Document 71wjVBXLez4gXM3wQKYMVqqQE

fflie a. and i APPLICATION DATA BULLETIN No. P-U5 ' Manufactured by Monsanto Chemical Company / ST. LOUIS, U. S. A. BoBton Birmingham Charlotte Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Detroit Los Angeles New York Philadelphia San Francisco Seattle Montreal London ' 0508b63 TOWOLDMONOQ34246 FOREWORD The Aroclors*, chlorinated biphenyl and chlorinated poly-phenyls, possess unique properties which enable the fulfillment of requirements not met by other materials. This has won a prominent place for Aroclors, particularly, in the electrical insulating field and in such widely differing applications as non-flammable hydraulic media, higliIcniperature and high-pressure lubricants, heat transfer and expansion media, sealing compounds, adhesives and protective coatings, including plastics, pigments, lacquers, paints and varnishes. This booklet describes the properties of thirteen Aroclors, each of which is representative of a series. For almost every Aroclor described there is a dark-colored grade of other wise approximately the same physical and chemical char acteristics. These darker products arc less pure but lower in price. The Aroclors arc efficient and very economical, both when used alone to accomplish results not attainable by other materials and when used as extenders to enhance the properties of other products. They are produced exclusively by Monsanto Chemical Company. ^Registered in U. S. Patent Office. 0508684 TOWOLDMONOQ34247 GENERAL PROPERTIES . Page No. General Physical Properties of Some of the Aroclors...................................... 4-5 Resistance of Structural Materials to Aroclors ...................................................6 Adhesiveness................................................... 7 Coefficient of Expansion................................7 Corrosion...........................................................7 Density.............................................................. 7 Electrical Properties....................................... 9 Non-drying Properties....................................9 Nonflammability............................................... 9 Solubility...........................................................9 Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity . 9 Thermal Conductivity of Aroclor 1248 . . 9 Stability......................................................... 10 Toward Alkalies......................................... 10 Toward Acids............................................. 10 Toward Heat............................................. 10 Toward Oxidation......................................10 Surface Tension............................................. 10 Tliermoplasticity............................................. 10 Toxicity......................................................... 13 Vaporization Loss..........................................13 APPLICATION OE AROCLORS...................14 Adhesives......................................................... 14 Electrical^Equipment......................................14 Expansion Medium Page No. ... 14 Hydraulic Medium......................................... 14 Power Transmission..................................14 Hydraulic Pressure Medium...................... 14 Gaskets .....................................................15 Liquid Heating Medium..........................15 Lubrication.....................................................15 Air Compressors.........................................15 High Temperature......................................15 Extreme Pressure......................................10 Submerged Lubrication..............................16 Suggested Uses for Aroclors in Plastics, Pig ments, Lacquers, Paints and Varnishes 17 Compatibility with Various Materials . . 17 Ethyl Cellulose......................................... 17 Graphic Arts............................................. 17 Impregnation............................................. 18 Moisture Proofing..................................... 18 Nitrocellulose Coatings..............................18 Pigment..................................................... 19 Paints and Varnishes..................................19 Rubber and Rubber Substitutes .... 19 Modified Rubber Finishes......................... 24 Vinyl Resins.................................................24 Diagrams Showing Practical Composi tion of Lacquers Using Aroclors 1254 and 1262 ...................................... 21-22-23 if 2 050868b TOWOLDMONOQ34248 General Properties The Arodors range in form and appearance and Aroclor 5460 is insoluble in the lower from mobile oily liquids to fine white crys molecular weight alcohols. Aroclor 4465 is tals and bard transparent resins. They are only partly soluble in the lower alcohols. non-oxidizing, permanently thermoplastic, of low volatility and non-corrosive to metals. They are not hydrolyzed by water, alkalies or acids. The viscous liquids and the resins will not support combustion when heated alone. The excellent electrical properties, fire resistance and inertness of the Aroclors make them useful in many applications. The properties imparted by the Aroclors and their usefulness for particular applica The crystalline Aroclor6 are relatively insol tions vary in regular gradients over the uble, but the liquid and resinous products series so that the selection of the right arc soluble in most of the common organic Aroclor for a specific use can generally be solvents, thinners and oils. All Aroclors are made simply by a comparison of the physi insoluble in water, glycerine or the glycols, cal properties of the several Aroclors. 3 TAHLE GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Form............................................................ Color--AP11A.............................................. Aroclor 1221 Colorless mo* bile oil t 50 Max. Aroclor 1232 Aroclor 1242 Arcolor 1248 Practically Practically Yellow tinted colorless mobile colorless mobile mobile oil oil oil 60 Max. 100 Max. 100 Max. Aroclor 1254 Light yellow viscous oil 150 Max. Acidity--Maximum (Mgm. KOH per Gm.).. 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 Coefficient of Expansion............ cc/cc/C Density-- Specific Gravity 25/25'C (77/77F)......... Pounds per Gallon--25C (77F)................ 0.000707 (15-40C) 1.177 to 1.187 9.82 0.000725 (25--100C) 1.262 to 1.272 10.51 0.000678 (25-65C) 1.378 to 1.388 11.50 0.000702 (25-65'C) 1.447 to 1.457 12.08 0.000661 (25'-65C) 1.538 to 1.548 12.83 Distillation Range--ASTM D*20.............. Mod Corr. C............................................ 275-320 Evaporation Loss--%--ASTM D-6 Mod. 163'C................................................ 5 bra. -- 100'C................................................ 6 hrs. 1.0 to 1.5 290-325 -- 1.0 to 1.5 325-360 3.0 to 3.6 0.0 to 0.4 340o-375 3.0 to 4.0 0.0 to 0.3 365 -390 1.1 to 1.3 0.0 to 0.2 Flash Point--Cleveland Open Cup..........C 141-150 'F 286-302 Fire Point--Cleveland Open Cup............C 176 F 349 Pour Poini^ASTM D-97....................... 'C F Softening Point--ASTM K-28............... C Crystals at 1C Crystals at 34*F -- F -- Refractive Index--D*line--20C............... 1.617-1.618 Viscosity--Saybolt Universal 210F (98.9C) Sec. (AslM--F>-88) 130F (54.4C) 100'F (37.8'C) 30-31 35-37 40-42 152-154 305-310 238' 460' -35.5 -32' -- -- 1.620-1.622 31-32 39-41 47-50 176-180' 348'-356 334 633' -19 2' __ - 1.627-1.629 34-35 49-56 80-93 193-196 379-384 None 7' 19.4' -- 1.630-1.631 36-37 69-78 185-240 None None 10* 50 -- 1.637-1.641 44-48 260-340 1800-2500 4 S,, / TOWOLDMONOQ34250 sA-ju aMytMAaa&aOTtar-j-piCj i OF SOME OF T1IE AIIOCLORS Arocuus 1260 Light yellow soft Micky resin 150 Max. Ahoci.ok 1262 Light yellow sticky clear resin 150 Max. 0.015 0.02 - 0.000640 (25-65C) 1.618 to 1.629 1.646 to 1.653 13.50 13.72 Aroclob 1268 Aroclor 1270 Aroclor 4465 Aroclor 5442 Aroclor 5460 Pale yellow White crys Yellow trans Yellow trans Yellow trans opaque brittle talline powder parent brittle parent sticky parent resin resin resin resin 1.5 Max. 1.5 Max. 2.0 Max. 1.5 Max. 2.0 Max. Aroclor 2565 Brown-black opaque resin 0.05 0.175 0.05 0.05 0.07 1.4 - -- 0.000611 0.00123 0.00179 (25-65C) (25-99C) (25-124C) 1.804 to 1.811 1.944 to 1.960 1.712 to 1.723 I.432 to 1.447 1.740 to 1.745 15.13 16.24 14.28 II.96 14.50 0.000656 (25-65C) 1.724 to 1.740 14.41 385-420 0.5 to 0.8 0.0 to 0.1 None None 31 88 1.617-1.649 75-80 3200-4500 400-430 0.5 to 0.6 0.0 to 0.1 None None 37 99 1.6501-1.6517 90-103 600-850 (IMToitl'C) 435-450 0.1 to 0.2 0.0 to 0.06 450-460 0.0 to 0.1 0.0 to 0.02 230-320 215-300 280-335 at 4 mm. Hg. at 4 mm. 11g. at 5 mm. Ilg. 0.2 to 0.3 0.0 to 0.02 2.0 0.05 0.03 1.5 to 1.7 (at S60--S hr*. 0.2 to 0.3 None None -- 135 to 160 (hold pt.) 275 to 320 (hold pt.) -- -- None None -- 249 to 300 (hold pt.) 561 to 572 (hold pt.) -- -- None None 60 to 66 140 to 151 1.664-1.667 90-150 (266F or 1S0*C) 247 None 477 >350 >662 None 46 115 45 to 50 100 to 105.5 113 to 122. 212 to 222 300-400 1.660-1.665 - None None 66 to 72 149 to 162 -- 5 ObObb88 TOWOLDMONOQ34251 TABLE II -- Resistance of Structural Materials to Aroclors Metals 25C 1 125C Arocix>r Number 1254 25C 125C 4465 125C 5460 125C Aluminum................................................................... K Copper......................................................................... R Magnesium................................................................. RR Nickel.......................................................................... RR Silver........................................................................... R Tin............................................................................... R Zinc.............................................................................. R Mild Steel................................................................... RR Phosphor Bronze....................................................... R Red Brass.......................................................................... D Stainless Steel............................................................ RR Yellow Brass.............................................................. R R D R R R R R R D P RR Re RR PR RR R RR RR RR RR RR RR RR R I) RR RR R Pe RR P RR RR R R R R R R RR Re RR I) RR R R R RR RR R I)e RR Re Plastics Alkyd Resin No. 46594-12....................................... *P P *P P P P Alkyd Resin No. 46594-13A.................................... *D P *D P P P Butvar Low Plasticized............................................ *D T PT T T Butvar Themoset....................................................... *P P *P P I P Cellulose Acetate (Fiheslos).................................... D P PP P P Cellulose Nitrate (Nitron 205D)............................. I) T PT T 1' Dorite Phenol Furfural Resin................................. *D P *R P I) P Ethyl Cellulose (Ktliofoil)........................................ *R P *D P P P Formvar Highly Plasticized..................................... De T Pe T T T Formvar Low Plasticized......................................... PS T PS T T T Glyptal 1276............................................................... R P DP P P Glyptal 7136............................................................... *D T R T T 1' Maleic Resin No. 46594-13B................................... P P *P P P P Maleic Resin No. 46594*13C................................... P P *R P P P Plexiglas (Methyl Methacrylate)............................ *P P *1) P P P Polystyrene (Lustron B).......................................... P T PT 1' T Rcsinox Mineral Filled Melamine Resin................ *D P *R R P I) Resinox Wood Flour Filled Melamine Resin........ *D P *R I) R P Rcsinox Mineral Filled Phenol Formaldehyde.... *1) P *D I) R P Resinox Wood Flour Filled Phenol Formaldehyde *D P *1) R I) P Rcsinox Rag Filled Phenol Formaldehyde............ *P P *P P *P P Urea Formaldehyde Resin (Plaskon Co.).............. *1) P P *P P P Vinyl Acetate (Gelva 60)......................................... D T PT T T Vinyl Chloride (Vinylile)......................................... RR T RR T T T Meaning of Abbreviations: *--Based on weight gain calculated as penetration value shown. RR---Excellent resistance -less than 1.0 x 10'6 cm/day penetration or .00014 in/yr. R--Good resistance- -has penetration between 1.0 x 10'6 and 10 x 10`6 cm/day or between 0.00014 and 0.0014 in/yr. P -Doubtful resistance, penetration between 10x10'* cm/day and 100 xlO'6 cm/day or between 0.0014 and 0.014 in/yr. P--Poor resistance -penetration greater than 100 x 10"c cm/day or 0.14 in/yr. PS--Poor resistance due to visible local action although weight change indicates greater resistance, e--Following the letter indicating resistance signifies material may be better than indicated if totally immersed since weight loss is believed to come from oxidation of the part of test strip exposed to air. T--Material alone will not stand temperature. 0508b8`> TOWOLDMONOQ34252 Adhesiveness The Aroelor resins ahderc strongly to smooth surfaces, such as glass, metal ana varnished or lacquered coatings. The softer Arodors are indicated where a flexible, non-drying, water-resistant strongly adhesive ma terial is required. The Aroelor adhesives arc thermoplastic; are readily applied hot without solvent; do not require high tempera lures for easy application, and are set immediately upon cooling. Coefficient of Expansion Specific Volume Temp. <>F 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Aroelor 1248 Specific Volume ml/gm 0.674 0.699 0.726 0.755 0.790 0.828 0.870 FIG. l Using the simple formula Vt = Vti [1 + a (t -- ti)] the coefficient, o, has been calculated at 100F increments, as follows: Temp. Range F 0 to 100 100 to 200 200 to 300 300 to 400 400 to 500 500 to 600 Coefficient of Rxpamnon 0000371 0.000386 0.000399 0.000463 0.000481 0.000507 Corrosion The Aroclors show practically no corrosive effect on metals within normal ranges of temperature. They do attack many plastics materials of con struction as shown in Table 11. Density All the Aroclors are heavier than water, a valuable property for many applications. Densities are shown in Figure 1. 0*08690 TOWOLDMONOQ34253 FIG. 2 N TOWOLDMONOQ34254 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT @ 1000 CYCLES V a Electrical Properties The Aroclors have extremely interesting electri cal characteristics: high resistivity and dielectric strength and low power factor. The dielectric con stant ranges from 3.4 to 5.0 at 100C and 1000 cycles, depending upon the particular Aroclor. The dielectric constants of Aroclors 1242 and 1254 at various temperatures arc shown graphically in Figure 2. Non-Drying Properties The Aroclors are non-drying, and when they are exposed to the air, even in thin films, no notice able oxidation or hardening takes place. How ever, when used as ingredients of lacquers, they do not retard the rate of drying of the lacquer films. Quick drying varnishes and paints may be made with Aroclor resins. Nonflammability The viscous Aroclor oils and the resins do not support combustion when heated alone, even at their boiling points -- temperatures above 350C. Most of the Aroclors flux readily with resinous and pitch-like materials to give a product hav ing a decreased fire hazard. When incorporated in nitrocellulose films and rubber foams the Aroclors retard the rate of burning. Solubility All Aroclors are insoluble in water. Solubilities of some of the Aroclors in the more common sub stances are shown in Table VI. The Aroclor oils and resins are readily soluble in most of the common organic solvents and drying oils. The hard crystalline materials are in general less soluble than the Aroclor oils or softer resins. Compatibility data on Aroclors in nitrocellulose lacquers are shown on page 18. Specific Heal and Thermal Conductivity The specific heat at different temperatures of several of the Aroclors is shown in Figure 3. This, together with the thermal conductivity data given in Table IV, enable calculations involved in the use of Aroclors as high-temperature, low pressure, fluid heat-transfer media. TABLE IV Thermal Conductivity of Aroclor 1248 Temperature C F 30 90 60 140 100 212 Thermal Conductivity Density BTU./Hr./Sq. Ft./ g/cc.*F/Ft. 1.441 0.0613 1.411 0.0698 1.370 0.0800 Viscosity Saybolt Univ. Sec. 360 60 36 TABLE III -- Electrical Properties Aroclor 1232 Dielectric Constant @ 100C and 1000 Cycles..................... 4.6 Aroclor 1242 4.9 Aroclor 1248 4.6 Aroclor 1254 4.1--4.3 Resistivity @ 100C Ohms/Cm8 500 Volts D.C........................ ... 