Document 71gDO86XazqnYgN7brVkY4RNB

TRANSJl CTIONS 31st NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS General Subject and Industrial Sessions CHICAGO October 27-29, 1942 National Safety Council, Inc. 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago Copyright, 1942, National Safety Council, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Foreword VOLUME I fT^HE Transactions of the 31st National Safety Congres? and Exposition of the National Safety Council are pub lished in two volumes. Volume 1 contains the General Sub ject and Industrial Section sessions. Volume II contains the Public Safety. Child Education, Home Safety and Farm Safety sessions. Volume 1 is distributed to all members of the Council Volume II is sent to those members who are believed to lx interested chiefly in the sessions it contains, to other member? on request. The Transactions are a record of the proceedings of the Congress, condensed and edited for reference purposes They are therefore an abridged version of the papers and discussions. The original manuscripts, some of which have drawings and charts too expensive to reproduce here, are available in the files of the National Safety Council. The National Safety Council, at its Congresses, seeks tc eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aims of the Congress, or which may be contrary to the Council's policies. However, it cannot accept responsibility for all views expressed, jeitl^er in the discussions of the Congress itself or in this recbrd of them. Extra copies of Volyme I may be obtained by Counci members at the following' rates: 1 to 10 copies at $2.00 each 11 or more copies at $1.75 each. Extra copies of Volume I] are 75 cents each. THE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL. INC. 20 North Wackar Driv* Chicago, Illinois ^5 O H Contents volume i 43864 Council Officers ..................................................... 4 Using the Transactions...................................................... 9 The Council's Program.................................. 10 Annual Meeting of Members.......................................... 11 Congress Banquet 27 Subject Sessions-- Aircraft Manufacturing .......... ......i...... ..... j.......... 31 Air Raid Precautions - 45 Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors ....... 55 \ Fire Safety and Plant Protection 73 Fundamental Causes of Accidents . 79 Gas and Electric Welding..................... 95 Government Safety Service in Industry 103 jb Industrial Health 137 Industrial Nursing 151 Occupational Diseases in Munitions Manufacture 167 Safety Engineering Exchange 179 Safety in Foremanship 191 War Safety Problems in Industry ........ , ^ 199 War Safety Training (Early Morning Classes) 209 Industrial Section Meetings-- Aeronautical Section 227 ASSE-Engineering Section 235 Automotive and Machine Shop Section ................239 Cement and Quarry Section............... 269 Chemical Section.................................................. 293 Construction Section 323 Food Section 339 Marine Section ................ . 367 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section 393 Metals Section 413 Mining Section 455 Paper and Pulp Section 487 Petroleum Section 539 Power Press Section 563 Public Utilities Section 587 Refrigeration Section 615 Rubber Section 635 Steam Railroad Section 663 Textile Section 679 Wood Products Section 701 Exposition Exhibitors Index 705 National Safety Council, Inc. Honorary Members Association of Iron and Steel Engineers W. H. Camf.ron Robert W. Campbell Lf.w R. Palmer Officers (1942-1943) Col. John Stilwf.ll, President I. W. Millard, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer G. T. Hfxlmuth, Asst. Vice-President for Finance and Asst. Treasurer B. B. McCulloch, Assistant Treasurer Walter S. Paine, Vice-President for Industrial Safety Lew R. Palmer, Vice-President for Transportation A. V. Rohwedf.r, Vice-President for Home and Farm Safety Judge Lf.f. E. Skf.ei, Vice-President for Community Councils R. T. Solf.nstf.n, Vice-President for Membership Leslie J. Sorenson, Vice-President for Public Safety Dr. Lewis A. Wilson, Vice-President for Education Nf.d H. Dearborn, Executive Vice-President, Managing Director and Secretary R. L. Forney, Assistant Secretary Executive Committee (1942-1943) J. I. Banash, Past President Wallace N. Barker, Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company C. W. Bergquist, Past President Robert W. Campbell, Past President D. B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Association R. G. Creviston, Crane Company A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Association Ned H. Dearborn, National Safety Council, Inc. Lewis A. DeBlois, Past President R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California Marcus A. Dow, Past President G. W. Elste, Jr., Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company Harold F. Enlows, The American National Red Cross D. D. Fennell, Past President R. H. Ferguson, Metals Section Robert F. Gilmour, Utica Safety Council E. E. Grover, Columbus & Southern Ohio Electrical Company Julien H. Harvf.y, Greater New York Safety Council W. A. Hazard, Construction Section Dr. T. Lyle Hazlett, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Com pany G. T. Hellmuth, Chicago Rapid Transit Company G. A. Heuser, Louisville Safety Council Carl E. Holmes, Marine Section W. A. Jarvis, Chase Brass & Copper Company, Inc. W. Dean Kff.ff.r, Lumliermen's Mutual Casualty Company / Valter G. King, Past President \ jhn E. Long. Past President J. Wili-ard Lord, Atlantic Refining Company Officers (contd.) Wills Maci.achan, ASSE-Engineering Section Hon. Carroll E. Mealf.y, New York State Tax Commission I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Company Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Philip M. Morgan, Massachusetts Safety Council; Worcester Safety Council Clarence J. Muth, Safety Division, Milwaukee Ass'n of Commerce Eliot Ness, U. S. Office of Defense Health & Welfare Services Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life and Affiliated Companies Lew R. Palmer, Past President C. E. Pettibone, Past President R. J. Reigeluth, New Haven Trap Rock Company Col Henry A. Rf.ninger, U. S. Office of Civilian Defense, 3rd Region A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missable & Iron Range Railway Company Carl J. Rutland, Street & Highway Traffic Section Henry G. Schaffner, Erie Safety Council Judge Lee E. Skfjel, Appellate Court, Cleveland Carl L. Smith, Greater Cleveland Safety Council Theodore F. Smith, Oliver Iron & Steel Corporation R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Company Leslie J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer, Chicago Col John Stilwell, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. Major R. C. Stratton, C.W.S., Chemical Section C. P. Tolman, Past President Dr. C. H. Watson, Past President Dr. Lewis A. Wilson, The University of State of New York C. E. WooLiKVF.R, Automotive & Machine Shop Section Arthur H. Young, Past President V. A. Zimmer, U. S. Department of Labor Board of Trustees (1942-1943) Winthrop W. Aldrich, Chairman Board of Directors, The Chase National Bank, New York City Sewfxl L. Avf.ry, President, Montgomery Ward & Company, Inc., Chicago, III. Morgan B. Brainard, President, Aetna Life Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn. Howard Cooni.ey, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Walworth Company, New York City Benjamin F. Fairi.kss, President, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Penn. * W. S. Farish, President, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, New York City Walter Gifford, President, American Telephone and Telegraph Com pany, New York City E. R. Harriman, Director, Union Pacific Railroad Company, New York City William A. Irvin, Member Executive Committee, United States Steel Corporation, New York City Thomas I. Parkinson, President, The Equitable Life Assurance So ciety of the U. S., New York City * Deceased Officers (contd.) Kuhkri Stanley, President, International Nickel Company of Can ada. I.td,. New York City t'oi.. John Stii.wh.i., Vice- President, Consolidated Edison Coinpany of New York, New York City Thomas John Watson, President, International Business Machines Corporation. New York City Chari.ks E. Wii.son, President, Central Electric Company, New York City Directors (1942-1943) H. J. Aldrich, Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. T. (). Armstrong, Springfield Safety Council;, Hampden County Safety Council W. C. Raker, Power Press Section J. I. Ranasii, Past President VVai.i.ack N. Rarkkr, Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company Ernest W. Rkck, United States Rubber Company C. W. BkRuyriST, Past President Miss Francks Rktiicnk, R.N., Textile Section W. F. Biggs. Peoria Safety Council H. R. Rixi.f.r, Mutual Fife Insurance Company of New York If. W. Boggkss, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company F. A. Boguk, Steam Railroad Section E. G. Borskrink, Kansas City Safety Council C. B. Boui.rt, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation EmkrsoN A. Braniit, Refrigeration Section Edward Hi. Brink, Grand Rapids Safety Council Joskph A. Rrophv, Klizalietli Safety Council W. F. Brown, Commercial Vehicle Section Sam W. Burchif.i, Automobile Club of Rhode Island, Safety Depart ment W. H. Camkron, Evanston, III. Rorfrt \V. Camprki.i., Past President Ravmonii A. Carry, Evanston Safety Council Ray Carr, Portland Traffic Safety Commission I). B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Association Chari.ks A. Chappell, Safety Division, Syracuse Chamber of Cem- merce I. ammot in*Pont Copeland. Delaware Safety Council C. S. Craiumii.f, Greater Chicago Safety Council R. G. Crkviston. Crane Company W. H. Crisman, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council J. 1C Cuu.iNKY, Bethlehem Steel Company A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Association John D'Amrrosa, Sr., Rahway Safety Council Nko II. Drariiorn. National Safety Council, Inc. \V. N. Dkatiifrank. Long Beach Traffic Safety Council I.kwis A. DkBi.oik. Past President C. W. Dempsey. The I.icpiid Carbonic Corporation S, T. Dirsiiai.k, Wood Prixlucts Section Mii.ton W. Dorr/knsky, East Bay Safety Council R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California Jamfs B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Company Marcus A. Dow, Past President D. C. Duncan, Public Utilities Section Officers (contd.) G. W. Ei.stk, Jk,, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company H \Roi.n F. Kni.ows, The American National Red Cross l>. I). Pknnkm* Past President R. II. Ferguson, Metals Section Dr. Hart K. Fi.siifr. Chicago Rapid Transit Company Victor R. Fitzpatrick, Richmond Safety Council IIowarii B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A.) Inc. Ray Gii.i.ktt, Meat Packing, Tanning & Feather Industries Section Rorfrt F. Gii.mour. Utica Safety Council John F. Griokr, Rubber Section W. A. Griffin. American Telephone & Telegraph Company IF j. Griffith, Jones A- Fanghlin Steel Corporation hi. 1C Grovkr, Columbus Safety Council Harry Guii.hkrt, The Pullman Company A. J. Hager, lamsing Safety Council D, T. Harrington. U. S. Bureau of Mines Frank IF Harrison, International Harvester Company Jui.ikn H. Harvey, Greater New York Safety Council W. A. Hazard. Construction Section Dr. T. I.vi.f Hazi.ett, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Com- liany G. T. Hki.i.muth, Chicago Rapid Transit Company G. A. If fuser. I.ouisville Safety Council H. W. HIRSiihmkr. Chattanooga Safety Council Cari. E. Holmes, Marine Section Dr. Rai.ph H. Houghton, Kenosha Safety Council Stephen J. Huri.f.y, Rochester Safety Council Wm F. James, Philadelphia Safety Council E. A. Jarvis, Chase Brass & Copper Company, Inc. Thomas P. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Ohio W. Dean Keefer, Fumbermen's Mutual Casualty Company Wafter G. King, Past President C. F. FaKountaine, Great Northern Railway Company George I.aMair, Des Moines Safety Council Roy Fee, Contra Costa County Safety Council Wai.i.ace O. Fee, Safety Division, Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce John E. Fong, Past President C. H. Fongman. Chicago & North Western Railway Company J. VVii.i.ari) Ford, Atlantic Refining Company R. A. McArthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport B. B. McCulloch, Bureau of Safety, Inc. Thos. IF MacDonai.d, U. S. Public Roads Administration Wn.i.s MacFachi.an, ASSE-Engineering Section Ai.ered E. Maefi.y, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission If. T. Markee, Petroleum Section Hon. Carroll E. Meai.ey. New York State Tax Commission I. W, Mii.i.ard, Industrial Gloves Company Harold F. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company IF H. Moiilf.r, St. Joseph Safety Council Philip M. Morgan, Massachusetts Safety Council R. B. Mori.ev, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations C. F. Murray. Mason City-Cerro Gordo County Safety Council Clarence J. Muth, Safety Division, Milwaukee Association of Com merce Ei.tot Ness, U. S. Office of Defense Health & Welfare Servie 7 Officers (contd.) Frank S. Newell, Toledo Safety Council F. Edward O'Neil, The Safety Council of Greater St. Louis George C. A. Opp, The Detroit Edison Company Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life and Affiliated Companies Lew R. Palmer, Past President David A. Patton, Newark Safety Council R. E. Perkey, South Bend Safety Council C. E. Pettibone, Past President G. H. Pfeif, General Electric Company D. W. Pontius, Greater Los Angeles Safety Council W. M. Powell, Cement and Quarry Section Albert S. Regula, General Time Instruments Corporation R. J. Reigeluth, New Haven Trap Rock Company Col. Henry A. Reninger, U. S. Office of Civilian Defense, 3rd Region J. W. Reynolds, United Pacific Insurance Company Roland W. Richardson, Paper & Pulp Section Clifford T. Ripley, Superior & Douglas County Safety Council Miss Sadie Rogers, Employees' Publication Section A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Company Carl J. Rutland, Street & Highway Traffic Section Henry G. Schaffner, Erie Safety Council Frank T. Sheets, Portland Cement Association John R. Sherwood, Baltimore Safety Council Dr. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Company Judge Lee E. Skeel, Appellate Court, Cleveland Carl L. Smith, Greater Cleveland Safety Council Theodore F. Smith, Oliver Iron & Steel Corporation R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Company Leslie J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer, Chicago John L. Spencer, Blackstone Valley Safety Council E. C. Spring, Philadelphia, Pa. E. B. Stahlman, Safety Dept, Nashville Chamber of Commerce Col. John Stilwell, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. Major R. C. Stratton, C.W.S., Chemical Section H. B. Taylor, Food Section C. P. Tolman, Past President John Treweek, Mining Section R. A. Tucker, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council J. A. Vincent, Madison County Safety Council Dr C H. Watson, Past President M. F. M. Werth, Lehigh Valley Safety Council H. W. Whitcomb, Transit Section T. Anglin White, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau C. E. Wilson, Detroit Industrial Safety Council Dr Lewis A. Wilson, The University of State of New York C. E. Wooliever, Automotive and Machine Shop Section Roy V. Wright, Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation Miss Mary May Wyman, Child Education Section Arthur H. Young, Past President M. W. Young, Sacramento Safety Council Walter S. Young, Worcester Safety Council E. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce Irving R. Zerzan, Omaha Safety Council V. A. Zimmer, U. S. Department of Labor 8 58 31st National Safety Congress of material exhausted, or leakage losses caused by loose cleanout doors, broken joints, holes worn in duct (most frequent in elbows), poor connection to exhauster inlet. Losses in suction can also be charged to additional exhaust points added to the sys tem (sometimes systems are designed for future connections and more air than re quired is handled by present branches until future connections are made), change of set ting of blast gates in branch lines (blast gates adjust the air distribution between the rious branches. Tampering with blast gat^ can seriously affect such distribution u*j therefore gates should be locked in place a*, mediately after system has been installed atyj its effectiveness checked). Increased pres sure loss through dust collector due to lacjj of maintenance, improper operation, wear, etc, vary with the collector design. Refer to op. eration and maintenance instructions fm-,, nished with the collector or consult the equipment manufacturer. Testing Toxic Atmospheres By N. R. BERNZ Chief Industrial Hygienist, The Fidelity & Casualty Co. of N. Y., New York, New York In manufacturing, many operations and processes of one industry are common to those of another, although the two indus tries may be engaged in the production of entirely different types of goods. For example, welding is used very extensively throughout the aviation, shipbuilding, auto mobile and steel industries; this applies also to spray painting, electroplating, buffing, grinding, and many other operations. Sim ilarly with raw materials, various kinds of acids, organic solvents, etc., are found in almost any type of plant. For this reason there are certain industrial poisons which appear much more frequently than others and which may be found throughout the entire defense industry. Some of these are: Dusts Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Cyanide Sulfur Dioxide Oxides of Nitrogen Ammonia Phosgen Lead Cadmium Benzene Toluene Xylene T richloroethylene Carbontetrachloride Carbon Disulfide Nitric Acid Chromic Acid Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Sulfuric Acid Others which are more directly associated with specific industries are: Trinitrotoluene (dust and vapors) Ammonium Picrate (dust) Mercury (vapors) Aniline Radon Thoron As will be seen by examination of tht above list, some of these substances are pres ent as raw materials; others are final prod ucts, while a third group occurs as by-prod ucts generated in the various operations Typical of the first group are the variou acids, organic solvents, chlorinated hydro carbons, ammonia, and carbon disulfide. Ithe second class we have TNT and am monium picrate, while the remainder ar commonly occurring dusts, fumes, gases anvapors of a toxic nature generated in variou industrial processes. While the theoretics possibilities for exposure to toxic substance in the above industries are far too numer ous for tabulation, this list represents thos most commonly encountered. Dusts Silica-bearing inorganic dusts are pror ably found in all of the above industries. Fexample, mining of the iron ore in the ste industry presents exposures to free sill dust in considerable quantities. Buffin polishing, and grinding operations done ve: Dust, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 59 tensively in a great many industries, nerate inorganic dusts, which for the most rt consist of aluminum oxide and silicon rbide. but also include free silica in amor ous and crystaline forms. For the purpose of quantitative determinann, dusts may be divided roughly into three asses, as follows: 1. The inorganic type such as free silica id asbestos, which is collected and the num:r of particles per unit volume of air deterined microscopically. of dust are by means of electrostatic pre cipitators (3) and various types of "grab" samplers. With the electrostatic precipitator, the dust is collected in a dry state and either weighed as is, or suspended in water and counted in a manner similar to that em ployed with the impinger method. Several of the grab samplers have microscopes in corporated with the sampling device and these are calibrated in such a manner that die number of particles per cubic foot of air can readily be obtained by almost instantan eous readings (4). 2. Organic dusts of natural origin, the nount of which is usually determined by eight. Typical of these are tobacco and flour .ists. 3. Synthetically manufactured organic impounds which may occur in the form of usts, such as TNT and ammonium picrate. hese substances when present as air contminanls in low concentrations are generally valuated quantitatively by chemical means. Besides above types, there are also metallic usts such as lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, tc., some of which will be discussed under nother heading. Organic Dusts (Natural) This group as a rule is not classified by medical authorities as fibrosis producing dusts, and hardly warrants any discussion in this paper. While claims do exist to the effect that some dusts in this class have produced respiratory irritation, bronchitis, asthma, etc., these dusts are generally looked upon as nuisances rather than occupational disease producers. No official physiological threshold limits have been established and sampling of this type of dust for the purpose of evaluating an occupational disease hazard has little or no meaning. Inorganic Dusts The most common method for evaluation c this type of dust is to collect air samples n liquid solutions by means of an impinger 1) and to make the quantitative determinaion microscopically. When calculating the lust concentration, usually expressed in num,er of particles per cubic foot of air, the nicroscopic calibration factor, the volume of 'fie sampling liquid, and the size of the air 'ample are taken into consideration. The sampling procedure, microscopic ar rangement, and calculations are extremely 'imple, but the actual counting is a tedious )0b associated with severe eye strain and Squires considerable experience before dust cunts can be relied upon. In recent years the microprojection method (2) has been used 'or counting of impinger samples. With this fitothod in which the microscopic field is pro jected on a translucent screen, the eye strain e^Perienced in direct microscopic work, is 'hminated. methods for evaluation of this type Most of these dusts, however, are ex plosive when dispersed in certain proportions in the air and require control from this point of view. Considerable work to establish ex plosive limits for this type of dust has been done by the United States Department of Agriculture. Synthetic Dusts In the manufacture of TNT and ammon ium picrate, both of which represent basic war industries, we are confronted with toxic raw materials as well as hvgienically injuri ous final products. In this industry great quantities of toluene, anhydrous ammonia, sulfuric and nitric acids are used, all of which are classified as industrial poisons. TNT and ammonium picrate are themselves systemic poisons as well as skin irritants known to have produced fatalities and severe cases of dermatitis. A method for sampling and determination of TNT was described recently by Pinto and Fahy. (5) This procedure calls for the use of 10 c.c. of isopropyl alcohol in the midget 60 31st National Safety Congress impinger. The chemical determination is based on the reduction of TNT to triaminotoluene, and finally, a colorimetric compari son with known standards. Ammonium picrate is highly soluble in water which therefore can be used as the collection medium in an impinger when sampling for this material in industrial at mospheres. The deep color whch results upon solution of ammonium picrate in water is also evident in extremely low concentrations and for this reason a direct colorimetric com parison of the sample with known standards can be made. With this method there is a possibility of interference from dinitrophenol, the extent of which has not been determined (6). Carbon Monoxide This is a very toxic gas encountered in various industrial activities. The toxic limit for this gas is generally accepted as 100 p.p.m. for prolonged exposure. To the pub lic in general its presence is most commonly associated with automobile exhaust and gas burning appliances utilizing manufactured gas with a high percentage of carbon monoxide. As a result of incomplete combustion it may also be present when burning natural gas or other fuels. In industrial operations in volving baking ovens, drying kilns, coke ovens, blast furnaces, etc. carbon monoxide is frequently encountered. In industrial proc esses in general, and particularly where chemical reactions are involved, carbon monoxide may be generated as a dangerous by-product. In prism grinding, which is closely allied with the defense industry, a high quality iron oxide rouge is required. Occasionally this material is manufactured on the premises as an adjunct to the prism grinding work. This involves the use of oxalic acid for production of iron oxalate which is later decomposed by heat to yield iron oxide rouge. In this process carbon monoxide as well as other gases are gen erated. Several methods have been developed for the quantitative determination of carbon monoxide, but only the two most expedient procedures employed in industrial hygiene work will be discussed here. One of these is the carbon monoxide indicator based on the catalytic reaction of hopcalite which oxidizes carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The small electric current produced fcf heat of the reaction through a (mS couple is calibrated in terms of carbon oxide concentration which is read dii^fl on the dial of a milliammeter. The sq3E of suction in this instrument is a small ce23 fugal blower, the motor of which is operaw either from a built-in 6 volt battery or bZ a 110 volt lighting circuit through a tr2J former. Another convenient method for estimate* of carbon monoxide though less sensitive aga not so accurate is the use of palladia chloride ampoules. In this reaction the pat^ dium chloride is reduced to metallic Iadium thereby producing a stain, the j*. tensity of which is in direct proportion the amount of carbon monoxide in the atmo*. phere under observation. The stain produce is compared to known color standards evaluation of the carbon monoxide preset, This method is not specific for carbon mo*, oxide, however; three are other reductm gases which also will produce a stain in % presence of palladium chloride. Incidental!* the standard method for carbon monoxi^ evaluation, adopted by the British Depan. ment of Industrial Research (7) consists of | palladium chloride test paper through whi^ the air to be sampled is drawn by mean of a handpump. The stain thus produced fc compared with a standard color chart. 