Document 72N5vmo5qpEOGxbzxg2wwo98

The .Y.S. SAV4XMAH, world's first nuclear-powered ship, slides down the way at A ew York Ship's Camden shipyard. Over SOO tons oj lead are used in shielding the vessel's power source. N 1090 rm SAVANNAH. SHIELDIN % WllEN the N. S. SAVANNAH be gins her sea trials next year, a sailor or passenger standing on the main deek will receive no more radiation from the pressurized water reactor be neath his feet than he does from the skv. This extremely low level of radia tion was chosen deliberately as the de sign target for our first nuclear ship. To achieve this performance, the de signers at New York Shipbuilding Corp. worked out a container and shielding system without the help of established codes, specifications, or even precedents. Their choice of shield ing materials narrowed down to lead, concrete -- both ordinary and dense tvpes -- water, and polyethylene. The containment vessel for the re actor steam plant is a steel pressure vessel averaging two inches thick, and has a stubby capsule shape like a druggist's gelatin capsule that has been shortened. Its 3.5 foot diameter almost equals the height of a three-storv house. It is 51 feet long. The radiation shield is divided into t\yo parts. The first, which surrounds the nuclear reactor and is designed pri marily to slow down and stop neutrons, is composed of a shell of water thirtythree inches thick and approximately three inches of lead. The second, which surrounds the entire containment ves sel. is composed of a concrete wall extending to the mid plane of the con tainer, and a shell of lead four to eight inches thick and polyethylene, cover ing the upper half. On one hand, designers were faced with their self-imposed conservative permissible radiation level: on the other, the need to be sparing in their addition of weight and bulk to the vessel. And. in addition, they workeii with an awkward configuration froir. a radiation and mechanical viewpoint. More than 500 tons of lead wert used in the shield. This was supplier in the form of sheets 6x3 feet and one or two inches thick. These were laminated around the steel container to build up the required thickness a: each point. The cylindrical walls wen preformed with a rolling jig, while those for the spherical ends were dir formed. The significant advantages o: this method over assembling the shield from poured slabs included savings ir. transportation, handling, and shaping After these plates were fastened ti the steel studs, the joints were caulker with lead wool. The final step was hor izontal welding to the steel structure Lead is the preferred material for radiation shielding because of its den sity. Shielding effect against the dead! gamma radiation is directly propor tional to the density of the shielding material, and lead is the densest of ai the commonly available materials, therefore, provides the best protectioi per unit of shield thickness at moder ate cost. Subjected to both gamma radiatior and neutron bombardment, lead, un like water and many other substance will not itself become radioactive. Fur ther, because of its smooth surface, does not tend to gather dust and dirt particles of foreign matter that ma become radioactive themselves. Fi likp aggregates such as cot ire in 1 me alb son frei rar per avo si v f TWO TRAILBLAZING SAVANNAHS COMPARED In 1819 the U.S.S. SAVANNAH was the first ship to use steam power on an Atlantic crossing. She made Liverpool from Savannoh in 29^2 days* Having refueled in Ireland (the Savannah carried only enough fuel for 89 hours of steaming) she approached the English coast without sails and belching smoke. Thinking her afire, the British revenue cutter KITE eome to her assistance but could not catch her in the light wind. The Kite had to put a shot across her bow to stop our first ocean-going steamship. USS SAVANNAH (1819) 320 tons (wood) steam & sail power 5-6 knots 250 mile cruising radius N S SAVANNAH (I960) 20,000 tons nuclear 21 knots 350,000 miles SAFETY Diagramatic section of the Savannah amidships. . pure lead is dependably uniform i-nsitx throughout. 'merer, where shielding requirei' are especially severe, it is usuprefcrred to combine lead and less dense shielding material, uentk concrete, in a sandwich ar.ement. This arrangement dis- the stress over a larger surface, ding tin' concentration of excesueight *11 a small area. mit and weight requirements of the nuclear power plant, propulsion system and related equipment just about balance those of a conventional power plant, propulsion system, fuel load and ballast. Of course, nuclear power offers the advantage of a far greater cruising radius. And while op eration of the Savannah is not ex pected to be economically competitive with that of conventionally powered ships, it is expected to vield the infor mation which will lead to nuclear fleets superior to todav's