500 x 109 Above 500 xlO9 Dielectric Strength.................... Power Factor (100C, 1000 kc) 35 KV Min. ... less than 0.1% IKS Method 11-3955871. ASTM I).177-11. Akoci.or 1260 3.6--3.8 Above 500 x 108 30 KV Min. Aroclor 5442 4.9 1469 x 10* less than 0.1% I o 05069 TOWOLDMONOQ34255 O co/e/^s Poe Ge/fMfte'c. O tO 40 60 60 ZOO /tO Temp # C Stability Toward Alkalies The Aroclors are remarkably resistant to the action of either hydrolyzing agents or high tem perature. They are not affected by boiling with sodium hydroxide solution. Toward Acids Experiments were made to determine whether hydrogen chloride is evolved during the treat ment of Aroclors with sulfuric acid. Aroclor 1254 (selected as typical) was stirred with an equal vol ume of ten per cent sulfuric acid for a period of 150 hours. Any gases escaping from the reaction flask had to pass through a trap filled with silver nitrate solution, which solution would give a pre cipitate of silver chloride if any HCI came in con tact with it. After 150 hours of treatment, neither the trap solution nor the acid layer in the treat ing flask showed anv hydrogen chloride present. Even prolonged treatment (255 hours) with con centrated sulfuric acid indicated only a slight trace (too small for quantitative measurement)' of hydrogen chloride in the acid layer. Toward Heat Because of their stability to heat, the Aroclors are useful heat-transfer media. Aroclor 1254 and particularly the less viscous Aroclor 1248 are recommended for this purpose because they may be heated at temperatures up to 815C (600F) in a closed system for long periods without appreciable decomposition and are at the same time nonflammable. Toward Oxidation When Aroclors are subjected to a bomb test at 140C with 250 pounds oxygen per square inch oxygen, there is no evidence of oxidation as judged by development of acidity or formation of sludge* Surface Tension The surface tension of Aroclor 1254 in dynes per centimeter is as follows: Temperature 25C 80C 100C Surface Tension--dynes/cc 5(U 44.0 42.0 Thermoplasticity The Aroclors are permanently thermoplastic. They apparently undergo no condensation or harden ing upon repeated melting and cooling. The clear Aroclor resins are now being produced with soft ening points up to 105C. The opaque crystalline solids are produced with initial melting points up to approximately 290C. 10 0506693 TOWOLDMONOQ34256 TABLE VI-- Solubility of Aroclors in 100 Milliliters of Various Solvents Aroclor Type of Solvent Acid 12' 25C 1270 Cold Hot Acetic Acid................................ S Oleic Acid.................................. S Benzoic Acid......................... 10.0 S1*c 10.0 *2C -- Aldehyde 40% Formaldehyde.................. I Furfural.................................... VS Amine I VS II vs vs I vs I 1I vs ss ss Aniline....................................... S s ss Pyridine................................. 132.5 Cliloro-- derivative 440 wc 114 425 Amyl chlorides -- mixed.... S Carbon Tetrachloride.......... S Chloroform................................ S S S S s s S s ss Dichlorclhvlcne........................ -- Ethylene Dichloridc................. S Monochlorobenzcne................. S S S s s s s Orthodichlorobcnzcnc.......... -- Tctrachlorcthane...................... Triclilorcthane.......................... Trichlorelliylenc....................... Drying Oil S S S S S S ss ss ss Tung Oil.................................... Linseed Oil................................ Eater S S S S ss ss Amyl Acetate............................ S Butyl Acetate........................... S Cellosolve Acetate.................... S Cottonseed Oil.......................... S Dibutyl Phthalale.................... S Diethyl Phthalate.................... S Ethyl Acetate........................... S Ethyl Lactate........................... S Ethylene Glycol Diacetate.. S Methyl Acetate........................ S Tricreayl Phosphate............. S Ether: Ethyl Ether..................... S Ether Alcohol Carhitol.................................. 224 Cellosolve.................................. S Diethylcnc Glycol................. -- S S S S S s s s s s s s 307 s ss ss s s s s s s s s ss ss ss ss s s s s VS vs 173 ss s 259 98'c ___ _ S ---- />/>' Diliydroxy Ethyl Ether 16.9 Hydrocarbon 19 9V6C ss ss 8 so'c 10 Jooc - z Benzene.................................. VS Gasoline................................. VS Keroscno................................ VS Mineral Spirits...................... VS ParafTm....................................2.0*'-ss<Pine Oil...................................... S Toluene.................................. VS Turpentine............................. VS vs VS vs vs s s vs vs vs VS vs vs 2.0 *8'C VS vs vs vs vs vs vs s vs vs vs VS vs VS v_s s VS - VS VS VS _vs _ _vs S _s _vs vs 3.5 _ _ . __ _ _ __ Xylene.................................... VS Hydroxy -- derivative Amyl Alcohol............................ S n-Butyl Alcohol........................ S Ethyl Alcohol (3-A)...............23.3 m vs s s 80.0 TM"c vs vs vs vs -- -- __ s s_ -- -- _ _s s -- _ _ _10 27c 28 7S`C Glycerine................................... I I Methyl Alcohol...................... 42.5 w,c 88.5 -- --I I I I I I 15 28C 22.2 6S'C Phenol --90%...................... 194 80*0 Ketone Acetone...................................... S S S ---- SS S ---- - - s S _ __ Miscellaneous Carbon Disulfide...................... Nitrobenzene............................. S S S S _-- --_ s s _S S _ Water......................................... 1 I I I I I II 1 -- Insoluble S -- Soluble SS -- Slightly Soluble VS -- Very Soluble Figures show grams of Aroclor per 100 milliliters of solvent at 25C unless otherwise indicated 4465 Cold Hot SS s s vs II vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s vs s vs s vs s vs vs vs vs vs ss ss s s ss s s ss vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs < 5.0 s ss vs vs vs vs vs vs ss ss s ss I ss s vs vs I 5460 25C ii 05086<><t TOWOLDMONOQ34257 FIG. 4 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90 80 70 60 VAPOR PRESSURE-- m m MERCURY 1% 0508695 TOWOLDMONOQ34258 FIG. 5 TMTU, DG>S F/!HA//L//r Toxicity Experimental work on animals shows that pro longed exposure to Aroclor vapors evolved at high temperatures or by repeated oral ingestion will lead to systemic toxic effects. Repealed bodily contact with liquid Arociors may lead to an acne-form skin eruption. Suitable draft ventilation to control the vapors evolved at elevated temperatures, as well as pro tection by suitable garments