Document 71bDVakqy3V6prLn4V5zaK9NR

ONE of the great advantages of lead plumbing is its adaptability Flexible lead plumb ing connections for the water closets to all types of structures and all kindasnd baths are being "of construction conditions. It is installed m all of equally at ease in large buildings or the 126 units of the now-under-construc small bungalows and offers the same tion. Town House trouble - free, economical plumbing with flexibility which avoids joints Apartments in Springjield. III. Shawn at nght are and speeds installation. Shown here the lop and lower are two examples of entirely different types of buildings in widely sepa floor method of in stallation. rated parts of the country, both utiliz ing the advantages of lead plumbing. One is the 10-story Town House Apartments in Springfield, III., con taining 126 apartments, each with bathroom and kitchen. The kitchen plumbing is particularly noteworthy as each is equipped with dishwasher and garbage disposal unit. Waste con nections and vents for each of these units are PA-in. XL (D) lead pipe. In the bathrooms all 126 water closet connections were made with Ain. 8-lb. lead bends or stubs and for the baths lead drum traps with lVo-in. lead inlets and outlets. Most of the bathrooms and kitchens are back-to-back, although a few are sin gle units. All vent stack flashings at the roof are 4-lb. sheet lead. Shaw. Metz and Dolio were archi tects for the Town House Apartments, owned by Franklin Life Insurance Co. Evans Construction Co. were general contractors, and Eduard? Plumbum and Heating Co. did the plumbinc. The other example is a laree singlrstory motor court at Charlotte. X. C. In this instance again all water closet connections were made with 1-in. 8-lb. lead bends, installed back-toback. Bath connections, however, were H-j-in. lead P-trap> The con tractor was the R. i L. Plumbing Co. LIA26108 New Leaded Porcelain Enamels For Steel Make Possible Fresh Fields Of Application ORCELAIN enameled coatings on Psteel products that could not here tofore be coated with this highly desirable and permanent- vitreous fin ish are now possible with the use of lead-containing enameis. These new leaded porcelain enam eis have a low firing temperature This colorful black and aquamarine au tomatic toaster is coated with the new low tern perature /eaded porcelain enamels designed for application on steel. maturing in the ranee of 1.000 to 1,100 deg. F. I Compared to 1.300 up to 1.600 deg. F.) and fire down to produce verv thin, glassy coatings that are simple to clean and maintain and with far more durability than organic coatings. As a matter of fact, these enamels can be used on products Photo* by THE 0. HQMMEL CO. basically designed for organic fin ishes. with little or no change. The finish is uniform and is ideal for architectural paneling, signs and ground and cover coat combined usually falls in the range of 3 to 5 mils. small appliances for home and indus One of the outstanding advantages try. With a few exceptions, a wide of these low temperature leaded por range of colors, both full strength celain enamels is their ability to cover and semi-pastel, are available. sharp edges and radii uniformly, as The physical properties of these can be seen in the accompanying low temperature vitreous finishes photographs. compare favorably with those that In the application and firing of mature at the much higher tempera the leaded enamels, there is less warp- tures. The -finish has good resistance age and thereby fewer rejects, as a to acids and because they can be result of the low temperature re applied extremely thin, they offer quired. Also they have a coefficient obvious mechanical advantages over of expansion value more nearly equal the more conventional. porcelain to that of the base metal. These two enamels. The fired thickness of factors contribute materiallv to the * * resulting lower costs and make pos sible the enameling of lighter gage metal, more complicated shapes, and in many cases non-premium grades of steel. Furnaces with uniform heat distri bution and accurate instrumentation are usually necessary and because there is relatively little radiation, forced convection is desirable. How ever. operating costs are remarkably low when compared to furnaces oper ating at much higher temperature levels. Tooling costs are also lower inasmuch as less costlv allovs mav be used as well as lighter weight bars and hangers. A piece ol structural steel coated with one of the new low ternperature leaded porcelain enamels, hole excellent coverage of the end which was cut through with a hack saw. One oj the new low temperature leaded porcelain enamels was applied to this piece of expanded metal. Sote the excellent coverage of the sharp radii and edges. LJA?6109 Lead Gamma Shields In Educational And Industrial Research IN the educational field as well as in industry, training and research ,= programs with the use of radioactive materials is becoming commonplace. In all such programs, there is wide spread acceptance of the use of lead shields to' protect personnel against gamma radiation and in extremely sensitive work, to shield the equip ment against pick-up from minute radioactive sources outside the equip ment. " I.N EDUCATION LEAD G AMM A > HI ELI lPROTECT PERSONNEL One of the greatest stumbling blocks at the colleges and univer sities, which delays the use of radio