Document 7M3Go6Z25DRQV032EJrvMJBpg

LEAD Lead Paints Protect Steel-Faced Colorado Dam ED LEAD and white lead paint R have been used to paint the new steel-faced dam ol the South Cata mount Creek reservoir supplying the (iitv of Colorado Springs. Colo. This city lies at the foot of Pike s Peak, at an elevation of 6000 feet above sea level, and its only source of water sup ply is from the high mountain streams originating on the slopes of the Peak. The run-off from these streams occurs onlv during a few months of the year, making necessary storage reservoirs to carry oyer the supply for the water system during the months when the stream How is low or has ceased com pletely. There are now nine such res en oirs on the various streams, the last of yvhich being on South Catamount Creek at an elevation of 9200 feet. This dam is constructed with a dis integrated granite fill and has a rein forced concrete toe wall on the up Full view of the steeFfaced South Catamount Creek Dam, Colorado Spring*. Colo., the exposed face primed with red lead and finished with pure white lead and oil paint stream face extending into the solid rock yvith a reinforced concrete face extending from the toe wall to a line one foot above the flow line of the out let pipe. The remainder of the face is serious test. Because of the high eleva tion. it will be very cold in winter and fairl y warm in summer, presenting a wide temperature change. Further colored paint, was used to cut doyvn on the expansion of the steel face. Both red lead and white lead have a long record of durable and efficient made of steel sheets. 100 in. wide and more, the steel face will be under service on a wide variety of surface t V 25 ft. long, welded to V-shaped expan water part of the time and exposed to materials and under many varied and sion joints every 25 ft. The sheets rvere air at other times. It will also be sub unusual conditions. Consequently, it placed on steel angle horses, in order jected to the wear of ice on the surface, is no wonder that these materials were to provide anchors to the granite fill and to permit the painting of the steel sheets on the under side after w:elding the elevation of which will vary as water is drawn from storage. The steel face has a surface area of selected for painting work on this dam. We are indebted to Mr. Frank 0. the joints. After painting the under approximately 126,000 sq. ft. Both Ray. City Engineer of Colorado side, the disintegrated granite was sides were given one coat of red lead Springs, for photographs and infor filled in.. paint and the exposed face was then mation on the construction of this dam. Due to the uneven flow from the finished with white lead paint. This yvhich was designed by Mr. M. C. Hin- mountain stream, the exposed face of finish coat of white lead, with the derlider. State Engineer, in Denver. lliis ilum will be subjected to a very- characteristic heat reflection of light- Colorado. v . v V At left, a section of the dam showing the steel face and steel horses to support the sheets. Right, the steel dam with the parapet in place prior to painting the exposed face [2j LIA25475 i flexible Lead Plumbing for New York Apartment Remodeling .// 'j<{ nb"nahtih. rooonme .<oiiinnthea 'large 'eir ],orA apartment budding a,,d center, the. lead nmghing-in utter re- modeling the plumb- mg. Yn/f ,/le limited "ypace mailable \\ CRTS BROS. joints and elbows. This elimination of extra joints is an additional feature of lead installations, since joints are a great source of failure or weakness in most pipes, retard the How of water and are potential causes of clogging. The original piping in this building was largely lead and the fine service it furnished also justified the selection of this material for all waste and vent pipes, bends and concealed traps in the remodeling. Lewis F. Seath. the plumbing contractor, is a strong advo cate of lead and uses it almost exclu sively in his work. His confidence is borne out bv the complete satisfaction lead installations give his customers. Such satisfaction, too. is a splendid recommendation for the architect spe cifying this material and means the increased good will and confidence of his clients. This is brought out by the fact that the contractor has done the work for the Ferris Estate, own ers of the building, over a number of vears. Y specifying lead for plumbing. B architects may avail themselves not on!' "f the efficiency and durabil ity of this material, hut also of the ease with which lead may be employed to surmount difficulties in installation. This facultv is especially advantageous in remodeling jobs, in which there is greath increased interest under the pro\isions of the F.H.A.. and is clearIv demonstrated in the case of a New 'l ork Cits apartment building recently modernized. The building was erected 54 years ago and extends for an entire city block on one front. A total of 54 apartments are included in the build ing with stores occupying the ground lloor. The owners of this building, however, fullv realized the value of more modern plumbing and decided to remodel all bathroom and kitchen plumbing. That this decision was wise is exemplified by the apartment shown in the accompanying photographs. Al though the same tenant has occupied this apartment fur a number of vears. he has agreed to increased rental after the completion of the modernization. SPECIFY StAlO, Ta MATERIAL From an installation standpoint, however, the remodeling was diffi cult in these apartments as the old fashioned bathrooms are small and fixtures are crowded together. In deed. the available space for install ing concealed piping was so lim ited that it was onl\ due to lead, with its flexibility and space saving features, that the remodeling instal lations were made possible. Bv using lead, pipes may be bent around obstacles without the use of [3] Below. view showing the remodeled bathroom be fore decorating. Lead was of great advantage in overcoming the limi tations of space for the concealed piping v CKTb l:knb. LI A 254 76 i: % i. X C/E \'C> vsJ i & 3 Pure White Lead ,XCertigri The model kitchen is complete]\ modern in every respect, with a suction fan in one wall to remove unpleasant cooking odors. Equipment, consisting of gas range, refrigerator, and sink, is finished in ivory enamel. Three coats of lead and oil and two finishing coals of ivory enamel were given the wood KIRK MLARS Finished exteiiur oj the "Certigrade Home.'' painted inside and out with pure while lead and oil C AREFlL thought and attention were given the interior painting and decorating of the "Certigrade Home". This home, whose outside painting and sheet metal work were described in LEAD. Mac. 1938. was erected in Lacv Forest. Arlington County. Ya.. by the Red Cedar Shingle Bureau. It is an outstanding example of low-cost building, using only the highest quality materials, and vet is designed to be built for from $3000 to S4000. depending on location. For the interiors, each room's pur pose and exposure were important fac tors in selecting new and popular col ors and their placement according to latest trends in modern paint styling. Three coals of pure white lead and oil were given all interiors, the desired colors obtained bv tinting with pure colors in oil. With the exception of the kitchen, ceilings and trim were painted light putty gray, an agreeable change from the conventional cream, ivory and white so commonly used. Walls of va rious colors and shades complete the decorative scheme. Vestibule walls were painted dark putty blue in contrast with the light gray ceiling and trim. Soft lemon yel low was used to decorate the walls of the living rocm. dinette and hall. Pass ing through the hall, one enters the master bedroom, which embodies in its decoration one of the latest paint styl ing developments. Three of the walls are painted warm grav. hut the fourth, the north wall, is finished a delicate shade of peach. Trim throughout is warm grav. Light blue walls feature the guest room, and the utility room is finished in French gray. '0.1 Floor plan of the Red Cedar Shingle Bureau's "Certi grade Home'' ECENT experiments R with powdered lead in bearing greases have brought out another im portant use of this metal to augment the already varied and extensive purposes for which it is employed, and indicate the superior value of leaded greases. These experiments were conducted under ; : 3- ... actual operating condi tions. the relative merits of regular and leaded lower tumbler greases be ing compared after use in an 8 cu. ft. gold dredge. The procedure followed was to caliper the port and starboard bear ings carefully and operate the dredge for 53 days with regular grease in the port bearings and leaded grease in the starboard. After this time, the hear ings were removed and re-calipered. The reading showed that the wear on the purl side was 13 32 in. and on the [4] LIA25477 I jnt Used for Modern 3^1/ Interiors Wv .|(.i.n.e..[.;. \Wmalls, cei 1 inu and trim are ,,hile "ith re(^ moldinprs and hack |lUm|^ on door f rames and windows. 7l,is [oncli of color, combined w ith the Id ue niarldeized linoleum llimring. ||P>\ nrles a room hotli freshiv cheerful and aim-cable m w liich to w ork. The Ireniemlous increase in interest Master bedroom of the "Certigrade Home." interiors made of plywood with invisible ll/tsh joints and painted in new and attractive colors in houses such as the "Certigrade Home" offers a wide field for the de velopment of architects' skill and in genuity. The decorative treatments af forded by painting are practically limitless and offer .the home ow ner the possibility of changing the colors and styling at any time. Furthermore, this feature is augmented greatly by the use of white lead paint, since an infinite variety of colors and .-hades are obtainable by tinting with puncolors in oil rather than a few stand ard colors with which to work out tin' decorative scheme. Some appropriate color combinations are listed in the accompanying table: the formulas fur tinting are based on the quantity of 100 lb. w hite lead, mixing as described in LEAD. March. 1933. starboard side 6 32 in. Careful examination of both bearings and shafts showed the usual scor ing and the presence of sand on the port side, whereas the starboard showed no scoring and the presence of only a small amount of fine slime. Furthermore, during the period of operation, the port side consumed 1-1 3 drums of regular grease as against 7 12 drums, about ] 3. using leaded grease. From these figures, it was estimated by the field manager of the dredging company that the life of the bearings was increased from 60 to 150 days by using leaded grease. This factor, in conjunction with the saving in grease used and other benefits, fully justified a change to leaded tumbler grease. This information was reported bv the Metalead Products Corporation of San Francisco. Cal. Ceiling Walls Wood Trim VESTIBULE Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Lemon Yellow Graved Blue White Lemon Yellow Grayed Blue White Scheme o White Lemon '> ellu w White Ceiling Walls Wood Trim LIVING ROOM Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Off White Warm Gray Warm Gray White fl Wall--Grayed Blue' }3 Walls--Off White ( Off White Scheme 3 Pale Tan Lemon Yello w Med mm I at DINETTE Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3 Ceiling Walls Wood Trim White Lemon Yellow White White Lemon Yellow White Lemon Yellow Graved Blue White NOTE--It should :>e understood that if Scheme 1 is used lor one of the room-, t; e corresponding scheme should be used for the other two rooms. Ceiling Walls Wood Trim BEDROOM Scheme 1 Scheme 2 White Peach fl Wall--Peach ) Walls--White)- Light Blue White White Scheme 3 Pale ellow Pale Green White Ceiling Walls Wood Trim Cabinets Strips and Molds Linoleum KITCHEN Scheme 1 ! White White White Yellow Light Blue Dark Blue with Black Border 1 j ! ; l Scheme Blue Green Blue Green White White Peach Marblcized G ray and Black Wh it e : \VOf f h it e : Le mo n Ye l l o w Pe a c h : Pa l e \ e l l o w : Ye l l o w : \\ a r m Gr a y : FORMULAS FOR MIXING COLORS Pure white lead and oil. i^pt. Raw Turkey Umber. M pt. C. P. Chrome \ el. Lemon z/\ pt. C. P. Chrome Yel. Orange A pt Med C. V. Chrome \ ellow H ptMed C.' u m. P. Chrome Yellow M pt- Raw Turkey Umber. Pa l e Ta n : li pt. Burnt Turkov I'm >er. Gr ay ed :Bl u e 1 pt. Cobalt Blue, ter. pt. Lamp- LkjiitBiue: Pa l e Gr e e n : Bl u e Gr e e n : i - pt. Cnb.- It Blue. >sPt. C.P. Chrome Greet Dark. 1 liq. oz. C. P. Chrome Green Dark [5] L 1*25478 Two views showing the deterioration of the chimneys due to attacks by the weather Hard Lead Chimney Caps Chimneys without Lead Caps Liable to Deterioration the weather had done considerable damage, both to the ehimne\s and roof. The destruction wrought on both chimnevs was so great that it was necessarv to re-build them before pro ceeding with re-shingling. In order to safeguard the new chim neys and roofing from future damage 1 of this sort, the contractor decided to install new base flashings and chinnier caps as well. Recognizing the superior durability of lead, together with its ease of installation and the fad that I. EAD flashing, properly installed, is X I a protective measure of great lead does not produce unsightlv stains on adjacent building materials. 