from extensive bodily contact with liquid Arociors, should prevent any untoward effect. Vaporisation Loss The Arociors have low vaporization losses as shown in the data in Table 1. Estimated vapor pressures of several Arociors ex trapolated from Figure 4 are shown in Table VJ J. TABLE VU Approximate Vapor Pressures Calculated at 100 F (37.8 C) Aroclor 1232.............................0.003 Aroclor 1242.............................0.001 Aroclor 1248.............................0.00037 Aroclor 1254.............................0.00006 mm. Hg. mm. Hg. mm. Hg. nun. Hg. 13 0i>0tf6<ib TOWOLDMONOQ34259 APPLICATIONS Adhesives The heavier resinous Aroclors, because of their excellent adherence to 611100th surfaces, are very adaptable to compounding in water-insoluble adhesives. Aroclors 1260, 1262, 4465 and 5460 are suggested aK constituents of compositions for this use. Electrical Equipment Because of their nonflammability, high resistivity and dielectric strength and low power factor, the liquid and resinous Aroclors arc extremely useful materials for the electrical industry. Aroclor 5460 is useful as an impregnant for carbon radio resistors to reduce the influence of moisture. Since the liquid Aroclors will absorb sufficient moisture from the atmosphere to impair the elec trical characteristics, it is customer)' to treat Aroclor intended for this application before use with a dehydrating clay. An effective product for this purpose is Atlapulgus clay 80/300 mesh dried for 4 hours at 400C.and used at the rate of 0.125% based on the weight of Aroclor, followed by filtra tion. Treatment i6 improved if the Aroclor is healed to 80-85C. Expansion Medium Because of their stability under variations in temperature and freedom from gum formation from oxidation, the Aroclors arc useful as expand ing media in bellows controls and in thermostats. Hydraulic Medium Power Transmission The Aroclors are superior hydraulic media for power transmission. Because of their greater den sity and K. P. characteristics they approach more closely the theoretical transmission values for mechanical power as illustrated in Figure 6. This greater efficiency makes possible a reduction in the size of the hydraulic coupling design. In order to meet extremely low-temperature weather conditions, it is necessary to adjust the freezing point of the Aroclor selected by the addi tion of a pour point depressant. Suitable adjust ments can be made in the composition to reach a pour point of minus 65F. The steepness of the viscosity-temperature curve of the Aroclors is a handicap to the application of Aroclors to many types of fluid transmission. This curve can be flattened to a marked degree by introduction of a viscosity-index corrector. By proper choice of viscosity modifiers and pour point depressants, the viscosity-temperature curve can be made to coincide with any standard hydro carbon oil viscosity curve. Information will be gladly furnished. Hydraulic Pressure Medium It is customary to employ a D. T. Light Oil (mineral base) as a hydraulic medium in many types of pressure operations. A widespread use is in the operation of zinc-alloy die casting machines w'here pressures of 800 to 1500 pounds per square inch are encountered. Condensate from the atmosphere above the liquid level in the breather tank frequently introduces water, which, having a greater density, sinks to the bottom and is drawn into the system. Under the influence of heat and pressure the w'atcr causes oxidation of the hydrocarbon oil, forming fatty acids which corrode the pump vanes and the regulating valves of the system, causing loss of pressure, lowered production rate and final shut down for repairs. A break in the hydraulic system around the open flames necessary to maintain the molten condition of the die-casting alloy almost invariably results in a fire with its attendant hazards. Aroclor 1248 is recommended to overcome these difficulties. It is heavier than water, thus exclud ing it from the system. It is stable--not hydrolyzed 14 0i0869/ TOWOLDMONOQ34260 FIG. 6 ing circulating Aroclor through a water cooled heat exchanger, thus employing one medium for both heating and cooling. In special cases, Aroclors 1242 and 1254 can be substituted for the Aroclor 1248. If extremely low outside temperatures are encountered, the less vis cous Aroclor 1242 can be used, but it has the disad vantage of being flammable above 330C (626F). Higher temperatures up to 325C (617F) can be attained in the heating medium if Aroclor 1254 is used. Provision can easily he made for warm ing the Aroclor after a shut-down so that it can be pumped. Design for a simple, effective liquid Aroclor heat ing system for small unit operations is available. fA/&/A/ SP0 &PM. under heat and pressure--and thus avoids corro sion and expensive delays for repairs. It is non flammable, thus adding to the safety of the oper ators and to continuity of production. Gaskets Gaskets made from the usual types of material and synthetic rubber are unsuited for retaining Aroclors which have a swelling effect on such gaskets. Much more suitable are gaskets made from non-swelling elastomers such as Thiokol 1605-A (Thiokol Corporation) or Kesistoflex 11-1001 (Resistoflex Corporation). Liquid Heating Medium Aroclors 1242, 1248 and 1254 arc used as a circulating healing medium with great success. Good circulation and a well designed heating sys tem are necessary to prevent local overheating ol the Aroclor heating medium. Aroclor 1248 is rec ommended for universal use up to 315C (600F) because of its fluidity at low temperatures and its nonflammability. In processes where a cooling cycle must also be introduced, provision can be easily made for shunt Lubrication Air Compressors The presence of oil, oil vapors or mixtures of oxygen and oil