active educational aids in the development of competent students for the nuclear power fields, is the fear for safety. Manhattan College, located in the suburban Riverdale section of New York City, recognizing its role in nuclear science education, has adopted a whole network of safety precautions permitting it to employ radioactive isotopes as a teaching tool. Such safety measures range from shielding, safe storage of radioactive sources, special gloves for students Prof. Titone of Manhattan College and a student remov ing a radioactive sample from a lead-lined storage chest. and faculty, installation of devices for monitoring and scaling experiments, inculcation of responsible habits of mind in the student scientist, to the rigid enforcement of Atomic Energy Commission's stringent safety regula tions. The Physics Department, headed by Brother Conrad Gabriel, employs shielding equipment against the harmful effects of gamma rays. Lead figures in-this safety method at a cost -saving without sacrificing safety. The department utilizes the usual varietv of shielding, as well as one which can be considered novel. For example, it uses separate portable lead containers for each radioactive source, so students can safelv trails-port the radioactive material. i ' Prof. Titone of Manhattan's Physics Department is monitoring the removal of C14 from a lead safe. A Manhattan College student explains the construction and use of a rolled lead container for a 10 microcurie Co60 source. L IA 2 6 1 10 Lead, too, plays an important role in the college safety program in respect to providing a solution to the problem of storing radioactive mate rial for an extended period of time. The hottest source at the college, a 5 millicurie C14 slug which required special licensing by the AEC, is kept in a lead safe, AEC Cat. No. AL13A. Series 172, having approximately 4 cm. of effective lead shielding. The safe is versatile and suited to the job; it serves as a combination shipping container and as a means of storage. Low weight, low volume, durability and over-all portability make lead an essential item here. For gamma rav sources of less in tensity (10 microcuries), lead was chosen as the most practical material for lining a chest containing a variety of radioactive substances such asCa45, Zn60, and C14, and other radioactive chemicals used in experiments in various stages of completion. Another improvisation at little ex pense was devised by the department by fashioning a lead storage container from a L^-in. sheet lead rolled to an OD and ID of 5 and 1 in. respec tively, giving a sufficiently adequate shield of 2 in. of lead. Suitable lead plugs were used on both ends to facil itate placement and removal of a 10 microcuries of Co60 source. To give personnel working with ra dioactive materials a greater measure of protection, both students and in structors are required to wear leadimpregnated rubber gloves when directly handling micro and millicurie sources. Various up-to-date electronic de vices are used for scaling and moni toring experiments, such as GeigerMuller Counters. Beta and Gamma Ray ionization chambers, pocket dosimeters for measuring gamma and exradiation dosage, and electrometers for the detection of alpha particles. Equally important is the emphasis the Manhattan College Physics De partment places on the development in students of sound habits of mind. Although hot materials used by the laboratory are low level, approximat ing a maximum of 5 millicuries, the staff at Manhattan College stresses the habit-forming attitude of exact ing safety regulations. Professor Luke Titone. who is the person directly responsible for Man hattan College's program in this field, pointed out, "This training gives the future scientist a built-in mental atti tude involving safety, which properly helps to prepare him for work with high energy isotopic sources or even with reactors themselves." It is quite apparent that lead is the material for gamma shielding where flexibility in use, minimum weight and space requirements, portability, and the ability to lend itself to uses where its function as a shield material must blend with other materials. Lead is the answer to the safe and economic use of a new educational tool, the radioactive isotope. IN INDUSTRY LEAD GAMMA SHIELDS ISOLATE EQUIPMENT In industry, more and more com panies are finding the use of radio active materials helpful in their re search and testing activities. Most of these turn to lead in one form or another to confine gamma radiation and protect personnel and equipment from it. Many forms of lead protec tive equipment are readily available commercially for handling, storage and use of these radioactive mate rials, but lead is also adaptable. An example will be found in the Detroit research laboratories of Ethyl Corp. In piston ring studies conducted there engine oil containing radioactive wear debris is pumped from the engine through tubing to a sampling flask attached to a scintilla tion counter head. Since the scintil lation counter is extremely sensitive, it must be shielded to prevent pickup from the radio-active piston ring in the engine several feet-awav. Accord ingly both flask and head are mounted in a lead block measuring about 4 x 8 x 11 in. Four of these blocks are in use in the Ethyl laboratory. Lead was chosen for this application not only for its high shield efficiency against