Document 7MaBOBRG2xQwBKnjKRmd2jap6

FILE NAME: Carrier (CAR) DATE: 1944 June DOC#: CAR005 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Trade Journal - Heating and Ventilating Conserve wartime fuel! Save steam! Save money! Utilize economical exhaust steam, whenever possible.... The Johnson con trol hookup, illustrated above, over comes the principal disadvantage of us ing exhaust steam for heating coils, heat exchangers and other equipment where low pressure steam is required. When the pressure of the exhaust steam drops to a point where it ceases to be useful, the Johnson "Low Pressure Regulator" closes the Johnson Valve on the exhaust steam supply and opens the Johnson Valve on the live steam supply. A "dead end" reducing valve is set to deliver live steam at proper pressure. Automatically, without attention of any sort, exhaust steam is used whenever it is available. Live steam "comes to the rescue," only when needed. There is no chance for the lack of proper steam pressure to be over looked. . . . Another problem solved by Johnson control! Send for bulletins de scribing Johnson apparatus or ask to see a Johnson engineer from a nearby branch office--no obligation, of course. JO H N SO N Th e m i n n e a p o l is -h o n e y w e l l m o d u f l o w CONTROL SYSTEM is the logical step in the evolution of home heating systems. circulating this mixture through the heating system. In the case of steam heat, only enough steam to satisfy the heating requirements is circulated. Instead of alternate periods of heat to intermittent heating and causing drafts and air stratification, which results in cold floors, the Moduflow System of control delivers a constant supply of heat, modulated to the exact and no heat, due The Moduflow MODUFLOW 5 System of control will be available after the war for any automatic heating plant. Its cost for existing homes is surprisingly low. In new homes it is even less. It is easy to see why the Moduflow System will revolu degree necessary to offset loss' of heat from the home. tionize postwar home heating . . . Write for full infor Moduflow accomplishes this by automatically adding mation to Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company, heat from the furnace or boiler with return air or water 2715 Fourth Avenue South, Minneapolis 8, Minnesota. to exactly the temperature required, and continuously Branches and distributing offices in 49 principal cities. The H ow ell P ro tec te d Type M o to r, shown, gives , complete protection against dripping liquids, metal t chips and other falling particles. Completely stream- i lined --utilizing non-breakable steel frame -- malleable or steel base -- cast iron end plates and cast iron, weatherproof terminal box are standard ' construction features. Special horizontal and ver tical mountings are available. Available in sizes 5 H.P. and smaller. HORSE: Mr. Manufacturer, I'm representing Horsepower by Howell. I want to save you trouble, save you time and save you money. manufacturer: That's a big order. You better be sure of your ground. HORSE: Exacting, eh? That's the kind of customers we like to sell. You see we build a complete line of standardized motors and we also build special motors for special jobs. manufacturer: Yes, yes, go on. HORSE: You know it's much more efficient and economical to get a motor with exactly the electrical and mechanical characteristics required to perform your specific job -- manufacturer: Yes, I know. I am a Howell user -- and a Howell booster, too . . . You built my motors more than 10 years ago. horse: Put 'er there, brother, we agree! But don't wait so long to tell me the next time that we see eye to eye on electric motors. The suspense makes my face red. Still, it's gratifying to know that so many shrewd buyers specify Horsepower by Howell and like it. HOWELL ELECTRIC MOTORS COMPANY HOWELL, MICHIGAN Manufacturers of Quality Motors Since 1915 V iltH COOL h eater ' 1 *r*.`, / . SHr o ff g a s .TURN o n fa n v *a * '; * * * ? & \ i y o t t ^ f j to Vctvo^ ?_ oaCb o i y t u b e S ^ c. . fA*t\ 1** b-pa.ev7e.noVT W t tteate 8J 1<SS21 sa* ` TM - ' T Z \ h " `ib,e y " * s6m off i 5? I rET YOUR ORDER |N GE ca d lY FOR NEXT EA WINTER'S HEAT ' 0 0 ,'S ' , ly pUcmg your " m Uri< HeaKK arlier delivery o ot next heating and you wUl be ^ season, come early late. You will also mer cooling, got plus benefit ot s y Avv ; V' -//^ y N? <V>< S*Sf(o There arn ***Or Un*eraI^ e l s o f I ^ yoUf / cojce. REZNOR MANUFACTURING HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 309 JAMES STREET, MERCER, PA. How to keep Steam Mains Efficient prevents w5 efu?steamcoMumDtnCl Strj iners on steam lines tinuous return of atr and water o?f c o ^ n s S T and COn' and Drip Ttaps interiors flushed free of dirt a n /^ f season and trap may disclose a float seat or d debFw* S Vs^ t i c cleaning replacement. * ^ r them o^ i c air vent that require! I necessary^dependfrg^n ^mount^Vfordm^6 dean.ed V /ten as system. Webster Dirt Strainers firm*, c En .matter m th t heating area through screen to make fren U^ ci,ent GaPachy and free steam and air lines are pitched nmn^rl f 6 c usf* Ma^e sure that Check all hangers-- sp^nbe^veerflhi^01' condenate drainage. If you have a problem ,^ 1 h" gets may be < great. Pioneers of the Vacuum SyL m o / s P M U ^ Y' C a m d e n , N . J. Jinn ? Victoyryo:urM"aknetryiobuurh e .tln e eq u |pment . ,, e longer bygood care. .. Con- l? by fomptlvrel fis2' s s r M'"eor,n - Making Booatera for U.S. Army Ordnance a tin g 7 , y "? clean Webster. Dirt Strainer, loosen cap holding basket and `hen withdraw it. Clean both bodyandbasket ofdirt and scrub basket with kerosene if greasy. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING PuitliiJi&l TH E INDUSTRIAL PRESS President ROBERT B. LU C H A R S' Vice-President and Treasurer EDGAR A . BECKER Secretary ERIK OBERG Editor CLIFFORD STROCK Associate Editor N. N. WOLPERT P uU uU inf H EA TIN G AND VENTILATING is _ published monthly by The Industrial Press at 148 Lafayette Street, New York 13, N. Y . Yearly sub scription in the United States, Spain, South America, Mexico, and Canada, $2.00; in all other coun tries, $3.00. Single copies 30 cents. Entered as second class matter, April 18, 1925, a t the Post Office, New York, N. Y ., under the act of March 3, 1879. /da& diiltuf. Pepsieientativei Eastern Representatives DWIGHT CO O K HARRY J . TWINE 148 Lafayette Street New York 13, N. Y . Western Representative GEO RGE G . TURNER 228 North La Salle Street Chicago I, III. . . CONTENTS FOR JUNE, 1944 V O L U M E 41 NUMBER 6 Dust Collecting System In Gunstock P la n t.............. Benjamin S. Matin Grinding Wheel Quality Improved by Controlled Air / . C. Baker Dust as an Industrial Health Hazard F. W. Hutchinson Ventilation for Welding Booths .................................... M . E. Ringquist Ventilation for Radium Dial Storage ........................... Off Again, On Again ....................................................... John J. Wooljenden Blueprint of Post-War Realities--Coal for Heating and Steam Generation ....................................................... Irwin R . Hoffman Some Notes on Radiant Heating ... T. W. Reynolds Weather Observers Have Difficulties Central Plant Heats 45 Buildings ... F. N . Hollingsworth Building Brazil .................................. Washington News .............................. Losing F. Overman News of the Month ........................... Brief Reviews ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, News of Equipment and Materials Degree-Days for April, 1944 ......... With the Manufacturers . . : ......... Reference Data 271-272 ................ Personals and Personnel Getting Personal Army-Navy "E" Awards ...................... New Catalogs ....................................... . Industrial Degree-Days for April, 1944 Coming Events....................................... 51 55 57 62 64 64 65 81 81 82 84 86 89~. . 92 . 100 . 104 . 104 . 107 . 110 . 110 . 111 . 113 . 113 Copyright, 1944, by The Industrial Press (-1! e -, / `-v'fv- -i; < '-tnhioi. *-4-*f--)\ vM-eiv t;f i-Kji.ni' 'X. [I NEXT MONTH'S ISSUE . Process piping i s a subject that reaches out into many Industries. Starting with our July issue Harry D. Unwin, of Albert Kahn Associated Architects & Engineers, Inc., will present the first of a series of articles on design and layout of process piping in stallations. CHRYSLER AIRTEMP VARIABLE CAPACITY RADIAL COMPRESSOR Wherever you find the famous Chrysler Airtemp Radial Compressor . . . you'll find the ease of installation was a pleasant surprise to the owners. ' Beautifully balanced, light in weight and practically free from vibration . . . you can balance a penny on it at 1750-R.P.M. . . . the Chrysler Airtemp Radial Com pressor, regardless of size, needs no special foundations. This feature saves unnecessary construction costs--per mits location of compressor on an upper floor, the roof or wherever it is most advantageous. Eight years ago, BU Y W AR a big radio station even placed a 14 cylinder Chrysler Airtemp Compressor unit right over the sound-proof studios. It's still there . . . doing a superb job. These days . . . with scarce manpower and a need for time-saving, efficient operations . . . industries and serv ices geared to the war program are turning to Chrysler Airtemp air conditioning and refrigeration units. If you have a temperature-humidity control problem --put it up to Chrysler Airtemp. You'll find it pays! BONDS C H R Y S L E R # * A I R T E M P AIRTEMP DIVISION OF CHRYSLER C0 RP0 RAT10 N .DAYT0 N, OHIO Tun In Major Bows vary Thursday, CSS., 9 p. m* E. W. T. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING f:ii i iI ! l,i1 i! 1 'I i i Steel plus rivets . . . further strengthened by extra stout stays and braces . . . provides strength and durability which assure added years of service. The design and proportioning of Kewanee 5 0 0 Ser i es . . . based -on 7 5 years boiler building experience . . . extract the most from each pound of fuel. . y For Oil, Gas or Sto ker . . . o r h a n d -fire d Coal . 25 to 304 Horse Pow er 1 0 0 , 125 and 150 lbs. Working Pressure High Pressure Kewanee, B oiler Corporation 1V KEWANEE, ILLINOIS _ 01#,, Branches In 60 C itie ^ E a s U m D i.tr.ct 40 W jat 4Mb S tTM t, New York C i ty - , Division of A mhucan R adiato; & S ta n d a r d ^ a n i U i coaroaATioH JUNE. 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING i Cen tra l h ea tin g is th e id ea l SYSTEM FOR THE MODERN COMMUNITY M ark up another contribution of the w ar toward better living in the future! Intelligent post-w ar com m unity planning now fully recognizes the advantages of central heating: m aking it possible to purchase heat as a com m odity like gas, electricity, o r city w ater-- at % Ric-w il Conduit Connects Dwellings to City Steam Mains 2000 feet away This project, comprising 276 family units is heated by steam supplied by Ohio Edison Company, Akron, Ohio utility. In addition to the 2000 feet o f Ric-wiL Insulated Pipe Units con necting the project to the city mains, another 7000 feet are used for steam, return and hot water lines on the project itself. Conduit was furnished complete w ith prefabricated field accessories and installed in record time--with minimum interference with other construction. The com pleted piping system is efficient, de pendable and maintenance-free, en abling the utility to serve the project with steamat ratesconsiderablyunder the cost of individual heating plants. savings of 15% or more: A powerful impetus has been given to this movement by the experi ence of central heating in w ar housing develop ments. The Elizabeth Park Housing Project in Akron, illustrated above, is a case in point. Any Community Can Enjoy These Advantages Savings of 15% or hotter in overall fuel consumption. Elimination of furnace or boiler tend ing by consumer. Promotesdeanlinessin buildings heated. Provides extra rooms in building basements. Decreases fire and explosion hazard. Reduces smoke and soot . . . provides cleaner, healthier community. Eliminates private coal delivery and ash removal. Gives uniform, clean heat quickly, whenever needed. For information about Ric*wiL Conduit for central heat distribution get in touch with your nearest Ric-wiL agent or write to us direct. INSULATED PIPE CONDUIT SYSTEMS T he R i c -w i L C om pany Clev ela n d , o h io A C C N T S IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 9 if you a r e c a lle d on to sp e cify STEAM TRAPS for lo w Pressure H eating Service tm *.....,s J M^P W W HjiS'*1^****.'"Hfnmi*MHU m u cd u u te u ^ o n m u tim V rm. _long, -long. tai*m__e1_b_e_cause +thVetoy\r are There is no r e q u ir e m e n t oi water sealed at all times, preci traps on low pressure he a tin sion ground and lapped, hard service that Armstrong Traps do ened and n o t su b je c t to wire not fulll and Armstrong Traps draw ing because when they offer a combination o adva n open, th e y o p en w ide. Free tages not available in any other floating lever lift valve to seat dirt to lodge or clog the trap. w ith o u t le v e ra g e , minimizing ^AU TOM A TIC AIR ELIMI DISCHARGE TO VACUUM N A T IO N -- A standard Arm-' OR BACK PR ESSU R E-- Arm w<l o w M A IN T E N A N C E -- ' strong T rap will vent from 7 to strong T ra p s .operate with any only two moving parts, no slid 10 cu. ft. of free air per hour. pressure differential across the i n g c o n ta c ts , no, dirt troubles, An Armstrong Blast Trap will handle nearly 100 times that orifice up to the maximum pres sure for which the trap is rated. long wearing high quality parts. EASY TO INSTALL -- ver tical a n d horizontal styles pro h ig h c a p a c it y f o r ^D ISC H A R G E OF CONDEN S IZ E -- Armstrong c a p a c ity vide best possible hookups with SATE AT STEAM TEM PE RA TU R E -- no cooling legs are ratings are based on actual tests minimum of fittings. EASY TO INSPECT -- the necessary, no time lag while con with hot condensate and com pared on this true basis, ratio of cap c a rrie s the whole works. densate cools. As fast as the trap bucket fills with condensate the size to capacity compares favor ably or b e tt e r s other types of Trap may be opened for inspec tion in a m atter of seconds. P ric e s , capacities, specifica trap discharges. ' _ S E L F S C R U B B IN G AC traps. ' tions and valuable data in Arm T IO N --- d i r t an d s c a le a re NO STEAM LOSS -- Arm strong Catalog H, 3rd Edition. sw irle d th ro u g h Armstrong strong T rap Valves are steam Write for a copy. TTrraappss aanndd tMheerree is no pPl--ace f.o. .r tight nd remain th at w ay lor a M ichigan HHMSTRONG MftCHIHE WORKS, 840 M ople SI., T h ,.e R .vers. O v er 30 Years_ E xperience B uilding Steam T raps ARMSTRONG Inverted B ucket T raps lor Any P ressu re an d Any S ervice JUNE, 1944, H E A T in u 10 ALL IN ONE PACKAGE/ Saving You Money, Time, Trouble Refrigerants An Open Acknowledgment of \ the Importance of the REFRIGERATION JOBBER V/ pS] c d r^i i=i E=3 CD S3 i=j "Know How" From Hundreds of Manufacturers REFRIGERATION SUPPLIES I To Thousands o f v Dealers and `Service ^ Engineers Now playing a vital, patriotic role in war conservation and distribu tion, though short of men and materials, the refrigeration obber has always been an invaluable part of this industry. Here are ust a few of the reasons why he deserves your confidence and support: Provides a convenient, local "one stop" w are house for equipment, parts, tools, even advice. Prices are no higher, sometimes lower, due to quantity shipments and exact data. In better position to extend credit conven ience where needed. Valuable knowledge of correct installation procedure which is free for the asking and material from the right maker to the right job in the shortest possible time. In close touch with customers. Knows their needs and can quickly acquaint them with new items, new methods, changes in products and prices. Eliminates the need for heavy stocks carried by service companies ' In w a r tim e-- offering quick spot deliveries of vital equipment; free spot advice on government regulations. ALCO VALVE COMPANY--859 Kingsland Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 11 CASH-ACME type cb-l CASH-ACME Complete Line cl Valve Specialties ^ * p r e s s u r e r e d u c in g & REGULA TION VALVES for water, air, steam, oil, etc* * .DIAPHRAGM TYPE PRESSURE & TEM PERATURE RELIEF VALVES. POP TYPE RELIEF VALVES. * a u to m a tic pressure c o n t r o l for Hot Water Heating System it STRAINERS * VACUUM VALVES patented pass ' f o the CB-L Automatic Pressure CASH-ACME craftmanship bring P quality CB-L provides a mod ern closed system with automatic PP is a dependable protection ag controlling that pressure between a low ot te thirty pounds. pressure; accurately pounds and a high of 1 , . - s. 6,U,,e ,,( ,h . -- inbuiU mamet m, k,, p,,,,ib l, them. The patented BY-PASS also F. leaks at a higher pressure than normal sett, g relief o r regulator adujjuus,t.m....e..n..t.s.. through a toil < !'" hhout disturbing the Accurate performance and long-hfe ^ '" t i s U W e laminated, phosphor best quality steel bronze diaphragms -- the ample c p built-in strainer, ^ ^ ^ CB.L is of highest The easily renewable seat disc m aRbronze-nickel-chrome seat inserted three connections inciluudmintg, are..l..i.e..t va- CASH.ACME P,o * K ,i , a 6 ' " ^ N O W " **" " p " " p ` P of your orders. epf,,n.<f M O ',* ' CrAAMJH-AACCMMEI VVOolWv. > P ^ illui)frro*Ud Troiw, ,, ID<rtcl f . n . ef wt.tt |ht fot,ory A W. CASH VALVE NIFG. CORP. ` WABASHAMOROAU-rOBOX^ . .in DECATUR ( ZONE A) . - -- . air> \/C K JT lL A T lN G That California Sunshine doesn't know when to stop . . . so Allen Engineers Took a In the making oj wine the period of fermenta tion is critical and the temperature of the fer menting grapes must be under control if good wines are to be produced. The best of grapes can produce very poor wine if the fermenta tion is not closely watched and controlled. In California's great Central Valley the tem peratures are not infrequently around 115F for fairly long periods. Handling large quan tities of grapes and keeping the temperature down during fermentation becomes an engi neering problem. Such was the problem that faced California Grape Products Company producers of Victor H.O.L. Brand California Wines. At their winery near Delano, Califor nia fermentation took place in large concrete Hand vats in which the greater part of the heat was dissipated to water circulated through copper coils in the tanks. Some heat, however, rose to the top of the building where the heat from the sun is also considerable. California Grape Products Company engineers recog nized this and wished to provide some posi tive means of heat removal independent of wind or weather. Allen Corporation engi neers were consulted. As a result Allen Type ''H " Roof Fans were installed. Temperatures are now held at levels that insure a good prod uct and controllable by the Vintner in charge. Allen ventilation engineers are at your service, too. The Allen Corporation, 97/ / Erwin Avenue, Detroit i), Michigan. THE CORPORATION E N G I N F E R E D V E.N T I L A T I O N F O R HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, ;1944 affitene' in d u str y 13 Here's a PAINTABLE Galvanized Sheet for Your New Peacetime Jobs i T O In heating and air conditioning uses--such as fur nace casings and exposed air ducts---Armco Galvan ized P aintgrip sheets offer you decided advantages over ordinary galvanized metal. This original Bonderized Galvanized sheet re quires no acid etching or weathering. The phosphate film insulates the paint from the zinc and holds paint several times longer than an acid-etched gal vanized surface. Photomicrographs tell the story. 7 ^ " S e p te t: This tesl shows how paint adheres to PAINTGRIP. The top of the sample Is Bonderized. When scratched with a pen knife only a superficial mark Is noticeable. Paint on ordinary galvanized (bottom half! comes off readily. A B C A This magnification shows that an ordinary galvanized sheet appears slick and difficult to "coat" with paint. B Ordinary galvanized after add etching. The etching has removed part of the protective zinc coating. C Compare the mat-like paint-holding surface of ARMCO PAINTGRIP with that of the others. No coating has been < removed and paint Is Insulated from the zinc. ^'1 BiP & "P a in tin g ARMCO PAINTGRIP can be painted Immediately. No costly add etching or primers are needed. Thus the full weight of the pro tective zinc coating is preserved Intact. If you see advantages here for your work, in re ducing fabricating costs and stepping up peace time sales, we'll be glad to discuss the use of A rmco P a intgrip. W rite for illustrated booklet. Just ad dress The American Rolling Mill Company, 2081 Curtis Street, Middletown, Ohio. / 1. A full zinc coating under-- 2. ARMCO PAINTGRIP: A mill-applied Bonderized finish that insulates zinc from-- 3. Paint or enamel that can be applied in any color. 14 STEEt 7it vuc** 'cat&>#*** JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING \ 1PP. How to speed up aircraft engine testing A lR C R A FT engines as they come from the assembly line must be tested thoro'ughly under actual operating conditions. Heat in the wrong place at the wrong time can seriously delay production. For instance, the engine is placed in test cells and connected to fuel and oil lines. If the oil is cold, time is lost while heat is added to bring the temperature of the engine to actual operating conditions. On the other hand, as one engine after the other is tested, heat is added to the oil. Thus actual operating conditions are destroyed. More time is lost while the heat in the wrong place is dissipated. To make heat an aid rather than a time waster, one large aircraft engine maker installed Trane Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers. These versatile heat exchangers apply steam to warm the oil to proper temperature before testing operations begin. Then, reversing them selves, they constantly keep the temperature of oil at actual operating conditions by cooling it with cold water. In this way, aircraft engines are tested in the quickest possible manner. Actually, heat is exchanged for more aircraft engines. The Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger is but one of the many products of The Trane Company, manufac turing engineers of heating, cooling and air handling equipment. This application is but one of hundreds to which T rane Products are being applied in today's battle of production. Tom orrow Trane Products using the same principles of heat exchange will be applied to processes that will make a better world in peace. A COMPLETE LINE COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL STOKERS 65 to 1200 lbs. per hour capacity. Get details on this complete line. Open-Hopper Closed-Hopper Industrial Model Commercial Model RESIDENTIAL STOKERS 'Challenger" ' bituminous, hopper model. A full line, with spe cial features, for an thracite or bituminous, bin or hopper feeds. Will be available when we are again permit ted to manufacture this class of stoker. 1A TODAY-- There's a big im mediate market among indus trial and commercial users, for L ink-B elt's d ependable stokers. Link-Belt Company is known for advanced engi neering, and sound construc tion. You can sell Link-Belt stokers now to users of 25 tons of coal or more a year. TOMORROW--When restric tions are removed you will also be able to sell stokers to home owners. You can add this second great m arket Ten million coal heated homes do not have stokers. Here is your post-war plan for sound, prof itable sales. Get set now! G et the Facts on Link-B elt's profit-building stoker sales plan. Link-Belt franchises are valuable. Your territo ry m ay be open. D on't delay-- W rite Today. LINK-BELT COM PAN Y Mfg. Plant and Sales Headquarters 2 4 1 0 W est 18th St., Chicago 8 , Illinois. For excellence In wor production 9538 L IN K S B E L T ________________________ I m iii ---------------- AUTOMATIC COAL STO KERS J U N E . 1944. HEATING AND VENTILATING * Ellsworth Hi&h,. Pipe FabricatWi^jeads the field with 2^-hour delivery of prefabricated piping and fabricated^ welded fittings! . ^ It's a sure bet -- the odds ore 100 to 1. Your pipe fabrication problems vanish when you use Ellsworth's High Speed prefabricated piping combined with Ellsworth's famous, exclusive "Sealed Power" Welds. , Ride a winner I C all, wire or write today. i m v h A S*. A /M O HEAflNG AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 4/ ./woii-im 17 to eUtcnltaau*se. xfrruom. con * the cQUftl - 4 Raue r fit; ^pjiuhft rfjropSo6*^j tr^> pe^tuVt s .ba,|sed Sff^iSisss-'-'-7 l ,ssr " > "5r ** tf s%s,j ,,'ssr&* ' " *g&.'y* % ,. ich*'-" .1.. tn Gen plan- be 0^ e ^ m the the W*'" v w e 4 i * through * * pro- S S S ~ * "0~" 1 5 S P SAddSitio^n EOf, Sjt g,ucsh A<WIS i S " 4" " g a g Vinitt*h * a S* . * - * * ```Sa ' S' to work. c00^ ,r Z i * ^ onW A engineer* lor *d,0C^ r t d ort ** M IS. I' 44 ba ProT#a w .ki i"Manf . * w**r The American Institute of Architects, as stated in the clip' ping from a recent issue of Business Week shown at left, adopted a plan in 1943 to eliminate th e,"or equal" clause from their specifications and to substitute a "base bid and alternate bid" type of specification. Reputable contractors concur that dropping "or equal specifications will eliminate a most controversial clause and afford the conscientious bidder greater protection. The Herman Nelson Corporation has maintained for over thirty years that base bid and alternate bid specifications are the only ones which allow architects and their clients to obtain at the lowest cost equipment best suited to their needs. The following is quoted from a Herman Nelson Catalog published in 1930: . . "Value o f equipment is not determined by cubage, weight or appearance, but by service. The standard for quality can only be fixed by naming a specific article. The more br less common practice of attaching the words `or equal' in an effort to permit competition defeats the real purpose of the specifications unless they clearly state that the determin ation of equality shall rest solely with the Committee, its Engineer or its Architect. To be fair, the rules governing competition must be clear and definite and not subject to individual interpretation. The `or equal' clause sometimes / The Herman Manufacturer* of Quality Heating General Offices Factories at MoIIu lowers the cost of building but it always lowers its value. "Architects and Building Committees who have been `through the mill' will probably not challenge' any of these statements but they may counter with this proposition: `Yes, but if we specify exactly what we want, how are we to be protected against unfair competition, monopoly, or exorbitant prices by the manufacturer of the article specified?' This question is a reasonable one. Several solutions have been suggested but it has been found that the most practical one is the use of alternate bids, wherein the specifications provide that if the bidding contractors desire to submit proposals on substitute systems or equipment, they may do so, but shall file their bids based upon the plans and specifications and shall state in same the deduction or addi It tion to be made in case such substitutions are accepted. The Y specifications should further provide that no substitution will be allowed after contracts are let. This method provides for in fair competition, insures reasonable costs and places the de of termination of both quality and price in your hands." in' its The Herman Nelson Corporation congratulates the Ameri can Institute of Architects, the Producers' Council and the '*'g to many contractors for the work which they are doing to nes promote the plan of base bid and alternate bid specifications. Herman Nelson Offers a Complete Line of Products for Heating and Ventilating Commercial, Industrial and Public Buildings Herman Nal$on 4tnva# Direct Driva Propeller fa s t Harman Malian lovant fait Driva Propeller Pans Herman Helton Autevent Type H Blowen Herman Notion htJet Horizontal Shaft Pro* peller-Fan Type Heaton Herman Helton htJet Vertical Shaft Propel* ler-Fan Type Heaton Herman Holton An to vent Type H i ilowert jnNelson Corporation eating Jfentilating, and Air Conditioning Product. >ffices:r0,ine* Illinois ' ' M o lIn eH CMeg Minot*) Herman Helton Autovent Belt Drive Unit Biow en Harmon Helton Autovent Direct Drive Blowen ills ' Herman Helton hJJet Do Luxe Heaton A n I J Herman Melton hUot Blower*Pan Typo Herman Nehon Unit Ventlloton IT 'S y o u r w a rtim e d u ty to conserve fuel. Y ou can com bine duty w ith sm art business by m odern izing your boiler room w ith T O D D com bustion equipm ent. TO D D oil or gas burners cut fuel consum ption and m aintenance charges, yet increase the produc tion o f pow er and heat. TO D D burners reduce the cost o f a pound o f steam! T hink w hat this w ill m ean after the W ar w hen your com petitors p u t em phasis on price. Already, m any factories, com m ercial buildings and pow er houses are enjoying low-cost steam production w ith T O D D oil or gas burners. Fuel savings as high as ten p e rc e n t-a n d even laig er in creases in heat and pow er production are being reported regularly. N ow is the tim e to survey your boiler p lan t . . . w h ile fuel conservation is a w artim e m ust . . . w h ile pow er p ro d u c tio n is at a p rem iu m . . _ w h i e vour postw ar plans are being developed. T O D D engineers w ill be glad to m ake an im partial study of your entire heat and pow er setup - w ithout obligation. Act now to help your governm ent conserve fuel . . . and help yourself to low er operating expenses by reducing the cost of a pound of steam . TODD(C O M B U S T I t ^jewYorkl p 0 rtuand, m e. 66 00 11 Ww eessit 2 6 th S t r e e t ,bABBe r , N.NJ. * so. ^ n g EUEs U,V N * HO--B--O-K-EN ** " ` ,, O R L-E--A---N-*S uoKDON "CAN FRANCISCTO * -____-___- * ON THE FIRIN G LIN E O F A M E R IC A 'S W AR PRODUCTION FRONT 20 AVAILABLE ON REQUEST . . . Handsome full-color 10* * 10* coproduction o f this dramatic painting o f the "Green Dragons byt I t . Commander Anton Otto Fischer, the Internationally famous marine painter. No advertising matter. When the Green Dragons Strike Fearfully and wonderfully made are the LST's-- Landing Ships, Tanks-- the " Green Dragons" of the Allied Invasion Forces. When their prows touch the enemy beaches giant jaws gape open and spew forth a small mechanized army-- tanks, mobile artillery, heavily armed fighting men. Another beach head is established, to have and to hold! Aboard ship, unfailing ventilating systems are required to remove the poisonous exhaust gases of warming up motors in the cavernous tank deck. Accordingly every LST is equipped with high speed blowers, driven by Star Electric Motors. So much power is packed into each motor.that two alone will ventilate the hull, giving a wide margin of safety needed in ships that face the full force of enemy bombing and shell fire. Also, aboard each LST there's a Star gear motor to operate the elevator-- to lift or lower fighting tanks and trucks. At sea or in industry-- "in the tight spots, it's a STAR." . STAR ELECTRIC M OTOR COM PANY, BLOOMFIELD, N. J. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 POW ER PACKAGED A S YO U NEED IT 21 WeldELLS alone combine these features: Seamless -- greater strength and uniformity. Tangents--keep weld away from zone of highest stress--simplify lining up. Precision quarter-marked ends --simplify layout and help insure accuracy. * Selective reinforcement pro- Y OU would almost think the pipe designer had gone E > f h T w a y to figure out this o n e -a speaal, seamW gw 13 l r,,vLnntmnoolivl Ww eludmELuLu with --an 7tnteg rall7y ;>.`\ides uniform strength. ^ r' , permanent and complete Identi- fieatioh' .marking---saves time and eliminate"errors, in*shop and field. Wall thlckneu' never less than specification minimum--assures full ;;;s * * * i was needed, and actrn y . engineers other problems whtch are put up to us y s W h o have found that we have a way of h ch n g them. 1 * w ; Veauired a thousand standard fittin g s are . riy that mean a<hM value and strength and long life. Machine tool beveled ends--pro vides best welding surface and ac curate bevel and land. The most complete tin* of Weldlag Fittings and Forged Steel Flanges In th . W o rld -in su re s complete service and undivided re sponsibility. t WeldELLS through proper dl" ' lbu" TM -which results ^ ^ S S S S S !S S ?5 ^ ' are higher. Another is the extreme -duesTM`^ " S p e c i a l process front special rraiug operafotut. Tangents, roo, ^ V " 1 / lf e M - F T X S |t o c TAYLOR FORGE PIPE New York O f fic e r 50 Church Street Philadelphia u HEATING and v e n t il a t in g HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE^1944. Designers and Manufacturers of Thermostatic Expansion Valves Pressure Regulating Valves Solenoid Valves Float Valves Many Americans died for Freedom today-- many more will die tomorrow and in the days to come. Theirs is the greatest sacrifice man can make for his country. For us here at home the greatest effort of the war is demanded now. Your country is asking you to make a financial invest ment in. the future-isn't it small enough when com pared to the efforts of those who fight and die? Buy more bonds -- buy double what you did before, and keep on buying them to the utmost of your ability. Back The Attack-- Buy More Than Ever Before I - ALCO VALVE COMPANY- 8 5 9 Kingsland Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING H. F. Stimm residence, Williamsville, N. Y., designed by Sebastian J. Taureillo, Architect, Buffalo, N. Y. Radiant Heating System by Raymond Yiner Hall, Architect, Port Allegany, Pa. R A D IA N T H E AT I N G ps^sudthj. ovdbw lkd W ITH SARCOTHERM Radian! heating coupled with Sarcotherm Control offers an irresistible combination. No radiators or grills. No cold "seventies." And no on and off-- the modulation is contin uous. Hundreds of people flocked to see the above home. Initial installations everywhere are advertising the architects and engineers who recommended them. .Priority grants prove the fuel savings of Sarcotherm. Com petitive bids show low installation costs with smaller pipes and boilers. And results prove it to be the perfect heating everybody wants, plus modern, continuous circulating weath er and zone control. Sarcotherm is a simple three-way thermostatic valve. It corrects for outside weather, reduces temperature differ entials in the rooms. By recirculation, it keeps the water at a suitable temperature and uses up to 2 5 % less fuel. NOW IS THE TIME Priorities are readily granted. Set up a few key installa tions in apartments, houses, institutions and industries in your vicinity. G e t ready for the post-war business which will surely come to you if you recommend Sarcotherm. Ask for the bulletin. I SARCOTHERM CONTROLS INC 222 NORTH BANK DRIVE, CHICAGO 54, ILLINOIS t in g HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 25 r t \ $ V . 0 0 r$ifS b0 STREAMLINE ^ WCM*1K M.Ui.HT.OWta COPPER PIPE AND SOLDER FITTINGS The flow area through STREAMLINE Copper Pipe ^ is continuously " "itorm. The TM ^ t l \ u T c o p p e r Pipe and Fit- pense to repair. STREAMLINE Copper Pipe proai,, , - * . /^ e t * -- BEST FOR HEATING =S W "come-backs". Thejo b is right and stays right. STREAMLINE Copper-Pipe a n d Fittings STRtAmLIINC t- K 100% for war purposes l> * " for their peacetime use in the near be available. . are at present used early tQ p(an again when they will again ^ __________ _ -T a n d a ir c o n d it io n in g PLUMBIN streamli he P i n AND PITTING* DIVISION MUELLER IRASE CO? POIT HBHON.MICHie.AN.. CLEAN AIR is a vital necessity in this huge new. aircraft plant American Multi-Duty Automatic filters clean the intake air for ventilating this new midwestem air craft plant. The Multi-Duty is especially suitable for atmospheric dust control because of its unique filter curtain arrangement which permits an inter change of various types of panels to meet any change in operating conditions. Complete infor mation is contained in the Multi-Duty Bulletin No. 241 A. Send for your free copy. There's no obligation. ' AM ERICAN AIR FILTER COMPANY, INC. 294 Central Avenue, Louisville, Kentucky Albert Kahn, Associated Architects & Engineers, Inc. Photographs, Hedrich Blessing HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 27 i.^i'.-^' tOh- s f' 'AV^i,-psf-^"<?-" r '3 /^ " '" 'Ar Ht .'MDWfjE M U g ft J . Bragg, ane, Green " f -- W . Stanwood (tips, New York, N. Y. "HEATIN G CONTRACTOR-- J .W , Semple, Stamford, Conn. Note three zones clearly shown In Illustration at right.. 1-%-)1'"X : v `VN.?* % '-`r . THRUSH FLOW CONTROL VALVE. THRUSH WATER C IR C U LA T O R HOFWATER HEAT . --- __ _ _ _ F o r c ed Hot W ater Heat which permits precise control of temperature, saves labor and material in in stallation and assures utmost fuel economy throughout its lifetime, is the ideal method of heating any home. In larger residences and apartment buildings, however, the ease with which the system may be zoned with Thrush equipment makes those advantages more impor tant than ever. The beautiful home shown here has. three zones and is arranged so lower temperatures can be carried in the garage and other areas without af fecting comfort in the living quarters. The record shows a surprising saving of oil since its installation. What a boon Thrush Zoning has been to the owner under ra tioning!' Home owners everywhere will thank y o u for telling them about Thrush Zone Control. G et oil the facts now fronj your wholesaler or write Dept. D-6. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING The New Catalog of the Ladish FittingsDivisionDeltribes the Line of La|i#F^^^eel Flanges Your copy of this catalog contains complet^descn^ti^nsi^i^s and specifications of the full line of Ladish Confro//edj3u5fitp';'Forged,-Steel vFJcmges the distinctive green. colored flanges that are beir^-Usedi in Dinina systems now. Purchasing A gents, E n gin eeri||m tf Spedflcafi^n^W rH^ w ill find this Ladish Catalog a most valuable referen^^W rlt^for. V oui^copy^oday. TO MARK PROGRESS FITTINGS D IV ISIO N LADISH DROP FORGE CUDAHY WISCONSIN iuftiivee clintfDR CO Bombers and Balm of Battles Out of This "Heart of Cold" From producing an ever-increasing quantity or peni fittings, pumps and compressors. In many installations, W orthington has taken sole responsibility for major cillin to building bombers . . . that is the range o f war operating equipment, from the unit th at powers the sys jobs on which you find W orthington refrigeration comp re s so ra -tb e "h e a rt" of air conditioning and refrig tem to the compressor at its "h eart" . . So also in hundreds of chemical and petroleum proc eration systems. . . . , __Wrtrth- T o make enough penicillin-- and quickly, ington compressors must "freeze-dry" thousands of gallons of water-soluble mould to get only *Jew pounds o f the life-saving drug. Similarly, <other 'Worthing> compressors help create stratosphere-like condiUons esses, explosives and synthetic rubber, aircraft power and public services-m achines with the wortd-widerecognized W orthington trademark are everywhere part of the struggle for Victory and Peace. W orthington Pump and Machinery Corporation, Harrison, N. J. for the testing of bomber engines. . W orthington makes more of th e ' vitals of air condi tioning and refrigeration systems than any other manu m ilC T O N facturer . . . Diesel and gas engines, steam turbines, condensers, Multi-V-Drives, refrigeration valves and _ # Air Conditioning & Power PloM Equipment Refrigerating Equipment ............................ ... ' Stir-Sealing Gas Tank is made of synthetic rubber. In the manufacture of synthetic rubber, tem peratures close to 100 below aero are required. A Worthington gas en gine often drives a.Worthington com pressor in the refrigeration system. 7ft ' ' ' This Military Ice Box tests aircraft equipment in a room varying from 100* below to 150 above aero. The Worthington Multia^rD i t Vun a. m tiltt. npOoWwCeTr tOto tItThCe . Bombor*s Blood Stroam is made up .of petroleum products, many of which are; processed.il the refineries with the help f equipment Invasion Rations must often be stored months in ad vance in secret cold storage ware houses many of which are equipped with Worthington rerngerauon sys tems whose "hearts" are Worthington vertical ammonia compressors. J U iN .E '. 1-944, H E A T IN G AN D. V.