-Water Corp.,/Gaty, IixL;W.:J.; Bryan, - Safety Engineer.Michigan-WisconsmPipeline Co., Detroit,Mich.;R. EMcEldowney, VSafety Director, United Fuel. Gas Co., Charleston, W. Va.-. - ..' Training Committee--Robert Ward' (Chairman),-Safety Director, .Omaha .Public -Power District,. Omaha, Nebr.; Ernest W.. Traut (Vice -Chairman)',"' Safety' Coordinator, -. General Telephone .Co: of Pennsylvania,-Erie, Pa.'; R.;P.'Bqlerjack,: Safety Director, ` `I \ Illinois Power Co., Decatur,'III.; Harry W BEEKER,'Assistant Safety Mgr.-American' . Gas Association,-New York,'N.;Y:; Herman C .Poithast,'Field Safety..Officer; Rural Electrification -Administration, Menomine^T:y^.;-L^ NiELSEN, Safety-Administrator, General Telephone Co: of..lilmois,Biooming^on, 111. ; John Eithmiller, Staffs Safety '. Engineer, Lumbermens-Mutual: Casualty'Co.,'.Chicago, III ; Fred L. Stevenson; Safety 'ir Training Superyisor, Pacific Telephone &, Telegraph Co., San FranascOi .Calif. ,; ' -. Audio-Visual Aids Committee--Mamin B. Travis (Chairman), Director of-Safety,-North* . era Haturai Gas Co., Omaha, Nebr..; Elmer B. Hurst (Vice Chairman), SafetyDi- , rector, Virginia ElCctric/ft Power Co^,.Richmond, Va.;THOMAS V.-KEsne--, Safety r /Representative, Philadelphia Electric .Co., Philadelphia, Pa.;- E; M. CHASE, Safety Di- ; rector, -Central Vermont Public Sendee Cprp.,.Rutland,; VC;. William Hi.Clark, Gen eral Supervisor, Fire Prevaitfon & Insurance, The Western Union Telegraph Ccl; New York, N. Y.; AlejcPierson, Safety Engiiieer. Philadeiphia Gas Works, Phibdeljphia; - Pa.- - ' -: " ' .. . iI T mfm Membership Cotnmittee^-RqnEXT' V. VMnAS-(Chairman},;General Plant.. Safety. VSupvr-,' ' -Mountain StatesTelephohe & Telegraph Col, Denver, Colo. ; Frank E-.Johnson (Vice ! Chairman),.Safety Adnunistraior; General Telephone Company of-Michigan,Muskegon* .. Mich.; Billie B. Cooper, Assistant Manager of Safety,; Texas Power & ;Light Cow '.7 .; -Dallas, .Te^''. -'"' v.'.';' V .V; V;.' ':V' -i.'-':.:'". -..\ Newsletter .Committee--T. L. Powers' (Chairman),. Safety- Engineer.-^Gas ^Department, ' ' Public' Service Electric .& Gas Cd,. Newark,N.J.; S. T;. Robeson (ViceChainnari), " Plant: Training &-Safety: Supervisor, Carolina; Telephone& - Telegraph Co./T'arboro, N.; C.; J. FlNLEy :CHE5rtik, Mana'ger, Training & Safety,Diept., Potomac Eloftric Pdwer - CoV.Washington, D. ...1 J 'VV'.'v '- Off-The-JobSafelyConimittce-- R.R. PHiixii^E (Chairiiiaji),^Safety Engineer,Duquesne : Light" Co.,: Pittsburgh, Pa.; W; W. WnxiFORD (Vice. Chairman). -Plant Supervisor-- ' . Safety, Chesapeake Telephone s: 'Telegraph Cd:, Wasliington,D. C.; T. H. -EpwXgps,'..' Safety. Practices .Supervisor,- Southem Bell Telephone & Telegraph ed, 'Atlant^ Ga; ; .. V - -H.- H. Smith, Safety Supervisor, Lehigh Valley Gas Div.; Allentown, Pa. ' i.i \.. . Publicity Committee--IA. H: Maxwbu. (Chairman), Safety Supervisor,' The L. E. Myers . Co.,--Elmhurst,-'III;; Don. E.Buckley,; Safety Director,; The East .Ohio Gas Gx/Cleve- ; ;. Vi >.- ;* land, phiq'; James D. HoAf^ Manger, Safety Div.,; Union Electric Co^-St.:Lduis,-'-Mo;--.; - ^ Contests S-Awa'rdsCom'mittce^iLH. iNCBAHAM (Chairman), .Director of Safety.Gentral ; Maine-.Power-Co.,'.Augusta, Mrniie;-R.'>G.'; C^aAk,'Manager of Safety,.Cqlumbus'Gas . ..of Ohio,- Inc, Columbtls, Ohio; EtinESE H..Wessels,-Ja...Safety'Supervisor^.Western .. V - Massachusetts"Electric Cot;.Springfield,'.Mass. V -- i . Nnmilialing Committee--;Paul Windsor.';(Chairman)r'|Bureau of; Safety, .Chicago, III.; ... Robert E. McEumwtfEr, ja,; E.'M. Chase; J':-.E..Arm.- . Cameron Award' Coordinator--Paul Windsor ' . Special Pepresentatweir^-Ametiam Water'-Works Association--John' T. Cappio,:Safety' . Office, City of Philadelphia: Water Dept, Philadelphia,Pa.;. Edison Electric- Institute-- No assignment; AmericanGas Association--No assignment;' American Public Power .. -Assn.--No'assignment, - .. .-V :V ..... ; Staff -Representqtivc-^-KM.VH M. 'Coe, National Safety Gpuncil,425 N. Michigan>Ave.,-; Chi*- cago, HI. 60611,.Phone312-527-4800 . . Active Past General Chairmen^l950-ol.' E. S. Hannaford; 1954-55, W. S. Kitchen-; ; . 1935-56,. H; T; JaVne-, 1957-5% J.. Appel ; 1958-39. E.. M.ChAsj;; 1959-60. R. S. ..Lowe ; J.960y61,; R;.: E._McEldowney',_Jb.; '.1.961v6?^y..;L,.'_WoMEUiOBixi .196^63,- :-Erroll. Dunbar;-1963-64, Paul Windsor - : - V' .- V / `5 VI .46 ! .*--' '; t' ;; :-i r- National Safety Congress transactions NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611' 52nd NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS Papers delivered in the RAiLROAD SESSIONS CONTENTS Education: Key to Accident Prevention ... . . John F. Nath 4 Relationship. Between Operating Rules and Safety Practices . Workshop--How to Stop Railroad Accidents . ,R. C. Lindquist 6. ....... ,... b Cooperative Effort in the Prevention of Highway-Railroad Accidents \ Douglas M. Fcrgusson 10 Earthquake ' .t Officers of the Railroad Section 1964-65 !'. > . :J. C..MacKcniie 14 i7 .. v'. . 19 Other Volumes in 1964 National Safety CongressTransactions . Back Coyer i;'-o EDUCATION: KEY TO ACCIDENT PREVENTION ' By JOHN F. NASH, ' Senior Vice-President, New York Central System, New -York. City More than one million Jives have been most dangerous part of every car i$ the saved since the birth of the National Safety "nut"' that holds the /steering wheel. Our. Council in 1912. . This is ah` outstanding.' machines are saft But our human beings record, and we should be proud of it. \ sometimes are not. As the Safety Council ' But unfortunately, we cannot'become com- jj*s. Iw'K-recognized, the cause of most aca- : placeni' about safety. We cannot take it dents do not,lie m the machine-it lies for granted. ' . . m the man. .L . ' Accidents injure 45 million people aifd cost Therefore, I believe the cure for accidents nearly 15 billion dollars every year. Qn the lies in the realm of psjcfaology more than m average, 85 people are injured every, minute. ' that of technology.Let me give you an ex-. ;; That means that before 1 finish my talk ample of how important human .psychology 1,275 more people will be on the injured list, is m the field of * accident prevention. : across, the country. Years ago, the New York Central relied Thus, in human terms, the toll is stagger- upon.safety supervisors who were based ih itig. And it's .equally staggering in terms of New York Gty. .They traveled around the dollars, tool Accidents cost the American, system preaching safety; :After a. while; we -. people $28,500 every minute. During the noticed that whenever one; of these super- ' 15 minutes of my.talk today, another $427,- visors held, a meeting with a group of SCO will be added to tlie cost of aeddents. emplojees, the trainmasters and superinten- How fine.it would be if we could use that dents were generally absent Yet,.tjie train- money in conquering cancer or paying off 'masters and superintendents were the. day-to- ttie national debt ! How fine, it would l>c if' day bosses for the people who were doing all'the injured, remained,hcaithy and on the the work--and who were having, the acci- . .job! dents. ' ; . To determine the cause, .and .'to-devise-a- Any managemwit1 'reaj?e*' that .the cure for accidents is a task' that will rc- attitude of employees is .largely determined quire our very best efforts. We have made by the attitude and actipns .of their super. headway. But we still have far.to go. First visors. In this case, the men said to them- `of ah, I believe, we should realize-that; acci-. selves: "Obviously, the boss thinks this safety. " . '. dents happen .to. people.... Wherever there, stuff is a lot of hooey. Otherwise, he'd be is human activity, there is likely to be an.ac-, here at this meeting" The 'then listened cident, sooner or later. . patiently. And. then they went right .out and Now, why. do I stress a fact that is so\ their work in'the safne old. way. If simple and obvious? I .do so becatise'T think safety wasn't important to the boss, then of. ....................sve ..tend to ' forget that there Is .Siwayis course if wasn't goijig 'to be important to V a human factor in every.acadeht.TiOhis~age~1hcremployees.--V/--V . ' of scientific marvels, we tend to rely, too Thus, we lost the chance to change the much upon technology.' Yet, with all our men's attitude iawUrd accident prevention; . , .'unaziqg machines, we still pay a very Idgli .(nd this is a crxxcial factor in. human psy- . .. price for accidents. For example, we have chology. If you want aman to-do'somethjng -. the best automobiles in the workl. TJiey ate di/ferently, you rimit change his attitude. ' equipped with powerful-brakes, durable tires,' \ye aJjo realizwi that teaching would be more . . the best metals, yet the human toll on the effective than preacbin&.'Tellinga man wliai highways goes up every yeatr nv- to do is only half the job. The other half is Certainly, it cannot be denied that some 'accidents are caused by mechanical, failure, But, hidden somewhere in the cause of every accident is the factor of human failure. The to show him how to do it. We gave the men goals to work ..for, but we-failed to give them the methods to accomplish these goals; ' ' ' L V Railroad Section --So fc-e-reorganized our-safety departiucnfc-----:Bnt,"Cven-in-afeas-where-evcry-protec--' We put an educator in charge of our safety live device is used, there;are still'/too program, and we made all 'first-line stjperT - many accidents.':Over;70 per- cent of 560 risors directly responsible for safety. In grade crossing violations in Ohio last addition, we put our safety supervisors out year occurred /despite - flashing signal in. the. districts, on the general managed lights, gates,/ watchfnen( or flagmen. It is staffs! '. /-/' obvious':that the problem cannot be solved By doing all -this/ we made- our people / completely at the grade crossing. It must feel that safety was important; And we '. lie .solved elsewhere, .primarily;, through taught them how to be'safe. From that time ; education arid re-education of everyone on, the New York Central's safety redoxd in the.nation. 7.