ships in power, speed, and economv. I' i1 High Density, Lead Loaded, Vinyl Coated Fabrics CUT VIBRATION AND NOISE A new lead-containing material is being used successfully in abating noise in conventional and jet air liners and helicopters. It is a lead powder impregnated vinyl coated cotton duck "V woven glass fabric which combines the acoustical properties of lead, high decihle i db t lowering per pound, with the strength-flexibility characteristics "f' in\ 1. glass or cotton. Lead's utilitv hinges on its ability to absorb or damp -"uml waves of low frequence. (.oustifah. as it is known commer1 iall\. i> highly successful in knocking the edge off sound or vibration en- I."fated in ceilings and at the 1 "f feat side panels of jetliners, hu example, its high niass serves to dissipate vibrations that ordinary acoustical materials can't handle. Its lead-dependent properties sug gest other uses -- in area isolation and source abatement. The latter is exem plified by its use to reduce the noise of the latest electric typewriters. For ease of application in such cases it is now available with a pressure-sensitive adhesive backing. Colored and tex tural finishes can also be obtained. In addition to its acoustical properties, Coustifab can be employed for aprons or wall covering in X-ray work. Cous tifab laminated to foam or glass mal has a very high potential for noise elimination for accordion-type folding doors and the like. Coustifab can be obtained in weights varying from 0.25 to as high as 1.75 pounds per sq ft, where a transmission loss from 5 db at 100 cycles to 60 db plus at 13.000 cycles or more can be realized. To provide both low and high frequency sound attenuation, cor rugated, compressed glass mat, or ure thane, polyether, or fire-resistant vinyl foams can be laminated with any style Coustifab. Manufactured by Cordo Chemical Corp.. Norwalk. Conn.. Coustifab I pat ent pending) is a noteworthy lead product development offering much promise for building trades applica tions as well as for sound and vibra tion attenuation in industrial uses. -- 3-- LIA26182 i 1 l i ! If A "Hill" of Molten Solder &**** &ti Speeds Printed Circuit Work It WOULD be hard to imagine con ventional manual soldering as an easy or economical means of completing connections in printed electronic cir cuits. The radios, amplifiers, tuners, and other electronic units made by this method are so much smaller than their conventional counterparts that hand soldering would require the deftness and delicacy of watch repairing. Yet printed circuits do have to contain "unprintable" components like resis tors, capacitors, and coils, and these must be soldered to the printed copper lines which make up the circuit. Now there is a mechanical soldering device not only deft and delicate Placed on the com e) or in a carrier. the printed cir cuit board passes through preparatory steps and then comes in contact with a ''hill" oi molten solder harrow) automatically. Inset shows a closeup ol this "hill" or standing wave of molten solder whose height is controlled to 1132". enough to complete the connections of a printed circuit, but also far faster than conventional methods. Designed for assembly line work, the automatic device can speed through up to 800 boards an hour and do a perfect job 999 times out of a thousand. Here's how it works: Boards (up to 91/, in. wide, 24 in. long) with their mounted but unsoldered components are fed to one end of the unit. A con veyor running at Vg 1 15 feet per minute carries the boards through a liquid flux applicator. Preheating and excess flux removal follow and the board arrives at the key operation point -- the solder wave. At the soldering station the circuit board goes "over the hill" -- or more accuratelv. through the top of the hill -- of molten solder continually pumped up through a submerged nozzle. The ''hill" is thus a standing wave or hump of fresh, dross-free solder. The steady flow produces constant soldering tem perature and the chord of contact of the circuit boat'd and solder hill, to gether with the convevor speed, accu ratelv controls contact time. (Xormallv. a two-inch strip of the board is in contact with molten solder at this point. I The combination of steadv. con trolled temperature, washing action, upward movement of solder, and con tact angle result in thoroughlv netted, high fillet joints. Thev have a good appearance and high shear strengths. \\ hile the current uses of this new equipment are largely electronic. It shows promise for many general sol dering operations. It can use acid nr non-acid flux. It has been operated with high melting solders to tempera tures of 750"F. Applications other than circuit boards to date include tin ning of switch and switchboard lugs, soldering electric motor windings to commutator bars, and others. The equipment, known as "Flowsolder" is a product of Electrovert. Inc.. New York, X. Y. AWS Soldering Manual Now Available All aspects of soldering, both theo retical and practical, are discussed in the new 176-page soldering manual of the American Welding Society. Just off the press, this 21 chapter book con tains 81 illustrations. 