^ETNITLILAATTIIHN G Piping system s...any kind...for any service CRANE equips them fully ONE SOURCE OF SUPPLY. . . ONE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ALL MATERIALS N o matter -what your n eeds in p iping equipm ent-w hether for power or p rocessin g system s--all the benefits o f single source supply can be yours. P ip e, fabricated p ip in g, valves, fit t in g s -a ll these essential materials dow n to the last accessory are avail able from Crane. You ch oose exactly what you need--from the w o r ld s largest selection for all pressure- temperature classes. O rdering--k eeping o f parts s t o c k s m aintenance--such operations are simplified if you Crane equip.. M ore im portant, on e resp on sib ility for quality and craftsmanship o f piping materials is a primary aid to good in stallation. Crane meets that respon sibility w ith a record o f 89 years leadership in the piping equipment field. CRANE CO., G eneral Offices: 8 3 6 S. M ichigan Ave., C hicago 5, 111. . in d* faui^S tioSnintoa aTING _ STANDARD OF QUALITY Equipping com pletely w ith Crane materials insures one h?ghPsm nlard o f quality in every part o f Piping That dependable quality is exemplified in Crane Steel Gate Valves: Finest flow behavior results from their straight-through ports. Severest line stresses are over c o a t with rugged bodies. Smooth operation is main tained by a baflqoint type stuffing b ox gland, strong teehead disc-stem -connection, and ample stem bearings. Positive seating is aided by extra lo n g guide ribs. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 VALVES FITTINGS PIPE PLUMBING HEATING PUMPS 31 r< 7-38' --* * *--* ; b <-`y - *vr " " : ; ` 616 Apartments EACH WITH INDIVIDUAL HtATING by Bryant Boilers ||jg |g j|^ | IWgS0&l :i ^ .:t:* * \SSjSSiSSii S & M & ^ ^ l a i l s s s S ' ^ ^ - >- -J wmmmgagBmwmmm, " '4 * >*t", `v,*`-V !"\ 1 - -- m^ScjMjefe^ jr mS? IDEAL FOR SPACE-SAVING, the Bryant Model 2 6 Boiler is compact, highly efficient, gasfired? for- moderate size hot water radiation systems. TUCKED AWAY IN KITCHEN ALCOVE of each suite in the Arna project is a Bryant Boiler, controlled by living room thermostat. 32 When America again begins building multi-family dwellings on a large scale in postwar days, look for increased demand for indi vidual gas heating' o f apartments. This idea, introduced in prewar and proved in war housing projects, has been successful in all types o f units from garden apartments to low cost housing projects. An example is the Arna Apartments at Arlington, Va. (illustrated above), built by the Stone Development Co., Inc.; Atchison & Keller, heating contractor. There are seventy-seven buildings, each o f eight suites--each suite individually, effectively and economically heated by its own Bryant Boiler. It was Bryant that perfected the compact gas heat ing equipment suited for individual apartment heat ing--and now stands ready to work with heating engineers in planning for postwar projects. T h e B r y a n t H e a te r C o m p a n y , 1 7 8 2 5 S t, C la ir A v e n u e C le v e la n d 1 0 , O h io . O n e o f th e D r e s s e r I n d u s tr ie s . Write for bulle tins, specifica tions and data sheets on the Bryant equip ment recom mended for in dividual apart ment heating. LET THE PUP BE FURNACE MAN JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING  Carrier Evaporative Condenser, the unit that paid fo r ilie lf When in stalled in a large steel m ill, is now bringing annual savings o f $6,743 for its ow ner. C arrier m akes a full line of self-contained units of this type for every installation, large or small. & c M /e a ON THE COST OF W ATER FOR COOLING OVEN A sen sa tio n a l example of the savings that are sometimes possible by adopting Carrier Evaporative Cooling to supply water for industrial cooling processes is reported by the engineers of a large steel mill. v ' The water cooling was used for an annealing fur nace. Cost of water, before installation of a Carrier Evaporative Cooler was $1.13 an hour . . . 24 hours a day, 300 days a year . . . $8,136 annually, water cost. Consumption was 175 GPM, With the new unit, water consumption was cut to 5 GPM'.. .water, electrical upkeep, repair parts totaled only 11.7^ per hour . . . annual cost was cut to $1,392.40. Saving was enough to pay for the Evaporative Cooler and its installation, with total savings of $6,743 a year. Your water supply problem may be different. Out side supply may be undependable; subject to sea-' sonal cut-offs if reservoirs in your municipality sink to dangerous levels. Or supply mains may be inade quate for the water you need . . . or you may lack satisfactory disposal facilities. Whatever your prob lems, be assured that Carrier, with 41 years experi ence in solving industrial cooling problems, can offer practical help. Consult Carrier now if your need is immediate and your production is vital to the war industry, or if you are already making postwar plans. . CARRIER .CORPORATION, Syracuse, New York A IR CONDITIONING R E RIGERA TION INDUSTRIAL HEATING h e a t in g a n d v e n t il a t in g , j u n e , 1944 33 ci a \ ^ABSORB a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g n o i s e s v': x si* j& U STIC A l A U ASBESTOS AND INSULATED DUCT .WC'CY---Rod Studio .Cincinnali Office,--Burfc.Sorl Mfg Co., SI. loun r --y***. Finke Furpilure Store, Evansville, Ind. l,, offices, h o m e s -w W e v ^^ ditions are re q u ire d -tm s will elim inate noise from th e air 3, prefabricated duct ing system , f ., e Carey R esearch L abora- Careyduct is a d e v e lo p m e n t ^ ^ ^ & natural SOund tory and scientific h a b so rb e rla non-conducto { ndi an d non-resonating, ^ speaking_tube It " quiets" fan noises due to changes in effects and eliminates air pressure. B y e ec 1 absorl i n g noises, it permits with higher air velocities. the use of B^ aller u installation problems where This also solves diUicun cmace is lim ite d . ( noise C areyduct h as m any B esides its a b so rp tio n ^ ^ eiclen t m e th o d s, other advantages over o absence of noise m I t is fireproof; is quic dUng m etals) p erm its in erection (unavoidable \ such as hospitals, stores, stallatio n in occupied Id t and com pact; can be hanks ?tc .: ^ ^ c ^ i n o . e * no m ore, fre- painted to m a ^ c h ^ lU a te d m etal duct. quently less, ^ f o r m a t i o n , se n d for For tech n ical details D ept. . 19. " C areyduct M anual. Address P , . . ,, p v MF6 COMPANY T H E P H I L I P Cf73R LOCKlAND,c;NC,NNATM5,OH,0 .... - Children' Hoipilol, Cincinnali "*C)heir courses on heet metal work. Reiidence.Glendale, Ohio Kroger Groe#ry * P0#F0`#.'`` r- 'S >*."_` to b o ro to rle i, Cincinnati ii . H5%r^; J h e a t i n g a n d v e n t i l a t i n g JU N E ; '1944,  *** ,,ble nde . r cssen'0* NO TANK n e e d e d Forget the shortage o f jhoi water storage tanks! Just conaect a B & G Instantaneous Water Heater to the boiler for clear, rust less hot w aterin any volunie required. The ample heat transfer surface built into these! units h e a t s w a t e r i n s t a n t l y a s n e e d e d . Eliminating a storage tank Saves space, labor and expense. B & G Instantaneous Water Heaters are available for operation with either steam or hotlboiler water as the heating medium. The "steam to water" units are ideal for industrial plants where large quantities o f hot water are required continuously for service water supply or process work. For-"below the water line" installations a complete line o f B & G Heaters is available. Send for the latest easy-selection catalogs. The Insignia "H &\g " on water heating or circulating equipment Is recognized everywhere as a symbol of genuine quality. Ut ll assurance of proper design, pains taking workmanship and time-tested performance. B&G"W aterto Water" Instantaneous Heater BELL & GOSSETT CO. MORTON GROVE, ILLINOIS Canadian Licensee: S.A. Armstrong, Ltd, 115 DupontS t, Toronto ' / ' WATER HEATERS HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 35 fi p ir' Propeller Fans and Blowers Now Available for Industry and Commerce C o n t in u o u s research, continuous improvement-- that is the story back of Johnson Health-aire Propeller Fans and Blowers. Johnson engi neers have solved thousands of complex industrial and commercial ventilating and air handling problems because they have always in* been alert to you r needs. Year after year, month after month, day after day, the Johnson organization has never stopped in its search toward perfection, and step by step, has added to and created new units for the Health-aire k ? line to meet new and changing demands. .* v . , The Johnson Fan and Blower Corporation, with more than twenty, five years' experience in the ventilating field, is well-equipped with "''plant, personnel and equipment to solve your ventilating and air, hand ling problems. Johnson Health-aire Fans and Blowers of various types are now available for industrial and commercial users. Write today fo r complete details. Learn how Johnson Health-aire engineers and equipm ent can work with you to sim plify you r requirements. . Johnson Fan and Blower . 1321 W. Lake Street Chicago 7, Illinois 36 . V Corp. ' - JU N E , 1944, H EA TIN G AND V EN TILA TIN G m erco id A S Y M B O L OF D E P E N D A B I L I T Y IN A U T O M A T I C C O N T R O L S M E IU 'IIIII S U I T C I I E S AI1E U S E D TU I N S U R E U N F A I L I N G P E R F O R M A N C E M A N U F A C T U R E D B Y T H E M E R C O I D C O R P O R A T I O N 4 E I 7 B E L M O N T A V E N U E C H I C A G O 41, I L L I N O I S THE QUIET OPERATION OF THE MERCOID TRANSFORMER-RELAY MAKES IT IDEAL FOR ALL O IL BURNER AND STOKER RELAY REQUIREMENTS The Mercoid hermetically sealed mer cury switch (1) used in this relay c a n not be affected by dust dirt or corro sion--thus providing that extra pre caution without any additional cost. The operation of this Transformer-re lay has several advantages over clap per type relays. In principle, it is a low voltage transformer, but it also oper ates as a repulsion relay. The primary coil (3) is fixed in position, and c o n nected across the high voltage line. T h e s e c o n d a r y coil (2) is m o v a b le , and is connected to the pilot circuit. When the pilot circuit is closed, the secondary or pilot coil (2) instantly moves upward by a repulsion action, and closes the mercury switch contact (1). When the pilot circuit opens, the secondary coil (2) drops by gravity, and opens the mercury switch. It is a simple and positive operation, assur ing much better relay performance. ye B A R B E R - C O L M A N ove RH EAD A IR D I F F U S E R S ini fir> Venturi^ffo of Barber-Colman VENTURI-FLO Over Fr I N THIS Douglas Aircraft Company plant head Air Diffusers like the unit illus at Oklahoma City the famous C-47 Skyi hr<i__1_ L/. *nr/\ mi 1Pc nf trated above. This type unit serves a train is made. The plant has two miles ot double purpose -- for cooling it diffuses windowless "breathing" walls and required outward, so the cool air may settle; for some 17,000,000 bricks in its construction, heating it diffuses downward, forcing the which will give some idea of its tremendous warm air directly to the working level size. Heating and cooling is accomplished from which it will rise. T here are many through a carefully engineered duct system other potential applica set high up in the trusses ' tions in industrial build which support the 40-foot ings for specialized dif ceilings of the enormous fusers of this type. W rite assembly room s. From us for further details on these ducts the. air is di the use of these units and rected to the w orking OVERHEAD AIR DIFFU SERS our system of Guaranteed area on a predetermined A ir Distribution. pattern through hundreds BARBER-COLMAN COMPANY fL J'SifS. jfcm'as# 1224 ROCK STREET ROCKFORD, ILUNOIS JUNE,' 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING I "--At our plant the FireTender Stoker almost doubled the capacity of our 30 H.P. boiler besides saving a fireman's salary. At this rate our savings will offset the cost of both these units in less than two years besides the added advantages of cleaner heating plants." From a Florist Erie, Pa. "--To date it (the FireTender) has sf.vei^ me 4 f tons of coal and eliminated the need for a night man, making an actual saving of more than $ 1800.00 in two seasons. H a t is THREE TIMES what the stoker cost me." From a Candy Co. Davenport, Iowa "--We saved its cost before the first year because the fuel and labor sav ings are 5 0 % of the former hand fired cost." From a School Waterford, Pa. "--making a saving of 4 5 % cost." of fuel Scores of letters in our files prove fuel and labor savings, over hand firing, of from 25% to 40%. T h e r e is a KIKBTENDER to tit the sm allest com m ercial 1dstnllation. A Complete Line Makes Easier Sales! The full line of FireTenders, manufactured by this nationally known, old line stoker institution, lessens sales resistance, assures the dealer of more satisfactory installa tions, resulting in perfectly contented users. FireTenders are QUALITY built! Their skillful design and construc tion reduce service calls and result in bigger dealer profits because once a FireTender is correctly installed, that user will get years of constant, efficient and economical service. The years of experience and the high repute of the manu facturer assure you that Holcomb & Hoke Mfg. Co., makers of the FireTender line, is behind its product and you 100%. DEALERS -- Such reports as these help Y O U self FireTenders. W rite us T O D A Y for territories still open. Be ready for the home stoker boom when that day comes. ;v\ is H O L C O I T I B H O K E m F G . CO INDIANAPOLIS I NN DD A N ` ` P IC K the right type of filter for the job. Air-Maze has many types of filter panels designed for various dust conditions, resistances, and so forth. Let us help you select the correot filter for your needs. V E L O C IT Y affects filter efficiency. Plan your installation to keep velocities within the prescribed range. If this is difficult, tell us. We probably have a suitable filter design. S E A L holding frame with felt or other material. Seal frames to plenum chamber. Filters cannot clean air that does not pass through them. _______ _ S E R V IC E filters when manometer or other resistance indicator shows .5 inch water gauge. Use extra filters to replace those needing service. J An air filter installation is im portant enough to be selected on more than a basis of price alone. As specialists in air filtration for 20 years, the Air-Maze organization has the experience necessary to help you obtain the proper type of filter and to follow through so th a t satisfac tory performance is assured. . For further details, write for catalog AGC-144 and for name of your near-by Air-Maze representative. ' . NEWl OIL SEPARATOR FILTER. Removes oil, kerosene, and so forth entrained in air, as well as dirt and dust. Note removable oil-collecting media. Write for information on type R-56B oil separator filters. AIR-MAZE CORPORATION Engineers and Manufacturers CLEVELAND 5, OHIO Representatives In Principal Cities lit Canada: Williams &Wilson, Ltd., Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, Windsor; Fleck Bros, ltd., Vancouver, B. C. w .w -rS C "* , 4 i\\en you are billed for M ario H eat V W Transfer C o ils, you p ay larg ely for m aterial, lab o r an d o verh ead . The intangibles th at m ake the coils perform right a re never invoiced: M ario "K n o w H o w ", EngineeringR esearch ,Testin g ,Exp erience,and all the other ing red ients th at go into every piece of w ork are the most v a lu a b le part of M ario C o ils. W e have solved m an y tough problem s w hich w artim e conditions have presented. W h y not b en efit from our thorough heat tran sfer know ledge? N' N \ <\ ' . *V N *' s"\>.-N ^ `-^v, \v\ 7# "MARLO MEANS HEAT ' s TRANSFER EQUIPMENT" Ball-Bonded Blast Coils -- Cooling and Heating Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Apparatus Indus trial Blower Units Unit Coolers Evaporative Con densers and Coolers Low Temperature Apparatus MARLO COIL COMPANY ST. LOUI S, M I S S O U R I HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 144 41 f o r TO M ORROW 'S B U IID IN G S In keeping vvkk K d S C p c " tS. - P i - * * ' " dK" 1S *" hot water heating systems ji .q usabie floor space. cleanliness, convenience ^W he^c^ecessed^n^the w a U s ^ o H ^ ly ^ p n s e ^ ^ '^ ^ .^ ^ ^ You'll want to know exactly what Modine Convectors will be l i k e . . . (dimensions anndd ttyvpoeess;)..-*so y/ ou can ~put th(enmr into N ew your specifications now. Send for Net* C a ta lo g S A - 4 4 iM k in y o u r p h o n e b o o k fo r M o d in e rep re- t i n a i e - r " W h e r e to B u y I t " s e c t,o n . maaoodniiNn eE , mMaAnNU^FACTURINwGlttoCnO,, nMPANY  The efficient operation of Acme shell and tube condensers for Freon and methyl chloride has long been recognized throughout the industry. Their satisfactory performance is partly due to pre cision workmanship and partly to certain features of construction. Shells of seamless steel tubing, for instance, eliminate possibility of leaks that could occur inwelded shells. "All-ih-one" finned tub ing, composed of one piece of metal, makes possible the maxi mum of heat transfer efficiency. Removable heads make them cleanable.Tubes are replaceable. In two m odels-- STANDARD in capacities up to 120 tons SENIOR models up to 460 tons. On SENIOR models the heads are "through bolted" to the tube sheets and are cleanable without breaking water connections. Write for complete information-- Catalog No. 23. ACME INDUSTRIES > JACKSON. MICHIGAN HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 Evaporative Condensers Ammonia Condensers Freon Condensers Dry-Ex Water Coolers Flooded Water Coolers Hi-Peak Water Coolers Pipe Coils Heat Interchangers Oil Separators Liquid Receivers Forced Convection Units Heat Exchangers . Write for Catalog on any item. ' In the revolutionary new design o f the Series 246 water regulators, the range spring and sliding parts are not submerged in water, and hence not subject to corrosion and sedimentation. Only three parts come in contact w ith the w ater--valve disc holder, extension sleeve, and valve seat--and these are of non-corrosive material. ; This is only one o f many exclusive features o f the new Penn regulators which eliminate water hammer and causes o f difficulty in ordinary valves. Penn's post-war water valve is ready now. Advanced engi neering o f this valve establishes new standards of efficiency, dependability and performance in water regulation for all refrigeration applications. Send. now for your copy of illustrated Bulletin (R-1986) which gives all the facts. N o obligation, write today. Penn Electric Switch Co., Goshen, hid. In Canada: Powerlite Devices, Ltd., Toronto. Ontario. HHR HHH HHH HHH HHH HFFTF RUTOm RTIC C0 I1 TR0 LS FO R H EATIN G, R EFR IG ER A TIO N , A IR C O N D IT IO N IN G , EN G IN ES, PUMPS AND A IR CO M PR ESSO R S 44 ' . , . - .. ' . JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING ventilating a large building Buffalo W et glass Cell A ir W asher with All-welded Casing i g a o ! i f Mmm 0 0 0 Bufalo " P C " A ir Conditioning Cabinetfo r Comfort Conditioning Industrial A ir Conditioping System with 'Bufalo " C C Aan and Special Air Washer To the average man "air conditioning" means "comfort," year 'round indoor weather at desirable temperature and humidity. This kind of air conditioning is today going into war factories, ships, mines and airplanes. It has become part of the design to keep our soldiers, sailors and workers "living." In ad dition to this comfort conditioning, however, there is also.much process conditioning, which calls for considerable technical knowledge, plus fans, washers, .filters and other equip ment. This process conditioning is vitally im portant in a number of industries where working conditions or product quality require washed and conditioned air. Because hundreds of thousands of people are being educated to the advantages of condi tioned air, there is certain to be a tremendous Post-Victory demand for air-conditioning equipment. , . "Buffalo" is one of the oldest names in air conditioning, having furnished such equip ment for more than thirty years. "Buffalo is today supplying much of the equipment used for both comfort and process condition ing. Improvements and new developments in recent months now offer better air-condi tioning at lower cost. ^ If your plans call for installation of such equipment, may we suggest that you con sult " Buffalo " now for full information ? Remember, when there's an air handling or conditioning problem let " Buffalo " sup ply the answer! BUFFALO FORGE COMPANY BUFFALO 'Fle w York- BUFFALO PUMPS, INC. THE GEO. L. SQUIER MFG. CO. Canadian blow er &forge c o . l t d . Canada pum ps, l t d . W AR BONDS T he air in your plant may be costing you ilenty. Air-borne particles, 100 times s m ^ e r han the eye can see, cause shutdowns, ru ,,oducts, contaminate atmospheres and reduc the efficiency of your employees. Conventional air cleaners c a n t remo rhese microscopic particles. But Westtnghouse P R E C IP IT R O N , cleaning air electrosta , traps particles as small as 1 / 250,000 o an inch . . . even removes haze, welding fume , tobacco smoke. . Really clean air is vital to production . . . t good working conditions and good heal . Check the advantages of PRECIPITRON now , for war production or for early postwar 'ttses in other fields. W estinghouse Electric * Mfg* Co., D ept. 7-N, East K - b u r g h , P a ; PLANTS IN 25 CITIES 'OFFICES EVERYWHERE . JUNE,'1944. HEATING AND VENTILATING P r e c ip it r o n Applications MACHINERY & PRECISION INSTRUMENT PLANTS . . . Precipitron sweeps the, air clean of tiny abrasives and corrosive particles that damage ' superfinished surfaces. In binocular assembly for example, Precipitron prevents dust from entering the enclosure between lenses which would later settle on lens surface. TEXTILE MILLS . . . Installed in mills as part of the air humidifying and distributing system, Precipitron removes damaging particles before they soil yarn or thread. All smoke, dirt, soot and dust is banished during drying, spinning, and winding operations. Precipitron operation is simple . . . noiseless. STEEL MILLS-- POWER PLANTS-- SUBSTATIONS . . . Precipitron effectively reduces maintenance shutdowns by eliminating the excessive dirt on machine windings which causes temperature rises and fires . . . prevents electrical break downs caused by leakage over the surface of .dirty insulation . . . keeps machine ventilating systems dirt free. CHEMICAL PLANTS . . . In plants where micro scopic specks can cause imperfections in products and processes. . . or wherever miasma free conditions are essential. . . Precipitron is a necessity. For example, Precipitron is being used in military photographic labs where a speck of dust might hide a Nazi factory in an aerial photo. LABORATORIES. .. Regardless o f outside air con ditions, laboratories equipped with Precipi-. tron enjoy perfectly cleaned air. The risk of errors in analysis . . . damage to sensitive equipment . . . threat to manufacturing or assembly operations due to dirt-laden air is positively eliminated. MACHINE TOOL INSTALLATIONS . . . Oil mist caused by high-speed cutting, grinding and machining is dispelled by Precipitron. Con densation o f o il on lighting fixtures and bus ducts is elim inated. . . o il coolant can be re covered for re-use. Exhaust air is cleaner than surrounding shop air and can be re-circulated. HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 47 . w . . I CURTIS r efr ig er a t in g eq u ipm en t Serves Our Armed Forces CURTM ht f f o i l ^ f tte V m c d F o i S 'S 'S " Equipment has toil addition to United States on both land and s e a ^ a ^ ^ serving war industries 'hospital operating merable ^app icatio prcserVation, sim ulating rooms, blood banics, r conditions for the high-altitude, low-temp j the produc e r Forces in photographic w o ^ 1in p b * rf S. - War Effort. We are proud ^ the w a, effort m *ih * unde applications, |ust a h s; h c u c **Am" " ' s . . ^ proud of the back- the finest materials throughout. All Curtis equipment is designed and built to a e u i e ^ t S e b l e . trouble-free, econonr.cal performance. . " . ... . CURTIS REFRIGERATING m ach in e d iv isio n of Curtis Manufacturing Company 1999 Kienlen Ave. St. Louis, Missouri FOSuVICTORY BUY U N IT C O STATES WAR bonds AMO STAMPS j u N i ' i m HEATITO AND VENTH.ATINO| Marsh Thermostatic Dia phragm Radiator Trap. Its seamless, sensitive, powerfull bellows is the secret of ' its excellent performance. Let us share your troubles! Perhaps we're a little ahead of time in making this offer. But we are so anx ious to resume our old custom of work ing with the heating contractor that we have decided to stick our necks out again and see what happens. Now that our war production has entered a more routine phase, Marsh Representatives do have more time re leased for cooperating with you. So do not hesitate to call on us when you run into trouble. , - A complete knowledge of heat dis tribution systems is the first requisite of success in designing and manufac turing heating specialties. By their very nature Marsh valves, traps, vent ing devices and gauges function to take the bugs out of heating systems. So, naturally, in applying Marsh equip ment, we have had a lot of insight in to the troubles that develop and the ways of correcting them. A few Marsh products are illustrated opposite--products that have a proved record in m aking heating systems dick. But when you think of Marsh rem em ber th at it is more than the name of an excellent product. It is also the name of an organization that, is always ready to work with you. Writ for the name of our noarott fceoflng engineer .... JAS. P. MARSH CORPORATION, 2 0 8 9 Southport Ave., Chicago 14, Illinois Marsh Packless Radiator Valve. The unique Marsh metal-to-metal seal makes it t r u l y packless. Marsh Heavy Duty Float and Thermostatic Trap. Typical of a broad line of traps of this type. Marsh Inverted Bucket ' Trap. The inverted bucket . type at its best. Interrupted E le ctric S e rvice will not stop this N A S H Heatins Pump! s% J& % j*y Hi Sii s? P In H o sp ita ls, G re e n h o u se s , S ch p o ls, Public sa ry to d evelop the pow er needed to re Buildings, Theatres, w herever heating sys m ove the c o n d e n sa te a n d m aintain the tems must not fail, install the N ash V a p o r Turbine, fo r it is independent of electric req uired vacuum on the system . Even this sm all am ount is p assed im m ediately back current failure, a n d continues to operate to the m ains, an d g oes on to the system a s long a s there is steam in the system . with little heat loss. This pump op erates on a n y system, high or low pressure. This is b e cau se the prim e motive p ow er of I this eco n o m ical pum p is a sp e cia l steam The V a p o r Turbine is a most econom ical turbine, co n tro lle d b y a unique " V a p o r pump, for the elim ination of electric current Turbine V a lv e " , w hich autom atically by does a w a y with current cost, the largest p a sse s from the heatin g m ain a sm all single item in the op eration of an o rd inary portion of steam , the exact am ount neces return line heating pum p. Bulletin on request. THE NASH E N G I N E E R I N G C O MP A N Y 205-A W IL S O N R O A D , S O U TH N O R W A L K , C O N N E C T IC U T , U. S. A. n 50 " JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Dust Collecting System in Gunstock Plant BEN JA M IN S. M A LIN Captain, Ordnance Departm ent, U. S. A rm y; A ssistan t to the W orks M anager, Springfield A rm ory, Springfield, Mass. ON E of the largest installations of wood dust collecting equipment in recent years in the East is the system in operation at the Gunstock P lant of floor 280 feet long by 120 feet wide and many are served by overhead mechanical conveyors. Each main pipe is connected to a separate industrial ex the Springfield Armory, Springfield, Mass., the old hauster of the slow speed planing mill type. The est arsenal in the country. The site upon which it - exhausters are V-belt driven by synchronous electric stands was chosen by General George Washington; motors with a total rating of 325 hp. a National Armory was established in 1794. This ' The 5 units have an air handling capacity exceed armory has been famous ever since for its attain ing 125,000 cfm at the system resistance. The units ments in military small arms. Its proudest product are installed in the basement below the shop and is its most recent one, the M -l G arand semi-auto discharge through vertical pipes to 3 cyclone sepa matic rifle. Wood parts for this weapon are manu rators mounted on the shop roof. Exhausters which factured. in a new building where the. dust collecting operate in circuits which are essentially parallel, system described is located. This unit is one of the have common elements. Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show the recent additions to a large group of permanent in general arrangement and relative position of the dustrial buildings. . ' equipment. Black walnut stock blanks, dried to a moisture Air streams leaving the cyclones enter two cloth content of 6 to 8% are shaped, turned and grooved screen dust collectors which act as second stage in a series of operations which remove more than cleaners to remove the finer' dust particles. After 65 % of the original material. Some machines in the passing through these filters, the air is returned to plant have tools which revolve at speeds from 7,000 the manufacturing space and the basement for re to 21,000 rpm. On certain operations, tolerances are use. held to as low as several thousandths of an inch. The Air circuits provide 100,000 cfm for the shop and cutters produce slivers, shavings, and dust particles 25.000 for the basement. . ` I of all sizes. This material is removed and collected Cyclone separators No. 1 and No. 2 handling very effectively by the exhaust and collecting facili 30.000 and 40,000 cfm respectively, are 14}4 ft. in ties. ; . . , diameter. Cyclone No. 3 is 16 y i ft in diameter and The collecting system consists of 5 distinct exhaust handles a 55,000 cfm. discharge from exhausters C-2 mains to which branches are connected from about and C-3. Each cyclone is provided with a wood 180 production machines. Each machine has one or waste storage box of 1,000 cubic feet capacity, more efficient hoods especially designed for the par mounted directly below the cone. ticular cut or operation. Machines are set up on; a Tests show that approximately 92% of the col- HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 ' ' 51 / O O O PLAN LAYOUT OF TYPICAL RETURN DUCT Access door- , aRirETdUuRcNt-, rFRESH M R \\/NTAN WSUMMCR , {OPERATION) SECOND FLOOR UNIT VENTILATOR r F IR S T FLOOR A IR OUTLETS\ RETURN AIR DUCT' BRANCHES TO HOOPS; A IR D ISCH AR GE-----(SUMMER OPERATION) EXHAUST FANS DUST COLLECTING , DUCT ' CYCLONE NO J *84 % CLOTH SC REEN D U ST COLLECTOR -EXPLOSION DOOR -WA5TE STORAGE BOX ^ S C R E W CONVEYOR t -- -UNLOADING CHUTE -PLANING M ILL EXHAUSTER n. I r s s r s jn s s .^ " hI"*' lected material is deposited in these bonces. The re maining 8%, in the form of very fine dust escapes through the cyclone outlets and is entrained on the dust collector screens. During the rapping periods it falls into the hoppers below. The entire wood waste generated. amounts to nearly 25 tons per day under a 24-hour full load production schedule. This material may be.unloaded fiom the filter hoppers and dust storage boxes at any time, whether or not the dust collecting system is in operation. Dampers, chutes and connections are made dust tight, and substantially air tight, so that no dust clouds can escape even though internal pressures within the collecting system run as high as in. w.g; static pressure. ' , . Multiple spiral screw conveyors carry the dust out to special trucks on the roadway outside of the building. The conveyors can be started and stopped at will by truck operators and each load can be m .. spected from time to time by opening hatches on the top of the truck body. : ' . ; Exhausters operate under an average system dif ferential of 8.9 in. w.g. static pressure which includes the resistance of the heating coils and return ducts. Cyclone pressure drops v a r y from 1.2 to 1.5 in., and that of the filter media 1.3 in. The dust collector entrance and exit losses are unusually low due to the excellent entrance and discharge fittings. With the double back-to-back arrangement used, no entrance baffle is needed. Air enters the top of the collector,. between the banks of filters at low velocities (1500 fpm), and loses most of its momentum in the dust side chamber above the hoppers. On the outlet side two large exit ducts allow the clean air to escape at velocities not exceeding 2,200 fpm. _ ' . . A suction pressure of about 2J4 >n. w.g. is main tained in the various branches near connections to their hoods. Filter screens are rapped automatically every 4 hours, at shift changes and during lunch periods, in order to keep the system resistance an hood suction as nearly constant as possible. In the early design stages, the need for a second ary cleaner to collect the finer particles of dust was definitely established. Experience on a Rre-war dust collecting system at the armory showed that large quantities of fine dust discharged directly to the atmosphere would not be tolerated-by the city or by the people living in the residential areas sur rounding1^the armory. Moreover, even if this dust laden air could be discharged to the atmosphere it would carry with it the heat that was required to bring it from low outside temperatures in winter to room temperature of about 70F. . , I t then became apparent that a large winter heat ing load could be avoided by using filters to com pletely clean the air, and then returning the a ir to the building for fe-use. _ , Calculations of the heating load which would have : to I p met if the air were thrown out, were made. . They ihdicateda capacity of nearly 10,000,000 Btu ' JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING l 52 per hour to raise the tem perature of 125,000 cfm of outside air from OF to 70F. This is conservative, since Springfield outdoor winter temperatures occa sionally reach -- 15F to --20F. This heating load is roughly the equivalent of 10,000 pounds of low pressure steam per hour and its generation would require a boiler plant of about 300 hp rating. ^ W ith the present system, requirements for heating are only 1/5 of this amount as only 25,000 cfm or 1/5 of the total air circulated is fresh air. All of the exhaust air is returned, 4/5 to the shop, the remain der to the basement below. Savings in operating costs which have accrued as a result of the re-use of this air, are estimated to be at'least $6,000 per year in direct heating cost alone. The investment in the boiler plant, auxiliaries and building thereby avoided, represents a considerable saving in overall plant cost. >- The 25,000 cfm of fresh air is brought in by 6 heating and ventilating units of the horizontal sus pended type. The air tem perature leaving is regu lated thermostatically and is not allowed to fall be low 70F in cold weather. These units introduce fresh air whenever the dust collecting system is run ning. W hen the exhaust system is shut off, they simply recirculate room air, and thereby provide heat for the space. The manufacturing space has a total volume of 435,000 cubic feet. Fresh air changes occur every 18 minutes, an equivalent of more than 3 changes per hour. Total air changes occur every 3l/ 2 minutes or more than 17 times per hour. Despite this high rate of air flow, there are no drafts or cold spots within the utilized space, either in summer or winter. This desirable condition is attributed to the efficient manner in which the re turn and fresh air are introduced to the room. Re turn air enters through 32 openings and fresh air through 6. Entrance air velocities are held below 1,400 fpm at openings 10 to 12 ft above the floor. Quick diffusion is obtained by directional vanes in each outlet. . , ; Each of the two dust collectors discharges through a return duct, the design of which is shown in Fig. 1. . One branch from each return duct is carried to the basement below, to discharge 25,000 cfm through two plenum chambers each having three propeller fan boosters. This am ount is the equivalent of the fresh air introduced into the shop above. Other propeller fans on the opposite side of the basement exhaust this ventilation air. The system, thereby, provides heated ventilation air for the basement with no additional heating cost. Selection of the return air heating coils was made without definite knowledge of the probable tempera ture drop of the air in passing through the external piping and dust collecting equipment mounted out side of the building. Calculations, taking into ac count the many variable factors involved, indicated a loss of about 20F in zero weather. Actual test data taken during the past two winters show the following: At outdoor temperatures of plus 30F OF Temperature drop of air is 4F 8F --15F 10F Heating coils are of the extended surface non-freeze steam distributing tube type, selected for use with steam at 5 lb pressure. Operation is controlled by duct insertion thermostats actuating modulating steam valves. _ No other means of heating, other than the unit ventilators mentioned, are needed in the shop area. The basement is provided with unit heaters which are used only when the exhaust and return air sys tem is not operating. Internal heat generation in the shop is considerable due to the many electric motors, the extensive lighting, and the shop per sonnel. ' During hot weather this internal heat is Fifl. 3. Elevation showing the external piping, dust collecting equipment, and unloading stations. lEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 partly released by discharging all of the exhaust air to the atmosphere through an opening in the return ducts near the dust collector. A system of multiple interlocking dampers at that . , point allows outside air to enter the return system and to flow into the room through the same outlets Fig . 4. R em a rkab ly cle a r atm osphere e xists in the room where the sanding section is located. normally handling return air. This flow is induced by slight negative pressure within the building. Ex hausters handle the total circuit load in alTseasons. Safety Precautions ' To guard against production interruptions due to function failure, or to damage from fire or explo sion, many safety code recommendations were fol lowed applicable to this type system. The many safety features include: 1. A dual set of bi-metallic therm ostats located , in strategic positions in the dust collecting equip ment. They are actuated at 13SF. W hen tempera tures increase above this point, one set immediately opens the control circuits to all motors and stops air circulation, thus preventing diffusion of heat and burning embers. The other set is connected to an annunciator where each thermostat may actuate an individual tag drop to indicate the location of a "hot spot." 2. A' system of fire control incorporating deluge type sprinkler heads is installed in the collecting equipment. These heads operate individually and are located to provide complete coverage. Heads fuse at 16SF. ' .. . . ' 3. Actuation of therm ostats and sprinklers is also accompanied by a bell and red light alarm in the shop, and outside the building. 54 4. The entire system m ay be quickly stopped in an emergency by means of large red push buttons located in the main shop area. 5. Traps are provided at the inlet of each ex hauster for the removal of metallic particles, extra large pieces of wood, and all extraneous material which might find its way into the suction pipe. Traps are designed to utilize momentum and centrifugal force in throwing these pieces out of the air stream, thereby preventing possible damage to the fan wheel blades, screw conveyors, and other apparatus. 6. D ust explosions can be relieved by means of weighted hinged doors and breakable panels located at points where there are dust accumulations. 7. Fire dampers and doors, suitably weighted and retained by fusible links, are provided at points in the dust collectors and in the duct work where the spread of fire from floor to floor may be stopped by closing air passages. All dampers and doors have hinges with bronze 'or brass pins to prevent "freez ing" from rust formation. 8. All equipment and piping are electrically grounded so that static electricity cannot accumulate and cause sparks. 