fractions in the discharge lines and receivers of air compressors presents a constant hazard which needs only a particle of hot carbon to create a serious explosion. This problem has been solved by engineers of one large user of this type equipment by employing Aroclor 1254 as the internal lubricant for high compression air compressors. Their experience with more than 15 high-pressure compressors of various types is reported in the American Machinists* Magazine, September 28, 1944. High Temperature The heat-resisting, nonflammable characteristics of the Aroclors make them attractive as lubricants under conditions of high temperature, as, for ex ample, in governor systems of central power sta tions. Aroclor 1248 is well suited to this application. Straiglit Aroclor 1254 gave excellent results on a roller bearing test operating at 255-200F with much less carbonization or decomposition than the usual spindle oil under the same conditions. 15 0*08696 TOWOLDMONOQ34261 Extreme Pressure It 18 a well accepted hypothesis in the lubrication industry that by the addition of certain elements such as chlorine, sulfur and others in the proper form to a lubricating oil, a certain chemical com* bination takes place with the iron or steel metal bearing surfaces. These surface compositions tend to prevent seizure of the rubbing surfaces under extreme loads and under which loads, if the sole lubricant were a pure mineral oil, seizure or scor ing would result at once through film failure. As an extreme pressure (E. P.) lubricant base added to a petroleum hydrocarbon oil in amounts up to approximately 15% by weight, Aroclors 1248 and 1254 materially increase the load-carry* ing properties without reducing the viscosity of the resulting composition. These Aroclors repre sent one of the more adequate carriers for the element chlorine as an extreme pressure base, possessing the following advantages: 1. Stability. They arc stable, even at higher temperatures, which permits neither separation of components nor appreciable change in physical or chemical properties during long periods of operation and should not cause continued chem ical action on metal parts except the particular chemical metal surface combination which is nec essary to effect high load-carrying capacities. 2, Non-volatile. Many other types of chlorine bearing compounds arc so volatile as to render them unfit for long periods of service because of the escape of the elements from the lubricant. The Aroclors are non-volatile at normal temperatures. 3. Non-oxidizing. Aroclors do not oxidize or thicken up to an objectionable degree. 4. Non-corrosive. Aroclors are non-corrosive toward metal surfaces. 5. Non-abrasive. Aroclors exert no abrasion on the machined surfaces. 6. Non-hydrolysis. Aroclors do not hydrolyze in the presence of water, thus avoiding the genera tion of hydrochloric acid. 7. Compatibility. Aroclors are completely misci ble with mineral oils. 8. Color. Aroclors do not darken or change the color of the lubricating oil. Submerged Lubrication Under conditions of lubrication subjected to expo sure to water displacement such, for example, as lubrication of bridge rollers, a heavier-thanwater lubricant can be prepared from mixtures of Aroclor and oil, of which the following are typical examples: % by Wt.~. Mix Aroclor Pour No. Oil* 1248_____ Point Gravity at Approx. 15.5C______Ibt./gal. 1 50 50 0F 1.1263 9.4 2 25 75 +5F 1.2703 10.6 Bright Stock: Gravity API 22-23 Viscosity 210 F--160 Saybolt Secs* Color ASTM--7-8 Flash Point--545F Pour Point--15F 1 o i 0508699 TOWOLDMON0034262 SUGGESTED USES FOR AROCLOKS in PLASTICS, PIGMENTS, LACQUERS, PAINTS and VARNISHES The Aroclors are compatible with most of the common plastics materials (sec compatibility table on this page). The degree of flexibility imparted by the Aroclors diminishes progressively in the order of liquid Aroclor -- soft resin -- hard resin. The hardness of the resulting compositions increases in the same order. Usually a satisfactory balance between flexibility and hardness can be obtained cither by selecting the Aroclor of proper physical characteristics or by using a mixture of two or more Aroclors. Compatibility With Various Materials Asphalt....................................................... C Benzyl Cellulose........................................ C Cellulose Acetate....................................... I Chlorinated Rubber................................... C Couinaronc and Indenc Resins................. C Dammar Resin.......................................... C Ester Gum.................................................. C Ethyl Cellulose.......................................... C Manila Gum............................................... I Nitrocellulose............................................. C Paraffin....................................................... C Phenolic Resins...........................................Varies.* Polystyrene Resins.................................... C Rosin........................................................... C Rubber........................................................ C Sulfur.......................................................... C Vinyl Resins............................................... C C -- Indicates compatibility to a degree sufficient to be of value. 1 -- Indicates incompatibility. * Not compatible in final stage. Ethyl Cellulose The Aroclors are very compatible with ethyl cel lulose, the liquids imparting great flexibility and the resinous products great hardness. 