gamma radiation. Its ready machinability is an added advantage both for shielding devices commercially on the market and particularly for those special devices constructed to meet special conditions. _ ^ so ^ >~i I Below, the testing apparatus is shielded from outside radioactive sources by a lead block, arrow, which is a small but integral part oj the test apparatus. At right, details of the lead block assembly. The south approach spans of the new Mackinac Bridge. The completed Mackinac Bridge as envisioned by D. B. Steinman, consult* ing engineer. Opening of the bridge scheduled for November L 1957. Mackinac Bridge Superstructure Primed With Red Lead Paint STRETCHING gracefully across miles long and contains 66.500 tons the Straits of Mackinac from St. of steel. Between anchorages it will Ignace on the north to Mackinaw Citybe the longest suspension bridge in on the south, a great new bridge w ill the world and the 3.800-ft. center sus soon link Michigan's Northern and pension span is second in length only Southern Peninsulas and form an to the Golden Gate Bridge, another other link in our ever-expanding mod lead-paint protected "wonder of the ern highway system. Like so many world." The entire project will cost other bridges, large and small, the in the neighborhood of $100,000,000. steel of the Mackinac Bridge, five The bridge will carry a 48-ft. road- miles in length, including approaches, wav with two lanes in each direction will be protected by a red lead base and a center mall 2 ft. wide. Mini primer paint. mum clearance at the center will be The superstructure of this bridge is 148 ft., allowing the largest of the approximately three and one-half greatest Heel of ships that ply the Great Lakes to pass comfortably be neath. It will provide passage for pleasure and commercial traffic across the Straits"in about 10 minutes in place of the old slow and inadequate ferrv service and should be a boon to the development of the area and particularly the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. This great bridge was designed bv Dr. D. B. Steinman. consulting engi neer of New \ork. for the Mackinac At lejt, the ue'i side ol the north approach *pans of the Mackinac Bridge irom end of cautcwav. All steel has been shop primed with a red lead base paint. At right, a view along the 24Vg-in. diameter west cable from pier 22 of the Mackinac Bridge. 6-- -- LIA25112 SHOP PRIMER PAINT SPECIFICATION FOR THE MACKINAC BRIDGE Pigment: Per Cent by JTt. Red Lead (95% grade) 75.0 min. Red Iron Oxide (80% FesOa-Min.) 25.0 max. Vehicle: Fractionated Linseed Oil Driers and Turpentine 100.0 95. 2 min. 4.8 max. 100.0 American Bridge Division personnel erecting the red lead painted steel on the causeway viaduct piers. Bridge Authority, and the superstructure was the work of American Bridge Division of Lnited States Steel Corp. The specifications for the primer coat of paint on the bridge steel are given in the table. Pigment (per cent by weight) Vehicle (per cent by weight) Weight per gallon (pounds) Drying Time (hours to dry through) 73.5-75.5 24.5-26.5 22.0 24(max.) Red Lead T*ebaiel Letter No. 12 -- Painting Highway Structural Stael -- designed to highway engineer* in the selection of complete painting tyitent, hat joat been published by Lead Industries Association, 60 East 42nd St., New York 17, N. Y. Copies available upon re* quest. Acid-Resistant Lead Pipe In Laboratory Drainage System Of New Phillips Petroleum Research Center \PERLME.\TI.\G and testing in modern industrial laboratories of ten involve a number of different and highly corrosive liquids. Conveying these corrosives to the waste disposal svstem after they have served their purpose at the experimental or testing bench can become a serious problem unlo> proper attention is given to the sclection of the materials used in the piping svstem. Lead because of its excellent cor rosion resistance to many of these liquid corrosives and the ease with which it can be fabricated make it ideally suited for such piping. The accompanying illustrations are an example of how lead pipe has been used for the laboratory drainage and vent system in the new chemical labo ratory building at the Phillips Re search Center, Bartlesville, Okia. Giffels and Vallet. Inc. of Detroit, Mich, are the architects and engineers. The Phillips Petroleum Company s engi neering department supervised con struction. Long lengths of lead pipe, sup ported on angle-irons, connect the ^Long lengths of acid-resistant lead pipe, supported on angle-irons, con nect the chemical iaboruLory tables to the drainage tines in the new Phil lips Petroleum Research Center. J. **Ja. laboratory tables to the acid-resistant cast-iron drainage lines. The traps were made in the lead pipe itself, thus the job was installed with a minimum number of special fittings and more important, fewer joints, always a po tential source of trouble, were neces sary. Where joints in the lead pipe were necessary, they were made by lead burning. Carl Moore Co. of Tulsa, Okla. was responsible for the installation of the chemical plumbing system. ,4s can be seen at the left, bends made in the lead pipe itself, mini mize the number of joints required, and just as the lead burner is doing at the right, all joints should be lead burned. The following article* and reprint* contain information, drawing* and specification* en the nae of lead product* helpful to architect*, engineer* and other* interested. They are available, free ef charge, except where othenHae indicated, upon request to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 60 EAST 42nd STREET, NEW YORK 17, N. Y. MATERIALS OF CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION ANNUAL REVIEWS -- LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS Lead tad lead alloy* in chemical construction including research progress, engineering appliesnon*, and technological advancements. With bib liography. 