4 Hydrogen Suliide Hydrogen sulfide is a very toxic gas witk a disagreeable odor. It is found in many i*. dustrial operations where sulfur or sulft* compounds are used, but primarily it is en countered in the artificial silk, chemical petroleum industries. Safe limits varying between 20 and 50 p.p.m. by volume have bea suggested by various State authorities in thi country. The most rapid method for determinate of hydrogen sulfide is undoubtedly the ta of a hand operated instrument consist^) essentially of an aspirator bulb and a detecto tube through which the air sample is drawl The detector tube contains a chemical sui stance which when in contact with hydroge sulfide produces a discoloration the lengt of which is in proportion to the amount ( hydrogen sulfide present and can be mea.' ured on an attached scale. It can also t determined iodometrically, either by bubblin Dust, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 61 ough a sodium hydroxide solution and ating with iodine, or by bubbling through assium iodide starch solution and a measxi amount of standard iodine in which re- aon the disappearance of the color indi tes the end point (8). Hydrogen Cyanide This gas for which the industrial hygiene ireaus of California, Connecticut and Masshusetts have established a safe limit of 20 pm. by volume, is found in electroplating aerations, heat treating, etc. A portable instrument of the type disJssed in connection with hydrogen sulfide, been developed for hydrogen cyanide 'so. I have been informed, however, that the Tdrogen cyanide detector in its original arm proved less satisfactory and that it has *0 withdrawn from the market temporarily len<iing further research. Chemical tests are available for detection * hydrogen cyanide, such as the prussian 'ue and thiocyanate reactions, both of which ire specific for this gas but allegedly not <nsitive enough for concentrations encoun;tred in industrial hygiene work. Other awthods suitable for determination of this 545 in small concentrations are the Congo rd-silver nitrate and the benzidine--copper acate test papers. These methods, which 2*Y* keen adopted as standard tests by the ntish Department of Industrial Research, >re nn-specific, however, so that the possible u^'tcnce of other gases such as HCL, *N, SO2 and HoS should be taken into onsideration. a method suggested by the Air Hygiene ^'datin (A.H.F.) the air sample is hvd ^lrou8^1 0.5 per cent potassium Moxidt after which the determination is udc by titrating with silver nitrate (9). Sulfur Dioxide FLvTWti i tofi 10 su^ur dioxide gas are com- *nd m u industry, rubber works, (j^*ulfuric acid manufacturing. Sulfur also encountered in bone and glue agnesium foundries, and other in- It j, *here sulfur compounds are used. * irritating gas for which fftnit of 10 p.p.m. has been sug- For the testing of sulfur dioxide, the American Public Health Association (A.P. H.A.) (10) refers to an iodomctric method (11) by means of which the air sample is passed through a gas wash bottle containing a measured amount of standard iodine in potassium iodide-starch solution. The disap pearance of the color indicates the end of the test, after which the amount of sulfur dioxide present can be calculated. The British Department of Industrial Re search employs a starch-potassium iodate test paper through which the air sample is drawn by means of a handpump. The sulfur dioxide reduces the iodate to iodine with the production of a stain the degree of which is compared to known color standards. Oxides of Nitrogen This is a group of gases, some of which are extremely toxic. They are produced when nitric acid comes in contact with organic materials and certain metals; during chemical nitration processes and burning of nitrated materials; they are also present in small quantities during electrical discharges in the air. Above gases may, therefore, be found in such industries and operations as ammuni tion works, photographic film manufacturing, nitric acid plants, electroplating (bright dipping), detonation of explosives, electric welding, etc. During the chemical reactions that accom pany above operations, a mixture of oxides are formed. The hazardous nature of this group, also called "nitrous fumes" is due primarily to the nitrogen dioxide, a reddish brown gas which reacts with water and upon respiration forms nitric acid in the lungs. The result is often pulmonary edema which frequently proves fatal. The fact that the respiration of these gases does not produce any immediate discomfort in spit of their toxicity, makes them doubly dangerous. A person may be exposed to these fumes and experience only a slight respiratory irrita tion immediately following the exposure, while the case may develop into a fatal con dition by next day. For example, I know of a case in a nitric acid plant where a man was engaged in filling nitric acid into carboys in a depart ment with a wooden floor. One of the car boys accidentally broke causing the acid to 62 31st National Safety Congress flow over the wooden floor producing the brown nitrogen dioxide gas in great volumes. The operator not being familiar with the toxicity of this gas and experiencing no im mediate physiological warning, remained on the job attempting to clean the floor by mop ping up the acid, instead of leaving the work place for fresh air. As a result a consider able portion of this gas was probably inhaled. He became seriously ill a few hours later and died within 48 hours. Cases of men be coming sick while doing electric welding in side tanks or in other confined spaces are often referred to in the literature. Many of these cases are undoubtedly due to oxides of nitrogen generated in the electric arc. ical industry. It is a strong respiratory tant for which safe limits ranging betv*JJ, 50 and 85 p.p.m. have been recommemjjf (Russian investigators 13-39 p.p.m.; Sta^ of Massachusetts 50 p.p.m.; Flury ^ Zernik 85 p.p.m.). Ammonia vapors can be evaluated directly in the field by bubbling the air sample through a measured volume of 0.1 N hydro, chloric acid in water solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator; the appearance oj a pink color indicates the end point. Fran the amount of acid used and the size of tl* air sample, the concentration of ammoni; vapors can be calculated (8). While there are several methods known for the quantitative determination of oxides of nitrogen, testing for these air contaminants is not so simple as that for some of the others discussed in this paper. Incidentally, in view of the cumbersome procedures in volved in testing for these gases, the amount of ventilation required for their control after blasting in mining and tunnel work is some times based on the amount of carbon mon oxide present, which can readily be deter mined. With explosives designed for a low oxygen balance resulting in a relatively high carbon monoxide concentration and corre spondingly low volumes of oxides of nitrogen, this is a safe and expedient procedure. For actual detection of nitrogen dioxide, the method employing starch-potassium iodide test paper is probably the best known. This paper when damp is colored blue in the presence of nitrogen dioxide. The method is non-specific, however. Other, specific meth ods for evaluation of nitrogen dioxide, and sensitive at low concentrations are the GriessIlosvay and the Bismarck Brown tests. With both methods, the air sample is bubbled through chemical solutions after which the quantitative determinations are made in the laboratory by colorimetric analysis. Although physiological safe limits up to 40 p.p.m. have been proposed for these gases, atmos pheres which by odor or color indicate the presence of nitrous fumes should always be viewed with suspicion. Ammonia As stated elsewhere, ammonia is an im portant raw material throughout the chem Sulfuric acid can also be used with aboy method. In another method, recommendei by the A.P.H.A., the air sample is collects in sulfuric acid, but the final evaluation i made in the laboratory by standard analytics means. Lead Exposure to this metal occurs very exten sively in nearly all types of manufacturing. The most frequently encountered forms of lead are fumes, dust and dispersed pigments. These occur around lead melting operations, soldering, welding of metals covered with lead-bearing paints, and in spray painting work. Sampling of lead-contaminated atmos pheres is usually done either by means of the impinger or by the electrostatic precipita tor. When the impinger is used, as is fre quently the case when investigating spray painting and many other types of work in volving lead dispersion, the sampling liquid may be either distilled water or dilute nitric acid. Regardless of the collection method used, the final evaluation of the amount of lead present is done in the laboratory by various analytical methods, the description of which is beyond the scope of this paper. It prob ably should be emphasized, however, that al though some of these methods are highly sensitive and the experienced analysts usual ly well-trained to handle minute quantities of lead in their work, it is preferable to take large air samples wherever possible to facil itate the laboratory work. With the large impinger and the electro-static precipitator Dust, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 63 rth sampling rates of 1 and 3 cubic feet of * per minute respectively, this is not a mblem. With the midget impinger, on the r hand, with a sampling rate of only 0.1 iic foot per minute, this becomes a tiresome aslc, especially if the handcranked instru ct is used. Let us take, for example, a a* in which the atmospheric lead dispersion t just about on the border line of the safe irit, i. e. 1.5 mg. per 10 cubic meters of *. For a 30 minute sample with the midget linger, only 3 cubic feet of air have been Wled. This represents only 0.013 mg. of lai in the air sample, which evidently re uses a fairly sensitive analytical method i careful handling for a successful comjktion of the test. Cadmium The United States Public Health Service ^.S.P.H.S.) (16) suggests as a safe limit *ith respect to toxicity of cadmium fumes a "centration of 1 mg. per 10 cubic meters of . The metal is used extensively as a coat"C of iron and steel for rust prevention, as as in structural steel to impart certain *?Perties. Exposures to cadmium and cad- fumes may, therefore, be encountered 11 such operations as electroplating, weld^ of cadmium-bearing iron and steel as as many other processes where work in***** cadmium-plated articles. Some of you y probably familiar with the cases of cadr** intoxication in a plant in Ontario, 7**^ a few years ago, when 14 persons **re poisoned--two fatally--during anneal- f cadmium plated rivets (17). A* in the case of lead, sampling for cadfumes or dust may be done either with - . unpingcr (with water as collection !?f-A.P.H.A.) or by tuhke celceecturo^s-tautuic s^tor and the samples evaluated in the by gravimetric or colorimetric methods. Point it probably should be brought `Or sampling of metal fumes, the has a lower collecting efficiency electrostatic precipitator, which taken into consideration when * exults obtained on samples col"C two instruments (18). Mercury The present emergency has greatly accel erated the use of mercury, not only in our ammunition works, but also in many other plants directly or indirectly connected with the defense industry. In some cases entirely new uses have been introduced for this metal. For example, a recent development is an anti-fouling paint containing mercury, now used in our shipyards. Application of this mercury-bearing paint by means of spraying naturally introduces a serious exposure to mercury poisoning and calls for careful con trol ; this applies also to the manufacture of the paint. Due to the great demand for mercury and the shutting off of foreign sup plies, many old mercury mines are now being reopened so that refining of this metal with accompanying occupational disease hazards has expanded considerably during the past year. The toxic properties of mercury as a respiratory hazard when present in the form of vapors or in a finely divided metallic state are probably fairly well-known to most men concerned with industrial health. A safe limit, toxicologically, of about 2 mg. per 10 cubic meters of air appears to be generally accepted for inhalation exposures. Althouh the metal has a relatively low vapor pressure at or dinary temperatures, investigations have shown that sufficient vapors are emitted to produce a mercury hazard in rooms where this material is used in metallic form. A number of methods are available for the evaluation of mercury vapors in air. One of the most expedient procedures is probably by means of the Nordlander apparatus utilizing a selenium sulfide test paper, the color of which darkens in the presence of mercury. The amount of mercury present is estimated by comparing the degree of darkening with a standard color chart. Another more recently developed method involves an optical instrument based on the opacity of mercury vapors to ultra violet light of a certain wave length. In this instrument, therefore, when ultra violet light of a specific wave-length is directed towards a phototube, interfering mercury vapor will reduce the light received by the phototube and conse quently also its current flow, which in turn is calibrated in terms of mercury concentra tion. This instrument is not specific as it is 64 31st National Safety Congress subject to other light intercepting media such as smoke and log. There are also other methods for determin ations of mercury, entailing condensation of the vapors and subsequent electrolytic deposi tion of the metal, chemical reaction methods, etc. The first two mentioned above, however, are the most expedient and yield immediate results during the field investigations. Benzene (Benzol), Toluene and Xylene These three aromatic hydrocarbons are widely used as industrial solvents and ingredi ents in a number of chemical reactions. Tolu ene, for example, is an important raw mate rial in our ammunition manufacturing, espe cially in the production of trinitrotoluene. With the increased demand for toluene and the corresponding scarcity of this material, benzene is rapidly taking its place as a sol vent in many industries. Xylene, which besides being an important solvent, also does enter as a raw material in certain chemical processes, at present associated with the defense industry and therefore used in great quantities. For instance, in a plant I visited recently xylene is used in the production of a certain type of resin, which in turn is employed in an article manufactured for the United States Army. All these three materials are classified as industrial poisons, although there appears to be some confusion as to the relative toxicity of each. Benzene is generally considered as the worst offender, although this may not be due to a greater toxicity of the material per se but to the fact that it has a higher vapor pressure than the other two so that for a given temperature more of it will be found in the air. However that may be, the toxic effect of alt of them, once dispersed in the air, is generally recognized and therefore in dicates the need for strict control wherever they are used. For the evaluation of these materials some chemical as well as physical methods are available. Most of these, however, are com plicated and cumbersome, involving such operations as nitration by bubbling the air through nitric acid with subsequent colorimet ric determination, or condensation of the vapors followed up by laboratory analytical procedures for the final evaluation. While methods of this type may be satisfactory for scientific purposes, for routine sampling in control work in industrial plants, a combus tible gas indicator is far more expedfl Most of these devices, used primarily for 9 prevention work, are designed to readS within 1% of tl\e lower explosive limit of # gas or vapor under test For above *3 stances with lower explosive limits aroog 1% by volume, this means that concentratiqj down to 100 p.p.m. can be detected, which j approximately the accepted toxic limit fj these solvents. For benzene with a safe lij^ of 75 p.p.m. (19) a modified combustible indicator has been placed on the marked which measures concentrations ranging he. tween 0 and 1000 p.p.m. A spectroscojjjj method for determination of benzene aj# .toluene in air has been described by Col* (20). Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Of these, trichloroethylene and carbo* tetrachloride are probably most frequently found. They are used extensively as met# cleaning agents; the former in regular degreasing machines on a production basis at# the latter for work of a more occasional nature. These materials with their grease dissolving properties are regarded by medical authorities as very injurious to the fatty tis sues of the human body. As in the case of other substances referred to above, there are chemical methods for quantitative determination of vapors from these materials, but they are mostly too cum bersome for routine sampling. Optical instruments are available, however, for rapid evalu ation of such vapors dispersed in the air. The best known of these is probably the portable interferometer in which the difference be tween the refraction of air (the comparison substance) and that of the gas mixture to be examined is measured. This difference is calibrated in terms of concentration of the gas or gases under observation. Naturally the same readings will be obtained for all gas mixtures resulting in the same refractive in dex, so the instrument is therefore not spe cific. With information, however, as to the type of air contaminant concerned in a par ticular problem it is an exceedingly useful instrument applicable to the investigation of a great variety of gases and vapors. Carbon Disulfide This substance which at ordinary tempera tures occurs as a liquid with a high vapor pressure, generates toxic vapors for which Dust, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 65 y low safe limits have been suggested `us authorities. Russian investigators -tnmended a threshold limit of only for prolonged exposures, while the Department of Scientific and Indusarch has suggested a value of 10 d our own State of Massachusetts, While there is a wide divergence these values, they all tend to indicate "tial dangers connected with exto vapors of carbon disulfide, h this solvent may be encountered t many industrial operations, it is narily in the viscose--and rubber where it constitutes an important rial. iluation of these vapors, the Air Foundation recommends drawing through an alcoholic potassium hysolution to form potassium ethyl xan?ch is determined iodometrically. The Department of Scientific and Indusarch uses a colorimetric method of bubbling the air through di: and copper acetate forming a colound the intensity of which is comtfa standards. In view of the inflamof these vapors, a rapid method of 'uation in high concentrations would of a combustible gas indicator, ely, however, the sensitivities of nents as built at present, are not ttgh to get within the physiological Se of this material. Acidc group probably nitric, chromic, hydrochloric and sulfuric acids most commonly encountered. Of acid has been discussed under an"g. Exposures to chromic add ,jn chrome ulcers and the perforated are frequently found around plating tanks. A safe limit of 1 cubic meters of air has been estabfomic acid which in electroplating - as a mist over the plating baths. : and hydrochloric acids also exform as hydrogen fluoride and -ride respectively. A safe limit > been suggested for the former, , been set at 10 p.p.m. for the nitric, chromic, and sulfuric done by bubbling through a "4e solution; hydrofluoric add through potassium hydroxide; and hydro chloric acid through glycerol-potassium car bonate-water solution. For the final labora tory evaluation I refer to standard methods of the A.P.H.A. Bibliography 1. Greenburg, L. and Smith, G. W. A New Instrument for Sampling Aerial Dust. R. I. 2392, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1922. 2. Brown, Carlton E.; Baum, Lester A. H.; Yant, William P., and Schrenk, Helmuth H. Microprojection Method for Count ing Impinger Dust Samples. R.I. 3373, U. S. Bureau of Mines, January, 1938. 3. Barnes, E. C. and Penney, G. W. An Electrostatic Dust Weight Sampler. Jo. In dustrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 20, 3, p. 259 March, 1938. 4. Bernz, N. R. Dust Counts and Their Significance. Heating, Piping and Air Con ditioning, March, June and October, 1942. 5. Pinto, S. Sherman and Fahy, John P. A New Colorimetric Method for the Deter mination of T.N.T. (2, 4, 6 Trinitrotoluene) in Air. Jo. Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 24, 2, p. 24 February, 1942. 6. Sands, Frederick W., 189 Claremont Avenue, New York, N. Y. Unpublished data obtained through personal communication, August, 1942. 7. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, England Methods for De tection of Toxic Gases in Industry. Leaflet No. 1--Hydrogen Sulfide Leaflet No. 2--Hydrogen Cyanide Leaflet No. 3--Sulfur Dioxide Leaflet No. 4--Benzene Leaflet No. 5--Nitrous Fumes Leaflet No. 6--Carbon Disulfide Leaflet No. 7--Carbon Monoxide Leaflet No. 8--Phosgen Leaflet No. 9--Arsine Leaflet No. 10--Chlorine Leaflet No. 11--Aniline Leaflet No. 12--Organic Compounds 8. Method employed at the Harvard School of Public Health. 9. Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. Preventive Engineering Series, Bulletin No. 2, Part 8. 10. Cook, Warren A. Report on Methods for Determination of Poisonous Atmospheric 66 31st National Safety Congress Contaminants, pp. 80-85, 1935-1936 Year Book, American Public Health Association. 11. Fieldner et al. Jo. Industrial & Engi neering Chemistry 11:519, 1919. 12. Evans, R. D. Apparatus for the Deter mination of Minute Quantities of Radium, Radon and Thoron in Solids, Liquids and Gases. Review of Scientific Instruments, 6:99 --112 (1935). 13. Brown, S. C.; Elliott, L. G.; and Evans, R. D. Detection of Radon by Means of A Proportional Counter. Review of Scien tific Instruments 13: 147--151 (1942). 14. Evans, R. D. and Goodman, C. De termination of The Thoron Content of Air and Its Bearing on Lung-Cancer Hazards in Industry. Jo. of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 22, 3, pp. 89-99 March, 1940. 15. Evans, R. D.; Nilson, S. J.; Good man, C.; and Bernz, N. R. Industrial Ap plication of a Method for Determining the Thoron Content of Air. Proceedings of the VIII International Congress on Occupational Diseases and Preventive Medicine, { Frankfurt a. M. Germany, September 1938. 16. United States Public Health S*rw^ Division of Industrial Hygiene, Institute of Health, Washington, D. mium Poisoning. Public Health ReoortL**' 17 April 24, 1942. *, 17. Bulmer, F. M. R.; Rothwell, jj. ~ and Frankish, E. R. Industrial Cadt5 Poisoning. A report of fifteen cases/in2^ ing two deaths. Canadian Public HeahfcT' 1938, V.29, 19-26. * 18. Littlefield, J. B.; Feicht, Florence and Schrenk, H. H. Efficiency of Impi^G for Collecting Lead Dusts and Fumes/th 3401, U. S. Bureau of Mines, May, 1933*" 19. American Standard Association, ju zene, allowable concentration. Z 37.4, 20. Cole, Peter A. Determination of ^ Concentration of Benzene and Toluei* Air by a Spectroscopic Method. Jo. Soc. Am. 32, 304-306, May, 1942. Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective Devices* By H. H. SCHRENK Chief Chemist, Health Division, Bureau of Mines and S. J. PEARCE Associate Chemist, Gas and Dust Section, Central Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Published by permission of the Director, Bureau of Mines, L\ S. Department of the Interior, Washtngtoa, D. C. ure or improper use of other control eqtt^ ment. H. H. Schrenk, chief chemist. Health Di vision, Bureau of Mines and S. J. Pearce, associate chemist, Gas and Dust Section, Central Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. There are several well-recognized pro cedures for controlling exposure to hazard ous atmospheres in industry. They include (a) substitution of less toxic material, (b) enclosure of processes, (c) wet methods, (d) local exhaust, (e) general ventilation, and (f) use of respiratory protective de vices. In addition to their employment as a control measure in occupational exposures, respiratory protective devices also are essen tial in emergencies that may arise from fail Respiratory protective devices usually m employed to supplement other methods a control, as a temporary expedient, or who other methods are not readily applicable a practicable. It seems reasonable to assont however, that where respirators are use, consideration has been given to the factor; involved, and that the devices can prom satisfactory protection if used properly. The use should not be arrived at simply by . process of elimination of other methods fa are more difficult to apply. Atmospheric contaminants include gist vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, and fogs. Re piratory protection against these contamin ants may be required for concentrations fa are immediately dangerous to health or lb Gas and Electric Welding 97 sets will eliminate these hazards. Passage ways, ladders, openings, ditches, etc., should tO be kept clear and free as possible of these items. Cables installed in ducts or suspended zrerbead will eliminate this hazard. A welder or a worker, on whatever job ae may be doing, must be conscious not of his own safety but of the safety of abers working near at hand. By his own afety efforts, his own work not only is made easier and safer, but his fellow workers' opportunity for doing their jobs faster and safer is furthered. These many factors--proper clothing, pro tective equipment, ventilation, goggles, fire prevention, elimination of tripping hazards, and the regard for others helps all of us in dividually and collectively to conserve our efforts so that each of our jobs can be done faster and better. Health Aspects of Welding By A. G. CRANCH, M. D. Union Carbide Company, New York City and B. L. VOSBURGH, M. D. # General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. the purpose of this paper is to offer some *****cl points for the better protection of b* health of welding operators. It is not as an exhaustive research document, `e health hazards of welding may be classed "real and unreal". The former should not * mored, nor should the latter be allowed W c*a*e undue alarm. The real hazards are ***yterious; they should be easily under- by any reasonably well trained operator ^e*n* for protection are available and when used. 4 bidding operator is usually exposed to * *cneral accident hazards common to field in which he is working. ** 'rn workers, ship builders and *,e exposed to increased accident a large proportion of welding in connection with such work, 006 reason for the common asser*dding is a dangerous and un- 0ccaPation. . possible source for the charge a health hazard is the cirthe formulas of most rod "pjtt^de secrets" so that there ** to indulge in all sorts of ft. the danger to health from jpedients in these coatings, coatings would appear to have introduced any important health hazards. As for the "mystery," most of these coat ings have been patented. Not long ago the Bureau of Mines issued an Information Cir cular (1) giving much detailed information on the composition of welding rod coatings and fluxes. This was based on patent in formation, purposes served by the various ingredients and analyses of many typical coatings. This and other reports remove the "mystery." A third and perhaps the most important reason for the assumption that welding is a health hazard, are the dramatic deaths which have been reported in a relatively few in stances following massive exposures to weld ing fumes in strictly confined spaces without suitable protection for the operators. That such incidents do not reflect a general hazard is well shown by the fact that in the past three years the number of welding operators has increased some 400% and in the past ten years consumption of welding rods has in creased some 2800% with scarcely any in crease in such fatalities. Until quite recently the health problems of welding have been approached from a speculative rather than scientific view point. Unfortunately in a number of instances even medical men, apparently with little attempt to 98 31st National Safety Congress check exposures or weigh evidence available, have attributed an amazing variety of ills to welding exposures. These include digestive disorders and malnutrition,' liver diseases, respiratory affections even including cancer of the lung, circulatory, blood and glandular changes including thyroid disease and Hodg kin's disease, various skin diseases, neuro logical changes, sterility, and various other complaints. A careful analysis of these reports generally shows little or no evidence of any connection with welding exposures. The agents usually blamed for these various ailments would ordinarily be present in entirely negligible concentrations, if at all. Such substances as silica, asbestos, man ganese, chromium, nickel, cobalt, various other metals and even iron have been given as "potential hazards" in welding fumes. These have been charged with directly caus ing ill health or serving to activate other conditions such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc. With the exceptions shortly to be men tioned, there seems to be no evidence to indicate that they are present in a form or an amount which would constitute a health hazard. Some have stated that welding operators "are dying every day, and others suffering permanent health impairment as the result of their work," and charge that no studies have been made to identify or control the hazards. Anyone at all familiar with the research which has been done and is still going on in this field will realize that such charges must be due to ignorance or prejudice. The very thorough study con ducted by Britton and Walsh (2) and the experimental work and observations in this field by many other investigators (3) (4) (5) (6) fail to show any excess of ill health among welding operators, or any outstand ing type of illness among them. The Real Welding Hazards The real hazards peculiar to welding are essentially from: (1) radiation and (2) air contamination by gases and fumes. but only glare from too intense lig eyes must be protected by suitablelenses. In electric arc welding there^L^ only the glare but enough ultraviolet tion to call for a deeper shade of prot^Tlens for the eyes, and also a face shi*i$** protective clothing to cover all sVj,, JN which might be exposed. At preaei^^ attempt will be made to go into detail* this form of protection, as these are available from a number of sources, esp^f the American Standard Safety Code fo*j^ Protection of Heads, Eyes, and Respi,ra*, Organs (7) (9). Hazards from radiation are not cnn^ to the welding operator alone, butZ*} involve his helpers and others working^ the immediate neighborhood, usually ^ sidered to be within seventy-five to hundred feet in the case of arc welding. workman within this area should be prot2 either with suitable goggles or by the w of screens. If screens are used they sW. be so designed as to 'interfere as little y possible with ventilation. Some type* g operation can be done in ventilated boot^which may serve to reduce the hazard fa others. Not only must direct rays be key from the unprotected eye, but reflected raj, must be considered. This invariably call, for the use of dull non-reflective paint areas which may otherwise serve as re flectors. Excessive exposure of the eye to uhjv violet radiation damages chiefly the on*, structures of the eye, setting up conjunctiva* of varying degree. The damage is analogo* to a blistering sun burn of the skin and i the exposure is severe very'painful reaction will occur, with some temporary visual d*. turbances. Ultraviolet rays do not penetraj, the lens or injure the deeper structures of da eye. Experimental cataracts have been pr. duced in rabbits by prolonged exposure fa ' ultraviolet rays, but in actual welding aperience lens changes do not occur and optie * nerve injury is impossible from a physic^ ` standpoint Radiation presents the hazard of intense light, glare and of ultraviolet exposures. Probably all workers even casually ac quainted with welding operations are familiar with the need for eye protection in this work. In the case of gas welding there is little, if any, exposure to ultraviolet rays. Before leaving the subject of radiation t should be mentioned that in welding then is no exposure to short waves like the x-iaj. , This has been demonstrated repeatedly b> having welding operators carry dental x-raj films in their pockets. No systemic effeca have been demonstrated as due to the radia- Gas and Electric Welding 99 bon in welding, least of all sterility. This is mentioned because this charge has recently been revived in some quarters. It was originally made during the last World War md several investigations proved it to be bounded. There is no valid evidence to support such a theory. Gas Hazards Among the much discussed hazards of elding are those due to gases. These gases sy be essential to the type of welding as ie oxygen and acetlylene in oxyacetylene elding or they may be produced through the "actions occurring in the welding process as odes of nitrogen, ozone, or in some cases 'f imperfect -combustion carbon monoxide.' ardly necessary to state that oxygen * in welding does not produce a health serd. Misused, for instance, as a sub*ute for compressed air in ventilating spaces, it may increase the hazard "S burns, as any material will burn more 'bwly in the presence of an excess of 0*J*en- Ozone, a "peroxygen," may be loriaed in the welding arc and in concentra**** f over 1 p.p.m. may act as a pulmonary *T*aot- On leaving the arc, ozone rapidly , **** to exist as such and many investj Py* have demonstrated that even in con*P*ces a dangerous concentration is not 'k. d m the air breathed by an operator, attremely doubtful that ozone is anybut a theoretical hazard in welding. speaking of oxygen, mention may be ZP^Jhe hazard said to be due to "oxygen rTr*-?" from welding. This could occur Pf in tery confined spaces, as in tanks or the small compartments in ship's ^ *ud the like. There may have been ^ J^odcnts due to oxygen deficiency in j^Jac*tions but in all probability investi- ^ --*u^ sbow that this condition already in the area before welding operattempted. In the case of oxy- < Welding where a certain proportion is drawn from the atmosphere the E*me will usually become entirely tory for its purpose and the defiPSnized before the oxygen reaches enough to be dangerous to the the heat generated by the ation under normal atmospheric ould usually be unbearable in a before dangerous oxygen depletion occurred. "Oxygen deficiency," then can be put into the category of unreal hazard. One not infrequently sees references to the .toxic effects of unburned acetylene or the "impurities" present in acetylene gas. Acety lene is a simple asphyxiant gas not in itself a poison. It has had fairly wide use as an anesthetic. A hazard would exist only when the gas is present in such concentration as to reduce the oxygen in the air breathed so that not enough remained properly to supply the body. As the lower explosive limit of acetylene in air is about 2'/^ - 3% it is evident that in the presence of a flame an explosion would result long before the concentration would appreciably reduce the available oxygen in the air. As for the alleged hazard from impurities--arsine, phosphine, hydrogen sulphide or ammonia--this purely theoretical hazard is based chiefly on early analyses of acetylene made from materials of foreign origin. No significant amounts are present in acetylene produced today from raw mate rials from North American sources. Re cently tests were made for arsine in dissolved acetylene from four commercial producers and not even a trace was detected. The minute amounts of impurities sometimes found in acetylene are, of course, destroyed in the flame. The health hazards from acety lene and its "impurities" belong in the "unreal" class. Gases formed in the flame or arc are the oxides of nitrogen, sometimes called "nitrous fumes." They are not nitrous oxide, but are nitric oxide and other higher oxides of nitrogen. In the concentration present in connection with welding they are so diluted as to be colorless. Under other conditions of exposure these fumes may present other hazards but in welding the real hazard is as a pulmonary irritant. Except in small rooms or in very confined spaces as in tanks, etc., no dangerous concentration would be likely to occur. Just what is a dangerous concen tration has been undergoing considerable dis cussion in the last two or three years. The classic figure of 39 p.p.m. by volume in air, admittedly was based on very limited obser vations but has proved a fairly satisfactory working standard. Just as much more ex tensive experiments were beginning to indi cate that 70 p.p.m. or even up to 100 p.p.m. might be a safe limit for a day's work; 100 31st National Safety Congress others on what basis is not clear, are advocat ing a "safe concentration" of only 10 p.p.m. Certainly a study of available evidence in dicates that in welding operations concen trations of SO p.p.m. or less have not produced symptoms, and that probably under many conditions this amount may be exceeded without harm. Protection will be discussed under fume protection. Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide Carbon dioxide is produced by the oxyacetylene flame and by the electric arc but never in concentrations of physiological im portance. Carbon monoxide may be produced through imperfect combustion as when start ing welding or cutting of cold material or through the combustion of organic matter which may be present on the surface to be welded, or in the coatings of rods used. There is considerable divergence of opinion on the degree of hazard from carbon mon oxide in welding. A careful comparison of the various reports seems to indicate that the danger of a significant concentration is very slight under all ordinary conditions of welding. If standards of ventilation indicated by other features of the work are followed the hazard from carbon monoxide should be non-existent. Probably the most discussed health hazards of welding are those due to fumes. These are chiefly metallic, from the material being welded or used as a coating on that material or in the welding rod or its coating. The composition of welding fumes is so varied that this furnishes a wonderful field for the discovery of hypothetical and unreal hazards. These fumes also are the source of some very real hazards. If proper precautions are taken to avoid the real and recognizable hazards the same precautions should elim inate the theoretical hazards. Welding is now in such general use and the number of metals and their combinations involved is so great that there are probably but few metals which may not be handled by a welding operator. The most common complaint due to fume exposure is metal fume fever. This often called "zinc chills," "brass founder's ague" and the like, is really a non-specific reaction which might come from any of a number of metal fumes. The most common source is zinc fume, from welding on galvanized rial, or brass, or from using rods with * high zinc content Zinc should not be coo. sidered "highly toxic," however, as thy condition is an acute, self-limiting reaction of short duration and without known after, effects or complications. In a large number of those affected a considerable degree of immunity is established so that subsequent attacks are very mild or lacking altogether. The permissible limit for zinc fume in the air has been suggested as IS milligrams of zinc per cubic meter of air. If this concen tration is not exceeded it is unlikely that any cases of metal fume fever will occur. (6) The most serious condition likely to result from metal fume exposure is probably poisoning. This is not a hazard common to all welding operations, but only in the rela tively few cases where welding or cutting is done on material previously covered with lead paint, coated with metallic lead, or where lead has been introduced as an alloy as in certain steels. In such cases very definite protective measures will be required Next to lead ranks cadmium as a potential hazard. Lately cadmium has come into more general use as a rust-proof coating for steel in place of zinc. It enters into some alloys. The fume may produce a pulmonary irrita tion and edema resembling in many ways the effects from inhaling oxides of nitrogen. A wide variety of other metals have been mentioned as injurious. Manganese, chro mium, cobalt, copper, tin, antimony, mag nesium, aluminum, tellurium, vanadium, titanium and many others. As encountered in welding fumes the amounts are usually definitely less than those known to have toxic effects, and it is doubtful if any reports alleging injury from these metals in welding can be substantiated. Manganese has been most frequently suspected, but a study o< the reports of alleged effects fail to show any conclusive evidence and the amounts involved are below those known to hart produced effects. The charge that even snui! amounts of manganese predispose to pneu monia is not borne out by the known ex perience of welding operators. Other materials than gases or metals ma< create fume hazards through air contami nation. These may be encountered especially in repair work on various tanks, vats, etc Gas and Electric Welding 101 sir presence calls for special ventilation. 'here is one other source of real hazard ich may be present in many operations olving aluminum or some of the "stainless" els and alloy metals. This is from the sence of fluorides in many of the fluxes or i coatings used for this work. Hydrooric acid may be formed and the fume if aled in appreciable concentrations or for g periods may cause considerable irritan to the nose and throat or even pulmonary ema. Prevention To sum up: The real hazards of welding ; not many, are generally easily identified d protective measures are available and ective when used. These real hazards ould not be minimized or passed by. Briefly ?y are due to: 1. Radiant energy--ultraviolet and visible ht. 2. Oxides of nitrogen. 3. Metal fumes--lead, cadmium and zinc. 4. Fumes from organic residues or wastes. 3. Fumes from fluoride-containing fluxes id rod coatings. Protection from radiant energy has already :en outlined. Protection from the rest is most wholly a question of ventilation, arious means of approach have been tried establish standards for ventilation. Stand`ds in terms of concentration of contaminant ^pressed in parts per million by volume for ie gases or milligrams per cubic meter for letallic and other fumes have been suggested, > have standards expressed in number of :r changes per time unit. Both methods ave value and studies made along these nes have done much to solve some of the ifficult points in ventilation requirements, -nfortunately, it is very difficult to obtain uickly and easily a determination of fume oncentration on a given operation. Local onditions may also change the efficiency of Measures based on rate of air change. Not withstanding some of the practical difficulties n applying such standards in specific cases, *everal general rules on ventilation have been ^ved which have proved to be of con0(ferable help. Various studies of present day practice have been made which indicate that welding out of doors or in large shops seldom results in any serious air contamination except in the case of lead. In spaces of less than 1000 cu. ft. and especially inside tanks, ship holds, etc., special ventilation is necessary. Usually the exhaust of contaminated air is much more effective than an attempt to force fresh air into the space. In stationary locations this can generally be done with properly located exhaust fans or by the use of hoods and ducts to withdraw fumes as near as possible to their source. Portable exhaust systems have been designed which are adapted to field needs. In the case of gases such as oxides of nitrogen, or the rare instances of carbon monoxide, if sufficient ventilation is main tained from the beginning of the operation and sufficient to insure good visibility and to insure a comfortable temperature there should be no gas hazard even in confined spaces. If lead or cadmium fumes are present the only complete protection is by the use of air supplied masks. These are of three types-- air supplied by special blower, air supplied from compressed air system, and masks with larger hose without use of forced air supply. If compressed air is used from a general supply, special filters and pressure regulators are required. In the last named type with no forced air supply the length of hose can seldom be over 50 feet In confined spaces one of the above devices should be used. Out of doors or in large well ventilated shops and for moderately short exposures one of the filter type respirators approved by the Bureau of Mines for lead fumes may be satisfactory. In any confined space at least local exhaust ventilation is required when there is exposure to zinc or fluoride fumes, or to fumes from heavy deposits of organic wastes and sludge. Air supplied respirators offer, of course, the most positive protection. Briefly, a minimum standard of ventilation is one that will be sufficient to insure good visibility at the point of operaton, and insure a temperature within a reasonably comfort able limit. In confined spaces this would call for exhaust ventilation. In case of lead or cadmium exposures air supplied masks are required. No serious hazard is apt to be present except in confined spaces or when lead is involved. Special standards for venti 102 31st Sational Safety Congress lation in welding of leaded steel have been given by Halley (8) General requirements for ventilation are given in more detail in the reports of Tebbens and Drinker, (6) and in Special Bulletin No. 5 of the U. S. Depart ment of Labor, "Control of Welding Hazards in Defense Industries, (9) and by Hemeon. CIO) Summary and Conclusions 1. Health hazards in welding may be divided into "real" and "unreal." 2. Real hazards should not be ignored or minimized. They are usually easy to recog nize and effective preventive measures are available. 3. Unreal and hypothetical hazards are often alleged. If indicated precautions are taken to guard against the real hazards, the unreal will disappear entirely. 4. Hazards from radiation in welding are limited to eyes and skin. No systemic effects have been demonstrated. Means of preven tion are well known and available. 5. Hazards from air contamination can usually be controlled by ventilation and in some instances, by respiratory protective equipment. Hazard from gas is essentially limited to oxides of nitrogen. Ozone and carbon monoxide hazards are of minor im portance. Oxygen deficiency, if present, is usually not due to the welding operation but to other causes. Fume hazards for practical purposes are limited to fumes from lead, cadmium, zinc or fluorine, and rarely from organic wastes or sludges. Fumes from other materials, when present, are usually in non toxic amounts, or would be removed by pro tective measures indicated for the well recog nized hazards just mentioned. 7. That the health hazards due to welding exposures are not great and can be well cootrolled is evident from the enormous increase in welding and its applications without a corresponding increase in illness. Bibliography 1. U. S. Bureau of Mines, `Materials Used in Welding," Ralston and von Bernewitz, Information Circular 7121, June, 1940. 2. Britton and Walsh, "Health Hazards ot Electric and Gas Welding," J. Ind. Hy. and Tox., 22: 4, April, 1940. 3. Von Haam and Groom, "The Pathology of Shielded Arc Welding," J. Ind. Hvg. and Tox., 23 :2, Feb., 1941. 4. Harrold, Gordon C. "Welding Fumes from Arc Welding," The Welding Jour. June, 1942. 5. Gardner and McCrum, "Effect of Daily Exposures to Arc Welding Fumes and Gases upon Normal and Tuberculous Animals," J. Ind. Hyg. and Tox. Sept 1942. 6. Tebbens and Drinker, "Ventilation in Arc Welding with Coated Electrodes," J Ind. Hyg. and Tox. 23 :7, Sept. 1941. 7. "American Standard Safety Code for the Protection of Heads, Eyes and Respira tory Organs," Nat. Bureau of Standards, Handbook H 24. U. S. Department of Commerce, 1938. 8. Halley, "Atmospheric Concentration of Lead Fume Associated with Forging, Weld ing, and Oxygen Cutting of Lead-Bearing Steel," J. Ind. Hyg. and Tox. 23:3, Mar. 1941. 6. No reliable evidence has been presented to show that welding operators have any poorer health and accident records than other tradesmen working in the same environment, or that they show any characteristic type of illness which could be associated with their work. 9. "Control of Welding Hazards in De fense Industries," Special Bull. No. 5, Div, Labor Standards, U. S. Dept, of Labor, 1941. 10. Hemeon, "Ventilation for Control of Fumes in Wartime Welding Work," Heat ing, Piping and Air Conditioning, June, 1942. Safety Engineering Exchange THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 29, 1942 Presiding:--K. A. Colahan, Engineering Mgr., Atlantic Div., American Mutual Liability Insurance Company, Philadelphia CHAIRMAN COLAHAN: It would be iomewhat superfluous to say much about the Jr?*--'' of the present industrial activity from the safety standpoint. Those *'* -*ve attended meetings of the other *ssions have undoubtedly felt a great deal :r,e need for stepping up our accident pre''oition work because of war production ac uity. There has been not only a very sharp grease in the tempo of manufacturing, but ,nre has been a very material turnover or binge in the personnel of industrial plants, '"lining by that, of course, that to a large ^tent women are coming into industry to a ^uch greater degree in many of the plants, 'iny plants have encountered in the past ^oblems that required solving at the time. H many other instances, those problems now occurring for the first time in other '>ints. the purpose of this session is to draw the knowledge and experience of those ^tts or people who have, in the past, forked out the answer to many of the ques.J0Os that are now arising in other places for hrst time. jjrbould like to tell you who makes up this fT/rby introducing the various members. on the left, Mr. E. S. Beaumont, I (\?r Safety, The Peoples Gas Light v"*e Company, Chicago. UNT*er* ** Mr. Louis Boraks, Supervisor, Guarding, Liberty Mutual Insurance f Boston. Mr. Boraks, I might say, *riod of fifteen years or more has ^ A *11 his energy and has concentrated *lving of intricate guarding prob- JJJjPotnts of operation. To my left is Mr. Julius A. Draper, Safe ty Director, Consolidated Paper Corpora tion, Ltd., Grand Mere, Quebec, Canada. On this side is Mr. H. F. Gilbert, Safety Director, American Cyanamid Company, New York City. Next is Mr. Johan Xorvig, General Su perintendent, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Last, Mr. J. L. Ridinger, Safety Direc tor, Inland Steel Company, East Chicago, Indiana. The first question: "New York State passed a law about a year or two ago limiting the amount of dust which might be permitted in the air in a rock crushing plant. Is this law being en forced today? If it is, how does it affect the industry?" Mr. Norvig! MR. NORVIG: As far as I know, New York State has had a dust prohibition law in effect since 1910 or 1912. It was a law that didn't have any real teeth in it, and it wasn't very rigidly enforced. I don't know the wording, but the sense of it was that in an industry--this refers to a rock crush ing plant, but in any industry where there is an amount of dust in the atmosphere of such a concentration that it could be consid ered injurious to the health of the employees, that condition had to be rectified. In our particular industry, cement and rock crushing, there wasn't much said about it. Around in '34 or '35 there was quite a furor, which started in New York City in connection with tunnel work. 179 American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairmen--Wills Maclachlan, Hydro-Electric Power Commission, Toronto, Ont., Canada. H. R. Bixler, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., E. 42nd St., New York, N. Y. 'ary--R~ L. Forney, National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago. i ,er Representatives--E. W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter). R. M. Goodwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter). E. R. Granniss, National Conservation Bureau, New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter). Chas. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas, (Gulf Coast Chapter). Everett F. King, L<*ver Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter). S. R. Bumann, Atlantic Refining Co., Dallas, Texas. (Southwest Chapter). G. G. Oldham, Lake City Ordnance Plant, Independence, Mo. (Kansas City Chapter). J. P. Leonard, Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Chapter). E. M. Niblett, Stockham Pipe Fittings Co., Birmingham, Ala. (Alabama Chapter). H. E. Wright, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Bloomfield, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter). D. G. Welch, Safety Engineer, Curtiss-Wright Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter). Members at Large-- George J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Cyril Ainsworth, American Standards Assn., New York, N. Y. R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. W. Dean Keefer, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago. J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. W. R. Smith, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. W. P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Past General Chairmen-- J. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago. E. W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. F. W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif, San Francisco, Calif. McA. Keown, Wisconsin Industrial Commission, Madison, Wis. <V. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co, Hartford, Conn. A. S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc, New York, N. Y. D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp, New York, N. Y. 235 236 31st National Safety Congress G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp,, New York, N. Y. R. F. Thai.nkr, Ruick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. S. E. WHiTtNO, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston. Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--Wills Maclachlan, Hydro-Electric Power Commission, Toronto, Ont., Canada. I'icc-Chairmen--H. R. Bixlf.r, Mutual Life Insurance Co. of N. Y., New York, N. Y. W. R. Smith, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. Secretary--R. L. Forney, National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Chapter Representathes-- E. W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter). Frank G. Cosorove, Employers Reinsurance Corp., Kansas City, Mo. (Kansas City Chapter). E. W. Engf.rer, Bethlehem Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Chapter). Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter). E. R. Granniss, Office of Provost Marshal General, War Dept., Washington, D. C. (Metropolitan Chapter). C. L. Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. (Ark-La-Tex Chapter) E. F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter). A. A. Hendrix, Eastern Aircraft Div., General Motors Corp., Linden, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter). R. C. Lf.dbf.ttf.r, Texas Employers' Insurance Assn., Dallas, Texas. (Southwest Chapter). E. J. McCrossin, State of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala. (Alabama Chapter). B. J. Pratt, Colonial Radio Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter). Harvey B. Williams, Pan American Refining Corp., Texas City, Texas. (Gulf C<* Chapter). Members at Large-- George J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Cyril Ainsworth, American Standards Assn., New York, N. Y. R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Major E. R. Granniss, Office of Provost Marshal General, War Dept., Washing*** D. C. W. Dean Kf.f.fer, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago, 111. J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. W. P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. P.i.tf General Chub-iti,->i-- > l Rvnvsh C.'i'sulvng Fng.. Chicago. 111. V. \\ Ti\ v V > Rvibbr v .' . New Y --V. X Y. C. R. Roi i ft, W isoonsin Public Serv ice Corp., Mf. w i-cVce. V, is F. W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. R. K. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. H. J. Griffith, Jones & I.aughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. R. McA. Kfown, Wisconsin Industrial Commission, Madison, Wis. W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty 8; Surety Co., Hartford, Conn. A. S. Rf.gula, General Time Instrument Corp., New York, N. Y. D. I.. Royer, Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. j 1 j j ____ engineering Section G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. H. S, Smith, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. R. F. Thai.mer, Buick Motor Co,, Flint, Mich. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. elected by the delegates in Congress "" 237 WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON AND MORNING SESSIONS October 27, 28, 29, 1942 The American Society of Safety Engineers, MKinsors of all subject sessions programmed for the Congress, held their Wednesday luncheon and afternoon meeting on October 3 at the Terrace Casino of the Morrison magic by Mr. Clyde R. Powell, personnel director, Endicott Johnson Corporation, Endi- cott, N. Y. Hotel, H. J. Griffith, Mgr. Safety & Welfare Dept., Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp,, Pittsbtrgh, Pa., presiding. A special session was arranged on each morning of the Congress, each devoted to the discussion of a National Safety Council safe Following the annual report of the General Chairman and election of officers, the Society * entertained by a stage demonstration of practices pamphlet in the process of revision. The three pamphlets discussed were: Pam phlet No. 11, "Floors and Flooring"; Pam phlet No. 12, "ii'ood Scaffolds"; Pamphlet No. 95, "Compressed Gases." Automotive and Machine Shop Section Officers 1941-1942 (<(neral Chairman--Paul S. Streckkk, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Iml. i'ice-Chairman, Machine .Shop Division--II. B. Duefus, Westinghuuse Electric & Manu facturing Co., Springfield, Mass. iice-Chairnmn, Automotive Division--C. E. Woouever, Aviation Engine Plant, Melrose Park, 111. Secretary--O. E. Lehman, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. .Yews Letter Committee--W. T. Buckeribgk (Chairman), Nash-Kelvinator Corp., Detroit, Mich. Geo. L. Eaton, The Singer Manufacturing Co., Bridgeport, Conn. J. 1C. Moore:, Cadillac Motor Car Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. I:mimeering Committee--W. M. Nelson (Chairman), General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. R. E. Frederick, International Business Machines Corp., Eiulicott, N. Y. hiiWAKt) Manurv, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. 1'Kank F. Rathmell, Westiugliouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Lester, Pa. Ibtiif/i Committee--Dr. Stuart F. Meek. (Chairman), Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Ur. A. L. Brooks, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Ur. John W. Hilbert, The Studebaker Corp., South Bend, lnd. Membership Committee--L. B. Loomis (Chairman), Ternstedt Mfg. Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Wm. J. Barclay, Campbell-Wyant & Cannon Foundry Co., Muskegon, Mich. Pat W. Howard, Nash-Kelvinator Corp., Grand Rapids, Mich. K. N. Searles, American Car & Foundry Co., New York City, N. Y. > iter Committee--C. II. Beciull (Chairman), DeSoto Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. K. K. Bozell, Whitehead & Kales Co., Detroit, Mich, 11. A. Zachari, Henry Vogt Machine Co., Louisville, Ky. h '/mm Committee--*G. A. Kuechenmeistkk (Chairman), Dominion Forge & Stamping l", Walkcrville, Out., Canada. 'J- G. Bower, Westiugliouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. * C 11. Cornell, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. fatuity Committee--J. C. McDonald (Chairman), Fisher Body-Pontiac Div., General Motors Corp., Pontiac, Mich. C A. DeMonge, Kelsey-IIayes Wheel Corp., Detroit, Mich. K. P, Hatch, United Shoe Machinery Corp., Beverly, Mass. n'oites Committee--Albert Vuilleumikd (Chairman), New Departure Div., General R lurs Corp., Bristol, Conn. bui. VV. Starling, Harrison Radiator Div., General Motors Corp., Lockport, N. Y. 239 31st National Sajety Congress 240 Mem*WLb.e.rEsA.aA.t BvLfeajcurglheli,--uC., hCichargyoslEeryeCoSrhpi.e,ldDeCoS.,oDtoeDtroivit.,, Mich. Detroit, Mich, *MMHHMM.oo... yyAAJJtt..., MLMLCLL..lccAaFFCCKrrraankaarr,,cctthhUwhhff.yy...rr,,S,, FF.DDiiRsseehhutteerrboorrbiiettBBrSSooCddtteeoyyee.,llDDDPiee'rerttoorrtoordoiuiutticctDD,itssMiivvC..i,,cohGG.,._eeDnneeerrtaraoll itMM, ooMttooicrrhss. Corp., Corf Detroit, Mich. Harry L. Sain, Industrial Commission of Ohio, Columbus, O01hi'o. *RR.. AF.. TShhaalwm,fM.r,uBrruaiyckCMorop.tonorfDAivm.,erGicean,eDrael tMrooitt,o--MrsicrCh^o. rnp., FFlliint, Mich. V. I. Trotter, Plymouth Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. *C. T. Winf-gar, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Automotive and Machine Shop Section 241 M. A. Clark, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. ' *Hoyt L. Fracher, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. G. A. Kuechenmeister, Dominion Forge & Stamping Co., Walkerville, Ont., Canada. *M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Detroit Div,, General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Harry L. Sain, Industrial Commission of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. *R. A. Shaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Paul S. Strecker, Nash-Kelvinator Corp., New Orleans, La. *R. F. Thalmer, Buick Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. V. I. Trotter, Flymouth Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. *C. T. Winegar, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. 