8 lb. value in safeguarding homes against attacks of weather conditions. Rain, hard lead was selected for flashing these parts and also the open vallevs sleet and snow, driving against the on the reshingled part of the roof. roof or sides of houses, are an ever Chimney cap flashings were installed 3 present danger when buildings are not as shown in LEAD. Mar. 1938. out flashed adequately, for resultant leaks side corners being folded and dressed r'. ruin ceilings and wall finishes, meated the cement tops and joints and under the 1 in. overhang. Gusset * damage timbers and may readily be when this moisture froze, the cement pieces were soldered in the inside cor 'iix' the cause of electrical short circuits. tops cracked badly, and the mortar ners of the flues, making a complete! r Chimneys, also, are vulnerable parts was crumbling from the joints. This water-tight top, from which rain will of the home and the accompanying is clearly delineated in the photo drip without running into cracks in the photographs show forciblv the dam graphs. Base flashing on the chimneys masonry work and causing damage. age that may occur from weathering. was found inadequate and here. also. The apron flashing at the front of Inspection of the chimneys of a Green the chimney was first calked into place wich. Conn, home prior to re-shing and small soakers of lead run under ling. showed the great deterioration each shingle course, overlapping one that may occur. Moisture had perN another 3 in. and flashed 8 in. up the Hews showing rebuilt chimney, without lead cap, dressing the lead over the chimney cap, and the finished lead chimney cap in place, adequate protection against deterioration [6] L IA25479 Flashing for Open Valleys lead Assures Water-Tight Hoof Intersections Two tieus of the com* pleted Hashing for the restored chimneys _jje of the chimney. Flashing on the cricket "as made with two sheets, loose-inched 2 in. to one side of the cricket ridge and'extending 14 in. up the roof slope under the shingles. Step hashing "as calked into the reglets in the chimnev and dressed down over the soakers, loose-locked to the cricket Hashina and the apron. Gusset pieces of lead were soldered at all corners to insure complete waterproofing. Flashing for the open vallevs was run in 5 ft. lengths. 2(.l in. wide, with the edges turned back 1 in. and secured to lead cleats every 12 in. locked into the edge and nailed to the roof battens. The top of each sheet was also locked In cleats, one in each slope, the bot tom of the upper length fitted under the edge folds, lapping the bottom sheet 4 in. and dressed down securely. In this way. adequate provision has been made for expansion and contrac tion. at the same time providing a water-tight joint. Open valley sheets mav he lapped in this way when the slope is steep, or loose-locked as shown in the drawing. Where the slope is slight, loose-locking should be done in all instances. The excellent durability of lead is strong recommendation for its use on all types of flashings. This factor is augmented, where flashing is exposed, by the attractive gray-color of lead work which blends pleasingly with any building materials. For flashings, such as have just been described. 3 lb. hard lead or 5 lb. soft lead is recom mended for open valleys and base flashings on chimnevs. 3 lb. hard lead or 4 lb. soft lead for chimney caps. Alex R. Abramson, of Greenwich, was the general contractor for the re pairing and reshingling: John F. Ing ham, of the same tow n, was the sheet metal contractor. Lead is an excellent material for sheet metal work, whether for vallev arid chimney (lashing, or for use on many other parts of buildings, such as (lashing for door and window heads, gutters, leaders, metal roofs, and other applications. The Lead Industries Association will be glad to assist architects and sheet metal contractors planning to use lead with information on instal lation methods and other pertinent factors. ['] L I A25A80 Selecting Correct Sizes and Weights of Lead Services A Factor of Great Importance F PRIME importance in getting O the