9. Filter cloths are impregnated with a fire-proof ing solution. Though this treatm ent would offer little resistance if the wood powder on the cloth should burn, it nevertheless provides protection dur ing the period of construction, testing and balancing. Tram p metallic particles moving in the pipe at such times might cause sparks which could ignite un protected cloth. Other features of the installation are variable pitch multiple V-belt pulleys for the fan drives. These units afford a regulation in fan speed of approxi mately 18% thereby providing means for accurately setting the fan performance and balancing the sys tems. Inspections M ade Regularly In the preparation of designs and specifications, considerable attention was given to details to facili tate the periodic inspection, testing and balancing necessary to keep the systems' operating properly. All traps, storage boxes, and piping are provided with air tight and dust tight access doors. Static pressure fittings and tubing, to which "U" gauges may be attached, are provided in the piping and equipment at critical points. ' The system described and illustrated represents not the original design`but the evolved one. It in cludes additions made after the original smaller sys tem was installed. The present capacity is consider ably greater'.than formerly. Under existing condi tions, the entire combination operates very steadily . and provides efficient dust collection and removal 24 hours per day. The shop area is remarkably clean and clear of dust. The plant as a whole is believed to represent the latest in mass production of precision manufactured wood parts. JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING ped in uttons h ex extra `'rial raps fugai am, heel ! of -ed nd in he z- y Conditioned air is distributed in this plastic storage room through uniform slots in the continuous transition duct shown at the ceiling, Grinding W heel Quality Improved by Controlled A ir I. C. BAKER A irtem p D ivisio n, C h ry sle r Corporation, Dayton, Ohio A CCURATE control of temperature and humid ing of many metal products, they are a production . ity in the room where plastic binding materials, necessity. used in the manufacture of grinding wheels, are A new building was planned by the grinding wheel mixed and stored has proved to be an important company, to be constructed immediately, which factor in the war production of a mid-west grinding would contain a room where plastic binding mate wheel manufacturer. rials would be stored and mixed under ideal atmos Plastic materials used in the manufacture of grind pheric conditions. ing wheels are hygroscopic in nature and vary This room would require cooling, dehumidifying, greatly in their strength and consistency when sub heating, and humidifying equipment of the most jected to conditions of moisture and temperature. modern- type, to maintain design conditions of 70F As a result, grinding wheels produced at one time dry bulb, and 45% relative humidity, throughout become too hard, and in other cases the wheels the year, winter and summer. re too soft. Under both of these circumstances the finished product will not pass inspection and must be scrapped. Be cause grinding wheels are widely used in the manufacture and finish Plastics used in the manufacture of these wheels are sensitive to changes in air con ditions. Unless moisture and temperature of air are controlled, finished products will not pass inspection tests. From this point on* W. K. Jamison, engineer, Bard, Inc., installers of the equipment, worked closely with the plant ex ecutives and engineers, designing a complete temperature and humid- HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 55 \ ,ty control system which would be en tirely satisfactory for the protection of hygroscopic materials kept in storag . After the material storage room was designed, a Chrysler Airtemp Model S which can be shut off one errant at I time. Tests on this air handling unit revealed that capacity is reduced as the wetted surface factor is reduced by turning off sprays one at a urn . Spraying water over the coils chil the water, thus creating a flywheel effect which increases the-total capacity of the unit during summer peak periods of operation. ` During winter the same sprays may be used to humidify the air entering the storage room. . Steam coils installed in the unit are Two damper plastic used for heating in winter, but the unit is also equipped with three 2.5 kw elec- trie striS heaters which may be used for re-hea during periods when the central steam system is not m A^MarlcTevaporative condenser is included. This ^ unit conserves about 95 % of the water whichi wou d ordinarily be used in cooling a system of this size d tvne The evaporative condenser, which rt-- t .be ^ or :r r - a constant transition from wet bulb controller in t e P ^ compressor. 45 % reUtive humidity, a ^ c ^ A e ^ ^ During summer operation, t P sfied) taionndsdiefhucmooildinifgica>t1iorneSiUs inreede`d,eJd^, hthe ^coJm>prgescsoomrecoonn>- tinues to operate and e l e c t ^ controlled in re-heating the air. P watts of heat. three steps, each furnish,ng ,1W s m io. Heaters are necessary as no steam supply tained in the plant durmg warm^wea eg the For winter operation ^ ^ e r m o ^ t ^ p ^ ^ com presso ro rth em e ing coils. I h e dew P operates com tvm the. space, main- i r o E ; ^ f = u = b y 5 3 ing dampers a duct thermostat set to " mum amount of _ volume as the ' ; t S a m e a ris6e ^ % ^ Morrathivaendcloinngdeunnseirt Uand^. f j amUon, ^Engineer, Bard, 56 freezing. . " JUNE, 44. HEATIN G AND VEN TILATIN G Dust as an Industrial Health F. W . H UTCH IN SON Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., Hazard . T HE health problem arising from dust in indus try is one of increasing seriousness. Socially, economically and legally it has become evident that immediate steps must be taken to combat the hazard represented by wholesale industrial exposure to the pneumoconiosis-producing dusts. Pneumoconiosis, in many of its forms, is incurable. Thus consideration of the problem which it represents is based largely on methods of dust reduction and removal and is therefore as much a responsibility of the engineer as it is of the physician. ' Fortunately, medical knowledge and engineering equipment have progressed to such a point that recognition of hazardous conditions and availability of methods for correcting them will now permit a complete, practical and economical solution of the problem. Unfortunately, prejudice and fear have surrounded the entire subject with such an aura of suspicion and distrust that neither workmen nor em ployers have until recently been willing to acknowl edge the hazard or recognize the need for preventive measures. In addition, the slow action of the disease coupled with failure on the part of many physicians to acquaint themselves with the proper diagnostic methods has made it difficult for the worker to es tablish his claim for compensation in the event of lung injury and equally difficult for the employer to defend himself against fraudulent claims; it has been said th at silicosis claims constitute one of the most widespread of legal rackets. Workmen have bitterly opposed adoption of the exacting employment qualifications and periodical physical examinations of those exposed to dust which are essential to medical control. Yet, it is essential that persons having a predisposition to tuberculosis or a low nasal filtering efficiency be excluded from the dusty trades. Similarly, protection of the worker demands that he be removed from exposure at the first indication of lung damage. ' Employers, on the other hand, have adopted the point of view that most claims of silicosis are unfair and an unscrupulous attem pt to take advantage of them. The explanation' behind an employer's unwillingness to acknowledge the hazard is not unreasonable. The , dust diseases are almost invariably of long duration and frequently are not discovered until many years after exposure has ceased. Thus many employers are now in the difficult and alarming position of fac ing claims for disease which is a result of exposure to conditions th at existed in their plants 10 or IS years ago; at that time they were unaware of the health hazard associated with dusty atmospheres and consequently, though they might have had every desire to furnish their employees with full protection from occupational injury, they did not take the "special care" which is now known to be necessary. Wilson states: "M ost well-intentioned employers may be said to have used `reasonable care' in past years and--considering their lack of knowledge-- this is now their best defense in damage suits. How ever, from now on, with the spread o f . . . available knowledge. . . only `special care' will safeguard the interests of employer and workman alike." Recent interest in dust diseases has built up an extensive literature; theories have been confirmed with experimental evidence and innumerable case histories of individuals and of entire groups are available. In contrast to the widespread ignorance of ten years ago, it would probably be difficult at the present time to find a worker in the dusty industries who has not at least heard of silicosis, or an employ er who is unaware of the crippling damage suits which will face him if his employees, through failure on his part to take the necessary preventive mea sures, contract the disease. The cost of dust control is often far less than the cost of one damage suit. Jury awards in silicosis cases of $10,000, $17,000, $22,500, $25,000 and like sums are m atters of record. In the St. Louis area alone there were, some time ago, over 2000 suits pending. A Missouri mining company, as another example, faced claims aggregating $5,000,000 and spent $500,000 in out-of-court settlements of a few of them. The purpose of this article is to review the liter ature on the physiological effects of some of the haz ardous industrial dusts and to summarize presentday criteria acceptable as a basis for the design of dust control systems. ' Silicosis . Silicosis is a disease of the lungs caused by the inhalation of dust containing free silica. Some authorities believe, but this fact has not been estab lished, th at the inhalation of silicates is also a caus ative factor. Incurable and Progressive. T he important facts about this disease are that, for practical purposes, it is progressive and incurable. T he qualification "for practical purposes" is necessary because recent in vestigations suggest th at uncomplicated silicosis is not progressive; however, the continued existence of a case of silicosis without the onset of complications is so rare that, from the standpoint of social conse quences, the disease can. in itself be regarded as pro gressive. In the medical literature the "progressive" HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 ' . 57 i viewpoint is the one which has been most widely adopted but the possible future significance of the recent findings is promising. ... .W ith reference to the "incurability" of silicosis, recent work has also indicated the possibility of a solution but it is as yet too soon to hold out hope for satisfactory medical. treatment. One promising method consists in the administration, of thyroxene; the investigators report that:' "Thyroid therapy may possibly not only prevent the development of silicosis, but may also arrest its further progress and possibly reduce to some extent the degree of fibrosis already existing." The above remarks on the "progressiveness and incurability" of silicosis have been included because they show how very far th medical profession has yet to go to achieve a solution of the silicosis prob lem. In terms of concrete present-day gain, the sum total of the best that medicine can now offer is not of much value. When dealing with contagious dis eases such as smallpox and Spanish influenza, it has been possible to achieve a satisfactory treatm ent as a first step toward the elimination of the disease itself; in the case of silicosis, a non-contagious dis ease, the only advance of real significance which is possible is an advance which must be brought about by the application of basic engineering principles-- the reduction of dust concentrations at the breathing zone to a point such th at a health hazard no longer exists; only in this way can silicosis be eradicated. If permitted to run its course without complica tion, silicosis will lead to death by suffocation--the lungs becoming incapable of maintaining a gas trans fer sufficient to sustain life. Usually, however, ter mination occurs as a result of complications such as tuberculosis or heart disease; a definite correlation has been established between silicosis and tubercu losis, but an explanation is, as yet, lacking. W ith reference to tuberculosis a study of axe grinders and polishers showed a death rate of 1,900 per 100,000 from tuberculosis as contrasted with ISO per 100,000 for the general population of the same state. In this study the death rate of all workers in the dusty trades investigated was used. More strik ing figures and more significant ones were obtained from a Massachusetts investigation in which the tuberculosis death rate of 961 silicotic quarry work ers was compared with that for the general popula tion and found to be forty times as great. Background and Extent. The name silicosis is of relatively recent origin, but the existence of `the health hazard associated with dusty work has been recognized by medical men for many centuries. From the literature of the period we find that the Ptolemies knew of it. Pliny the. Elder referred to the "stone cutters' disease", and devised a crude respirator for the protection of miners; Aristotle warned Greek workmen against the inhalation of dust. Hippocrates, three centuries before Christ, noticed th at his surgical knives were dulled by dust in the lungs of stone workers. In the 16th century Georges Agricola, a mining engineer, wrote " De Re 58 * ' M etallica" and, with reference to dust, warned his readers to beware because it "penetrates into the windpipe--eats away the lungs--implants consump tion in the body." He called attention to the fact that the death rate among Carpathian miners was so great th at a wife could often outlive six husbands. The passage of time has done little to alleviate the hazard. The development of pneumatic tools has led to a great increase in the dust concentrations at tending the grinding, polishing and cutting of stone. The death rate among Barre granite cutters, for ex ample, increased from 1.5 per 1,000 in the year 1890 to 19.6 per 1,000 in 1924, an increase attributable to the introduction of pneumatic equipment. When one realizes th at a threshold concentration of 5 million particles per cubic foot is required to constitute a silicosis hazard (for dust m ade up . of 100% free silica), it is then evident th at there are many indus trial operations today which represent health haz ards that did not exist prior to the introduction of mechanical equipment. M any estimates have been made of the number of persons exposed to hazardous concentrations of silica dust, but such estimates are usually based only on industrial exposure. W hen account is taken of the fact th at 60% of the earth's crust consists of silica the likelihood seems great that such estimates are conservative. Lanza and Vane estimated that the number of industrial workers exposed to the silica dust hazard is in excess of half a million in those industries in which the processing or handling of siliceous material is of basic importance; this esti mate does not take account of the many workers exposed as a result of the industrial use of silica as a filtering agent. In one other respect the silicosis hazard has not yet been evaluated. As already mentioned there is a definite relationship between silicosis and tubercu losis. This fact leads to the probability that in any community in which there'^s a large number of silicotics there will be a decide' familial tuberculosis hazard. Fortunately, however)'..his danger is some what lessened as a result of the long incubation period which is found with silicosis--by the time a workman's lungs have reached the stage at which tuberculosis is most likely to set in it is more than probable th at his children will have grown past the age at whicffthe danger of their contracting the dis ease is greatest. T h at silicosis is definitely related to a particular kind of occupational risk is demonstrated by the data from examinations (X-ray) of 2500 workmen from all departments of a typical "heavy industry" ; 5.8% had silicosis,- but 90.0% of those affected were foundry workers. The great importance of the silica hazard is clearly indicated from the following com parative m ortality figures (from a 1933 publication of Hollis and Yule) : 1000 for standard population (all causes for ages 20-65) 1984 for silica group 967 for non-silica group I JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING The silica group (above) showed only three causes of death (diabetes, appendicitis, digestive diseases) which did not differ significantly from the general group. The significance of these, figures is at once apparent when it is considered th a t an estimated 110,000 workers in the United States have silicosis in some degree. _ Development of the Disease. T he time required for incapacitation due to silicosis has been the sub ject of a great deal of attention, but as yet no gen erally accepted conclusions have been reached. Ap parently the period of exposure preceding contrac tion of the disease is a function of the dust concen tration, nature of the dust, nature of the work and . individual physical idiosyncrasies. From a study of 9,800 stone-cutters in the R uhr it is concluded th at 13 years exposure are required to show slight sili cosis and 20 years to cause incapacitation. This same study reveals th at 63 % of the deaths among silicotics occur from tuberculosis complications. In porcelain workers silicosis develops slowly but pro gressively; the second stage is usually not reached until after 10 years. Among sandstone workers the minimal exposure has been, found to be 11 years while for iron miners an exposure of 4 to S years may be responsible for the appearance of lung changes 4 to 8 years after the exposure has ceased. In contrast to the above relatively long incubation periods are those found among workers engaged in sand-blasting and in the manufacture of abrasive soaps; in these occupations only 3 or 4 years may precede the onset of the disease. Likewise, an exam ination of 175 men engaged in rock drilling showed that 50% were affected in less than one year. T here is a good reason for believing th at under particularly heavy dust concentrations silicosis takes an acute form and may appear after an exposure of only a few months. N ot soon forgotten will be the ' case of the Hawk's N est Hydro P lant on the New River. Some 4000 workers, mostly negroes, were employed for wages of $3.00 for a 13-hour day; in a relatively short time after completion of the tunnel work 475 of them were dead and an estimated 1500 others incurably ill. This case was investigated by a committee in the House of Representatives before whom witnesses testified that, "In the tunnel 10 drills were in operation at once and you could not see ten feet ahead of you even with the headlight of the donkey engine". Workmen were so thoroughly covered with a silica dust th at "you could not tell a white man from colored.man, 15 feet away". - I t was this case th at a senator (rom W est Virginia de scribed as "the most horrible industrial disaster in the history of the world". It was of this case that Representative Marcantonio of New York charged th at 169 workers had been buried unidentified be cause the undertaker had "lost" his records. On the basis of all evidence which has yet been brought for ward it would seem to the impartial investigator th at the Hawk's N est Tunnel should remain a tragic reminder to the engineer of the need for consider- ation of human values in the solution of engineering problems. ' The above case is only one of a number of similar but less sensational cases which have shown that there is a real possibility of contracting an acute form of silicosis if work is in an atmosphere having an extremely high concentration of siliceous dust. Experimentally the possibility of acute silicosis has been demonstrated by laboratory tests on animals; for exposures of eight hours a day to concentrations of 200 million particles per cubic foot or more it has been shown th at the last stage of silicosis may be expected in a relatively short time. Size of Hazardous Dust. The importance of par ticle size in. determining the hazard associated with dusts has received a great deal of attention. P ar ticles 25 to 30 microns in size will usually settle out rapidly and are therefore not likely to be breathed in quantities sufficient to constitute a hazard. How ever, particles of this magnitude (such as pollen of the Giant Ragweed or wood dust in carpenter shops) may be responsible for hay fever or for various types of asthma. In general, particles greater than 10 mi crons are caught in the trachea, large bronchi and mucous membrane. Particles around 5 microns go to the respiratory tract, but few of them reach the alveoli where the 1 micron particles are most numer ous. Policard made a detailed examination of the lungs of two silicotic miners and found that 50% of the particles were less than .4 micron and 75% less than 1 micron; his findings should be used with care, however, because it is very probable that the dust distribution in the lungs is a function oi the distribu tion of particle size in the inhaled dust--thus Poli- card's findings may be applicable only for the con ditions under which the men whose lungs he examined had worked. The smaller particles are obviously the most dangerous since, on a weight basis, they offer a much larger surface than do the larger ones. For this reason dust counts are of more value in evaluating the hazard associated with a dusty environment than are gravimetric dust de terminations. _ # The dust particles th at are most effective in the causation of silicosis are of a magnitude so small th at they are not perceptible to the human eye. A micron is 1/1000 of a millimeter or about 1/25,000 of an inch. As has been shown, the particles most im portant in silicosis are in the neighborhood of .5 . micron or 1/50,000 of an inch--this represents a di mension of the same order of magnitude as the wave length of th at form of radiant energy which we recognize as light. If one cubic inch of quartz were broken into cubes .5 micron on a side enough par ticles would be formed to create a silicosis hazard in a 250,000 cubic foot space. The determination of mean dust sizes was the purpose of a series of com prehensive studies con ducted by the U. S. Public Health Service: examina tion of 18,000 outdoor dust particles showed the median size to be .5 micron--nearly all were less HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 . . 59 than 1.0 micron; in contrast, only 21% o f^6,000 in dustrial dust particles were less than 1.0 micron, the majority being between 1 and 3 microns and the mean l.S microns. ' Hatch and. Moke investigated foundry dusts and found th at composition is a function of particle size: the proportion of combustible m atter and acid sol uble iron, carbonates, etc., increase with decreasing size; the proportion of clay and other silicates varies without a definite trend with size; the quartz be comes less as the size decreases and for particles un der 2 microns (which comprises 90% of the total number) it is from 1/5 to 1/25 of th at found in the particles greater than 10 microns. These findings emphasize the necessity of taking dust samples di rectly from the contaminated air and not utilizing "rafter" or any other kind of settlement sample which does not contain a representative size distri bution. . , Hazardous Concentration. Permissible concentra tions of dust vary with size, composition, and the dust retention characteristics of the individual. The latter factor is one which offers some hope from the standpoint of preventive medicine. Practically all th at is known of the dust retaining characteristics of the human nose is attributable to the work of one man--G. Lehmann. This experimenter has shown that the dust fixation in the nose varies from 2% to 75% and is almost completely independent of such factors as the condition of the nasal secretion, the rate of air currents, the degree of concentration or chemical composition of the dust, the width or narrowness of the nasal passages; seemingly, fixa tion is a function of the vortex formation and re bound after passage th ro u g h ^ restriction. _ A correlation between fixation and silicosis would .seem to follow from the following tests: Of 46 stone cutters with fixations above 40% only two were found to have silicosis; of 31 stone cutters with fixa tions less than 29% only 2 were healthy, After ex amining the above data Lehmann concludes that, "applicants for work with poor dust fixation capacity should not be allowed to work where a menace of silicosis exists" . ~ _ , As a result of 418 experiments with magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate, Carlton E. Brown gives the following relationships between dust re tention and other factors: 1 P er Cent Retention is inversely proportional to 1. Respiration rate for rates below 20 per minute. An increase above 20 per minute . is apparently followed by no changes in per cent retention. , _ 2. Minute-volume of air breathed. This prob- . ably results from increase in respiration rate with minute-volume. Per Cent Retention is unaffected by 1. Volume per respiration. ' 2. Vital capacity. 3. Relative humidity. The same investigator found' that the percentage of 60 magnesium oxide retained during normal breathing while at rest varied little from about 60% at a con centration of 10 mg. Above 10 mg. the retention changed but little, but as the concentration dropped below 10 mg. the. retention rapidly approached 100% . . The relation between dust concentration and the incidence of silicosis has been studied by many in vestigators, but no general empirical relationship has as yet been established. One commonly used rule (proposed by D rinker) recommends the accep tance of 5' million particles per cubic foot as the minimal permissible dust concentration for pure .silica and 50 million particles per cubic foot for dusts th at are very low in silica. Some evidence suggests th at this rule is unduly conservative for dusts which contain little silica and an alternative which is widely used is to limit the total dust count to a value such that the product of the dust concentration by the percentage of silica be less than 5,000,000; this rule gives 100,000,000 particles per cubic foot as the minimal concentration for non-siliceous dusts. Physiological Effect. T he lung condition known as silicosis results only from the inhalation of silica bearing dusts. W hy silica possesses the ability to bring about this condition has been the subject of much investigation and theories of silicosis are at present responsible for considerable controversy. ' Physiologically--excluding the effect of complica tions--silicosis affects the normal functioning of the body in the same way that the formation of scale affects the efficiency of a heat transfer device. In the heat exchanger the hot and cold fluids are sepa rated by an exchange surface and the deposit of scale on this surface reduces its effectiveness as an exchange medium. If the scale becomes sufficiently heavy it will be impossible to secure the transfer of enough heat to accomplish the purpose for which the exchanger was installed; similarly, the lung is a sur face through which oxygen is transferred from the air to the blood. The formation of scar tissue re duces the effective transfer area and eventually the lung is unable to accomplish its purpose death from suffocation is the result. . VI A sb e sto sis Asbestos dust is second only to free silica in the magnitude of health hazard which it represents. Asbestos is a fibrous material of varying composi tion, but is usually made up of approximately 43 % magnesia, 40% silica and 14% water. Oxide of iron is frequently present and appears as dark particles among the translucent fibers--the fibers are of such length and fineness th at cloth weighing less than 8 oz. per square yard has been made from them. ^ The lung condition resulting from the inhalation of this dust is known as asbestosis and resembles silicosis in its main clinical aspects, but differs due to the enhanced rate of development. Under average industrial conditions the length of employment in fatal cases is only about one-half th at which is usual JUNE, 1944; HEATING AND VENTILATING for silicosis. I t is estimated th at there are in the United States approximately 10,000 men exposed to this hazard as a result of work in the insulating, asbestos cloth, and similar industries. As is true of the silicosis exposure estimates, this figure does not take into account the number of persons exposed as a result of employment in the process industries where asbestos finds use, under various trade names, as a filter aid. In one respect asbestosis is less dead ly than silicosis:--that is, there is seemingly a lower susceptibility to the supervention of pulmonary tu berculosis. The danger of contracting the disease is apparently not influenced by either age or sex. Like silicosis, it is incurable and progressive; a case is re ported of a patient who was exposed to asbestos dust for one year and whose sputum showed the presence of asbestosis bodies fourteen years later. Very few data are available on the relation of dust concentration to the incidence of the disease. No minimal safe concentrations have yet been set up and information is scant as to the conditions in those plants where a hazard is known to exist. I t has been determined, however, th at' the asbestos dust en countered in fabricating plants is free of silica when air is floated at the breathing level and th at the danger of the dust increases as the quality or length of the fibers increases. M iscellaneous Siliceous Dusts M any siliceous dusts other than quartz and asbes tos have been carefully investigated. Talc--a sili cate containing 62% silica-- has been shown to be responsible for a form of pneumoconiosis when in haled in large quantities. One group of investigators report th at 50% of the talc workers whom they ex amined were affected and about 12% had tubercu losis. The same report shows th at talc containing 10% tremolite is much more dangerous than talc containing 40% tremolite, but an explanation is lacking. . The action of cement on the lungs is not definitely known. German investigators say th at it produces only an inert deposit in the lungs, but American re ports show that the frequency of disability from respiratory diseases in cement plants is about double that found among employees in non-dusty manu facturing plants; absence from work was also twice as frequent.. Yet animal experiments show th at ce ment like limestone and gypsum produces an ad-o^ sorptive reaction; the dust disappears from the peritoneal cavity without the production of scar tissue. Slate (1 /3 % quartz) in . concentrations of 700 million particles per cubic foot produces a fibrosis and pneumoconiosis, but few cases have been known to progress seriously. On the other hand, there is reason for believing th at clay and slate dusts are . responsible for a high incidence of tuberculosis. Italian investigators have studied the dust hazard in cotton spinning mills' and report th a t the silicosis hazard is apparently negligible. Mineralogic analy- . HEATING.AND VENTILATING, JUNE, 1944 ' sis of such dusts brought to light the interesting fact th at their composition is similar to th at of the soil in which the cotton was grown. Non-Siliceous Dusts Apparently there is a great difference of opinion as to whether or not non-siliceous dusts are harmful either to normal or tubercular persons. The data are so scant that a review of the literature must con sist essentially of a catalogue of the few and scat tered investigations that have been made of particu lar dusts. General conclusions can not be drawn and an extension of available data to dusts of even the same mineral family is hazardous. German investigators have studied a number of different carbon dusts and rate them in the order of hazard which they represent: lignite, coal, graphite, charcoal, soot. A statistical study of the health hazard in a large American company which manufactures artificial abrasives led to the conclusion that persons who have had pulmonary tuberculosis should not be al lowed to work where they will be exposed to dust from abrasives. The dust in this particular plant was aluminum oxide combined with silicon carbide and th incidence to tuberculosis was 1 1/2 times as great in the dusty departments as in the non-dusty. In this connection it is interesting to note th at other investigators had previously reported aluminum ox ide as not being a factor in the production of silicosis --thus a distinction must be drawn between the fibrosis-forming ability of a particular dust and its danger through increased susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis. This leads to the conclusion that the claim is unwarranted th at a dust is not harmful merely because its reaction on lung tissue is inert. The U. S. Public Health Service has grouped dusts (siliceous as well as non-siliceous) in three classifi cations : 1. Those causing an inert reaction, the amount of dust in the peritoneal cavity remaining approxi mately constant: soapstone, carborundum, jewel er's rouge, anthracite coal, bituminous coal and precipitator ash. 2. Those causing a proliferative reaction, nod ules continuing to increase in size: quartz, chat and flint. 3. Those causing an absorptive reaction, dust disappears from the peritoneal cavity, but scar tissue is not formed: calcite limestone, precipitat ed calcium carbonate, gypsum and cement. A similar list of dusts , has been prepared by Haynes who carried on a long series of animal ex periments. He arranges them in order of toxicity as follows: precipitated silica, flint, slate, hydroxide, precipitated chalk, magnesium carbonate, carborun dum, calspar, emery, colloidal coal (in massive amounts). AU of the respiratory disorders discussed above, together with many others which are caused by the inhalation of fibrosis-forming dusts, are grouped un der the one broad term Pneumoconiosis. 61 Ventilation for W elding Booths M. E. RINGQU1ST Engineer, The T ran e Company, La Crosse, W is. Steps in the design of e system for properly ventilating welding booths at an adult voca tional school in LaCrosse, W is. rr^ Y P IC A L health hazards associated with weld1 ing were the most complex of all the problems to be copfd with in setting up the welding shop for t Vocational and Adult Training School, La Crosse Wis to operate on a full twenty-four-hour-a-day basis. The most prevalent of the hazards was proper ventilation of the individual welding booths in which the students were trained. CANVAS CURTAIN A canopy type hood was used with 60 sloping sides and tapered from a square bottom to a round too The hood was mounted with, the bottom ap proximately 6-in. above the top of the booth to give additional head room. Booth and the hoodw ere sealed airtight around the sides and the back by con necting the two with sheet steel. Details , of this hood are shown in Fig. 2. In the hood near the bottom and fastened to the back of the hood was mounted the baffle. SPac^ left open along the two sides and part of the iron . P art of the front was blocked off to perm.t mountmg th Basing `the^ sekctionof air volume p e, booth on the recommended figures for " " la" Y hisC " f,,me soaces a figure of 750 cfm was chosen. This volume divided by 500 fpm (the chosen velocity) results in a figure of 1.5 sq ft. This is the approximate area of dot2 through which 750 cfm of air will pass per booth.' The velocity is indicated as a choscV e I t approximates the continued upward air move Fig. 1. General layout of the tooths. The individual booths were so set that table welding, overhead and shoulder height welding were permitted. Sides of each booth were made of mason ite Presdwood fastened to an angle iron framing. Each booth was fastened to the floor, and for rigidity all booths were tied together with an angle iron. In each booth is a table or work bench made of heavy iron plate, and supported on the booth frame at a point 36-in. above the floor. Space from the table top to the top of the booth, a distance of an other 36-in., was left open. Around the group of booths was placed a heavy canvas curtain to safeguard the eyes of others in t e room from the ultra-violet rays of the welding arc. Since there are three points a t which fumes would be produced, it was not possible to catch the gases immediately at the source. Instead, a practical compromise had to be found to catch most of the fumes as quickly and as close to the source as pos sible. A simple type of floor sweep hood was .not practical since it did not cover the area required; A comparatively high velocity slot exhaust covering the working area seemed the most effective pla . Air flow into the welding booth by means of this exhaust would be away from the welder, as shown in Fig. 2. Fumes would thus rise to the top of the booth and into the high velocity slot. 62 ment, since it was not necessary to overcome a terminal settling velocity, or to transport particles in the vitiated air. . Even though welding fumes are of greater density than the atmosphere into which they are discharged, the fact that they are warm enables them to ri.se. Therefore, it was only necessary to continue that upward movement of fumes. # ... , Step two in the design of the system is to establish the resistance pressures, .the branch and mam due sizes, and to compute by means of the design, the balance of the system. A convenient chart may be drawn for recording resistance pressures, velocities and points of balance, as shown in Fig. 3. The line diagram associated with the chart is a convenient means for determining piping lengths and also shows points at which balance is to be effected. Entrance loss into the hood may be found by con sidering the slot as an orifice in a thin plate. This loss plus that through the hood itself may be re corded in the table under 0 . L.^(orifice loss). Com putations are as follows: .. , Velocity pressure at 500 ft per min equals 0.02-in of water. . ,. , The loss through an orifice in a thin plate (trom the Guide), 2.5 to 3.0 times the V.P. (velocity pressure). . . Therefore, 3.0 x 0.02 equals 0.06-in of water Entrance loss through the hood itself is 0.20 V.ir. or 0 20 x 0.49, the velocity pressure representative of the velocity in Branch A-l. This equals 0.098 or 0.10-in of water. Therefore, the total loss of head is 0.06 plus 0.10, or 0.16-in of water. . ' , By using the same volume for each hood and varying the velocity in the branches and in the mains, a balance (equivalent resistance pressure) may be obtained at the strategic points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, as shown in Fig. 3. In all cases, the resistance pressure may be com puted by using the number of pipe diameters in the straight pipe plus the equivalent diameters for the elbows (bends), and then dividing this total by a factor K (length in pipe diameters equivalent to one velocity pressure). For Point A to 1, the per cent of the V.P. is 0.340. This is obtained by dividing the total length in pipe diameters 20.4 -r- 60 (K for a 7-in pipe). Then, 0.340 x 0.49 (V.P. for Branch A -l) equals 0.167-in of water. O.L. plus R.P. equals the total loss of pressure that is present in A-l >or 0.332-in. of water. , , .. For Branch B -l, the velocity must be raised to obtain the same loss of pressure in B-l as m A-l (balance point). This can be done by decreasing the size of the branch. Then, too, the volume in the two branches must be kept the same. Likewise, in the case of A-2 against C-2, A-3 against D-3 and so on, the balance must be obtained as closely as possible to obtain the distribution of volume throughout the system. Points of balance are indicated by the two-pronged arrows. In selecting the proper fan and_ motor, the first consideration, of course, is the air volume to be handled. After the total air volumeJhas been de termined, which in this case would be 750 x / or S 250 cfm, consideration must be given to the static pressure to be maintained by the fan in order to produce air flow. In this design, the total pressure that must be maintained to provide air flow would be 0.793-in from Fig.-3 loss through the fan and the * motor was selected with H p e S t ! ' r p m, i = t.rak. horsepower on the fan being 1.22. On test, it was iou nd that the velocity v y through the and slots into the hoods ^ H u h e main was the balance between same# The resistance " within 7 fo of being ex y , 10% above through the hoods was found to be 1UJo calculated values. To obtain some idea of the effectiveness of the system as a general ventilating system for the room a X w sulphur smoke bomb was d ,s u r g e d mto * r X ' n o w e ! d t b " n" tS the room had cleared to normal clarity. . , <nnn TM ft With a Total volume of the room is 31,000 cu tt. m m a r ^ i ^ t & i p r i ; hp u i e r '" s S rn , therefore, is effective as a ventdatmg as well as an exhaust system. , Ventilation for Radium Dial Storage Ventilation of spaces where radium dial instru t are stored has been found necessary, accord Z o C R Williams and R. D. Evans writing in a recent L e of the J m d of " TM ' mi r ?he0,aShots concluded that: (1) The number of /o\ The dials should be well scattered, (4) Dials ^ ^ X o T g T v L r t W o n " reqeiread T t Udosed c a b in e t W " ^ X d V t i o n U "S - I r i t h f " X r fpet high for vertical storage; (3) Dead lute minimum of time in the dials or instruments are stored. Off Again, v 1R currents sometimes behave in peculiar ways A i o S n p l e , consider the following The total air handling capacity o mulu- 202,000 cfm. The supply fans were o On Again floor room and, although the damper was wWe open this opening failed to deliver ^ " ^ h * ^ !de was there any indication ol oaoc now. X e branchwas visible right b - k th e d u th and T h e l a n S h '^w hT hle^rT concerned was one of direct connected to an electric motor rnv discharge was connected into the sid , J th for rather combination duct-plenum, since its cross section was uniform throughout) " ate o{ ^ e . the corridor ceiling and running . g , corridor-som e two hundred feet. T h .s d u c t was about thirty inches deep ^ feet wide. ^ ^ Branches were taken off . , deflector- 90 degree., bring ^ t p " X n a s r h e a . i l n ches conK^ed to risers wMle for the ground . feuph alay from rht fan, supplied air to a ground 255^ 5 =5 : fl'ow was obtained Immediately and the quantity was easily a^ ust^ ' { - *- remains a mystery. _ duplicated.-- John J. s ,4 . s * `. H Grylls, Inc., Detroit. jg N E , f4, HEATING AND VENTfLATlNG 64 Coal for Heating and Steam Generation IRWIN R. HOFFMAN Fuel Engineer, Central Coal Co;., New York, N. Y, Coal is packaged i* sunshm e m itiiArts of v e a rs ago su n s h in e p ro v id ed th e . M in o f yc a r b o n ff e ro u s e r a ; p e trifie d t r e e energy fo r growing the va st forests: or fo rm 0f co al. It is our sub tru n k s fro m th a t period ." T* _m f l r the w a rm in g ra y s w h ich produced it, as s titu te , as n ecessity d ictate ,' en erfly fo r the present age of e le c tric ity . * - -- - --* o. can begin to make post-war blueprints. w- A V ic lu A t. <4 CONTINUING coal us ever nearer research brings our objectives. As a safe and automatic fuel in the field of heating and steam genera tion, coal's adaptability has grown with the development of improved combustion methods and with the growing feeling of dependence on coal's reserves. These have helped make the production of coal mined in the United States exceed the com bined value of all gold, silver, copper and iron produced here.- Coal is a versatile fuel. It may be burned as a solid, liquid or gas. In the field of house heating alone, more than half the 40 million private dwellings and apartment units re ceive their heating comfort from solid fuels. Finely pulverized and held in colloidal suspension, coal has been fired in the form of a liquid; blown into the furnace in powdered form, it acts as a gas. Russian engi neers have experimented with the gasification of coal in the mines and piping it to burners, although prob lems in the uniformity of the gas quality must be worked out before this method can become commercial ly practicable. Producer gas made from coal, as well as water gas and the products from carbonization and hydrogenation of coal, are other illus trations of coal's versatility as a coal is limited, most fuel consumers may choose from a wide range. A n th r a c ite . Of all coals, anthracite may be placed in the front rank of desirable fuels due to its cleanliness. While it does not have the high heat ing value of bituminous, it burns without smoke and with a minimum of attention. The agglutinating, or caking, quality of anthracite is nil, thereby permitting easy passage of air during the burning process. For this reason it is not necessary to dis turb the fire and, in fact, this feature is one of the requirements for good . operation. The hard structure reduc es degradation and permits easy flow, making anthracite an ideal fuel for automatic operation with bin-feed ash remover stokers. Burning qualities vary with the volatile content, but the differences in anthracite coals are not so great as in bituminous. .Here and there an exceptionally hard structure coal may be found which is so hard to kindle that even Prometheus with the aid of fire bor rowed from the sun's chariot might have experienced difficulty. B itu m in o u s Coals. Bituminous coals are higher in heat value, contain less ash than anthracite, and are readily adaptable to most types of coal-burn ing equipment. However, they have a tendency to cake together when burning and must be broken to keep the fuel bed porous for uniform air distribution. Low volatile coals, known as semi-bituminous or "smoke less", generally cake harder than medium or high volatile coals. They have a higher heating value and burn with less smoke than the latter. But strongly offsetting these properties is the more favorable burning charac teristic of the higher volatile coals. These usually cake less and hence jjo not require as much breaking or at tention. The importance cf this fea ture cannot be over-estimated; it merits more attention than the data contained in coal analyses. For th s reason increasing consideration is being given to the problem of neu- m oisture ASH fuel. . Some data on the classification of coals and knowledge of their burning characteristics are requisite aids when considering the fuel problem. This should be no less true of the home owner or apartment builder than of the engineer, architect and owner of commercial, and institu tional properties. While it_is true that in some localities the choice of COW . HaAnNtOh-rBaUcNiNtIeNCrutMt-WtOlRUHMiNC anthracite aanntthhrnaacciittce I aw VOL MCO.VOL. HIGHVOL. LIGNITE SOJI-WT.* bituminous BITUMINOUS . basl6 of proximate analysis Classification of coals by composition on t ii INP. 1944. HEATING AND VENTILATING (Left) Cross section of a bituminous burn ing retort stoker, showing air distri bution, as compared with a n t h r a c i t e stoker (right). tralizing the agglutinating properties of coal. . C a k in g o f Goals. Mistaken impres sions exist that caking coals do not expand in the fire, while coking coals exhibit both caking and ex panding properties. The plain fact is that all bituminous coals expand and cake when heated. As applied to coal burned in the boiler furnace, caking and coking have the same meaning. In the coke industry, how ever, the terms have varied signifi cance, and this is the basis for the misunderstanding. Caking tendencies of coal can be reduced by carbonization, by partial oxidation, and by chemical treat ment. Carbonization of bituminous coal produces coke, which burns without caking. Partial oxidation by the coking method of firing, admis sion of air below the plastic zone in stokers, and by pneumatic coal feed ing reduce caking. Outcrop coals, due to weathering, cake less than deep mine coals. Weathering causes coal to lose some of its desirable burning characteristics through the absorption of moisture and from the slow oxidation process. Therefore, some mixtures of outcrop and deep mine coal can be used, each contrib uting qualities which are lacking in' the other. Mixtures of coal with in ert materials are also being studied for their effect on neutralizing ag glutination. Chemical treatment in cludes soaking small samples of coal 14 days in a 1% aqueous caustic soda solution, then acidifying and washing. Exposing the coal to an atmosphere of chlorine weakens the agglutinant Goai'i, PAeAent PMuation The present confusion In coal Is due to greatly expanded demands by the war effort together with the shift from oil to coal resulting from ra tioning. The problem of adequate supplies far overshadows considera tion of choice. But In spite of bottle necks and labor shortages, coal pro duction is rising. New operations ar being opened and outcrop coals more generally considered. While the flow of coal is being accelerated, it is done at some sacrifice in preparation and quality. The added supply is wel come but it is not enough to satisfy the demand. The situation next win ter may present problems more seri ous than the last. Consequently, heat ing and steam generating plants will have to make the most of whatever fuels are available. Some blends, welded of the very coals which are more plentiful than others, will sur prise many with their economy, be sides affording relief. The shortage of anthracite in the east imposes an added load on bitu minous coal, the production of which is about ten times that of anthra cite. Many plants designed for hard coal have turned to bituminous. As an interesting consequence, the soft coal industry, aside from efforts of its own, is witnessing a tremendous educational campaign in its favor. In its wake will undoubtedly be a large number of converts, many of whom will remain from choice, and others from having it forced upon them through Investment in equip ment. Following the oil shortage, coal-burning installations were made in large numbers, equipment having been selected on the basis of delivery time, which was the compelling fac tor. As a result, prejudice against coal in some quarters is bound to be magnified and a wider variety of opinions expressed on subjects of handfiring, stokers and competitive fuels to a greater extent than ever before. But many who demanded convenience, reduced labor problems and lower steam costs may have found that coal is a surprisingly good solution of their problem. Post war coal-burning methods will crys tallize many Impressions into convic tion. TioAt-Ulwi V iiia o- Goal The post-war outlook of coal in cludes, first of all, cooperation from designers of heating methods. Fuel economy and heating comfort do not begin with the furnace; they begin with the load. Greater heating com fort at lower cost with added health safeguards calls for the elimination of overheating, alternate heating and chilling, excessive dryness, and im proper temperature regulation. This can be accomplished by metering the heat input to each room by indi- vidual controls, combined with prop er humidification of the air. A few years ago mechanical refrigeration in the residence and apartment was unheard of; now it is essential. In the post-war house and apartment personalized zone heating will be just as essential. Humidification provides comfort at lower temperatures; in dividual room controls insure proper heat. Both will contribute added health safeguards, reduce the amount of heat required and thus promote fuel economy. In the post-war period important results can be expected from the 2% million dollar coal research program, launched last September. In the fore front of this program will be the development of automatic coal burn ers and new combustion methods for greater adaptability in house heating units. From results attained by prior research it would seem that tnese merit serious recognition by the bituminous industry for making coal a convenient fuel. Coal as an almost limitless source for gasoline, gas from coal for the nation's pipelines and, from the popular point of view, new magics to rival nylon, the sul phas, plastics and the synthetic rub bers may be sketched into the post war vista of coal. The Anthracite Institute, the Bituminous Coal Insti tute, and other laboratories of indus try are engaging in research for the future. . It may well be that coal is heading into an era where it is destined to assume much of the load formerly assigned elsewhere. On the basis of events in the recent past, planners for the future will undoubtedly pay increased attention to the stability of coal as compared with other fuels, particularly from the standpoint of national policy. N a tio n a l T r e n d s . Deposits of coal are vast, compared with the present meager known oil reserves in the ground. The public view of oil as a national reserve of power reserved for aviation, automotive machines and industrial processes, but as ill- directed energy for steam boiler fuel may crystallize into national policy. Already in operation abroad, hydro genation plants for producing liquid fuel from coal are in the experi mental stage in this country. In the Axis countries the consideration of HEATING AND VENTILATING, JUNE, .1944 67 cost of this method is secondary to the urgency of supply. All these fac tors add up to increasing dependence on coal. ' But preceding and shaping the trend to coal is the army of plant executives, engineers and fuel tech nologists. Theirs will be the job, not new, but of greater significance, of correlating the burning characteris tics of coals with the proper equip ment. More fuel energy must be converted into useful heat. Funda mentals must be observed more care fully than ever before; for example,, high volatile coals require more com bustion space than low volatile coals, lower grade coals must be fired at lower combustion rates, and equip ment must be selected for successful operation with the coals that are in expensive and easily available. fxtMrW/Vl flUtPlO-cU 0-( fiuAnjutvq. Goal As one carry-over of present meth ods, the small heater, pot stove or furnace, due to low first cost, will apparently always have a market. Repugnant to the engineer because of their utter reliance on the human element, their popularity will con tinue unchecked. H a n d firin g . Continuing as a reli able standby of a whole host of heat ing plants where anthracite is avail able, are dumping grates for buck wheat, rice, barley and certain blends. This com bination'of equipment and fuel will be difficult to improve on for the usual apartment building or commercial loft where the superin tendent or janitor is usually the fire man in addition to other duties. Cleanliness with anthracite is a tre mendous asset. Even if savings are possible with other methods, the urge will continue strong in favor of good handfiring. With proper type grates, where the air flow is unimpeded by too much metal, good efficiencies can be main tained with either natural or forced draft operation, -but preferably with balanced draft controls. A well de signed air flow grate can lower fuel consumption by as much as 25% compared with the pin hole type. The pin hole grate is a requisite when very high static pressures must be carried. Grates with larger air spac es, sometimes in combination with a propeller type fan, because of its dif fusing air action under the grates, in conjunction with sensitive pres sure controls, make simple and effec tive combustion systems. Equally important is the low first cost and negligible up-keep expense. No less may be said of the stationary and shaking grate for anthracite or^ bi tuminous where income and other Sto ker shipm ents prio r to W o r l d W a r H V'm Tnt'V1w ls dm 'rrn 'i? considerations may make investment in other methods unfeasible. M agazine F eed. The gravity feed, or magazine feed boiler for anthra cite pea or buckwheat will also con tinue popular, but mainly for the reason that it minimizes furnace at tention. Gravity feeds coal down to replace the fuel which shrinks to ash in the burning process. The lower the ash content in the coal, the more efficient the operation. The length of the firing period is limited mainly by the capacity of the magazine coal hoppet." Since this furnace is con tained in the boiler unit, the cost is higher than the conventional boiler. The magazine feed unit should be regarded as a combination stoker and boiler. ' , , Screw -F eed S to k e r . The screw-feed stoker, introduced commercially in the early 1920's, was responsible for making coal an automatic fuel at low expense for the great majority of heating plants. Indeed, not only the coal industry but millions of con sumers should feel greatly indebted to it, for this method made mechani cal firing possible in the vast field of small heating plants formerly tended by hand. * Designed from shrewd observation that the most effective burning zone in a st^er 1 directly above the tuyeres, this de vice pioneered the complete elimina tion of side grates. Today numerous manufacturers build, stpck and dis tribute screw-feed stokers so wide ? that they may normally be obtained with ease to-fit evejy type and size of heating and steam generating boiler wherever coal is used. Wit new post-war appurtenances of im proved coal and ash handling appara tus, they should continue their phe nomenal rate of application. The rate of increase in shipments of automatic coal burners in the past decade has been far higher than that of 011 bul"' ers, while the heating cost with the former is considerably less. For anthracite, the screw-feed stoker operates well with buckwheat or rice coal; while with bituminous coals, a free caking coal which will jy N .E , 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING 68 A .  a a i fioA Heatitvg, and iPjteam S&ieAaiuMi spread out over the tuyeres and dead plate is best. Strong caking coals will form masses of coke, which must he broken down with slice bars or forks. Clinker should be compact, rather than the type which runs free ly in the fire and is difficult to re move. Any size up to 2% in. screen ings may be used, but a preferred size is % x % in. Ash content and heat value are of no particular con sequence so long as the burning characteristics are favorable and no difficulty with heat or steaming is en countered. An important feature is the means by which proper mixtures of air and coal are maintained. Just as particu lar attention is paid to an engine carburetor, so the air regulator is a vital part of the unit. It is important that the air-coal ratio be maintained constant regardless of changing fuel bed conditions and consequent vari ations in windbox pressures. The choice of a particular make of stoker should be governed largely by the design and by the organization behind it and its ability to maintain an efficient service in the community. Retort Stokers. The single and double retort underfeed stoker, feed ing coal to the furnace by means of a plunger or ram, will be another carryover into the post-war period. This type of stoker is better able to handle strong coking coals because of the breaking action on the fuel bed by the ram. An efficient stoker will distribute the coal properly over the entire grate surface, bringing in to effective operation the maximum, burning area, and bringing down the combustion rate. The latter feature is the most important factor govern ing good operation and boiler output. Many poor grade coals often operate well in amply sized stokers providing 'low combustion rates while neigh boring plants are having considerable difficulty with high grade coals in undersized equipment, necessitating high combustion rates. ' Neutralizing Caking. To improve operation with strong caking coals, at least some post-war designs will attempt pre-oxidation of the coal be fore it reaches the plastic stage. At tempts at breaking the coke forma tion by mechanical means will also be made. A simple and effective method suggests itself for exploding the coke in the fire by fine water jets arranged in the tuyeres. The sudden generation of small volumes of steam will act to break apart the caking mass and permit proper air distribu tion. Operation of the jets can be tied in with the' coal feed for effec tive control, on and off periods obvi ously being required. Chain Grate Stokers. The travel ling chain grate for bituminous coals has no application to the small heat ing plant. For larger boilers this stoker offers decided advantages in its ability to handle a wide range of coals with natural or forced draft, and the cheaper sizes may be utilized efficiently. Smoke elimination is easi ly attained as the fuel is not agi tated. Cost of installation, due to expensive furnace design, is usually higher than with underfeed stokers. For burning small anthracite, the chain grate stoker has no peer. This type_ stoker, because of its promise in post-war realities, will probably be greatly improved for use in house hold furnaces and in larger heating plants. Producers and consumers alike of anthracite coal have been neglectful of its good qualities and possibilities. This condition has prob ably been caused by the great over shadowing publicity enjoyed by the screw-feed stoker types. Originally designed for large boiler furnaces, it has in recent years been adapted to small heating plants with steel fire box and sectional boilers. Geographi cally limited, anthracite deposits lim it this stoker to the east. A com bination of clean, smokeless, low cost fuel, plentiful supply and automatic control makes the small chain grate stoker ideal for homes, schools, apartment and office buildings and small industrial plants. New designs are required to fit this stoker to these needs. . Revolving Grate Stokers. One type of revolving grate stoker, of radical design, features a revolving conical grate, instead of the straight line feed. This unit receives coal directly from the bin; coal then passes through a hollow tube extending to the grate level at the apex of the cone. The fuel, rice or barley, is car ried around the furnace while the burning process is completed. A hol low baffle barely scraping the grate retards the ash, which is conveyed by a simple mechanism to the ash receptacle. The opposite wall of the baffle backs up the coal as it feeds from the tube to the grate. The blow er, tied in with the coal feed, effects the desired combustion control. Small Traveling Grates. One of the straight line chain grate models in cludes a travelling grate so designed that drop-links act as a scraper con veyor on the return travel to the front of the boiler. As the links ap proach the ashpit, they drop down to bring forward the ash and drop it into a receptacle. On arrival at the front sprocket, they flatten out to form the grates for holding the fuel. , Still another type features a sepa rate and distinct ash conveyor which carries the ash to cans placed either at the rear of boiler or in the front of the stoker. This type is especially desirable for steel firebox and self- contained boiler units. The ash con veyor may be arranged to dispose of the refuse directly at the curb for collection by garbage or sanitation employees. This is accomplished by endless scraper chains operating in flexible tubes extending from base ment to curb, and buried below the sidewalk or lawn. The same asb conveying method may be employed with screw-feed stokers and other combustion methods. OSchematic diagram of general arrange ment of unit coal pulverizer and boiler. HEATING AND VENTILATING', JUNE, 1944 izza 69 Qnal goA Heating. and Meam SaieAaUan- coal feed is effected without hoppers A unit pulverizer projected for the and without the costly and bulky house-heating plant combines advan construction. More important still, tages of gas and oil firing at a frac the grate moves toward the front of tion of the cost. One design features the furnace, not away from it as in a self-contained boiler unit, receiving present designs. Thus a clear view coal directly from the bln, and blow may always be had of the fire from ing the powdered fuel through a the standard front door of the boiler. nozzle in the roof of the furnace. Best of all, the ash is dropped at the Advantages of this model are maxi front, where it can be hand-shoveled mum flame travel, large furnace volume, increased radiant heat sur away or mechanically disposed of with the conventional conveyor di faces and reversible gas travel, so rect to cans. Stoker drive, coal feed, effective in separating out the fly ash. Ash is collected in a pocket and ash conveyor lend themselves to easy, convenient and inexpensive ar from which It is flushed to the sewer rangement. Primarily designed to at occasional intervals. B p re a d e r S to k e r s . The spreader utilize the cheapest sizes of anthra stoker holds much promise for post cite, the unit also burns bituminous war development. Its combustion coals of free caking types. The great method promotes increased capacity est demand for this stoker w ill un and efficiency at higher combustion doubtedly come from apartment rates with most bituminous coals. . house and office building heating This is a distinct advantage. All the plants, where lack of experienced cheaper sizes of coal may be used firemen has called for the use of and screenings up to 1% in. are easi larger-sized anthracite coals requir ly handled. The coal is blown into ing little firing attention. Conse the furnace, the fines burning in sus quently, comparatively costlier coals pension and the coarser particles were necessitated. The rear feed on the grates. Furnaces operating stoker, automatically maintaining at higher capacities effect a greater good combustion with plentiful and degree of pre-oxidation of the coal. cheap fuels, seems to solve a great This in turn aids increased burning problem with simplicity. rates per square foot of grate area P u lv e r iz e d Coal. Pulverized coal with a minimum of caking. The fuel burners are presently designed for thus formed on the grates requires boilers of 13,000 square feet of radi no agitation other than that caused ation and upwards. Utilizing bitu by the forced blast of air from the minous coal in the form of a gas, they under-grate blower. The fuel bed are applied to all types of boilers if rests on a layer of ash, eliminating the flame clearance is at least 10 one of the chief causes of clinkering feet. Post-war design aims at short --mixing of ash and fuel. The air ening and widening the flame, and a stream carrying the coal to the fur model for house furnaces is under nace enters at right angles to the . consideration. The efficiency of com under-grate blast, contributing ^ a bustion is very high, while the ash high degree of turbulence conducive disposal problem is greatly simpli to good combustion. fied. As most of the ash from the The problem of coal handling is coal leaves the furnace with the minimized by this feeding method as R ea r-F eed T r a v e lin g G ra tes. Of all products of combustion, dust collec the fuel can be blown to the furnace the chain grates which are being tors must be employed. These are composed of static elements arranged from long distances or points either below or above the firing room floor. projected for post-war development, the model which is arousing the in the smoke pipe or breeching which Limited space ceases to control the greatest speulation and whose de deflect the ash and cause it to col type of equipment which can be tails are enveloped in deep mystery, lect at a point convenient for re placed in front of a boiler. Only suf the rear-feed stoker offers splendid moval. , , An important advantage of this ficient room for placing the nozzles solutions to several problems. Three factors seem to have hampered ap combustion method is the ability to and tubes need be available. An important advantage of this plication of chain grate stokers to use an extremely wide range of bitu method is the ability to use hot air sectional and steel hollers:--the prob minous coals. The grindabllity index determines the suitability of the coal, or gas from the furnace for preheat ing the fuel and the secondary air. lem of mechanical ash disposal; awkward location of coal hopper be and an index of 100 indicates a coal Efficiencies may be maintained in the cause of obstruction of firing door of very favorable structure, easily reduced to powder. To aid in the neighborhood of 80% at high capaci ties. An increase in steam generat and free view of the fire; and the cost involved in arranging for me pulverization, the coal is heated with ing capacities of 10% to 35% may be chanical ash removal. Th6 rear feed model seemingly preheated air or with gases direct from the furnace. Combustion of powdered coal is rapid and complete. obtained from existing boiler instal lations with this system. One type of spreader stoker com solves all these problems at one stroke. In addition, it offers coal It is interesting to note that while bining mechanical and pneumatic feed direct from bin to fire. The coal enters the furnace by means of a pulverizers require a soft coal of high grindabllity-index, stoker coals SshuOouUlUd bUCe oUfl h41a0,r1dv* sotructure---a--n-d- low features; has demonstrated marked ability to handle "wet coals. The cheapest sizes may be used up to screw conveyor to rear of stoker. grindabllity, often as low as 26. Simply by spilling over on the grate, \ J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G 70 :< : : j&aai oA Heating, and tfteam Q&ieAaUan, \ ' ' 2 in. Feed screws and coal agitators in the hopper insure continuous feed ing. Hopper agitators, incidentally, should be a reauired feature of all soft coal stokers. In this stoker the feeding screws are arranged in a row extending the width of the furnace. Under each screw a controlled blast of air blows the coal over the fire, the fines burn ing in suspension and the larger pieces. dropping on the grates. As each feeder is adjustable, desired air- coal ratios may he obtained. Very little power is required to operate this equipment. The coal is conveyed only a short distance by the feeder screw. The air stream simply blows the coal off a feeding shelf a short distance above the grate level. Consequently small mo tors and blower are possible. The important advantages of this equipment are limited space required for installation and ability to step up combustion rates to m eet heavier steam demands, in addition to the handling of wet coals. The spreader stoker has enjoyed great popularity in the midwest for some years. Post war practice w ill undoubtedly find increasing application of this equip ment in the east. C olloidal F u e ls . Colloidal fuels re ceived exaggerated publicity during the oil shortage. It was proposed to supplement the oil supply with a mixture of pulverized coal held in colloidal suspension in heavy fuel oil. In the current emergency along the Atlantic seaboard, advocates pic tured colloidal fuel saving large oil gallonage. Expectations have not been justified due to the difficulties with colloidal fuels. ' We have an ample supply of coal, under normal conditions, which can be burned with excellent results and few problems. Our method of burn ing oil have also been developed to a high degree entailing little diffi culty. But powdered coal and oil, burning well separately, present many problems when combined. The flame flares out from the burner more than oil alone, carbon masses accumulate on the burner throat, the oil ignition system does not ignite the colloidal fuel, it is not possible to carry the same boiler load as with oil due to the difficulty of supplying enough secondary air in the right spots, the fuel requires a stronger suction if it is to be pumped from underground tanks, the fuel is abra sive and cuts the burner tip. Tieavy smoke is caused when starring up with a cold furnace, the control valve tends to clog and must be cleared at frequent intervals," aiid finally the combustion efficiency, of coal-in-oil is apt to be less than that of oil. These are the conclusions reported from tests at the Atlantic Refining Com pany, the Cambria Silk Mills and the National Airoil Burner Company, all in Philadelphia. A sufficiently stable suspension was used of 40% bitumi nous coal by weight, ground 98% to 99% through a 230 mesh screen. If the coal is not ground to this fine ness, difficulty 'may be encountered from unstable suspensions. The best opportunity for the suc cessful use of colloidal fuel would appear to be in the larger industrial plants where expert operating per sonnel is employed. The mixed fuel has some advantage for ships be cause of the greater heating value on a volume basis as compared with oil or coal alone. A mixture of 45% powdered coal and 55% heavy oil of 18.9 API weighs 10.6 lb per gallon, over 2 lb more than oil alone. The specific gravity is 1.28; the viscosity, 51 seconds at 210F and 277 seconds at 130F, while the weight per cubic foot is 79.29 pounds. As an emergency measure, such a mixed fuel may be justified, but the preparation of the coal makes the cost equal to or greater than that of oil. Because powdered coal is an excellent fuel by itself at lower cost, the peacetime economy of colloidal fuel for stationary heating or steam generating plants has not been proved and does not appear likely. O a rd A a ti Indications are that post-war de sign will include recognition of con densate and steam temperatures as desirable starting points for combus tion control. A closer tie-in with weather conditions also is indicated. The maintenance of air-fuel ratios through CO, variations in the flue gas and through overfire draft changes will merit ever-increasing attention. Combustion control from . steam pressure alone or from a com bination of pressure and temperature regulation is far from satisfactory. Pressure control methods rested the responsibility for comfortable indoor temperatures entirely on the janitor, superintendent or fireman. The room thermostat was completely at the mercy of the occupant to tamper with it for his individual .preference. Door and window openings through carelessness alone might start up the stoker, resulting in unnecessary fuel consumption. C ondensate T em perature Controls. One of several methods would elim- inate these haphazard effects by C02 FUEL LOSS Scale of preventable fuel losses, based on 500F flue gas tem p eratu re, pure carbon fu el. Post-war methods should provide fo r more plan ts In the upper two zones. (From Hays and Sprague). using the temperature of the con densate in the return lines as an in dicator of steam-filled heating sys tems. It is obvious, of course, that so long as the returns continue hot, the radiators are filled with steam. As the radiators cool, the returns will cool also. A thermostat placed on the return line would measure the temperature of the returning condensate. When the temperature dropped to a point which indicated a rapidly cooling heating system, furnace operation would begin. As the returns grew hot, furnace oper ation would stop, regardless of pres sure control and thermostat read ings. The fact that the radiators were filled with steam would insure an increase in inside temperatures. In the meantime combustion would cease; deliberate or accidental effects on the thermostat would be H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E , 1944 71 (A ) ONEPOSTE R PROPOSAL is a r e a r -feed CHA/" CRATE STOKER FOR SMALL ANTHRACITE OR AREE CARINO BITUMINOUS coals .M l M m g fM 4M i K *# & 6 I ZM oveo c "'' Y o si :_ * `j r o * tA r tc fiiLy w 'plftN E.LEV. ( B ) A REYOLV/N ORATI | STOKER MAY HAV i possibilities m S M A L L HOm-HEATINO PLANTS ! BURNINC ANTHRACITE 'J ' i i - \ v $ i l > y* ( r i SUCCESTED ARRANGEMENT OF WATER JETS EOR explo d in g c o k e rnrccn FORMATION IN underfeed sto k er & r. ;>i:. >* - inset P IP E Lnsew jcr* CIPCULATItlf PIPE roIrPi Kojurvrrmwr STEAM Pokm/TTION Je" C c 2 Ji CPIfitBJIll >. /te e r- *>u v e x /c Q c o a / - : s r * ' * fZ *" " 1'* " 'T * 0 /l Qoxd fob Heating, and fleam . S^neahon. steaming. It is merely producing vapor. While this effect is extra ordinary in large buildings, it should not be uncommon in residences, one or two story buildings, and tax payers. W e a th e r C o n tro ls. The effect ob tained from condensate-temperature combustion control is also realized - with exceptional efficiency through another method. The elimination of local effects on thermostats and of dependence on pressure , regulators has led to placing steam supply to a building on the very basis on which heating systems are designed--the weather. With this method combus tion is controlled from a weather- actuated thermostat located on the outside . of the building. Outdoor temperatures control the length of time the burner shall operate. In colder weather the "on" period is automatically increased while on mild winter days the heating system may be operated for possibly 15 min utes out of every hour. When the outdoor temperature rises above 65F, all heating is stopped and thermo static hot water control combined with "holdfire" operation take over. In severe weather the heating sys tem approaches constant operation as it nears design temperature. Theo retically, the heating system will be at 100% useful operation at design temperature, the basis on which it was designed by the architect or H ' distribution over grates. heating engineer. Consideration had long been given eliminated, and fuel would be con furnace operation would stop before all parts of the system were warm. served. Furthermore, the temperature set Conversely, when steam pressure tings on the instrument must be de comes up to the desired point, the termined experimentally in each in burner would stop, sometimes before dividual building. Length of return the returns are hot. In mild weather lines, size of building, location of the thermostat might control opera heating plant with respect to risers, tion by remaining "off" when both degree of building exposure and the pressure control and return line thermostat call for heat. Thus there nature of climate all affect the tem perature limits of operation. The would be complete coordination among all three control methods results with this method, however, as indicated in a number of experi working as a unit to meter the exact mental installations in buildings amount of steam required to heat ' owned by a New York City savings the building. The intervals between bank, have been gratifying. the actuated room or steam instru ments on one hand and the conden In conjunction `w ith this method sate indicator on the other are mul and also independently of it; a ther tiplied many times in actual opera- mostat placed in the steam main tlon. These intervals are a direct near the boiler may be substituted, measure of the fuel saved. Their for the pressure control. The.greater effect, it may be seen, is to lengthen sensitivity of steam temperatures as the "off" period of burner operation. compared with pressure makes pos It is also clear that success with sible closer control over combustion.. this method depends on the proper In one of the plants mentioned above location of the condensate thermo; it was found that the building (a stat. While full details may/not at small multi-family house) could be this time be divulged, it is obvious heated with a steam temperature of that the thermostat should.be placed 210F. The significance of this fea on the return line, if there are sev- ture should not be overlooked. At erai, which heats up la s t Otherwise 210F the water in the boiler is not to the problem of co-relating boiler or furnace opration with the out door temperature. This method ap pears to combine this advantageous feature with that of practicability. The apparatus is of simple design and operates to achieve the desired results. The human element is elim inated in marked degree. In conven tional methods inside temperatures lag but with this system weather changes are anticipated as the heat ing cycle is immediately adjusted to meet variations in outside tempera ture. The control goes into action to counterbalance the effect before room temperature is affected. On installation, the regulator is set to the time when furnace opera tion should begin. Once the building is up to desired temperature, the burner operates only for a fixed pe riod in a time cycle. Heating sys tem s in different parts of the country call for adjusting the regulator to design temperature. A base of OF would obviously require a shorter operating cycle than one of --10F. The regulator may also be used to operate the furnace a few minutes through each of the night hours as JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G J&uxi oA HeaHtvcf, and iPiearn, Q&WixdiMi a substitute ior "banking," to run a to find favor in the post-war period actuated by rising and falling steam circulating pump on a hot water are draftostat, barometric damper, pressure. ' heating system periodically through pressure-operated damper and in P r e s s u r e C o n tro ls. The oldest form the night to minimize freeze-ups, or duced draft fan. of automatic damper regulation is to operate a boiler damper to pre D r a ft C o n tro ls. A finely balanced the positive acting pressure type. vneancet tfhroemfirgeoiinngaohuat.nd-Iotpiesrabteeldievfuerd bslaigrohmt ecthraicngdersafitn cdornatfrtolcasnenmsiatiivnetatino Wsteiathm thdiesmmanedthoadctstheto vaardijautisotn thine ! that post-war operation will accord breeching conditions constant despite smokepipe, breeching or main damper increasing recognition to this versa variations In burning rate and air to provide the necessary draft for tile method of combustion control, supply. It is actuated by the dif combustion control. The damper heating regulation and conservation ference in furnace and stack drafts, movement may be actuated directly of fuel. . and adjusts them by varying the air by means of a diaphragm or by a CO, C o m b u stio n C ontroller. In the intake to the smope pipe in the man hydraulic piston. The step type is furnace, greater accuracy of air-fuel ner of a check draft. In very hot greatly favored over the full open regulation is possible through con boiler rooms the damper also acts to or closed damper; stant and automatic coordination exhaust the hot air to the stack. Another damper of simple design with the CO, content in the flue gas. .. The