'Past Genera! Chairman fA* elected by the delegates in Congress session Chairman QQtttiiiceeerraa 1942-1943If General Chairman--C. E. Wooliever, Buick Motor _D_iv., General / Motors Corp., Melrose TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 27, 1942 Vice-Chairmen--H. B. Duffus, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East PittaPark, III. Presiding:--Paul S. Strecker, Personnel Dir, Flying Boat Div, Nash-Kelvinator Corp, O. F. Lehman, Jefferson Plant, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Sebcurregtha,ryP--a.R. E. Frederick, International Business Machines Corp., North Endicott, N. Y. News Letter Committee--J. E. Moore (Chairman), Cadillac Motor Car Div., General Motori New Orleans Safety's Contribution to Our War Efforts Geo. W. Starling, Harrison Radiator Div., General Motors Corp., Lockport, N. Y. ECngoirnpe.,eDrinegtroCiot,mMmicitthe.e--J, C. McDonald (Chairman), Fisher Body Pontiac Div., General By B. W. KNAPP President, Warren Gear Mfg, Co, Warren, Pa. MoWto.rsMC. oNrpe.l, sPoonn,tiGace,neMraiclhE. lectric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. J. A. Young, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Health Committee--Dr. A. L. Brooks (Chairman), Fisher Body Detroit Div., General MoDDtorrr..sSPC.eFon.rbpMe.,reDtehekyt,r,CoMiht,ricyMhsiligechar n.CoMrpu.t,uDael tLroiaitb, iMlitiychC. o., Detroit, Mich. Membership Committee--P. W. Howard (Chairman), Nash-Kelvinator Corp., Grand Rapith, When a publisher sends a book out into ** cold, hard world, he attempts to prepare I 4* way by including a preface or introducj oo which, in turn, attempts to prepare the *nds of the reading public for the subject , alter to follow. I am one of the vast army ( * readers to whom the preface is an impor- and extremely interesting part of any i wnttd matter. L. B. I.oomis, Ternstedt Mfg. Div., General Motors Corp, Detroit, Mich. MicCh..M. Marietta, G. M. Forge Plant No. I, General Motors Corp, Lansing, Mich. Program Committee--W. J. Barclay (Chairman), Campbell, Wyant & Cannon Foundry CoCA,..MBAu..sCHkeoegrnondnerlHilc,ekCisg,hhrEtysas,slMeterricnChAo. riprc,rDafettDroitv,,MGiecnhe. ral Motors Corp, Linden, N. J. Publicity Committee--Arthur Dearth (Chairman), DeSoto-Warren Plant, Chrysler Cory. StDaetRistr.toicPits,.CMHoimacthmc,ihtt,eeU--niCte.dAS. hDoeeMMonagcehin(CehryaiCrmoarpn,),BKeevleserlyy-,HMayaesss. Wheel Co, Detroit, Midk George H. Bechill, DeSoto Div, Chrysler Corp, Detroit, Mich. Edward Mandrv, Republic Steel Corp, Cleveland, Ohio. Mem*LbW.e.rEsA. a.AtBvLeeacrrghiueil,--lC, hDiocadggoe Eye Shield Co, Detroit, Chicago Plant, Chrysler Mich. Corp, Chicago, III. i The preface to many volumes, even includthe most technical tomes, is often written | V in outsider, a person to whom the field tted may be intensely interesting but who i bring an unbiased view because the sub- Kt matter falls outside his usual line of dnviir. I find myself in that position today. < the head of a manufacturing plant, I am ily concerned with the matter which you i to discuss here and, not being a profesin the field, I hope I may bring you a thou of the work you are doing which may ** you in your close contact. IV compiler or publisher must first of all *Vr the reading public which will be at- I by the volume placed on sale. In fc J*vent case your National Safety Coun cil and in particular the program committee, has been presented with a hand-picked pub lic since your presence at this conference indicates your keen interest in the subjects to be discussed. Why should this group, already finder ter rific pressure because of war production, take time to study additional precautions and safeguards? Your own National Safety Council in its statistical year book reports that time lost through accidents in 1941 de prived 200,000 American troops of the equip ment which they must have to guarantee vic tory. The army itself has gone on record as believing in protection. I quote General Som ervell, Chief of the Army Service of Supply: "The Army has ordered an unrelenting campaign against accidents, accident hazards, and unsafe practices. Accident-prevention activities will be consolidated under the Pro vost Marshal General who is already respon sible for plant protection and internal secur ity. This is planned to result in nation-wide safety policies and a uniform system of in spection to discover, eliminate or control hazards. Impressive safety records already 292 31st National Safety Congress somebody told me that they allow us five days before demurrage set in. I do not know about that particular part of it. MR. NORVIG: I would like to have just one point cleared up. In your description of this work that was done a day or two in advance, did that consist of putting the Primas into the stick of dynamite with the fuse attached? I would think that you gen tlemen here would just jump up and condemn definitely a practice like that, because it is against the fire laws in the handling of explosives. MR. GOODMAN: First of all, as I have always understood, in the handling of ex plosives, Primas should be made up as they are used. We recommend that they be made at the shooting face before being inserted into the hole. This refers to Primas. It is a practice to be condemned, I agree with you. CHAIRMAN POWELL: Anybody else? If not, we do not want to delay you un necessarily, so if we have no more ques tions, on behalf of our section I wish to ex press my appreciation to you all for coming out, and on behalf of our program commit tee and Mr. Warner, I want to express my sincere appreciation to those who have taken part in the program this afternoon. Chemical Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--F. W. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--James J. Duggan, Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp., South Charleston, W. Va. Secretary--S. W. Gurney, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Sews Letter Committee--R. C. Stratton (Chairman), The Travelers Insurance Co., Hart ford, Conn. E. F. King, Lever Bros. Co., Cambridge, Mass. W. C. Shaw, Procter & Gamble Defense Corp., Wolf Creek Ordnance Plant, Milan, Tenn. Engineering Committee--H. F. Gilbert (Chairman), American Cyanamid Co., New York City, N. Y. *S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Halo Sheet Committee--*R. O. Keefer (Chairman), Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. John W. Sawyf.r, Procter & Gamble Co., Ivorydale, Ohio. A. L. Watson, Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. HfoMi Committee--*Dr. Leonard Greenburg (Chairman), N. Y. labor, New York City, N. Y. S. M. McCutcheon, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. State Department of Hmbership Committee--C. E. Sevf.rns (Chairman), Monsanto Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. \V. L. Hammersi-f.y, Electric Storage Battery Co., Philadelphia, Pa. James H. Haves, National Fireworks, Inc., West Hanover, Mass. , \hnrr Committee--H. R. Bixi.f.r (Chairman), Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York City. N. Y. Kai.pii L. Rogers, Jr., Tennessee Eastman Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. ^Nicify Committee--S. D. Kirkpatrick (Chairman), Chemical and Metallurgical Engiming, New York City, N. Y. V K. Anderson, Agfa Ansco Corp., Binghamton, N. Y. Wrty struction Card Committee--R. S. Mackie (Chairman), General Electric Co., CleveWtrl. Ohio. R C. Hamilton, The Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N. Y. John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of I.abor, Trenton, N. J. and Contest Committee--Allen L. Cobb (Chairman), Eastman Kodak Co., Roches- m, N. Y. *H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. H. Schenk, The Visking Corp., Chicago, 111. fci Gmtral Chairman .list National Safety Congress 294 Officers 1942-19431 General Chairman--Major R. C. Stratton, CWS, Office of the Chief of Ordnance, Safety Vi&ce-SCehcauirrimtyanBrianndCth, aCrgheicaogfo,PrIIoI.gram--J amks J. Duggan, Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Chemical Section 295 TUESDAY MOKN1NU SKSSION October 27, 1942 /'residing:--J. J. Duggan, Cacbidc & Carbon Chemicals Corp., South Charleston, W. Va, Corp., South Charleston, W. Va. Secretary--H. F. Gilbert, American Cyanantid Co., New York, N. Y. News Letter Committee--Allen 1.. Cobb f(7mttTn<mJ, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. WE. .FC. .KSinitga,wL,evPeror cBterors.&CGo.a, mCbalembDreidfegnes,eMCasosr.p., Wolf Creek Ordnance Plant, Milan, EngineTeerninng. Committee--D. O. Mason (Chairman), General Chemical Co., New York, N, Y. Dr. E. G. Meiter, Employers Mutuals, Milwaukee, Wis. E. J. Sait, Canadian Industries Ltd., Montreal, Que., Canada. Data and Instruction Card Committee--R. S. Mackie (Chairman), General Electric Co., CleJRvo.ehlCan.ndHW, aO.mhSiiloat.wovne, rT, hPeroScotelvra&y PGraomcebslse CDoe.,feSnsyeraCcuosrep,.,NG. uYlf. Ordnance Plant, Aberdeen, HealthMCisosm. mittee--S. W. Gurney (Chairman), Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Dr. Leonard Grkenburg, N. Y. State De|>artment of Labor, New York, N. Y. S. M. MacCutcheon, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. Dr. H. H. Sciirenk, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Membership Committee--C. E. Skvrkn.s (Chairman), Monsanto .Chemical Co., Boston, Man W. L. Hammkrsi.ky, Electric Storage Battery Co., Philadelphia, Pa. James H. Hayes, National Fireworks, Inc., West Hinover, Mass. Poster Committee--M. R. Rudd (Chairman), Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. P. C. Lamb, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. Statistics and Contest Committee--M. A. Snell, (Chairman), Hartford Accident & Inden nitEy. CJo. .,RHieadertrfeorrd, ,ACtlaosnnP. owder Co., Wilmington, Del. Adv*iFso. rWy .CoDmemnnittisee, --Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. *R. O. Keefer, Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. *R. L. Rogers, Jr., Tennessee Eastman Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. *H. L. Mink.r, E. 1. du Pout de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton, N. J. John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. A. L. Watson, Koppers United Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. ;M"drby d" in Congress Session The Use of Conductive Flooring and Materials By E. J. MEYERS Assistant Manager, Safety & Fire Protection Div., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., ` Wilmington, Del. Conductive flooring and materials have be uue increasingly important in helping to prevent accumulations of static electricity 'ii manufacturing equipment and operations in industry where flammable vapors, dusts, "i materials may he ignited by an electrical sir or spark. By conductive we mean, basic ally, that the aggregate conductivity should t* such that with a low voltage the charges ill be conducted away as they are generated i prevent any dangerous accumulations of italic electricity on these materials. Various types of conductive flooring which ut now being marketed by manufacturers hich may be of special interest are namely: park proof mastic, magnesium oxychloride type of flooring, conductive linoleum, confcrlive asphalt tile, and conductive rubber. will discuss types of floors based upon nailable experience, and it should be under bid that the following remarks merely bate some factors which should be kept mind. The statements may or may not ply to II of the similar tyies of flooring nailable on the market today. 'Irk proof mastic has an asphaltic base '"mil we arc advised should not exceed 25 m vent. Common practice is usually to use i mslure of this material with metallurgical dust, graphite, and in some cases silica tai with a setting or emulsifying agent. The tallurgical coke dust or graphite are added make the floor conductive. This flooring trial can he applied on existing concrete, wd, or steel bases. The minimum practical fcrkwss for this floor is H of an inch; tncrage used is Yu, of an inch to one inch, fc irounding wires are embedded in the material. This material will withstand ex cessive moisture and can lie placed on a ground floor slab; however, it will not stand up under high temperatures, is not resistant to oils and hot liquids or concentrated loads, and may he injured by heavy moving loads. The color of this flooring is usually black. Magnesium oxychloride is the base for magnesium oxychloride type of conductive floor. It has mixed with it generally some of the following materials: Dolomite, wood Hour, and silica dust. Copper mesh, copper dust, graphite, or metallurgical coke dust are generally added for conductivity. This mate rial can also he applied on wood, concrete, or steel as a base. When placed on a base which is in immediate contact with soil, some means should he taken to prevent ahsorption of moisture. When installed on wood floors, light metal lathe is used to bond the finish to the base. A special bonding mixture is used when the material is laid on steel or concrete. A minimum practical thickness for this type flooring is 'A inch. Manufacturers usually prefer a Ft inch layer. The average is probably $-6 of an inch. The grounding wires in this case are imbedded in the mate rial. This type flooring is limited to areas which are fairly dry or well drained where occasional wetting occurs. One of its out standing properties is its hardness and smoothness of wearing surface. This mate rial may he obtained in neutral gray, red or green colors which are most commonly used. Linoleum Conductive linoleum is usually supplied in thicknesses of or iY'. It can he laid on 322 31st National Safety Congress Co., Inc., Edge Moor Plant, I. E. 1. du Pont de Nemours & Co,, Inc., Baltimore Plant . 1. E. 1. du Pont de Nemours Si Co., Inc., Newport Plant.... 0 0 0 Small Group Average Rate .....................................12.26 Large Group Average Rate ..................................... 6-37 1. National Carbon Co., Inc., Factory "A" .............................. 59 2. The Geo. T. Stagg Co., Inc., Frankfort, Ky................................ 1 3. Michigan Alkali Co., Wyandotte, Michigan, North Works ..................................... 1.23 1. E. 1. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Toledo (F & F) Plant ....................................... 1. E. 1. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Chicago Plant___ 1. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Fort MadisonPlant.... 1, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Everett Plant____ 1. Canadian Industries Ltd., Paint & Varnish l)iv., Montreal, Quebec ................................... 1. Canadian Industries Ltd., Chatham Works .................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 Division III Average Rate 7.30 Small Group Average Rate .....................................15.03 1. The J. B. Ford Co., Wyan dotte, Michigan ................... 1. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Experimental Station, Henry Clay.............. 1. Canadian Industries Ltd., Toronto Chemical Group... 1. Hercules Powder Co., Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan .......... 1. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Alcohol Plant, Deepwater, N. J.................. 1. American Cyanamid & Chem ical Corp., Valdosta, Ga,.. 8 0 0 0 0 0 Construction Section Officers 1941-1942 mcral Chairman--W. A. Hazard, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. ne-Chairman for Heavy Construction--G. W. Maxon, Maxon Construction Co., Dayton, Ohio. Kt-Choirman for Iliylnoay Construction--S. E. Anderson, Harrison Construction Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. , uc-Choirman for Building Construction--Li.oyd A. Blanchard, War Department, Washington, D. C. Ke-Clulirman for Federal Construction--Lt. Col, W. E. Lorf.nce, Corps of Engineers, War Ifepartment, Washington, D. C. Iwtary--*W. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Washington, l). C. |utm Letter Editor--*Euoar N. Goi.dstine, 232--30th Ave., San Francisco, Calif. I'suinferiii:!/ Committee Chairman--*R. J. Reiceiaith, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. H/wkrrAifi Committee Chairman--G. O. Griffin, Neville Island Branch, Dravo Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. '' wraiw Committee Chairman--E. A. Bi.anpied, Kansas City Bridge Co., Kansas City, Mo. |Stuistics Committee Chairman--C. H. Black, Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Hass. I'vmI Education Committee Chairman--H. H. Hayes, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattuwoga, Tenn. I* General Chairman Officers 1942-1943f wvrci/ Chairman--W. A. Hazard, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. I `(Chairman for Building Construction--Li.oyd A. Blanchard, War Department, WashItun, D. C. ^Chairman for Heavy Construction--G. W. Maxon, Maxon Construction Co., Dayton, 'Aio. <( Chairman for Highway Construction--Lf.stf.r D. Wise, Pennsylvania Dept, of Highays, Harrisburg, Pa. mtary--G. O. Griffin, Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pa. hm Letter Editor--*Edgar N. Goldstinb, San Francisco, Calif. hftttring Committee Chairman--*R. J. Kkigki.uth, The New Haven Trap Rock Co., New *tn, Conn. iMHvrrJii/) Committee Chairman- l). Donald, J. W. Cowper Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. \ 324 31st National Safety Congress Construeton Section 325 Program Committee Chairman--F. J. Crandei.l, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Statistics Committee Chairman--C. H. Bi.ack, Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass. Visual Education Committee Chairman--H. H. Hayes, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chat inations should be done as close to the em ployment office as possible. On large jobs this office is frequently some distance from the site of operations and from the first-aid station or hospital. Frequently the employ ment office will he in town. In this case, it is usually possible to select two or three the examining room and space should be provided for him to hang his outer garments and also space provided for him to be seated until called for physical examination. Usually the admitting clerk can be en trusted to take the medical history of the tanooga, Tenn. fAPac*telGecetneedrablyCthhaeirmdealeng. ates in Congress session rooms in the same building and fit them up as a physical examiner's office. Sometimes a private practitioner in the vicinity will con patient and do a superficial visual acuity test and to test him for color blindness. Space in the waiting room, therefore, would have to tract to do the examining, but this, in my he sufficient to obtain the required distance uperience, is not as advisable as having a for the eye chart reading. separate suite of offices expressly for the use "f the contractor's physical examinations. Dressing Room: TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 27, 1942 However, where the size of the 'project will not permit the use of a separate office, this method is preferable to no pre-employment laminations whatever. Frequently it will be advisable or even Adjacent to the waiting room should be a room where the employee' may disrobe preparatory to his examination. In construc tion work we do not have the difficulty often encountered in production of having to Presiding:--W. A. Hazard, Eng. of Erection, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. imperative that the contractor erect a phys- examine both men and women and conse vil examination building or combine a hos- quently needing separate facilities for each Ftal or first-aid room in the same building sex. What few women are required in the nr even construct a service building to house contractor's clerical force can be examined Pro-employment Examination of Construction Workers DR. RAYMOND L. BALDWIN Iowa Ordnance Plant, Burlington, la. 4* employment office and the medical unit. In my experience, it is not advisable to ix men reporting for pre-employment examnations with patients coming in for treatmt If both types of work, first-aid and in the same rooms at times not in use by men. If large numbers of women are to be examined it is necessary to provide cubicles in the dressing room for them to disrobe as they object to disrobing in the presence of one another, while men do not. Ft-employment examinations, are to be done Recently there has been a gradual change in the feeling of the employer and employee When the employer has decided that It will adopt physical examinations as a requisite to employment, his next step thoMI the same building they should be defitdy separated. In selecting the type of building or physical Examination Rooms: The medical examiner or examiners should be in a room or rooms of their own adjoin toward physical examinations. In each state be to employ a physician to help orfiahi amitiation rooms, therefore, the size of ing the dressing room where they and the the employer has been made legally respon sible, to a greater or lesser extent, for the disease or injury of his employees arising his department. If he is to hire a full dan da project, the availability of space and the physician on the project to care for hit tF of construction work being done will and injured employees, he should work ti major factors, though there are certain patient being examined will not be annoyed hy the presence of others in the room. Where indicated by physical examination, the exam out of and in the course of their employment. This has resulted in the awakening of indus him in arranging the details of the examfcw tion, the personnel required, the space fctj in requirements which remain the same i ill instances. iner may feel that he wishes to go more thoroughly into the medical history which try to the value of pre-employment examina tions. Not only does the examination estab lish the applicant's physical fitness to do the examination and other pertinent details. In construction work the examination | Medical Rooms Layout has been sent to him by the admitting clerk on the form provided; and if he is in pri vate he will often times secure a more ac job for which he is hired and prevent him cedure will, in most events, be different from injuring himself or others because of that in other forms of industry where lt us consider briefly these general re- curate answer to his questions. The only wnwiits as a foundation on which to build other person who should be permitted in the some physical defect, but it reduces costly term of hire is for considerably to A wore detailed structure to fit the par- physical examiner's room is a clerk who labor turn-over and creates a more efficient periods. Of course there are construction A** job. The employee is usually first must be very accurate, cooperative and have working force. where the term of hire may be for r in the interviewer's office of the em- the ability to keep to himself any informa The employer and employee are also bene fited in case of compensation hearings before a commissioner or board in establishing or proving the presence or absence of a pre years, in which instances much moet orate quarters may be provided and detailed examinations done. However, majority of cases where the job will ho *"it department where, after due con- tion which he gets. xi of his experience and record, he is subject to the completion of the phys- Toilets: wamination. Toilet facilities should be provided existing physical defect. The employee is pleted in from six to eighteen months Room: adjacent to the examiner's office, either open benefited by his knowledge of existing defects which often can be remedied producing greater comfort or greater earning power or even prolonging his life by several years. need not be an extensive layout for ' ployment physical examinations. Where possible, the pre-employment then comes to the physical examiner's and is received in a reception room. Amid be very definitely separated from ing from the office or from a hall just off the office where the employee may be sent to produce a sample of urine to l>e examined. It is preferable that this be in such a place 366 31st National Safety Congress ) In the small plant it is recommended that every accident be thoroughly investigated. This includes not only so-called reportable cases but also every first aid case. The infor mation maintained on first aid cases may be modified depending upon the circumstances should endeavor to establish the fact that the employee understands the company attitude on safety and agrees that the instructions is sued are practical and that it is reasonable to expect that he will make an honest effort to abide by them. under which the accident occurred. Personal talks of this kind take the place If the first aid case occurred in a manner that you can rightfully assume would prob ably result in a serious injury in event of a reoccurrence then it should be treated as re of group meetings in larger organizations but they have the advantage of creating a better understanding between management and em ployee. spects recording and corrective action in the same manner as an actual serious case. For example, an employee irritated his eye slight ly while preparing a washing solution for cleaning the floor. Only first aid was neces sary to relieve the trouble as far as the in jury was concerned. However, his failure to use the protective goggles and gloves provid ed for this operation was the cause of the ac If an accident should occur from one of the causes already included in the list which has been given to the employees, a personal talk will determine whether or not disciplinary action is required, or whether the accident occurred because of a lack of understanding of instructions, or a failure to appreciate the extent of the hazard involved. cident and this fact should not be forgotten. The next occurrence could easily be a serious caustic burn and probable impairment to sight. If a manager will follow this procedure and then take every advantage he can through contact with members of the local safety coun As a part of the corrective action proced ure, the manager should take the opportunity to talk personally with each individual. He cil to maintain his own interest and enthusi asm in the work of accident prevention, 1 believe he can meet his safety problem. Marine Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman-- Frank !'. Amks, l.yke liras. Steamship ('<>., Inc., New Orleans, l.a. I'ice General Chairman--Caul K. Hoi.mks, Marsh & McLennan, Inc., New York, N. Y. Advisory Committee (Past General Chairmen)--Byron O. J'k kakh, Waterfront lunploycrs' Association of the Pacific Coast, San F'ramisro, Calif. Captain KuwakuC. Hui.dkn, Jh., United States P. & 1. Agency, Ino., New York, N. Y. Captain K. W. F'iskk, Ju,, Soeouy-Yacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. John S. Huntkk, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia,. I'a. Captain Frank H. C(x;an, The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western K. K. Co., Hoboken, N. J. Arthur M. Torn-:, Consulting ling., New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Executive Committee ,Activities) -F'ka nk J. Tayuir, Ameri can Merchant Marine Institute, Inc.. New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Membership)--Cmmx.nos H. C.m.i.auh an, The Maritime Association of the Post of New York, New York, N. Y, Assistant General Chairman (Marine Industrial and Public Relations)--T. K. Buchanan, Marine Dept., The Texas Co., New York, N. Y. Issistant General Chairman (Pras/rams, Medians and ConventionsJ---K. P. Hkkoks, U. S. Kmployees' Compensation Commission, Washington, D. C. iecretary--Harold M. (J. Wick, American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. &i!or, Marine News Letter--Captain Hknry Blackrtonk, United State P. & I. Agency. Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Ufsdralty and Maritime Counsellor--Hknry F.iiikniiacii, New York, N. Y. kinnan, Coastal Rci/ions--Kkak Ad.miuai. K. R. Wauschk, U. S. Coast (iuard, Washing ton, D. C. 'vector, Atlantic Petiion--Wu-I-ard F. Joni-.s, Gulf Oil Corp., New York, N. Y. 'instant Director, Atlantic Pet/ion--M. J. IIani.on, Black Diamond Steamship Corp., Wceliawken, N. J. vector. Gulf Rcc/ion--A. 11. Schrodkk, Freeport Sulphur Co., Port Sulphur, La. 