1956. 19SS and 1954 review* (edition* ire not cumulative) available. Reprinted from "Industrial and Engineering Chemiatry," September. 1956. October. 1955, and October. 1954. LEAD REFERENCE SHEET (Part* 1 A 2) A abort outline of the types, grades, and chemical and physical properties of lead in chemical conitruction. with a summary of the corrosion char acteristic* of lead in oae with a large number of ftimmon chemtcal* and solutions used in various industries. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineering Progress.'' January and February, 1955. INSPECTING LEAD LININGS Latest method* of testing and inspecting sheet lead and bonded load linings used in the chemical process industries are described. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineering." November, 1956. BEST DESIGNS FOR LEAD INSTALLATIONS A special report on tbe applications of lead and lead alloys in tba chemical and metallurgical 'in dustries. Recommended practice for joining lead iheeta. and the construction of wood st*ve tanks, launders, towers and flues where lead is involved are included. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineer ing. " March. April and May, 1956. PORTABLE RADIATIONSHIELDING MATERIALS A sueeial report on commercially available shield ing forms that can be used to bnild readily as sembled, hand stacked shielding will*. Prepared by the editors of "Nucleonics," May* 1955. LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY $1.50 Postpaid A fully illustrated. 250 page, cloth bound book describing ail phases of the production and nae of lead, lead alloys and lead compounds. LEAD WORK FOR MODERN PLUMBINC $1.50 Postpaid. $1.00 per eopy la quanti ties of 10 or more Profusely illustrated with over 140 photographs and drawings, this textbook preseots clearly to the piumbiog student tbe necessary tools, procedures and tbe methoda required for lead work. LEAD BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BULLETINS A aeries of specifications for the use of lead in building construction. (Available separately.) THE STORY OF LEAD--MATERIAL THE RAILROADS BUY (Parts 1 and 2) Lead from mine to finished product with special reference to its uies by the railroad*. fiepnntea from "Railway Purcbaaea and Stores." December. 1954 and February, 1955. BULLETIN NO- 1 Specification for Lead Waste Connections for Plumbing Fixture* with Integra] Traps (Water Closet*--PedeataJ Urinals--Service Sinks). RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS A series of technical letter* containing red paint formulations. (Available separately. > iesd BULLETIN NO. 2 Specification for Lead Shower end Safe Paos SUGGESTED SPECIFICATIONS FOR CHEMICAL LABORATORY DRA1NACE SYSTEM A complete guide to tbe selection and installation of drainage systems in chemical laboratories. In cludes laboratory waste and vent piping, traps, sinks, acid trays, troughs, safe pans, neutralizing basins and other topics. LEAD IN MODERN PLUMBING-- WHY, WHERE, HOW IT IS U5ED A 24 page booklet containing descriptive informa tion as weft as four pages of detailed drawings for plumbing installations in various type bouses. LEAD WELDING Ao informative a* welt as practical guide to lead welding. Reprinted from the "Welding Handbook. Third Editi'n" -uhl' bed by tbe American Welding Society. Technical Letter No. 6 -- Red Lead Paint Formulation* Technical Letter No. 9--Red Lead Palma for Galvanised Steel, Rusted. Weathered or Treated New Technical Letter No. 10-- L.l.A. Formula 5-7, A Red Lead-ALkyd Vehicle Primer for Industrial and Marine Environments Technical Letter No. 11 ---- Recommended Surface Preparation of Steel for Red Lead Paints. PAINT GALVANIZED SURFACES? Why galvanized surfaces should be painted, the kind of pretreatment that should be given, isd tbe correct painting systems are discussed. Reprinted from "Factory Management and Maicteosore," April. 1956. NEW UTERATL'in: LEAD FLASHINGS IN MODERN CONSTRUCTION Lead flashing* as used in an ultramodern bouse ia Randolph, Vt. Reprinted from "National Roofer." - October. 1954. LEAD SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE UNITED STATES A short reaume of lead supply and demand in the United States in 1956 aod the ootiook for 1957. Reprinted from "Engioeenag and Alining journal", February, 1957. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTER NO. 12 PAINTING HIGHWAY STRUCTURAL STEEL -- The latest in this series is designed to assist tbe highway engineer in the selection of complete painting systems for highway struerural neel. SHEET LEAD WORK FOR THE SMALL HOME A specification for the rise of the new soeet lead on small homes. lb. hard UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL -LEAD" RECULARLY. FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS. rU*rXTD JK C. S. A. 10 s t r**c c o l d mi.vti cowraivy, twc. MW TOW* CITT LI A2 611*