Document 7MGRV2xB8bdb9pOrLOwgyRrRg

CHE M I C ALEN GINEERING SERIES Chemical Engineers' Handbook PREPARED BY A STAFF OF SPECIALISTS PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT MON-2377 JOHN H. PERRY, Ph.D., Editor Third Edition New York. Toronto, and London McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc. 1950 LCCa56 LAM021509 6113 18205 `'he |0_ paUy for `K, The al,0,,S imenaion* -ad braa<1 P'U Copper, lb. _1 25"~ ! 73 2 39 3 47 4 33 5 95 8 93 '2 2 '7 6 22.1 :6 6 firiM lb. 4 13 5 72 6 63 11 7 17 0 21 3 25 6 the outM'l# nntaining the aandrel. The ied with other ie: admiralty. t. cupronickel *asa, red brass iia: and allots < low-carbonj. . " the Bridgejp to 24 It . ,o 2 in. The 0.060 in. On -rally divided On heavier e copper-base i to one-fifth ->ite Tubing" iiminum, etc.. SON-METALLIC PIPE AND TUBING 431 Table S3. Agboatof-cement Prezsur* Plp* ___ TET55T Oat- Weight Uogtb(t. thick*** in. side diam.. in. ' per ft-, lb. __-- --<T33 33 3 66 4 66 36 47 36 6 72 76 42 8 84 li 7 13 44 10 88 IS 2 cs.iwr Wall Out thickness, side in. diam., in. 0 35 35 .38 44 .59 3 70 4 70 6 76 8 88 II 16 Weight per ft., lb. 38 50 78 II 9 19 8 13 48 12 96 19 $ 52 15 04 24 8 68 13 36 27 6 78 15 56 36 6 56 17 12 M$ 88 17 76 47 0 59 19 16 35 9 97 19 94 58 2 13 63 21 26 42 5 1.07 22.14 71 2 69 25 38 55 5 I 25 26.50 99.3 90 31 80 89 2 1 54 33 08 150 6 1) 1 09 38 16 126 3 1 83 39 66 211 0 aTwCo r*^exclusive of couplings and fittings. , ^C^TjjS-oJto working pressure in pounds per square inch. ' ^^^PleicrB for 4, 6, A in. Class 150 are 3.95, 5.857/.85 in., respectively. 7WT55F WaU Out thickness, side in. diam., in. 0 44 3 88 45 4 85 .55 6 95 65 9 15 .85 11 70 Weight i Wall per ft.. I thickness. lb. IQ. 96 ! 0 60 60 1 60 75 88 28 0 1 1 10 98 13 96 38 6 ! 1 13 16 26 51 6 1 1 25 16 50 65 0 | 1 39 20 76 81 2 1 1 87 1 S3 23 06 99 5 2 09 1 82 2 29 2 80 27 64 141 5 34 58 221 0 41 60 1 318 0 3 12 3 74 JXH Outside diam.. in. 4 20 5 20 7.50 9 76 12 20 14 48 16 88 19 30 21 74 24 18 78 96 36 24 4} 48 Weight per rU lb. 66 6.4 15 4 23 7 37.0 49 6 67 0 87 8 112.0 139 5 199 0 310 0 435 0 Table 14. Aibeatoa-cemant Sewer Pipe* ------------ TEST ill Outside knew. diam., in. -- 4 78 5 82 6 84 8% 50 11.00 Weight per ft,, lb. 49 66 9 11 9 15 3 Will thickness, in. 0.56 rwi Outside diam., in. 11.12 Weight per ft., lb. Wall thicknem, in. 17 7 0 65 Class 3 Outside diam., in. 11.30 Weight per ft., lb. 21.0 13 08 15 16 17.24 65 19 30 19 9 24 6 30 2 35 5 64 13 28 73 15.46 .82 17.64 90 19 80 23 6 74 13 48 31 0 84 IS 68 40 6 94 17 86 5> 0 1 03 20 06 28 6 37 0 47 8 58 0 69 21 38 75 25 50 41.7 94 21.88 54.3 1 06 26 12 57 5 1 13 22 26 70 0 77 6 1 31 26 62 100 0 31 92 86 8 1 24 32.48 113 2 I 64 33.28 155 0 15 38 30 124.6 1 41 38 82 154 3 I 93 39 86 215 0 ^vial W* o( all of PIP* 13 fL j^M-Maonlle Co. Wall thickness, in. 1.12 1 25 1 45 1 85 2 IS Haas 4 Outside diam. in., 20 24 22 50 26 90 33 70 40.36 Weight per ft., lb. 66 0 84 0 110 0 175 0 248 0 Flexible Metal Hoee Various metals such as brass, bronze, monel, alumum. and steel are used in manufacturing flexible which may be had with metal or fabric coverings >n(j aith male-female and flanged joints. Threads lfT usually cut to standard ``iron pipe sizes." Inside :-.ameiers range from J-g to 12 in. The maximum ~'t>mmended temperature for bronze hose is approxi- ily 450F., or 230C, NON-METALLIC PIPE AND TUBING V large number of non-metallic materials are manuwiurcd into pipe and tubing. No general size standequation exists. Some materials and dimensions are even below; for further details the manufacturers' "atzlogues should be consulted. In many cases, fittings u>d valves are available. Asbestos-cement Pipe Asbestos and Portland cement are used to make a ewnless pipe, generally with plain ends. Pipe of this natenal is corrosion-resistant and finds especial applica- ia the conveyance of relatively corrosive fluids. a smooth interior surface and. being non-metallic, -* from tuberculation. The joints are usually made Jeeves, sealed with rubber or other elastic rings, or Tth cement or asphalt. Ends are sometimes machined ^ tapered for use with metal couplings. A variety of -tings is made. This material can withstand tem peratures to 370C., or 700F., and has a low thermal ^Htductivity. Pressure pipe is made in four classes, corresponding to working pressures of 50, 100, 150, and 200 Ib./sq. in. See Table 23. Sewer pipe, as shown in Table 24, is made in four classes, which, in wall thickness, lie between classes 50 and 150 for pressure pipe. Ducts, as shown in Table 25, are made with w&U thicknesses slightly less than class 50 pressure pipe. Table SB. Asbestoe-cement Ducts* Itutde diam., in. 3 4 5 6 7 Length, ft. 10 10 10 10 10 Wall Uuekness, in. 0 32 32 .35 .35 .40 Outside diam., in. 3.64 4 64 5 70 6 70 7 80 Weight t per ft., lb. 35 45 59 73 86 8 13 .40 8 60 II 2 10 13 .40 10 80 13 9 12 13 45 12 90 18 4 14 13 45 14 90 IS 6 16 13 50 17 00 23.6 18 13 50 19 00 20 13 53 21.10 24 13 60 25 20 30 13 67 31.34 36 13 75 37 50 * Johns-Manville Co. t Weights given are exclusive of couplings snd fittings. 26 6 32 6 42 7 */ 4 79 5 Carbon, Graphite, and "Karbate" Pipe and Fitting* These materials are resistant to practically all acids (including hydrofluoric), alkalies, salt solutions, and organic compounds except those of a highly oxidising BCG~857 LAM021510 6113 18206' r Jnstne ^ --Fdry h'<> r`Wet lo.P. , * ' ternpl^^,erat!ti.r***r ?" thl"> w (U ; l!um'dit.e, ,r; > '`um.ditj., "r ten,W(u --e (eel,,., "^her r!.|al,Vi? v of peopl, arp :>on is stl0wn neatest numh,r : oy the OhF ;-nd the 7pp Thia difference ns is caused hv `d to the higher to SMiie extent air cosninoxisG 77!) . Condition! of Temperature and f**or*`ArtiftelaUT Created and Maintained [o&^inMnuf*ctulrt*' Froeeeaet Process helative l*C. humidity. bmeq0-*J '.' ! Carding i Combine ' Rovtnf Spinning . . ! SpooUu*. twmtont 1 Warping . Weaving i Carding ! Spinning Weaving I Storage for shipping i Dreamt [Spinning Throwing Waving : CboeoUte covering [ Hard-candy making I Storage I Softening i cigar and cigarette making I Litoocraphmg Relid and offset ! Folding I Binding ; Dough fermentation Proofing ! Loof cooling Wrndinf insulatioti AlMppiliincatitoionn Fuse loading I Sal packing prepared, crisp cereals 20-23 20-23 20-23 20-23 20-23 20-23 20-23 23-25 23-25 20-23 20-23 21-25 21-25 21-25 21-25 18 21 -I + l>t 29 21-23 21 25 25 21 27 32-35 21 >40 24 21 23 ----- Z^uoui Critical Ttfakfc" vd. I p. 322. McGraw-Hill 50 60-fi5 50-60 60-65 65 65 75-80 65-70 55-60 50-55 35-60 60-65 65-70 65-70 60-70 >55 >50 >70 >55 85 55-70 45 45 65 45 65 80-90 65 >5 >20 55 45-50 Per Cent Relotive Humidity Fio. 16. Hygroscopic moisture of various fibrous materials prepared for electrical insulation. 1. Manila paper. 2. Red rope paper. 3. Pressboard. 4. Leatheroid paper. 5. Silk. 6. Red rope paper (varnished). 7. Empire cloth. 8. Asbeetoe paper. ("International Critical Table*," vof. 2, p.323.) conditioning Equipment. nfttratus for the addition to. or removal from, the room cMdiUOMd. of heat and moiature. "*^*\giotnaUC co&trols for the apparatus, so that the temper- *od humidity may be controlled with>. the desired limits. naratus for accomplishing the necessary changes in ^joJiure content are generally known as humidifiers and 3. silk. n. 111. .Xinenre* 5 PerCent Ratolivt Humidity *m. IS. Hygroscopic moiature (25C.) of artificial textile -m compared with crude constituents and natural silk. 1. tjreae ravon (artificial silk). 2. Natural silk, new yellow. : Nitrocellulose. 4. Cellulose acetate. {"International CVir*4 Tablet " col. 2, p. 323.) Humidifiers may be divided into the following general 'T**. depending upon the method of operation: - Indirect system which introduces moistened air into the **IL - Diract system which sprays water directly into the room. Combined system which is a combination of the first two. Indirect Humidifiers. These humidifiers are similar operation to spray-type air washers except that the ,wff 13 sprayed directly against the incoming air. "'jch humidifiers comprise a chamber, usually from 6 to ' kigth, through which the air is drawn at a velocity Per Cent Relative Humidity Fir.. 17. Hygroscopic moisture of leather ana rubber. 1. leather (sole oak tanned). 2. Sheepskin. 3. Gold's beater skin. 4. lalex, dipfed cord. 5. Reclaimed rubber. 6. Smoked, rrrp*1 .dieet. (" lntemationai Critical Table*," ol. 2, j>. 324.) Fro. 18. Hygroscopie moisture of cereal foods. 1. Macaroni. 2. Flour (patent). 3. Bread. 4. Crackers. ("/ntematiofMii Critical Table*," rof. 2. p. 324.) 780 HUMIDIFICATION. DEHUMIDIFICATION, AND SPRAY PONDS 5 Q^8 -+ --5= I6 p-- 3 -^ I 2 '- - =% lo 20 40 60 80 KX) er Cent Humidity Kig. 19, Hygroscopic moisture of some inorganic substances. 1. English ball clay 2 Kieselguhr. 3 Kaolin. 4 Asbestos fiber. 5 Zinc oxide b. Glass wool. C International Critical Tabiu." vol. 2. p. 324.) from 600 to 700 ft./min. Inside the chamber one or more banka of spray nosxlee distributed *** St over the crosa-aectional area of the chamK-^'^SS noasies create a hnely divided spray through action and require water pressures for effect fication of from 35 to 45 lb./sq. in. At the ^ humidifying chamber, a set of baffles distribui^* *1L and prevents the spray from escaping from th^ and at the outlet of the humidifier chamber is provided. This eliminator, consisting 0f metal baffles, is so designed as to separate ah unevaporated moisture from the humidified ^ the air leaving the humidifier is completely 8ftt*lr' without any entrainment or unevaporated cles. The general construction of this type of k is shown in Fig 24. 2 G& 9 0 20 40 eo 80 Tsmaaretwfe In Otgr*** C. Fxo. 20. Effect of varying temperature on equilibrium water content at constant relative humidity of &0 per cent. 1 Wood 2. Silk. 3. Wool. 4 Cotton. ('`International Critical Tablet vol. 2. p. 324.) -- ! j; i 1! ii !i i! Ili/ ! fi 1 /xy Ji /. I ^ 6j fat --7 5. / y\ L 7y 3 4yC /? | 0 20 40 60 Per Cent Relative Humidity Fio 22 Hygroscopic moisture of carbon products ] p black, for rubber trade By-product furnace coke (fJ" Co . Illinois coal) 3. By-product coke, dommtis burgh bed coal) 4 By-product coke (domestic Connellsville, 72-hr. beehive foundry coke (" * Critical Tables. ' vol. 2. p. 326.) Such humidifiers are used only in connection win ventilating systems. They are practically always on the inlet side of the ventilating fan. In the provision is made for maintaining a constant dew pn by means of a thermostat placed in the path of ^ saturated air leaving the humidifier and controlling ^ outside and return air dampers. In some case*, high humidities are to be maintained, requiring points higher than obtainable by the mixture of out*4 and return air, the dew-point thermostat also control*ik quantity of steam being used to heat the spray w# either indirectly by a water heater or directly by iotrw ducing the steam into the water. Where all outafc air must be employed, it is usual to provide in (row of the air washer certain preheater coils of sufficient ~pttity to bring the air to a temperature slightly above tk freeling point. In summer operation, whenever tk outside wet-bulb temperature is above the minima dew point desired in the building, all outside sir is taka and, it will be remembered from the peychrometric priespies previously discussed, that the air issuing from the humidifier will have been cooled to the wet-bulb tempera ture of the entering air, provided of course that the i is neither heated nor cooled during recirculation, whkha usually the case in such, installations. In order to calculate the quantity of air that mult be supplied with this fan-type system, it is necessary u compute all the heat that will be dissipated in the s to be conditioned by such sources as the sun; transmimm of heat through walls; heat given up by people; satf other sources such as lights, motors, etc The cub* fed per minute then required may be obtained from B.t.u. X 56 110 80 60 40 20 55 Kio. 23. T Returt rTH frest*r air~* L Return atr Dtophragm steam valve Water / 1 to. 24. Hum The factor 66 is th of air raised 1F. b> from the dew point leaving the humidifipermture must rise to will give the required from the dew point the heat given up absorbed. This tern peychrometric chart tions to be maintain* Example.. Assume < *6*F. dry bulb and 64 humidifier it will sat*) temperature of 64F- INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF GRINDING MILLS 1151 jveri*- This material is often calcined and t (0 P" tj,e same manner,, as lime. Dead-burned ^reared a cement ot&vker. iW14 ^ >'o. 4237 Raymond ring-roller mill <Pa,` --par bad a capacity of 3700 lb./hr., 05 per (0U" j;0. 200 sieve, with a power consumption o'!** roai and 23 hp. on the fan, a total of f- 0toB. Magnesite generally the most difficult bf'f le8 to pulverise, grinds similarly to fluorsfbDcalcined it is ground in the same manner as ^Dead-burned magnesite is handled like ,, Table 33 gives the results obtained in a wetr-gnnding barytes and limestone to be 6Uer- yget Grinding of Barytes and Umeatone '1 ------ .................. ... . t, *ie No..... f .......... I ................ " ................ I Limestone S' X *8" I>t" 325^ 18 40 Cone ...... ............. [ Ccem timestoo* Baryte* 7'X36~ ' 325 2 22 25 Drag 28 Flint Loom baryte* anj Mica. The choice of crusher for asbestos lA***V whether a long or a short fiber is desired, (g*** ,j0De in slow stages to preserve as much as the fiber length. Primary crushers employed ^jViy of the Jaw type with secondary crushers of 0 type. Small gyratories and corrugated **dUttsed. With some grades a third reduction *f*wquir*cL After drying and crushing to about 2 ** * Mhe0tce rock goes to the so-called fiberiaing s"_. which reduce the rock, liberate the fiber* and fine and coarse fiber. There are different ** *<i fibsrisens, the swing hammer mill, the Jumbo, j^une and Pharo cyclones. The Jumbo consists 1 ohadricsl shell surrounding a shaft with six pairs jjm plsced at 6-in. intervals and disposed crosswise other. The arras are of heavy steel bars with 1^4 iron beaters, the faces of which are constructed oh i|<^ The Lraurie cyclone consists of two beaters' ^^w-propeiler type, driven in opposite directions n iJOO to 2000 r.p.m., in a cast-iron chamber. The tydone was designed to overcome the tearing 4a the fiber, one of the objections to the Laurie. id tbs same general type, but the hood above the end is cut off immediately above the latter, ^uh crushing blades, or beaters, of which the paddles m m nghi and the other left, rotate in the same a ike material reaching the mill contains a large mm of freed asbestos, classification of the fiber begins Mtsteiy. it is first put through a screening trommel, fcfa* are discharged on a shaking screen, and the aatoe--all above 1H in.--falls into one of the fiberis- which discharges on the B&me screen. The lightly inclined and is made from wire or pertaerf plates. It has an oscillating movement which. ** from the ailing of the rock and eliminating the wlfluiMithefiberisedasbestostonsetothetop. The *** fiber is taken up by a fan. while the overflow falls fiberising machine, which discharges, like *** 00 4 reen, where the asbestos is again lifted **ea. ad ae on until the rock is practically entirely Tailings free from asbestos go to the dump, is often pulverised; This is the case when Jfi for molded products. The pulverising is usu* ****|dtthed by passing the material through a aeries of buhrstones or by using a high-speed screen mitt with air-transport system. A mitt with a ^4-ia. screen pul verised 400 lb./hr. with 13-hp. power consumption. Certain impurities, such as sand, gravel, and hard fiber, may be removed by using an air-classification pulveriser with automatic throwout (see p. 1120). The micas, as a class, are difficult to grind to a fine powder; one exception is disintegrated schist, in which the mica occurs in minute flakes. The material pulver ised is generally the waste from production of sheets and scrap from punching and trimming. Arranged in order of increasing resistance to grinding to a fine powder, micas from various sources may be classified as follows: Madagascar, Ontario, Quebec, Manchuria, India, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Africa, Russia, Brasil, Mica is pulverised wet or dry; the wet-ground product is the more desirable, as it retains its luster to a high degree. When ground wet, it is first passed through revolving screens with a constant stream of water; it is then ground in wooden chaser mills at a alow rate and graded after drying, by passing through a series of bolt ing reels, the finest reel being about 200 mesh. A modification of this process is used in certain European countries, where the mica is ground in chaser mills and buhrstone mills. The water with the ground mica is . passed over screens and thus graded. After pressing out the water, the solids are dried and disintegrated in a double-cage mill. Table 34 gives data obtained in wetgrinding a Manchurian mica. For dry grinding, hammer mills equipped with an air transport system are generally used. The material, after dropping through a perforated screen into the intake of an exhauster, is collected in a cyclone followed by bolting Table 34. Wet Grinding Manchurian Mtea Amount passed through mill. Ib./for.................. 400 Total power consumption, including pumpe, screen*, mill elevators, and conveyor, kw... 60 Power consumption, kw.-hr./ton product. . .. 300 Screen analysis, feed to bolting reels: % on No. 20 sieve.................................... 5 % on No. 50 sieve. ................................ 18 % on No. 80 sieve.................................... 17 % on No. 100 sieve.................................... 12 % on No. 200 sieve.................................... 19 Through No. 200 sieve....................... ............... 29 Table 33. Grinding Mica in High-speed Hammer Mill Sise of motor (direct-connected), hp............. 60 Site of feed............................................................. Scrap Production, lb./hr................................................ 950 Screen analysis of discharge, % on sieve; No. 20 No. 40 No. 60 No. 80 No. 100 No. 150 through No. 150 1% 15% 22% 'TeeT' 10% * 11% * 26% reels. Table 36 gives the operating characteristics grinding North Carolina mica in a high-speed hammer railL * The Fertiliser Xndnstry, Many of the materials used in the fertiliser'industry 'are pulverised, eueh'as those serving as sources for calcium, phosphorus, potas sium, and nitrogen. The most commonly used for their lime content are limestone, oyster shells, marls, lime, and, to a small extent, gypsum. Limestone is generally ground in hammer mills, ring-roller mills, and ball mills. Fineness required varies greatly from No. 10 sieve to 75 per cent through No. 100 sieve. Oyster Shells and Lime Rack. Operating character istics for hammer mills grinding oyster shells and burned lirae for agricultural purposes are given in Table 36. Phosphates. Phosphate rock is generally pulverised for one of two major purposes: for direct application to the soil, or for acidulation with sulfuric acid in the manu facture of acid or superphosphate, phosphoric acid, and BQC~360