-. .;>'/ has - improved continuously/ /// . Tte New'York' Central,' through; educa- .Railroad accidents, however, are less; than - tibn,rchariged the attitude of its employees two. per cent .'of the national total. Unfor- / toward accident prevention. Now> our tunately, itVa. very. difficult task to make the ' schools/ clubs;; cbnimunities. and homes general 'piibik: conscious of. the need for must Join 'the' effort; to prevent grade safe conduct. .- '. - crossing accidents; , /-/ . /Consider the question of .-railroad, grade '/ A five^alanh .fire broke out in an apart crossings. Not long ago, one. of- our' safety ment house inNeyr York City last winter. supervisors was riding' the-locomotive of a ./ / A small girl ran . out in subrzero weather train in Michigan. The view ahead was very at night and' turned in the alarm. The good. Suddenly, as the train approached one - building burned down, but no tenant lost of'the many crossings in the area, an old'car his life/. Asked how. she. knew ivhat to , do, pulled onto the tracks. The engineer blew the she replied: "They taught us in school." .whistle and began to use his brakes. At the. What better proof do we need for the very last moment, the car pulled off the value of. safety education?. tracks. If was loaded with teenagers, who thumbed past. their noses as -- the locbmoffve r oared'. The-cause and - the cure for ; accidents lies within the individual. human btjirig. . All the safety devices in the world can These young people were playing the ex not insure us against accidents. Our fine citing game of' "chicken". This case is not police forces have fought long and. effi- a typical one, but' it illustrates' the attitude ' dently; to protect 'us from harming/ our held by many drivers. You would almost be selves. But we do not have enough police- lieve that some of the public.are.'deliberately . .men to watch every individual. all day . trying to destroy themselves. In 1963, 25 per cent, of'all grade crossing, accidents dnr-' ing the -day involved cars hitting the. side' of a passing .train.'That means they ran into the.train!.During.the night, 51 per cent of all accidents at grade crossings involved bitting the side of trains. - : ; long. *" '/'' / in the /final analysis, then, we must.- rely upon ourselves for the protection of our own-safety and security. After all, . isn't self-reliance ./the basis of our Amer ican traditions ? The .principle of individual responsibility applies directly to the effort It- is obvious from these figures that " railroads can 'rio longer he/KeId"sblely ..'.-to prevent .accidents. responsible for grade crossing protection. Through education we can . help more' Despite warning lights, bells; and barriers, people.tb realize that they are responsible- people still insist an - trying to beat the for their own security. This : is/ precisely train to the crossing. Too often they lose what the. National Safety Council has that -race-l-and their lives. Government - at. been doing for the. last' 52. years, with all levels has recognized that .'the. problem such great success. . /._,/: ;:\//;\-.; of grade crossing protection is of public It is up to. each of.us to carry that fine - interest; Working together, the': industry/ work on, to make it more and more effec and government are making real progress. tive- in every area of life today. 1 L !9M iXuliurial Safety Congress RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OPERATING AND SAFETY PRACTICES ' / By R. C. LINDQUIST Supfc Rules, Safety & Fire Prevention Dept;, Northern Pacific Railway Co., .St Paul, Minn. . .. i Over 100 years ago, right-of-way.' be were, expected to know .the- operating rules tween two opposing trains, was determined' of these lines as well as their own. Many by which engineer tras the best 'fighter. rules were the same, but many had different The .loser ;had to back up to the-last siding.: interpretation between the properties. I've' been told that one early-rule'book : Pressure from' unions and state 'legis from a railroaid .in the South contained a latures brought about consolidation of rules, rule, "If you see a mah with a chicken, you books between railroads that-had joint opera-; will assume, he stole.it and take the chicken tion. Committees from interested lines nict away from jhim." From the' examples of and agreed, sometimes after many argu early operating rules, you can see they were ments, as to which interpretation would be often crude, but'-they no doubt seemed like used for each rule. : '- good common- sense in' those days. ' This has, in many cases, modernized our.; You have all, heard the. saying, "Safety operating practices. However, it also; has is common .Sense." I have, heard common served to . continue antiquated' practices sense, is necessary for a happy marriage. which' do not conform to our. present day Common'sense would avert many divorces: operations. Men on these committees must as a matter of fact, it would avert many accept the challenge of looking forward to marriages. .. the future,' writing new. rules rather than; .Operating rules developed over many being satisfied- with, "it's been working for years''because Of serious accidents. When an fifty years, let's leave it alone." . accident occurred, the investigation which followed developed the need for a rule which, if understood and followed, would prevent the same accident from occurring again. History is an especially meaningful word around the Northern Pacific , these day's. I'm sure you all have been made aware that^florthcrn Pacific marked. its charter' As the rule book grew, in size, accidents centennial July 2 of this year If' was still occurred. '. Investigations 'developed the 100 years On .that, date since' President fact, that even though the book contained Lincoln signed into law the act of Congress a rule which should have, prevented the which created our railroad. - accident, the men hadn't bothered: to open the book, to read, and learn the rule. It was apparent examinations must be held to ascertain-all men understood-the'rules. Examining boards were made, up of division "officers "and employes who ' were told . to examine every man cm the"; operating rules. . In ourcompany magazine, 'The Telltale, we have beat running a historical series./In one installment, it was pointed out that Lewis and Clark, 160 years ago, made their long and arduous journey without having lost a. single life to an accident. In fact, only" one death was recorded over the two- Accidents still occurred and investigations. year span of the eixpedition-^une of the meti ' developed the' fact that the examiners them fell victum to an attack of acute' appen selves had many different ideas as to the dicitis shortly after the expedition got under proper interpretation and procedure to be way. How's that for a safety record ?. .. , followed under a given rule Think of it We weren't a particularly Finally, a. rules department'.was set up, civilized nation yet, especially out in the This department was charged with writing,., Northwest, where Lewis' and -Clark and interpreting and training all the examiners their crew hlazed a trail that was followed, so all had the "same interpretation of each ultimately, by 'thc Northcm Pacific. How. rule. This worked, pretty well except , as do you suppose, they managed to bring it crews operated on. foreign railroads, they off as they did?' " .. ' Railroad. Seclion. --Well,_.first_._ofi all, they, left nothing to_ operating rules examination ? 'Our employee chance, from.-President Jefferson, who de-. and'Tupervisors~know~operat3rig rriiles -are vised the project, on down through-. Lewis, enforced and 'therefore have a healthy -re and Qark to the lowliest private who. ac- spect'for them. -V coiripanied '.the, expedition, each .and every !' I believe a close. working relationship. man knew, there would be dangers, both . between the -safety arid rules department foreseeable arid .unforeseeable,' and plans; will.bear fruit to both:departments. .We were made accordingly: It may surprise you, have found it desirable to' use safety , de- . but . students of the early American scene partment equipment in our rules, classes tell us this is-a fact. for two - reasons: First, we have a 'captive Our"daring, 'fearless,, intrepid pioneers audience, - second,- the': employes: welcome- were the most-safety-conscious Americans, of .- safety movies and 3SMM '. slides to break all tim.e. Neither Lewis' rior Clark, nor. the monotony of these' examinations and. our Daniel Boones, Davy Crockett? .or Jim thus are .receptive tot-safety talks: .' Bowies ever went into', the TOldeines's with- .' Last: year on the /Northern . Pacific,- the out long and intensive preparation.; Every ' . safety arid rules departments were operated; possible contingency -was 'considered'; /every as two . separate departments'.; It ' became known hazard was weighed; and plans were' apparent, the: men were .duplicating work in. made to avoid : or minimize each. danger. certain .areas with much dead time between In short, precautionary irieasures' were- a trains. Feeling shorthanded in the safety way.of life, or more bluntly, the way of ; department.Ied to; a gradual integration of staying alive. And . to top it ail off, they, rules/ safety and- fire /.prevention work, so used-safety :slogans Just as you do today. that , now'we have smaller territories, but Some of them have come down to us . each man is responsible for all phases; of through history, although their- significance our department . We now, have established .may be a bit obscure. six territories .where before we'had but four. The -ladies, for, example, might' think Naturally there were problems learning there was some special feminine meaning the . work; of /the othn; department---two of attached to the' reminder, "Keep your pow-v oiir safety men. had practically no experience tier dry !" In the days of Lewis arid Clark,. in rules work and our' rules men knew this was a safety, first slogan of the highest little about safety work. Both groups'found order. Wet. gunpowder in .the wilderness the new work challenging arid' were/very could have tragic "consequences/for. the interested in learning the new work. hunter, Indian fighter or explorer.;*-A**. Each man is now' responsible for devel The pioneers' rule--on the trail,: in camp, oping his own 35MM. slide program', within on the hunt--was preparedness/ A pioneer his district./-This is in addition to overall who blundered recklessly into the wilderness system material we. furnish /from head invited disaster, and'even death.'.-Being pre quarters;' .They have found it desirable to pared was not simply a clever motto which integrate safety,, fire and rules work so that boys learned to win a tenderfoot/badge. we have achieved not' only a less costly . Operating rules on our property--and I expect yours, had an earlier beginning than our safety rule book. However, operating rules in reality, arc safety rules when we analyze them. In mpst cases; however, they: primarily protect against damaging' trainsand equipment and by this means, protect operation to the company as. far as -salaries are concerned, but in addition,, have an .effi cient operation within the department Each man is able to / schedule: all phases' of . His work at a terminal on a given day, thusallowing - more time to; be'. spent at trouble spots, which we all have;.; //. against injuries that may follow. , . They have found their .-jobs .more .in / Operating "rules are in most cases readily followed and-enforced--much more so'than the average safety rule; ' V" . teresting and it has "been .noted employes and supervisors are more receptive to ac cident preventibn work, than in the past. / From our experience, which has been highly Haven't- we as. safety men missed ' a successful, T can/ only .advocate increased chance-, to train, our operating employes by cooperation between rules and safety de- adding'training rulei to our -preliminary . partments. - Pl^PISNSUtsistaXHsmnwW.-t V5W NationalSafely Congress. '. Most af us'have been' looking for the-key- Why then, not use these examinations to open not only the employes' minds but as the key to open our supervisors' minds the supervisors' minds to safe work prac tices. . .... V ' Our pioneers had, safety in mind because it.meant life,orcleSth. : ;to ardent prevention?. I:think we cari.-and : have started slowly in this direction by teaching safe working habits as' a part of our preliminary rules examination required, of all new. operating employes. We intend Our : supervisors have .a healthy respect to expand this to all newly promoted for operating'-rules ' not only to prevent officers and- re-examinations. - In time, ac-: accidents but also because' of the biennial cident prevention work' will become! as im examination they must pass. ;. _ : r portant as'strict! operating rules observance. WORKSHOP--HOW TO STOP RAILROAD ACCIDENTS 'Presiding: '-G.'.RI Huntoon, .Superintendent, Rules and Safety, Chicago, Rock Island and' ' (3) "What do you plan to do in the future^to prevent them?" - - Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago,-III. r , After each question was asked, a period of . OPERATING DEPARTMENT i Moderator--B. L. Schoech, Sujierintehd- . ent, Rock Island Division, : Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Co., Rock Island, ; 111. . ; ; ' ' '-i . - .- five to ten minutes was allowed for dis cussion within each' smaller, group, each pair-, ticipant writing his' individual answerjm a ;card.: At the end. of the'discussion time, eacli group agreed. upon a common answer, and the' chairman of each group, in turn, stated MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT. * the answer of the group. These, group an-. sWers. were recorded. i Moderatorr^L H. Irwin, Supervisor,. Safety and- Fire Prevention, Chesapeake 4. Ohio Raihvay Co., Ashland, Ky. - The same process, was then , followed. with the second and -third questions. After that the ' entire -audience reassembled and : the' maintenance-of-wA y ' Moderator--B. J. Gordon, District. Engi neer, New York. Central System,,Cleveland, Ohio. ' v -;;;...... - The audience was.divided into three groups in random fashion without regard to indi- moderators each summarized, the conclusions - reached. . y-.r ' \ Following are the summaries of the group; answers: to the- questions, and tabulations of all the individual answers,' taken from the individual answer cards. '.yiduals or. particular line of .work, under . these three headings: Operating, Mechancial, - -and Maintenance^-Way.' ' After assembling at the' designated places, each group was further divided into smaller discussion groups of six ; to eight.- - Each discussion .group selected a chairman to SUMMARY OF GROUP ANSWERS OPERATING DEPARTMENT QUESTION :Nd.-l-~ . : ".AH' groups: slips and -falls' in.getting on and off equipment! y- ', ''v ;' QUESTION NO. 2 . ' ' guide discussion within the group. Group 1: Educate employee;. training-and Each ' moderator presented, the' same thyce -. personal contact. ' -. -' questions for' discussion: Group 2: Constant field education. - : '. (l):"WHat is the most common cause of injuries .in the,, departmentf" . Group 3 : Formal-investigation of allvio lations of safety rufcs. ' (2) 'Whaf have you done in the past - Group 4= Claimed-but not admitted. . to prevent this type of injury!" Group 5: Good housekeeping! - 8 TS&ilit-7* .' . Railroad Section ; Group 6: Record of. employees classed as', "repeaters" and handlewithemployee for correction. .-.-" QUESTION NO .3 ; .-/, MAINTENANPE-OF-WAY ' QUESTION NO. 1 Group 1: Sprains, brought about by care- . less materials'handling. Group T: Retain arid step up education progfaim. ; Group-2: Continue and elaborate on field education. .'./ - / /' - . . Group 3: Change work habits. . Group 2: Injuries caused by beirig caught in or between while handling ties, rails, small machines. . " Group 3: Material handling due to being . :struck by. falling, or swinging objects: Group 4: Display posters. QUESTION NO. 2 Group 5: .Get wives.and families in on ' Group 1: Proper supervision. the act.; . - Group 6 " Continue to maintain record of repeaters.' MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT QUESTION NO. 1' Group l ; Slips and Falls. Group 2: Struck by objects. . Group 3: Slips and falls. Group 4: Improper use of tools and im proper tools for the Job. Group 5: Iriiproper. use of tools* and im proper tools for the job. QUESTION NO. 2 ` ', Group . 2: Safety -education--visual aids, jiefsonal contact, protective equipment. . Group 3:. Safer methods combined . with, mechanization. Group 4.:' Same as A, B, arid C '' QUESTION NO. 3 : Group 1: Educate arid motivate-'supervisors to supervise for safety. Group 2: Increase .mechanization--inten sify educational activities. -Group' 3: Better' job methods--investi gating-methods. Group 4: Same as 1. and 2, and . more thorough investigation of accidents. Group-1: Good housekeeping; proper foot wear; education. .. . Group, 2: Educate, instruct arid supervise. Group-3: (Slips;.and- falls)--Education and housekeeping.. . , TABULATION OF INDIVIDUAL ANSWERS Questions: 1. What is the most common cause of in- . Group 4: 'Inspection, instruction and en juries in thefj^hanical Department? forcement.* " IMaintenance-otrway . Group- 5: (Improper tools and use)-- 2. What have you done in the past , to pre Supervision over, tools and u?e. vent this type of injury? . _ QUESTION-NO.'3 3. What do'you plan to do in the future to prevent them? . Group 1: (Slips and .falls).--Continued . stress on good housekeeping and -inspection - .......^OPERATING of footwear. Pressure' on supervision.'. Group, 2 : -. (Struck by objects)--Increase QUESTION. I education' arid expand use of protective , Getting on and off cars .......i...... 12 equipment. Tripping hazards along tracks ......... 10. Group 3: (Slips and falls)--Increase su pervisor activity. " . Foreign body iri eyes Falls, Miscellaneous ............----Carelessness--negligence ....................... 4 3 2 Group 4: (Improper use of tools and irn- Throwing .switches--sprains ;1 prop<r tools)--Intensive'supervision and use of educational data. QUESTION 2 ' Group 5: (Iriiproper use of: tools and im proper tools)--Continue the training and reemphasls on supervision. . Eriiplpyee training .............. r. .21 Stressed good housekeeping :................ 11 Safety meetings .....------ 7 9 1964 National Safety Congress Personal .contacts ... . ....'..;......> ... ---Investigationv.:;.-........... Observation & correction of ride violations ....... ..'.......... " Supervisor training . ... . /.-.. /... .... Encourage proper footwear ; including: safety' shoes ....... Paint grab irons" Encourage suggestions Y... .:..'. .. ; QUESTION 3 ; . Intensify education of employees and supervisors ......... >. Intensify good.housekeeping- ....... ...... Concentrate' on accident repeaters: . .. . Closer supervision ' More personal contacts Intensify "proper footwear program Better maintenance of. safety; : . '-appliances' on locomotives Investigations; of rule violations . 1..... ; Better, illumination in yards ............ Control speed Y.i .'.-----.. ... Full use of lanterns, signals, etc. Stress family safety............... 5;' 'Investigated accidents 5 5 Stressed safe footwear, hard hats ...... $ Discuss rule violations with offenders ... . 2 4- Use absorbent for oil................ 1 3 Overhead reels for-servicing :............ 1. ; . Proper ladders and staging 1 3 Enforce blue signal rules............. .1 2 " 1 . QUESTION 3 . More pressure bn supervisors......, -.. 18 s Intensify worker education ....u....... 16. ! -Intensify, good housekeeping programs.. 6 27 Intensify, effort thru safety meetings-. - 3 5 Intensify effort on footwear and; 3 protect!veequipmenf .....1 3" ? Revise rules .Y;,v.I. 2 .Stress proper use of-tools . .1 2 Investigate repeaters ....... ' 1: \ MAlNTENANCE-OFrlVAY 1 QUESTION 1 | . Handling-material 22 * .Slips, trips, falls.-.'4 Sprains &. strains.------ 2 MECHANICAL , . QUESTION 2 - QUESTION 1 Employe education ........... ... 8 Slipping, tripping, falling ................. Improper' use of tools ............... Carelessness..___ Struck by falling object, striking, against, caught, between . Poor housekeeping .... --------......... Handling material.... ............ .............. 20 Supervisor responsibility .............. 7. II . Employe education in safety .meetings.. 5 9." Mechanization ............\......... 4 . Use films ..... 2 6 Emphasize protective equipment.- 1 3 Fumish tie tongs...:. .... .... . 1 3 Use younger men for heavy.lifting.-... 1 . No; protective -equipment --; -,. % -1 QUESTION. 