power operated damper accom and especially sensitive action can Present methods of controlling air plishes the same purpose through control combustion so closely that supply for combustion are based on positive control. Overfire draft va steam may be varied in ounces. It coal feed. One of the post-war riations are transmitted through a operates on the principle of balanc methods will utilize the conductivity diaphragm to a motor mechanism ing steam pressure with a column of carbon dioxide gas. The changes which varies a damper in the of water. The liquid level, rising in electric current flowing through a breeching. The action of the damper and falling with changes in steam wire passed through the flue gas is graduated, permitting close con pressure, transmits the action to a would be used to actuate a secondary trol. This equipment may also be floating vessel. The movement of air control. This could be arranged to operate a damper in an auxiliary air duct from the main fan or from a smaller blower for this purpose. The secondary air supply would counteract any deficiencies in the air-fuel ratio at any point in the furnace. The air thus supplied would be entirely independent of the fuel- feed. In small plants, apartments, office and commercial buildings the loss due to unburned gases is prpb- ably very great. This method of CO, combustion control would make its greatest contributions in plants of these types. Well-trained per sonnel in expertly-manned boiler rooms may not find as great a need for this system, compared with those now in use. F irin g S ig n a ls. A warning signal for blow-holes in handfired or me chanically fed fuel beds is also being developed. The signal would be sounded when burned out spots ap peared in the fire, causing in-rush of excess air and consequent lower flue gas temperature. To make the method of operation inexpensive, the expansion and contraction of a wire placed in the smokepipe would be used to measure the temperature changes. The calibration of th in strument would make it adaptable to various types of plant?. In addi tion to attracting the attention of the fireman or operator to the condi tion of the fire, the signal could also be employed to summon the part time janitor from his workshop or from other duties when his fire was burning low. . Combustion controls through im proved methods or draft regulation now in use and which will continue Effect of storage of coal on Its agglutinating value as determined by accelerated oxidation. Curve from Bureau of Mines data. 75 H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E , 1944 v. Gaal &k Heating. and Meant SoeeAaUon the yessel is quite pronounced as a variation in ounces of pressure pro duces a change of several inches in the water level. Stack damper, ash pit doors, or check damper may all be separately or simultaneously op erated by this mechanism. Where steam gauges are not sufficiently sensitive to register pressure in ounces, direct readings may be had on a water column attached to the cylindrical vessel containing the liquid and float. By means of this method, a tight heating system may be kept filled with only a few ounces of steam, so close may combustion be controlled. In d u c e d D r a ft C o n tro l. Induced draft fans may be used to create artificial overfire draft when long smokepipe travel provides great resistance, where natural draft is insufficient or when it is necessary to eliminate large stacks. The con struction is costly as the equipment must handle hot furnace gases. It is especially important to have tight boiler settings where this method is used in order to prevent infiltration of excess air. . Good results with a coal in a specific plant indicate that for a fixed set of conditions, that coal is good. The degree of success of this coal in another plant is directly proportional to the degree of sim ilarity in the two plants. Having determined all the conditions which are best satisfied by a coal or group of coals, it may then be assumed that under identical conditions in any other plant, those coals are de sirable fuels. Thus, a compilation of plant variables may be compared with a list of coals which perform well under those conditions. This is the principle which was used by Roy Emmert in his copyrighted Coalfax method and which appears to be the basis, from available information, of r- zx: 0 the system being tried by the National Association of Purchasing Agents. The Coalfax method uses four headings for plant conditions:-- Equipment, Load, Operation, Results. Under each heading is a long list of variables covering every conceivable condition. In applying the system to a specific plant, each variable as it applies to that plant, is checked off. The resulting list is compared with coals which are suitable for that list of variables. ' Promotion of this method has been held in abeyance as a result of the present confusion inx the coal mar ket. As this method of selection is based purely on history of perform ance and ignores specifications and analyses as such, a more equitable distribution of coals should follow. Wide application of this system may conceivably bring a large group of coals to the attention of consumers who hitherto made purchases based largely on specifications which those coals did not meet. So:called low grade coals would find a wider mar ket if they had produced good re sults in any one plant. The higher grade coals would also become avail able to a larger number of consum ers whose plants would be most benefited. In the final analysis, com mercial efficiency transcends thermal efficiency. QPuUcc Go-aU The proper application of coals is measured by the ability of equip ment to handle them and by the Go-aC &eection CONTROLLER The history of systematic coal se lection is almost a blank. A clear process of procedure is open to the buyer of every commodity necessary, to the operation of a building or a business, with but. one exception, coal. The National Association of Purchasing Agents has shown some progress toward establishing the purchase of coal on something like a scientific basis. Post-war practice will see this type of method devel-' oped and carried further. TRANSE^ TO E L E C T IN LET 1 A U X ILIA R Y DUCTs JL FROM STO KER / FAN OR IN D EP EN D EN T --- B L O W E R V D iagram m atic arrangem ent of CO , system controlling combustion by intro ducing additional secondary a ir supply. Use of an a u x ilia ry blower fo r th is purpose is preferable. . 76 A .- J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G Sketch showing one type bin-feed spread er stoker with forced draft o p e r a t i o n . Compare with figure on page 74. comparative cost of making steam. By-products of costly prepared sizes are cheap and it was for the pur pose of their economic utilization that mechanical stoking methods were devised. The objective of mak ing coal a comfortable fuel to handle was a secondary one, although of at least equal importance from the viewpoint of certain types of cus tomers. ' Adaptability to mechanical firing is indicated by coal characteristics generalized in the following, where (A) indicates kinds of coal, (B) their ash fusion temperature, and (C) size of coal: I. For screw-feed deadplate stokers: (A) Free-burning, non-caking bi tuminous coals because of non-agitation in uniform feed ing rate; anthracite No. 1 buckwheat or rice coal; (B) High ash fusion temperature due to high burning rate ne cessitated by limited zone of air admission to fire; (C) Screened or unscreened sizes up to 2 in.; preferred sizes are ' Vi in. x % in. and % in. x V A in. II. For screw-feed stokers with side grates: (A) Free-burning, non-caking bitu minous; anthracite rice; blends of rice with bituminous or of rice and barley with bitumi nous; (B) High, medium and low fusion, the last possible only with very low combustion rates; (C) Screened and unscreened sizes up to 2 in.; preferred sizes are Vi in. x % in. and % in. x XVi in. III. For single and double retort un derfeed stokers: (A) Free-burning, caking and non caking bituminous; P7 I ROOM THERMOSTAT-, r --------------------------- (B) High, medium and low fusion coals: (C) Screened and unscreened sizes up to 3 in.; preferred sizes are 2Vi in. resultant, % in. x 1% in., Vi in. x Vi in. IV. For chain grate or travelling grate stokers: (A) Free-burning, non-caking bitu. minous; anthracite rice or barley, also No. 4 and No. 5 buckwheat; lignites; (B) High, medium and low fusion coals; (C) Unscreened sizes up to 2 in.; preferred sizes are lV t in. and under. V. For spreader stokers: (A) All grades of bituminous coal; (B) High, medium and low fusion; (C) Unscreened sizes up to 2 in.; preferred sizes are 1% in. and under. VI. For pulverized coal burners: (A) Free-burning, caking and noncaking bituminous coals of soft structure and high grind ability; (B) High, medium, low and very low fusion; (C) Unscreened sizes, slack and dust. a / / { / / . I 1 I CONDENSATE ,'T E M P E R A T U R E THERMOSTAT ~~~7 PRESSURE LIM IT ^CONTROL RETURN LIN E d -p BO ILER 77*\WA\\ y - i- \ I Fo ! - - T E L E C T ./ Z IN LET Z i STOKER << One method of coordinated combustion control, with condensate thermostat room thermostat and limit control In series. The purely diagrammatic lay- \ . out shows principle of operation. . . Coal for bituminous screw-feed stokers should be treated to allay dust and prevent freezing. Oil-treated coal is cleaner to handle and burns better than untreated coal. It also does not permit absorption of water. Calcium'chloride in solution sprayed on coal is also a good method for dust treatment, as the calcium chlor ide attracts moisture and uses this property to attain its objective. Various commercial compounds for making coal dustless, preventing freezing and improving combustion are on the market. One or two have merit; the others, claims. tfjno&e. Abatement The interests of public health, civic beauty and fuel economy pred icate a clean atmosphere. While it is true that post-war coal-burning H E A T IN G AN D V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E , 1944 77 Coat Heating, and M etm SauMdUm- S m o k e A b a te m e n t M eth o d s. Steps P 7 7 7 7 J "on" periods of u s efu l heating system operation to be taken for the abatement of the smoke nuisance are: first, prevention j --I preven table heating system operation by proper design of furnace and coal burning equipment, good operation with coal selected to fit,the burning method or use of a fuel which pro duces little or no smoke; and sec ond, removal of the carbon particles from the flue gases after smoke has been formed. Recent improvements in the appli cation of overfire air and steam jets promise more effective cqntrol of smoke formation in the boiler fur nace. These jets are applicable to stoker operation or hand firing. Proper combustion of jet design, spacing, and intelligent operation re sult in higher efficiency and smoke abatement. Jet operation can be va ried to supply secondary air with turbulence, or to promote turbulence alone without the addition of air. Carbon particles may be removed from smoke by washing and by elec trical precipitation. In the former the smoke is passed through a spray of water while in the latter, the gases are passed between highly charged electrodes. Smoke is a colloidal dispersion of a solid in a gas. It consists mainly of particles of unburned carbon. These particles acquire electric charges due to friction in flow. Some carry positive and others negative charges. As they move between to* 2 0 30* 40* 50 outside tem perature highly charged electrodes, or plates and wires, they are attracted to the oppositely charged surfaces. The dispersed particles, now free of elec trical charges, collect into larger particles and are precipitated. Any study of smoke abatement methods must keep one fact in the methods will materially aid in . the abatement of the smoke nuisance, a further program of education and helpful service to coal consumers must be pushed. . ,, ,' The cause of smoke production is clear enough. As a convenient illus tration of the principle involved, the log fireplace in the home living room provides an interesting study. Some of the area in the fireplace is clean while the rest is smoke black ened. The clear patches will be found near the high temperature zones where ample air is available for the combustible gases released from the burning logs. Where a combination of lower temperatures and insufficient air failed to com pletely burn the gases, as near the upper walls and roof of the fireplace, soot was deposited. The same process causes smoke in the boiler furnace. forefront, like a beacon light, to guide progress in the desired direc tion--o flam e is produced o n ly by th e b u rn in g o f gas. When any solid fuel burns with a flame, it means that the solid Is releasing or pro ducing gas. Air must be mixed with this gas so' it will burn completely. Of the solid fuels, coke has the least amount rof volatile. It therefore burns with less flame and, conse quently, With less smoke than any Anthracite, per T on 13,000 Btu's per Lb Hand F ired,' Epf. 58% MECtt. F ired," Err. 75% B ituminous, per T on 4,500 B tu's per Lb Hand F ired, Epf. 55% Mech. Fired, E ff. 75% Heavy On. per Gai.. 148,000 B tu per Ga i. E ft. 75% M anuf'd Gas per 1000 Cu. F t. 550 Btu per Cu. Ft. E ff. 80% Naturai Gas per 1000 Cu. F t. 1000 Btu per Cu. Ft. Erp. 80% J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G . 78 -oa (va Heating, and Meant Generation other solid fuel. As the amount of volatile increases in various coals, such as anthracite, semi-bituminous, medium volatile and gas coals, the difficulty of obtaining intimate mix tures of gas and air increases pro gressively. This is true not only because of the larger volume of gas released, but of the need for intro ducing the air where most needed. This becomes clearer when it is realized that complete burning of coal takes place in three steps. First, the coal in the bottom of the fuel bed burns in an ample sup ply of oxygen to form carbon diox ide; second, the carbon dioxide thus generated passes through the in candescent zone of the fire and is reduced to carbon monoxide; and third, when sufficient air is available in the furnace space above the fuel bed, the carbon monoxide and other volatile gases burn to carbon diox ide. The burning process in the furnace above the fuel bed will con tinue as long as there is sufficient air and until the gases are cooled below the ignition temperature. tVe must therefore have a com bination of sufficient air and ample space in the furnace for best re sults. This requirement is greatly minimized in the case of coke and anthracite coal, due to their low volatile content. Gentled Heeding. Tltantl The home owner's idea of Utopia is almost attained by piped steam for residential communities. Steam in mains tunnelled under village Schem atic diagram showing method of electrical precipitation of carbon p article s in sm oke. Smoke-laden flue gas enters breeching, passes between electrodes, and carbon particles are precipitated. H EA T A B SO R B E D BY B O IL E R L O S S IN C H IM N E Y G A S E S (U SEFU L HEAT) * L O S S OUE TO M O IS T U R E F O R M ED IN B U R N IN G H Y D R O G E N L O S S D U E TO U N B U R N E D C A R B O N IN A SH ^ 3.5% R A D IA T IO N AND U N A C C O U N T ED L O S S E S 3 2 .5 ^ LO SS I DUE TO IN C O M P LE T E . B U R N IN G OF C A R B O N LO SS D U E TO M O IS T U R E IN A IR ] 0.7% L O S S DUE TO M O IS T U R E IN C O A L 0.3% . T y p ic a l heat balance, show ing distribution of heat losses in a boiler furnace. Heat loss through stack is a m ajor item. streets, reduced in pressure and measured through a valve thermo statically controlled, to maintain any desired house temperature, is a suf ficiently attractive picture to en courage post-war planning in this direction. Proponents of this plan hold out a prospect where the house holder does nothing except pay his heating bills. Reduced heating costs combined with freedom from fur nace chores are entirely practicable where the central plant generates electric current in addition to sup plying steam. Suburban housing developments could well include a central plant to be owned and operated by the residents. The problem of franchises now held by public and private util ities would have to be worked out where streets are crossed. The question might arise whether the cost of service by the community plant would represent a large enough saving, after taking into considera tion the assessment per house (as represented in the sales price), to be a definite advantage. There is also the probability that a large col lective headache might supersede the separate one of the house plant. Towns and villages far removed from the larger cities would be the first to benefit from central com munity plants, especially those at great distances from coal producing regions. In highly concentrated urban areas street steam has been the basis of profitable industry for some time. Large buildings with rentable basements, such as banks with safety deposit vaults, may find the cost of piped steam no higher than with private plants. The space for merly occupied, or otherwise in tended, for the installation of boilers may be credited against the cost of purchased steam when it is turned to income-producing purposes. An other method of lowering purchased steam costs is the renting of exist ing boilers in the building to the company supplying the steam. Gen erally, however, the cost of pur chased steam from central heating plants in large cities is sufficiently higher to warrant operation of his own plant by the building owner. H EA TIN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E,:1944 79 A rrangem ent whereby combustion is p a rtially controlled by outside w eather; rising outdoor therm ostat is connected through tim er w ith stoker motor. Q o-nciudi& ti Standing out in the current situa tion is the important contribution to meeting the coal shortage made by blends composed of the most plenti ful sizes of anthracite and bitumi nous. Originally intended during the past decade for economic utilization of coals not separately adapted to standard combustion methods, their combination through proper match ing of burning characteristics pro duced a fuel far superior to either constituent. The spotlight of achieve ment thus thrown on blended fuels for handfiring heating plants is sure to spur further development in the post-war period. A further project for research lies in finding out more about how a coal pulverizer does its job. Combustion of powdered coal is closest to the ideal method--transforming solid fuel into gas. Although much has been written on the results obtained by the use of various types of pulver izers, less has been said about what makes them work or what principles are involved in their operation. The problem is best stated in the words of the consulting engineer, J. K. Blum, who said that pulverizing can be considered as a competitive test --sometimes the machine is the winner and the material is pulver ized; at other times the material is the winner and the machine is pul verized. . The post-war period will undoubt edly witness redoubled efforts in the underground gasification of coal. Tests have been made in at least two Russian collieries. First sug gested by the Russian chemist Mendeleeff in 1888, the proposal of underground gasification was re vived by the British chemist, Sir William Ramsey, in 1912, when he suggested use of the method if a then current coal strike continued. The object was to minimize the labor of mining. The Russians started active experimentation in 1917, but news of the results has been fragmentary. Two methods were employed: the "stream" method and the "warehouse" method. In the first, two shafts are sunk and con nected by a gallery at the bottom. After a fire is ignited, air is forced down one shaft and gas taken from the other. In the experimental sta tion in the Donbas, gas was produced without interruption for 18 months. The product varied greatly in com position and calorific value. Most of the output ranged from 85 to 220 Btu per cubic foot. The second method involves pre liminary underground mining in which chambers in the coal bed are filled with crushed coal. The making of producer gas by burning the coal with an insufficient supply of oxygen follows. Water gas was also pro duced by alternating the air blows with steam. There has been much talk but lit tle action on a national policy of requiring that neither fuel oil nor natural gas be used where coal can serve equally well. Production of gasoline from natural gas is partic ularly attractive because of the low cost of the gas and manufacturing process. The programs of research of the anthracite and bituminous in dustries are in accord with such a national policy and are following the line of development of processes and equipment with which coal can fill the need for clean, convenient, and controllable low-cost heating and steam generation. - This proposed national policy can be effectively inaugurated at once by making permanent the large scale conversions from oil to coal and by requiring that converted plants wish ing to return to oil in the post-war period must show why coal should not be continued. Problems of effi ciency, convenience and labor can be solved. Solutions are in evidence every day in practically all sections of the country. Courage and a strong hand on the tiller are not lacking in that quarter where national policies are originated. Consequently, we need not fear that strong gusts of adverse opinion will upset the craft when a ' firm course is eventually charted. . Whether the new methods dis cussed here for utilization of coal, combustion, and controls will be put to practical use in the post-war world is a matter which may be likened to Faraday's reply to Glad stone. When the great prime min ister asked whether the then newly discovered electricity would ever be put to practical use, Faraday replied, "Why, sir, there is every prob ability that you will soon be able to tax it." 80 JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G Some Notes on Radiant Heating T. W. REYNOLDS AMONG the numerous articles which have apX J l peared on radiant heating the writer has yet to read anything about the size of boiler required with such form of heating. For example, if there is no distribution system of any moment, then there is no pick-up of any moment to add to boiler size. Is there a definite answer, then, to the question "Does a radiant heat installation require the same size boiler as a convection system?" Most contradictory and uncertain material has been printed regarding the ground floor loss of floortype radiant heating systems. What pick-up does this add to the required boiler size? Probably none, as a system once heated up in the start of the heat ing season before ground cooling has gotten under way woyld become more or less stabilized as to temperature. On the other hand, any piping run along northerly exposed walls may have a substan tial ground loss, as the writer once found out to his sorrow in the case of long underfloor warm air ducts in an industrial heating and cooling system. In the case in mind, those ducts along both south erly and northerly walls gave a decided drop to the temperature of air emitted at grilles near the end of duct runs and this condition continued for a long time. The air temperatures at grilles along the southerly wall did improve in time; however, the air from the more distant grilles along the northerly wall remained at least five degrees cooler than at the beginning of the run. To improve this situation it was necessary to circulate considerably more air through the northerly duct to the extent that the near grilles had to be almost completely closed to prevent too much air at duct outlets near the begin ning of a run. Avoidance of one situation brought on a second situation almost as bad as the first. One case of a floor radiant heating system comes to mind where radiant heating proved a decided ad vantage after a forced warm air system had failed to produce satisfaction among the workers. This was in an aircraft hangar where large doors are opened frequently for short intervals and which when closed stopped the breeze, but left behind an enor mous volume of cold air which.the fan system was too slow in recirculating and warming up again. The radiant heating system gave some comfort when the doors were open and instantaneous and full comfort when the doors were closed. Obviously, radiant heating systems would seem to be the answer in the case of aircraft hangars. In industrial establishments radiant heating sys tems may also have their advantages for there is so much of usable floor and so many hot processes and other factors causing air movement throughout, that floor systems may be the answer, if so located and arranged that heavy machinery may b.e occasionally shifted without too much interference with the floor system. On the other hand, one may wonder where he can find a place to install a radiant heating sys tem in the home of tomorrow which will be largely of glass, according to some, yet can't be and find room for the numerous items of built-in furniture and closets (a closet for every purpose) according to others. Further, the decorators are going to cover that floor with some very heavy rugs, or at least that is their ambition. Somewhere a co-ordinator is need ed. Of course, the glass will have to be double or triple, or there will be too much cold surface to ab sorb radiation from the body. To what temperature will the spaces heated by radiant heating be heated? Theoretically it can be low, but in all of the writer's observations so far he finds in actual practice the same space temperatures used as before and with radiant heating calculations checked by the old heat loss method. Finally, the capacity of heating actually installed is made the equivalent of what we have always computed in the past. Weather Observers Have Difficulties Few weather observers have to work under the conditions faced by the staff of the Mt. Washington, N. H., Weather Observatory. The station is atop the 6,300-foot mountain, and rarely do the men en joy a full day of sunshine. Wind velocity has reached 231 miles an hour, and a temperature of --SOF has been recorded. On the H EATIN G AND V EN T ILA T IN G . JU N E, 1944 average, 67 out of 100 days are cloudy, 13 clear, and the rest of the time the summit is encased in a blanket of fog. It is only once in every five days that the station may escape fog, an d on th a t d ay , it may be cloudy. ' Sunlamps are provided for the staff to bolster their general physical condition. 81 I U i! : | (U pper), B utterfield H ouse, a com bined freshm an girls' dorm itory, recreation hall and college cafeteria. (R ig h t), L ew is and T hatcher H alls of M assa ch u setts S ta te College, A m h erst, M ass. Central Plant Heats 45 Buildings F. N. HOLLINGSWORTH FORTY-FIVE buildings of the Massachusetts State College at Amherst, Mass., are served by a central heating plant. This college, on the oppo site side of the town from Amherst College, has over 1,700 students. The Heating Plant tically all the buildings so that the condensate re turns by gravity. _ A separate heating plant was established in 1941 for two new buildings, Butterfield House, a girls' dormitory, recreation building and cafeteria, and Fisher Laboratory. This latter plant was geared to use 51,000 gallons oil annually. A separate plant Steam for heating and some process purposes is supplied by three Heine Boiler Company boilers, was built because the cost of 1600 feet of additional tunnel and piping was prohibitive. However, due to rated at over 1,500 hp. They are fired by three the shortage of oil, the college was forced to convert ; Combustion Engineering, Type E stokers, with en this plant to coal. Steam from this small plant, j closed vertical type of coal conveyor, which brings which includes an H. B. Smith boiler and a small the \ z/ t to 2 in. size fuel from a pit and dumps it Kohlmaster worm-feed stoker, not only heats the into the hoppers. Stokers have Minneapolis-Honey two buildings but also supplies process steam for well controls, and are from the Perfection Grate & the.cafeteria of Butterfield House, and for sterilizers Stoker Company, Springfield, Mass. and stills in the Fisher laboratory. The stoker has The three boilers, each 22 years old, have a rated to be hand filled from the outdoor coal bin, as the capacity of 39,000 lb steam per hour, at a working basement of the building is too small to hold a suffi pressure of 200 lb, but are capable of supplying 52,000 lb per hour, even though their present effi ciency is figured by the plant engineer at only 75-80%. Average annual production of steam is around 18,000,000 lb, for both heating and process work. The boiler plant is situated in a hollow be side a little brook, and slightly below grade of prac- cient coal supply. j Up to 1943, the main boiler plant has also sup plied steam power for three electric generating units with a total annual capacity of around 2,000,000 kilowatt hours. However, electric power is now ob tained from the local town plant. All buildings, as well as the dairy barns and poultry houses, horti- 82 " " J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G culture buildings and greenhouses are heated from the main underground lines, which total some 35,000 feet of mains and returns, including 9,400 feet of tunnels, 15,600 feet of conduit lines and 3,400 feet of branch lines and returns. They serve an area of about one-fourth square mile, although the campus itself covers about 700 acres. The dairy barns, poultry buildings and others housing stock are heat ed by steam coils and radiators, but some of the buildings, including the handsome Goodell Library, Fisher Laboratory, Thatcher Dormitory and the Physical Education Building, are equipped with Herman Nelson units of various types and sizes. A considerable amount of steam is used in greenhouse heating. Tunnels Supersede Conduits The new steam tunnel exits from an upper floor of the boiler house on a steel bridge over the brook, and enters the ground on the opposite bank. Boilers are fed with makeup water from the town supply by a Worthington feed pump and a Warren recipro cating outside plunger type pump. Fuel Consumption Federal No. 1 coal showing 14,000 Btu per pound of fuel is used. About 8,000 tons are used annually. Figures for 1941, the latest available, show an an nual consumption of 8,102 tons coal and 172,421,096 lb water. Total degree days recorded in 1941 were 5455.4. The two coldest degree days for that year 1941, periods of 24 hours each, were 15.2 and 1.8, when 945,726 and 873,310 lb water, respectively, were used. Interior of the boiler house showing two of the three boilers. Monthly average of coal for the heating season 1941-42 was 924 tons, with a daily average of 33 tons. Steam for heating the various buildings is reduced to 5 to 14 lb, according to the weather. For V- <C ' . H E A T IN G A N D V E N T I L A T I N G , J U N E , 1944 the two laboratories, also using process steam, the pressure is reduced to 50 lb. Forced draft fans, driven by Terry steam turbines are used for the boilers. Each building has a water heating unit, utilizing the central steam. Butterfield House The Butterfield plant originally had the H. B. Smith boiler, with an Enterprise oil burner. This S ta ck room o f th e G oodell L ib ra ry. H erm an N elson u n its are under the w indow s. was removed by the Perfection Grate & Stoker Com pany, and a steel plate substituted for a fuel bed, with the small stoker. Although the conversion job had to be done in a hurry, the plant is delivering a satisfactory amount of steam for heating and process work in both buildings. Butterfield has four floors in the central section and three in each of the wings. Exhaust fans keep the building well ventilated. Ducts from the main rooms and kitchen, and an additional one from the toilets, lead to ai ventilating shaft in the north wing. The dining room and recreation hall directly above the main rooms are provided under the windows with Herman Nelson D J ventilating units. The Goodell Library, completed in 1935, also has Her man Nelson univents under the windows of the stack room and in the reading room which is very popular. ' Besides the buildings on the large sprawling campus, the college has a 270-acre farm, with dairy .barns housing 175 head of registered cattle, and the Tillson Experimental Poultry Farm and chicken houses, with more than 1,000 layers, all in scientifi cally heated buildings. Engineering Credits Plan t Engineer, Lionel G. David. A rchitect, Butterfield House, Lew is W . Ross. Contractor, original Butterfield House oil heating Geo. Reed & Co., Greenfield, M ass. Contractor Installing conversion grate, Perfection & Sto ker Co., Springfield, M ass. , plant, Grate 83 ild in g ^ r a z il A South Amer'can approach Jo th "" CLifdi.* building, make th is dist Un|ted States. On the north O ld. n< ] " S'. cation Building. a re ca n tile v e re d out- cre te slab s of f !oor af the w in d o w s, w a rd s about .4 J TM" s0 4 ap art. V e rtic a l d iv isio n s aire ais^ ^ gfye the T h e se break up th J*omb. T h e south effect of a huge hon y more need side of the build.ng h ^ ided by e ry, R io deu Jan* ,,, in Portuguese, and G. E- K ldder S m lth rh o to Museum ol Modern Art. New r o ., Nursery -X&JZ v, rl,e ., greatest amo G. B. Kidder Smith photo. Museum of Modern ~ city Much has been done w ith movable outside sunshades since the e a rly experim ents in 1933. In the M in istry of Education and H ealth Building (le ft) asbestos louvers In the upper por tion of each rectangular cell are m anually controlled and can be directed w ith the position of the sun. T h is perm its sufficient a ir and keeps out all direct sun rays. A s the louvers are regulated at different angles throughout the building, it is possible to secure an interesting variety of light and shade, in each room is a cra n k w h ich co ntro ls the angle of the sun shade. A v a rie ty of arch ite ctu ra l designs re su lts in B ra z il's citie s from the use of many types of sunbreak devices. French, Portuguese'and Italian architectural and construction ideas were used, w hile from the United States w ere obtained technical and labor-saving devices to provide com fort. Santa Terezinha Tuberculosis Sanitorium at Salvator, Baia. balconies reduce the solar heat gain through windows. G. IS. Kidder Smith photo, Museum of Modern Art, New York City W ide S till a different type of building. T h is is the Casa Pernam bucanas, Sao Paulo. In stitu te of In d u stria l In su ra n ce, R io de Jan eiro , has vertical sunshades to a lle v i ate the effects of hot w eather. Note how the lower part of the building is kept open fo r pedestrians. G. E. Kidder Smith photo, Museum of Modern Art, New York City The Associated P ress Building (below) has two hot sides which are provided w ith ve rtical sunshades. T h e y are faced w ith rows of diagon a lly fixed concrete slab s, each 32 In. deep and 2 % In. th ick , w hich open on a n a rro w continuous passage. Som e room s have glass on the inner- side of the passage; others are left open. MiNGnWNEWSconclusion, however t*,, *n that although w p b ` ,,L be noted with heating, v e n t i S deaIinS conditioning Sn 7 datmg and air- .bo, S f a i p T " k * * r activities, they close to the table w h e n V r Cards actually relaxing c o n t r o l th e" 68 to switch either mlterSort W UW f7 e wuw f a J Z '"> m f.it.ry lo civilian "productioa TaskC o m m ittees A c tiv e R *? B7 of7amg. t0,, P.roesus-bTMmthe YWW" ,,TMh rPr^oTMPdu,^ctl4i^on,5 materials have been `m a controed 'OP Production ot h S l* " " t " ' controls for tom residential," commer!!? , SOme 960,000 and industrial stallers of the heating Qtg lPnslatlnttust.ionranI. -We to nurnh!1! ?.qUlpment m * n Z T t eal T ls freeIy` !?al I r Production of thesea ey ii was WPB's aim * laese controls, ing devices available iDak? fuel savexpected fuel f w m view of the * * * 4 * e 'U ,?Pators ............... ' "`ves (electric) . . . valves (pneumatic) ' ' " Commercial barometric ' S contrnnStinK of Pressure s duTteratoarnd )ight- heavy- ietfis consisting 0f oyeV- 3ain0ddr hhderaavfyt-aduCtyontr0opIe'er-r Pumps ................. Steam accessories .' Hot water accessories.'.'.' f i.R . 1.433 2.866 2,389 12,500 S.ooo 5,000 5,000 1,000 5,000 aZ 862 1.72 1 1.435 7.000 2,800 2,800 . while planning to S " 6 running civilian production a t t h ? ^ ,into * Possible moment 1 the earliest con oitieen 0TM " - " , J `" T ? ' ~ k representatives r>,, , , f lndustry Pricing matters too and futura cussion, with a m e e tin g ^ fUhnder dis` appointed price a d visf f the newly- mreeprerieasle n trip/gfntVaonvu..,t*e-tuluTreerrTs ofT co^rn- units scheduled to m eetCin dw S ihg mgton on June 1 3 . 1 Wash` 2,800 1,000 25,000 coming heating season**0 ^ 7 the . The control equJ T e n t i o ? 8 Said' dwellings Proposed under th fnVate gram consists of aer tb ls pro' lator sets for coal ha r"1Static regu- qhaVrterbeoefni S r ated f r tbe third equipment, limit* c * f Br, ed heating stallation on TM0al tr o ls for ir 1,510 sS c X % carbon equipment already t Z / T flre< some thermostatie a prvided witl I r J 5 c ' | a" - - W (includ- metric dampers for ntro1'. and baro ttrip.PPer base a"V-sbeet and stoker-fired units Each 0iI and regulator set cl t thermostatic struments--thermostat L ah rer ecroanttorro.l, and an eleccttrrilce d^ amperh mopi-t in d u striar^ lid in gs last7 tiona1, and hotels, apartmenf SUCb as scbools, I93'000 ' w'i" PPer-base a"v-rod. bar and 3.o lbs.pc0ppe,base alloy-tubm* and 76.000 lbs.' copper ^ r e "'{i Drot1ucts113.0 0 0 lbs Conner 7 mi11 Products. products^ COr)Der`base foundry 2.000 ' bfied)!UminUm moducts (unclassi- tories; three ;yDeenst8 f and, Sma11 fac are included in the program* SyStemS wii the nL7 Z d r themostat direct control a , of ^hceda,ct genSeSrartiieoSn*for 2- A system ,con7sisff.npe*nerati a *;. -- ItSIJTSe^ As as ve,o" `Z r z s t amounts not to ,be issued in "T s *ta 1S u sris? f e r r y 11 Wller`i sm5 le r a n ? Sr0i^ O TJ large hb u Hu d C^ s w L 8e7tS. f7 r U- se. on or zone control is no/ sectinalized of the varymg hea7 CeSSary beca"se Production T u r i n f 0tghreamth ir?S * 5 listed: Quantities . Quarter Limit controls ' Barometric resuUto'm.'. ' ' ' ThseTM 0static regulator ' THniD ,00 f urth 18.000 80.000 Indoor-outdoor"thermo- ' ' stats ............. Indoor thermvostat's' ......... 86 ,75'000 3.553 12 7,000 6,747 2.1.14 'T aSOn De*erm,n,n9 Factor it All Hovio JS_ overall picture and that of Plumbing and heating: * f in Washington to t0Ck answer, garding what in d u s t r y ^ ? ,0nS re" breagckaRrdin g1* muilnitaarryy1 Lprogra7mCXpcuect-t odCKs, reconversion a/i MUNITIONS s h i p m e n t int E T A L b b o Dv o t sT t o Ds TM e s F o u r th n ,, c . i ___ iS"visrmn iv"" 't ! v v T otal All P roducts P lumbing and Heating that as much tirnp0"^ SlDf to k aw Per work is hot * kbouSht, and pa- Planring as on eDt D Postwar Washington c i S " meInPf,r bi ems in S S iiS prduction records belie this sg<S 0 0 gE 1-99 100-249 520500--949999' 1000-2499 2500 and over b 0 & Z 0H255 OWU< QD O.HCL, H et, 3 O OK0' 10 .9% 1-99 0.3 100-249 S-9 250-499 *J33.