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GESSNER G. HAWLEY Coeditor, Encyclopedia of Chemistry Coauthor, Glossary of Chemical Terms VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI ATLANTA DALLAS SAN FRANCISCO LONDON TORONTO MELBOURNE 49 TOC 002058! s; slightly r. vstall i/a60 C (5 >xicity. rcaptan i, other liquid - r. .): H;0 er; stable i over a i .HmSH isomers): r; sp. gr. age 200in water; le, gasoF. Com- plastics, id in in- H,. The ing also g range t 270F molding dditives; mishing. ti water eombus- ltty acid g agent; de. See S`;< cop ages of nesium. ean adt applilance is in the henolic, ry powing and 503 LEAD ACETATE impregnating adhesives and glues fur furniture, ply wood and aircraft; hot and cold pressing; radio fre quency equipment; molding of diversified components from granulated wood. "Lava." Trademark for synthetic block talc or soap stone used in electron tubes and other devices as an insulator. lavandin oil, abrial. Essential oil obtained by steam distillation of plant material of a hybrid of true lav ender and spike lavender, lavandula abrialis. Properties: Yellow liquid with camphoraceous odor which is suggestive of lavender. Sp. gr. 0.8850 893 (25C); refractive index 1.4605-1.4640 (20CC). Soluble in most fixed oils, propylene glycol and min eral oil; relatively insoluble in glycerol. Grades: Sold on basis of ester content. F.C.C. re quires 28-35% ester calculated as linalyl acetate. Uses: Perfumery; flavoring agent. lavender oil. Properties: Essential oil; colorless, yellowish or greenish-yellow; sweet odor; slightly bitter taste. Sp. gr. 0.875-0.888 (25C); refractive index 1,45901.4700 ( 20C); angular rotation --3 to -10; one volume oil dissolves in 4 volumes 70% alcohol. Com bustible; nontoxic. Chief constituents: Linalool; linalyl acetate; geraniol; pinene; limonene; cineol. Derivation: Steam-distilled from the fresh flowering tops of Landula officinalis. Grades: N.F.; F.C.C. Both require not less than 35% of esters, calculated as linalyl acetate. Uses: Perfumery; flavoring agent. lavender oil, terpeneless Concentration: About 1.75-2 times that of natural lavender oil. Sp. gr. 0.893-0.898; optical rotation, about -5. Solubility in alcohol: 15 parts per 100 parts of 60% alcohol; 55 parts per 100 parts of 70% alcohol. lavender-spike oil. See spike oil. "Lavenol."'" Trademark for a series of synthetic lav ender oil substitutes of various types. Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743-1794). French chem ist generally regarded as the "father" of chemistry. His "Traite Elementaire de Chimie" (1789) listed 30 elements, clarified the nomenclature of acids, bases and salts, and described the composition of numer ous organic substances. He erroneously believed that oxygen is the characteristic element of acids. How ever, his fundamental work on combustion, as a re sult of which he identified and named nitrogen (azote), and on the separation of hydrogen from water by a unique reduction experiment carried out in a heated gun barrel, earned him a leading posi tion among early chemists. (See also Mendeleef). "Lavol.' Trademark for a substitute for linalyl acetate. lawrencium Lr A synthetic radioactive element with atomic number 103, discovered in 1961. Atomic weight 257. Only one other isotope is known (256). The 257 isotope has a half-life of 8 seconds. It has been made by bombarding californium with boron ions. It exhibits alpha radiation. See actinide series. I.Cjo (lethal concentration, 50%). That quantity of a substance administered by inhalation that is necessary to kill 50% of test animals exposed to it within a speedicd nme. This test applies not only to gases and wipois but to fume, dusts and other particulates MiNpcmlcd in air. l.( I . Abbreviation for "less than carload lot"; used h\ shippers, traffic managers, railroads, etc. I.IK, i lethal dose, 50';;.). That quantity of a substance administered either orally or by skin contact neces sary to kill 50'.; of exposed animals in laboratory tests within a specified time. leaching. See solvent extraction. lead I'b (from Latin plumbum). Metallic element of atomic number 82, Group 1VA of the periodic table. Atomic weight 207.2; valences 2, 4; 4 stable isotopes. The isotopes are the end products of the three series of natural radioactive elements uranium (206), tho rium (208), and actinium (207). Properties: Heavy, ductile, soft gray solid. Sp. gr. 11.35; m.p. 327.4C; b.p. I755C: soluble in dilute nitric acid; insoluble in water but dissolves slowly in water containing a weak acid; resists corrosion; rel atively impenetrable to radiation. Poor electrical conductor; good sound and vibration absorber. Noncombustible. Occurrence: U.S., Mexico, Canada, S. America. Australia, Africa, Europe. Derivation:- Roasting and reduction of galena (lead sufide), anglesite (lead sulfate), and cerussite (lead carbonate). Also from scrap. Purification method: Desilvering (Parkes process); electrolytic refining (Betts process); pyrometallurgical refining (Harris process). Bismuth is removed by Betterton-Kroll process. Grades: High purity (less than 10 ppm impurity); pure (99.9+); powdered (99% pure); pig lead; paste. Forms available: Ingots, sheet, pipe, shot, buckles or straps, grids, rod, wire, etc.; paste; powder; single crystals. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation of dust or fume. Tolerance (lead, fumes and dusts, and inor ganic compounds) 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. A cumulative poison. FDA regulations require zero lead content in foods and 0.05% in house paints. Uses: Storage batteries; tetraethyllead (gasoline addi tive); radiation shielding; cable covering; ammuni tion; sheet and pipe; solder and fusible alloys; type metal; vibration damping in heavy construction; foil; numerous alioys. For further information refer to Lead Industries Association, 292 Madison Ave., New York. lead acetate (sugar of lead) Pb(C;HiO;); 3H;0. " Properties: While crystals or flakes (commercial grades are frequently brown or gray lumps). Sweet ish taste. Absorbs carbon dioxide when exposed to air, becoming insoluble in water. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol; freely soluble in glycerol. Sp. gr. 2.50; m.p. loses H-O at 75C; at 2(X)C de composes; b.p. (anhydrous) 280``C Combustible. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on litharge or thin lead plates. Grades: Powdered: granular; crystals; flakes; C.P. Containers: Multiwall paper sacks; drums; carloads. Uses: Medicine; lead salts; dyeing of textiles; water proofing; varnishes; lead driers; chrome pigments; gold cyanidation process; insecticide; antifouling paints; analytical reagent. Hazard; Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption. Absorbed by skin, llse may be restricted. Shipping regulations: (Air) Poison label Superior numbers refer to Manufacturers of Trade Mark Products. For page number see Contents. 49 TOC 002059 LEAD AI.KYL, MIXED 504 r G>dS~ lead *lkyl, mixed. A mixture containing various ^ methyl and ethyl derivatives of tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead. Thus methyl triethyl lead, di methyl diethyl lead and ethyl trimethyl lead may all be present with or without tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption. J: 0a r Uses: Antiknock agents in aviation gasoline. ZL ,-.- lead antimonate (Naples yellow: antimony vcllow) * PbdSbOi);. Properties: Orange-yellow powder. Insoluble in water Sp. gr. 6.58 (20C). Noncombustible. Derivation: Interaction of solutions of lead nitrate and potassium antimonate, concentratoin and crys tallization. 1 Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Staining glass, crockery and porcelain. -r I -r i I ! I o^cad arsenate (lead orthoarsenate) Pbj(AsOr); Properties: White crystals. Soluble in nitric acid, in soluble in water: sp. gr. 7.80; m.p. I042C (decom poses). Derivation: By the action of a soluble lead salt on a solution of sodium arsenate, concentration and crys tallization. Uses. Insecticide; herbicide. Hazard: Highly toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Shipping regulations: (Rail, Air) Poison label. r -Llead arsenite Pb(AsO;>2. Properties: White powder; soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in water. Sp. gr. 5.85. Hazard: Highly toxic. Use: Insecticide. Shipping regulations: (Rail, Air) Poison label. I ,_ . lead azide Pb(Nj)2. CfViptOStJes Properties: Colorless needles; an initiating explosive. Ij* Should always be handled submerged in water. I ... Derivation: Reaction of sodium azide with a lead salt. ! |! S Hazard: Severe explosion risk; detonates at 350C (660 F). Highly toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic j ' 1 ' meter of air. I ^ Use: Primary detonating compouind for high explo- ; . ". sives. i : s Shipping regulations: (Air) Not accepted. (Rail) Con- \ } suit regulations. Not accepted by express. ; Note: Explosions have occurred in cases where azide I compounds have reacted with the lead in plumbing | after being washed down sinks. lead-base Babbitt. See Babbitt metal, lead biorthophosphate. See lead phosphate, dibasic. lead, blue. A term applied to galena to distinguish it ! from white lead ore. It is also applied to blue basic lead sulfate. lead borate PbfBOOr HjO Properties: White powder. Soluble in dilute nitric acid; insoluble in water. Sp. gr. 5.598; m.p. I60C (loses water). Noncombustible. Derivation: Interaction of solutions of lead hydroxide and boric acid, with subsequent crystallization Hazard: Highly toxic by inhalation. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Varnish and paint drier; waterproofing paints; lead glass; galvanoplastic products. lead borosilicate. A constituent of optical glass, com^ posed of a mixture of the borate and silicate of lead. lead bromate Pb(BrOi): H;0. Hazard: f Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in hot water; skin abso sp, gr. 5.53; decomposes at about 180C. meter of; lead bromide PbBrj. Properties: White powder. Slightly soluble in hot Use: Metal Shipping r> water; insoluble in alcohol. Sp. gr. 6.66; b.p. 9I6C; lead dimeth m.p. 373C. Properties: Hazard: Highly toxic by inhalation. Tolerance, 0.15 range 3If mg per cubic meter of air. vents; slig lead carbolate. See lead phenate. lead carbonate PbCOj. See lead carbonate, basic. " Properties: White, powdery crystals. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Sp. gr. 6.6; decom posed by heat 3I5C. Noncombustible. Derivaton: By adding a solution of sodium bicarbon ate to a solution of lead nitrate. Occurs in nature as cerussite. Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Impurities: Basic lead carbonate. Use: Industrial paint pigment. lTrt Use: Vulca lead dioxidt drous; lea Properties: cial acetic gr. 9.375: Derivation: line solutiHazard: T organic r meter of a Uses: Ox id batteries; lead carbonate, basic (lead subcarbonate: white lead: BCWL; lead flake) 2PbCOj Pb(OHh. Properties: White, amorphous powder. Soluble in si acids; insoluble in water; decomposes at 40OC; sp fv-A textiles (rr matches; e Shipping re Yellow lafc gr. 6.86. Noncombustible. Derivation: (a) Dutch process. By the corrosion of lead buckles in pots by acetic acid and carbon diox ide generated by the fermentation of waste tan- lead dross (' or waste f tallic lead. bark. (b) Carter process. By treating very finely di lead, electro1 vided lead in revolving wooden cylinders with dilute deposition. acetic acid and carbon dioxide. Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Industrial paint pigment; putty; ceramic glazes, Iffclr "Lead/Epox. shielding r mg- It is which can lead chloride PbClj. Properties: White crystals. Slightly soluble in hot water; insoluble in alcohol and cold water. Sp. gr. 5.88; m.p. 498C; b.p. 950C. Noncombustible. 94.5 wt.% 9 ,,, _ against gai ftf'T^Jead, 5.7 w ^ lead ethylhex Derivation: By the addition of hydrochloric acid or sodium chloride to a solution of a lead salt, with lead flake. S> subsequent crystallization. Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Preparation of lead salts; lead chromate pig ments; analytical reagent. lead fluoride Properties: (approx) 8 combustibl Grade: Crys lead chloroslllcate complex. See "Lectro" 60. Hazard; Hi( mg per cufc lead chromate. PbCrO,. Uses: Elect Properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in strong acids and alkalies; insoluble in water. Sp. gr. 6.123; m.p. 844C. Derivation: Reaction of sodium chromate and lead materials f 3V sers; high form of cer nitrate in solution. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. May be a carcinogen. Tolerance, 0.1 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Pigment in industrial paints, rubber, plastics, ceramic coatings. See also chrome pigment. lead fluosilict Properties: composes v Hazard: Hi; mg per cufc Use: Solutio lead coating. Coatings of lead or lead-rich alloys are (I) deposited by dipping into the molten metal, after applying a layer of tin to secure good adhesion of the lead coating; (2) by electroplating from a fluosilicate or fluoborate bath, or (3) by spraying. lead formate Properties: sided, crys water. DecHazard: Hig lead cyanide Pb(CNh. Use: Reagen Properties: White to yellowish powder. Slightly solu ble in water; decomposes in acid. lead fumarate Derivation: Interaction of solutions of potassium , cyanide and lead acetate. Superi- 49 TOC 002060 . -- 505 LEAD-BETA-NAPHTHALENESULFONATE vater; hot 6C; 0.15 Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Tolerance (as CN), 5 mg per cubic meter of air. Use: Metallurgy. Shipping regulations: (Rail, Air) Poison label. lead dimethyldithiocarbamate PbfSCSNfCHjh]:. Properties: White powder; sp. g. 2.43 .03; melting range 310C; insoluble in all common organic sol vents; slightly soluble in cyclohexanone. Use: Vulcanization accelerator with litharge. 6A-^'fc,leaddroduiso;xliedaed (lead oxide, brown; plumbic acid, peroxide; lead superoxide) PbOi, anhy- acids; Properties: Brown, hexagonal crystals. Soluble in gla lecom- cial acetic acid; insoluble in water and alcohol; sp. gr. 9.375; m.p. 290C (dec). An oxidizing agent. arbon:ure as Derivation: By adding bleaching powder to an alka line solution of lead hydroxide. Hazard: Toxic. Dangerous fire risk in contact with ng per organic materials. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Oxidizing agent; electrodes; lead-acid storage batteries; curing agent for polysulfide elastomers; : lead; textiles (mordant, discharge in dyeing with indigo); matches; explosives; analytical reagent. ble in C; sp. Shipping regulations: (Rail) Oxidizing material, n.o.s., Yellow label. (Air) Oxidizer label. S-tee. lead dross (lead scrap). Consists of the scrap, dross, ion of or waste from sulfuric acid tanks; a mixture of me diox- tallic lead, lead sulfate, and free sulfuric acid. : tanely di dilute lead, electrolytic. Pure lead obtained by electrolytic deposition. See Betts process. ng per "Lead/Epox."504 Trademark for a two-component shielding material designed to be formed after mix lead glass. See glass. lead hydroxide (lead hydrate; hydrated lead oxide) Pb(OH); or Pb.O(OH);. Properties: White, bulky powder. Soluble in alkalies; slightly soluble in water; soluble in nitric and acetic acid; sp. gr. 7.592; m.p., decomposes at I45C; ab sorbs carbon dioxide from air. Noncombustible. Derivation: By the addition of sodium or ammonium hydroxide to a solution of a lead salt with subse quent filtration and drying. Hazard: Toxic Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air Use: Lead salts; lead dioxide, lead hyposulfite. See lead thiosulfate, lead iodide Pbl;. Properties: Golden-yellow crystals or powder; odor less. Soluble in potassium iodide and concentrated sodium acetate solutions; insoluble in water and al cohol; sp. gr. 6.16; m.p. 402C; b.p. 954C. Non combustible. Derivation: Interaction of lead acetate and potassium iodide. Hazard: Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Bronzing; mosaic gold; printing; photography; cloud seeding. lead linoleate (lead plaster) Pb(CiSHj)0;),. >- Properties: Yellowish-white paste. Soluble in oils; in soluble in water. Combustible. Derivation: By heating a solution of lead nitrate with sodium linoleate. Grades: Technical; fused (contains 26.5% Pb). Hazard: Toxic; absorbed by skin. Uses: Medicine; drier in paints and varnishes. lazes. in hot sp. gr. icid or t, with ng per f'g- dsand 144 C. d lead iy be a of air. lastics, ays are il, after sion of luosili- ly solu- ing. It is then a putty-like high-density material which can be used as a mortar. No. 250 consists of 94.5 wt.