3 . QUESTION 2 Instructed workers ......................; -- . Stressed good housekeeping ---- ------ ; Education in. safety meetings ../..........., Stressed supervisors' responsibility ---Instruction on proper, use of' tools.___v More education of employes 14 (including safety meetings).13 ,14' More mechanization .. ................. II 11!'-More supervisor education.... !-8 9 Improve job procedures,........... .... 2 6 More protective equipment . 1 10 i \. . Railroad Sectiori COOPERATIVE EFFORT IN THE PREVENTION OF HIGHWAY-RAILROAD ACCIDENTS By DOUGLAS M. FERGUSSON Dir. of Safety. Personal Lines, Nationwide Insurance Coc, Columbus, Ohio My . employer is a large casualty insurance and adjacent brash 'removed, this hazard . ' company, and at work wiefre naturally dm- could be eliminated and motorists would have . ceimed with' helping people who have had an unobstructed view of the tracks from: accidents.. But we are.ot least equally, inter- a safe vantage.point. The interest of the ested in helping people avoid accidents--and ' 4-H chib was intense, but its efforts had ' the loss of life; limb, and property, that goes been futile. It had contacted state highway- liand-in-hand with accidents. ' authorities, the department of highway : : Most of our accident-prevention activities safety, township^ trustees, county commis- ; are'planned and executed in conjunction with sioners, and. officials of the: railroad./ Each, ' other agencies, both private and public. Thus,, in turn, lad said that corrective work was .. my employer--a mutual insurance company-- the responsibility of the others. The young . joins with other privately owned companies, . members of the 4rII Chib-were demoralized- ; with semi-public organizations, and with law by the apparently hopeless situation. - enforcement ofBdals to promote safety ef- Shortly after entering the .picture, I ar- fcctively in everyday living. ranged- through the department'of highway .In. combating accidents (wherever they safety to have representatives of all the occur); we even forget the whitefiot com- aforementioned, agendes to meet, together petition that exists between insurance com- to discuss tins grade-crossing problem. The panics; we work cooperatively for safety result was amazing and significant. -Each with some of our most rabid competitors,. agreed to supply something to get the job / striving through cooperation ! to stop the . done--one the trndcs, one the manpower, senseless waste of human and material re- . one the bulldozer, one the resurfacing of the sources. Consequently, I approach the prob- road,- etc. -Jem of grade crossings with the same desire. This was cooperation at work! for cooperative objectivity. . ' Here's another example^not long ago. I believe our mission--yours and .mine-- whi!e j ^ ^ <*, M activity of the , is one of-fact-finding, not fault-finding. To grade crossing committee,- the" thought struck this end, I believe that all of us--highway . me jj,^ ^ exhortations of-the safety users and railroad mtertati--reaffy want . professicink -may "be 'falling- on -deaf - ear* .-. to stop .gndeferosswg acehknt*. To this T reflectl. "how can we interest others in' end, also, I believe that only through cor this urgent praMem?" And suddenly, a operation will we be able to make vehicle- solution began to take form. Within a few train crashes a thing of the past months, I -knew, die Ohio Department of V. Here are several personal experiences Education would-hoM its annual school bus which tend to illustrate the importanct of co- . supervisors^ seminar. Here would be an operation in safety activities. ' opportunity to get someone else to tell 'our About three years ago,' a woman employee .story. A telephone call to the Ohio director. of1 our companies called me with a plaintive of pupil transportation-, set. the plan in plea for help. She was an advisor to a local motion. Although the agenda for t}ie seminar 4-H club whose-members had undertaken was tentatively set. he was impressed suf- / a project to improve a grade crossing in. ficiently with the idea I had to adjust-the .-. their small rural community. The topography program.' . of the crossing involved was such that a We'would -araange to have a school bus- motorist had to begin moving across the supervisor, ride the head end . of a crack , tracks before he could determine whether passenger tram. The director of pupil trans it was safe to proceed If a small rise at . portation would select the supervisor, with the point of the intersection'could be reduced ; the requisite that be be a capable - public v i ; j i j 3 3Ct /lt fTXiHA* f,' rxmrKwi-r. v 1964 National Safety Congress speaker who could impart an effective mes ; its. own. language, regulations and peculiari sage at. the seminar. Moreover, the df8*' ties. Iti themselvesj' these characteristics-are- rector agreed,to reimburse the supervisor,-in not- exclusive the.: railroad industry, bin. the form of an honorarium, for his first class I believe that :they are not generally under train ticket The rest- .was relatively easy, stood or .appreciated^-and that they confuse thanks to the efforts of .your good, as- the. public and make our job more difficult. : . sociate, Ed Bleur. and the management of ' his line. To illustrate the lack of .understanding that exists for. railroad words, rules, and'foibles, What we got for our effort was exactly . 1' cite .'the story that' is told - of. one motorist what we need more of--someone telling telling anotlier how he determines whether a , our story from a veiwpoint which had pre train is;: approaching. He points. out tliat viously been completely foreign to him. ' train signals arc sjiaced every one-fourth This is .cooperation at .work! mile--so if th^ nearest signal is red a train Generally, then I - think' the most urgent lias jiist .pas^d, and mo' more trains can be ' task in obtaining safer grade crossings is the- expected for . 'some 'time. .. While you and I job of generating complete trust and finder- know this to:be patently false, it. is .easy, to ' standing on the- part of all parties concerned understand .how the uninitiated might be .'with the.problem. A genuine display of de lieve it to be true. .- sire to bring about improvement is manda Therefore, I urge all of' you, individually tory. We all stand to gain by this willingness and collectively, to undertake a vigorous to cooperate. ' safety-oriented, public relations campaign.' I would like to leave several ideas on how Accept every opportunity that is presented wc here today migllt work to tiiis end. ' to you to; make the motoring-public-aware . In a paper prepared for presentation to-this group, last year, Joseph H.- Hayes of The Association^ of- Western Railways had this to say: . of the.; hazards of ! vehicular , movemeit.: at grade crossings. Educate the laym'en l And create' opportunities to get your story told by taking aggressive action to' speak before , civic groups, PTA's, motor fleet supervisors, "The practical answer lies in both the areas law enforcement organizations, and others . of metter observance and enforcement of '- who. have an interest in traffic safety; Only regulatlwis governing driver behavior and in by pursuing such ' a course can we hppe to the construction or installation of more grade cultivate the common ground on which we separations and protective devices." '. must meet if we are going, to achieve meas I believe there isi'more practical wisdom urable success. ' in these words than a listener may .first- As for . enforcement, I suggest that in far realize. . From the standpoint of. observance, it should .be noted that all traffic safety, ef forts have . one common theme-the. volun tary obedience of drivers to motor vehicle laws. If drivers can be persuaded to obey, too many instances this term evokes'a picture; of badge, gun, and traffic ticket where more is really involved. . Commercial and semicommercial vehicular operations (together laws voluntarily and also toi follow the with; individual motorists) can be subjected dictates of ordinary common sense, the grade- ' to other facets of enforcement, ;Le;, educa . crossing problem would be greatly mini tion, re-training;, disciplinary action, or sus mized. Therefore, it appears that more laws pension of. the driver. The most" effective are not needed; what we. must have .is an- enforcement tool so..far seems to be the understanding, and uniformity of existing , "nearffiiiss' reporting" program. To date, laws, coupled with an appreciation of the haz ' near-miss through National Safety Council ards that exist at any location: where trains reporting has been ; fantastically, successful; and vehicles cross at common grade. . Since its inception, in January, 1963, eleven We need to explain thoroughly the grade- carriers have made: reports involving opera ' crossing problem to the public--and to ex tions in 24 :states- As you can see, ithis 'only plain in language that- is unmbtalahle, that ' scratches the surface--both in the number every layman will understand; of carriers reporting and in the number of Whether you believe it or not, railroading states receiving reports. Yet, ironically, all is a dramatic and romantic occupation: It has . letters received to date from recipients of 12 7- " Railroad Section. --^-theM.Tep6ir^hav.e.lKen:notjpnly_hig^i.!y..6orn;. prohibitive. but highly unrealistic.. As for plimentary, but have also included a plea for automatic protective devices, I ariinot~stiT<T more and more reports.' This reaction sug ;they are the deterrent to collisions that they, gests the question, "why' aren't All carriers are .purported to be. I firmly believe these in All states '. actively . participating in the devices, do make a genuine -contribution to a nr-miss reporting program?" It's a good reduction, in the frequency (and' severity of question pi wish I had'the answer! grade-crossing accidents, but ihey. cannot- be. Now I; know: that many carriers arc' relied upon to provide the total solution to handling these reports directly with; the com- the problem.. I was amazed to leari^ while , panies involved .in the violations. This ajr reading a recent .recap of the .Ohio plan, :: proach Has - some: advantages, but 1 ' submit - that'the -large majority of violations and ' that tf)ere is more promise; for-remedial ac near-misses involve a; disregard of auto-. tion when the report is received from a third matic protective de-vices. ' ' .