75 parts by weight of Aroclor 3242 with 100 parts of ethyl cellulose produces great flexibility and just a slight tackiness. Aroclor 5460 in the same propor tion produces a very hard and somewhat brittle composition. Aroclor 4465 produces hard films which are not brittle at ordinary temperature. For coatings of high gloss and exceptional weath ering qualities to be applied to rigid surfaces, compositions containing equal parts by weight of Aroclor 5460 and ethyl cellulose are suggested. If greater flexibility is required, one of the softer Aroclors should be used, either alone or as a replacement for part of the Aroclor 5460 and the proportion of Aroclor should be decreased. A typical formula is as follow's: Ethyl Cellulose...................................... 15% Aroclor 1260........................................... i5% Toluene................................................... 56% Butanol................................................... 14% Graphic Arts 100% The Aroclors are U6cd as vehicles for carrying pigments employed in glass decoration. When the decorations have been applied and the glass is fired, the Aroclors volatilize without carboniza tion and thus avoid discoloration of the glass. Aroclors 1254 and 4465 are used. Aroclor 4465 is a useful resin for compounding rotogravure inks. 17 0508 700 TOWOLDMONOQ34263 A mimeograph ink suitable for use on bond paper contains the following ingredients: Aroclor 4465........................................... 40% rubricating Oil (SUV1200 @100F).. 35% Paraffin Oil (SUV 76 @100F)........... 20% Carbon Black......................................... 4% Oil Soluble Dye...................................... 1% Aroclor 4465 may also be U6cd in the preparation of imitation gold leaf. A thin coating of the Aroclor is applied hot to one side of paper. While it is still hot, bronze powder is spread upon the coating. The bronze powder adheres to the Aroclor completely covering the paper. This product is used in making the "gold leaf" letters on books, etc. The paper treated with Aroclor and bronze powder is placed upon the book binding. A hot die is pressed upon it. The Aroclor softens and sticks the bronze to the binding and forms a coat ing over it to protect it from tarnishing. Impregnation The Aroclors may be used to impregnate cloth, paper, wood or asbestos in order to impart mois ture and gas resistance, adhesion, insulating prop erties, alkali or other chemical resistance, flame resistance, or lubricating qualities. For this type of work they are used in combinations with other materials such as waxes, inorganic pigments, asphalt, tars, aluminum stearate, sulphur, etc., in order to obtain exactly the physical character istics desired for the specific purpose. AroclorB 1254, 4465 and 5460, or the corresponding darkcolored products, arc suggested as most applicable. Wood impregnated by vacuum-pressure method with the following mixture: Aroclor 4465......................................70% Microcrystallinc Wax.......................20% Sulfur................................................. 10% is definitely tougher, harder and more moisture resistant than untreated wood. This coating is very resistant to acids and alkalies but will be attacked by aromatic, aliphatic or chlorinated hydrocarbons. The surface is not appreciably dis colored and can he painted. Various degrees of hardness and adhesion can he obtained by vary ing the Aroclor: wax: sulfur ratio. Moisture Proofing For U6e a6 moisture proof coatings the Aroclors are best combined with wax$s, such as paraffin or carnauba, oils such as mineral oil, and resins such as ester gum or other synthetic resins. The simplest compositions contain only Aroclor and paraffin. A moisture proofing compound composed of 96% (by weight) of Aroclor 5460 and 4% of paraffin (melting point 54C) has an ASTM soft ening point of about 82 C and i6 very efficient. Substituting Aroclor 4465 for Aroclor 5460 pro duces a compound with a softening point of about 58C. Softening point and viscosity when melted may be further decreased by using mixtures of Aroclors. For example, a composition containing 40% of Aroclor 1260, 56% of Aroclor 5460 and 4% of paraffin will be very soft at ordinary temperatures. Increased proportions of paraffin will also pro duce softer compounds. Pigment Aroclor 1270 is a hard, white crystalline product of high melting point, insoluble in most solvents, resistant to chemicals and to oxidation. When ground to a fine powder it makes an excellent organic pigment for use with the various plastics. It may be used alone or with conventional pigments. Paints and Varnishes The Aroclors arc soluble in paint and varnish oils and impart properties corresponding to the phys ical character of the particular Aroclor. The hard resinous Aroclors tend to give increased hardness to the films while the viscous resins impart flexibility. in oioaJO1 TOWOLDMONOQ34264 The Aroclors do not react chemically with oils, hence there is no advantage in heating together in making a varnish. They are best added as a "chill Lack** or as a cold cut in the thinning operation. As far as incorporation of the Aroclors is con cerned, the only reason for heating is to make the Aroclors liquid so that they can he readily mixed with the oils. Aroclors 4465 and 5460 will produce paints that are very quick drying and yet have excellent durability. The weight of Aroclor used should be from 30% to 50% of the weight of the oils. Aroclor 1260 is best for short oil varnishes that arc required at the same time to be flexible. The Aroclor may be considered to play the same role as oil, with the difference that it docs not oxidize and lose its flexibility on exposure. Resins of the alkyd, phenolic or ester gum type, or a harder Aroclor such as 5460, may be used in making varnish formulations. It is suggested that for two parts by weight of oil, one part of Aroclor 1260 and one part of other resin be used. These pro portions can be varied as required. The Aroclors impart water and alkali resistance and in these