% lead, 5.5 wt.% epoxy resin, for protection against gamma rays. No. 251 consists of 93.8 wt.% lead, 5.7 wt.% epoxy resin and 0.5 wt.% boron. lead ethylhexoate. See "L-26." lead flake. See lead carbonate, basic, lead fluoride PbF;. Properties: Crystalline solid; density 8.2 g/cc; m.p. (approx) 824C; very slightly soluble in water. Non combustible. Grade: Crystal, 99.93%. Hazard: Highly toxic; strong irritant. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Electronic and optical applications; starting materials for growing single crystal solid-state la sers; high temperature dry film lubricants in the form of ceramic-bonded coatings. lead fluosilicate (lead silicofluoride) PbSiF,, - 2HjO. Properties. Colorless crystals; soluble in water; de composes when heated. Hazard: Highly toxic; strong irritant. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Use: Solution for electrorefining lead. lead formate Pb(CHOi)j. Properties: Brownish-white, lustrous, very finely di vided, crystalline substance; sp. gr. 4.63; soluble to water. Decomposes at 190C. Noncombustible. Hazard: Highly toxic. Use: Reagent in analytical determinations. lead fumarate, tetrabasic. See "Lectro" 78. lead maleate, tribasic. Properties: Soft, yellowish white crystalline powder; sp. gr. 6.3; refractive index 2.08. Hazard: Toxic; absorbed by skin. Uses: Vulcanizing agent for chlorosulfonated polyeth ylene. Highly basic stabilizer with high heat stability in vinyls. lead metavanadate. See lead vanadate. lead molybdate PbMoO,. Properties: Yellow powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Absolute density 5.9 g/cc; m.p. I060-1070C. Noncombustible. Derivation: By adding a solution of lead nitrate to a solution of ammonium molybdate, concentration and crystallization. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Analytical chemistry; pigments (see molybdate oranges). Single crystals available for electronic and optical uses. lead monohydrogen phosphate. See lead phosphate, di basic. lead mononitroresorcinate PbO:C4HjNO;. Hazard: An initiating explosive; dangerous. Shipping regulations: (Rail, Air) Not accepted. lead monoxide. See litharge; massicot. lead beta-naphthalenesulfonate Pb(Ci0HiSOi).' Properties: White crystalline powder. Soluble in alco hol; insoluble in water. Combustible. Derivation: By the action of lead acetate on betanaphthalenesulfonic acid. tassium Superior numbers refer to Manufacturers of Trade Mark Products. For page number see Contents. LEAD NAPHTHENATE 506 :;' Ube-C^ p_T^a.\oV s: `fHoVo 'f: Vx+ho 3' r :9>in M Hazard. Toxic. Absorbed by skin. Use: Organic preparations. lead naphthenate. Properties: Soft, yellow, resinous semi-transparent. Gives deposits in highly acid oils, but not when mixed with suitable quantities of cobalt or manga nese. Soluble in alcohol; m.p. approx. I0CPC Com bustible. Derivation: Addition of lead salt to aqueous sodium naphthenate solution. Grades: Liquid: 16%, 24% Pb; solid: 37% Pb. Containers: Steel drums: fiber drums. Hazard: Toxic. Absorbed by skin. Uses: Paint and varnish drier; wood preservative; in secticide; catalyst for reaction between unsaturated fatty acids and sulfates in the presence of air; lube oil additive. See also soap (2). lead nitrate Pb(NO<);. Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water and alco hol; sp. gr. 4.53; decomposes at 470C Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on lead Hazard: Toxic. Strong oxidizing materia] Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic materials Tol erance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Lead salts; mordant in dyeing and printing cal ico; matches: paint pigment; mordant for staining mother-of-pearl; oxidizer in the dye industry; sensi tizer in photography; explosives; tanning; process engraving and lithography. Shipping regulations: (Rail) Yellow label (Air) Oxi dizer label. lead nitrite (basic lead nitrite; lead subnitrite). . Properties: Light-yellow powder: variable composi tion, essentially 3PbO- N:Oi H20. Soluble in dilute nitric acid. Easily decomposed. Hazard: Toxic, tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. lead ocher. See massicot (I). lead octoate. See soap (2). lead oleate [CH,(CH2bCH:CH(CH;bCOO);Pb. Properties: White powder or ointment-hke granules or mass Soluble in alcohol, ether, turpentine, and benzene; insoluble in water. Combustible. Derivation: Reaction of oleic acid with lead hydrate or carbonate, or of lead acetate and sodium oleate. Hazard: Toxic; absorbed by skin. Uses: Varnishes; lacquers; paint drier; high-pressure lubricants. See also soap (2). lead orthoarsenate. See lead arsenate. lead orthophosphate, normal. See lead phosphate. lead orthosilicate. See lead silicate. lead oxide, black. See lead suboxide. lead oxide, brown. See lead dioxide. lead oxide, hydrated. See lead hydroxide. lead oxide, red (red lead; minium; plunrboplumbic oxide) Pb,0, Properties: Bright red powder; partly soluble in acids; insoluble in water, Sp. gr. reported variously 8.32- 9.16; decomposes between 500 and 530C. An oxidiz ing agent; may react with reducing agents. Derivation: By carefully heating litharge in a furnace in a current of air. ' Grades: Technical; 95%, 97%, 98%. Hazard: Toxic as dust.' Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Safety data sheet available from Manu facturing Chemists Assn., Washington. D C. Uses: Storage batteries; glass; metal-protective paints; pottery and enameling; varnish; purification of alco hol; packing pipe joints. lead oxide, yellow. See litharge. lead perchlorate Pb(C10,): 3HjO. White crystals; sp. gr. 2.6; m.p. 100C (dec). Very soluble in cold water; soluble in alcohol. Hazard: Toxic; dangerous in contact with organic materials. Strong oxidizing agent. Shipping regulations: (Rail) Perchlorates n.o.s., Yel low label. (Air) Oxidizer label. lead peroxide. See lead dioxide. lead phenate (lead phenolate; lead carbolate) Pb(OH)OC6Hs. Properties: Yellowish to grayish-white powder. Solu ble in nitric acid; insoluble m water and alcohol. Derivation: By boiling phenol with litharge. Hazard: Toxic; absorbed by skin. lead phenolsulfonate (lead sulfocarbolate) PbfCtH.OHSO,)! 5HjO. Properties: White crystals or powder. Soluble in water and alcohol. Hazard: Toxic; absorbed by skin. lead phosphate (normal lead orthophosphate) Pbi( PO<)j. Properties: White powder; sp. gr. 6.9-7.3; m.p. I0I4C. Insoluble in water; soluble in acids and alkalies. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. lead phosphate, dibasic (lead monohydrogen phosphate: lead biorthophosphate) PbHPO, Properties: Soft white powder of fine plate-like crys tals; sp.gr. 5.66 (15C); m.p., decomposes. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Imparting heat resistance and pearlescence to polystyrene and casein plastics. lead phosphite, dibasic 2PbO- PbHPO) 16HjO. Properties: Fine white acicular crystals; sp. gr. 6.94; refractive index 2.25, Insoluble in water. Containers: 40-, 350-lb fiber drums. Uses; Heat and light stabilizer for vinyl plastics and chlorinated paraffins. As an ultraviolet screening and antioxidizing stabilizer for vinyl and other chlo rinated resins in paints and plastics. Hazard; Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Store in closed containers, away from open flame or sparks and at temperatures not to exceed 400 F. Shipping regulations: (Rail, Air) Not listed. Consult authorities. lead phthalate, dibasic CsHdCOOhPb PbO. Properties: Fluffy, white crystalline powder; insoluble in water; sp. gr. 4.5; refractive index 1.99 (av.). Derivation: By boiling litharge with phthalic acid. Hazard: Toxic. Absorbed by skin. Use: Heat and light stabilizer for general vinyl use. lead plaster. See lead tinoleate. lead protoxide. See litharge, lead, red. See lead oxide, red. lead s Prof gr and Haz; Uses 49 TOC 002062 > 5Q7 LEAD SULFATE, BASIC laints; alco- s; sp. vater; Solual. ^3 rVlePadropreesritnieast:e Pb(CxiH>sO;):. Brown lustrous translucent lumps or yel low-white powder, or yellowish-white paste. Insolu ble in most solvents. Combustible. Derivation: By heating a solution of lead acetate and rosin oil. Grades: Precipitated, 23% Pb. Hazartd: Toxic; absorbed by skin. Uses: Paint and varnish drier; textile water-proofing agent. lead salicylate PMOOCCsHsOH).' H,0. Properties: Soft, creamy white crystalline powder; sp. gr. 2.3; refractive index 1.78; soluble in hot water and alcohol. Combustible. Hazard: Probably toxic. Uses: Stabilizer or costabilizer for flooring and other vinyl compounds requiring good light stability. lead selenide PbSe. Gray crystals; sp. gr. 8.10 (I5C); m.p. I065C. Insoluble in water; soluble in nitric acid. A semiconductor used in infrared detectors and thermoelectric devices. Hazard: Toxic. Moderate fire hazard as dust or in presence of moisture. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. I 0I4C. s. j meter | sphate; ] e crys| meter - nee to r. 6.94; i ics and ] reening ! ;r chlo- n open exceed Consult isoluble I '). cid. lead sesquoixide PbjO>. Properties: Reddish-yellow powder. Soluble in alka lies and acids; insoluble in water. Decomposes at 370 C. Derivation: By gently heating metallic lead. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Medicine; ceramics; ceramic cements: metal lurgy; varnishes. .1 fyfj TC l**d silicate (lead metasilicate) PbSiOj. (?) Properties: White, crystalline powder; insoluble in most solvents. Noncombustible. Derivations: Interaction of lead acetate and sodium silicate. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Ceramics; fireproofing fabrics. lead silicate, basic (white lead silicate; lead silicate sul fate). A pigment made up of an adherent surface layer of baste lead silicate and basic lead sulfate ce mented to silica. Properties: Excellent film-formingproperties with dry ing oils combined with low specific gravity. Derivation: Fine silica is mixed with litharge and sul furic acid. The mixture is then fumaced in a rotary kiln and ground to break up agglomerates. Hazard. Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Use: Pigment in industrial paints. lead silicochromate. Any of a group of yellow pig ments. Normal lead silicon chromate is used as a yel low prime pigment for traffic marking paints. Basic lead silicon chromate is used as a corrosion inhibitive pigment for metal protective coatings, primers and finishes. Also for industrial enamels requiring a high gloss. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. lead silicofluoride. See lead fluosilicate. lead-silver Babbitt. See Babbitt metal. lead-soap lubricants. Lead salts saponified with fats; hard at low temperatures, viscous at medium tem peratures. but become somewhat fluid on heating by friction Used as "extreme-pressure lubricants," but are not suited for high-speeds. See lead naphthenate; lead oleate; lead stearate; also soap (2). lead sodium hyposulfile. See lead sodium thiosulfate lead sodium thiosulfate (lead sodium hyposulfite; so dium lead hvposulfite; sodium lead thiosulfate) PbS;0, 2Na-S.O,. Properties: Heavy, small, white crystals. Soluble in solutions of thiosulfates. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Use: Matches. lead stannate PbSnO, 2H.O Properties: l ight-colored powder. Insoluble in water. Approximate temperature of dehydration ITO^C. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Additive in ceramic capacitors; pyrotechnics. "Leadstar." ','1 Trademark for normal lead stearate. lead stearate Pb(Ci,H .O:);. Properties: White powder; m.p. I00-I15C; sp. gr. l.4; soluble in ether; insoluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in water. Combustible. Derivation: By heating a solution of lead acetate with sodium stearate. Hazard: Toxic; absorbed by skin. Uses: Varnish and lacquer drier; high-pressure lubri cants; lubricant in extrusion processes; stabilizer for vinyl polymers; corrosion inhibitor for petroleum; component of greases, waxes and paints. lead styphnate. Legal label name for lead trinitroresorcinate (q.v.). lead subcarbonate. See lead carbonate, basic. lead subnitrite. See lead nitrile. lead suboxide (lead oxide, black; litharge, leaded) PbjO. Properties: Black, amorphous material; sp. gr. 8.342; decomposes on heating. Insoluble in water: soluble in acids and bases. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Use: In storage batteries. lead, sugar of. See lead acetate. lead sulfate PbSO, Properties: White, rhombic crystals. Slightlv soluble in hot water; insoluble in alcohol. Sp. gr 6.12-6.39; m.p. II70C. Noncombustible. Derivation: Interaction of solutions of lead nitrate and sodium sulfate. Hazard: Toxic Strong irritant to tissue Tolerance. 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Storage batteries; paint pigments Shipping regulations: (Air) Containing more than 3';, free acid: Corrosive label. lead sulfate, basic (white lead, sublimed: white lead sulfate). Approximate formula PbSOj PM) Properties: White monoclinic crystals; sp. gr 6.92; m.p. 977C; only slightly soluble in hoi water or acids. Noncombustible. Superior numbers refer to Manufacturers of Trade Mark Products. For page number see Contents. .i 1*1 ' fiWifei*f1I , ;*{' 49 TOC 002063 LEAD SULFATE, BLUE BASIC 508 Grades: Vary (orm 72 to 85% lead sulfatc'and re mainder lead oxide Sold dry or ground in oil. Derivation: Three methods are used: (a) Lead sulfide ore (galena) is subjected to high temperatures in an oxidizing atmosphere, (b) Molten lead is sprayed into a jet of ignited fuel gas and air in the presence of sulfur dioxide gas. (c) Atomized metallic lead is mixed with water and sulfuric acid is added under controlled conditions Containers: Barrels: multiwall paper sacks. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Paints; ceramics; pigments. lead sulfate, blue basic (sublimed blue lead; blue lead) Composition: Lead sulfate (min) 45%. lead oxide (nun) 30%, lead sulfide (max) 12%, lead sulfite (max) 5%. zinc oxide 5%. carbon and undetermined matter (max) 5%. Properties: Blue-gray corrosion-inhibiting pigment; in soluble in water or alcohol. Sp. gr. 6.2. Noncombus tible. Derivation: By heating lead ores in special furnaces Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Component of structural-metal priming coat paints; rust-inhibitor in paints; lubricants; vinyl plas tics. and rubber products. lead sulfate, tribasic 3PbO PbSO, H,0. Properties: Fine, white powder; sp. gr. 6.4; refractive index 2.1. Used for electrical and other vinyl com pounds requiring high heat stability. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. lead sulfide (plumbous sulfide) PbS. Properties: Silvery, metallic crystals or black powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alkalies. Sp. gr. 7.13-7.7; mj>.. 1114C; sublimes at 128 lC. Derivation: (a) Found in nature as the mineral galena (q.v.); (b) by passing hydrogen sulfide gas into an acid solution of lead nitrate. Grades: Technical; C.P.; electronic. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Toler ance. 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Ceramics; metallic lead; infrared radiation de tector; semiconductor. lead sulfite PbSO,. Properties: White powder; decomposes on heating. Insoluble in water; soluble in nitric acid. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Toler ance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. lead sulfocarbolate. See lead phenolsulfonate. lead sulfocyanide. See lead thiocyanate, lead superoxide. See lead dioxide. lead tallate. A lead derivative of tall oil. Combustible. Grades: Liquid, 16% Pb; 24% Pb; solid, 30% Pb. Derivation; By the fusion process. Hazard: Toxic. Absorbed by skin. Uses; See soap (2). lead telluride PbTe. Properties: Crystalline solid; sp. gr. 8.2; m.p. 905C. Insoluble in water and most acids. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Toler ance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Single crystals used as photoconductor and semiconductor in thermocouples. lead tetraacetate Pb(CH,COO>4. Properties: Colorless or faintly pink crystals, some times moist with glacial acetic acid. M.p. I75C; sp. gr. 2.228 (I7C): soluble in benzene, chloro form. nitrobenzene, hot glacial acetic acid. Combus tible. Derivation: From red lead (PbjO,) and glacial acetic acid in the presence of acetic anhydride. Containers: Glass bottles; fiber drums. Hazard: Toxic. Absorbed by skin. Uses: Selective oxidizing agent in organic synthesis; laboratory reagent. lead tetraethyl. See tetraethyl lead. lead thiocyanate (lead sulfocyanate) Pb(SCN)2. Properties: White or light-yellow, crystalline powder; soluble in potassium thiocyanate, nitric acid and slightly soluble in cold water; decomposes in hot water. Sp. gr. about 3.8. Containers: Drums (100 lbs net). Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Toler ance. 0 15 mg per cubic meter of air. Uses. Ingredient of priming mixture for small-arms cartridges; safety matches; dyeing. lead thiosulfate (lead hyposulfite) PbSjO,. Properties: White crystals. Sp. gr. 5.18. Soluble in acids and sodium thiosulfate solution; insoluble in water. M.p, decomposes. Derivation: By the interaction of solutions of lead nitrate and sodium thiosulfate, concentration and crystallization. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Toler ance. 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. lead titanate PbTiOj. Properties: Pale-yellow solid; insoluble in water. Sp. gr. 7.52. Derivation: Interaction of oxides of lead and titanium at a high temperature. Contains lead sulfate and lead oxide as impurities. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Toler ance, 0.15 mg per cubic meter of air. Use: Industrial paint pigment. lead trinitroresorcinate (lead styphnate) C#H(N02),(0JPb). Properties: Sp. gr. 3.1 for monohydrate and 2.9 for anhydrous. Monohydrate is monoclinic orangeyellow crystals; practically insoluble in water. Derivation: Prepared by adding a solution of magne sium styphnate (from magnesium oxide and styphnic acid) to a lead salt solution. Hazard: Detonates at 300F; dangerous explosion risk. An initiating explosive. Shipping regulations: (Air) Not accepted. (Rail) Con sult regulations. Not accepted by express. lead tungstate (lead wolframate) PbWO, Properties: Yellowish powder. Soluble in acid; insolu ble in water. Sp. gr. 8.235; m.p. 1130C. Derivation: By mixing solutions of lead nitrate and sodium tungstate, concentrating and crystallizing. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.15 mg,per cubic meter of air. Use: Pigment. lead vanadate (lead metavanadale) Pb(VOj);. Properties: Yellow powder; insoluble in water; de composes in nitric acid. Hazard: Toxic. Tolerance, 0.IS mg per cubic meter of air. Uses: Preparation of other vanadium compounds; pigment. "Lean V-l (Dibasic)."74 Precipitated dibasic lead stea rate. Uniform white powder, 50% lead content. Used in plastics. lead water. Toxic. Sei lead, white. cate, basic lead wolfran lead wool, i prepared lead zircona zoclectric and as a electric m? "Leafseal."'4 cenvlsuccir plication r drought. leather. An nently com a physicoc of the skit trefactive t its strengtl serviceable are either tanning), f for men's heavy-duty tanned. l.i sheep, calv luggage, gl tanned). Leather retains the property m. a limited e tour of the colors, wei replaced to minor uses soling. For Leather Ch Cincinnati, leavening ager Le Blanc (17 successful p was confisc and the pre either ackm nal formula stone and 5( Le Chatelier famous chic . principle (ol work includ gaseous cor every' syster tends to res such a way ; Lechanche cell lecithin. Pure ; CH.-(R)CH(I R and R' bi mixtures of choline ester classed as pi Superio 509 LEGAL CHEMISTRY benzene, chloroic acid Combus- nd glacial acetic de. ganic synthesis; SCN);. >talline powder; nitric acid and tomposes in hot ihalation. Toler- for small-arms O,. 5.18. Soluble in on; insoluble in olutions of lead ncentration and halation. Toler- le in water. Sp. ad and titanium :ad sulfate and ! talation. Toler- ' ate and 2.9 for aclinic orange' n water, ition of magne1 de and styphnic i 1 rous explosion i ! ed. (Rail) Con'ess. in acid; insoluC. :ad nitrate and Crystallizing. Jcr cubic meter O;);. : in water, de er cubic meter compounds; lead water. A 1% solution of basic lead acetate. pholipids). Commercial lecithin is a mixture of ace Toxic. See lead acetate. tone-insoluble phosphatides. F.C.C. specifies not less lead, white. See lead carbonate, basic; also lead sili cate, basic; and lead sulfate, basic. than 5(K) acetone-insoluble matter (phosphatides). Properties: Light brown to brown, viscous semiliquid with a characteristic odor; partly soluble in water lead wolframate. See lead tungstate. and acetone; soluble in chloroform and benzene. lead wool. Fine filaments or threads of metallic lead, prepared and used for packing pipe joints. Nontoxic. Derivation: Usually from soybean oil; also from corn, other vegetable seeds, egg yolk and other animal lead zirconate titanate (LZT) PbTiZrOj. Forms pie sources. zoelectric crystals. Used as an element in hi-fi sets Grades. Technical, unbleached, bleached; fluid; plas and as a transducer for ultrasonic cleaners; ferro tic; edible; F.C.C.; 96+% (for biochemical or chro electric material in computer memory units. matographic standards). "Leafseal."565 Trademark for a formulation of decenylsuccinic acid and its esters. Used for direct ap plication to plants to enable them to resist frost and drought. Uses: Emulsifying, dispersing, wetting, penetrating agent and antioxidant; in margarine, mayonnaise, chocolate and candies, baked goods, animal feeds; paints; petroleum industry (drilling, leaded gasoline); printing inks; soaps and cosmetics; mold release for leather. An animal skin or hide that has been perma plastics; blending agent in oils and resins; rubber nently combined with a tanning agent, which causes processing; lubricant for textile fibers. a physicochemical change in the protein components of the skin. This change renders it resistant to pu trefactive bacteria, enzymes, and hot water, increases its strength and abrasion resistance, and makes it serviceable for long periods of time. Tanning agents "Lecfon.'''11 T rademark for acrylic resin-coated glass fabrics and laminates used as electric insulating ma terial because of thermal stability up to 130C. Re sistant to fluorinated hydrocarbons. are either vegetable, mineral, or synthetic. (See "I^ctro."104 Trademark for a series of lead vinyl tanning). Hides from cows or steers are chiefly used stabilizers. for men's shoes, transmission belting, and other 60. A lead chlorosilicate complex. A fine white pow heavy-duty service. These are usually vegetable- der; Sp. gr. 3.9; refractive index, 2.1. Used for vinyl tanned. Lighter grades made from the skins of electrical insulation and tapes. sheep, calves, or reptiles are used for shoe uppers, 78. Tetrabasic lead fumarate Creamy white powder; luggage, gloves, and similar end products (chrome- sp. gr. 6.5; refractive index, 2.1. Used for heat sta tanned). bilizer for electrical grade plastisois, phonograph Leather is a naturally poromeric material which records and electrical insulation. retains the microporosity of the original skin; this Containers: Up to 325-lb fiberboard drums. property makes it uniquely applicable to footwear; to a limited extent it is able to conform to the con tour of the individual foot. Leather is made in many "L*date."l'`' Trademark for lead dimethyldithiocarbamate (q.v.). colors, weights and finishes. However, it is being Leeuwenhoek, A. van (1632-1723). A self-educated replaced to an increasing extent by plastics for many hobbyist and experimenter of Delft, Holland. He was minor uses and by synthetics for shoe uppers and a member of several scientific societies. His chief soling. For further information refer to American contribution was invention of the simple micro Leather Chemists' Assn., University of Cincinnati, scope about 1700. Cincinnati, Ohio. See also poromeric. leavening agent. See yeast; baking powder. legal chemistry (forensic chemistry). The application of chemical knowledge and procedures to matters involv Le Blanc (1742-1806). French inventor of the first successful process for making soda ash. His patent was confiscated by the Revolutionist government and the process was used widely for years without either acknowledgment or remuneratoin. His origi nal formula was 100 parts salt cake. 100 parts lime stone and 50 parts coal. ing civil or criminal law, and to all questions where control of chemical compounds, products, or pro cesses is vested in agencies of Federal or state governments. Leal chemistry applies to the following areas: (1) Crime detection: primarily identification of poi sons (see toxicology), of bloodstains, writing and typewriter inks, and a host of miscellaneous materi L* Chatelier (1850-1936). French physical chemist, als such as textile fibers from clothing, hair, skin, famous chiefly for his statement of the equilibrium etc. A variety of analytical methods are used in po principle (often known as Le Chatelier's Law). His lice laboratories, including microscopes, spot tests, work included investigations of cements, alloys, and color reactions, and spectrophotometry. gaseous combustion. The principle may be staled: (2) Food, drugs, and cosmetics are under the control every system in equilibrium is conservative, and of the U S. Food and Drug Administration. New tends to resist the changes upon it by reacting in products and proposed additives must be submitled such a way as to help nullify the imposed change. by the manufacturer and approved before being Lechanche cell. See dry cell. placed on public sale. Control of the manufacture of illicit drugs is an important phase of legal chemistry. lecithin. Pure lecithin is a phosphatidyl choline (3) Pesticides are subject to Federal regulation. New CH;(R)CH(R')CH;OPO(OH)0(CH;>;N(OH)(CH;)i, products must be registered; labeling must be specific R and R' being fatty acid groups. The lecithins are as to chemical composition, active and inert ingredi mixtures of diglycerides of fatty acids linked to the ents, and directions for use. choline ester of phosphoric acid. The lecithins are (4) Marketing and competitive pricing of chemical classed as phosphoglycerides or phosphatides (phos products' fair trade agreements and uiscriminatory basic lead steai lead content. - Superior numbers refer to Manufacturers of Trade Mark Products. For page number see f onlenls. 49 TOC 002065 - J