- - party--say, from .the. National Safety Cowi- I am convinced that improved cooperative . Cil. . ' ' '` . educational efforts,: combined with' expanded ;: Therefore, .-. I challenge each and every orie .of you--as well as any colleagues : absent -today--to determine, whether ypur hear-miss reporting programs, offer the greatest opportunity for'early favorable re sults. 'employers' are cooperating in this Weil ac- .' I hope that the thoughts I have .voiced , '; cepted effort. And. if they are riot, dedicate, here today will arouse you--that you, in turn, yourself; to correrting that`deficiency. Such - will arouse your neighbors and the people of. a. procedure just might lead you-to establish your communities--and, finally, that all of a . reporting program' shriilar to the Ohio the citizens and officials of our nation will plan (with which "you are all familiar) in 'be awakened to take.cooperative, corrective your operating territory.- To this end. we " action. ; would -then achieve- not only selective en- .. Active leadership is needed now l Progress forcement but selective education as well. is not automatic. The world grows better-- Finally, I. would. like to make a few rc- not.because people 'wishthat it would--but . marks shout grade, separations and automatic because they know that it can, arid pitch in protection. It is obvious that- if we 'could arid take steps - so it Will - be made. better. eliminate all intersections at common grade, The.time has corile for all Of us to push we could- eliminate, all collisions between together if-we are going to* reduce, the inci . trains and motor vehicles. It is equally ob dence of collisions at railroad-highway grade vious, however, that not only is the cost of crossirigs. Let's delay no longerLet's work eliminating some '225,000 such; intersections together and get the.job done. .  / 1964 National Safely Congress . V . . By J. C. MacKENZIE Superintendent of Safety, The Alaska Railroad, Anchorage, Alaska.. Eirst, I' Wish i to correct anyimplication. ;that .the title of my assignment may have inferred. I am of. an authority bn earth; _ quakes, and hope/ that I do not:leave anyone .. ; here with the. thought, that I consider my- self: one. The. few references' I make in regard to" technical, information come from the' geological survey who are experts -and authorities on the subject.1 the port of Sevvard is approximately 100 miles to the southwest. . The land to the west and southwest of the epicenter and subsequent epicenters gen-' erally subsided--in. some areas as much as 10 feet. East of the epicenter, the land up lifted. .One- island 80 miles in length. and 20 miles in width,; was uplifted 35 feet in some places. ' v; ::' . `Before talking about The Alaska Raiiroad, The shocks triggered- avalanches and rock I wish to spend a . few minutes- on the slides throughout' the ,southwest r Alaska .'Alaska earthquakes, in general. I say "earth- mountains and the submarine'landslides trig quakes". because in the three days following gered 'and generated the'.great tidal waves the first. and: greatest, shake, some 52 after which struck all along the Alaskan coast, shocks were recorded. Eleven of these after from Kodiak Island to Cape St. Elias. The ' shocks were of ,a magnitude of`more than big wave raced south and .hit the coasts of . 6, and one was recorded at 6.7. Ten of -.the Oregon and northern California.: aftershocks occurred within 24 hours after The seismic waves varied greatly.in height . the. initial shocks. '. and in-force. One surge of water entered . ' The first, and' greatest of the earthquakes Valdez Arm and deposited debris- at a mine ' began at 5 -36. p.m. ;'on Good Friday, March .170 feet above sea level. Normal tides along 27, 1964. This earthquake started much like the Alaska Coast in Prince William Sound .previous' Alaskan earthquakes. However, it' run- as high as 14 feet. (Kodiak,-. Seward, turned out to be much, different--it kept in Whittier, Valdez, hnd Cordova are the larger creasing in momentum End violence .until communities'.in this area.') The first high ... it reached its greatest magnitude and sub seismic wave hit at low tide throughout this sided somewhat faster.than.it had. increased. area. Had it hit. at. high tide, it is believed .'It jsr'as recorded with a Richter magnitude that more 'lives would have bei lost, and of 8.6 and it released at least twice as much there certainly would have been greater 'energy as the earthquake which did so much property damage.. When subsequent. seismic 'damage to San Frahdsco in 1906. ,The first waves hit on higher tides, people had moved- ; shocks ' lasted up -to four minutes in some to safe elevations. : areas, and were felt otrland over an area It is fortunate that no tidal waves oc- '- . of half a million square miles. THis earth- . curred on Cook's Inlet, because : the tide quake generated the most disastrous of the level at 5:36 p.m., on March 27, was at the. tidal'waves which followed,'and, together. 30-foot mark at Anchorage. Some tides rise . ' with the tidal waves, accounted for . the loss . to 33 feet-in this. location. *** of more than 100 Hves nnA property damage ; of half a 'billion dollars. The Alaska Railroad was extensively dam-.. aged by the earthquake. Damage .was caused ' The epicenter of .the- March 27 earth- hy; :' quake was in' northern Prince - William Sound, about 80 miles east of. Anchorage, in a region- of high rugged mountains .with many glaciers, the mountains rising from 1. Seismic shock? 2. Lind' slides 3. Tidaj waves . . . . " . the shore line of fjords.' The small cities, of 4. Subsidence ". .. Valdez and 'Cordova are 40 and 70 miles, ' 5. Fractures through right of way, bridges respectively, east of the epicenter. The port and buildings ~ _ * of Whittier is 40 miles to the southwest and 6. Fire 14 i. * / Railroad Section 7. foundation . and wave; action on sub- north from. Anchorage to clean up the open . sided areas during high tides . . '' r~~ wire circuits. "The men spent-days-taking ; . The .Alaska Railroad's; headquarters, me- -wraps .out .of the open wire. Their work chandai shops, B & B shops, supply depart was complicated; when , new Wraps were ment,. and main yards are; located at Anchor:: age-;. Power failed- in Anchorage -with the thrown'into! the lines by the subsequent earth " shocks.By Sunday night, .March 29, they; -first shpck, which probabiy accounts for the had the microwave system in operatipn to fact .that there ' was /not: one'; fire in the . Portage,, south of Anchorage. This,' , despite .Greater-Anchorage area . during the first the fact-that two high towexs-had been badly -. three days.. damaged. AH'microwave stations were dam-; aged to some extent - ' AH/personnel; whose homes were not too badly damaged, and who could work their . The . Alaska Railroad -southern terminal is way through debris, fissures and other ob- . located, at Seward,; Alaska. The earthquake stacles,- reported -to' their job locations within was. strongly 'felt in . Seward but' ground- a few hours.. TelejpHone communications were motion was. minor compared to'the massive . dead. We were able to reach two trains north destruction inflicted by submarine landslides of Anchorage by radio and "tie them up;'! and seismic waves. Large fuel tanks were and also one train - south of Anchorage, ruptured and ignited. The burning fuel was which,, fortunately was stopped'at. a .station : : spread by the tidal 'waves along, the water- -when , the quake hit, because it could not front More than 4,000. .feet of railroad have moved in either direction anyway. , yards along;- the waterfront disappeared into - Resurrection . Bay,/ taking with them - the , All other means of travel being impossible, docks,'warehouses, and many, fuel; storage' surveys were started by air early the next tanks belonging to oil companies) Two docks morning. By using helicopters and- small . disappeared completely, as ' did 'the - small airplanes, we' got our first knowledge of boat harbor,'Most of the fishiiig and pleas the extensive damage to the railroad out ure craft berthed here were demoIished.The side of Anchorage ' few boats .which Were, not- completely shat In Anchorage, the railroad was ^damaged tered were carried inland, some as much as a by land, slides, tracks watped out. of. liric,; mile, and deposited there when the water re and subsided ground in the yards. A: few ceded. '. -'' -- \ .; -V. ' buildings were damaged to the extent , that they had to be removed All buildings were . damaged to some extent, as were service lines. // The railroad's inarginal docks and 'transit ; sheds were destroyed. Two /gantry cranes, ': a -big stiff-leg. derrick, six straddle carriers, /and other dock equipment toppled to the bot In our supply department, bins and racks tom of. the bay. The railroad yards; were . were emptied and then scrambled. Part of destroyed as was most of the rolling, stock- ' the material yard was covered by thousands in.,the yards'at the time. Locomotives .were of tons of muddy clay from ,the land slides. roiled lik? tank cars. File cabinets everywhere were, overturned and'emptied. .You can imagine the resulting 'mess.' - .' ' Our sea train terminal is located at the ' .port of Whittier. The .'seismic shocks/,did a. considerable amount .of damage to. the rail . The railroad immediately, went .on 7 days road docks, and slip towers ;, oil -tanks were a wdek. and long days for almost'everyone. ruptured aid an oil dock and an older army Hundreds of. new employees were hired and- : .dock /disappeared. Fire completed the de-. new track and bridge gangs were activated. struction of many, oil tanks, a lumber mill Hiring continued throughout the summer and. : and some frame buildings; fall. V ." /': : ./ The tide, atWhittier was at the. 1-foot Railroad power and water cars were uti- leveli;.,About. two minutes after the first, lized for emergency power and sanitation shodc, water in the bay. rose quietly-/about purposes. Until the telephone system was , 26 feet This water carried no-debris, and back in service, radio'played a major part receded to about, normal,- Approximately one ' in the railroad's operations. minute later a wave came in. This .wave ' Our communication : lines' were in ex . was About 35 feet 'high- and carried much tremely bad condition. W.e-started men-out debris when it hit the area of the railroad ' ?S L 1964-National Safely Congress -V __ 1 depot. Within a few minutes'another wave in- shear. However, some failed in . tension - . of about the same height occurred!