qualities enhance the value of the other resins used in the varnish. Rubber and Rubber Substitutes The Aroclors when in a liquid condition have a solvent action on rubber, both natural and syn thetic. Aroclors 1254 and 1260 arc milled into rubber in order to impart permanent tackiness and adhesion. A small amount of Aroclor 1260 added to hard rubber acts as a plasticizer and reduces the brittleness. Aroclor 1270, being a hard crystalline material of high melting point, can be ground to a powder and then milled into rubber. The milling tem perature being below the melting point of the Aroclor, the latter is dispersed through the mass of rubber and act6 as an efficient flame reducer. This same procedure can be used with synthetic rubbers to impart fireproofness. From 5% to 25% of Aroclor 1270 based on the weight of the resin is required. Aroclor 1262 is recommended as a plasticizer for crepe rubber resin in paint compositions. Used in concentrations of 5% to 50%, based on the weight of the rubber resin, it increases the gloss and alkali resistance of the film and increases its ad hesiveness toward steel. Aroclor imparts water resistance to Thiokol. Modified Rubber Finishes Aroclors 1242, 1254, 1260, and 1262 are recom mended a6 plasticizers for modified rubber finishes (chlorinated rubber, rubber hydrochloride and cyclicizcd rubber). Used in ratios of 5 to 50 parts to each 100 parts by weight of modified rubber, they yield tough, flexible compositions, when used alone or in combinations with resins and oils. Resinous Aroclors 4465 and 5460 used in the pro portion 50 to 100 parts to 100 parts of modified rubber yield harder films. The Aroclors are espe cially valuable in compositions of modified rubber used as finishes for alkaline surfaces such as con crete, brick, stucco, etc. And as acid and alkiline coatings. Vinyl Resins The Aroclors are compatible with all the vinyl resins and are of value because of their chemical resistance. The properties imparted depend upon the particular Aroclor and the vinyl resin used. The selection of the correct Aroclor for a particular use can usually be made by consideration of the physical properties of the Aroclor series. 10 0b0870^ TOWOLDMONOQ34265 Nitrocellulose Coalings The Aroclors function both as plasticizers and resins and may be used alone with the nitro cellulose or in combinations with other plasti cizers or resins. They impart weather resistance* luster, adhesion and decreased burning rate. Their excellent electrical characteristics (high dielectric strength and resistivity and low power factor) and their property of retarding the passage of moisture and gases through nitrocellulose, chlorinated rub ber, and other similar plastics films make the Aroclors of special value in coatings for electrical insulating materials. The. accompanying trilinear diagrams show the practical compatibility limits of Aroclors 1254 and 1262 when used in conjunction with some other resins and plasticizers. Aroclor 1260 gives values almost the same as those shown for 1262. The less viscous Aroclors have greater and the more res inous Aroclors less compatibility than for those shown. (See trilinear diagrams that follow.) To illustrate the differences possible to obtain by changes in formulation, three formulas are given below7. All have excellent durability but the third is much softer and more flexible than the other tw'o. Only the solids contents arc given. The amounts tabulated arc parts by weight. Aroclor Lacquers No. 1 ]/2 second Nitrocellulose (diry) 100 Dammar resin................... ... 80 Ester Gum........................ . . -- Aroclor 1260..................... . .20-39 Dibutyl Phthalatc............ . .20- 0 Tricresyl Phosphate......... ... -- No. 2 100 __ 80 20 20 -- No. 3 100 -- -- 80-70 -- 39-70 No. 1 and No. 2 have excellent sanding and polishing qualities. No. 3 is very flexible but too soft for sanding. Where extremely high flexibility is desired, as for example in lacquers for high tension automotive cables, the following composition is suggested: 15 -- 20 sec. R.S. Nitrocellulose....................... 100 parts by weight Tricresyl Phosphate............ 120 parts by weight Aroclor 1242........................ 80 parts by weight o 20 87 O3 o^> TOWOLDMONOQ34266 DIAGRAMS SHOWING PRACTICAL COMPOSITION OF LACQIJFRS USING AROCLORS 1254 AND 1262 In the trilincar diagrams the compositions, represented by any point in the unshaded areas, are those which produce homogeneous lacquer films. On the other hand compositions represented by points in the shaded areas produce impractical, segregated, brittle or soft films. For detailed information as to the derivation and use of these diagrams reference is made to the following articles: Jenkins & Foster, "Compatibility Relationships of the Aroclors in Nitrocellulose Lacquers," Jnd. Eng. Chcm. 23, 1362 (1931). Hofmann & Reid, "Graphical Methods in Lacquer Technology," Jnd. Eng. Chem. 20, 431 (1928); "Formulation of Nitrocellulose Lacquers," Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 687 (1928). For combinations where the resin is Ester Gum or Amberol and where the Aroclor is Aroclor 1254 or Aroclor 1262. 21 050870*, TOWOLDMONOQ34267 22 0508 70 5 TOWOLDMONOQ34268 23 K! 0;>0870b TOWOLDMONOQ34269 The information contained in this booklet is to our best knowledge true and accurate, but all recommendations or suggestions are made with out guarantee, since the conditions of use are beyond our control. Monsanto Chemical Company disclaims any liability incurred in con nection with the use of these data or suggestions. Furthermore, nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with existing patents cover ing any material or its U6C. Monsanto Chemical Company St. Louis PL 8-47-71 24 PRINTED IN U.S. A0!>08707 TOWOLDMONOQ34270