34 tables, and covers everything from basic prin ciples through soldering of aluminum, stainless steels, magnesium alloys, and printed circuitry. Single copies are available at $5.00 from the American Welding Society. Dept. L. 33 W. 39th St., New York 18, N. Y. --4-- LIA26183 * Ha up ` or tN Joit ifi ne\ to ica of ioc k Built to Last, Des Moines YMCA t 15 1111. ill 'll nr) h-. ieu it ~nlI nr itcd f ra ther tilllug*, is t" The r"" iNe\' i thensed in lual of v. Ju^t ok con es. and c prinminuin. oys. and >ies are [neriea'1 W. 3'Hli Uses Lead Pans, Pipe r, l/i'v/,,: , r. Journeyman plumber, levels ihrrr }" stubs tor water closet waste ' '~rt A spanking new YMCA is nearing completion in Des Moines. Iowa. When complete, the eight-story build ing will include 198 residential rooms, two gvms, four handball courts, two squash courts, a dozen shower rooms, a coffee shop, and three dining rooms. Wetherell and Harrison, architects for the new Y, specified lead for the four-inch stubs connecting 64 water closets to the waste lines, and for shower pans, roof drains, and vent pipe flashings. The shower pans alone make use of 5.883 square feet of 4 lb sheet lead. Step-by-step photos show plumbers of the A. J. Allen Plumbing and Heating Co., plumbing contractor for the building, at work installing one of these safe pans. The 64 water closets, all using 4 inch lead stubs, include 62 wall hung fixtures. Sixteen vent pipe flashings I 214 to 8 inch dia. I and 26 roof drain pans of 3 square feet of 4 lb lead were also used. A INSTALLATION OF A SHOWER SAFE PAN begins with a coating of asphaltum over the concrete floor. Tarred building felt is placed over this and (A) 4 lb sheet lead is laid and cut to fit drains and walls. Note (arrow) fitting of corner and the forming of a 4" upstand so that the lead pan will rise 2" above the finished ?} ! J; jj jl V If r B floor line. Subsequent sheets are lapped (B) over those already lend to form lap joints l to 1W wide and dressed smooth. IT hen the pan is complete (C), the lead sheet is soiled along the seams, the width of the joint marked and shared, then rubbed with a plumber's candle to flux the solder. Seams in the shower pans for j i I j I us and . . . You'll be seeing our new slo gan in the literature and pub lications of Lead Industries Association and its member 10 companies in the months ahead. With private research facilities throughout the world at work on various phases of the association's overall re search program, lead and its compounds are moving into at an accelerating pace. These new uses earn lead the right j '"tie presumption. fiatever your job interest -- electronics, architecture, ceramics, chem- -onstruction, nuclear science, paints and coatings, space travel, or any f ot er myriad fields which lead serves -- we hope you'll join us and aheac/ with lead! C the Des Moines YMCA were soldered 1D) with wire solder and an iron. Note the drains (double drainage shower traps) in place with clamping rings set and tightened to the drain apron. This holds the lead pan tight to the drain. The weep holes in the drains are protected from stoppage with packing grommets. 0 --5-- LIA26184 THREE MILLION PIECES OF FINE POTTERY Intentional imperfections add beauty to these bricks. The brilliantly colored durable lead glazed bricks that are adorning the new Vi ashington Square Village apart ment buildings in New York Citv are. in the words of builder Paul Tishtrian, ", . . three million pieces of fine pottery. These bricks, which were supplied by the Binghamton Brick Company of Binghamton. N. Y.. are vivid yellow, red. and blue, of such brilliant hue that they can he achieved <>nly in low-temperature lead based glazes. The brick maker produces "perfect" bricks with sharp clean edges and flat surfaces in large vol ume. But this type of brick didn't suit Mr. Tishman. who wanted ``imper fect" bricks with . . ragged edges, spots under the glaze and chipped cor ners-- just what we need to provide softness along w-ith color to contrast with perfect off-white bricks." Always happy to comply with a cus tomer's wishes, Binghamton Brick shipped "imperfect" sand moulded brick packed like eggs, with six to a carton, to protect the fine glaze finish. Washington Square Village, a $75.000.000 project, is called a slum-clear ance middle-income project with apartments ranging from $133 to $398 a month. Spread over an area of twelve acres, it will have three main buildings with 2.004 apartment units with plenty of room remaining for large landscaped areas. This project is situated just south of Washington