greatest satisfaction from SPECIFY lead water services is the selection of MATERIAL pipes having correct wall thickness. Each diameter of lead pipe has three standard wall thicknesses. These are classified in the East as A, AA and AAA. and in the west as strong (Si. extra-strong l.XS). and double extra strong i XXS ). A and S are identical, as are A A and XS. and AAA and XXS. All lead pipe classified as A or S is designed to withstand 50 lh. per sq. in. constant vv ater pressure, all AA or XS, 75 lb. per sq. in., and all AAA or XXS. 100 lb. per sq. in., regardless of size. In the old days things were not so simple, for formerly large diameter pipe of any classification was not so strong as small diameter pipe of the same classification. Consequently, it was an easy thing to make errors in selection of the correct weight pipe by choosing pipe with too thin walls in suited in the new Lead Industries As sociation Standard discussed above. In buying lead pipe, purchasers should insist on pipe meeting these new standards. It is identified by the Lead Industries' Seal of Approval stamped on it. In this wav. the pur chaser's selection of the correct weight for a certain pressure is simplified and he can be sure, by looking for the Seal of Approval on the pipe, that he is getting exactly what he orders. As an example, if a city has water pressures in its services of 65 lb. per sq. in., all that is necessary to get the correct lead pipe for the job is to order AA (XSi lead pipe bearing the Lead Industries' Seal of Approval. If the pressure is 90 lh. per sq. in., the specification should call for AAA l XXS I lead pipe bearing the Seal of the larger sizes on the assumption that Approval. The accompanying table it would withstand the same pressure lists the Lead Industries Associa as smaller pipe of the same classifica tion Standard service pipe sizes and tion. To obviate this difficulty, lead weights, and the pressure for which pipe sizes were recalculated and re- each is designed. Lead Industries Association Standard Service Pipe Clas siheation East - West A' S AA XS ' AAA XXS 1 For Pressure? up to lb. per sq. in. 50 75 100 Inside Diameter in. 3A l 1/4 1>4 2 3/i 1 114 l`/2 2 34 1 Hi H/s 2 Weight per Foot ib. OZ. 3 ___ 4-- 4 12 68 8 12 38 4 12 6-- R-- 13 12 4 12 6-- 7 12 11 4 19 8 C.orieci and u eights of service pipe jnr various pressures in accordance with the Standards oj the Lead Industries Association i Pressures listed are constant water pressures. Sometimes water hammer increases pressures materially but momentarily. On a quick test lead is considerably stronger than on a slowtest. In other words, pipe of a certain weight will successfully resist momen tary high pressures much greater than the constant pressures for which it is designed. For instance, in calculating the standard weights, the allowable fiber stress used was 2U0 lb. per sip in. for lead, whereas the ultimate tensile strength of lead on a quick test is about 2000 lb. per sq. in., the exact figure depending to some extent upon the grade of lead used and other factors. Obviously then, the new Lead Indus tries Association Standards provide a large factor of safety to take care of quick surges of pressure. The ques tion of water hammer and how to pro tect against it will he discussed in a subsequent issue since it is injurious to all piping systems. Having selected pipe ol proper weighL for the water pressures in volved. sufficient wall thickness is as sured. not only to resist pressure, but also to resist the various types of cor rosion to which pipes buried in the ground are subjected. Wall thickness of pipe i. oi tremendous importance from this angle too. just as the number of plies of an automobile tire affect its resistance to wear. Even the lighter weights of lead service pipe have thick walls to withstand corrosion which add proportionately to its life when compared with thinner walled pipes of other materials, particularly when it is remembered that lead itself is the most durable common metal under most conditions. SPECIFY l e a p laMuroir MATERIAL Appr o v e*- UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL -LEAD" REGULARLY. FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE, WITHOUT OBLIGATION, IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS PRI NTf.D 1 N U.S.A. 1! V Pl'bLlSHIRS PRINTING O'., NF W mir k cm