`X*2 500-999 IOOO-2499 55.5 2500 and over b. 2 0 s 5w5 *JD0R AW ,H O - P- 0-f 2s6% 27.S ,96 ,,g 6.1' 5.4 J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G The indication that the plumbing and heating industries do not con form to the pattern whereby the Smaller War Plants Corporation seeks to convert small industries first, may be worthy of study and counter proposals on the part of those active in postwar planning. Shipments of combat material from 85 plants that were engaged primarily in the manufacture of do mestic and commercial refrigeration time will be saved by the use of copper in place of substitute mate rials previously required. A survey of actual shipments for the fourth quarter of 1943 indicates the end use of this equipment to have been as follows: to the U. S. Army, Navy and Maritime Commis sion, 43.5%, of which 41.5% was for shipboard use; to plants producing war materials, 53.5%, and to plants producing civilian goods, 3.0%. equipment before the war reached an all-time high of almost $150,000,000 in the last quarter of 1943, the War Production Board reports. Shipments of combat material have been mounting steadily since the begin ning of the war. Shipments of all products--combat material, refrigeration equipment, and other goods--from the same plants totaled more than $200,000,000 for the same period. Enough un filled orders of all kinds were on hand at the end of 1943 to keep the industry busy for about a year at the fourth-quarter rate of produc tion, WPB said. This does not take into consideration possible cutbacks in military programs. Total employment in the 85 plants reached a peak of 73,000 wage earn ers in October, 1943, an increase of 60% over the June, 1942, total. Over all employment and unfilled orders continued at a high level through the end of 1943, though both had declined slightly from the fall. Furnace Production Static Furnace production for the second quarter of 1944 will probably remain approximately the same or drop below the number manufactured during the first quarter, members of the Warm Air Furnace Industry Ad visory Committee said at their re cent meeting with government offi cials in Washington. Anticipated production, according to estimates submitted by all fur nace manufacturers on Form WPB3316, was somewhat above the first quarter's output, but industry mem bers felt that these figures were over-optimistic because of the loss of manpower in the foundries. There are indications that rela tively few manufacturers are pro ducing the smaller size furnaces, and industry was asked to distribute more equitably among all manufac turers the burden of producing this type of furnace. More than half of the workers added after the middle of 1942 were To Uprate Repair Parts women, with the result that women constituted 23% of the employes in the industry in January, 1944, as compared with 8% in June, 1942. The number of women employed in The Refrigeration and Air Condi tioning Section of the General In dustrial Equipment Division of the War Production Board has informed manufacturers and trade associa individual plants varied widely. In January, 1944, no women were em ployed in over 20% of the 85 plants, . while more than half of the workers in a few plants were women. Seventy-four of these plants, in cluded among the 309 plants classi fied in the refrigeration equipment industry in 1939, accounted for 90% of the total production ($279,000,000) by the industry in that year and for 89% of the 35,000 wage earners then tions of the refrigeration industry that WPB is prepared to uprate to AA-1 orders for certain repair parts used by the industry. This move has been taken to help solve difficulties that have developed in manufacture, delivery and instal lation of repair parts, WPB said. At present, the agency added, the repair parts covered are in short supply. The telegram which the Refrigera tion and Air Conditioning Section in the industry. . sent to the industry, telling of this Some C o pper R e le ased action, follows: Limited restoration of copper and copper base alloy products to replace steel in the manufacture of specified items of extended surface heating equipment, including blast-heating coils, convectors and unit heaters, was authorized May 16 by WPB. The action, affected by amendment of Conservation Order M-9-c, is ex pected to result in a saving of ap proximately 350,000 man-hours a year. Need for emergency repairs and replacements w ill be greatly re duced, WPB officials said, while ap proximately 50% in manufacturing "Please issue bulletins to your members, dealers and distributors informing them that wholesale and retail trades division is pre pared to uprate to AA-i repair parts for commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, orders for which have been placed before February i s and are as yet undelivered. The program covers the following items: Controls (pressure and thermostatic) capacitors and/or starting condensers for motors, control bellows, sol enoid valves, liquid line strainers, refriger ant dehydrators, thermostatic and automatic expansion valves, compressor bodies, com pressor repair parts, including but not lim ited to pistons, rings, flapper and disc valves, crank shafts, seals, piston pins, high and low side float valves. Program is lim ited to the items enumerated. Have PD S47 filed or refiled for uprating. Forms should clearly designate in section four that request is against special program refer to GIEQ program determination number twenty eight. Give case number and item number of PD S47 on which previous rating was received, or if for uprating of MRO rating list each MRO rating for which uprating is requested. "STERLING F. SMITH, Chief Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Section General Industrial Equipment Division." Comfort A-C Gets "Break" With Freon denied comfort air conditioning systems, and with "F- 22" refrigerant recently added to the ' prohibited list through issuance of Order M-28-a, it had begun to look as though comfort air conditioning was doomed to go through the sum mer without getting a single nod from WPB. But the merits of air-cooling are not entirely forgotten. Directive 1 to Limitation Order L-38, issued May 19, authorizes the manufacture of a limited number of "desert cool ers"--evaporative coolers for use in homes of W est Coast war workers who are forced to live under air conditions because of the location of certain war plants. Desert coolers consist primarily of a fan powered by a fractional horse power motor and an evaporative medium such as wetted excelsior. They are designed to lower the air temperature by the evaporation of water. W hile WPB's decision to permit their manufacture will not alter the production schedule of major air conditioning plants, it is a step in the right direction--a fur ther tribute to the essentiality of conditioned air. Corrosion Inhibitors Fees and charges for corrosion in- hibiter services for boilers and heat ing systems are exempt from price control, the Office of Price Admin istration announced May 23. This service consists of a special analysis of the customer's need for a corro sion inhibiter in his heating system by a person with the necessary tech nical knowledge and the use of pre scribed chemicals to retard the cor rosive action. . This action, effective May 27, was taken because the technical knowl edge of the person giving the serv ice, rather than the materials used, is the important factor involved in retarding corrosion within a heating system. OPA believes it impracticable to try to regulate maximum prices for such an unstandardized service, and, in this particular case, that the ab sence of price control will not result in an increase of present prices. However, OPA will keep the corro sion inhibiter service under study and, if the necessity arises, take fur ther action in the matter, the agency said. 87 HEATING AND V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E , 1944 a - . -\ NEWS OF THE MONTH Non-War Buildings Urged b y Housing M en Chicago--Five hundred members of the National Association of Housing Officials at their annual meeting heard a report May 4 of its committee on post-war housing, approved by the board of governors. It recom mended that some resumption of non-war housing con struction be permitted before the end of the war if the materials and manpower situation permit. This would ease the acute housing shortages to be expected in some communities when service men and war workers return home, it was held, and would also help the housing industry get ready for its big post war job. Emphasizing the magnitude of the task, with a mil lion to a million and a half dwelling units a year needed for the first fifteen years after the war, the report asserted that the post-war years could be made "the golden age" of American housing. It said that the goal of adequate homes for all could be attained if private enterprise, the Government and labor cooperated. Holding that local authorities should determine how and when war housing should be disposed of, the report urged that temporary structures be removed as quickly as possible after the war lest they give rise to new slums, and that permanent buildings should not be dumped on the market but offered to occupants, local housing authorities or private enterprise in such a manner as not to depress the real estate market. It said that privately produced war housing on which mortgages had been foreclosed should be demolished unless housing of such nature would be useful to public housing authorities. Philip M. Klutznick, newly appointed Commissioner of the Federal Public Housing Authority, said that there must be no compromise on the subject of the demoli tion of temporary war housing units after the war. "We must steel ourselves to perform this job with dispatch and in a creditable fashion," he added. A permanent Federal housing agency should be pro vided now, the post-war report urged, so that it could be ready and functioning when the war ended. It said that the actual planning and provision of housing was a local responsibility, hut there should he an agency to coordinate all Federal activities, including administra tion of funds for aid in slum-clearance and low-rent housing and supervision of need, standards and plan ning in justification of Federal aid. Saying that the national Government should not "con trol" housing, it advocated the end of Federally con structed and operated housing with the end of the war, except for reclamation projects. Urging cooperation between private enterprise and public housing, it said that the achievement of post-war goals required unprecedented activity by private initia tive and investment. . M ay Ventilate Tunnel S taunton, V a.--The prospect of a ventilation job on the old Blue Ridge railroad tunnel at Afton, Va., loomed here following announcement that the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad is contemplating leasing the tunnel for cold storage purposes. , 1 Railroad representatives said the project is now un der consideration. If the proposal goes through, fruits and garden produce could be preserved the year round. The temperature of the tunnel is 56F. The tunnel is brick lined, 4000 feet long and presumably could be supplied with air ducts so that fresh air could be pumped in to prevent mold and rotting. 88 Haines Speaks on Electronics W a sh in gton --Electronic controls so sensitive they react to the heat of a person's hand will eliminate, in the not too distant future, the cold floors and drafts prevalent in the majority of homes today, John E. Haines, chairman of the postwar planning committee, Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company, said in a talk May 10 before the local chapter of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Electronic controls, Mr. Haines continued, will be valuable in connection with the air-conditioning and heating of both homes and industrial plants since they react to minute temperature variations. The use of electronics, combined with present-day temperature control equipment, will mean greater comfort--as well as convenience and safety--for the home and factory. 4 0 0 0 M eet at C. T. S. C. Clinic Chicago -- At a record-breaking meeting, 4000 engi neers gathered at the Hotel Sherman, March 30, for the 2nd War Production and related problems conference sponsored by the Chicago Technical Societies Council. The Clinic was held at the request of the War Produc tion Board and was in cooperation with the Board and the Army and Navy. Principal speakers were John Collyer, president of the B. F. Goodrich Company, and Rear Admiral A. S. Carpender. The purpose of the conference was to expedite the war effort by providing a means for the exchange of mutually beneficial ideas among engineering, technical and scientific societies, and interested manufacturers in the Chicago area. The conference was held in a series of 33 panel sessions in which all phases of war produc tion and related problems were discussed. All panel dis cussions were led by recognized experts in their fields. Composed of the representatives of 36 societies, the aims of the Chicago Technical Societies Council are: (1) to provide a medium for cooperative action by the engineering, technical and scientific societies in the mid west on matters of mutual interest which are beyond the scope of individual societies or which can be per formed better by cooperative action; (2) to provide means for more effective public service by the member societies; and (3) to cultivate greater appreciation by the public of the part which engineering and scientific professions have contributed to human welfare. The Chicago Council is composed of two delegates from each member society including the American So ciety of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Those de siring membership or further information should write to K. H. Hobble, corresponding secretary, Chicago Tech nical Societies Council, care of the Driver-Harris Com pany, 1140 West Washington Blvd., Chicago 7, 111. Rose Joins Coal Research. Group P ittsburgh--Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., has elected Dr. H. J. Rose, Mellon Institute, as vice-pres ident and director of research in charge of the expanded investigational and developmental program of the bitu minous coal industry. This organization of coal oper ators, associations, and railroads in the Appalachian and Mid-Continent coal fields is enlarging its research projects on coal production and utilization to meet war time problems and to prepare for and strengthen the industry's post-war position. More than two million dollars will be invested in this research program dur ing the next five years. ' Dr. Rose has had extensive experience in the tech- JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G flew A > & fj tlt& M o *iU t nical and administrative phases of coal research. Start Suggests Plan for Post-W ar Civilian Construction ing with The Koppers Company in 1918, he became assistant director of research of that organization. He has been with the anthracite industry since 1932, and is resigning as vice-president in charge of research, of Anthracite Industries, Inc., New York, N. Y., to accept the new position. In assuming direction of the broader domain of bituminous coal research, he is returning to his original field of activity. He has been associated with Mellon Institute throughout his professional career. . W ashington-- A plan for automatically removing war time restrictions on the building of private residences, schools, stores, and other urgently needed civilian con struction as fast as the necessary materials and man power are released from the war program has been recommended to the War Production Board by Douglas Whitlock, president of The Producers' Council, national organization of manufacturers of building products. Under the proposed plan, the WPB would grant per mission for civilian construction to begin, without de termination of the relative essentiality of each indi REMA Elects Schellenberg vidual project as is the present practice, in any com munity where the following conditions exist: Chicago -- A. B. Schellenberg, president of Alco Valve Company, St. Louis, was elected president of the Refrigerating Equipment Manufacturers Association at its annual meeting here April 25-26. Other officers are as follows: vice president, F. J. Hood, Ansul Chem ical Co.; treasurer (re-elected), J. A. Strachan, the Weatherhead Co.; secretary, George R. Allen, B schellenberg Mueller Brass Co. Newly elected to the board of directors are Charles H. Benson, Im perial Brass Mfg. Co.; J. P. Rainbault, General Electric Co.; H. F. Spoehrer, Spoehrer-Lange Co.; and R. 0. White, Day & Night Mfg. Co. At the convention fourteen heat transfer manufac turers represented at the m eeting considered a new set (1) The construction is to be located in a War Man power Commission Class III, Class IV or unrated area which has been so rated for one month or longer, and where it may be presumed that an adequate supply of labor is locally available; (2) The applicant for permission to begin construc tion certifies that the work shall-start within 30 days of the date of his application; and (3) The applicant certifies that not more than 10% of the value of materials required for the con struction shall be obtained on a preference rating of AA-3 (or higher, if specifically applied for and granted for obtaining any particular item) and that the remaining materials can be obtained either without a rating or with a rating lower than AA-3. Columbia to .Study High Frequency Heating of standards for rating refrigeration heat transfer N ew Y ork--A center for industrial research in the equipment. A five-man committee will prepare the rec field of high-frequency electrical heating has been estab ommendations. Simultaneously, the National Refrigeration Supply lished at Columbia University, according to Professor Arthur W. Hixson, head of the department of chemical Jobbers Association met here and among other things discussed whether or not refrigeration jobbers should sell packaged refrigeration and air conditioning equip engineering. The laboratory will be operated by Columbia chem ical engineers and by technical experts from the Induc ment. tion Heating Corporation of New York, which provided the high-frequency equipment for the new research enterprise. The Columbia department of chemical engi ' Or Equal" Clause Discouraged New Y obk--The Producers' Council, a national or ganization of manufacturers of quality building mate rials and equipment, has proposed a solution to the problems affecting the building industry involved in bidding practices which arise because of the use of the "or equal" clause in specifications. The plan advocated by the Producers' Council is as follows: neering will have full authority in guiding the labora tory program and in publishing the researches. High-frequency beating results from passing alternat ing electric current, at several million times the fre quency of current ordinarily used through non-con ductors of electricity such as wood, plastic or rubber. In so doing, the high-frequency current generates in tense heat which heats the substance internally instead of from the outside as in the oven method. (1) All basic bids are to be based on exactly the same materials and equipment, thereby being truly com petitive; (2) Specifier may name one or several makes of a particular building product, but if more than one, he indicates which one is to be used as the basis for the regular bid; and , The research program, which will attempt to discover the basic principles of high-frequency heating and to apply them to industrial uses, is under the direction of Professor Hixson, and Professor Philip W. Schtz, of the department of chemical engineering. Everette K. McMahon, a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Tech nology and a specialist in chemical engineering appli cations of high-frequency heating, is in charge of the (3) Specifications also permit any bidder to submit an laboratory. . alternate price on any other named or unnamed mate rials or equipment which he thinks will m eet the re FH A Stimulates Fuel Conservation quirements. He does so by submitting what additions ' W ashington--A "summer plan" for insured financing or deductions from his basic bid should be made if ` of fuel saving installations, designed to assist in the such alternates are used.. national effort to conserve fuels, was announced April 1 The system is said to be simple in operation and is expected to enable the owner and architect to decide before a contract is let what materials or equipment they wish to use, taking into consideration any advan tages to be gained by using any of the alternates to the basic bid. . by Abner H. Ferguson, Commissioner of the Federal Housing Administration. Under the plan, the first payment on FHA-insured loans made during the spring and summer for this pur pose may be deferred until the fall. (Concluded, on page 90) * H E A T IN G A N D VE N T ILtrA T IN G , J U N E , 1944 . 8 9 /V & u ti. o jj i l t a M o n t h (Concluded from page 89) S= -" i r "s : si1 r , ' r . ? i r ot ` ." a J " ? TM . or weath,rstrtpp!ng.n * * ' m 4o" - a .TM ,,1 ss s ^ s r j j E r r "" " of... tm<>, ,,, l ,v2 .i . i s r r 11" A. C. Fires Discussed oM he^utom oW ie t a S 'i " i didn't b u r ." " l . i lik > " "' brief reviews Ovemuse Jets--Two publications m, * . elimination of smoke and reduction of ful,^ 6 3et* <r reporting the work done at Batten f Waste and both under authorship of Richard B Eng^ahilDstltut; engineer of the Institute. One mibHcsHtfd * ' researc>> booklet, 14 pages, report N o V I I IssucT m 8 6 * 9 ia Bituminous Coal Research, Inc 803 Southay' 1844 by Washington, D. C, and entities - a ,uthern Building ? J * . - Incinde'e S t S t a o T b C "o ,' * * jets, limitations, construction, size selection the amount of air, location, s i l e n c i n g aA Changin* tical information. The second publication^ !,her Prac' entitied "Design Data for Overfire Jets" A s aftiCle essentially the same information, reprinted L T n ^ b u stio n , March, 19 4 4 . p mted from Com- I n su la tio n -- A commercial standard r q i 1 7 a i ' . eral Wool for High Temperature InstaUatYAI ^ Mln` ering blankets, blocks, insulating cement an* f nd C0T' sulation for heated industrial equipm ent h ^ f iD' adopted by the National Bureau of Standard. I t 5" !! is available in mimeographed form TS qfiqq. i,n,dard be available in printed copies. T o p a S ' ^ tater wM Fire School. * " s" on ' H o North. d lS Z ^ m 'S i .T ,ron " r on, hit condTuon,TM S L T - f f l T " ' ? "* s e ^ suks^ - ffS S S g S S S A a6SaWeIl ^ThfRre'1 intr dfUCeS a panic hazard," s s ,? A t s iS ^ 3 ? re"! s one of the Mineral Industry Surveys MbUrt Mhi " L rm "" " " " " D" `*ed S l " NepmmeM o*,4^ * K 5 K i 5 th e V .S . S r S f e i S , lJ vision of Labor Standards, and devoted to subiec't nf th le firatd ifg WOrkers handlin& Neoprene. Booklet is rnci, a 1 f t S6neS n safeSuarding rubber workers ? d" ` cbaPter n Engineering Control of Solvent V alors, by Carl Toothaker, U. S. Rubber Co, N^uga a a 5Vi X 8Va in brochure of 20 pages by WaHace E Pratt Be J noub Oil," an address ard Oil Pnmn' Pra4t- Vlce-president and director, Stand- OUUif SHAeatt wInstitfu1te' oeJf `VAiemreedricaat tihne Mananrcuha.l dinner of the Walter E. Becker rH ~ S S ,v S S S ? = was l`qBt Cker 8 flrSt bus,ness connection, made when he was 19, was as secretary of the Pilsbry-Becker F n J A * ,. mg Company, a distributor of York Manufacturing r> ^ Pany, then being organized ln St. Lou Xn i f n T : 3 ? r S s S ? = = "s Vernon Edler Los Angeles--Vernon Edler, vice-Dre.ident Mach^nerjfcorp ! d le d ^ ly 8 1 P H^PJ^iVlSi n f the F d ot P eerlei He "* s e n .,., 90 mmeen^daa'ttitoon7 PRR92n0A4e-4A4,C?B,ireoSnzef SPimopp,ifSieadfetPy ^ tVi calcveRs ecoainnd- Aaccc"orTdiinnglr nttooanttdhheSteDn-ivRisei!oienf VoaflV6SSi'maprelifnieodw aPvraailcatbiclee tta 2 a. h UreaU f Standards' Tbe recommendation steel 2 whereaa p ilicianb leStrial BerVlCe' " d for marine seWlce' D o c u m A tfar ^ obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, L., for 5 cents each. L a b o f^ ir A A 6 ^ Department of Labor's Division of . " b P Standards has published "Safety Subjects," a scrvcir f , B1t kV "Industrial Safety Subjects" which PnJito ? baA C teXt material in the ESMWT Safety fn n t^ n orihg W f f Training course. The new bulletin contains the entire 25 monographs, revised and brought 2 `" doate, Tbe chapters are arranged in logical seq ence and the book should be valuable for use outside he safety courses both by the novice in the safety field o wishes to get a comprehensive picture of industrial safety fundumenttds, and by the experienced safety man Who Wishes to brush up on certain phases of the sub ject. Free distribution is restricted to State labor de partments and course supervisors and instructors. Lopies may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C,, for 20 cents. J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G STREA ng TO- Lin- ov in n ard iter and sued l by he bul -, Di et of et is kers. -tvent , lga- pages ddress Standof the , .com s, and ailahle, ractice, ndation on, and ter, air, ervice id e n t of igton 25, vision of jects," a ,-> -which Safety . bulletin i brought ogical se;e outside ifety fieW industrial *ety man , the sab . labor denstructors. tendent of hington 25, 1LAT1NG Tube-Turn welding fittingsTieljst^bring true stream lining to a piping system. Tfefey^StsQnly save space and weight, but permit neater layoiflsmd more com pact design, with lines of piping nestling closely together, hugging walls and making the best use of corners or odd spaces. Insulation is far easier in pip ing systems where Tube-Turn welding fittings are used. Tube-Turn seamless steel welding fittings them selves are basically streamlined. Their smooth inn- and full circularity i pressui'e'IIKsaHliflp^resistance at vital points where flow direction changes. No flow-impeding "offsets" where Tube-Turn fittings are used -- no waves or ridges to accelerate corrosion or erosion! Write for Catalog 111. TUBE TURNS (Inc.) Louisville, Kentucky. Branch Offices: New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleve land, Dayton, Washington, D. C., Houston, San Francisco, Seattle . . . Distributors located in all principal cities. T U B E -T U R N TRADE MARK 'l /e /d c*u f 'J iitin e jfd c t* tc -j-lc t+ iq e * - H EA TIN G AN D V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E , 1944 91 NEWS OF EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS Induction Heater Name--Smith-Dolan system ot induc tion heating. Purpose- T h r u g n ru 0f high large pipe being preheated so that it can be bent while in place. A i ture of Preheating is that it prepares the metal to absorb strains normally - Made w% by -- Elesctrsic r^ r r s r Jeliff A ve., N ew a rk 8, N. J- Portable Heater N am e-- J anitrol portable heater. P urpose -- H eating mobile truck re jSTunita; supplying heat for con crete m ixing or preventing concrete from freezing during severe weath er- localized heating in shipyards, Iron Lung Roof Ventilator N ame--Iron Lung P urpose--For ventilation of heavy S S f type root . S latoT w ith axial flow fan dampers "" ar r r M "p= t' s',. * k C this induction heating heat is cre- sssrt ts s s r - TM i 0 pee 7 eaient p S ie d around the pipe srw si S S L transformer s^pplJ ing ent main a pyrometer, either rJS automatic control equipment, and a t t ^ .~ g z r js z uelled by force of air stream. Damp ers have no bearings; instead, use a S T kd 8c S x x E S - A v a ila b le in S t a n d a r d sizes from M to using is made to 'w^ir J the combustion chamber. Top R a t i o n shows sideboards ^ E C e r p"i S i P l . - ? S g trom approximately 3500 to m I de B v-P o tn erm a tic Ventilator Co., 4019 Prospect A v e ., C levela n , * Liquid Level Indicator vt, me_XJ-C indicator. r .TM " 25 gallons or sufflcient ior .hours operation; weight of unit, M ade b y --Surface C a r n a t i o n , Tale , do, Ohio. Heat Timer Name--Heat Timer. P ubpose--Indoor-outc __ jS S 'i- - * . -uas been used for some years. Device is applicable to either SO or 55 gal. drums and canbe.tr.an ferred as easily as a faucet, it . 828 N.[ Broadway, Milwaukee, w coal, oil-fired and tK^erated utiliz(Continued on page 94) 92 simple problem: replace steam boiler in old two-storey building . . . maintain 65 throughout... day and night A small-Massachusetts firm engaged for many years in the manufacture of special machinery, found itself facing increased war production w ith a steam system too old and inefficient to satisfy heat re quirements. The building was so cold on many winter mornings that the mechanics wasted much of their time trying to keep warm. The old bricked-in boiler was taking up much badly needed space. To save fuel, steam was kept up only during the daytime. This firm, faced w ith vital war contracts, needed warmth for their building and it had to be provided simply, quickly and efficiently. . RAVO CORPOR ATI ON PITTSBURGH Is . Wmmm ? solution: to Electric ^ " Ulled the heater. th^ air t0 93 H EA T IN G AN D V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E , 1944 N z u p l off P q ^ u ifisH e sU a n d M c d e A ia li (Continued rout page 92) ment attached to either system or boiler and control panel mounted at any distance from either the outdoor or indoor elements. Control panel includes provisions for operating either: (1) automatically in accord ance with outside weather; (2) cy cling which provides a fixed number actual inches and tenths readings on a drum indicating unit. S iz e s and C a p a c it ies-- Range of 0 to 100 in. of water with a sensitivity of 1/4 of 1/10 of 1 in- with an accuracy of plus or minus one tenth of 1%. Also available lower ranges of 0 to 5 ; 0 to 30; and 0 to 50 in., having correspondingly better sensitivity with same percentage of accuracy. M ade By--T r im o u n t I n s t r u m e n t Co., 37 TV. V a n B u r e n S t., C hicago 5, III. to facilitate assembly to other sec tions and to duct connections. ' S i z e s and Capacities--Four sizes, 20 in., 25 in., 30 in., and 35 in. in width across pipes. - Each size furnished with pipe lengths from 2 to 10 ft. in 6. in. increments. Literature Available--32-page cat alog. ,, _ M a d e B y -- B . F . S tu r te v a n t Co., Inc., H yde P ark, Boston, Mass. Exhaust Heating Unit Sturtevant Heater N A M E -Stu rtevan t H eavy Duty Steel Heater. P u rpo se-- Heavy duty application in industrial heating, air conditioning, vapor absorption, drying, and other processing work. F eatu res-- Said to possess mainte nance and repair-free advantages of pipe coil heaters combined with per formance of modern heating surface, with hedting capacity increased 10 N ame--Hexheat. P urpose--An exhaust heating unit for airplane and industrial applica tion. ^ .. F eatures -- Of tube construction. of "on" minutes of heating per cycle, or (3) a time delay provision for . restricting the "on" cycle after circu lation has been established in build ing for a pre-determined number of minutes. Circulation must b,e estab lished completely in the building be fore the timing cycle starts, thus as suring adequate heating in the diffi cult portions of the building. L iterature Available -- Illustrated booklet and installation instructions. M a d e B y -- T h e B e a t T im e r Corp., 160 F ifth A ve., N ew Y o rk, N . Y. Electric Manometer Name--Electric manometer. Purpose--For measuring minute pressures. F eatures--Small pressures are con verted into an electrical reading by a very sensitive pressure, measuring device. Pressures are converted into V\ \ ' TO CONTROL VAlVeS, 94 Above: Comp* unii. Rlflht: Cro**:section bowing header and inner tube contraction heater is proportioned and balanced to give uniform a ir flow control. Flow can be arranged for cross-flow, co current-flow or counter-flow, which ever is most desirable for condition involved. U nit illustrated is of cross flow type. Device originally designed for wing de-icing, cabin heating and related purposes but is adaptable to a wide variety of needs. M a d e B y-- D raper & B an so n , Inc., 738 E . Pico St., Los A ngeles 21, Calif. times d u e . to addition of fins to heater pipes. Heaters constructed of 1 in. steel pipe threaded into cast iron headers. Inside these pipes are % in. steel pipes which carry the steam . from header, distribute it to all heater pipes, prevent air binding, and provide a non-freeze .character istic. Wound around heater pipes are spiral fins of soft carbon steel strip 9/32 in. vride and tapered from .035 in. thickness' at the edge at tached to the pipe to .012 in. at the outside edge. Tapered construction of the fins said to provide greater heat transfer than fin of uniform thickness. After assembling, fins and pipes are passed through a metallic bath for bonding and protection against corrosion. - ' standardized steel casings, of heavy gauge galvanized steel, die-formed for strength and uniformity are fitted with flanges, template punched, O il Separator Filter Nami*--Air-Maze oil separator filter, type R.-56B. (Continued on page 96) J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G 'o u H eed T h e se B u lle t in s \NE of the worst saboteurs of them all is low water in ' steam boilers. And yet low water is the easiest of all to 0p in its tracks. All that is needed is a relatively inexpen^veMcDonnell Boiler W ater Level Control, properly in i piled and kept in good operating condition. The two bulletins illustrated here are your guide in dojgthis. The new Condensed Catalog shows what type of jntrol is needed for the essential boilers that do not have HcDonnell protection. The new service manual shows iowto keep McDonnell equipment going and bring theold models up to date. If you haven't received these handy tools mail the Icoupon today for your copies. i this current condensed catalog you w ill find com- Iplete price information, data covering service ranges, dectrical ratings and condensed catalog information ta McDonnell Boiler Feeders, Feeder Cut-off Com binations, Low Water Cut-offs, Pump Controllers, Safety Relief Valves and Humidifier Water Level Controls. Facts are organized so that it is easy to find die right control for the job, regardless of boiler size lor pressure range. CONDENSED CATALOG and PRICE LIST fttsS ?0S s!!*.`WuciPuirttidons Li**"Hog "" - - S r ' JUTIHr. iSOj.r HOT li*! , lev; C Conitont sos-T4"* >>-* , i OVIL *U This new service manual contains clear directions for testing out McDonnell Water Level Controls and covers each product individually with complete infor mation as to servicing, ordering replacement parts, or bringing old types up to date with new conver sion mechanisms. There are thousands of McDonnell Boiler Water Level Controls in service, all capable of doing a perfect job of protecting vital steam boilers. Their owners w ill welcome suggestions for keeping them in first class condition as covered by this manual. MDONNELL . ! ,U , W -'-jley & MILLER it -no 11, Illinois ( 5 ) 4 Cargo Ships ( D 20 Tankers i' STEEL PRODUCER ( 7 ) 54 Landing Ships (G ) 192 Liberty Ships 97 / W a / S qu ipm en t am i M ateriali (Continued jrom page 94) P urpose For removing oils from air in ventilating systems. ! i t TM ~ <ronslsts of Permanent, viscous impingement filter which re moves dust and dirt and with remov able oil collecting media that traps remaining oil particles. Removes oil and kerosene but does hot remove oil smoke or liquids in a true vapor ous state. p S iz es-- Available in standard size. M ade B y -- Airmaze Corp., Cleve land 5, Ohio. Persons Control N a m e--Persons tem perature control types 530-1E, 531-E, 531D-1E. ' P urpose--A direct duct-mounted type control switch. F e a t u r es-- Components include tem perature element, switch mechanism, lamp made in clear and ruby glass. Has heat-proof Superlok base, efficient and durable ceramic heat reflector disc, the Wabash tungsten M-filament . and built-in. reflector. ' ' ^ DE BY -- Wabash Appliance Corp. SS5 Carroll St., Brooklyn SI, N. y. ' Fix-Iron N a m e --Fix-Iron. P urpose Powder which when mixed with water is effective for repairing broken, cracked, or defective metal pipings, etc., or for stopping leaks in boilers, furnaces, fire-pots, and other equipment. F e a t u r e s--No heat is required. Ma terial is quickly applied with a putty knife and may be hammered into cracked or broken parts. Hardens rapidly. Has the same contraction and expansion as iron itself. Can be used with iron, steel, brass, or wood. S izes-- Available in 1, 5, 25 and 100 lb cans and kegs. Household sizes in 1% and 7 02 glass jars. M a d e B y-- S o- L o Works, Loveland Ohio. tight m echanical coupling welded closure is required cem^mT om itted and ends of sleeve lap-weffiei to conduit after clamps have h i* applied, clam p s are tte n m S i aud lo n g itu d in a l seam lap welded ^ n,.C0Bduit cou p lin g is completed a sp h a lt b lanket, app lied w ith heat o \e r th e e n tire closu re area, fuses w ith factory-applied asphalt. Acces so n es for the complete system, in elu d in g expansion loops, elbows, tees ccaatteeddraannddanedquriepdUpCed/f rsw*itahre thPerefsaabmrhe auue, S S ' or " " " My m 5TCS ! f * T T7BY~ The company, lull, Ohion. CrCe BWg- Cleve- Exhaust. Head S e ^ WriSht'AUStin 6Xhaust head' P urpose-- R em oving m oisture from exh au st steam and reducing objec- Ric-wiL Drive Coupler N am e-- R ic-wiL drive coupler. P urpose A coupler adaptable to m echanical or w elded closure for Ric-wiL prefabricated insulated pipe condmt, said to elim inate need for adjustm ents, and housing. H ighly sen sitive coiled elem ent used. Coil in g affords a m axim um area exposed skilled workmen and reduce installa tion tim e in the field w hen layin g the conduit. w hile a "solid liquid charge" in the coil increases sen sitivity w hich ex pands and contracts equally for each tem perature change transm itting positive power for accurate operation of the sw itch m echanism . Sw itch w ill not shatter under heavy current loads to m otors, can also be applied w here sw itch is rem otely located. Range of charge is -- 65F to 375Frange of . operation, 75F; m inim um tem perature differential, 5F; toler- ftn<^ i f > ! F ' sw itc h r a tin g a t 40,000 f L !, Ude- 24 VDC- 25 amP-. non inductive, 15 amp., inductive. S in gle F eatu r es-- Insulated c o n d u i t is Pole, double-throw sw itch. S izes and Capacities-- A vailable in three types, type 530-1E, norm ally closed; type 53P IE , norm ally opem a.nj^type c i n w i Jb SUe in 21 f t actions com pletely prefabricated. Ends of helical corrugated conduit are ex panded smooth at the factory, removin^ corrugations for a distance . I . > m L Bare pipe extends beyond :onfflot--fhe fins iftnl-o-d-o-u-i-t--for . *_3> mmoorr. ee minccnheess. heat transfer ls been coupled or weld- thickness. AfterlI.atlon applied over ex Pipes are passed ^ smoothed ends of bath for bondingted with waterproof against corrosion. A heavy-gage split - .. Standardized stee) is then slipped over TO CONTROL VALVES, gauge galvanized nips are driven onto 'j for strength and annels over lapped j fitted with flanges, t#in g a strong water ' `I'nabI noise ordinarily associated with exhaust head operation. F e a t u r e s -- Device said wholly to eliminate water spray which is one of the principal causes of rust and erosion on roofs and adjacent stacks. Directional vanes or ribs are cast on the inside of the head, to collect and carry the separated moisture and oil out of the steam flow. For elimina tion of these contaminants, the nor mal steam velocity is slowed down by a two-stage expansion of the steam--first in the dome, and again in the body surrounding the dome. As a result of this construction, it is claimed that nothing but dry steam passes out through the ex haust head. Feature is an outlet opening much larger than the area of the iptake pipe, permitting the purified exhaust to escape easily, without back pressure. This feature is said to assure p ractically silent operation, with no irritating "putt putt" noises. S iz e s A jd C a p a c it ies-- F or a ll pipe (Concluded on page 9 8 ) } JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G I 380 FIGHTING AND CARGO SHIPS These ships equivalent in value to 1000 Liberty ships. WORLD'S LARGEST SHIPBUILDER SECOND LARGEST STEEL PRODUCER H E A T I N G A N D V E N T I L A T I N G , J U N E , 1944 (A ) 3 Aircraft Carriers and 6 Cruisers ( D 37 Destroyers (C ) 64 Destroyer Escorts (D ) 4 Cargo Ships (T ) 20 Tankers (T ) 54 Landing Ships (G ) 192 Liberty Ships 97 fieut. ojj CfyU futtent aw McUefiiali. (Concluded from page 96) siz e s from 1% to 14 in ., stan d ard or custom made to m eet individual con ditions. L iterature A va ila ble--Catalog. M ade b y -- W right-Austin Co., S34 W . Woodbridge St., Detroit 26, Mich. Barometric Draft Control N am e-- Perfex barom etric draft con trols. F eatures-- A new type of hinge pivot, m ade of spring steel, is said able nozzle adapter to perm it use of round or rectangular duct as re quired. M ultiblade w heels have steel back plates riveted to m achined hubs. . S izes and Capacities--Three sizes w ith 1/6, 1/4 and 1/3 hp m otors, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 cfm free air delivery, respectively. _ L iterature A vailable--B ulletin No. 244. M ade b y -- Sutton Mfg. Co., 112-114 IF. W ilson Ave., Norfolk 10, F a. Small Dravo Heater N am e-- D ravo direct-fired heater. Purpose--D esigned to m eet the prob lem of heating sm all structures or provide additional heat for lim ited or signals, as w ell as numerous other applications w here sequence opera tion s are of im portance.. F eatures-- Solenoid starting m echan ism is operated from a remote con trol mom entary start button, so that the tim er w ill go through its com plete cycle or any part of its cycle of operation and stop. R eclosing the m om entary start button w ill either continue or repeat the cycle as the case m ay be. They can be arranged so that in the event of a power in terruption it is necessary to again press the rem ote control start but ton to continue the cycle, or, after power is restored to autom atically continue the cycle of operation. M ade B y -- The K. W. Cramer Co., Inc., Centerbrook, Conn. areas. F eatures-- N ew m odel is one w hich company is now supplying to armed forces to heat steel service igloos at advanced bases. R etains principal characteristics of regular line but on a sm aller scale and w ith floor space requirem ents of 3 x 5% ft. A lso can be suspended from w all. Equipped to burn either gas or oil. Therm ostati Packed Refrigeration Unit N am e-- Packaged refrigeration plant. P urpose--For installation on V ictory ships. ' F eatures-- M anufacturer claim s near ly 1600 sq ft of cargo area and 16,000 to elim inate difficulties often char acteristic of bearing type of hinge pivot, assure perm anent calibration after the in itial setting, and contrib utes to sen sitivity of vane. Square construction of vane and thim ble channel allow s greater air volum e than is obtained w ith conventional controls. Vane itself is made of alu m inum for lightness, w hich also con tributes to precision action and sensitivity. An off-center turn-weight is used to adjust action of vane. Once adjusted, it retains position w ithout com plicated locking or setting. E asi ly and quickly installed in either a vertical or horizontal pipe. S izes and Capacities-- Four models, for use in pipes of sizes ranging from 6 in. to 12 in. M ade B y -- Perfex Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. cally controlled. S iz e s and C a p a c it ie s-- 300,000 to 850, 000 B tu per hr output. L iterature A vailable ^ B ulletin No. 509-A. Sutton Blowers Name--S u tto n m otor d riv en b lo w e r s.P urpose-- General ven tilatin g appli cations for various industrial and special uses. F eatures -- D esigned for continuous and quiet duty. The single in let type can be used for suction, blow ing, or both. H ousing of furniture steel spot welded airtigh t and supported by cast iron and brackets; baked on crackle finish; outlet m ay be turned to any one of four positions right, left, up or down. Outlet has remov- Mtnin pr -- Dravo Corporation, Ma chinery Div., Heat Dept., S00 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. M ulti-Contact Timer N ame--M ulti-contact tim er for re mote control. P urpose--To control a series of oper ations in definite order, autom atical ly to reverse or alternate in opera tion a group of m otors or devices, to operate in a predeterm ined se quence a series of valves, solenoids, man-hours of installation tim e w ill be saved on 133 new V ictory ships by use of this unit. H as com bination tw in refrigeration compressors, re ceivers, condensers and auxiliaries w hich by cross connections can be operated separately for both high and low tem perature rooms. In em ergencies either compressor can be connected to carry both high and low tem perature sim ultaneously. Re ceivers form integral structural part of base, increase rigidity of fram e w ork at m inim um of w eight. Ma chine is built in form of a rectangle; piping and valves located for easy accessibility. Company now building sim ilar packaged unit for other type vessels. , . .. S izes and Capacities-- Total w eight 3804 lb U n it a p p roxim ately 71 in. long, 68 in. w ide, 42 in. high . Com bined compressor capacity five tons; com pressors driven by tw o 7% hp motors. H igh tem perature rooms 40F. low tem perature rooms 15F. , m a d e B y -- York Corp.. York. Pa. __ _ .no Akin u r N T I I A T I N G 98 -t i u a t i n g 20u&~eabs f`eceos tu /id e jcreate Tocco is Amachine to heat-treat steel by electrical induction. Tocco units make better bomb cases faster. Heat airplane propeller ends to 2000 F. in 115 seconds. Increase out put of drill chucks 600 per cent. In sum, bring to hundreds of manufac turing plants faster production, lower costs and improved products. Tocco's insides consist of expensive, precision machinery. A motor-gener ator is its heart. To assure proper operating tem perature for the enclosed electri- cal equipment, air is fan-circulated throughout the cabinet. This air must obviously be clean as a whistle. Dust-Stop* Air Filters inside the intake louvres (see inset) make it that way. Saves Possible Expense Dust-St6ps are one of the contributing factors to Tocco's remarkably low maintenance costs, made possible by careful design and engineering of the complete unit. All users of machinery equipped with Dust-Stops have the advantages of a quick-change, standard size filter that can be easily removed when clogged with dirt accumulations and. replaced with a new, clean Dust-Stop in a few minutes. Tocco is but one interesting ex ample of how Dust-Stops can be designed and engineered into ma chines where dust must be control led. For further information on this type of application write: OwensCorning Fiberglas Corporation, 1912 Nicholas Build ing, Toledo 1, Ohio; Fiberglas Canada, Ltd., Oshawa, Ontario.' FIBERGLAS* *T.M. Reg, U.S. Pit. Off. HEATING A N D V E N T I L A T I N G , J U N E , 1944 AIR FILTERS 99 Degree-Days for A p ril, 1944 H E A T IN G A N D V E N T I L A T I N Q '8 16th year of publication of monthly degree-day data Monthly Degree-Days Cumulative Degree-Days* City Degree-Days, 1 Degree-Days. ] Season. 8easorv, 1Season. Normal. April. 1944> April. 1943 I April, Normal I 8/1/43-4/30/44 0/1/42-4/30/43 1 9/1 -4/30 Abilene, Texas ........................ Albany, New Y o r k .................. Albuquerque, New Mexico .. Alpena, Michigan .................. Anaconda, Montana .............. Asheville, North Carolina . . . Atlanta, Georgia .......................... Atlantic City, New Jersey .. Augusta, G e o rg ia .................. .. Baker, Oregon ........................ Baltimore, Maryland ............ Billings, Montana .................. Binghamton, New York . . . . Birmingham, A la b a m a .......... Bismarck, North Dakota . . . . Block Island, Rhode Island.. Boise, Idaho ............................ Boston, Massachusetts .......... Bozeman, Montana ................ Buffalo, New York . . . . . . . . . Burlington, Vermont ............ Butte, Montana .. ................. Cairo, Illinois .......................... Canton, New York ................ Charles City, Iowa ................ Charleston, South Carolina.. Charlotte, North Carolina . . Chattanooga, Tennessee . . . . Cheyenne, Wyoming ............ Chicago, Illinois .................... Cincinnati, Ohio .................... Cleveland, Ohio ...................... Columbia, Missouri .............. Columbia, South Carolina .. Columbus, Ohio .............. ."... Concord, New Hampshire .. Concordia, Kansas ................ Dallas, Texas .......................... Davenport, Iowa .................... Dayton, Ohio .......................... Denver, Colorado .................. Des Moines, Iowa .................. Detroit, Michigan .................. Devils Lake, North D akota.. Dodge City, Kansas .............. Dubuque, Iowa ........................ Duluth, M in n esota .................. Eastport, Maine ...................... Elkins, W est Virginia .......... El Paso, T e x a s ........................ Ely, Nevada ............................ Erie, Pennsylvania ................ Escanaba, Michigan .............. Evansville, Indiana .............. Port Smith, Arkansas .......... Port Wayne, Indiana ............ Port Worth, Texas ................ Fresno, C aliforn ia .................. Galveston, Texas .................... Grand Junction, Colorado . . . Grand Rapids, M ich igan ___ Green Bay, W isc o n sin .......... Greensboro, North Carolina. Greenville, South Carolina . Harrisburg, Pennsylvania . Hartford, Connecticut .......... Hatteras, North Carolina___ Havre, Montana .................... Helena, M on tan a .................... Houston, Texas ...................... Huron, South Dakota .......... Indianapolis, Indiana ............ Kansas City, Missouri .......... Kewanee, Illinois ...... ........... Knoxville. Tennessee .......... La Crosse, Wisconsin .......... Lander. Wyoming ................ . 88 694 . 386 846 704 323 181 492 130 615 361 492 661 168 689 647 488 608 615 721 788 742 ' 226 782 631 95 187 232 819 590 347 596 419 132 428 760 534 85 533 472 651 568 665 742 508 593 841 803 503 112 806 671 828 317 151 609 79 216 20 509 625 730 270 196 484 598 186 498 623 22 671 423 448 575 257 534 719 31 759 163 849 611 365 176 562 122 512 437 398 751 124 502 710 331 649 544 842 859 624 235 864 582 107 206 188 505 583 458 649 315 145 540 800 273 49 468 578 291 458 679 658 235 517 806 871 621 54 507 725 885 357 10 1 634 44 107 7 165 655 720 309 208 572 665 241 437 533 16 526 518 254 534 267 528 455 27 549 288 789 756 330 132 519 24 615 348 534 594 69 657 633 435 . 570 731 675 . 654 741 201 684 612 36 159 144 720 537 333 564 303 . 63 420 669 342 9 453 396 534 441 573 756 342 489 801 786 501 * --45 ' 609 828 276 93 474 27 135 0 384 . 534 600 210 195 405 531 255 ' 630 646 0 570 384 306 472 . 210 617 690 2512 7010 4775 7468 7285 4152 2905 4815 2259 6308 4420 6146 6821 2873 7819 5526 5611 5865 7265 6774 7872 7855 3903 7908 7162 1870 3106 3539 6952 6245 4869 5878 5120 ` 2461 . 5308 7441 5526 2418 6054 5692 5568 6267 6417 8786 5413 6550 8558 7418 5721 2802 7339 6217 7736 4693 3204 6447 2369 2538 1161 5311 6398 7366 4026 3145 5457 6198 2721 6904 7343 1300 75534O5I 5104 6408 3667 7205 8025 2301 7109 3597 7783 7423 4087 2865 4682 2178 6307 4346 6779 6599 2477 8953 5630 5312 5913 7483 6864 7869 8049 3859 8101 7816 1909 3056 .3251 6447 6548 5000 5849 4931 2375 5391 7474 5313 2314 6389 5415 4895 6469 6515 9785 4711 6961 9165 7546 5454 2200 6095 6139 8311 4726 3075 6483 2311 2398 1046 4565 6582 1 7859 3823 3105 5313 6240 2518 7988 7953 12 12 8023 5618 4911 6763 3663 7786 7024 2061 6397 4258 7662 7493 4161 2890 4956 2161 6519 4511 6743 6554 2352 8809 5311 5316 5800 7724 6475 7238 7424 3909 7686 7364 1769 3120 3118 6894 5715 4684 5935 4900 2364 5311 7001 5250 2256 6171 5183 5607 6266 6264 9450 4988 6641 8746 7398 5520 2428 --- 6016 8118 4244 3147 5795 2148 2334 1016 5430 6361 7503 3529 3380 5285 5834 2571 8187 7261 1157 7737 5239 4950 5996 3670 7139 7384 Year' 9/1-6/30 2061 6580 4298 8299 8357** 4232 2890 5176 2161 7163 4533 7119 6808 2352 9192 5788 5552 6045 8521** 6822 7514 8272 3909 8020 7588 1769 3120 3118 7466 5957 4684 6155 4922 2364 5398 7353 5315 2256 6289 5264 5874 6384 6490 9970 5035 6790 9443 8520** 5697 2428 -- 6273 8771* 4244 3147 5925 2148 2334 1016 5548 6535 7825 3529 3380 5375 6036 2571 8700 7898 1157 8004 5298 4956 6139 3670 7322 7947 iCumulative data identical with monthly figures for September only. In subsequent months, cumulative figures will show record for whole heating season to and including month in question. 'Figures in this column are normal totals for a complete heating sea son, September to June, inch Figures in this table, with eight exceptions, based on local weather bureau reports. Exceptions are Utica, Lewiston, Kewanee, and Sioux City, figures for which are furnished through the courtesy of Coke Sales Depart- ment. Central New York Power Corp., Utica, N. Y. : Norman E. Ross. Bursar, Bates College, Lewiston, Me.: J. M. Hartman. Eiigineering Depart ment, Kewanee Boiler Corp., Kewanee, 111., and Alfred B. Wagstaff, Engi neer, Sioux City Foundry and Boiler Co., Sioux City, Iowa, respectively: Anaconda, Bozeman, Butte and Livingston, Mont., through the courtesy of the Montana Power Company. . .. ' [Table concluded on page 102] 100 v JUNE, 1944, HEATING AND VENTILATING Danville, Illinois, High School turned a struggling steam plant Into a smooth running system with ample reserve power -- using the same 3 boilers A TYPICAL example of how Iron Fireman firing saves fuel and manpower is the Danville High School. Previous to installation of Iron Fireman pneumatic spreader stokers, three hand-fired boilers failed to meet heating demands. After a season's heating with Iron Fireman, Mr. Donald E. McGrath, Superintendent of School Buildings, reported these outstanding results: "With Iron Fireman firing, we operated 40% of the time on o n e b o i l e r , using two boilers only during early hours and peak loads--the third boiler always in reserve for emergencies. We had plenty of time for cleaning and readying each boiler in turn by alternate firing in two week cycles. 3 0 % Coal Saving--Manpower Saved for Other Work "Fuel savings averaged 30% or $1800 a year. Also we found our men had time to do many other jobs o f im provement during their shifts. Elimination of part time labor, previously necessary, saved a further $200 a year." With Iron Fireman performance proved by this insUllation at Danville High School, Donald E. McGrath (right) taking over 88 Superintendent of School Buildings at Pontiac, Mich., promptly ordered Iron Fireman stoker* for four schools. BEFORE installation of Iron Fireman Stokers three heavily fired boilers could scarcely carry the load. fi li lim u i I --f - J t AFTER installing Iron Fireman Stokers 1 Boiler carried the load 40% of the time-- 2 Boilers carried all peak loads --leaving 1 Boiler always in reserve. 1 FUEL SAVING -- $ 1 8 0 0 A YEAR Danville High School--a three story main bunding with a two story double gymnasium and swimming pool, a douched manual arU building and boiler plant. Boiler plant consisU of three 225 h.p. four drum water tube" boilers, now efficiently and economically fired by Iron Fireman Pneumatic Spreader stokers. Iron Fireman Stokers Available NOW Ask for Free Heating Plant Survey Because they contribute so substantially to fuel and manpower conservation, Iron Fireman automatic stokers are now available to all users o f 25 tons or more of coal annually. Our nationwide organization o f qualified factory representatives and dealers is at your service. For a free survey showing-what Iron Fireman firing can do in your building or plant, write Iron Fireman Manufacturing Co., 3430 West 106th St., Cleveland 11, Ohio. REMA H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E , 1944 AUTOMATIC COAL STOKERS 101 Degree-Days for A p ril, 1944 (Concluded) H E A T IN Q A N D V E N T ! L A T I N O 'S 18th y w of publication of monthly rfgr-- -<Hy dm City Degree-Daa.y.i,,f April, 1 8>4444 | Lansing, Michigan .............. 696 Lewiston, Maine .................. 757 Lincoln, Nebraska .............. 581 Little Rock, Arkansas ....; 152 Livingston, Montana . . . . . . ' . 632 Los Angeles, California . . . 184 Louisville, Kentucky .......... 283 Lynchburg, Virginia ............ 279 Macon, Georgia .................... 140 Madison, Wisconsin ............ 672 Marquette, Michigan .......... 849 Memphis, Tennessee .......... 179 Meridian, M ississip p i.......... 118 Milwaukee, W isc o n sin ........ 733 Minneapolis, Minnesota . . . 659 Modena, Utah.......................... 662 Montgomery, A lab am a........ 98 Nantucket, Massachusetts ., 631 Nashville, Tennessee ............ 241 . New Haven, Connecticut . . . , 601 New Orleans, Louisiana . . . , 40 New York, New York .......... 509 ` Nome, Alaska ....................... 1816 Norfolk, V ir g in ia .................... 247 North Head, W ashington.. . . 494 North Platte, Nebraska . . . . 618 Oakland,. California .............. 362 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. . . 229 Omaha, Nebraska .................. 568 Oswego, New Y o r k ................ 760 Parkersburg, W est Virginia. 381 Peoria, Illinois ........................ 529 Philadelphia, P ennsylvania.. 440 Phoenix, A r iz o n a .................... 51 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . . . 449 Pocatello, Idaho ...................... 640 Portland, Maine ...................... 780 Portland, Oregon . . . : .......... 372 Providence, Rhode Island . . . 566 Pueblo, Colorado .................... 633 Raleigh, North Carolina . . . . 205 Rapid City, South Dakota .. 676 Reading, Pennsylvania . . . . . 473 . Redding, California .............. 306 Reno, N e v a d a .......................... 635 Richmond, Virginia .............. 270 Rochester, New York .......... 745 Roseburg, Oregon..................... 431 Roswell, New Mexico .......... 223 Sacramento, California ........ 276 St. Joseph, Missouri .............. 488 St. Louis, Missouri .............. 343 Salt Lake City, U t a h ............ 633 San Antonio, Texas ............. 27 San Diego, California .......... 164 Sandusky, Ohio ..................... 617 San Francisco, California . . . 354 Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.. 881 Savannah, Georgia ................ 73 Scranton, Pennsylvania . . . . 604 Seattle, W a sh in gton .............. 398 Sheridan, Wyoming ............ .. 674 Shreveport, Louisiana .......... 79 Sioux City, I o w a ...................... 620 Spokane,. Washington ........ .. 612 Springfield, Illinois . . . ; ........ 427 Springfield, M issou ri.............. 386 Syracuse, New Y o r k .............. 715 Tacoma, Washington ............. 434 Terre Haute, Indiana . . . . . . . Toledo, Ohio ............................ Topeka, K a n s a s ........ .. Trenton, New Jersey . . . . . . . Utica, New Y o r k ........ ........... Valentine, N eb ra sk a .............. 383 654 446 482 726 699 - W alla Walla, W ashington... 365 Washington, D. C. .................. 342 Wtchita, Kansas .......... / . . . . 398 WiIli8ton, North Dakota . . . . 644 Winnemucca, Nevada .......... 623 Yakima, Washington .......... .. 394 Include August. -Include July cud Monthly PaQrce-Oayt Degree-Days, April, 1948 Degree-Days, April, Normal 718 682 776 693 343 417 126 78 449 ` 653 130 159 371 264 339 273 127 33 624 582 863 804 161 96, 87 24 671 648 621 570 424 579 76 0 694 639 252 180 647 543 21 0 589 486 1667 1756 309 246 467 616 345 486 271 273 93 162 349 414 835 675 488 351 488 453 521 402 41 0 560 423 378 567 804 666 286 402 632 . 558 267 456 238 183 442 594 556 417 181 156 430 534 343 246 793 618 315 411 86 180 174 207 300 342 312 276 283 453 6 0 122 174 643 726 282 294 947 819 80 0 708 613 341 462 393 648 50 0 465 489 438 604 393 366 293 267 796 630 382 465 410 333 668 525 237 300 668 402 810 688 416 561 294 363 414 348 187 252 631 669 370 539 318 360 Augiut. I Seuon. 19/1/43-4/30/44 l 1 A,, Beaten, 8/1/42-4/30 /4 3 18eason, Normal,! I 8/1-4/80 1 Normal. 0/1-6/80 7003 7813 5968 3095 6466 1309 4317 . 3931 2363 7073 7724 3204 2357 6993 7424 6334 2041 5486 3666 6973 1232 6271 10084 3420 3916 6255 2650 3612 6238 6914 5005 6137 4801 1519 5330 6689 7417 3775 5690 5814 3423 6967 5267 2570 5641 3917 6927 3903 3606 2524 5456 4623 6940 1671 1284 6933 2199 8396 1528 6260 3839 6906 2224 6849 5893 5353 4742 7008 4253 * 6130 6480 6067 ' 5273 7434 7071 4835 4441 4695 7821 6055 6214 7047 7560 6874 3044 6672 . 1081 4458 3859 2243 6819 7318 5900 2811 6638 1414 4180 3980 2201 7488 8198 3157 2179 7269 8229 7193 7968 2950 2160 6856 7614 5527 6170 1922 1884 5598 5450 3622 5755 1205 5146 10801, 3158 4111 5773 2532 3454 6124 6900 3507 5672 1024 5192. 10642 3350 4271 6167 2665 3613 6047 6668 4858 4722 6109 5988 4799 4787 1013 1405 6195 5157 5981 6263 7409 6771 3784 4134 5755 5764 4919 5328 3181 3234 6950 6744 5219 6293 2456 2451 4865 5436 3747 3695 6853 6472 3527 2896 4047 3484 2433 5326 4583 6195 2600 5145 4585 6319 1408 1202 1083 1524 6010 6025 2222 7419 1556 2417 8448 1490 6199 6958 4009 4379 6844 7485 2106 1938,; 7002 6734 6055 ?:'6989 6376 * 5317 4569 . 4416 6944 < ` 6614 4312 6171 6368 . 4916 4551 4872 6897 4935 6207 4852 7188 6543 6806 6766 4C80 4637 4303 4601 4653 4673 8979 8907 6127 6960 6422 6413 7048 7707 5999 2811 7205 1504 4180 3980 2201 7429 8693* 2950 2160 7245 7850 6562 1884 5957 3507 6895 1024 6347 14580** 3350 5452*1* 6366 3143** 3613 6131 7088 4775 6109 4856 .1405 5235 6655 7218 4469 6015 5514 3234 7118 6389 2451 6892 3695 6732 4428 3484 2653 616b 4585 6555 1202 1645 6208 3264** 9285** 1490 6129 4934** 8008 1938 6898 6355 6373 4428 6893 5181** 4872 . 6077 4969 4933 6796 7039 4808 4626 4673 9323 6427** 6599 ,dePtJcl monthly figure for September only. In 'Figures in this column are normal totals for a complete heating sea son September to Jane. incL . ,,, . 102 J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E , 1944 High-Altitude HEATING FOR BUILDINGS The engineering strides made in war-time high-altitude oper ations place new emphasis on High-Altitude Heating which has been serving many of America's finest buildings for almost 20 years. A Dunham Differential Vac uum Heating System, by means of various ``altitudes or more exactly, sub-atmospheric pres sures--automatically raises or lowers the temperature of the steam being circulated, thus balancing the heat supply with the heat loss of the building. This results, not only in un varying room temperatures re gardless of weather changes, but in an appreciably impor tant conservation of fuel--a problem which confronts the Nation now, as never before, in the interests of unfailing supplies for our Armed Forces. Fuel conservation will be a dominant requirement after th e "duration" and this is the moment to consider Dunham Differential Heating for post war building. Vast housing projects are already "on the boards" of architects and en gineers for release when Vic tory is in our hands. For such huge undertakings only Dun ham High-Altitud Heating will prove satisfactory in econ omy, in performance, in low upkeep cost and in ease of maintenance. No large build ing management can justifiably ignore these factors. MAY W E M AIL YOUR C OP Y ? M a y w e sen d y o u a n e w B ro ch u re o n H ig h -A ltitu d e H e a tin g w h ic h e x p la in s a n d d e s c r ib e s th e ' s y s te m to g e th e r w ith p e r fo r m a n c e d a ta o n o u ts ta n d in g b u ild in g s . 103 WITH THE MAHUFACTURERS W ORTH IN GTON PUMP AND M ACHINERY CORP. Harrison, N. J., has purchased Electric Machinery Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Second impor tant acquisition by Worthington within a year, Electric Machinery's major lines of synchronous motors for di rect drive for a wide variety of power plant and indus trial machinery, as well as electric generators for steam and internal combustion engines, provide a logical ex tension of Worthington's already large power and indus trial equipment lines. Electric Machinery will continue to operate independently of the other Worthington activities. Its present executive personnel, Walther H. Feldmann, president; O. A. Sderstrm, vice-president in charge of manufacturing; R. H. Olson, vice-president in charge of sales; and Fred W. Hotchkiss, secretary and treasurer, will continue in those capacities. CA RRIER CORP. Syracuse, N. Y., has appointed William A. Haile man ager of its International Division's Washington offices. A veteran of United States export trade, engaged for a number of years in foreign sales of industrial machin ery, Mr. Haile will leave the Diesel engine division of WPB to join Carrier. Colin McCulloch has been named market research manager on Heman Greenwood's staff at Syracuse headquarters. A M ER ICA N M ACH IN E AND M ETALS, INC. East Moline, 111., announces that John C. Vander Pyl, vice-president for the past four.years and operating officer at the company's plant in East Moline since 1941, has been named executive vice-president. Wayne . Mendell, general sales manager since 1940, is named vice-president in charge of sales. Mr. Vander Pyl joined the company in 1931 as factory office manager. In 1936, he was elected secretary of the corporation and was made vice-president in 1940 following his election to the board of directors. Mr. Mendell became connected with the company in 1939 and was appointed general sales manager the following year 'with headquarters at the company's offices in East Moline. H. C. LITTLE BURNER CO . Midwest Division have moved their offices from Aurora, 111. to 32 S. Jefferson St., Chicago, effective June-1. Mr. Ken Swift continues as District Representative. THE BRISTOL CO M PAN Y has opened a new branch office in Houston, Tex. The new office will be located in the Citizens State Bank Building and will serve the states of Louisiana and Texas with the exception of the Panhandle, section. D. D. Ault who has been resident sales engineer in Houston for the company for a number of years will be in charge of the new office. s ' . ALLEN-BRADLEY CO. of Milwaukee, Wis., has moved its New York offices to 155 East 44th St., New York 17, N. Y. The new tele phone number is Murray Hill 2-7142. C. N. Calkins remains in charge as New York district manager. AIRTEM P D IVISIO N , CH R YSLER CO R P. has appointed William C. Stoner, who formerly operated Chrysler Airtemp dealerships in Illinois and Indiana, as Airtemp district representative, with headquarters in Atlanta. . 104 BAILEY M ETER CO M PAN Y . has announced that E. G. Bailey, former president and company founder, has been elected chairman. Robert S. Coffin succeeds him as president. Mr. Coffin, who has been vice-president since 1925, was company treasurer at the time of its organization in 1916. Other officers elected are, R. E. Woolley, vice-president, who has served in that capacity since 1927, and J. H. Black, secretary-treasurer. M IN N EAPOLIS-HO N EYW ELL REGU LATO R CO. ' has formed a new division to manufacture and market its re cently announced Moduflow heat ing control system. Harry C. Jenkins, formerly midwestern zone manager, has been promoted to A jL managership of the newly-created post, while a nucleus of a sales organization has been started by ' the addition of three specialists Harry C. Jenkins to the staff. Applicable to all - types of heating systems in present, as well as postwar houses, Moduflow will not be placed on the market until after victory or until ma terials are made available. A ssisting Mr. Jenkins in his new position are three engineers who will work for the present in the Minneapolis and Chicago offices of the company. They are John E. Peterson, Milford G. Bird and Bruce F. McLouth. Starting with the company as a salesman in June, 1921, Mr. Jenkins first sold damper controls before fully, automatic heating systems became widespread. He later was the company's sales manager in Minneapolis and St. Paul, and Twin City Branch Manager before assuming his duties as zone manager which position he held for five years before his latest promotion. Mr. Peterson, president of the Illinois Sheet Metal Contractors Association from 1941 to 1943, and assistant mechanical engineer for the Corps of Engi neers, U. S. Army, was formerly president of the Home Heating Company, Hinsdale, 111. He has been assigned to Minneapolis-Honeywell's Chicago office and has start ed work there after completing, a brief technical course at the main plant. Presently on inactive status as a lieutenant in the United States Army, Mr. Bird has joined Honeywell after serving as battalion intelligence officer, Infantry, in the South Pacific. He graduated from Chicago Tech nical Institute in 1934 and was associated with the heat ing business continuously until he entered the armed services. Mr. McLouth has been chief of the heating section, 9th Service Command, U. S. Army. Both Messrs. Bird and McLouth will make their headquarters in Minneapolis as assistants to Mr. Jenkins. (Concluded on page 106) Milford G. Bird (L e ft). John E. Peterson (Center), and Bruce F. McLouth (Right) J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND. V E N T IL A T IN G I --V.hV;.... 1 . ___________ ____________ _______________ . _ ^ !i^*w&^niiSn^-rv: >> *V Reference D ata-267-268 and 269-270 give o .values < f of angle factors for. r^d lan t lietlrig or 'collng cal-' `. ' n ' USE OF CHART' ' w r c u la tio n s .All, x fron tady-by .Colleg of ' D*.nh7tf*vt aH fn^rtVflTnatArHnhPr'fimttHtiP^'inA Ptll DIREITHERm DIRECT-FIRED UNIT HEATERS , , WHERE WHEN AND HOW YOU NEED IT or permanent or temporary, for addi' r tional or emergency heating. Can easily be moved to other rooms or buildings. Auto matic controls prevent heat-wastage. Direct heat outlets save fuel. Powerful blower spreads heat evenly without draft. May we give you detailed information on this flexible and economic way pf heating? 722 S. Spring Ave., St. Louis, Mo. BA LD O R glass* Inflated motors are used for all applications; especially recommended where limited space and weight is a factor. B A ID O R totally enclosed motors, STREAMCOOLED DESIGN, available in 1 ph., 3 ph. and D. C. BALDOR fan and blower motors, gimbal-mounted, assure Quiet Operation. Fully compensated D.C. motors; avail able in standard and low voltage for truck, r a ilw a y a n d traction service. A L D R 6 0 BETTER M OTORS 25th YEAR of engineering service to motor buyers BALDOR face-mounted ver tical motors;totallyenclosed STREAMCOOLED DESIGN; 1 ph., 3 ph. and D. C. Regardless of m echanical specifications and cur rent characteristics required, Baldor is qualified by experience to handle your motor problems. The complete Baldor line includes a ll types of motors l/2 0 to 20 H; P. BALDOR ELECTRIC CO M P A N Y, ST. LOUIS 10, M O. District O ffices in Principal Cities H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E , 1944 105 / z r 75- T id t W ff a e T u # TRANSFORMERS Because' ffeeyare- Safe for either indoor or out door installation. C om pact and easy to install. Usable right at load.- STU D Y TH ESE FEA TU R ES: 1. Dry-type...no liquid. 2. Core and coils are vacuum treated in com pound for protection against moisture. 3* Totally enclosed. 4. Provided with built-in junction box with knockouts on sides and bottom for conduit or open wiring. . 5 . Large removable coverplate of junction box assures ease in making connections. 6 . Hanger-lugs designed for ease in mounting. 7. All ratings within the limits o f the National Board of Fire Underwriters have the Under writers' approval. . T O fU tc FOR COMPLETE LITERATURE W ain jecZ L & d ric C o rp o ra tio n ESTABUSHED 1091 6 4 6 i P ly m o u th A v e n u e , St. L o u is 14, M o ., U. S. A . ELECTRICAL AND AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS 106 ( C o n c l u d e d f r o m , p a g e 104) BROWN INSTRUMENT COMPANY has elected Paul L. Goldstrohm and George M w champ members of the board of directTM- *7 ' " U8' champ is vice-president In charge of Brown company, a division of Minneapolis wTM * th,e Regulator Co., and Mr. G o l d B t r o h m i n S S S S S r f charge of production. President In LINK-BELT COMPANY Caldwell Plant, 2410 W est 18th St., Chicago (8) nounces that P. H. Herndon has been appointed mam K. C. Ellsworth F . B . Herndon ager of the com pany's Coal Sto ker Division, in full charge of its activities and personnel, with headquarters at t h e Caldwell Plant. Mr. Hem- don has been ager for the last 10 years. K. C. Ellsworth! hereto fore eastern stoker division manager at New York has been appointed sales manager of the stoker divi sion, with headquarters at the Caldwell plant. M r . r n s ? 1 C a m o t0, Link'Belt ComPany from the Modern Coal Burner Co. in 1934, when Link-Belt acquired the automatic stoker business and stock of parts of this subsidiary of the Peabody Coal Co. He had started with the Peabody organization in 1918, later serving as a traveling auditor, and for two years having been gen eral superintendent for Modern Coal Burner Co Mr Ellsworth has been through practically every phase of selling in the Link-Belt stoker division, joining it in 1934, after having been the company's stoker dealer in Erie, Pa. - L. J. WING MFG. CO. has appointed the following new sales representatives: William H. Neville, Birmihgham, Ala.; Johnson & Scott, Memphis, Tenn.; and Richard Barthelmess Sales Co., Jacksonville, Pla: DRESSER MFG. CO. . has announced the election of three vice-presidents of the company following a recent meeting of the board or directors. J. B. O'Connor has been elected executive vice-president. Arthur R. W eis and Lyle C. Harvey have been elected vice-presidents. Mr. Harvey is pres ident of the Bryant Heater Company of Cleveland, a subsidiary. MINNEAPOLIS-HONEYWELL REGULATOR CO. has appointed G. M. Kingsland as refrigeration controls division manager. Mr. Kingsland, formerly of the Com pany s Cleveland office, has been elevated to the post following the resignation of A. B. Newton who had been refrigeration controls manager for. the past five years. Lin J. Krause has been appointed assistant sales man ager to Mr. Kingsland and will be attached to the home office permanently. Mr. Krause also had been attached to the Cleveland staff, where he was associated with refrigeratidn and air conditioning controls, but has been in Minneapolis for the past year on a temporary assign ment. In Cleveland, Mr. Kingsland had been zone super visor of Minneapolis-Honeywell's Modutrol division. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC ELEVATOR CO. has been elected to membership in the Air Conditioning and Refrigerating Machinery Association, Inc. JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G ) PERSONALS AND PERSONNEL ROSS RATHBUN manager of air conditioning at the Westinghouse Elec tric Elevator Company, Jersey City, N. J,, has an nounced the appointment of three men to executive positions on his staff: L. Gale Huggins was named assist ant manager of air conditioning and will be general assistant to Mr. Rathbun in administration, engineering and application matters; Walter C. Goodwin becomes negotiation manager with responsibility for application engineering and negotiations, and Howard A. Blair was appointed service manager. L. Gale Huggins Walter C. Goodwin Howard A. Blair Mr. HUggins joined Westinghouse in 1923. When the air conditioning department was organized in East Pittsburgh in 1933 he became assistant to the depart ment manager and application engineer, accompanied the department when it was moved to Mansfield, Ohio, in 1936, and to Springfield, Mass., in 1938, and came to Jersey City late last year when the Company's heavy air conditioning manufacturing activities were transferred to that city. Before leaving the New England plant he was active in the development of war equipment and the training of Army personnel in its uses. Mr. Goodwin joined W estinghouse in 1915 and has been development engineer, section engineer in charge of development, liaison engineer, and, in 1933 became division engineer in the supply engineering department in charge of air conditioning. In 1936 he went to Mans field as application engineer in the air conditioning com mercial department and was later assigned to the East Springfield, Mass., Works. Mr. Goodwin was assigned to air conditioning at the Elevator Company late last year. Mr. Blair joined Westinghouse in 1929 and has been editor of engineering material and extension courses. In 1934 he was service manager of the Metropolitan Air Conditioning Corporation in New York City. Since 1940 he was assistant to the service manager, electric appli ance division, located at East Springfield, and was re sponsible for the servicing of all products manufactured at that plant, including air conditioning. A. B. NEWTON , has been appointed staff engineer in charge of commer-' cial refrigeration by the Airtemp Division, Chrysler Corporation. Mr. Newton was for the past eight years with Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., the last six of which were spent as the engineer of the control di vision. Prior to that he was with York Ice Machinery Corp., and General Electric Co. F. G. C O G G IN has been appointed manager of the Oil Burner Controls Division of the Detroit Lubricator Co. P. S. Russel, who formerly held this position, is devoting his efforts to research and development. . . ( C o n tin u e d o n p a g e 1 0 8 ) HEATING AN D V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E , 1944 Automatic controls of pressure, temperature and flow assure p r e - d e t e r m i n e d a c c u r a c y o f r e s u l t s wherever they are used. N o thinking executive, production manager or maintenance engi neer can miss the full significance of this statement. In factories and plants of every size and kind, a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l s increase productive output and reduce waste by simplifying operations, speeding work, and assuring uniformity of finished product. W ith controls, even the most inexperienced novices quickly attain proficiency. In homes and buildings, large and small, a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l s promote economy, comfort, health by providing optimum tem. perature and humidity, saving fuels and doctors' fees. On stationary equipment such as presses, machine tools, inter nal combustion and diesel engines, a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l s save ma terials, plumbing, space, time and money. On moving equipment such as aircraft, ships, tractors, trucks, tanks, locomotives, hi-g l i g h t - w e i g h t c o n t r o l s assure efficient performance because they operate in any position, regardless of vibration, change of motion or acceleration, hi-g saves weight and space. Although now engaged full-time in supplying war needs, Gen eral Controls' staff of "straight-thinking" engineers invite your request for help in solving your post-war control problems. For complete description of General Controls' broad line of automatic pressure, temperature and flow controls, write for Catalog 52. 107 Used to regulate pressure at the tail of the evapo rator, Model 235 is particularly valuable where two or more evaporators must be operated at dif ferent temperatures from a single condensing unit. Maintains evaporator temperature within close limits. It has a graduated pressure scale, and adjusting range from 10" vacuum to 30 pounds. Furnished complete with shut-off valve for pressure recording gauge, it can be used pn flooded, semi-flooded or dry expansion types, in capacities up to y 2 ton Freon, or % ton Methyl or Sulphurl nuT om n'T ic pr o d u c ts c o m p n n v 2462 North Thirty-Second Street . Milwaukee 10, Wisconsin Export Dept. _ 13 East 40th Street, New York 16, New York D EPEN D A BLE r e f r ig e r a n t valves 108 * - i-wj,wAVI/ V. P. VICTOR i v i opNeewVoT T ^ r sT0: t e omr at 655 M , Victor was a s s o d i J w i t h t t X T L T Z ? TM * ing Corp., New York, specializing in d ^ in g Sdnlt ^ air conditioning, refrigeration, and assodated snh f 1 Prior to that he spent five years in t! v. bjects- automaUc machinery field. For s e v e r a ^ y ^ ! 0.!' taught evening classes in machine design and nma engineering in New York schools. He i ^ licensed t fessional engineer. licensed pro FRANK EWEN BOOTH controUer of Orayson Heat Control, Ltd., Lynwood " '' ' f Edward J. Murphy, controller of The Ken nedy Valve Mfg. Co., Elmira, N. Y,, have been e w J i to membership in the Controllers Institute of America The Institute is a technical and professional organize' tr n iw f ,c.ontrolle*;s devoted to the improvement of con trollership procedures. DR. RAYMOND C. JOHNSON Dr. R. C. Johnson has been elected vice-president in charge of research for Anthra cite Industries, Inc., and as such will supervise the research pro gram now being carried on at the Anthracite Industries' labora tory at Primos, Pa. Dr. Johnson succeeds Dr. H. J. Rose who has resigned to become vice-presi dent and director of research of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. c r r'i,J hn/ 0n h? S been engaged in anthracite coal rea"d. e<luiPment development work since 1927. a ly in this period, he was associated with the U S p"re"U * Mines and then with the Philadelphia & fqo7d h g ,c .oal & Iron Co. as a research engineer. In 1937 he joined the staff conducting research work for Anthracite Industries, Inc., at Mellon Institute of In dustrial Research. In 1941 he became director of the Anthracite Industries, Inc., Laboratory. R. L. IRVIN . has been appointed application manager, small motor division of the W estinghouse Electric and Mfg. Co, Lima, Ohio. He was formerly industrial manager of the Company's Northwestern district* with headquarters in Chicago. JOHN M. DUMSER has been appointed manager of Pipe and Water Tube Sales, Chase Brass & Copper Co. He has been with the company since 1927 and will continue to supervise pri ority and controlled materials plan work. Mr. Dumser started work at the St. Louis branch in the sales and sales promotion departments and came to Waterbury, Conn., four 'years ago as assistant manager of Pipe and Water Tube Sales. RALPH H. METCALF has been appointed by Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company zone supervisor for the air conditioning con trols division in the Cleveland area. For the past eight years, Mr. Metcalf has specialized in air conditioning controls, making his headquarters in the St. Louis office of the company and at the main plant here. DR. HARVEY C. RENTSCHLER director of research of the Westinghouse Lamp Div., has been presented with the Frank P. Brown Medal awarded annually by The Franklin Institute for his work in de velopment and application of the Sterilamp. J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G D.W. RUSSELL (president, Airtemp Division, Chrysler Corporation, was elected president of the Air Conditioning and Refrigersting Machinery Association, Incorporated, in its annual meeting held at Hot Springs, Va., May 19. Other officers are S. E. Lauer of the York Corporation, first vice-presi dent; F. S. McNeal of the Universal Cooler Corpora tion, second vice-president; and P. A. McKittrick of the Parks-Cramer Company, treasurer. C. E. Wilson, vice president of the Worthington Pump and Machinery Corporation, was elected to the chairmanship of the ACRMA board of directors. In addition to the officers, the members of the Board are: W. H. Aubrey, Frick Co., Inc.; F. T. Goes, The Yilter Mfg. Co.; G. A. Heuser, Henry Vogt Machine Co.; E. T. Murphy, Carrier Corp.; Harry Newcomb, Servel, Inc.; J. P. Rainbault, General Electric Co., Ross Rathbun, Westinghouse Electric Ele vator Co.; H. R. Sewell, B. F. Sturtevant Co.; and G. E. Wallis, The Creamery Package Mfg. Co. Mary Jane Stewart continues as secretary of the Association. JOHN D. BEEBE has been named manager of a new department, rubber suspension sales, it is announced by The B. F. Goodrich Company. The new department will have charge of sales of the company's Torsilastic rubber springs and its line of Vibro-Insulators, made of rubber and metal primarily for the elimination of vibration, and devices for sound dampening. Mr. Beebe joined the company in 1923 as a salesman of industrial rubber products in the Denver district, has been in sales posts in the' in dustrial products division at Akron headquarters since 1928. ED. CRANE has been appointed industrial sales engineer in the Buffalo area for the Brown Instrument Co., Philadel phia, precision industrial instrument division of Min neapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. Mr. Crane has been transferred from the New York City office. He will include the northwest section of New York State in his territory. J. NEIL BROPHY after six weeks spent at the main offices and plants of Enterprise Engine and Foundry Company, San Fran cisco, will represent the engine division of Enterprise covering the New England States out of the company's New York offices. JOHN L. MAHONEY formerly of Philip H. Harrison & Company, northern New Jersey, distributors for General Electric Company, has joined the staff of Carrier Corporation. Mr. Mahoney will be affiliated with applied refrigeration. HARRY R. WINKLE Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation comptroller and treasurer, has been elevated to the post of vice-pres ident. This action was taken at a recent meeting of the corporation's board of directors in. recognition of "the increased importance of the financial phase of the business." Mr. Winkle Will continue to serve as comptroller and treasurer, a post he has held since the Fiber glas Corporation was formed No vember 1, 1938. He has been as sociated with Owens-Corning and predecessor companies since 1923. Mr. Winkle is a member of the board of directors of the Fiberglas Corporation. Harry R . Winkle H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E , 1944 PREVENT FROM CLOGGING STEAM EQUIPMENT " The Screen's the Thing' A High G rade Monel Woven Wire Basket with mesh fine enough to catch the dirt --yet ample free area for passage of clean condensate, oil and other fluids. Body Cadmium Plated Inside and Out fo r Protec tion Against Corrosion. Readily Removed Steel Blow-Off Bushing. Bushing A utom atically Aligns Screen. Thousands in Use--Sold b y Over 100 Mill Supply Houses. 6 Sizes V2" to 2 "for Pres sures up to 600 Lbs. SeeYour Supply House or write fo r B ulletin S-200 YARN ALL-W ARIN G COMPANY 104 MERMAID AVENUE PHILADELPHIA 18, PA. STRAINERS 109 Q e t fU j, P e r ia n a l Designers of the famous "Water Buffalos" Lt TAKES a lot of things, like bullets, bombs, bayonets, bazookas --- and w ater, to win a war. Cool, fresh drinkable water in abundance. Peerless Pumps at the fighting fronts keep canteens filled ;-- and keep our fighting men fit! Ever since Pearl Harbor, the building of Peerless Pumps, like the building of the justly famous "Water-Buffalo" Amphibian Tanks (also Peerless designed), has been an essential War Industry. Even in the days before the war, Peerless was producing more Deep Well Turbine Pumps than any other concern in America. As the leading manufacturer in the Industry, Peerless won recognition throughout the en tire civilized world. On the great ranches, farms, orchards and irrigation projects. In the waterworks of our great cities. In the vast industrial plants. Wherever water is needed, there you find dependable Peerless Pumps, operating twenty-four hours per day, year in and year out. . . Now that we are meetmg the tremendous war-front demand for Pumps, we hope to be able to start " digging in" on our huge backlog of orders for home needs. P E E R L E S S P U M P D IV IS IO N - F o o d Machine,* Corporation 12B0 Camden A*e., 8.W., Canton 0, Ohio 2e> Lo* *"> 81, California ; OTHER FACTORIES: San Joto B, and Fresno 18, California HI-LIFT and TURBINE TYPES 2 to 30,000 G. P. M. Capt. B. S. Malln, now de tailed for special training, Corps of Engineers, Ft. Belvoir, Va,, received his B.S. from M.I.T. in 1934. This was fol lowed with other studies at the University of Michigan. For the next four years he . had various positions as de signer and at construction work in the air conditioning and refrigerating fields. During the period 1938-1941 he served as associate mechan ical engineer and mechanical Capt. B. S. Malin inspector with the U. S. De partment of Agriculture, Bureau of Engineering He had charge of the air conditioning design for 5 large controlh lab0rat0ries that re<iuired special temperature After being called to active army duty he was as^ gnd as A ssistant to the Works Manager, Spring field, Mass., Armory. A small arms plant had to be brought up from peacetime operation to war demands. This brought about problems in temperature control, ventilation, exhaust, dust collecting and acoustics. See his article, Dust Collecting System in Gunstock Plant, page 51. Since acquiring his mechan ical engineering degree from the University of Illinois in 1936, M. E. Ringquist (Ventila tion for Welding Booths, page 62) has received a general all around background in heating and ventilating. Following graduation, he spent the next 2 % years with Deere & Co., as a ventilation and dust control engineer. For the next five years, he served as sales engineer in the Con vector Department of The M. E. Ringquist Trane Co., LaCrosse, Wis. Proving that there is always a chance for a return engagement, Mr. Ringquist is now back with Deere & Co., as mechanical engineer in the Power Department. He is working with problems in the field of power plant work, heating, lighting, and ventilation in war produc tion work and in the manufacture of critical farm im plements. PEERLESS Deep W e ll Pum ps Fitzgibbons Boiler Company, Inc., 101 Park Ave., New York 17, N. Y. (2nd Award) Kennedy Valve Mfg. Co., Elmira, N. Y. ("M" Award) Crocker-Wheeler Electric Manufacturing Co., Division of Joshua Hendy Iron Works, Ampere, N. J. ("M" Award) J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G SCOTCH MARINE BOILERS T h e Jam e s Leffel & Co., Spring field, Ohio A standard size, 28-page bulletin 236, devoted to the company's Scotch marine boilers and underfeed stokers, and including complete descriptions, photographs, cross sections, and other information on 200 hp boilers, Scotch marine portable boilers, and Scotch marine type boilers, and similar information for the company's automatic underfeed stoker, intended for internally fired, return tubular, or Scotch marine type portable boilers. HOT WATER HEATERS Kew anee Bo iler Corp., Kew anee, III. . A 4-page, standard size, loose-leaf-punched folder en titled "Tabasco", on welded hot water heaters and giv ing descriptive information, size and capacity data, in formation on grates, and pipe connections. AXIAL FLOW FANS A erovent Fan Co., Piqua, Ohio The 10th edition of the company's handbook on Aero vent Macheta Airfoil fans is standard size, contains 52 pages in color, giving performance data, illustrations, application data on the company's 2-blade direct-con nected, 4-blad'e direct connected, 6-blade direct connect ed fans; tubular construction fans, large propeller fans, extension shaft fans, belted fans, duct fans, main cool ing fans, pulley fans, automatic shutters, and roof ven tilators. Includes engineering data. WELDING A ir R eductio n S a le s C o ., 60 E a s t 42nd S tre e t, New Y o rk 17, N. Y . ` A twenty-page, revised price list, "Gas and Elec tric Welding Supplies and Accessories." This list supersedes similar previous lists. The products in the revised list include gas welding rods made in a wide range of metals, types and sizes for all welding require ments. Other products listed and described are hardfacing alloys, brazing alloys, fluxes, helmets, goggles, gloves, aprons, welding cable, cable lugs and ground clamps. In addition to prices, the contents include de tailed information of assistance to buyers, such as: sizes, dimensions, weights, stock numbers, forwarding data and recommended uses for products. Copies of this revised price list can be obtained by writing to the main office or to any of their many branch offices and authorized distributors. HEAT EXCHANGERS N iag ara B lo w e r Com pany, 6 E.' 45th S t., New Y o r k 17, N. Y . A 4-page, standard size, loose-leaf-punched folder de voted to the Niagara Aero heat exchangers with bal anced wet bulb temperature control and intended for constant and accurate control of temperature in liquids or gases. , INSTRUMENTS Illin o is T e s tin g L a b o ra to rie s, In c., 420 N. L a S a lie S t., Chicago 10, III. ' A standard size bulletin No. 2929 devoted to Alnor instruments for foundry service and covering company's pyrometers, thermocouple, contact pyrometer, and other instruments including the Velometer, for providing ac curate measurements in foundries. (C oncluded on page 112) jfO YOU KNOW HOW EASY ~ AND PROFITABLE IT IS TO SELL CLASS "A" FREEMAN STOKERS RIGHT 0 Now , , more than ever before . . apartments, stores, factories, schools, etc. need stokers to conserve vital fuel and save labor! These prospects have the money and they're ready to buy. You will find it easy. . . and profitable. . . to sell them Freeman. Only one simpli fied form to fill out for W.P.B.; no in stallation problems if you take advantage of Freeman diagrams and engineering assistance; and no follow-up service troubles thanks to Freeman's rugged construction and time-proved ,efficiency of operation. Go after this business now. Freeman is one of the pioneers of the stoker industry and one of the leaders in national sales volume! In quire about your territory today! NOW ! 'R C M M t COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL STOKERS FREEMAN STOKER DIVISION, ILLINOIS IRON & BOLT CO. 91B SO. MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO 5, I I I . H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E , 1944 111 120 tfT Motoco Thermometer indicating Model F-1 $20. Shown with capil lary tubing for remote reading. You Benefit 4 W ays with MOTOCO INDICATING THERMOMETERS 1. Absolute accuracy of temperature indication. . . 2 . No intricate mechanism to get out-of-order... 3 . Low cost, due to specialization and large-scale production... 4 . Remote reading--temperature observation can be made at some distance from where tempera tures are taken. These four features recommend Motoco Indicating Thermometers for use wher ever uniform temperature is required in heating or cooling. Write for full infor mation on money-saving, time-saving M otoco temperature indication. Illustrated here are two of the many types of Motoco precision instruments made for spec/fic industrial appli cations. Left: Combination Thermometer, Pressure and Altitude Gauge. Right: Pres sure Gauge used in oxy-. acetylene welding. THE ELECTRIC AUTO-LITE COM PANY MOTO METER GAUGE AND EQUIPMENT DIVISION CHRYSLER BUILDING, NEW YORK 17,' N. Y. In addition to a wide range of thermometers and gauges. Moto Meter specializes in the production of instruments of special de sign for use as a standard part of manufacturers' equipment. 112 ( Continued from page 111) BAFFLES T h e R am tite Co., D iv. of T h e S . O berm ayer Co., 2563 W e st 18th S tre e t, Chicago 8, III. , Bulletin, "Economy Boiler Baffles," explains and Illus trates how significant economy can be effected by proper design of baffles in furnaces. Presents blue prints showing the old and new location of baffles to gether with an account of savings made in each case. COM BUSTION CO N TRO LS Leeds & Northrup Co., 4934 Stenton A ve., Philadelphia 44, Penn. Devoted to the company's new system of combustion control designed especially for the smaller industrial or municipal power plant, a. catalog N-01P-163, has been issued. Publication shows how system regulates fuelfeed and draft by an electrical balance, varying settings of valves, dampers or vanes in proportion to steam de mand. At same time, furnace pressure is automatically regulated. Application of this system to different types of boilers is shown by schematic illustrations. Several typical installations are pictured. The electrical bal ance action and control of furnace pressure are shown by photo-diagrams. V-BELTS T h e B. F . Goodrich Company, A kron, Ohio. A 4-page folder on its line of V-belts, featuring infor mation about its recently announced wire grommet type. The wire grommet V-belt is a development of the com pany, in which twin cores of endless steel wire twisted on itself form the grommets, which are kept at a uni form distance from the sides of the belt throughout its length. The grommets are covered with counter-balanc ing and insulated cord. The grommet type V-belt is be ing furnished on special jobs where it has been decided by belting engineers that standard belting cannot be used. PUMPS W orthington Pump and M achinery Corporation, H arrison, N. J. Four standard size, loose-leaf-punched folders: Bulle tin W-321-B-14B, devoted to single stage Monobloc cen trifugal pumps for general water service, cooling towers, boiler feed, condensate, and circulation systems; Bulle tin W-321-B15, covering Monobloc centrifugal two-stage pumps for general water service, cooling towers, drink ing water, etc.; Bulletin W-321-B13B, covering, steamturbine driven centrifugal pumps for power plants, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating systems, and in dustrial plants; Bulletin W-321-B7C, covering Monobloc centrifugal pumps, open impeller type, for use in chemi cal plants, canneries, sump pumps, breweries and irri gation. . DUST COLLECTIN G P eters-D alto n , In c., 628 E a s t F o re st A ven u e, D etroit 1, M ich. Air Processing Equipment is the title of a 56-page catalog showing installations of the company's dust col lecting units and system s, spray booths and equipment, ovens and ventilating and engineered air processing system s. Tells the story of the company's engineering facilities,,and includes detailed specifications of Hydro Whirl dust collectors and spray booth units together with engineering data. JU N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G FLOW -M ETERS Cochrane Corp., 17th & A llegheny A ve., Philadelphia 32. Reprint No. 29, entitled "Flow Meter Engineering," a 16 page booklet by William C. Bennett, Cochrane Corp., tells why, when, and where flow meters and instruments are needed in the modern plant, and how they can be made to further the war effort. A considerable amount of basic metering data is covered, being arranged in two facing pages for convenient use. Two pages of drawings hre devoted to details of proper installation methods. Also includes helpful hints for keeping in struments out of the repair shop. PLYW OOD Douglas F ir Plywood Association, Tacom a Building, Tacom a 2, W ash. A standard size, loose-leaf-punched, 24-page bulletin entitled "Plywood Wartime U ses" and intended as an addition to the "Industrial Uses for Douglas Fir Ply wood Handbook." RECO RDIN G THERM OM ETERS T h e B risto l Com pany, W aterb ury 91, Conn. A data sheet has been issued to describe and illustrate recording thermometers that are used in frozen food locker plants. 4 -S e a so n AIR CONDITIONING A v a ila b le for E sse n tia l ^ ^ 0o N e e d s ! r --^ C ru, * /M c * t, 0 n l A a O t i tS : L IN D U S TR IA L D EG R E E DAYS A p ril, 1944 City Baltimore . . Buffalo . . . . Chicago . . . Cleveland .. Detroit .. .. Indianapolis New York . . Philadelphia Pittsburgh . St. Louis . . Number of Industrial Degree Days 5 5 F Base 120 421 304 312 369 171 224 179 185 125 4 5 F Base 23 159 88 87 114 55 46 31 64 32 COMING EVENTS JUNE 5-7--The 31st Spring Meeting of The American Refrleerating Engineers, to be held al i? 6 , ^nn Hotel> Pittsburgh. Secretary, David L. Fiske, 60 W. 40th St., New York, N. Y. JUNE 7-8--Mid-Year Meeting of the National Warm Air . it.anx Air Conditioning Association, t o . be held at the Stevens Hotel, Chicago. T. Reid Mackin, International Heater Co., is chairman of the Chi cago convention committee. JUNE 19-20--Summer Convention of the American So- / ?ieating and Ventilating Engineers, to be held at the Pantlind Hotel, Grand Rapids, Mich. Secretory, A. V. Hutchinson, 51 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y. JUNE 20-21. 35th Annual meeting of the National Dis trict Heating Association, Hotel William Penn Pittsburgh, Pa. John F. Collins, Jr., 827 North Euclid Ave., Pittsburgh, Secretary-Treasurer. NOVEMBER 15-19--Third National Chemical Exposi- iii be beld at the Chicago Coliseum, Chicago, 111. Sponsored by Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society. Headquarters for the show at 330 So. Wells Street, Chicago 6, 111. H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , JU N E , 1944 "A" T he fo u r seasons are as one where STREAMAIRE Air Conditioning Units are installed. Wide variations in outdoor tem peratures and humidity are leveled off into a controlled uniformity that assures ideal research, manufacturing, processing and operating conditions. Tolerances for precision tools and instrum ents on many government contracts require that they be man ufactured under controlled tem peratures and humidity. Priorities for equipm ent to correct excessive heat and contaminated air conditions harm ful to the health of workers can also be obtained. Food processing plants (engaged in canning, dehydrating and freezing perish able foodstuffs), biological laboratories and hospitals may also install YOUNG Air Conditioning Equipment. If you are not eligible for the cooling and dehumidify- ing features, you can install a STREAMAIRE Unit with the heating coil now and merely add the cooling coil when restrictions are lifted. W rite for Catalog No. 7541. STREAMAIRE Air Conditioning Units are made in eight horizontal and eight vertical models with capacities rang ing from 400 to 16,625 cfm. The large unit above is designed fo r ceiling suspen sion. The model at the left is a floor unit. HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERS Manufacturers of O il Coolers Gas, Gasoline, Diesel Engine Cooling Radiators Intercoolers Heat Exchangers Engine Jocket Water Coolers Unit Hooters Convectors Condensers Evaporators Air Conditioning Units Hooting Coils Cooling Coils and a Line of Aircraft Hoot Transfer Equipment. YOUNG RADIATOR CO ., Dept. 104-F, RACIN E, WIS- APPLICATION ENGINEERS In Principal Cltlct 113 BY BROOKS EQUIPMENT CORPORATION lust use it once-- The Alnor Velometer Vive, you instantaneous. direct re a d in g of air velocity in feet per m inute. Hold it in the air stream for low range reading; use th e tube-connected apecial jets for high range readings or inaccessible locations. T h a fs all there is to it and once you use th e Alnor Velometer you will never tolerate other methods. t - The, ^ n r V<"Iom*tar " b u d t in several standard ranges from 20 fpm to 6.000 fpm , and up to 3 inches static or total pressure. Special ranges available as low as 10 fpm , and up to 25,000 fpm and 20 inches pressure. Write for Velometer bulletin. . ILLINOIS TESTING LABORATORIES, INC. 4 2 0 NORTH LA SALLE STREET CHICAGO 10, ILLINOIS CONSOLIDATED HINGED JOINT "DELIVERS" HIGH TORQUE at 0to92 < Send to t this Booklet < Registered copies ofa new handbook on Shaft Joints and Assemblies available . on request. ' Executive OM cee for the Eastern U nited State BROOKS EQUIPMENT CORPORATION 90 WEST ST., NEW YO RK 6, N. Y . CO 7-2881 BROOKS EQUIPMENT CORPORATION OF CALIFORNIA Executive ORice and W a r.h a u l., 434 POTRERO AVENUE Si Francisco 10, h i. Vaincra 223 Branch Office and Warehaute 717 SECOND AVENUE nttli 4, M atta Mara3563 Branch Office and Warehouse 15 115 SOUTH HILL STREET las Aj*1as , cd. . ftospwt 4371 Branch Office 203 U. S. NAT. BANK BLDG. fWUin4 4, Onmn Murats 0231 INVOLUTE N O ZZLES The preference for trouble-free a ir washing service -- because there are no Internal parts or vanes to wear or clog. Proven through many years o f service In water cooling and air conditioning instal lations totaling more than 5 mil lion g. p. m. Made in sizes and types for all re quirements. Ask for Bulletin N-616. Y A R N A U -W A R IN G CO. 104 Mermaid Ave. Philo. 18, Po. J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G STOKERS IiS, sr. m The CRO W N . r rew ,,b re a k a b le C oal Feed S trew W ELD ED All-Steel Worm-- All Sizes-- All Pitches ^ f^ i B L C TMPrompt Delivery % Fabolre retpolacoefmfeerntfoorr prpordoumcptitondneelievdesr,y Criotswnailsl-sntoeewl tshuarftacweeairs iysoruerduacsesudratoncae, mtoinoi,mtuhmat. coTahliswislml oflootwh Coal Feed Screw. Available with right or left hand % screw, in all sizes and pitches,'tapered or straight, and in combinations of pitches. For both domestic freely and easily through the flights. Prompt de livery is possible because production requires less and industrial stokers, the Crown Coal Feed Screw time on Crown's automatic machines and because insures longer and continuous operation because it is all-steel and because it is machined so smoothly the steel used in Crown's Coal Feed Screw while critical, is more easily procured. In o rd erin g g iv e co m p lete specifications on size a n d d esig n . C R O W N 1229 Tyler St., N. E. I R O WORKS Since 1878 COMPANY Minneapolis, Minn. How S T R O N G Is I WING REVOLVING UNIT HEATERS Wing Revolving Unit Heaters insure uniforohmtxture and circu lation of heatea air by the Use of discharge outlets which revolve slowly and project the streams of heated air to the working level sweeping around in a complete circle. As the moving air circu lates along the working level, it mixes uniformly with the cold air, circulates around heavy machinery and obstructions and ! penetrates into cold, damp corners--insuring a comfortable | uniform temperature throughout.the entire plant. These Wing ; Revolving Heaters are suitable for ail types and sizes o f buildings I because the deflectors on the discharge outlet can be adjusted to i propel the air in two different concentric circles which permits I coverage of a great area. | L. J. WinO Mfb.Co. 158 W ell 14th. St., Naw York, N. Y. -- Factor! i Nowork, N. J. H E A T IN G AND .V E N T IL A T IN G . J U N E . 1944 T h e r m -o -T il e Reg. V. S. Pat. OS. S u rp risin g ly great strength results from the immov able " spread-footing" concrete base of Therm -O -Tlle, and the Ideal arch construction of heavy tile members. O fficial unbiased tests show th at th is underground cpnduit provides greater strength than is required by .A .S .T .M . even fo r e x tra heavy t ile . Com plete data on request. Sold and Installed by Johns-Manrllle Construction Units In all Prin cipal Cities. See our apace in Sweet's or Tbe Heating Guide. H . W . P O R T E R & C O ., In c . 8 2 3 -V Frelinghuysen A ve., Newark 5 , New Jersey W ithout obligating u i In any way, n Pleas tend Bulletin 381. Send representative. Q Enclosed Is a sketch, with principal data of a prospec tive underground piping job, on which we shall be glad to have your ^comments, Qquotations. Clip your name. firm, and address to this ad: tear out with the checked squares above: mail: and you will hear from us promptly. 115 GUN-PAKT EXPANSION JOINT It is packed under full steam pressure. By the turn of a wrench, integral pressure guns force a special semi-plastic packing into the stuffing box. W elded Steel Construction. Alemite lubricated cyl inder-guided sleeve. M ade also in conventional gland-pakt types. Write for Bulletin EJ-1908.. Y A R N A LL-W A R IN G CO M PA N Y 104 Mermaid A venue Philadelphia 18, Pa. W A N T E D : A ir Conditioning Engineer National organization has West Coast opening for* mechanical engineer to design heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems for its retail stores. Thorough technical training plus specialized experience desirable. Major consideration is experience with equipment used for extreme tempeiatures and under a wide range of conditions. Permanent connection with attractive future for man who makes good. Salary open. Replies held confidential. Send letter giving age, draft status, education, and detailed employment record. Address Box 383, H e a tin g and Ve n t il a t in g 148 Lafayette St., New York 13 , N. Y. THREE BOOKS FOR ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS DEGREE-DAY HANDBOOK Fo r checking heating plant operation and pre dicting fuel consumption. $3. - AIR CO NDITIONING IN TH E HOME Fundam ental principles of a ir conditioning, equip ment and system s in use. $3. DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL EXHAUST SYSTEM S How to design, build or buy an exhaust system to rem ove dust, sh a v in g s, fum es, etc. $3. THE INDUSTRIAL PRESS, 148 Lafayette St., New York CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING SALESMEN WANTED--A midwestern man ufacturer of commercial refrigeration com ponent parts is m need of salesmen for im portant territories western, northwestern and eastern parts of country. This is an oppor tunity for several men who know something of commercial refrigeration and who have successful selling records. Refrigeration is a war weapon so in addition to essential war work there is an opportunity for rapid and sound growth during and particularly after TIT HEATING AND VEN TILATING, 148 Lafayette St., New York 18, ENGINEER--Chief Design, Graduate pre ferably with m aster's degree in heat tran s fer with a minimum of ten years engineer ing experience on heat transfer equipment such as heating and refrigeration coils, heat exchangers, unit coolers and heaters, air conditioning equipment, and for other similar equipment. Permanent positon having a bright future with a nationally known 60year-old AAAI cooling and heating equip m ent m anufacturer in Buffalo, New York. W rite m complete detail and confidence and enclose a recent photo (non-returnable). Our engineers know of this advertisement. Write Box 889, HEATING AND VENTILATING. 148 Lafayette St,, New York 18, N. Y. SALES MANAGER--Company m anufactur ing complete line of space heating-cooling equipment wishes to employ a sales manager for this division. Should have experience and background in heating, ventilating and air conditioning and be experienced in han dling organization of representatives. Grad uate M.E. is preferable but not essential. W rite stating complete qualifications. Box No. S84, HEATING AND VENTILATING. 148 Lafayette St., New York 18, N. Y. . WANTED SURPLUS EQUIPMENT-- Fans, blowers, motors, cooling coils, heating coils! unit heaters, etc. Send list of items avail able and state cash price and whether priorjty is required. Air Conditioning Engineer ' s Mass any' 90 Memorial ^!rive> Cambridge 116 ^ MANUFACTURERS AGENTS WANTED ir ?? , 0 , Lhe following Trade Areas:--New England Trade Area, New York Trade Ares to handle our production of oil burning equipment as follows:-- space heaters, trailei heaters, domestic^ oil burning furnaces and floor furnaces, side-arm and storage typt water heaters, domestic gun type powei burners to contact and develop distributors and dea ers in furniture, hardware, appliance and heating lines. We prefer established capable organizations handling affiliated non conflicting lines. Box No. 387, HEATING AND VENTILATING, 148 Lafayette St., New York 13, N. Y. ' oin.r.oM E w a n t e d . Fuel conservatioi chemicals--boiler feedwater treatm ent, sludg< remover for fuel oil (unqualifiedly guaran teed) are in extreme demand now. Also ai conditioning, brine, corrosion and alga treatm ents. This is an outstanding oppor tunity to cash in on timely available prod ucts. Attractive commissions. Box No. 888 HEATING.AND VENTILATING, 148 Lafay ette St., New York 18, N. Y. m a n u e a u t u k e k s AGENCY -- Seventee years experience, offices in Buffalo, New Yor and Erie, Pa. Three salesmen calling on It dustriais. Contractors, Architects and Eng: neers, can handle few more lines of heatinc air conditioning, ventilating equipmen' Box 881, HEATING AND VENTILATINC 148 Lafayette St., New York 18, N. Y. FOR SALE 2-- Kewanee No. 20 Boilers purchased in 1932 with 2--No. 4 Iron Fireman Stok ers, rated 107 HP Boilers. 2--Sims No. 9 Boilers purchased in 1932 with 2--No. 3 Iron Fireman Stokers (Boilers rated 35HP). 2-- Pacific No. 67S1 Boilers purchased in 1940 with 2--No. 5 Iron Fireman Stokers (Boilers rated 142.9 H P). 1-- Pacific No. 67S1 Boiler purchased in 1941 with 1--No. 6 Iron Fireman Stoker (Boil ers rated 142.9 H P ). ` 2-- Pacific No. 8602 Boilers purchased in 1932 with 2--No. 4 Iron Fireman Stokers (Boilers rated 107 H P). These are all in A -l condition. Box No. 385, HEATING AND VENTILATING, 148 Lafay ette St., New York 13, N. Y. Impending Events make the 5th W AR LOAN the supreme financial effort of the war Non-display advertisements 10 cents a word per Insertion. (No charge for name and address.) Minimum charge $2.00. Payable in advance. . . . BUY YOUR BOND TO D A Y! J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G r V IA cC O R ? p r o d u tS Engineers EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS SERIES 3000 TEST SET HAYS COMBUSTION SET For accurate, quick combus Portable. SIZE OF CASE 7% 'x5'x15'H IG H WEIGHT 9 IBS. tion analysis. Combines single unit gas analyzer with a dia phragm type draft gage and flue gas thermometer. Com pletely enclosed in steel case with leather handle, weight 9 lbs. Of particular benefit to service and. heating engineers and installers of oil and gas burners, stokers, furnaces, and boilers. Full details in Bulletin 43-362. COMBUSTION instruments ANO CONTROL CORPORATION MICHIGAN CITY, INDIANA. U.S.A H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E ,.1944 McCord spiral fin tube construction with the tubes formed or bent ' permits uniform ex pansion without strain. Headers are heavy wall constmction with tubes brazed into extended ferrules formed in the headers. Fins are helically wound and metallically bonded. A tried and proven heating unit, modern in design. McCord spiral fin tube con struction creates air turbulence without un due restriction, thus increasing heat trans fer capacity. Guar anteed for 150 lbs. saturated steam pres sure. Nine models. Proven, nigged, mod ern design. Quiet, . guaranteed for use on #150 p.s.l. steam pres sure. Heating element, ,, Individual sp iral fin i ' tubes free to expand w ithout stra in on . Jolrte. Standard .? motorswithstand- ,a'rd bases /used. Teh 5? models, - ' BLAST HEATING COILS . AIR CONDITIONING COILS ALL TYPES 4 44 ft: * ft;? 4 4 J VERTICAL TYPE 4 UNIT HEATERS 4 444444 HORIZONTAL TYPE 4 UNIT HEATERS 444 *'****t . ~T . 117 --forithe 5th War Loan drive during June and July. The need for the 5th War Loan is immediate, crucial. For impending events may make the 5th the supreme financial effort of the war. The U. S. Treasury has set the overall goal at $16,000,000,000 -- $6,000,000,000 from individuals alone. This is the big gest sum ever asked of the American people--a n d it m u st b e raised. That's why the U. S. Treasury asks Man agement and Labor to sit down together and organize--NOW! For organization--good organization-- has been responsible for the excellent showing of the payroll market. And its most important single superiority has been personal solicitation--desk to desk, bench to bench, machine to machine personal solicitation. 71% of all persons on payroll deductions were solicited for the 4th War Loan. Now, to personal solicitation, add the sales incentive of a definitely established plant quota. Build your campaign around a quota plan. Set up departmental goals. Stress percentage of participation fig ures. Stimulate group enthusiasm. In planning your quota campaign, work in close cooperation with the Chairman of your War Finance Committee. Every thing is set to make the 5th War Loan drive a huge success--with your help! (Note: You've read this message. If it doesn't apply to you please see that it reaches the one person who can put it in action!) _B y e x tia i 81 ; __________________________ 1 ns ScasK __ ____ ___ " T T qoO EmplyeeS 1 000 R gulai P ^ l e ig B t VieeVly R c c o A ^ yPen* oo-- 3 0 .0 0 % ia ised $ 7 e^aBondat o **W 9 & employees) GANIZE -------- ------ - SOLICIT * DELIVER -- * * 118 I ' ' j . T a r - ' * * T h h h m o f f i c i a l U . S . T r e a s u r y a d v e r t i s e m e n t - p r e p a r e d u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s o f T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t a n d A d v e r tis in g C o u n c il. ' \ ' - . J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G AND V E N T IL A T IN G ^ w - R e a l Vibration - Isolation Economy with KORFUND Girder Type Integral Base! Standard units offer unlimited arrangements for resiliently mounting fans, pumps, compressors, etc. The KORFUND Girder Type Integral Base (typical installation in prominent Ordnance Plant, right) provides efficient, economical isola tion of vibration and noise in the form of standard natural cork and steel units fabricated into integral bases of ANY TYPE OR SHAPE, ^ "'iag ram below shows primary isolating units (natural cork blocks cased in steel housings) connected by steel framework to form ideally shaped base for fan and motor. Unlimited arrangements possible. Write for data, outlining your requirements. Korfund Girder Type Integral Base installed under large fan and motor. Note how steel girder arrangement provides isolation base common to both fan and motor, thus con stantly maintaining essential alignment be tween . them. Compare diagram at left. An economical solution to many machinery in stallation problems in heating, ventilating and air conditioning. Investigate! K@RFIIND * )n c. ENGINEERS - MANUFACTURERS LONG ISLAND CITY 1, N.Y. Blower Wheel Housings of Standard Dimensions M ade in sizes to fit 4J^, 5, 6, 7 a nd 9 inch wheels and in widths to suit single or double inlet wheels . . . also individual parts for your own assembly. De-Sta-Co housings are engineered for m axim um effi ciency and quietness in operation . . . neatly finished. S end fo r uD e-Sta-C o Blower Housings*' b u lletin ; gives complete inform ation, including essential dimensions. =37S H E A T IN G AN D V E N T IL A T IN G , J U N E , 1944 D a ' t y o u l^ e a lif e . . . THAT EVEN A S H OR T PI ECE OF PI PE WILL EXPAND WITH AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE? THAT IF THERE IS A "STIFF" CONNECTION, THE STRESSES SET UP WI LL BE T R E ME NDOUS ? THAT YOU MUST PROVI DE F O R THE E X P A N S I O N ? Don't assume, because the pipe is short, there Is no need to w orry about expansion. This may be true If the arrangement of the piping is such that the expansion can be taken care of by a spring connection without unduly stressing it. But, often the piping is "stiff" and then expansion stresses may be introduced which are greater than the pipe or fittings can with stand. Don't tak e th is c h a n c e . Install ADSCO In tern ally Guided E xpansion Joints. W rite for illustrated bulletin No. 35-30 HV. * .American District Steam Company North Tonawasm.N.X m a k er s o f " UP-TO*DATE" st e a m lin e EQUIPMENT FOR OVER 60 YEARS DSCO expans,on JOINTS e u p n e<ioine jc /ie &e*tcOi 119 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ADVERTISERS A Acme Industries .............................. 43 A ir Conditioning E ngineering Co. 116 Air-Maze Corporation .................... 40 Airtemp Div. Chrysler Corp.................. 4 A irth erm M fg. Co..................................... I 05 A leo V a lv e Co. .................... n .24 A lle n C o r p o r a tio n ................................ 13 A m erica n A ir F ilte r Co., In c........... 27 A m e r ic a i ^ X w er Corp....................... * American L .. ict Steam Co............ 1 1 9 A m erican -M arsh P u m p s, In c.....................* American Rolling Mill Co.............. 14 Armstrong Machine W o r k s .......... 10 A utom atic P roducts Co. 108 B Badger Mfg. & Sales Co................ * Baldor Electric Co......................... 105 Barber-Colman Co........................... 33 Bell & Gossett Co....................... 35 Bethlehem Steel Co........................ 97 Breidert, G. C,, Co......................... * Brooks Equipment Co.................... 114 Bryant Heater Co..................' ___ 32 Buffalo Bolt Co............................... 7 Buffalo Forge Co............................. 45 Byers, A. M,, Co.............................. * G General Controls Co.......................... 10 7 General Electric Co.......................... * H Hays Corp............................................ 14 7 Henry Valve Co........................ * Holco "h & Hoke Mfg. Co.............. 39 Howell Electric Motors Co., Inside Back Cover ' I Ilg Electric Ventilating Co............. * Illinois Engineering Co., Inc.......... * Illinois Testing Laboratories, Inc. 114 Iron Fireman Mfg. Co...................... lo i J Johnson Fan & Blower C o rp .___ 36 Johnson Service Co............. Back Cover K Kewanee Boiler Corp........................ 8 Korfund Co., Inc................................ 1 1 9 C C arey, P h ilip , M fg. Co........................ 34 C arrier C orporation . . ....................... 33 C ash, A . W ., V a lv e M fg. Corp. . . . 12 C h ry sler C orporation ....................... 4 C la ssified A d v e r t i s i n g ....................... 4 4 3 C o n tin en ta l S te e l Corp....................... * C rane Co..................................................... 31 C row n Iron W o rk s Co......................... 1 1 5 Curtis Refrigerating Mch. Div. of Curtis Mfg. Co................................ - D . D e tr o it L u b rica to r Co......................... 6 D e tr o it S ta m p in g Co. . . ................... 1 1 9 D ravo C o r p o r a t io n ............................. 93' D unham , C. A.-, Co................... 103 L Ladish Drop Forge Co...................... 29 Leland Electric Co............................ 23 Link-Belt Co........................................ i ' M Marley Co., Inc.................................. * Mario Coil Co...................................... 4 1 Marsh, Jas. P., Corp.......................... 49 Mercoid Corp..................................... 37 McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co..........117 McDonnell & M ille r ........................ 95 Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co......................... Inside Front Cover Modine Manufacturing Co.............. 42 Mueller Brass Co.............................. 26 . N . E E co n o m y P u m p s, In c.......................... E le c tr ic A u to -L ite Co. ...................... 1 1 2 Elgq Shutter & M anufacturing Co. * E llsw o r th P ip e & S u p p iy Co........... 17 E m erson E lectric M anufacturing C o . - . . - ................ F Freeman Stoker Div. Illinois Iron & Bolt C o ........... .. Nash Engineering Co........................ 50 Nelson, Herman, Corp.....................18-19 O Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp. . . 99 - p Pacific Steei Boilers ___ v . . V/ . . . 6 Patterson-Kelley Co., Inc. . i . i v . v * Peerless Pump Div., Food Machin ery Corp., .............................. \ ___ n o Penn Electric Switch Co......... Porter, H. W,, & Co., Inc. . . . Powers Regulator Co. . . . Propellair, Inc............ R Reznor Manufacturing Co. . Ric-wil Co................ . ' S Sail Mountain Co. .......................... * Sarco Company, In c.'...................... * Sarcotherm Controls, Inc................ 25 Smith, H. B., Co., Inc....................... * Somers, H. J,, Inc............................. * Star Electric Motor Co.................... 21 Superior Sheet Steel Co. .............. T Taylor Forge & Pipe W orks........ 22 Thrush, H. A., & Co. ...................... 28 Todd Shipyards Corp. (Combus tion Equipment Div.) ................ 20 Trane Co.............................................. 45 U.' Trerice, H. O., Co............................. 114 Tube-Turns, Inc.................................. 9 1 Tuttle & Bailey, Inc......................... * U. S. Machine Corp.......................... * United States Air Conditioning Corp.................................................... * United States Radiator Corp......... 5 W Wagner Electric Co.......................... 10 6 Want Advertisements .................... 116 Webster, Warren,' & Co.................. 2 Weeks, B. H., ................................... * W estinghouse Electric & Manu facturing Co. , . . . . ' ................ ' . . . 46-47 White Rodgers Electric Co......... * Whitlock Manufacturing Co......... * Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. ..................... 1 1 5 Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp. . . . . : . . ...................... ............ 30 Y . Yarnall-Waring Co..................109-114-116 York Heat Div., York-Shipley, Inc. * Young' Radiator Co............................ 1 1 3 'Advertisement appeared in preceding issue. 120 J U N E , 1944, H E A T IN G A N ." " ,E N T IL A T ,!N G