Square Park sharing this historic and lovely park with the New' York Uni versity downtown colleges. The term "imperfect" brick, of course, doesn't imply that rejects -- or in the words of the brick maker, culls -- were used. Rather, "imperfect" re fers to a type of brick made purposely rough the old-fashioned way. by hand moulding. This brick is called a "sand moulded" or "soft mud" brick and the character and charm of a wall built with these bricks contrasts with the austere precision of the extruded "stiff mud" brick. The glass can be fused to the brick, in certain cases, at the same time as the brick is fired. This is called single fire glazed brick. On the other hand, "double-fire" brick requires a separate glazing operation. Both "single-fire" and "double-fire" glazed brick are produced by Binghamton Brick Co. Binghamton shale matures at about 1950' F. (cone 06 in the jargon of the ceramist) and a wide range of colors is produced in single-fire brick. Substantial amounts of lead are used in many of these glazes depending upon the color, with those containing lead being generally of higher gloss. However, the really vivid colors such as the cadmium-selenium reds, oranges, and bright yellows and other special shades must be fired at lower temperatures. These double-fire bricks are glazed in the 1600' to 1700' F. range; all are high lead glazes and have substantially higher gloss than the single-fire glazes. The ^ ashington Square Village bricks fall into this categorv. LIA26135 The 180.000 gallon wrought iron tank it located on a hilltop just north oj the Wrentham State School oj Massachusetts. ne Years Under Water, Led Lead Tank Coating in Excellent Shape \ine vears ago the 180.000 gallon >taiul|>ipe of the NT rentham State Srlitinl at NN rentham. Mass, was painted inside with type IN red lead i TT-l'-o6a-IV. l This June the tank a- drained, inspected and repainted. The mating was found to be in ex cellent condition despite the fact that it lud had no care or even inspection in the interv ening years. NN ell over 95 pci cent of the coating was still intact and w here it had been penetrated, only small pits were evident under the rust taken ules which formed. The tank itself is one of the two 'lundpipes situated on the knob of a hill overlooking the dairy, farm, and buildings of the Massachusetts school, luiill in 1909. the riveted, wrought iron lank is 22 feet in diameter and 65 feet high with a low conical roof. pH of the water has been in the range of 6.0 to 6.4. The tank was sandblasted to white metal and given three coats of Tvpe IN phenolformaldehvdei red lead in earlv JuK . 1950. NN hen it was opened for inspection, the coating was found to be hard, con tinuous. and tightly adherent to the metal surface. NN here rust tubercules had formed -- a typical large tuberrule might measure 44" x 1J4" -- it * 1' found that most of the paint film under the tubercule was still protect ing the metal. No pits in the metal were t"Und to exceed about 's" x 's" bv a few thousandths deep. Formulation of Type IV Red Lead Primer (Fed. Spec. TT-P-86a. Type IV) PIGMENT: Percent Pounds Red Lead (97% Grade) Diatomaceous Silica Magnesium Silicate Aluminum Stearate 85.0 8.0 6.6 0.40 950.0 89.6 74.0 4.4 100.00 VEHICLE: Phenolic Varnish Aromatic Petroleum Spirits Dipentine Antioxidants Lead Naphthenate (24% Pb) Cobalt Naphthenate (6% Co) Manganese Naphthenate (6% Mn) 74.0 22.4 2.75 0.5 0.23 0.06 0.06 432.0 129.7 16.0 2.2 1.4 0.3 0.3 Pigment: 65.9% Vehicle: 34.1% Wt./Gal.-. 17 lbs. PV: 41% 100.00 1699.9 A closeup oj the lank interior. Spot sand blasting has removed the paint in the patch at center. S'ote the continuous paint film and absence of pitting or other corrosive attack. Scale oj the picture can be judged by the llj-inch rivet heads. Gallons 12.85 5.36 3.10 0.53 57.70 17.70 2.26 0.27 0.15 0.04 0.04 100.00 LIA26186 Here's Lead in Your Ear Lead-and-Plastic Earplugs Prevent Deafness that it is still being used bs the \avv. Thousands of pairs have been pur chased to tame the noisv environment of boiler shops, aircraft work, ship\ ards. etc. The plug uses a shaped lead pellet 1 see cutaway drawing) weighing about ounce as a damping mass. Soft vinyl plastic in a flanged sheath permits the plug to be firmly seated in the ear without causing discomfort. BACK ill 1043. ear specialist John 5, kiiieht and inventor James Dinikii' dm ekped a better earplug for iht- Nam. Designed to prevent ear damage and (amcussion when big guns were lua-d. tile plug was so successful When a shock wave of sound hits the plug, its lead mass keeps it from moving. The restricted opening through the lead core allows pressure in the outer ear canal to slowly rise to balance outside pressure -- though the rise is so slow that the shock wave passes before pressure inside the ear can become dangerous. The tiny per foration also permits the wearer to hear a normal speaking voice in a quiet environment. These patented plugs are made by the Dunbar-Knight Company of 305 West 43rd St.. Kansas Citv li. Mo. THELIBRARY of Technical Information i'he following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others interested. They are available free of charge except where otherwise indicated, upon request to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 60 East 42nd STREET. NEW YORK 17, N. Y. 1'HE MATERIALS YOU BUY -- LEAD De.scriptive information about lead from mine to tini.