'isislant JErector, Gulf h'cttian--K. P. Kichakh, Mississippi Shipping Co., New Orleans, La. vector, Pacific Pet/ion--Kiiwakd J. Baikii, Waterfront Kmployefs Assn, of Southern Calitorma, Long Beach, Calif. Director, Pacific Pet/ion--Captain J. A. Hazki.woou, Waterfront Kmploycrs' j Lsuciation of Portland, Oregon. vector, Great Lakes Pcijion--W. C. Gakhutt, Pittsburgh Steamship Co., N. W., Cleve land, Ohio. 'instant Director, Great I.akes Afri/iuii--A. B. Kirn, The M. A. Hanna Co., Cleveland, jniiin. 3(,7 368 31st National Safety Congress Director, Ohio River Region--G. O. Griffin, Dravo Corp., Neville Island Pittsburgh, Pa. Assistant Director, Ohio River Region--J. E. Jackman, McCrady-Rodgers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Director, Alt Inland Waterways--Lieutenant Cou W. E. Lorenoe, Corps of Engineers, War Department, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Committee for the Advancement of the American Merchant Marine--Rear Ad miral Emory S. Land, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Committee on Operations of Liners and Cargo Vessels--Captain Logan Cresap, Isthmian Steampship Co., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Stevedoring Committee--John W. McGrath, Jr., John W. McGrath Corp., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Statistics and Contests Committee--Benjamin H. Self, The Travelers Insur ance Co., New York, N. Y. CiMtrman, Poster Committee--John Wright, American Export Lines, Inc., Jersey City, N. J. Assistant Chairman, Poster Committee--A. T. Johnsen, American Export Line, Inc., Jersey City, N. J. Chairman, Publicity and Publications Committee--Harold J. Harding, "Marine Progress," New York, N. Y. Chairman, Engineering Committee--A. J. Smith, Marine Office of America, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Tankers Committee--H. N. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Railroads and Lighterage Committee--Captain Frank H. Cogan, The Dela ware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co., Hoboken, N. J. Chairman, U. S. Navy Yards Safety Committee--E. B. Landry, U. S. Navy, Washington D. C. Chairman, Maritime Association Committee--Frank C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers' Association of San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. Special Maritime Advisor--Professor H. L. Seward, Yale University, School of Engineer ing, New Haven, Conn. Chairman, Naval Committee for Safety in National Defense--Captain C. W. Fisher, U. Navy, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. Chairman, New Ship Design and Construction Committee--Captain H. L. Vickery, U. 1 Navy, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Technical Committee, (Design and Accident Prevention Measures)--James L Bates, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. ,j Chairman, Ship Inspections Committee and U. S. Government Bureaus--Commander R. & Field, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, Dept, of CeWK merce, Washington, D. C. I: Chairman, Committee on Education and Training of Licensed Personnel--Captain J. H ' Tomb, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), New York State Merchant Marine Academy, Fort Schujks, ; New York, N. Y. j Chairman, Committee on Education and Training of Unlicensed Personnel--Captain W. N. Derby, U. S. Coast Guard, U. S. Maritime Service, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Minimum Safety Standards Committee--J. R. West, Waterfront Employers' of Washington, Seattle, Wash. (Deceased. Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--Carl E. Holmes, Marsh & McLennan, Inc., New York, N. Y. Vice General Chairman--W. C. Garbutt, Pittsburgh Steamship Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Advisory Committee (Past General Chairmen)--Byron O. Pickard, Waterfront Employers' Association of the Pacific Coast, San Francisco, Calif. Captain Edward C. Holden, Jr., United States P. & I Agency, Inc., New York, N. Y. Captain E. W. Fiske, Jr., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Captain Frank H. Cogan, The Delaware, l^ckawanna & Western R. R. Co., Hoboken, N. J. Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Eng., New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Executive Committee Activities)--Frank J. Taylor, Ameri can Merchant Marine Institute, Inc., New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Membership)--Cornelius H. Callaghan, The Maritime Association of the Post of New York, New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Ship Construction and Repair)--Carter Kendali, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Assistant General Chairnmn (Marine Industrial and Public Relations)--T. E. Buchanan, Marine Dept., The Texas Co., New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Programs, Meetings and Conventions)--E. P. Herges, U. S. Employees' Compensation Commission, Washington, D. C. Secretary--Harold M. G. Wick, American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. Editor, Marine News Letter--Captain Henry Blackstone, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Admiralty and Maritime Counsellor--Henry Eidenbach, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Coastal Regions--Vice Admiral R. R. Waesche, U. S. Coast Guard, Washing ton, D. C. Assistant Chairman, Coastal Regions--Captain (E) H. N. Pkriiam, U. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. C. Director, Atlantic Region--Willard F. Jonhs, Gulf Oil Corp., New York, N. Y. Assistant Director, Atlantic Region--M. J. Hanlon, Black Diamond Steamship Corp., Weekawken, N. J. Director, Gulf Region--A. H. Schroder, Freeport Sulphur Co., Port Sulphur, La. 4oir(flt Director, Gulf Region--K. P. Richard, Mississippi Shipping Co., New Orleans, La. Director, Pacific Region--Edward J. Baird, Waterfront Employers Assn, of Southern Cali fornia, Long Beach, Calif. Ihreclor, Great Lakes Region--A. T. Wood, Lake Carriers' Association, Cleveland, Ohio. 370 31st National Safety Congress Director, Canadian Region--John W. McGiffin, Canada Steamship Lines, Ltd., Montreal, P. Q., Canada. Director, Ohio River Region--G. O. Griffin, Dravo Corp., Neville Island Pittsburgh, Pa. Assistant Director, Ohio River Region--J. E. Jackman, McCrady-Rodgers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Director, All Inland ll'aterways--Lloyd A. Blanchard, Chief, Safety Section, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C. Marine Section TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION 371 October 27, 1942 Presiding:--Carl F,, Holmes, York City Mgr., Marine Claims Dept., Marsh & McLennan, Inc., New SPECIAL SERVICE COMMITTEES 'Chairman, Committee for the Advancement of the American Merchant Marine--Rear Ad miral Emory S. Land, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), Chairman, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Committee on Operations of Liners and Cargo Vessels--Captain Looan Cresap, Isthmian Steampship Co., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Stevedoring Committee--John W. McGrath, Jr., Joint W. McGrath Corp., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Statistics and Contests Committee--Bf.njamin H. Self, The Travelers Insur ance Co., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Poster Committee--John Wright, American Export Lines, Inc., Jersey City. N. J. Assistant Chairman, Poster Committee--A. T. Johnsf.n, American Export Line, Inc.. Jersey City, N. J. * Chairman, Publicity and Publications Committee--Harold J. Harding, "Marine Progress," New York, N. Y. Chairman, Engineering and Minimum Standards Committee--A. J. Smith, Marine Office o( America, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Tankers Committee--James E. Moss, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Chairman, U. S. Navy Yards Safety Committee--E. B. Landry, U. S. Navy, Washington D. C. Chairman, Maritime Associations Committee--Krank C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers' Association of San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. Special Maritime Advisor--Professor H. L. Seward, Yale University, School of Engineer ing, New Haven, Conn. SPECIAL GOVERNMENT COMMITTEES FOR SAFETY IN NATIONAL DEFENSE, SHIPBUILDING, INSPECTIONS, AND PERSONNEL TRAINING Chairman, Naval Committee for Safety in National Defense--Rear Admiral C. W. Fismbi U. S. Navy, Washington, D. C. Chairman, New Ship Design and Construction Committee--Rear Admiral II. L. Vuicnnr. U. S. Navy, Commissioner, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Technical Committee, (Design and Accident Prevention Measures)--James L Bates, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Ship Inspections Committee and U. S. Government Ihtreaus--Captain R. I Field, U. S. Coast Guard, Washington, I). C. Chairman, Committee on Education and Training of Ship Personnel--Telfair Knk.**, War Shipping Administration, Washington, I). C. fAs elected by delegates in Congress Session ay CAP-T--A---I--N--..R. m,c,AANLIi!lR Assistant Chief, Safety Section, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. At present the Corps of Engineers is one "f the oiierating divisions of the recently the divisions and districts, and a resident firmed Services of Supply which also in- safety engineer on the projects. The Safety dudes the Ordnance Department, Quarter Section, Office of the Chief of Engineers master Corps, Chemical Warfare Service, deals mainly with specific technical prob and others. Stating it simply, the Corps of lems, the development of standards, uniform Kngineers is the Engineering agency for the regulations and procedures, the compilation entire United States Army and is generally of accident records and statistics and analy divided into two divisions, namely, (1) that sis of same. The total field personnel of the which has to do with the training of combat safety organization is approximately 900 nvsineering troops with very obvious func safety engineers and safety inspectors. tions and (2) the Construction Division which does all the military construction, maintenance and repair of barracks and buildings and operation of utilities, river and harbor construction and maintenance work, loud control, and other civil works. Incidentally, your attention is called to the fact that our personnel in the Safety Sec tion, Office of the Chief of Engineers, totals less than three per cent of our field safety organization, which is quite unusual in gov ernment service. The accident prevention program of the turps of Engineers covers all operations of Construction Division which has just nrhed a peak employment of 1,200,000 em(Lyees. The scope of this program is to wintain a comprehensive and continuous acnfcrtt pievention program for the purpose d preventing death, injury, occupational The Corps of Engineers has a navy which consists of 2,711 pieces Of floating plant, varying in size from 22 foot launches to 5(10 foot seagoing dredges and similar craft. This equipment is used in connection with river and harbor construction and maintenance work and flood control operations. *kness and disease, and destruction of and hmage to materials and equipment for all stnations of the Corps of Engineers with exception of that dealing specifically with snps. The program is carried out through he command echelons of the Corps of Engi- ws, namely, the Office of the Chief of t**ineers to the Divisions, which are sub- The frequency rate for our floating plant operations for the first 6 months of 1942 was 10.04 and in ship building and repair, 9.3.1. Although we have won some trophies, we are certainly not satisfied with these rates and consider them entirely too high. This nat urally brings up the point, "How are these *wkd into districts, which in turn are cornneed of individual projects. rates to be reduced ?"; and this leads us to the subject of this talk, namely, "The Corre lation of Inspections with Accident Analysis." The safety organization of the Corps of mincers follows exactly the same command admit with a central staff in the Office of Small Units *< Oiief of Engineers and safety sections in A single unit of floating plant is a com paratively small scale operation and acei- i 412 31st National Safety Congress MR. FAI.KNER: Either beef or sheep. accident prevention before them as much as possible. MR. GAVEY: Any improvement? How we are going to do it is a question. MR. FALKNER: No. Is there any guard that has been developed that has proven prac tical? MR. GAVEY: No, sir, not that I know of. Does anybody else know of a guard that has been developed that is practical for that operation? I would like to know it, if there Most of us don't have enough time to have safety meetings. When we do have them, it is very unusual nowadays to have everybody able to attend, because they are working on various shifts. So we have to encourage the worker somewhat in making each department responsible for accident prevention off the job. Whether a man is injured off the job is one. or on the job, he is no good for the next day's MR. FALKNER: Well, there are one or two companies that have used a form of a hand grip, but that has slowed up the opera tion somewhat. work, and if a member of his family is in jured, likewise, the man's thoughts are not on his job, but with the family, and he is prone to accidents. MR. GAVEY: I have heard of it, but I have never seen it in operation. So I think we have to use a good deal of good horse sense in trying to educate all of our employees, and have them in turn try CHAIRMAN McCLELLAN: That is one to educate their own families in accident pre machine I think we have to change the design vention work. of to get around the guarding. I mentioned a few moments ago first aid MR. SCHAFFNER: I feel that the pack ing industry, as well as other industries, to day has a definite problem in helping to cur tail these off-the-job accidents. I don't know what your experiences are in some of the vicinities and cities in which your plants are located, but in the new type of labor that we are having in the smaller plants we have people who are not accustomed to packing house operations, and to keep our older em ployees from being injured, we try to keep training. One of the primary objects of first aid training is accident prevention, and 1 think that this is an excellent opportunity for all of us to encourage first aid training, if not from the point of view of first aid work, then from the point of view of accident pre vention work. We are going to be speeded up as production increases, and we must along those lines speed up our accident prevention work as well, and do it in a good, logiol manner. Metals Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--H. J. Spoerer, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co,, East Chicago, Ind. Vice-Chairman--R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Vice-Chairman--John P. O'Roiirk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Maryland Plant, Sparrows Point, Md. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Eari. Fyler, Carnegie-Iltinois Steel Corp., Gary, Ind. Contest Committee--W. A. Jarvis (Chairman), Chase Brass & Copper Co., Waterbury, Conn. D. V. Medalie, Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. P. R. McMahon, Superior Steel Corp., Carnegie, Pa. H. L. Rebrassier, Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. Engineering Committee--Jacob L. Ridinger (Chairman), Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. J. P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. F. R. Henderer, Carncgie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. C. S. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. Foundry Committee--J. H. Holzbog (Chairman), Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Health Committee--Dr. j. II. Chivers (Chairman), Crane Co., Chicago, 111. Dr. T. Lyle Hazi.ett, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. I Dr. A. G. Kammer, Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor, Ind. Membership Committee--N. B. MacHose (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. T. 0. Armstrong, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Springfield, Mass. J. N. Mahan, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Poster Committee--Frank W. Kelsey (Chairman), Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Aliquippa, Pa. C. A. Bianchi, H. If. Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. F. J. Conroy, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Reese B. Lloyd, Republic Steel Corp., Birmingham, Ala. Program Committee--John P. Leonard (Chairman), Blaw-Knox Co., J. F. Collins, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. C. D. Dorworth, Alan Wood Steel Co., Conshohocken, Pa. E. E. Greene, The Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. Pittsburgh, Pa. Publicity Committee--E. A. Ellis (Chairman), Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. W. J. Hoofe, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Homer L. Rogers, Sheffield Steel Corp., Kansas City, Mo. Riftwy Car Builders Committee--P. J. Brand (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car Manu- beturing Co., Pullman, Chicago, III. Sktislics Committee--H. H. Henry (Chairman), Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. J. M. Brooks, Miehle Printing Press & Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. J. A. Coltrin, The National Radiator Co., Johnstown, Pa. 413 414 31st National Safety Congress Members a( Larue-- . *C. M. Au.f.n, Tlvc American Rolling Mil! Co., Middletown, Ohio. *R A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. F. G. Bknnf.tt, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. *E. F. Bi.ank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. J. E. Cullinky, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. hi. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. John P. Kib, American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, 111. George T. Fonda, Wcirton Steel Co., Weirton, W. Va. H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. S. E. Havvkf.s, Macwhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. H. G. Hf.nsel, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Chicago, 111. *F. A. I.auerman, Republic Steel Corp., Youngstown, Ohio. J. A. Northwoou, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Md. J. A. Oartel, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Robert I- Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel & Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. ' PaM General Chairman Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Vice-Chairmen--JoAn P. O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Maryland Plant, Sparrows Point Md. Earl Fylf.r, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Gary, Ind. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Jacob L. Ridinger, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. Contest Committee--H. L. Rebrassier (Chairman), Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. V* D. V. Mf.dalie, Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. P. R. McMahon, Superior Steel Corp., Carnegie, Pa. Clarence A. Miller, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Waterbury, Conn. Engineering Committee--F. O. Miller (Chairman), Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pitt* burgh, Pa. J. P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. F. R. Hendf.rf.r, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. C. S. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. Foundry Committee--John P. Leonard (Chairman), Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. H. E. Hensel, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Chicago, 111, H. S. Simpson, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, 111. Health Committee--Dr. A. G. Kammf.r (Chairman), Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor. Ind Dr. J. H. Chivf.rs, Crane Co., Chicago, 111. Dr. T. I.vi.e Hazi.ett, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, P Membership Committee--C. D. Dorworth (Chairman), Alan Wood Steel Co., Conshohock** Pa. T. O. Armstrong, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Springfield, Mass. J. N. Mahan, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Foster Committee--N. B. MacHose (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co., 1 .ackawanna, N. Y. C. A. Bianchi, H. II. Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. F. J. Conroy, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., Niagara Falls, N. Y. T. R. Smith, Republic Steel Corp., Youngstown, Ohio. Metals Section - 415 Program Committee--Frank YV. Kelsey (Chairman), Jones & Laughlin Aliquippa, Pa. J. F. Collins, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. E. E. Greene, The Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. Steel Corp., Publicity Committee--E. A. Ellis (Chairman), Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. W. J. Hoofe, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Homer L. Rogers, Sheffield Steel Corp., Kansas City, Mo. Kaihvay Car Builders Committee--P. J. Brand (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car Manu facturing Co., Pullman, Chicago, 111. .Statistics Committee--H. H. Henry (Chairman), Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Cleveland, . Ohio. J. M. Brooks, Miehle Printing Press & Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111, J. A. Coltrin, The National Radiator Co., Johnstown, Pa. Members at Large-- C. M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. J. E. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Bethlehem, Pa. H. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Johnstown, Pa. John P. Eib, American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, III. George T. Fonda, Weirton Steel Co., Weirton, W. Va. H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. S. E. Hawkes, Macwhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. *F. A. Lauerman, Republic Steel Corp., Youngstown, Ohio. *J. A. Northwood, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Sparrows Point, Md. J. A. Oartel, U. S. Department of Labor, Pittsburgh, Pa. i Robert L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel & Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. H. J. Spoerer, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., East Chicago, Ind. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Ta<l (ieneral Chairman A* elected liy delegates in Congress Session Mining Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--W. D. Haselton, Pickands Mather & Co., Duluth, Minn. First Vice-Chairman--N. P. Rhinehart, West Virginia State Dept of Mines, Charleston, W. Va. Second Vice-Chairman--John Treweek, Homestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. Third Vice-Chairman--M. L. Coulter, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Daniel Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Wash ington, D. C. r " eering Committee Chairman--E. W. R. Butcher, Republic Steel Corp., Ironwood, Entertainment Committee Chairman--J. T. Ryan, Jr., Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. A. L. Murray, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Poster and Slide Committee Chairman--]. J. Forbes, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--*Cadwallader Evans, Jr., The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Program Committee Chairman--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Members at Large-- *J. W. Alt, Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. *P. M. Arthur, American Zinc Company of Tennessee, Mascot, Tenn. 5G. J. Barrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. Fred E. Bedale, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. John L. Boardman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte, Mont. `Angus D. Campbell, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Ont., Canada. *L. C. Campbell, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *W. H. Comlns, Baroid Sales Div., National Lead Co., Texarkana, Texas. C. M. Fellman, The Montreal Mining Co., Montreal, Wis. *C. W. Gibbs, Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *R. Dawson Hall, "COAL AGE" McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. H. T. Harper, Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhill, Tenn. *H. C. Henrie, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbee, Ariz. *Thomas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. `George Martinson, Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio C. E. McKnight, Lake Shore Gold Mines, Ltd., Kirkland Lake, Ont., Canada `William G. Metzger, The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. D. D. Moffat, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah V. O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co.. Rock Springs, Wyoming R. H. Seip, The New Jersey Zinc Co., Franklin, N. J. t L. T. Sicka, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. Howard I. Young, American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co., St. Louis, Mo. __ Howard I. Young, American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co,, St. Louis, Mo. Chairman. 455 456 31st National Safety Congress Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--John Treweek, Homestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. First Vice-Chairman--M. L. Coulter, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pj_ Second Vice-Chairman--C. M. Fellman, The Montreal Mining Co., Montreal, Wij Third Vice-Chairman--C. E. McKnight, Lake Shore Gold Mines, Ltd., Kirkland Canada. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Daniel Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines w ington, D. C. 1 Entertainment Committee Chairman--J. T. Ryan, Jr., Mine Safety Appliances Co t>- burgh, Pa. '' ltu- Membership Committee Chairman--`Cadwallader Evans, Jr., The Hudson Coal r Scranton, Pa. ^ Program Committee Chairman--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. Q Members at Large-- *J. W. Alt, Calumet & Heda Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. *P. M. Arthur, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot, Tenn. Fred E. Bedale, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. John L. Boardman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte, Mont. Angus D. Campbell, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Ont., Canada. *L. C. Campbell, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *W. H. Comins, Baroid Sales Div., National Lead Co., Texarkana, Texas. *R. Dawson Hall, "COAL AGE" McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N. V H. T. Harper, Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhill, Tenn. *W. D. Haselton, Pickands Mather & Co., Duluth, Minn. *H. C. Henrie, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbee, Ariz. Thomas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. George Martinson, Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. C. E. McKnight, Lake Shore Gold Mines, Ltd., Kirkland Lake, Ont., Canada. William G. Metzger, The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. D. D. Moffatt, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. V. O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyoming R. H. Seip, The New Jersey Zinc Co., Franklin, N. J. L. T. Sicka, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. Howard I. Young, American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co., St. Louis, Mo. Past General Chairman fAs elected by delegates in Congress Session TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 27, 1942 Presiding:--W. D. Haselton, Safety Supvr., Pickands Mather & Company, Duluth, Mina Paper and Pulp Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--Major Clayton O. Braatz, AUS, Civilian Personnel Branch, Wash ington, D. C. Vice-Chairman in Charge oj 'Membership--Roland W. Richardson, The Gardner-Richardson Co., Lockland, Ohio. Secretary and Program Committee Chairman--J. Fred Berry, Alton Box Board Co., Alton, 111. Program Committee--Ernest Augustus, The Mead Corp., Chillicothe, Ohio. O. R. Hartwig, Crown Zellerbach Corp., Portland, Oregon. J. W. Kuebler, Dixie-Vortex Co., Easton, Pa. E. A. Page, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. Sews Letter Editor--L. R. Simpson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., Monroe, La. Contest Committee--A. Scott Dowd (Chairman)'. Fritz Publications, Inc., Chicago, 111. B. D. Rogers, Bird & Son, Inc., East Walpole, Mass. F. H. Rosebush, Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. Beta Sheet Committee--B. J. McClosky (Chairman), Hoberg Paper Mills, Green Bay, Wis. A. S. Cook, Quebec Pulp & Paper Safety Assn., Quebec, Canada. J. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. W. B. Place, Kieckhefer Container Co., Delair, N. J. L. C. Smith, Thilmany Pulp &- Paper Co., Kaukauna, Wis. \ Engineering--Safe Practices Committee--Julius A. Draper (Chairman), Consolidated Paper Corp., Ltd., Grand 'Mere, P. Q., Canada. E. G. Amos, American Paper & Pulp Assn., New York City, N. Y. M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. C. O. Holmer, Minnesota & Ontario Paper Co., Minneapolis, Minn. James W. Towsen, West Virginia Pulp & Paper Corp., New York City, N. Y. E- F. Troop, P. H. Glatfelter Co., Spring Grove, Pa. H. H. Yoder, Gulf States Paper Corp., Tuscaloosa, Ala. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. Louis H. Frechtling, Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. Statistics Committee Chairman--Fred W. Braun, Employers Mutual, Wausau, Wis. Sfety Instruction Card Committee--R. W. Croucher (Chairman), Minnesota & Ontario *per Co., International Falls, Minn. G. J. Bienvenu, Gaylord Container Corp., Bogalusa, La. J- C. Fitzgerald, Bowater's Newfoundland Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd., Corner, Brook, Newfoundland. John M. Lavin. St. Croix Paper Co., Woodland, Maine. G. J. Munk, Racquette River Paper Co., Potsdam, N. Y. A*thur E. Winslow, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co., Waterville, Maine. 487 t 488 31st National Safety Congress Paper and Pulp Section 489 Visual Education Committer--H. P. Heubner (Chairman), The Flintkote Co., New York City, N. Y. D. S. Garber, Hummel & Downing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. J. R. Latter, Anglo-Canadian Pulp & Paper Mills, Ltd., Quebec, Canada. D. T. Meany, New Brunswick International Paper Co., Dalhousie, N. B., Canada. D. A. McAi.ary, Fraser Companies, Ltd., Iidmundston, N. B., Canada. Don E. McDoweu., Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co., Parchment, Kalamazoo Co., Mich. B. L. Wood, American Coating Mills, Inc., Elkhart, Ind. Past General Chairmen-- George J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Robert M. Altman, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Rothschild, Wis. D. B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Assn., Toronto, Ont., Canada. Kenneth L. Faist, The Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. Walter A. Gleason, Hammermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa. F,, E. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, Ohio. M. G. Hoyman, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. . G. W. Phillips, The Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Canton, N. C. J. J. Plzak, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuel Pruyn, Pruyn & Co., Inc., Glens Falls, N. Y. S. F. Shattuck, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. George E. Williamson, Strathmore Paper Co., West Springfield, Mass. James W. Towsen, West Virginia Pulp & Paper Corp, New York, N. Y. A. J. Tuccinardi, The Ohio Boxboard Co, Rittman, Ohio. H. H. Yoder, Gulf States Paper Corp, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Health Committee--Dr. Louis H. Freciiti.ing (Chairman), Champion Paper & Fibre Co, Hamilton, Ohio. Mrs. Lillian Brewer, Oswego Falls Corp, Fulton, N. Y. Jane Notley, R.N, Allied Paper Mills, Kalamazoo, Mich. Dr. James D. Stark, Hammermill Paper Co, Erie, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--Frf.d W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. logging Operations Representative--J. E. Cantin, Quebec North Shore Paper Co, Bale Comeau, P. Q, Canada. h)tr Products Plants Representative--A. J. Basile, Lawrence Paper Co, Lawrence, Kansas. Safety Instruction Card Committee--R. W. Croucher (Chairman), Minnesota & Ontario Paper Co, International Falls, Minn. G. J. BienvenU, Gaylord Container Corp, Bogatusa, La. J. C. Fitzgerald, Bowater's Newfoundland Pulp & Paper Co, Ltd, Corner Brook, Newfoundland. John C. Lavin, St. Croix Paper Co, Woodland, Maine. C. J. Munk, Racquette River Paper Co, Potsdam, N. Y. Arthur E. Winslow, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co, Waterville, Maine. Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--Roland W. Richardson, The Gardner-Richardson Co., Lockland, Ohio. Vice-Chairman in Charge oj Membership--J. Fred Berry, Alton Box Board Co., Alton, III. Secretary--I.. R. Simpson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., Monroe, La. final Education Committee--George Gibb (Chairman), Canadian International Paper Co, Gatineau, Que, Canada. R. A. Day, A. P. W. Paper Co, Albany, N. Y. VV. G. Etter, River Raisin Paper Co, Monroe, Mich. J. R. Latter, Anglo-Canadian Pulp & Paper Mills, Ltd, Quebec, Canada. Bon E. McDowell, Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co, Parchment, Kalamazoo, Mich. B. T. Meany, New Brunswick International Paper Co, Dalhousie, N. B, Canada. B. A. MeAlary, Fraser Companies, Ltd, Edmundston, N. B, Canada. Program Committee--L. R. Simpson (Chairman), The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc, Monroe, La. Ernest Augustus, The Mead Corp., Chillicothe, Ohio. O. R. Hartwig, Crown Zellerbach Corp., Portland, Oregon. H. P. Heubner, The Flintkote Co., New York, N. Y. B. J. McClosky, Hoberg Paper Mills, Green Bay, Wis. Neivs Letter Editor--Julius A. Draper, Consolidated Paper Corp., Ltd, Grand-Mere. P. Q, Canada. Contest Committer--A. Scott Dowd (Chairman), Fritz Publications, Inc, Chicago, III. B. D. Rogers. Bird & Son, Inc, East Walpole, Mass. F. H. Rosebush, Nckoosa-F.dwards Taper Co, Port Edwards, Wis. Data Sheet Committee--E. F. Troop (Chairman), P. H. Glatfelter Co, Spring Grove, P*. D. J. Brett, Jr, National Container Corp, Jacksonville, Florida. A. S. Cook, Quebec Pulp & Paper Safety Assn, Quebec, Canada. J. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co, Port Huron, Mich. W. P. Place, Kieckhefer Container Co, Delair, N. J. L. C. Smith, Thilmany Pulp & Paper Co, Kaukauna, Wis. General Chairmen-- George J. Adams, International Paper Co, Glens Falls, N. Y. Rohert M. Altman, Marathon Paper Mills Co, Rothschild, Wis. Major Clayton O. Braatz, AUS, Civilian Personnel Branch, Washington, D. C. D. B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers Safety Assn, Toronto, Ont, Canada. Kenneth L. Faist, The Champion Paper & Fibre Co, Hamilton, Ohio. Walter A. Gleason, Hammermill Paper Co, Erie, Pa. F,, E. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co, Middletown, Ohio. U. G. Hoyman, Kimberly-Clark Corp, Neenah, Wis. G \V. Phillips, The Champion Paper & Fibre Co, Canton, N. C. I ]. Plzak, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co, Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuel Pruyn, Finch, Pruyn & Co, Inc, Glens Falls, N. Y. S F. Shattuck, Kimberly-Clark Corp, Neenah, Wis. Gooe E. Williamson, Strathmore Paper Co, West Springfield, Mass. liy delegates in Congress Session Engineering--Safe Practices Committee--E. A. Page (Chairman), Kimberly-Clark (.<*> Neenah, Wis. E. G. Amos, American Pa|>er & Pulp Assn, New York, N. Y. M. J'fT undore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. Petroleum Section Officers 1941-1942 eneral Chairman--F. R. McLean, White Star-Ohio Div., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Ir Detroit, Mich. ice-Chairman for Production--H. T. Markee, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Ok ice-Chainnan for Pipe Lines--J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. ce-Chairman for Manufacturing--J. Howard Mvers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Phila delphia, Pa. ce-Chairman for Marketing--J. J. Reilly, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, Mass. "tos Letter Editor--J. B. Harris, Arkansas Natural Gas Corp., Shreveport, La. igineering Committee Chairman--Crymes Pittman, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreve port, La. ealth Committee Chairman--Dr. V. M. Brian, The Texas Co., Lawrenceville, 111. dustrial Data Sheet Committee Chairman--J. L. Risinger, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. ogram Committee--H. T. Markee, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. J. Howard Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. J. J. Reilly, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, Mass. tbiicity Committee Chairman--R. S. Huffman, Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., Tulsa, Okla. '-sual Education Committee Chairman--F. M. Russell, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. dantic Dizision Chairman--A. J. Gorand, Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pa. 'cat Lakes Division Chairman--Alexis de Tarnowsky, The Pure Oil Co., Chicago, 111. df Division Chairman--Thomas F. Brown, Gulf Oil Corp., Houston, Texas. id-Contincnt Dizision Chairman--C. L. Barrett, Gulf Oil Corp., Tulsa, Okla. cto England Dizision Chairman--Eugene Swanson, Colonial Beacon Oil Co., Everett, Mass. lcific Coast Dizision Chairman--W. E. Lovejoy, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Taft, Calif. General Chaiarmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. J. H.W. Bogess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. R- S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. A. W. Breeland, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York, N. Y. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C. L. Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. G.O. Lockwood, Continental Casualty Co., Tulsa, Okla. 540 31st National Safety Congress Chas. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. C. J. Nobmann, Shell Oil Co., Inc., Sacramento, Calif. George F. Prussing, La Crescenta, Calif. R. B. Roaper, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. Senne, Baldwin, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. D. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Secretary--H. N. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. = Officers 1942-I943f General Chairman--H. T. Markee, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Vice-Chairman for Production--J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. Vice-Chairman for Marketing--J. J. Reilly, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, Mu. Vice-Chairman for Pipe Lines--J. C. Askam, The Ohio Oil Co., Findlay, Ohio. Vice-Chairman for Manufacturing--W. W. Weldon, Standard Oil Co. of La., Bate Rouge, La. News Letter Editor--W. A. Allred, Lone Star Gas System, Dallas, Texas. Engineering Committee Chairman--Q. R. Duncan, Cities Service Gas Co., Bartlesvill, Okla. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. V. M. Brian, Indian Refining Co., Lawrenceville, 111. Industrial Data Sheet Committee Chairman--J. L. Risinger, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Irx New York, N. Y. Program Committee--The Vice-Chairmen constitute the Program Committee. Publicity Committee Chairman--John C. Ebel, Shell Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Visual Education Committee Chairman--F. M. Russell, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Ta; Calif. Atlantic Division Chairman--Roy S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y Great Lakes Division Chairman--R. T. Henderson, Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Gulf Coast Division Chairman--Lee B. Conner, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. Mid-Continent Division Chairman--D. A. Klemme, Stanolind Oil & Gas Co., Tulsa, Ok New England Division Chairman--Carl J. Meiser, Sun Oil Co., Boston, Mass. Off-the-Job Safety'Committee Chairman--Roy S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), ,\> York, N. Y. Pacific Coast Division Chairman--W. E. Lovejoy, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Fn cisco, Calif. Past General Chairmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, Elizabeth, N. J. H. W. Boggess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. R. S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. A. W. Breeland, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York, N. Y. R, E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. Petroleum Section 541 C L. Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. G. O. Lockwood, Continental Casualty Co., Tulsa, Okla. F. R. McLean, White Star-Ohio Div., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Detroit, Mich. Chas. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. C J. Nobmann, Shell Oil Co., Inc., Sacramento, Calif. George F. Prussing, Office of Petroleum .Coordinator for War, Los Angeles, Calif. R. B. Roaper, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. Senne, Baldwin, N. Y. C W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. D. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. \xereiary--D. V. Stroop, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. i dieted by delegates in Congress Session TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 27, 1942 ^"****fl.'--F. R. McLean, Mgr., Safety and Insurance Dept., White Star-Ohio Div., t Soay-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Detroit War-Time Security of the Petroleum Industry By L. S. WESCOAT Vice-Pres., The Pure Oil Co., Chicago P^oleum industry we did not wait actually to descend upon us before t specific action in the field of wary **t*ection of petroleum facilities. Just ago this month the American Institute, at the request of SecreNavy Knox, took the first steps. known as the National Comffie Protection of Oil Storage was under its direction five regional T*Jere organized, based primarily Jfraphical lines of what were then /Army Corps areas and now termed ,lOaands. 1541, the Office of Petroleum National Defense was cre- 3^.^'tidential decree, and Secretary was appointed Coordinator, fter the organization of this tor Ickes organized the War Council and in vited seventy-five of the outstanding oil and oil trade association men of the country to compose its membership. By coincidence, the first executive meeting was held in Washing ton on December 8, 1941. This council was organized for the purpose of advising the Co ordinator with respect to problems in the petroleum industry and to assist in putting into effect such recommendations as his office may direct from time to time. In view of the importance of the oil in dustry to the war effort, it was deemed ad visable that the National Committee for the Protection of Oil Storage and its regional committees, which had been set up by the American Petroleum Institute, be incorpo rated as a part of the Petroleum Industry War Council. In so doing, it was felt that the industry's efforts in connection with the protection of petroleum properties against war connected risks could be made more ef- Rubber Section Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--Ralph Farnum, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Pice-Chairman in Charge of Program--John L. Grider, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N.J. Jjf Secretary--K. C. Loomis, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. Seres Letter Editor--J. E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Co., Passaic, N. J. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. J. Raytkwich, U. S. Rubber Co., Mishawaka, Ind. Health Committee--Dr. W. S. Ash (Chhinnan), U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Dr. J. Newton Shirley, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Newton, Mass. e*bership Committee Chairman--J. J. Loge, The General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. blicity Committee Chairman--Paul Van Cleef, Van Cleef Bros., Chicago, 111. itiitics Committee Chairman--Roland Kastell, U. S. Rubber Co., New York City, N. Y. ^embers at Large-- * W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Co., New York City, N. Y. *R- A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. ^Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Co., Providence, R. I. *C- F. Horan, Hood Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass. H. MacKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Urban L. Moler, Inland Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. ~ M. Morse, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. "'Ilham Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. *- M- Weimer, The Dayton Rubber Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. General Chairman Officers 1942-1943f Chairman--John L. Grider, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N. J. **hairinan in Charge of Program--Paul Van Cleef, Van Cleef Brothers, Chicago, 111 3 John E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Co, Passaic, N. J. Letter Editor--Roland Kastell, U. S. Rubber Co, New York, N. Y. Committee Chairman--Thomas H. Boyd, The Manhattan Rubber ManufacRaybestos-Manhattan, Inc, Passaic, N. J. f^tottnittee--Dr. W. S. Ash (.Chairman), U. S. Rubber Co, Detroit, Mich. Newton Shirley, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co, Newton, Mass. Chairman--Glen D. Cross, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co, Large-- U. S. Rubber Co, New York City, N. Y. Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 635 636 31st National Safety Congress Ralph S. FarnUM, U. S. Rubber Co,, Detroit, Mich. Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Co., Providence, R. I. *C. F. Horan, Hood Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass. *J. M. Kerrigan, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. W. H. MacKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, X. Y. *R. M. Morse, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. William Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. R. M. Wei.vier, The Dayton Rubber Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. Past General Chairman fAs elected by delegates in Congress Session TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 27, 1942 Presiding:--Ralph S. Farnum, Safety Supvr., U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit All Out for Safety By PAUL VAN CLEEF Van Cleef Bros., Chicago, 111. Safety is something which cannot be pur chased like an ordinary commodity, nor can it be captured like material from an enemy. It can only be secured in the largest measure by education and enlightenment Everyone must be made aware of its importance. Every effort must be made to secure it. Not until the beginning of this century did any group of people band together to study the problems of accident prevention from the social standpoint. Practically no thought had previously been given to the effect of accidents occurring in the home, in public places and in industry. But as a result of the organized safety movement we are constantly gaining ground. As we look back over the years it seems strange indeed that so little attention has been paid to accident prevention. No doubt, the first man to use a lever to pry rocks loose had his accidents. The charioteers of ancient Pompeii driving on its narrow streets created a serious traffic problem. Coming through the ages down to the present we still have so-called accidents in appalling numbers. There has certainly been enough time to learn how to prevent them. Are we doing our utmost to do so? The responsibil ity is not only the householder's, a worker's, a foreman's or management's. It is all com bined. The state too, must bear uj -^t)| Safety should be placed above every consideration. We should stress the neefe*. ness of accidents, the elimination of ^ maimed, the improvement of morale, the yrw vention of economic distress, the better*** of society. Although we measure oar tm. cess in terms of severity and frequency th ings, why not let the whole problem be proached more from the humanitarian vrt point? It ought not to be too great a problem * solve if we go at the matter in a fontsmental way. Until recently the world ^ not seen the relationship between the cam d the individual and society as a whole. Mm we are trying to remedy this by rmprorim the individual's education, his comfort, ho health and his safety. When these are per fected, we will have a strong and happi people. The Rubber Section has steadily improwr its conditions, because the personal vrtfvr of the workers was its first thought It ha regarded severity and frequency rates meni< as a barometer indicating how well K W succeeded. When other divisions of the Ccm cil take the same attitude as the rubber crow there will be improvement everywhere. If ** try earnestly to train our workers more thor Steam Railroad Section Officers 1941-1942 M Chairman--0. F. Gnadinger, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet, 111. jkaintujH--F. A. Bogue, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co., Chicago, 111. h and News Letter Editor--H. A. Daake, Erie Railroad Co., Qeveland, Ohio. Committee--F. A. Bogue, (Chairman), Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ^Chicago, 111, F. Buckle, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. \W. Elste, Jr., Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co., Baltimore, Md. iership Committee--Robert Scott (Chairman), Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co., dngton, N. C. k V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Co,, Duluth, Minn. tics Committee--T. H. Carrow (Chairman), The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, * R. Bradford, Boston & Maine Railroad, Boston, Mass. ' G. Phillips, Wabash Railway Co., St Louis, Mo. ** Committee--C. E. Hill (Chairman), New York Central System, New York, N. Y. * G. Bentley, The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co., Richmond, Va. * R- Palmer (Secretary), Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. S., New York, . K. Y. J- Snavely, New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Co., New Haven, Conn. * Committee--W. R. Lofgren (Chairman), Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha f'ray Co., St. Paul, Minn. f M. Dempsey, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. Ashworth, The Alton Railroad Co., Bloomington, 111. P'octices Pamphlet Committee--W. J. Flannigan (Chairman), Northern Pacific Rail? P ' Sb Paul, Minn. L Tenney, Western Maryland Railroad Co., Hagerstown, Md. C. Helwig, The Delaware & Hudson Corp., Oneonta, N. Y. and Elections Committee--E. L. Henry (Chairman), Chicago & Railway Co., Chicago, 111. E* T. Fulton, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. K A- Leahy, Chicago, West Pullman & Southern Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. North --Dr I. S. Cutter (Chairman), Chicago & North Western Railway Co., Mt&ASVEY Bartle, The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. 663 664 31st National Safety Congress Officers 1942-1943f General Chairman--F. A. Bocue, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co., Chicago ^ Vice-Chairman--H. A. Daake, Erie Railroad Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary--M. T. Fulton, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. News Letter Editors--M. T. Fulton, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas Citv U H. G. Townsend, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. ' *** Program Committee--J. R. Tenney (Chairman), Western Maryland Railway Co Ha town, Md. '' ^erv P. F. Buckle, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. H. A. Daake, Erie Railroad Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Membership Committee--G. W. Elste, Jr. (Chairman), Baltimore & Ohio Railroad r Baltimore, Md. J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. Statistics Committee--T. H. Carrow (Chairman), The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia F. R. Bradford, Boston & Maine Railroad, Boston, Mass. D. G. Phillips, Wabash Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. Contest Committee--C. L. LaFountaine (Chairman), Great Northern Railway Co g, Paul, Minn. ^ O. F. Gnadinger, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet, 111. L. R. Palmer (Secretary), Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U S York, N. Y. ' * " Poster Committee--E. L. Henry (Chairman), Chicago & North Western Railway Co, Chicago, 111. G. M. Dempsey, Chicago, Milwaukee St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. J. J. Snavely, New York, New Haven & Hartford Railway Co., New Haven, Conn. Safe Practices Pamphlet Committee--W. J. Flannigan (Chairman), Northern Pacific Railway Co., St Paul, Minn. S. C. Flagler, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co., Topeka, Kansas. H. C. Helwig, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp., Oneonta, N. Y. Nominations and Elections Committee--W. R. Lofgren (Chairman), Chicago & Norik Western Railway Co., St. Paul, Minn. C. M. Kimball, Southern Railway System, Washington, D. C. L. B. Harper, Illinois Central System, Chicago, 111. Health Committee--Dr. I. S. Cutter (Chairman), Chicago & North Western Railway Co., Chicago, 111. Dr. Harvey Bartle, The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. fAs elected by delegates in Congress session. Safety Exposition Exhibitors 31st National Safety Congress and Exposition fcierican Abrasive Metals Co., Irvington, N. J. Safety Flooring. Treads, Abrasive Paints. *oerican-LaFrance Foamite Corp., Elmira, N. Y. Fire Protection Equipment. faerican Mat Corp., Toledo, Ohio Safety Mats. Itaerican Optical Co., Southbridge, Mass. | Industrial Safety Goggles, Welding Helmets, Respirators. Safety Clothing. f***natic Canteen Co. of America, Chicago, 111. | Canteen Food Serices. Wach & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. Safety Goggles and Safety' Goggle Lenses. ^dley Washfountain Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Washroom Equipment. ***> H. Breck, Inc., Springfield, Mass. Protective Hand Cream. Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. j Industrial Safety Shoes. * H; Buhrke Co., Chicago, III. ,w . ... . Safety Belts and Allied Equipment for Construction and Maintenance Work. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. Personal Protective Equipment. Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc., New York City, N. Y. j Fst Aid Equipment and Medical Products. A^Ph0il Co., Dallas, Texas iseptics. Corp,, Chicago, 111. ** Extinguishing Systems. \Chance Co., Centralia, Mo. Line Maintenance Tools. ' fP Bye Shield Co., Chicago, 111. Eye and Respiratory' Protection Equipment. ffP1 4 Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. 705 706 .'Isi Xalional Safely Congress Coca-Cola Co., Atlanta, Ga. Coca-Cola and Dispensing Service. Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonawanda, N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety Hoists. C-O-TWO Fire Equipment Co., Newark, N. J. Portable and Wheeled Type Fire Extinguishers. Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Inc., Newark, N. J. Industrial Safety Equipment. The Dionol Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. First Aid Products. DockWsoenldCinogrpa..ndDeCtruotitti,ngMicAhp.paratus; Head and E_ye Protecti.ve ,,Equi.pment. The C. B. Dolge Co., Westport, Conn. Fungicides, Disinfectants, Hand Soap. Dugas Engineering Corp., Marinette, Wis. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. Duo-Safety Ladder Corp., Oshkosh, Wis. Safety and Fire Ladders, Ladder Shoes. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. Neoprene, Hand Cream and Cellulose Sponges. ElUott Service Co., New York City, N. Y. Management Information Service. J. H. Emerson Co., Cambridge, Mass. Resuscitation and Hospital Equipment. Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co. of Wisconsin, Wausau, Wis. Workmen's Compensation, Fire and Casualty Insurance. Erie Supply ft Equipment Co., Sandusky, Ohio. Fire Equipment Housing and Safety Equipment. Finnell System, Inc., Elkhart, Ind. Electric Floor Maintenance Systems and Treatments. The General Detroit Corp.. Detroit, Mich. Fire Extinguishers and Allied Products. Hammond Machinery Builders, Kalamazoo, Mich. Dust Arresting and Collecting Devices, Electric Grinders. Hild Floor Machine Co., Chicago, 111. Floor Scrubbing Equipment, Vacuum Cleaners. Hollywood Turban Product* Co., Chicago, 111. Hair Nets for Industrial Workers. Hynson, Westcott ft Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Md. Mercuroclirome, First Aid Antiseptics. Safely Congress Exhibitors Wurtrial Gloves Co., Danville, 111. Industrial Safety Clothing. httmational Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Hy-Test Safety Shoes. iwo-Gat Corp., Detroit, Mich. Torches and Furnaces Using Bottled Propane Gas. t. Walker Jones Co., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. industrial Knitted Specialties, Protective Clothing. Mfciti Safety Appliance Co., Louisville, Ky. Safety Devices for Punch Presses. htoite Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Cans, Electric Safety Lanterns. d First Aid Supply Co., Chicago, III. Industrial First Aid Supplies, Hospital Equipment. lyitone View Co., Meadville, Pa. Industrial Visual Testing Equipment. * Kimball Safety Product* Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Industrial Safety Products. Wter G. Legge Co., Inc., New York City, N. Y. Non-Slip Floor Polishes and Treatments. fttb Safety Shoe Co., Inc., Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Industrial Safety Shoes. fcmy Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mai*. | Compensation and Public Liability Insurance. Ifcfoot Schultz Co., New York City, N. Y. I Toilet Soaps for Industrial Washroom Use. bltma Cord Sole ft Heel Co., Lima, Ohio. Non-Slip Soles and Heels. Manufacturing Co., Inc., Indianapolis, Ind. Vie Saver Blow Guns. pa Chemical Co., Garwood, N. J. Mustrial Cleaning Materials, Soaps and Lubricants. fctnd Fuller, Inc., Rochester, N. Y. Identification Cameras and Equipment. iMirtindale Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio, fetpirators for Non-Toxic Dusts. pMcAn Safety Shoe Co., New York City, N. Y. I Mustrial Safety Shoes. McDonald Co., Los Angeles, Calif. iMuuria) Safety Equipment. IW Supply Co., Chicago, 111. frit Aid Kits, Surgical Dressings and Pharmaceuticals. 70S ,f/.\7 Xalional Safely Congress Safely Congress fixhibitors 700 j. A. Meinhardt & Co., Chicago, III. Fiber Fire Extinguishers and Chemical Products. lSchrader's Son, Brooklyn, N. Y. Pneumatic Power Press Safety Control Devices. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York City, N. Y. Life, Health, Accident, Annuities and Group Insurance. line Electric Corp., Toledo, Ohio. 1 Incandescent Lamp Iliilhs. Milburn Co., Detroit, Mich. Products for Industrial Skin Protection. Wlitrom Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. I ICye and Face Safeguards. Mine> Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Equipment and First Aid Materials. Smith & Son, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. Hospital and Ambulance Cots. he Spencer Turbine Co., Hartford, Conn. I Vacuum Cleaning and Dust Collecting Equipment. National Highway Supply Co., Chicago, 111. Highway Traffic Sign Reflectorization. hadwd Safety Equipment Co., Chicago, 111. I Industrial Safety Equipment. National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Services and Material for Safety Education. 1W Steel Scaffolding Co., Inc., Evansville, Ind. National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, Inc., New York City, N. Y. Steel Scaffolding. Educational Material on Preventing Eye Hazards and Saving Sight in IndinWW'WMhoute Signs, Inc., Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs--Reflecting Signs and Units. Oakite Products, Inc., New York City, N. Y. Cleaning Materials and Methods. Onox, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Prevention of Athlete's Foot. G.H. Packwood Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. Skin Cleansers for Industrial Use. The Patent Scaffolding Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Ladders and Scaffolding. t Strand Manufacturing Co., Chicago, III. Safety Guards for Punch Presses. Surty Manufacturing Co., Inc., Chicago, 111. rSafety Devices. H. Tennant Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Equipment and Supplies for Dry Cleaning Industrial Floors. wit Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. Safety Steel Pipe Tools. The Prosperity Co., Inc., Syracuse, N. Y. Air Controls; Safety Controls for Punch Presses. Premiere Garment Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Industrial Garments for Women. The Protectoseal Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. I Army War Department, Office of Provost Marshal General, Washington, D. C. industrial Vacuum Cleaning Equipment. |kia Greenstone Co., Inc., Lynchburg, Va. Son-Slip Treads of Greenstone. Pyrene Manufacturing Co., Newark, N. J. Portable' and Wheeled Type Fire Extinguishers; Tire Chains. t * Disinfecting Co., Long Island City, N. Y. I'toducts for the Promotion of Sanitation. Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Co., Columbus, Nebr. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Safety Clothing & Equipment Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Industrial Safety Equipment. SafetPtyyuEblnisghinereserSinagfe, tNy eEwngYinoerkeriCngity,MNag. aYzi.ne. 1 Wheeler Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Mnstrial Safety Clothing. km Products, Inc., Reading, Pa. p'onal Protective Equipment. Safety First Shoe Co., Holliston, Mass. Industrial Safety Shoes. Safway Steel Products, Inc., Milwaukee, Wis. Scaffold Equipment, Safety Ladders. W. H. Salisbury 8t Co., Chicago, 111. Liyr-'en's Rubber Protective Equipment. INDEX f Mum. Absenteeism and its Effect on the jfar Program, Panel Discussion, 246-251. I Iffect of Lengthened Hours on Employees *?War Production--Male and Female Erajfgccs (Norton), 651-653, 660-662. Mjfc Factors in Safety (Brian), 545-546. *j*l Lost Through Accidents and Illness, 260. Repeaters, See Personal Factors. Statistics: Accidents to New Employees v Older Workers. Panel Discussion, 436* * 439. _ .-.lental Causes of Accidents. Panel Dis- 79-94. the Most Out of Effective Accident Rec* ~\<Smitk), 680-682. e Older Men, in Length of Serviee. Who "^fitting Injured? Panel Discussion. 354*355. Achieved by the Use of Standardized Acci..Programs and Forms (Reynolds), 227-230. [Some Occupational Disease Hazards in Manufacture (McGee), 171-172. _ Toxic Atmospheres (Bcms), 64-65. also Chemicals. : Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in Ahetic Rubber Industrv (Tan Atta and 643. W.: Transportation Injuries: Causes 'ention in Mining. 470-473. ^Section: Minutes. 227-233. 227. Fire Protection on an Airline (Page), ^Achieved by the Use of Standardized Programs and Forms (Reynolds), iautions for Industry Session. 45-53. r*ypieal Industrial Air Raid Precautions (Boileau), 45-47. Rational Defense; Plant Protection, ""rctfacture: Accident Prevention in Air- gufacturing (Rhodes), 31-35. in Aircraft Manufacturing (Har J* Cutting, and Sawing of Magnesium Aircraft Industry. 33-34. '^ation in Airplane Manufacturing 35-39. \ Dermatoses in the War Industries r>. 173-178. "**ctive Equipment in Aircraft Manu- Foundries in Aircraft Manufactur- urine Session: 31-44. R. F.: The Correlation of InAccident Analysis, 371-373. ~"g Section: Minutes, 235-237. _ Toxic Atmospheres (Berm), U2. Safety and Health Problems of dustry, 204-208. f Members, 11-16. TOplating. [ Disiseeaassee Prevention in the and Related Industries tional Dermatoses in the War (?*). 178. :hine Shop Section: Minutes. r *ward* B Baldwin, Dr. R. L.: Pre-employment Examination of Construction Workers, 324-328. Banash, J. 1.: Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in the Rubber Section Safety Contest, 648. Banquet, 27-30. Bartle, Dr. H.: Strains and Hernia. 140-143.. Bates, J. L.: What Price Safety, 373-376. Batteries, See Storage Batteries. Benzene, See Benzol, Benzol: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berm), 64. Berm, N. R.: Testing Toxic Atmospheres, 58*66. Beverages, See Food Industry. Bicycles: Bicycling with Safety (Naquin), 595*598. Blackouts: No Blackout for Industry (Caverly), 48-50. See also Plant Protection. Blakeslec, H. N.: The Safety Record Under War Conditions, 550-551. Blanchard, L. A.: Keeping Your Construction Equip ment Safe, 329-332. Blandx, Rear Adm. 14'. H. P.: Accidents--Axis Ally, 28-30. Blasting, See Explosives. Blatti, A. L.: Safe Use and Maintenance of Equip ment, 625-628, 631-633. Boileau, O. C.: Typical Industrial Air Raid Pre cautions Now in Use, 45-47. Bondfield, Rt. Hon. M. G.: The Place of Women in a War Economy, 244-245. Bottling Plants, See Food Industry. Box Manufacture, See Paper Industry. Brandt, Emerson: Wartime Safety Problems in the Refrigeration Industry, 629-631. Braun, T. W.: Report of the Statistics Committee. Paper and Pulp Section, 490-494. Breathing Apparatus: Adjustment for Head Straps of a Gas Mask Face-Piece During Storage. Discussion, 315. The Care and Cleaning of Respirators and Gog gles. Discussion, 316. The Limitation of Canister Type Gas Masks With Reference to the Oxygen Content of the At mosphere in Which Thev Are Used. Discussion. 317-318. Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective Devices (Schrenk and Pearce), 66*72. Should a Canister be Discarded One Year After the Seal is Broken? Discussion, 316. War Problems of the Public Utility Safety Engi neer--General Safety Equipment (Datncs), 609610. What Type of Respirator is Best Suited for Foun dry Work? Panel Discussion, 431. Brchm, C. G.: Transportation Injuries in Anthra cite Mines: Their Causes and Prevention, 477* 481. . . Brian. Dr. V. M.: Health Factors in Safetv, 545* 546. Brittingham, M. C.: Selling Your Program to Man agement, Supervisors and Workers. 151-153. Broivn, Dr. M.: The Mental Health of Workers, 160-165. Buckle, P. F.: Greetings from A.A.R.. 665. Bulletin Boards: Visual Education (Taylor), 690691. Burns: Preventing Blistered Fingers from Handling Hot Bottles and Hot Cans. Panel Discussion. 352. Protection Against Lime Burns in Hot Weather. Discussion, 317. 711 1 712 ' Msl National Saft'/Y ( mtijrc.u Index 713 Butadiene; Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in the Synthetic Rubber Industry (Ton Aflti and Noyes), 642-642. Cadmium: 'jesting Toxic Atmospheres (Borne). 03, Callaghan, C. H.: IxKjking Ahead in Shipping, Cand3y81-M38a3n.ufacture: Prevention of Injuries Due to Incorrect Methods of Lifting. Panel Dis cussion, 350. Canning Industry, See Food Industry. Carbon Disulfide: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berne), 64-o5. Carlain Monoxide: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berns), 60. Carlwm Tetrachloride: To Replace Carlton Tetra chloride What Substitute is Satisfactory for Mixing with Naphtha to increase the Flash Point. Discussion, 317. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Bern;), 64. Casual Workers, See New Employees. CaHgAmait, /, .If.: Safety Through Hmplmee Mo rale, 693-695. Caverty, P. P.: No Blackout for Industry, 48-50. Cement and Quarrv Sectiou: Minutes, 269*292. Handling Toxic or Explosive Material* cussum, 317. _ 'driv Eugineer- General Safety Equipment What Clothing is Suitable When Working ArMatfg Toxic Dust? Discussion. 315. j ft, The War ou Wartime Accidents, What Method is Used in Cleaning Worker*' ffctfc-l "21. ing in the Chemical Industry? Diw-- 314-315. See also Gloves; Shoes. Cochran, A, J,:t Hazards in the Use of Sa Materials--in Production, 447-449. Colors: Three Dimensional Colors in Power 1 Operation. Panel Discussion, 575-577. Three Dimensional Seeing (Winkler), 6S5-M* w Wm: Use of Trichlorethi lene !)egrea*er*, obs. See Health Hazards, tfuphytflsis, See Athlete's Foot. . M*4uene: Some Occupational Disease. H&z- in Munitions Manufacture (McGee), 168Mi ... How Can Safety Rules be Enforced Committees: An "Offense" Safety Committer Into Action (Pundore), 203-204. Coitole, C. V.; Development of State Safrir Cd 130-133. Construction Industry; Keeping Your Con*ut Equipment Safe (Blanchard), 329-332 Pre-employment Examination of Cmt*r Workers (BaMrem), 324-328. The Safe Handling and Placing of (Hammond), 335-337. Wrecking and Demolition (ffolmskon. Dll See also Shipbuilding. Construction Section: Minutes, 323-337. Officers, 323-324. Contests: Chemical Section, 309-311. Metals Section, 420-422. Presentation of Chemical Section Annual lithout Using Discipline? Panel Discussion, UJ4H, 351-352, 360-361. hsJties for Violations of Safety Rules. Panel \ freeusshm, 531-536. W A. S.: Presentation of National Safety | twncil Awards in Pajer Industry Safety Conl m. 525-527. LForte Industry, See Forging. [ MlUH. . B.: First Aid and Disaster* Squads, . ter, M. IF.; An "Offense" Safety Committee IWi Into Action, 203-204. S Fumes, Gases mid Vapors Session, 55-72. Best Way to Maintain Foundry Gangways I * FJiminate the Dust. Panel Discussion, 428. 9Mi Hazard in the Stone Crushing and Quarry I Wastries. Panel Discussion, 179-180, 184-185. Contest Awards (I1ellmuth)t 320-321. Presentation of Marine Section Safely Cat Hazards of Paper Dust. Panel Discussion, LIP S3*. Electric Blasting Underground (in Coal Mines) (Currie), 462*47(1. Handling Explosives. Panel Discussion, 280-292. Means of Reclaiming Rubber Gloves After They Have Been Used on Nitroglycerine. Discussion, 316. Should Protective Cream be Used in Handling Nitroglycerine? Discussion, 319. The Use of Conductive Flooring and Materials (Meyers), 295-298. Explosives Industry: Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries (Schnwrts), 174-178. Some Occupational Disease Hazards in Munitions Manufacture (McGee), 167*172. Wearing of Personal Jackets or Sweaters Over Uniforms Supplied by Company in Industries Handling Toxic or Explosive Materials. Dis cussion, 317. Falls: What (tan lie Done to Prevent Foot ami Leg Injuries in the Packing Industry. Panel Dis cussion, 401*403. Fatigue: The Effect of Lengthened Hours on Em ployees in War Production Male and Female Officers, 269-270. Cement Industry: Cement -and Quarry Accident Awards (Tode), 390-391. Presentation of National Safety Council _.mance of Exhaust Systems an Important Mdfty Measure (Kane), 55-58. Employees (Norton), 049-662. The Effect of Lengthened Hours on Safety Prob Experience (Cnr/ii), 270-272. Handling Explosives. Panel Discussion, 280-292. Chains: Chain Inspection. Discussion, 454. Chandler, Dr. F. A.: Foot Comfort in its Relation in Paper Industry Safety Contest it 525-527. Presentation of National Safety Conned in Petroleum Section Contest (Set ""t1Toxic Atmospheres (Berns), 58-60. -Clothing is Suitable When Working Around |l*Bse Dust? Discussion, 315. lems in the Rubber Industry (I.eavitt), 655-658. Third Shift Accidents (A/ior), 199-202. Feet: Foot Comfort in its Relation to Safety and Health (Chandler), 398-400. to Safety and Health. 398*400. 552-553. What Can Be Done to Prevent Foot and Lep; In Chase, E. M.: Report of the Statistics Committee. Public Utilities Section, 599-600. Chemical Industry: Clothing for Chemical Workers. Presentation of National Safety Council in Public Utilities Section Safety (Metsger), 600*602. E juries in the Packing Industry. Panel Discus sion, 401-403. What the industrial Nurse Needs to Know Alioirt Discussion, 312-323. Production Value of a Well-Rounded Accident Presentation of National Safely Council iti the Rubber Section Safety Contest (Rn Hand and Foot Injuries (Slobe), 153-157. See also Shoes. Prevention Program (Cox), 298-300. Should the Wearing of Goggles in a Chemical, Plant be Compulsory? Discussion, 311-312. What Method is Used in Cleaning Workers* Clothing in the Chemical Industry? Discus* sion. 314-315. . See also Explosives Industry. Chemical Section: Contest. 3(19-311. Minutes, 293-322. Officers, 293*294. Presentation of Awards (Helhuuth), 320-321. Chemicals: Dissipation of (taxes in the Atr From 648. What is the Best Method for Compulin ings? Panel Discussion, 188-190. What Tyi>e of Safely Contest is of Mori Panel Discussion, 342*343. Cook, IP, A.: Industrial Ilvgiene and fhr Plant, 301-306. Cooperation: Cooperation Between the rector and the Engineering Depnrtm Discussion. 181. Cor, //. L.; Production Value of a Wdl L Accident Prevention Program, 298 30$ . nf Safety: Results of Program. 299-300. * of Workmen, See Training. J Industry, See Public Utilities, filing: Occupational Dermatoses in the fix Industries (Schroartc), 175. *nbnn and Anodizing Department, 33. -. Rope Failure on Friction Type Elevalm Panel Discussion, 409. ml A.: Hazards in the Use of Substitute Masmb in Safety, 451-452. lm Relations: Safety and Labor Relations flhdtmd), 673-674. Felt Products: Replacement for Mercury Salts in the Carrotting of Hat Fur, Discussion, 318. Field, Capt. R. S.: Safety Equipment on Vessels Under War Conditions, 377-380. Life. J. A.: Safetv Through Advanced Job Analy sis. 683-685. Fire Protection: Cause, and Control of Fires Set from Welding. Pane! Discussion, 350-351. 356. The Elimination of the Fire Hazard of Magnesium Through Proper Control (77mir), 260-264. Fire Protection in Aircraft Manufacturing (liaryrett), 40-44. Plants That Concenlrate Sulphuric Acid. Dis Cranch. Or. A. (7. and Voshurgh, Dr. R. I. cussion, 319. Aspects of Welding, 97-102. .4i45T.hrough Employee Morale (Giuqhmou), Fire Protection on an Airline (Page), 230-233. Should Carbon Tetrachloride Extinguishers be The Formation of Static Electricity When Han dling^ Sulphur. Discussion. 314-316. Protection Against Dime Burns in Hot Weather. Discussion, 317. Should a Solution of Boric Acid or Sodium Bi carbonate be Used Immediately After Acid Has Been Flushed Away by Water? Discussion 315. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berns), 58-66. See also Name of Chemical. Chivers, Dr. J. //.; Hazards in the Use of Substi tute Materials--in Health, 450-451, 453. Chromic Acid: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berns), 65. Cigar Manufacture, See Tolwcco Industry. Ctaffy, T. R.: War Problems for the Public Utili- ties Safety Engineer Kubfter Good*. 606-608. Clothing: Care of Clothes Worn in Foundries. Panel Discussion, 429-430. Clothing for Chemical Workers. Discussion, 312- 313. Cranes: Women as Crane O|erator*. 452-453. Crosby, R. Meeting the Safety PmM < out a Safety Engineer, 364-366. Cuisr, A. B.: Shielding the Plant and . Against War Hazards in the KuMwf 637-639. Currie, R. P.: Electric Blasting Under* Coal Mines), 462-470. Curtis, A. J. R.: Cement and Quarry AcrtlMM pertence. 270-272. 1 Cutter, Dr. /. S.: Wartime Selection awl1 _ of Railroad Forces---New Men, 669471 Cutting Oils: Occupational Dermatoses hi 4tf Industries (Schwarts), 174. Should Disinfectant lie Added Ci*mh Cutting Oils? Discussion. 319. k Tw Management Musi Actively Participate (Safety Program (Hayward). 494-501. Mm: Selection and Training of Personnel we), 621-624. Training. Ett. See Personnel Departments. *T. Courses: What Makes a Safety F.ngv t' Panel Discussion, 103-123. j*: Coojieration Between the Safety DirerI Mil the Engineering Department. Panel Vision, 181. I the Safety Problem Without a Safety *er (Crosby), 264-366. itions of a Good Safely Administrator bil, 264-267. i Cwmpliance With Physical Recoinmetula A Safety Engineers lie Mandatory? Panel rrinn, 359. nM1a0k.1e-s123a. Safetv Engineer? Panel Discus- Permitted in a Moving Picture Theatre Projec tion Booth? Discussion. 319. Storage and Protection of Flammable Liquids (Newell), 75-78. Use of Dry Ice to Extinguish Oil Tanker Fire, 562. War-Created Fire and Accident Prevention Prob lems of the Petroleum Industry (Wilder), 547-549. What New Factors Should be. Considered in Measuring a Plant's Fire-Fighting Needs* Panel Discussion, 555-556. Fire Safety ami Plant Protection in War Indus tries Session. 73-78. Firearms Industry: Occupational Dermatoses In the War Industries (.VWm'or/s), 173-178. First Aid: First Aid and Disaster Squads (Pufftts), 50-53. First Aid Demonstration. 605-606. Fir$/Aid for Cuts, Small or Serious. Panel Dis Clothing. Jewelry and Other Problem* of Women Workers. Panel Discussion, 527-531. Safety Shoes for Men and Women. Panel Dis cussion, 255-256. The Use of Fireproof Uniform*. Discussion, 314. Wearing of Personal Jackets or Sweaters Over Uniforms Supplied bv Oompam in Industries D Paake, II. A.: Conservation of Maiq*ow* _ No Trespassing on Railroads. 67<*H . See Management. Safety Exposition Exhibitors, 705-709. mm Methods Used to Prevent Explosions fcbwure Vessels. Discussion, 318. An Example of Electrical Blasting Unr-'>nd Suitable for Metal and Non-Metal cussion, 405-406. First Aid Training. Discussion, 658-660. What About First Aid Training of Employees at This Time? Panel Discussion, 561-562. See aDo Nurses. Fishbcin. Dr. if.: Saving Manpower fnr War Power, 357-300. l 714 Jtlsi Xationul Safety C 'u//f//*<\v.v Fither, Dr. H. E.: What Are These Things Called Accidents? 603*605. Flammable Liquids Storage and Protection of Flam mable Liquids (Sewell), 75-78. Suggestions for Handling Flammable Liquids m Aircraft Manufacturing, 41*43. See also Solvents. Flather, Fred. Jr.: Maintaining a Safety Program During War Production, 695-699. Floors: The Use of Conductive Flooring and Ma terials (Meyers), 295-298. What Can be Done to Prevent Foot and In juries in the Packing Industry. Panel Discus- ion, 401-403. What is the Safest Floor Material for the Packing Industry^ Panel Discussion, 406-407. What Procedure is Used to Recondition or "Non- Skid** Worn Meta! Plates on Platforms, Stairs and Floors. Panel Discussion, 348*349. Food Industry: How Can Dermatitis be Prevented in People Who Package Wet Materials? Panel Discussion, 353. How to Explain the Importance of Goggles to Workers Who Do Not Understand the Lan guage. Panel Discussion. 343. Meeting the Safety Problem Without a Safety Engineer (Crosby), 364-366. Preventing Blistered Fingers from Handling Hot Bottles and Hot Cans. Panel Discussion, 352. Prevention of Injuries Due to Incorrect: Methods of Lifting. Panel Discussion, 350. The Problem of Bursting Bottles in the Packaging of Beverages. Panel Discussion, 359. The Safe Use^ of Electric Grain Shovels Used in Emptying Grain Cars. Panel Discussion, 343- 344. Safeguarding Equipment in the Food Industry (Steel), 362-364. Treatment of Tenosynovitis. Panel Discussion. 345-346. What Procedure is Used to Recondition or "Non- Skid** Worn Metal Plates on Platforms, Stairs and Floors. Panel Discussion, 348*349. See also Candy Manufacture. Food Section: Minutes, 339-366. ^ Officers, 339-341. ^ Foreign Speaking Employees: How to Explain the Importance of Goggles to Workers Who Do Not Understand the Language. Panel Discus sion. 343. Foremen: The Foreman Teaches Safety (Pavlis), 197-198. The Foreman's Place in the Safety Program (Heinrich), 191-194. Measuring the Efficiency of the Safety Work Done hy the Foreman. Panel Discussion, 443444. Method of Combatting the Problem of Foreman Having to Devote More Time to Production at the Expense of Safety. Panel Discussion, 360. Selling Safety to the Foreman. Panel Discussion, 180. Teaching the Foreman Safety (Sheehan), 194-197. Forging: Practical Method of Handling Long Cold Trim Strip Operations in the Drop Forge In dustry. Panel Discussion, 573. Protection Where Using Friction Saws. Panel Discussion, 583. Foundries, See Metal Industries. Frederick. R. E.: Retraining Transferred and Re hired Employees, 570-572. Fulminate of Mercury: Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries CSV/warf*), 177. Fumes, Dust. Gases and Vapors Session, 55-72. Fundamental Causes of Accidents Session, 79*94. G Gas and Electric Welding Session. 05-102. Gas Mask*. See Breathing Apparatus. Gases*. Maintenance of Exhaust System* -W portant Safety Measure (Kane), 55*5* Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berne), 58-46 Gases, Dust, Fumes and Vapors Session, 51-JJl Gibson, G. //.; Accident Prevention in tht Products Industries Under Wartime tions, 703. Gibson, J. IV.: The Training of State Farmej spectors, 124*127. Gloves: Means of Reclaiming Rubber Glore* They Have Been Used on Nitroglymw cussion, 316. See also Clothing. Goete, M. E.: Safety in War Production, 4 Goggles: The Care and Cleaning of RespirT-- Goggles. Discussion, 316. Eye Injuries, 300. How to Explain the Importance of Workers Who Do Not Understand guage. Panel Discussion, 343. The Proper Tyne of Goggles for Use fcs dries. Panel Discussion, 429*430. Selling the Goggle Program. Panel 185-186. Should the Wearing of Goggles in Plant lie Compulsory? Discussion, 31 What Method Should be Used to Get to Wear Goggtes? Panel Discussion. Where Should Goggles lie Worn in Packing. Tanning and Leather Pre# dustriesr Panel Discussion, 407-408. Government Safety Service in Industry 103-136. Grade Crossings: Grade Crossing Accidents National Defense (Hill), 666-668. Grain Mills and Elevators: The Safe Uw <4 trie Grain Shovels Used in Emptying Cars. Panel Discussion, 343-344. (rinding: Grinding Booths for Die Sandhi Grinding, 33. Protection When Using Grinding Wheel* Discussion, 427*428. Guards: Eliminating Conflicts Among Sine Requirements fShuford), 133-136. H Hammond, L. .: The Safe Handling 4 of Concrete, 335-337. Handicapped Workers: Use in Industry Discussion, 356-357. Handling Material: Best Protection for tW in Handling Cut Material from Shear l Panel Discussion, 577-578. Prevention of Injuries Due to Income! of Lifting. Panel Discussion. 350. Treatment of Tenosynovitis. Panel 345-346. Hands: Best Protection for the Hand* l* Cut Material from Shear to Pres*, cussion, 577-578. How Can Dermatitis be Prevented In Package Wet Materials? Panel Di*e What the Industrial Nurse Needs to Kn Hand and Foot Injuries (Slabe), 131-lli Hat Industry, See Felt Products. Hargrett, Felix: Fire Protection in Airvtsdl ` factoring, 40-44. llayjeard, R. /4.: Why Top Management lively Participate m a Safety Program, Haselhurst, Dr. J, H.: Accelerated SsMy ing. (Lecture), 216-225. Foundation Stones of Teaching. >Lntms4L 216. War Safety Training. (LecluieO, 204 77! Health Hazards: Control of Welding llr Shipbuilding (Pierre), 383-387. Dirhromate and Other Pickling OnetjiMM Dust Hazard in the Stone Crushing m4 Industries. Panel Discussion. 174 1M, / tide,f i Gangrene Caused by Particles of MagNot Being Removed Promptly from a Discussion, 319. "si in the Use of Substitute Materials--in 1th (Chivers), 450-451, 453. | Aspects of Welding (Cranch and Vosr*>, 97*102. - Conservation in Airplane Manufacturing 35*39. Hazards of Paper Dust. Panel Discussion, mm. - Can Dermatitis !>e Prevented in People Who ^fe Wet Materials? Panel Discussion, 353. ie of Undulant Fever Among Packing! Workers. Panel Discussion, 409*410. -W Disease Prevention in the Leather **Wting. and Related Industries (Metier), ."--dal Hygiene and the Small Plant (Cooke), M-J96. Pots for Dipping Control Cables, 33, ""nee of Exhaust Systems an Important 7 Measure (/umr). 55-58. tkmal Dermatoses in the War Industries (Mmurte), 173-178. ` Thinner Used for Washing Parts, 33. JV of Substitute Materials (Sterner)., 144- -l the Plant and Personnel Against War ttfds in the Rubber Industry (Guise), mm. Disinfectant be Added Continuously to i*| Oils? Discussion, 319. Protective Cream be Used in Handling mrcgWcenne? Discussion, 319. ; Industrial Hygiene Problems in the Syn t*a4x47R.u6b4b9e.r Industrv (Van Atta and Moves), Occupational Disease Hazards in Munitions Wactiire (McGee), 167-172. and Hernia (Barite), 140-143. Toxic Atmospheres (Berne). 58-66. t of Tenosynovitis. Panel Discussion. JHJ44. d Trichloretbylene Degreasers, 32-33. IV of Xylol and Other Solvents, 305*306. ing the Anodizing Department, 33. `Vi^of Foundries in Aircraft Manufac* liing is Suitable When Working Around DusU Discussion. 315. !pervision: Health Conservation in AirManufacturing (Poole), 35-39. Factors in Safety (Brian), 545-546. ul Hygiene and the Small Plant (Cooke), 786. nd Health Problems of Women iu InduslAnderson), 204-208. ; Manpower for War Power iFishbein). 740. Nurses; Physical Examinations. H. W.: The Foreman's Place in the Program, 191-194. .G.T.: Presentation of Chemical Section nil Safety Contest Awards, 320-321. ..See Breathing Apparatus. u*ims for Hernia. Panel Discussion, 361. ad Hernia (Battle), 140-143. Jm Lifting; Strains. ( E: Grade Crossing Accidents Retard NaDefense, 666-668. W. J.: Safety and Lnlmr Relations, 673- See Chains; Cranes. Dr. E. C.: Industrial Rehabilitation of -lly Injured Workers, 137-140. ^ 0, H.: Wrecking and Demolition, 332- d bailor: The Effect of lengthened Hours Lwiployees in War Production -Male and k Employee* (Horton), 649-662. licet of lengthened Hours on Safety Prob*"* in the Rubber Industry. A Svni|wthini. 049-662. The Effect of Lengthened Hours on Safety Prob lems in the Rubber Industry (Leavitt), 655658. See also Shifts. Hydraulic Presses, See Power Presses. Hydrocarbons: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berne), 64. Hydrochloric Acid: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berne), 65. Hydrofluoric Acid: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berne). 65. Hydrogen Cyanide: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berne), 61. Hydrogen Sulfide: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berne), 60*61. I Effort, 127-130. Industrial Health' Session, 137-149. Industrial Nursing Session, 151-166. industrial Safety Courses: Technical Training for War Industry (Yellott), 272-278. What Makes a Safety Engineer? Panel Discus sion, 103-123. Infections: First Aid for Cuts, Small or Serious. Panel Discussion, 405-406. What the Industrial Nurse Needs to Know About Hand and Foot Injuries (Slobe), 153-157. Injured Workers: Handling the Malingerer. Panel Discussion, 344-345. See also Rehabilitation. Inspection: Chain Inspection. Discussion, 454, The Correlation of Inspection with Accident Analysis (/Alexander), 371-373. Factory Inspection in the War Effort (Immel), 127-130. The Training of State Factory Inspectors (Gib son), 124-127. Investigation of Accidents: Following Through Safety Recommendations After Accidents Arc Investigated. Panel Discussion, 441-443. Isobutylene Polymers: Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in the Synthetic Rubber Industry . (Van Atta and Noyes), 643. Irvin, IV. A.: Industry Accepts the Challenge. J J.I.T. Trainiug: Accelerated Safety Training. Lec ture. (Haselhurst), 217-225. Instruction Courses, 274-275. Job Analysis: Safety Through Advanced Job Analy sis (Fife). 682-685. Johnson, F. H .: The Accident Prevention Program in the Kaiser Shipyards, 388-390. K Knapj>, B. IV.: Safety's Contribution to Our Wa -4 Efforts, 241-244. Knives: What Precaution-* Are Necessary to Pn vent Knife Wounds in Skinning Operations P.uirl Dw'n-*sinn. t(M MIS. IMMlt. ( 716 31 st Xatioiwl Safety Congress Index L LulKiratories, See Chemical Industry. ^ t J.ead: Importance of Indelible Lead in the Skin, 155. Lead Tots for Dipping Control Cables. 33. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Rents). 62-63. Lead Azide: Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries (.SVnwarf*), 177. Leather industries: Where Should (Joggles be Worn in the Meat Packing. Tanning and leather Products Industries. Panel Discus sion, 407-408. Leather Industries Section, Sec Meat Packing, Tan ning and Leather Industries Section. Leavitt, It. I..: The KlTect of Lengthened Hours on Safety Problems in the Rublwr Industry, 655* 65A. Lifting: How Do You Lift When it is Impossible to Use the Legs? Panel Discussion. 354. How Much Should a Woman Lift? Panel Dis cussion, 580-581. Prevention of Injuries Due to Incorrect Methods of Lifting. Panel Discussion. 35(1. See also Hernia; Strains. Lighting: No Blackout for Industry (Cavcrly), 48- 50. Projier Lighting at Point of 0|>eration for Punch Presses. Panel Discussion, 579-580. Three Dimensional Colors in Power Press Opera tion. Panel Discussion, 575-577. Three Dimensional Seeing (ll'inkler), 685-689. Lime: Protection Against Lime Burns in Hot Weather. Discussion, 317. Linemen, See Public Utilities. Loading and Unloading: How to Prevent Steel Plates from Slipping Where There is a Differ ence in Height of Car Tank and Warehouse Floor. Panel Discussion. 359-360. Logging: Group Session for Pulpwood Loggers. Forum Discussion, 501-516. Use of "Hard Hats'* in the Woods. Discussion, 513-515. Loomis, L. R,: Safety Su|>ervision for Women in Punch Press Operations, 565-572. M Maclnnis, Dr. F. H.: What the Industrial Nurse Can Do About Tuberculosis. 157-159. McGee, Dr. L. Some Occupational Disease Hazards, in Munitions Manufacture. 167-172. Magnesium: The Elimination of the Fire Hazard of Magnesium Through Proper Control (Thrttne). 260-264. Gaseous Gangrene Caused by Particles of Mag nesium Not Being Removed Promptly From a Wound. Discussion, 319. The Grinding, Cutting, and Sawing of Magnes ium Parts in Aircraft Industry, 33-34. Hazards in the Use of Substitute Materials in Health (Chivers), 451. What the Industrial Nurse Needs to Know About Hand and Foot Injuries (Slobe), 155 Maintaining Interest: The Building of Morale and the Maintaining* of Interest. Panel Discussion. 255. Malingering. See Injured Workmen. Maintenance: Makeshift Maintenance and Work Efficiency. Panel Discussion. 251-252. Management: Best Methods of Selling Managers on Importance of Safety Program. Panel Dis cussion, 355-356. Safety's Contribution to Our War Efforts (Knapp), 241-244. Why Top Management Must Actively Participate in a Safety Program (Hayitwrtt), 494-501. Marine Industry: The Correlation of Inspections with Accident Analysis (.Alexander), Dt Looking Ahead in Shipping (Caltauhani, Mil* Safety Equipment on Vessels Under W* Cat tions (Field), 377-380. What Price Safety (fln/cj), 373-376. Marine Section: Contest Awards. 390-391 Minutes, 367-391, Officer*, 367-370. Matis, II. A.: Safe Practices in War Tin cation of Welding, 95-97. Maynard, D. E.: Hazards and Their Klia in the Corrugated and Solid Fibre B** I try, 517-519. Meat Packing. Tanning and Leather lmlutnt*l tion: Minutes, 393-412. Officers. 393-394. Meat Packing Industry: First Aid for ( m*. 1 or Serious. Panel Discussion. 405-406 Guards for Head-Splitting Operations. Paftri I cussion, 411-412. Incidence of Undulant Fever Among Pack* Workers. Panel Discussion, 409-410 Precautions for Tying Operations in the house. Panel Discussion, 411. What Can I* Done to Prevent Visit mol U juries in the Packing Industry. Panel sion, 401-403. . ., What is the Safest Floor Material for the Industry? Panel Discussion, 406-407 What Precautions Are Necessary to I*""* I Wounds in Skinning 0|*rntions? P*rf I cussion, 403-405, 410-411. Where Should (Joggles Be Worn in the Me* I ing, Tanning and Leather Products U* Panel Discussion, 407-408. Meiter, F.. G.: Industrial Disease the Leather Tanning and Related In 394*397. Mercury: Replacement for Mercury Salts Is i Carrotting of Hat Fur. Discussion. Hi Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Rems), ftJO Mercury Fulminate: Some Occupational Ot Hazards in Munitions Manufacture IM 170-171. Metal Industries: An "Offense" Safet\ C* Goes Into Action (Dnndore), 203-204 Best Way to Maintain Foundry (# Eliminate the Dust. Panel Discmi*. 1 . Care of Clothes Worn in Foundries. P**#l \ cussion, 429-430. Following Through Safety ReconiniendatM Accidents Are Investigated. Panel !* 441-443. Hazards in the Use of Substitute symposium, 447-454. On What Types of Operation*. Will it ft* I to Employ Women in Foundries. Panel f" sion, 430-431. The Proper Type of Goggles fur l'*e dries. Panel Discussion. 429-430. Safety in War Production (Carts). U* Safety's Contribution to Our Wo (Knapp), 241-244. "Seven-Company Exchange." 432-446. Third Shift Accidents (Muir). 199-202 Today's Problems in Safetv. Panel Ik 432-446. Unsafe Practices in Foundries, t Slide 423-429. 'Ventilation of Foundries in Aircraft turing, 33. What Type of Respirator is Best S** Foundry Work? Panel Discussion. 4*1 Women As Crane OjK*rators. l)i*ru*h*i Metals Section: Contest. 420-422. Minutes. 413-454. Officers, 413-415. Metals: Safe Use of Substitute Maieiial* M* ^ 146-147. See also Lead; Mercury; Silver; 7ine Metsper, R. S.: Presentation of Council Awards in Public Utilities Safetv Contest. 600*602. Meyers. /:. J.: The Use of Conductor Materials, 295-298. Mw*\ry: An Example of Electrical Blast9 I'Kterground Suitable for Meta! and NonW Mines (Nans), 457-461. r* Blasting Underground (in Coal Mines) few), 462-470. Precautions in Shuttle Car Oitcration mer), 481-485. Nation Injuries : Causes and Prevention iainij (Adams), 470-473. atton Injuries: Causes and Prevention inin^ from the Staml|K>int of Bituminous Mining (Moses), 473-477. -tation Injuries in Anthracite Mines: Causes and Prevention (Brehm), 477-481. Section: Minutes, 455-485. % 455-456. t. F.: Selection and Training of Person121-624. tf. M.: Transportation Injuries: Causes Prevention in Mining from the- Standpoint Mummous Coal Mining, 473-477. Picture Projection Booths, Sec Theatres.1 Prol*`r Procedure for Handling a Truck During an Air Raid or Alarm. Discussion, 560. ( li.: Third Shift Accidents, 199-202. Manufacture, See Explosives Industry. Music in Industry. Discussion, 657. N ,0. M.: Personal Protective Equipment in Refrigeration Industry, 616-618. A. J.: Bicycling with Safety. 595-598. Defense: Accidents -Axis Ally (Blandy), twl Precautions for Industry Session. 45-53. 'i Manufacturing Session, 31-44. Defense and Safety (Reninper), 73-75.1 Inspection, in the War Effort (Immel), IJO. wjfrit Safety Service in Industry Session, > Accepts the Challenge (Irvin), 21-26. ming a Safety Program During War Pro- (Mather), 695-699. -iwmal Dermatoses in the War Industries kharte), 173-178.. cthmal Diseases in Munitions Manufacture 167-178. IWc of Women in a War Economy (Bond- I, 244-245. Protection and Fire Safety in War IndusSession, 73-78. Miiment on Vessels Under War Condi(Field), 377-380. in War Production (Gacts). 416-418. ' Contribution to Our War Efforts iff), 241-244. jJMuiinwcr for War Power (Fishbein), ^Problems in Safety. Panel Discussion. Defense Workers and What to Do to re Deferment of "Necessarv Men" -mrr). 306-308. rested Fire and Accident Prevention Prohm the Petroleum Industry (Wilder), 547- War on Wartime Accidents (Dearborn), Safety Problems in Industry Session. 199- Mely Training. Lectures. (Hacelhurst), Tt*ie Security of the Petroleum Industry #/**). 541-545. J*" Air Raids; Blackouts; Explosives; In- dusliinl Safetv Onuses; Magnesium; Plant Prnlecl ion. National Safety Council: Bonn! of Trustee*. 5-6. Directors, 6-8. Executive Committee, 4-5. Honorary Memliers, 4. Officer*, 4, 27. Program, 10. The War on Wartime Accidents (Dearborn), 17-21. Nans, L. I..: An Example of Electrical Blasting Underground Suitable for Metal and NonMetnl Mines, 457-461. Negroes: Training Defense Workers and What to Do to Procure Deferment of "Necessary Men" (Sehommer), 308. Neoprene: Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in the Synthetic Ruhlwr Industry (Fan Atta and Noyes), 640*641. New Employees: Accidents to New and Old Em ployees. Panel Discussion, 254. Accidents to New Employees and Older Worker*. Panel Discussion, 436-437, 439. The Best Way to Train a New Man. Panel Diacussion, 254-255. The New Worker. 271-272. Retraining Transferred and Rehired Employee# (Frederick), 570-572. Safety for the Casual Worker in the Refrigera tion and Related Industries (Woods), 619-621. Training the New Man to Work Safely. Panel Discussion, 432-439. Wartime Selection and Training of Railroad Forces--New Men (Cutter), 669-673. Newell, II. E.: Storage and Protection of Flam mable Liquids, 75-78. Nitrogen Oxides: Some Occupational Disease Haz ards in Munitions Manufacture (McGee), 171. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berns), 61-62. Nitroglycerine: Means of Reclaiming Rubber Glove# After They Have Been Used on Nitroglycer ine. Disctission, 316. Should Protective Cream be Used in Handling Nitroglycerine? Discussion, 319. Nitrous Fumes, See Nitrogen Oxides. Norton, L. O.: The Effect of lengthened Hours on Employee* in War Production- Male and Fe male Employees, 650-653. Noyes, A. M. and Van Atta. F. A.: Some Indus trial Hygiene Problems in the Synthetic Rub ier Industry, 640-647, 649. Nurses: Findings of the Committee for the Study of the Duties of Nurses in Industry, 165-166. Full Time Services of a Nurse for a Plant Employing 450 Persons. Panel Discussion, 351. How Far Can a Nurse (Jo When a Doctor is Not Immediately Available? Panel Discussion, 357- The Mental Health of Workers (Brown), 160-165, Selling Your Program to Management, Super visors and Worker* (Brittingham). 151-153. What the Industrial Nurse Can Do About Tuber culosis (Maclnnis), 157-159. What the Industrial Nurse Needs to Know About Hand and Foot Injuries (Slobe), 153-157. Nurses Session. See Industrial Nursing Session. o Occupational Diseases in Munitions Manufacture Session, 167-178. Older Workers: Accidents to New Employees and Older Workers. Panel Discussion, 436-437, Retraining tlu-^OIder Worker. Panel Discussion, 434-439. TrainitiK Defense Workers ami What to Do to Procure Deferment of "Necessary Men" I S\-lwiiunrr). 307-308. l 718 Jlsl Xtihoinii Safety Coni/ress Oppunol, See Isobutylene Pnlyntet*. Organization, See Small Plants. p Pape, b. A.: Fire Protection on An Airline, 230* Paint: Fumes from Solvents Used in Paint Dip ping, 33. Safe Use of Substitute Materials (Sterner), 146. Paper and Pulp Section: Minutes, 4H7-53R. Officers, 487-489. Presentation of National^ Safety Council Awards in Paper Industry Safety Contest (Dowd). 525-527. Report of Statistics Committee (/frown), 490*494. Paper Industry: Clothing. Jewelry and Other Prob lems of Women Workers. Panel Discussion, 527-531. The Employment of Women Around the Book Mill, Panel Discussion, 537. Female Labor in the Paper Converting Industry Lftrcmp), 519-525. Hazards and Their Elimination in the Corrugated and Solid Fibre Box Industry (Maynard), 517519. Health Hazards of Paper Dust. Panel Discussion, 537-538. Range Finders for Safety. Panel Discussion, 527- Unloading Cars of Pulp. Panel Discussion, 536. Why Top Management Must Actively Participate in a Safety Program (Hayivard), 494-501. See also Logging. Paper Products Plants Group Session, 516-525. Pavlis, F. ; The Foreman Teaches Safety, 197- 198. Pearce, S. 7. and Schrenk, //. //.; Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective De vices, 66-72. Personal Factors: Foundation Stones of Teaching. (Lecture) (Haselhnrst), 209-216. The Mental Health of Workers (Brottm), 160-165. Steps to Be Taken With the Employee Who Has Become an Habitual Minor Accident Victim. Panel Discussion, 353. What Are These Things Called Accidents? (Fisher), 603-605. Personal Protective Equipment: Personal Protec tive Equipment in Aircraft Manufacturing, 34. Personal Protective Equipment in the Refrigera tion Industry (Nanfeldt), 616-618. See also Breathing Apparatus; Clothing; Gloves; Goggles; Safety Equipment: Shoes. Personal Departments: Absenteeism and its Effect on the Safety Program. Panel Discussion, 246-251. Petroleum Industry: Can the Accident and Fire Protection Program be Made a Reserve DefenseAgainst Sabotage? Panel Discussion, 559-560. How Do You Lift When it is Impossible to Use the Legs? Panel Discussion, 354. In What Jobs Can Women be Safely Employed in the Petroleum Industry? Panel Discussion, 557-559. Location of Shelter Areas in Various Types of Oil Industry Operations. Panel Discussion. 556-557. Prevention of Injuries Due to Incorrect Methods of Lifting. Panel Discussion. 350. Proper Procedure for Handling a Tank Truck During an Air Raid or Alarm. Panel Discus sion, 560. The Safely Record Under War Condition* (Blakeslee), 550-551. Use of Dry Ice to Extinguish Oil Tanker Fire. 562. War-Created Fire and Accident Prevention Prob lem* of the Petroleum lndn*trv (/I'ildcr) 547549. War-Time Security of the IVtiolrom I (HVjroaO* 541-545. What About First Aid Training of E~ This Time? Panel Discussion, 56lWhat Can !e Done to Better MaiMaw Equipment? Panel Discussion, 554-HA. What New Factors Should be Measuring a Plant's Fire-Fighting Panel Discussion, 555-556. Petroleum Section: Minutes, 539-562. Officers, 539-541. Presentation of National Safety Council in Petroleum Section Contest (Solcn*--A. 553. Physical Examinations: Importance of IV animations in a Battery Mnnufaciunn Panel Discussion, 181-182. Pre-employment Kxaniination of C Workers <Baldwin), 324-328. Should We Require Physical Examia the Duration? Panel Discussion. 354JW Pickling: Dichromate and Other Pickling tions, 33. Pierce, If. W.: Control of Welding If Snipbuilding, 383-387. Plant Protection: Can the Accident and tection Program be Made a Reserve Against Saimtage. Panel Discusaion. A Location of Shelter Areas in Various T* Oil Industry Operations. Panel 556-557. Plant Protection. Panel Discussion. 2791 Typical Industrial Air Raid Precautions I Use (Boileau), 45-47. See also Air Raids; Blackouts. Plant Protection and Fire Safety In Ww tries Session. 73-78. Platforms: What Procedure is Used to tion or "Non-Skid" Worn Metal Platforms, Stairs and Floors. Panel l` 348-349. Poole, Dr. F. E.: Health Conservation in Manufacturing, 35-39. Pouters, See Bulletin Boards. Power Press Section: Minutes, 563-585. Officers, 563-565. Power Presses: Best Protection for the H~ Handling Cut Material from Shear Panel Discussion, 577-578. 'Guard for Keconsolidatiug the Crimping Panel Discussion, 574-575. Guarding a Hydraulic Press, 182-183 Guards for the Punch Press. Panel 581-583. Projver Lighting at Point of 0|>eratian i Presses. Panel Discussion, 579-580. Punch Press Guards. Panel DiscuasMi. Safety Supervision for Women in Pr Operations (Loomis), 565-572. Three Dimensional Colors in Power Prvsv tion. Panel Discussion, 575-577. The Use of Plastics for Punch Press PaneJ Discussion, 574. What is Being Done as to the Safely Women Employees? Pane! Di*cusk*L 578-579, 583-584. See also Forging. Pressure Vessels: Cleaning Pressure Veu. Methods Used to Prevent Explosion* of Vessels. Discussion, 318. Prizes, see Rewards. Psychiatry. See Personal Factors. Psychology, See Personal Factors. Public Utilities: First Aid Demonstration, Is it Possible to Repair Linemen's Film Jaws Are Nicked? Discussion. 61J. War Problems for the Public Utilitlft Engineer Linemen's Tools and (Wilson), 611-614. War Problems for the Public Utilities Engineer- -Rubber Goods (Claffy), War Safety in the Public Utilities (Sprinkle), 590-595. War Problem* of the Public Ulilitv Saf* Index 1 General Safety Equipment (Uavies), I. takkt Section: Minutes, 587-614. , 5*7-590. : erf Awards (Metsger), 600-602. f Film Committee, 598-599. af Statistics Committee (Chase), 599-600. Loners Group Session, 501-516. ws. See Power Presses. Co-operation Between Purchasing, En* l, and Safety Divisions in Obtaining -t (Walker), 653-655. Goods U'laffy), (>06-608. Rubber Section: Contest, 64K. Minutes, 635-662. Officers, 635-636. Rules: How Can Safety Rules he Enforced With out Using Discipline? Panel Discussion, 346* 348, 351-352, 360-361. Which Method is More Effective, a Complete Rule Book or Periodical Bulletins? Panel Discus sion, 352. s I4u*lry: Cement and Quarry Accident *nce (Curtis), 270-272. Imrd in the Stone Crushing and Quarry net. Panel Discussion, 179-180, 184-185. F.xplosives. Panel Discussion, 280-292. Section, See Cement and Quarry Section. Conservation of Manpower Requires No mg on Railroads (Daake). 675-676. Crossing Accidents Retard National De(Hill). 666-668. sad Labor Relations (Hoglund). 673-674. - Selection and Training of Railroad New Men (Cutter), 669-673. ion Industry: Personal Protective EauinI in the Refrigeration Industry (Nanfeldt), Mil. ' Cte and Maintenance of Equipment (Blatti), #429, 631-633. for the Casual Worker in the Refrigeratnd Related Industries (Woods), 619-621. : Safety Problems in the Refrigeration In#gry (Brandt), 629-631. ion Section: Minutes, 615-633. 61S-616. Industrial Rehabilitation of Perrnaly Injured Workers (Holmblad), 137-140. Cel. //. A.: Civilian Defense and Safety, . Equipment, See Breathing Apparatus. Awards or Incentives for Good Safety 4s. Panel Discussion, 445-446. G. M.: Results Achieved by the Use of rdized Accident Programs and Forms, #230. W. S.: Accident Prevention in Airplane `acturing, 31-35. It. L.: The Qualifications of a Good Safety :~iitrator 264*267. Industry: All Out for Safety (J'on Cleef), #437. *two Between Purchasing, Engineering, # Safety Divisions in Obtaining Equipment ##rr), 653-655. lied of Lengthened Hours on Safety Prob in the Rubber Industry. A Symposium, . Iffect of Lengthened Hours on Safety Probin the Rubber Industry (Leavitt), 655- the Plant and Personnel Against War in the Rubber Industry (Guise), 637- Induatrial Hygiene Problems in the Synm Rubber Industry (Pan Atta and Noyes), #447, 649. Frotective Equipment: War Problems for it FvMic Utilities Safely Engineer Rub!er Sabotage, See Plant Protection. Safety Codes, See Standards. Safety Directors, See Engineers. Safaty Engineering Exchange, 179-190. Safety Equipment: Co-operation Between Purchas ing, Engineering, and Safety Divisions, in Ob taining Equipment (Walker), 653-655. War Problems for the Public Utilities Safety Engineer -- Linemen's Tools and Equipment (Wilson), 611-614. War Problems for the Public Utilities Safety En gineer--Rubber Goods (Ctaffy), 606-608. War Problems of the Public Utility Safety Engi neer---General Safety Equipment (Davies), 608-611. What Can he Done to Better Maintain Safety Equipment? Panel Discussion, 554-555. See also Breathing Apparatus; Clothing; Gloves; Goggles; Shoes. Safety m Foremanship Session,. 191-198. Safety Movement: Safety Cynics and Safety Sin ners (Zimmer), 418-420. Safety Movement--Great Britain: The Place of Women in a War Economy (Bondffeld), 244- 245. Safety Movement--States: Development of State Safety Codes (Conole), 130-133. Eliminating Conflicts Among State Safety Re quirements (Shuford), 133-136. Factory Inspection in the War Effort (Immel), 127-130. State Labor and Industrial Commissions in the War Effort, 124-136. The Training of State Factory Inspectors (Gib- son), 124-127. Saws: Protection When Using Friction Saws. Panel Discussion, 583. Schommer, /. ; Training Defense Workers and What to Do to Procure Deferment of "Neces sary men," 306-308. Schrenk, H. H. and Pearce, S. : Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective De vices, 66-72. Schwarts, Dr. Louis: Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries, 173-178. Selling Safety: Best Methods of Selling Managers on Importance of Safety Program. Panel Dis cussion, 355-356. Selling Safety to the Foreman. Panel Discussion, 180. Sheehan, E. W.: Teaching the Foreman Safety, 194-197. Shifts: Third Shift Accidents (Muir), 199-202. Shipbuilding: The Accident Prevention Program in the Kaiser Shipyards (Johnson), 388-390. Control of Welding Hazards in Shipbuilding (Pierce), 383-387. Shoes: Foot Comfort in its Relation to Safety and Health (Chandler), 398-400. What Can be Done to Prevent Foot and Leg In juries in the Packing Industry. Panel Discus sion, 401-403. What Types of Shoes and Boots Are Used in Napthalene Plants? Discussion, 315. Who Pays for the Safetv Shoes? Discussion, 313314. Sec* also Clothing. 720 31st National Safety Congress Index 721 Shnford, F. H.: Eliminating Conflicts Among State Safety Requirements, 133-136. Silver: Safe Use of Substitute Materials (Sterner), 146*147. Slobe, Dr. F. W.: What the Industrial Nurse Needs to Know About Hand and Foot Injuries, 153*157. Small Plants: Full Time Services of a Nurse for a Plant Employing 450 Persons. Panel Discus sion, 351. Industrial Hygiene and the Small Plant (Cook), 301-306. What is Considered a Practical Safety Organiza tion for Small Factory. Panel Discussion, 183- 184. Smith, A. IV.: Getting the Most Out of Effective Accident Records, 680-682. Solrnsten, R. T.: Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in Petroleum Section Contest, 552*553. Solvents: Fumes from Solvents Used in Paint Dip ping, 33. Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries (Schwarts), 174*177. Paint Thinner Used for Washing Parts, 33. Safe Use of Substitute Materials (Sterner), 146- 148. Shielding the Plant and Personnel Against War Hazards in the Rubber Industry 637- 639. Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in the Syn thetic Rublier Industry (Van Atta and Noyes), 6-95-646. Storage and Protection of Flammable Liquids (Newell), 75*78. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berns), 64*65. The Use of Xylol and Other Solvents, 305-306. Spray Coating, See Paint. Sprinkle, H. O.: War Safety in the Public Utility Industry, 590-595. Stairways: What Procedure is Used to Recondition or "Non-Skid" Worn Metal Plates on Plat forms, Stairs and Floors. Panel Discussion, 348-349. Standards: Development of State Safety Codes iConole), 130-133. Eliminating Conflicts Among State Safety Re quirements (Shuford). 133*136. State Safety Programs, See Safety Movement -- States. Static Electricity: The Formation of Static Elec tricity When Handling Sulphur. Discussion, 315*316. The Use of Conductive Flooring and Materials (Meyers), 295-298. Steam Railroad Section: Minutes, 663*678. Officers, 663*664. Steel. G. H.: Safeguarding Equipment in the Food Industry, 362-364. Sterner, Dr. J. H.: Safe Use of Substitute Mater ials, 144-149. Stilwell, Col. John: Annual Address, 11-16. Presentation of Metals Section Annual Safety Contest Awards, 420-422. Stone Crushing Industry: Dust Hazard in the Stone Crushing and Quarrv Industries. Panel Dis cussion, 179-180. 184-185. Storage Batteries: Importance of Physical Exami nations in a flattery Manufacturing Plant. Panel Discussion. 181-182. Strains: Strains and Hernia (Hartle), 140*143. See also Lifting. Strong, tV. E.: Female Lalxir in the Paper Convert ing Industry, 519-525. Styrene: Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in the Synthetic Rubber Industry (I'a Atta and Noyes), 642-643. Substitutes: Hazards in the Use of Substitute Ma- terials. A Symposium, 447-454. Hazards in the Use of .Substitute Materials--in Health (Chivers), 450-451, 453. Hazards in the Use of Substitute Materials--in Production (Cochran), 447-449. Replacement for Mercury Salts in the Onrrntting of Hat Fur. Discussion. 3 IK. Safe Use of Substitute Materials (Sterner), I* 149. Some Industrial Hygiene Problems in the thetic Rubber Industry (lrn Atta and Sep4 640-647, 649. To Replace Carbon Tetrachloride Whit tute is Satisfactory for Mixing of NipMn i Increase the Flash Point. Discussion, J17 The Use of Plastics for Punch Press G4] Panel Discussion, 574. War Problems for the Public Utilities Siffty | gineer--Linemen's Tools and Equipment IBBI joh), 611-614. War Problems of the Public Utility Safety I neer General Safety Equipment I Pan 608-6 It. Sugar Industry, See FimhI Industry. Suggestion Systems: Suggestion Program. Discussion, 252. Sulphur: The Formation of Static Electricity Handling Sulphur. Discussion, 315-316 Sulphur Dioxide: Testing Toxic Ati (Bents), 61. Sulphuric Acid: Dissipation of Gases in th From Plants That Concentrate Sulphuric Discussion, 319. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Bents). 65. Supervisors, See Foremen. Tank Trucks, See Motor Vehicles. Tanning Industry: Guarding Open Vt Beamhouse Floor. Panel Discussion, ] Industrial Disease Prevention in the l^adwf ' ning and Related Industries (Metier), Where Should Goggles be Worn in tW> Packing, Tanning and Leather Product* f tries. Panel Discussion, 407-408. Tanning Section: See Meat Packing, Tamtag < Leather Industries Section. Taylor, N. If.: Visual Education, 690-692. Tenosynovitis: Treatment of Tenosynovitis Discussion, 345-346. Tetryl: Occupational Dermatoses in the W dustries (Schwarts), 175*176. Some Occupational Disease Hazards in M* Manufacture (McGee), 169-170. Textile Industry: Getting the Most Out <4 tive Accident Records (Smith), 680-682. Maintaining a Safety Program During W* | duction (Flather), 695-699. Safety Through Advanced job Analyst* I# 682-685. Safety Through Employee Morale (Cefkm 693-695. Three Dimensional Seeing OVinkler), 61 m Visual Education (Taylor), 690*692. Textile Section: Minutes, 679-699. Officers, 679-680. Thayer, E. L.: Handling Explosives. PunJ I cussion, 280-292. Theatres: Should Carbon Tetrachloride EitiaMflfc ers be Permitted in a Moving Picture laoM Projection Booth? Discussion, 319. Thiokols: Some Industrial Hygiene Profctwi % the Synthetic Rubber Industry (Van Asw M Noyes), 643-644. Throne. R. I.: The Elimination of the Flit ard of Magnesium Through Proper C 260-264. Tobacco Industry: Safe Operation of Ci*M chines. Panel Discussion, 348. Tode, A. A/.: Presentation of Marine Sectiaa Contest Awards, 390-391. Toluene: Safe Use of Substitute (Sterner), 147-148. Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berns), 64. Tools: Is it Possible to Repair Lineman's f%m 1 the Jaws are Nicked? Discussion, 6IJ v Problems for the Public Utilities Safely En\smtx- Linemen's Tools ami Equipment (W'i7- mi, 611-614. Mar Accelerated Safety Training. Lecture. WurtfiMrjf), 216*225. H* Best Way to Train a New Man. Panel I)is- fvMKms, 254*255. fcwfthtkm Stones of Teaching. (Lecture.) Hittlhurst). 209-216. 1m Effective Method to Use in Training Women barkers. Panel Discussion, 349. fcanmiriK the Older Worker. Panel Discussion, u 439. Miming Transferred and Rchired Employees fuierick), 570-572. Mrtwn and Training of Personnel (Moberg), JU24. fcaM Instructions l>e Given Collectively or Indually to Employees? Panel Discussion, m <50. ! hrfcng the Foreman Safety (Sheehan), 194-197. i uMunt the New Man to Work Safely. Panel * Wmdon, 432*439. i Training of State Factory htsiiectnrs (Gihn\, 124-127. i aJi Industrial Safety Courses. Use, 9. wing, See Railroads. rrtbylene: Testing Toxic Atmospheres 64. t 4 Trichlorethylene Degreasers, 32*33. Moluene: Occupational Dermatoses in the r Industries (jrAwarfj), 176*177. Occupational Disease Hazards in Munitions nufacture (McGee), 167-168. Meilow: What the Industrial Nurse Can Do 4*srt Tuberculosis (Maclnnis), 157*159. u Fever: Incidence of Undulant Fever 4m*I Packinghouse Workers. Panel Discus- . 409*410. v 4*i. F. A., and Noyes, A. A/.: Some Indus* d Hygiene Problems in the Synthetic Rtihr Industry, 640-647, 649. *(Ufj. Paul: All Out for Safety, 636-637. PM Oust, Fumes and Gases Session, 55-72. * Curding Open Vats on the Beamhouse Floor ^Tianfries). Panel Discussion, 408-409. c. See Wood Products Industry, ion and Exhaust Systems: Maintenance of VktxiH Systems an Important Safety Measure *#<>, 55*58. * fbmers: Some Industrial Hygiene Problems he Synthetic Rubber Industry (Van Atta 4 Soyrs), 644. i. See Isobutylene Polymers. *;Education: Visual Education (Taylor), 690- "r4. Or. B. J.., and Cranch, Dr. A. G.: Wih Aspects of Weldnig, 97-102. w A.: Cooperation Between Purchasing, ring, and Safety Divisions in Obtaining pment, 653-655. Wfty Problems in Industry Session, 199*208. Mrty Training. (Lectures) Ulaselhurst), mm. . F.. J.: Safety Precautions in Shuttle Car *tinn. 481-485. Cause and Control of Fires Set from Min>gg. Panel Discussion, 350-351, 356. of Welding Hazards in Shipbuilding Aw). 383-387. Health AsjKTts of Welding {(`ranch and Vosburgh), 97*102. Occupational Dermatoses in the War Industries (Schivarts), 175. Safe Practices in War Time Application of Weld ing (Matis), 95-97. IVescoat, I.. S.: War-Time Security of the Pe troleum Industry, 541-545. Wilder. Maj. F. li.: War-Created Fire and Accident Prevention Problems of the Petroleum Industry, 547-549. li'ilson, H. B.: War Problems for the Public Util ities Safety Engineer Linemen's Tools and Equipment, 611*614. IVinkler, li. M\; Three Dimensional Seeing, 685-689. Women Workers: Are Nets on Women's Hair Suit able Protection? Panel Discussion, 183. Clothing, Jewelry and Other Problems of Women Workers. Panel Discussion, 527*531. The Effect of lengthened Hours on Employees in War Production -Male and Female Employees (Norton), 649-662. The Employment of Women Around the Book Mill. Panel Discussion, 537. Female Lal>or in the Paper Converting Industry (Strong), 519-525. How Much Should a Woman Lift? Panel Discus sion, 580*581. In. What Jobs Can Women lie Safely Employed in the Petroleum Industry? Panel Discussion. 557-559. Most Effective Method to Use in Training Women Workers. Panel Discussion, 349. On What Types of Operations Will it lie Safe to Employ Women in Foundries. Panel Dis cussion, 430*431. The Place of Women in a War Economy (Bond field), 244*245. Protection of the Worker in Industry, 259. Safety and Health Problems of Women in Indus try (Anderson), 204*208. Safety Shoes for Men and Women. Panel Dis cussion, 255-256. Safety Supervision for Women in Punch Pres* Oierations (Loomis), 565*572. Training Defense Workers and What to Do to Procure Deferment of "Necessary Men" (Schommer), 306-307. What is Being Done as to the Safety of the Women Employees? Panel Discussion, 572-573, 578-579. 583-584. Will the Employment of Women Bring Added Hazards into the Industrial World? Panel Dis cussion, 444-445. Women as Crane Operators. Discussion, 452-453. Wood Products Industry: Accident Prevention in the Wood Products Industries Under Wartime Conditions (Gibson), 703. Guards for a Veneer Clipper, Panel Discussion. 187. Wood Products Section: Minutes, 701-703. Officers, 701-702. Woods, D. E.: Safety for the Casual Worker in the Refrigeration and Related Industries, 619*621. x Xylene: Testing Toxic Atmospheres (Berns), 64. Xylol: The Use of Xylol and other Solvents, 305-3QO. VY Vellott, J. J.: Technical Training for War Industry, 272-278. z Zimmer, V. A.: Safety Cynics and Safety Sinners, 418-420. /.live: Safe Use of Substitute Materials (Sterner). 1 46