-A' hafr ' where the pedestals - rotated-Bridges- were - ........ - nade covered boulder of 4 cubic yards'was temporarily repaired to the point where,We .. deposited; on the tracks near the depot. could operate. The new permanent structure " ' . Track, north of Andiorage was dainaged . Progran- " nQW getting .under way. in places biy subsidence, landslides- and by On April 5 the first train .was run north, being thrownotrt of alignment by the shakes. from Anchorage to Fairbanks. On April 20 . South of ; Anchorage the damage was tre- the first train was run _ from Anchorage to - mendbus. One. slide, a few,miles south. ofWhittier. Since: that time regular service Anchorage,, took ; out more than l;400 feet has continued., . ;V. : of-track and grade. .-Until the slip was rebuilt, a. huge floating.' The railroad .follows the north shore of crane was used for loading and . unloading. Tumagain Ann of Cook's Inlet from: Pot- at' Whittier. The first train to Seward was . . ter. to Portage^ south of Anchorage. The run on September 13. As there are no dock-" - mountains along this, soertion rise abruptly to ; facilities at Seward, service to that city anil aii devation of more tlian S,000 feet Track be intermitteht until die new dock.and yards . . and grade: sustained extensive damage in the are . ready which ' will be late in 1965. fill areas. The land subsided from 4 to 9 I would like to; cohclude-.my talkwjth a feet in places^ and most of the track and few words'about Anchorage^-Alaska's fcurg- . grade in the.fiU areas looked as if.the track cst city. '{ .. .. ' had been .laid on rolling ground. The high tidesof April 13 and 14, augmented .by.strwig . winds; washed, out- many sections, of grade before tracks could be raised to the desired elevation and rip-rapped. These April tides -. .moved fn ice floes which, also did much dam- age to the bridges. . I ieave it to your imagination, and let you ' picture:in your minds,, a city .-.of-.1some 80,000 people smashed to its knees and surrounded. by devastation. All utilities were immediately knocked out Mik*. of water, sewer, electrical, and comnmnicationlineswere heavily dam aged. Streets woe toni and budded. Many , 1. . ,v : The Whittier Line branches off at Portage, buildings in the city were completely de- There are two tunnels on this branch,- one strqyed, others-badly damaged,?:Several. en-; - about two and one half mites long and the tire blocks in the heart of the business dis- other one mile long. It is interesting that no trict sank as the ground-underneath started damage was done to any*of the tunnels, with to slide. Thexe was damage everywhere, the exception of a small amount of fallen Anchorage's exclusive residential area, -. rock. TTie tunnel portals are 4 feet lower than "Tumagairi by the Sea," did not escape, before the earthquake. The entire ihountains Seventy-nine beautiful homes there were; . through which , these tunnels pass must have destroyed as the ground crumbled, some subsided. We have hauled and placed a sliding seaward as much as a quarter of a million and a half cubic yards of gravel mile.-The individual'homes iq this.area are and rock for rip-rap. It will take twice that valued at $40,000. to $100,000. amount more to raise the grade to the desired There was absolutely no panic. I can say elevation. to you without reservation that when' the. The railroad from Seward to Portage also need arises we may amtinue to have coin- suffered extensive damage,, especially in the plete confidence in our fellowmait All people -,-.; low.devation" sections. In one place, a land- ' of Alaska jewed Hands aiid set abopt,doing slide moved a section of grade and track what had to be done. Neighbor helped neigh- into Kenai Lake: bor, and stranger aided stranger.' ' _ . The railroad bridges took a terrific beating. A superhuman task wai accomplished wiien A great many were totaUy . impassable. The electrical power was restored to large areas ground movement generally relieved itself Sunday, afternoon. Temporary restora- ; at the .water courses or ravines, compi'essing' tion of water and telephones followed closely, . the bridgesand'fcUerally displacing the grade as wellas-sanitation fadlities.The seemingly as much as 8 feet Piers and abutments impossible wis accomplished in record time.- were displaced both laterally and horizontally. . Then began the task of "diggjng out" . Most of the span-to foundation connections This' has been accomplished in a large meas- -. were sheared'with anchor bolts failing mainly ure; and we are still on: our feet _ ' 16 ' ". ', V- Jl OFFICERS OF THE RAILROAD SECTION J; NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 General Chairman-G.. R. Huntoon/ Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R- Col, Chicago, :I1I.' Vice Chairman--T. L. Hildebrand, Soo Line Railroad.Co.,-Minneapolis; Minn. Vice Chairman--). T; 'Andrew, Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn. Secretary and Newsletter. Editor--).' A. Boxevli; .The- Pennsylvania Railroad, Phila. delphia, Pa. Associate Newsletter Editors, Canada--). G.Bf.i1iham, Toronto, Hamilton & Buffalo Ry. - Co., Hamilton, Ont, Canada Soutkwesh--G. R.Knight, St Louis Southwestern Ry. Lines, Pine Bluff, Ark. Southeast--j: W. Thompson, Seaboard. Air Line Railroad Co., Richmond, Va. Contest; and Statistical Committee--G. W. Meredith (Chair..),- Norfolk & Western Ry. Cd. Roanoke, Va.;-J. P, Bokd, Sr. (Vice- Chair.), The Baltimore & Ohio R, R. Co., Baltimore, Mel.; G. E. Getty, Bureau of Ry. Economics, Assn:, of American Railroads, Washington, D. C.; *R- P. Hamilton, St Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co., St. Louis, Mo,'; R. G Laing, Central .of Georgia Ry. Co., Savannah, Ga.; *G. C. Stromsoe, Atlanta Coast Line Railroad Co., Jacksonville, Fla.; W. -C. Laraway, .The Delaware &' Hudson Railroad Co., Albany, N. Y. :r~l~....... .. ' .'v..-"'. Film and Sound Conimittee--). \V. Thompson '(Chair.), Seaboard Air Line Railroad Co,, Richmond, Va.;' E. 'G.. Husk- (Vice; Chair.); The Pullman "Co,, Chicago, I1L; D. K. Mii.ixr;The Southern Pacific Co., San Francisco, Calif. ;.E. L.'Cahroll, Southern Pacific ' Cd. San Francisco, Calif.; W. H.:Oglesby, Southern Ky. System, SithernRy;--Bldg.,;Washington.' D. C; ; J. C. Mackenzie, The Alaska Railroad, Anchorage, Alaska. Railroad Highway Traffic Safely Committee--G. M. Dempsey (Oimr.J/Ciucago, Milwaukee, St. Paul Pacific Railrdad Co.,-Chicago,Till; ).' P. Koloc (Vice. Chair), Illinois Central Railroad, .Chicago. Ill:; R.' W. Cassidy, The Chesapeake and Ohio.Ry. Co., Huntington, W. Va.; R. C. I.inVjui.st, Northern Pacific Ky. Co., St. Paul, Minn.; H. A. Hoi'Kins. Missouri Pacific Lines--T.& P. Ry., Missouri Pacific Bldg.,-St. Louis, Ma; H. K. .Shauchnessey, Erie-Lackawaima .Railroad Co.,;Midland Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio Home' and Off-the-JobSafety Committee--V: W. Ackermann (Chair.), Denver & Rjo ' Grafkle Western Railroad Co., Rio Grande Bldg., Denver, Cold.; M. M. Echols (Vice Cluiir.), Western Region, Norfolk & Western Ryi-Co., St Loiiis, Mo. ; E. H. Blewee, ' New York; Central System, Cleveland, Ohio; P. M. Britt, Clinchfield Raifroad, Erwin,. - -Tenn.;-G. M.-DYER,. K^tucky_.&,,Indiara_Ternijnal-Rajrroad Co., Loisville, Ky.; L. R Tilly, Peoria and : Pekin Union .Ry. Co., Peoria, 111. ; C. P. .Battailk; St. Louis:Snn Francisco Ky. Co., Springfidd, Mo. V Membership Conimlttec--H: W. Cassiuy (Cltairmiiit), The Chesapeake aiid Ohio Ry. Co ll untington, \V. Va. ; J. ;E1- Slave* `(Vice Chair.),; Chicago,; Burlington & Quincy R. ;R. Co,,; Chicago;dll.; J. L. .Rohwedeb, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Ry.. Co., Proctor, Minn.; R. W. Bowman, Bessemer&.Lakc Erie.Railroad, Greenville;Pa.; C. F. Welty, : Western Maryland Ry,-' Co.,`'Hagerstown, Md.; F. R. .Ellis,' Reading Ry. .Co., Reading. Pa.; V;'E.Smith,: Terminal Railroad Assn, of St;Louis, St. Louis, Mo.;.D. E. Johnson, Kansas City Southern Lines, Shreveport, La. Nominations and-FJckfionsCommittee---*W. V. Hayes (Chair.), New York .Central System, New York, N. Y.; *D P. Russell' (Vice C7tair.J, Canadiaii Pacific Railway Co., Windsor Station, Montreal, Quc., Canada; *H, C.' Daulton, The Louisville & Nashville Railroad .Co., Louisville, Ky, ;:: "* .'. Program CowiHjittee-^-T. L. Huj)ebrand (Chair.)/ [Soo*Line Railroad Co., Minneapolis, Minn.; J. T. Anoukw (Vice Chair.), Great- Nortliern Railway, St. Paul, Minn.; D. I), . Baird, Atchison; Topeka & Santa Fe Ry., Chicago, 111.r *J. Ltovn, Jersey Central Lines, Jersey City, *N.;J,; A W. Shea, Chicago, Milwaukee, St Paul & Pacific Railroad .Co., Chicago, III. ; L. C. McDowell, Chicago & North Western-Ry. Chicago, :III. Planning and Publications Committee--L. C.McDowell (Chairj-'Chicago &-North Western Ry., Chicago, III. \ . Y:-r..: -V . Posters--L. R. Wall (Vice Chair.), Illinois Central Railroad, Chicago, III.; Ross S. Van. Ness, Chicago, Burlington, & Quincy ft. R. Co., Ottumwa, Iowa;. T. E. Wigley,'Akron, Canton & Youngstown Railway Co., Akron, Ohio; J. P. Bond, Sr., The Baltimore :. Ohio R.R., Co.; Baltimore, Md.; J.'P. 'DpNAHUE, Illinois Terminal. R. R; Co:,' St Lpuis;: Mo.; D. F, Gifforp, Chicago Great Western Railroad Co., .Oelwein, Iowa ; A. E. Duncan, The Chesapeake and Ohio Ry. Co.`, Grand Rapids, Mich. Publications--G.. R. Knight (Vice Choir.),.'.St Louis Southwestern Ry. Lines,- Pine Bluff, Ark. ; C. A.` Biroe, Missouri-Kansas-Texas Lines, Denison,* Texas; O. W. Smith, Grand .. Trunk Western R^_R. Q>;, _Uetroit, Mich.; W, N. Mitchell, Moon Railroad, Lafayette; Ind.; F. B. LEWJS, Umon Pacific Railroad, Omaha, Nebr.;' R.. M. Downes,- Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range;Ry. Co., Proctor, Minn.; C. ;E. Garcelon, Bangor & Aroostook It. Ft. Co., Bangor,-Maine; S. E Cavai.ieri, New York,; New Haven &, Hartford R. R. Co., New Haven, Conn. . ' . '.. \ 1 '7-'/u"nh7rifl^W.":R;';BKOWNlfPto"C/wiV.d, Lake:RegionrNorfolk & -Western Ky.-Co.;-Cleve-- land, Ohio; J.'G. Beldham, Toronto, Hamilton & Buffalo Ry. Co., `Hamilton, Ont., Can.; Raymond Davis, New York City Transit .Authority, Brooklyn, N. Y.; H. A, Hill, . -Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad Co., Richmond, Va.; W. J. Murphy, ` New York; Susquehanna & Western It R. -. Co;; Paterson, N.J.; J. R. Bannerman, Canadian National Railways, Montreal, Que., Canada . . ' '. . Staff Representative--L. W. Dutton, National Safety Council,. Chicago, HI. *Past General Chaifiiiah. '. ' 52nd N/V^ f:. i\yit>b0y iPk^0MC^^sfessioWs^ ^ CONTENTS .Control.of the Pcrtonil Cauiet. of Ac<iideihtt . ............ .....; . .Paul My Colson 5 Accident Prevention . . . >le in ; v r:;- ; David M. Fisher, Jr. 14 JpiNT/SKSION'^ Risk Control in Logging Blowdown Timber. V... ..F. J. Muscutt [ 19 The Big Blow'........ -J-X .v.:.:..../Wiliiani'A. Callahan . 2i Safety in Logging............... ................................... \J. V/.'Nettemfle, Jr. 22 How to .Get to the Contract Logger. .;. Ji Oilier Lang 24 Planning a'-Yearly SalPety ProgMrn.; y. Value ahd Effective ;U^^a^Tiisp^ion';Pr6gram\l.. ^i/:R.J. Plielps,. Jr.{ 27 - Robert L,Moore \ 32 Use of Video Tape and^ClbsedpirciiitWin Safety Training and,Programming..:....\ i JokHarfemon '-At H.rePro^ctioninBuildingDesighandArrangements--\; ^ j^^;, 'EkLtls.^isles,J),oors,^alls/-6(:.,1.. V. .-y.:.b-j-f.G^Shiislak^AA ei_^x.:--i n.-iLi--.-- --j _*.i--lL 1 , Herman Grahberry 48 Job..Saf^y;'Anar v---;.;V.i.y, ^r-'^-Ml"-^iPhiey:iFi'!Spenee; '{54 QfBceis of the Wood. Products' Section ;i?&65': $"; C ,V `59 SMor tne national, safetycongress. ,!,63 Other Volume* in 1964; National Safety Congress Transactions: ^: .,. . Back CoVer V. . r, OFFICERS OF THE PUtP AND rtPEli SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1^64-65 General CAairmem--Merlin C.' Race, Mgr., Safety Services,: St.' Regis Paper Co., New York?,N. Y. ... ' .. : y.\ ;. Vice 'Chairman' and' Program Chairman--Vosu&si E- Ki m m ell, Safety, Pjant Protection . Mgr., K .V P Sutherland Paper Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. . . . r. . [Vice Chairman [and NeivslelterEdiiar^-ChyBiktsTi: Lehke, Dir. of LossControl Research,/. Safetyfic, Health Dept., Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wis. : Secretory--Harry R. Mesler, Jr., Dir:, of Safety, The Ruberoid Co., South Bound Brook, . . . , -_ . V';,: i;X'.' - . Regtondl' Representatives. (Chairman)--*FiAacis H. Wagner,' Dir. Of)Safety,TheMead . . ; Corp., Chillicothe, Ohio - . ' :' v .'V/ , Vv'V-' ! rLdke Stales--:*Arthur Carle, Safety Dir.,. The Northwest Paper Co., Ooquet, Minin. : j: Middle Atlantic--''Vincent P. Coulon, Manager of Safety, Sealright-Oswego Falls Corp., . . ' Fulton, Y. ' V ''\'.v ; ' f :: .1 , ;' --j Southern--*Dallas E. .Henry, Safrty. Supv., Continental Can Co., Inc., Paperboard & . Kraft. Div.'Hodge, La. .Pacific Coast--Dan Adair, Safety Coordinator, Pacific Coast Assn, of Pulp.& Paper . . Mfgrs., Portland, Ore; . . . : Canddct--*A> E; . Minor, Safety 'Supv., The. Ontario-Minnesota Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd., .' Kenora, Ontario* Canada ' , Midwest *Earc F.'Ripstra, Personnel Mgr., Container Corp. of America; Carol Stream (Wheaton P.O.)I!i. ' . V-'_ ' . . Ceh(ra/-;-H: .E; Newbury, Safety Siipvrl, Packaging Div., .Ecusta: Paper Operations, Olin-- / 1 ; . Mathieson Chemical Corp., Pisgnh Forest, N. C. .. . ' . New England--*Rmvxi J; Gell, Staff Assistant,- Paper Mills Di^ Eastman Kodak Co., . ..... ... Rochester; N. Y. " "" " . : ' :........ ' ; '.. ''.= ".......... . CoiitcM Committee (Chairman)--A. Scott Dowd, Advisory . Consultant, Paper Industry Management Assn., Des Plaines* III.; D, A. CusAno, Corporate Mgr, of Safety, Scott ' . Paper.Co., international Airport, Philadelphia, Pa.'; *J. Fkei> Berry," Gen. Ins. Jdgr.; i Alton Box Board Co., Alton, 111. ;'*!>. V. Hill, Safety ,Dir., The Mead Corp., Kings- .port,Tenn.'; KarlSimpson,. Jr., Coordinator of.Educational Services; Paper Industry - / : Management Assn.,. Des;Plaines, III. ! ; - , . . .i . Special Projects-Committee '(Chairman)--Ross- E. . Scott, Mgr., The Ontario Pulp : ' . Paper Makers'. Safety Assn., Toronto, OnL, Can.; Russell E. BeiL, Safety Director, ' ' . : 'Crossett Div.,'Georgia-Pacific Corp,, CrossetC Ark.; D. L. Eisf.naCH, Safety Dir., Minn- . esota & Ontario Paper Co., International Falls, Minn.; Verl Thompson, Safety Supvr'., . ^Kimberly-Clark Pulp'& Paper Co,, Ltd. Terrace Bay, Ontario . : ' 31 ; l Off-The-Job Safety Committee (Chairman)--Richard H. Wahlfeld, Safety Coordinator, 3. PWBurca'i-m-.i--i^-,-i-:r-s-,-CrryBo^**irr--u-oF---..-r--t^Bi^>lajugKi'^CAr.oMU..,,aM0s--1--'-isJ-n--1-rn-U-i--^e-I-M-Ea----Wp-A--o-U"Brl*Ii.Us.L,,'CMriynonH.;E-Axr*.-. S*RaVf._fePrt.ryi.o'.Sffuiptte, r__Dv_i'isfrp. rc.i'-.fP'T~P^e'Hrts.loG'- nflnaMetlf,ciflFteitcriii.bTCu/~rojg.,r. . Spring .Grove1; Pa; Pulpwood Logging Committee (CUairtnanJ--E. C. Cordon, Safety Dir.,, Louisiana Forestry Commission, Baton Rouge, La.; E.-N. Denison, Mgr., The .Quebec Pulp '&'Paper Safety ' Assn., .Inc.; Quebec. P. Q., Canada; A.'R." Bentley,. Safety Supy.,:Hiwassee .Land .Cp.,. c/p Bowaters. Southern Paper. Corp.', Calhoun, Tenn.; Kenneth S. RoLston, Forest Engr., American Pulpwood Assn., New York, N. Y.; J. Omar Lano, : Chief; Woods Employment Unit, Brown Co., Berlin, N. H.; *R6bert M. Gilmore, Gen; Safety'Supv., RayOnier Incorporated, Hotjiiiam, Wash. ,. Pulp Manufacturing Committee (Chairman)--Harris K. Wiluam's, Coordinator of. Safety, Southern Kraft. Div.,' International-Paper.Co...Mobile,' Ala..; Robert\J.; Ison, Mgr.'of Safety Services, KimberJy-Qark Corp., Neenah, Wis.; Jack-F: Robertson, Gen. Safety Supy., Crown ZeHerbach Corp., Portland,. Orei ; H. G. Barrett, Safety.-.Dir., .Ontario Paper Co., Ltd., Thorotd, :Ontario, Canada; John S. Turner, Safety..Coordinator, Bowaters Southern Paper Corp., Calhoun,-Tenn.; Allen H; Watts, Safety Dir, Union Bag-Canip. Paper Corp.,'Savannah, Ga. Paper . Manufacturing Committee (Chairman)--Fkank jC. Harmon, Employment Mgr., Hollingsworth & Vose Co., West Groton, Mass.; R. H. Blunden, Safety Mgr., Scott 'Paper Co., Marinette, Wis.; M. .-H. 'Miller; Dir. of Safety; Dominion Tar &, Chemical iCo., Ltd., Montreal,- Canada; Chester.'W. Matzenoer,' Jr;, 'Assistant' Coordinator; of, Safety, International Paper Co., Mobile, Ala. . - Bag Committee (Chairman)--Harold- Hewitt, Asst.- Personnel -Mgr.,. Bemis Bro.- Bag Co., ; Peoria, III.; C. C. MacPike, Safety Dir.,.Kraft Center, S(. Regis Paper Co;, Pensacola; Fla.; T. R. Roberts,.Personnel Mgr., Raymond Bag Co.; Middletown, Ohio;"Durwood . Alford; Personnel &. Safety Supvr., Gaylord Container Diy., Crown. ZeHerbach'Corp., Bogalusa, La. t^'. ? Roofing Committee (Chainhan)--Jons F. Tufpy, Assistant Ins. Mgr., The :Flintkote Go., New'York, N. Y.; L. D! Horowitz, ' Safety Dir., Certain-Teed Products Co., Ambler, Pa.;. Josefh M! Cecere, Supvr., of Safety, Industrial Hygiene; &;' Plaht. Protection, Johns-Manville Prod. Corp,, Waukegan, III. ' ' i ... - . - V .. ' Insulation Committee (Chairman)--Budwin Jr Lee, Safety Dir.; Wood;Conversion Co;, Cloquet, Minn. ; J. M.'. Prinole, Industrial Relations Mgr.,' Canadian Johris-Manville Co:, Ltd., North Bay, Ont., Canada ' Specialties Committee /Chairman,)--Alfred ; B. Barnes, Safety Engr., Fihreboard Paper Products Corp., San Francisco,'Calif.; E. D. Lewis, Asst. - IndtisC Relations Mgr., ; Er>nminer-Cpo'ratirin-r,f-America--Bhiladeluliia.JPa.: -B. E. McGarrahan. Safety Engr.; The Mead Corp.. Chillicothc, Ohio; Oscar R. R.utlfjkje, Jr,, Safety "Supvr.; Pollock Paper Co., Dallas:, Texas' ' 1 Shipping .Container & .Folding Carton Committee'. (Chairman)--Jack Dun man, Safety Director, Container Corp. of-America, Louisville, Ky.;.GLEN ButLer, Safety Dir., Packaging Corp. of America, Rittmaii, Ohio ; Earl L. Kinter, Dir. of Employee-Re-; lations, Weyerhaeuser Co., Shipping Container Div., Chicago, III.; ..H. Gordon Baird, Persomiel'Supvr.,.. Waldorf Paper'Prod: Co.-,-St."Paul, Minn. \ Staffs Representative--Rmrsa Currie, National - Safety Council; 425 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 1!].' 60611 . ' ". - Past General Cliairman XtiFICEMOMH&^A ' TT^NATIONAtSSAFETV; COUKCILti<64^ General Chairman--J.; S.VBowman,. iMahager,;: Safety and LossPrevention.-United States,' Plywood Corpv;.New York, N; Y.'-..; v'. ' -- ''..; .. Wee. Chainnah &.. I'rogrativ. C/toiVwwr/rHJames 'Okadv/'-. Western Wooil. 'Products ..;Assn.;\ ' Portland, Ore..- \.. J - Newsletter Editor--C, R. Rustemkykk, .Canadian Forest, Products- Lid., Wuicpiivcr.B.C.,- Canada - . y. Secretary atjd Slcmhership'Chairman--Thomas h. RASi*vsM.s, (Ciiaimwn), Safety.Siipvr., The Connor Lufnjjcf.&.Land Co., Laona,.Wis. ' V. ... 'Vy/ I Ill'll pui dlvsl, iitjt|uiaiii; t ,uuriu(iu'tt, -------tv* .* / ywunwi vi *v<v.**- . Industries,' Vancouver,. B. C.',: Canada;; Canada-East--*P. H. Reeves, -Fdfc,st' Products" .- Accident- Prevention 'Association,.Toronto, Ontario,' Canada' ' "'i'rjh'-. Sawmitting. Committee--Roy ; F.:p6WE/x (Chairman); `fV/tlalcli Forests, Inc,, Warren, ' Ark.; J, A.Bain, Arkansas Dept. of Laltdr,. Little Rock. Ark.; S. L., Gretzky, Pope Tallied,' Inc., Portland,-. Ore. ; James -Morris. Ozan'TxuptM^..Caf''Pncott,''i^;k.-j' ..'Robert P. Miixer, International'Paper'Cp., Long Bell l)iv.. LongvieW, -Wash:;'Howard-v . A. Cwrtis; Simpson Logging-Co., Shelton, Wash, i Charles H,. Jones,. Michigan Mutual ' ' .'Liability.Insurance Co.-. Chicago, 111. /'.`i.'' . ' . /tdvisor to Committee--r*.W., M,'Aixiso.v, Council of' the. Forest.. Industries,1 .Va'iiamvcr,-. . B:- C.,JCanada " '.- ' -v.' ' l.hgi/ihg' Committee--K: L, GtPSOjf (Chairman), Georgia-Pacific'Corp., Portland,.-'.Ore.;' . -r_______ ___r `.*Li r.-j.-.i.t.. -c.-e^A.j ___ V*:*:. . a..* ' . Corp.', Bogahtsa, La! ; 'Harry; ZWEir,, St. Regis raper Co^-Tacoma^Wnsiivp-HaY-WOoti.1 .. Kutt, Roy O. .Martin-.Lunihcr; .Co,i. AI.cxa'nclfia,'La. ;;G, R, Potts, Forest; Products'.Acci* .' .dent Prevention Assn,, Toronto, Oiii:, Canada ... ;' : etdwor Ip Committee--*); T^Punloiv DicrksForcsts Inc., DcQuecn, Ark. . S- .v'.; J . tldllH Illtli ICt Vill't UlihllKti. U. V>'A<l'l','M'l^r<wl MLUIUIM VrVI Jf,, JV/IU, W y. # ' Koddis S,. Jones, Branch Mgr., Oakland Branch,. Weyerhaeuser-Co.j .Wood Products Div., .* Oakland, Calif.;! Neji, K. Lr.AdiMMf, Employers Mutual^ of Wasa.; Portland;:Ore,; Don MacBean, .MacMillan,. Blocdel.&.'Powell River, Ltd,,'. Vancouver, B. C,..Canada I l :.'LAdvUorl6JCmmUie.t^E.AyRs^t^ty<a\xiw^^ 0^\JLM^Mew^JVsMtofv^c*;^'*_^:V'v.l: '-l ; Furniture and Millw'orlt [Committee--Wi. .D-.'WiLUAMs..i(Ctoiuri^ U--^aduringIGo4:oilKentucky,JP.p^.,:I^uis^le,JCy.;_R6im;j^t;jtfKAdAN^Iiorth_Carq^_i__^ iili Hna' Department of Labor, .Winston-Salem, N.C.; James Jd.:- Blandford, Consolidated!: ' : Underwriters, Kansas City,; Mo;; Geoiuje Schneider;.Andersen Corp.; BayportyMinn;;. . r. V, K..Anderson;' Krpehler.Manufacturing .Cot,-'./'.$ - . : Western Electric.Co'.-, Hawthorne Station, Chicago, HI.-v 'HfZ ; Advisorto Cdmmilieerrttlmmxi A..Ladwig, Employers, SlutUals: of Watisauj ,Wausau,;Wis.-;; ; j . Cooperage-Conwiittee--^ ..Siiuirc;,(Chairman), jos.;, E. Seagram &'..Satisi: Inc;,. New, York, N.:Y.V; R. IC Fprrestal, Canada Barrels & Kegs,'Ltd.; Waterloo,.Oht. Canada;... . ' J. Randall'' Thomas, .Edwin .Bell Cooperage. Co., Pittsburgh.Pa.; W. E. LyNN.Hiram; . .. Walker & Sons, Inc., Cooperage Div., Peoria, III. -y `.'y ,:'/! ..c>-: y Advisor fo Committee--*R.- C. Childress,'Cooperage.Div.,-National Distillers':Products \ . Co.,.Memphis, Tenn.! >. ?:',!/Y--..' Trade AssociationJCmnmtlec--Vkfja Wadev(Chairman), 'Nbrthem Intfcrior Lumbermen's . . . . Assn.; Prince George, B; C., ! Canada j F. j. .Musctrrr; Timber Operator^ Council, Iric.,y V Portland, Ore!; V;, W. Cotiiren, Southern Pine.Assn.,; New Orleans,La. -.. ' : -y ;.y;.:. ` Advisorlo Committee--*E. H. Reeves, Forest Products Accident Prevention. Assn!; Toronto, .! . ' ' On,t., Canada;' `, /' ' y."-.Y> ' .`, \` " OffrThe-Job' Safety Committee--AjOuisB. Hoelsciiek ' (Chairman),; Weyerhaeuser:!Co., :f Tacoma Bldg., Tacoma, Wash.Louis'1 Posev, Diamond-.National .Co!,.Northwest Ltimy '.' . J. '; : \ - bcr'-Div.';' Cobur D'' Afene, 'Idaho; Georce Norris, Councilor the Forest-industries, .-.I-'. 'Vancouver, B.G, Canada; L.'W. Hagerup,. Lumbermens-Mutual .Casualty. Co!;Chicago, in. - ' ' : - - -: ' '........ . Advisor.-to Committee--*T, E. North; Rayonicr Canada Limited, Vancouver,: B. 'C!; Can- . ada. ' y! Y Y .. ! y/' . .' `.V . '.'V'!'' ' y. ' YV. , ..Contest and Statistics C'onnnittee--R.'E. Bell (Giairmaii), Crosselt Div., GcorgiarPacific .... Corp!;'Crossctt, Ark.-j ^A; F.- Reinwart,^'.jConsolidated'Underwnters,'-'St:Louis;-, jjp;,; y . H. .C.,BEHRNnr,' Wood products'Div., Weyerhaeuser Co.,- Marshfield, AVisc. ' ; 'j Advisor to Comviitfce^LovisX'ii.Azr.k, Dicrks Forcsts Inc., Kansas CityyMo. CoordinalorrCamiron- Award--.E,.' A,NoLFis, - Weyerhaeuser^Co,,^iLon^i.ew;'?Wasli.--.'- ; ; ^ NamlMtin(i Committec--*E. A,-Roles' (Chairman), \V>cycrhae;user.;Co.,.Longyicw, Wash.; . ?T."E: North, Rayonier Canada Limited, Vancouver1, B. C.; Canada; A. F.;REtNWAHT, .Consolidated.Underwriters;St-Louis,-Mo, ' V.;"':.'.;^/.,-.;:..-!.!!-.!'.:.1.! '- Staff Representative--Cutitles Wolfp, National Safety Qnmcil,. 42S N.' Michigan Ave., : . Chicago, Til. 60611 ^ .: '/ '1 '> V ~t. ' '.I Past General Chairman ':. y. .! ' ,. ' 6mCER$OFJH& y K'yS:'/y ' '*. ... -A...--* '' General C/uiirinan-~C.:'A,'. Booker, Safety Supervisor, Chcmstrand. Co.,'"&L)iy;.gf Moil- ; '*, ..-''.: sahto Chemical Co.;.Pensacola,'Fla.' ' >;.v- './ \'.:" '! Vice Chairman--B. S;; Strpngtii, Safety 'Supvr.; Cliemstrand Co., A Diviof Monsanto ' ; .'"Picmicfil Co;;-'Greenwood, S.C.'--:.. / -Ov.v-"1 Secretary--Fred L.:.Thackston; Claim; Adjuster, AbiieyMills, Anderson, S.C. .' Newsletter Editor--I, M. Davidson, Southern. Div.,. Engineering Mgr-,; American Mutual; - '..' Lfability .Insurancis'-Co.,- Atlanta, Ga.-v . .'/ .1 J:~ ( '.A Engineering and Health Committee--]. D.'Brown; (.Chairman), Safety-Director,. American... .. Ehjta Corp., Eiiica, N. C.'; Raymond . E. Mack, ..Safety Supervisor, Firestone1 Textiles, ' Inc., Gastonia, N.C,; -*H. E. Williams, Safety1 Dir.y Keldcrest Mills, Ihci; Spray, N.C.1 ; v Educationand Training' Committee--V. \Vi Lane, Jr., (Chairman), PlahtMgr,, P.F.M. .....Division,-Johns-ManviUeProducts.,.Corp....Marshvflle, - N.C.; ^CHARLEs L, TRDMitER, ' Corporate Safety Director, MohaSco Industries, Inc, Amsterdam, N.Y.j Ralph-'Howland, ` Head, Public Relations Dept., Chatham Mfg. C6., Elkin;. N!C. --'-'-y Membership Committee--*1V S; Baucom (Chairman), Director of Safety, North Carolina . Industrial Commission, Raleigh, N... C ; J. F- Ginn,. Personnel Mgr.,- Scottdale Mills, Scbttdalc,' Ga. ' : Synthetic Fiber. Committee--?Glenn G. Fleming (Oiairman), Corp. Safety Director, Celanese Corp. of America, Charlotte, N. C.; William A. HAwN. Dir. of Safety -Training, Graniteville.Co.,.'Graniteville, S. C.; -*Robert I.. Barr,' 'Safety Supervisor, ; . IRC Fibers Div., Midland-Ross Corp., Paioesvillc,'Ohib -1'; . Cation Ginning Committee--Rovwr CouJS* (Chairman), Executive Vice President, ` Arkansas-Missouri Cotton GinnerS Assoc., West Memphis,. Ark. ;; Arthur B.-Bond, ;'' Education.'Specialist,'. Production Marketing. Div., National Cotton Council, Memphis,', i / Tenn.j VERNON lP.- Moore, Engineer in 'Charge, Stoneville. Cotton. .Ginning; Research Laboratory, Leland,. Miss.; Alfred M. Pf.ndlexon, Extensioni Agricultural , ^Engineer, \. .. Pallas, Texas ^ FircCmnwitlec--joHU- M.. McAlpine (Chairman), Supervisor of Safety and. PlantPro-.' ... tcction, 'Celanese Fibers Co.,' Rockhill, S. ,C.; Forrest-'N. Petty. Sa'fct'yBenefits,; 'pan Rit'er Mills, Tne.,;;l.)anvillc, Va. ' Publicity and Association Committee--W/C. Creel (Chairman), Safety Dir;, North .Caro-, .: . llria .Dept. bf' Lalibr, Ralcighj l1!. C.; *MrMda C Ayers, Asst to DiL of; Personnel, . : . .Collins & Aikman Cprp;,.Albemarle, N. C,.; . v. .. . . .. y,T '" '- ./' V 61.- : ISEIbm Rutcs and Rcguldlions ComiiulIcc-rFKANK Hornby, Jh. (Chairman)', Insurance _Mgr:,'j-.;P; '-.Stevens. & Co., Jnc.,:New York, N. Y.; *\y. M. ';y4-''Jb1m5on,'.iCbica^o;'111;'" ' v;-; Contest; totnmittee-~*E; L. Pekmenter (Chairman), So^-1^iy.`\&i,VK^-:^j^ne9ent9di^:'/' --^I^^'iPieveht{bh-I>ep^:'lji^ty{Muitiial-Ihsunuids:Cd4lSi>3HahbUrgl:^C4'-C^.HENKE^'^-'; V-Safety Supervisor, E. I.idu Ppnt 'deNranours & Go./Kinstbu,".N, C;- ' 'Nomination *JoMN 'B^ SKiXNER .f(Chairrnan)',' CIiief, Industrial Hygicn(; .Sec- " 'tibnii American-Mutual LiabiHty';InSurahce &>.; Wakefi'c!d,!Mass.;;*^Rs:/IbA;^: Ayers, Asststp. Dir o.f. Personnel* Collins i&'.Ajkman.Cbrp., Albanarle,-'N.:G.; *W> JlL Kfjax*^- .man^,-Safety-Director, Jbhnsoii;&.Joh'rtsQr!j Chicago,' 111. .. - Advisory Committec-^-rJohn &:SKiNi?wfMRsiii>K C A.vek^; A. E, QonnEU-V ;..Jpitjf J,,;. . Burger; Forrest N.; PCTTv;;^-L!:pERMES^;.H^S.;BAuboM'; H;'^Wiluasis; jC. L. Trommer; R..I. Barr; VV. M. Kleinm-ann; Glenn. Q. FiiEMtNr, Staff-. Representative--Paul ScHl-EtcH,' National Safety GounciI, 425.Nbrth. M>chigan Ave., " Chicago, IIlinoi^60611 -i.-. ' ",7;! V- - ` ' Past General .Chairman'--. -. %' 62 . I-'-' 'A .V* .5 . . ; . , 1 vv- H V.V;- mamy;. 4 \1' MEMBERS OF THE YOUTH ACTIVITIES CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 American Farm Bureau Federation,`ClAVPE oe St. Paer,. Program Assistant,..Chicago,-III.; .American. Institute of Coopcralion^DR.-Walter-Jacoby, Director, YoutlrActivities,. Wash- ' ington/D. C.; Athenian Junior Red Cross^DPiNciTON L; Blair,-Natfoira! Director, Wash-. ingtOn, D: C.;- Auto Industries Highway Safety Committee,. Frank P. Lowry, Assistant -. = Director," Washington, D.C.;.Automotive Safety; Foundation,..John..L. Marks, Director,'. Education Division, Washington,. D~. C-; Boy- Scouts of America, Donald M. Hicr.ms, / . - Director,'Health and Safety Service, New-Brunswick, N. J.-; Boys' Clubs of America, . Alex. A. Maleski,-Associate Direrior,. Program. Services, New York,' N. YCamp -Fire . .. -. - Girls, Inc., Miss Elizabeth Strom, Director of Camping,.New York, N.-Y.; Chrysler . - 'Corporation,-Rov Haeusleh, Automotive; Safety Engineer, Detroit, Mich.; Distributive .- .-'Education' Clubs of Amenta,"Harry Applegate, Executive Secretary, Washington,.!). C.; .. -Federal .'Extension Service.-"Eo Reeves, Program.Leader, 4-H & Youth Development, U-S,.. '. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.1; Future^ Farmers of America, WitUAft Paul Gray, National Executive- Secretary,' Washington, D. C.Y .Future HomemakSri'Or .' ' America,1 Miss Miu>reo .Reel, National Adviser, Washington, D. C.; Girl Scouts 'of the ' , - . ' USA', Miss-Mary Weeks,-Program. Specialist,1 Health and Safhty Education, New Ypric, 1 N. Y.; -Girls Clubs of America, Inc, Mrs. Thomas. J..Ford, Field Service Director, New.. York, N. Y.; Junior Achievement, Ind, Hugh B.-.Sweeny, Jr., .Program Director, '.New" . Tv:: r.. .- .... York, N. Y,; Kiwanis International, J. Frank McCabe, Director,- Youth Services!, Chicago,- - " III.; Lions International,.Edward E;.Parker, Supervisor, Activities Planning Department, , Chicago, 111.; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Rev.. Frederick J. Stevenson, Direc- -:. . * j tor,.Youth Dcpartmcnt,'Washington, D.C.; National Farmers Union, Dr. John M. Eklund,' ; -. . . .- "Assistant to the President, Washington, I). C.; National 4-H Service Committee, Inc, ji Kenneth H. Anderson; -Associate Director, Chicago,. 111. ; National .Grange .Youths Wib ' .S . Justi, Director of Youth Activities, Washington, D. C.; "National Jewish Welfare Board, . " Miss -Miriam Ephraim, Program Director, Community- Center Division, New York,-N.:Y.;Y * . National Student Nurses'.Association, Inc, Miss Frances Tompkins,-Executive-Secretary, ' ' New York,. N.-Y.; Nationwide Insurance Company, Frank E. Laderer, Director of Safety, . Columbus, Ohio; Optimist International, Loins C. JuRiNipu, Boys' Work Director, St. Louis, Mo. ; Science Clubs of America,'Lloyd Ulmer,'Executive Secretary, Washington, . ' : D. C.; United Christian Youth Movement, John.S.-Wood, Associate Executive Secretary,1 New York, N. Y..; U.S. Junior Chamber, of Commerce, Paul Lehman, Dirrtor of Health . ; and. Safety, Tulsa, Okla.; .Veterans of Foreign Wars of the1 United States, JoriN M^thie- . . - 1 gON, National Director, Youth'Activities, Kansas City, Mo.; Young Men's^Christian Also- ' .ciation,JOH^P. Fisher, Secretary for Work with-High School Youth, New-York, N: Y.; Young Women's Christian. Association* Miss Vivian Grove,-Teenage Program Consultant, : Ncw-York, N. Y. ; -. ' \ 1. i 1 61