-ned products. Reprinted from "New York Purchasing Review." January, 1959. MATERIALS of CONSTRUCTION REVIEWS Lead and lead alloys in design and construc tion research, engineering and technological applications. With bibliography, 1958, 1957 ami 1956 reviews (editions are not cumulative) are available. Reprinted from "Industrial and Engineering Chemistry." September, 1958, September, 1957 and September, 1956. USE LEAD TO CONTROL CORROSION Latest practices in lead construction for the petroleum refining industry are described. How to avoid the difficulties sometimes ex perienced with lead-lined equipment. Re printed from "Petroleum Refiner." April, 1958. INSPECTING LEAD LININGS Latest methods of testing and inspecting sheet lead and bonded lead linings used in the chemical process industries are described. Re printed from "Chemical Engineering," No vember. ly.36. BEST DESIGNS FOR LEAD INSTALLATIONS A special report on the applications of lead and lead alloys in the chemical and metallur gical industries. Recommended practice for joining lead sheets, and the construction of wood stave tanks. launders, towers and flues where lead is involved are included. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineering," March, April and May, 1956. RADIATION PROTECTION The place of lead in shielding against radia tion in X-ray and atomic energy applications. Principles of lead shielding construction. Re printed from "Lead In Modern Industry." LEAD WORK FOR MODERN PLUMBING $1.50 Postpaid. $1.00 per copy in quanti ties of 10 or more Profusely illustrated with over 140 photo graphs and drawings, the textbook presents clearly to the plumbing student the necessary tools, procedures and the methods required for lead work. LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY $1.00 Postpaid A fully illustrated 230 page, cloth bound book describing all phases of the production and use of lead, lead alloys and lead compounds. LEAD BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BULLETIN NO. 1 Specification for Lead Waste Connections for Plumbing Fixtures with Integral Traps (Water Closets--Pedestal Urinals -- Service Sinks). FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW-P325 For Pipe, Bends and Traps: Lead Dimensions and weights of lead products used in the plumbing and water works fields are given. Published by the Government Printing Office. LEAD WELDING An informative as well as practical guide to lead welding. Reprinted from the "Welding Handbook. Third Edition" published by the American Welding Society. LEAD FOR MODERN PLUMBING Preferred installation method for lead pipe and fittings in the plumbing systems of to day's industrial and residential structures. Detailed drawings are included. Reprinted from "Sweet's Catalog," 1958. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS No. 12 Seven formulations and schedules for painting highway structural steel. No. 13 L.I.A. Formula 9-2. A single Red Lead Primer for Rusted, W'eathered or New Galva nized Steel. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PAINT: RED-LEAD-BASE. READY-MIXED TTP-86a Covers four types of red-lead-base paints in cluding two fast drying formulations. Many intended applications listed. LEAD-ACID BRICK CONSTRUCTION Reviews use of lead-acid brick for corrosive, abrasive, and hot chemicals. Installation tech niques and case histories supplement cost and corrosion data. Reprinted from "Corrosion," Feb. 1959. Y. TRANSIT AUTHORITY PAINTS Evaluates experiences and best formulations found by the New York Transit Authority for maintaining subways, elevateds. Reprinted from "Mass Transportation." March 1959. LEAD GUTTERS RUN WATER OFF DUKE S BACK A description of the installation of hard lead gutters on a new dormitory at Duke Univer sity. Reprinted from "American Artisan." October. 1958. FLASHING WITH HARD LEAD A complete "How-to-do-it" article on the use of hard lead in roofing and flashing. Reprinted from American Roofer & Siding Contractor," December, 1958. NEW LITERATURE RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTER NO. 14 Describes the formulation of red leadcoumarone primer for seawater immersion -- ship hulls, fixed marine installations. UPON REQUEST. THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED. AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS.