Document 71Y5oezxzEJy446N0LjOx2JqE

THE UNITED STATES POTTERS ASSOCIATION TELEPHONE: FULTON 64225 EAST LIVERPOOL, OHIO 43920 E. 8. MORSE TREASURER OFFICERS __ JOHN C. THOMPSON PRESIDENT EAST LIVERPOOL. OHIO j i ) RICHARD B. SMITH FIRST VICE PRESIDENT EAST LIVERPOOL. OHIO ; JOHN M. P1NNEY SECOND VICE PRESIDENT EAST LIVERPOOL, OHIO j j JOSEPH W. GREENWOOD THIRD VICE PRESIDENT SALEM. OHIO EDWARD SAWYER ASSOCIATE VICE PRESIDENT ZANESVILLE. OHIO j \ j EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE J. M. WELLS CHAIRMAN M. W. THOMPSON J. H. KELLER DAVID G. BOYCE E. S. MORSE F. C. HENDERSON JOHN GEORGE j j | i Ij ji j | July 13, 1967 Dr. Robert A. Kehoe, M. D. University of Cincinnati Kettering Laboratory Eden & Bethesda Aves. Cincinnati, Ohio 45219 Dear Dr. Kehoe: I was pleased to receive your letter of June 22nd and think that your suggestion is excellent. How ever, I think we will wait until October at which time all of the members will have monthly determinations on their lead glazes covering one year. It is very magnanimous of you to offer your services on an out-of-pocket expense basis and, as soon as we can crystalize on a date, I shall be in touch with you as to whether it is agreeable. BWM/A Very truly yours, /,st' - ^ B. W. Merwin, Chairman Research Committee June 22, 1957 Sir. B. W. iiarwin, Chairman Besearch Committee The united States Potters Association East Liverpool, Ohio 43920 Sear Mr. Msrwia: I was greatly pleased by your letter of June 19th, in which you describe the progress that has been made toward the goal which was sot some years ago for collecting information on the problem of your industry in relation to lead-containing glazes. I was the more comforted, in relation to my own shortcomings, with respect to furnishing your group with a full report of our findings and our views concerning them. I am fully aware of the fact that both findings and views ware presented to your group in a less formal, and probably a less effective manner, but I am also aware that this was not enough. Perhaps I can still make amends. A great deal of water has gone over the dam, with respect to the environmental aspects of the distribution and use of lead, since we talked together. 1 think, in view of the comments in your letter, that it would not be amiss, if your group can afford the time, for us to get together again, and discuss the position of your industry and corse to a decision as to what should be done. There are several matters to consider. I agree that it would be 'wise to discuss the situation with the appropriate health officials, but I am not certain, at this point, whether this involves the Public Health Service. 1 believe that the Food and Drug Administration is the official authority in this matter. On the other hand, it taay be advisable to consult informally with appropriate representatives of the Public Health Service. I believe that it would be wise to write to Dr. Goddard of the Food and Drug Administration and to Surgeon General Stewart of the Public Health Service, informing them briefly of the matter and suggesting that one or the other or both of them might wish to designate a representative to confer, informally, with your group, as to the part, if any, that should be played by an official agency. Let me make a specific suggestion. I shall be glad to act for you in this and other matters, to consult with you, and to be present, if you choose, in any discussions which you may have with governmental people. You may come to the conclusion that this is unnecessary or inadvisable, and if so, I shall not be offended. However, I am offering say services, at the cost to you of my out-of-pocket expenses, partly because of my keen interest in this matter, and partly because, having fallen down to some extent in my own contribution, I wish to assure you and your associates that I have not abandoned you. (I even expect to prepare the report of which I have spoken repeatedly. I have gathered together all of the necessary material, against the time when I could free myself of other pressing duties long enough to attend to it.) lot me have your opinion on these matters at your convenience. I have but one fixed engagement in the near future. You referred to it in the last 0008318 N9684.01 V) W Mr. B. W. Msrwln, Chairman Page 2 June 22,1967 enfence of your letter. I have planned to be in Montana in August, and should not like to delay or interrupt ay rendezvous in the wilderness for any reason, for I can hardly arrange it, as matters now stand, at any other tine. Sincerely yours. RA!I:wp Bobert A. Ziehoe, M.D. Professor Saeritus of Occupational ISedicine ORGANISED 1875 THE UNITED STATES POTTERS ASSOCIATION TELEPHONE: FULTON 6-4225 EAST LIVERPOOL, OHIO 43920 E. S. MORSE TREASURER OFFICERS JOHN C. THOMPSON PRESIDENT EAST LIVERPOOL. OHIO RICHARD B. SMITH FIRST VICE PRESIDENT EAST LIVERPOOL. OHIO JOHN M. PINNEY SECOND VICE PRESIDENT EAST LIVERPOOL. OHIO JOSEPH W. GREENWOOD THIRD VICE PRESIDENT SALEM, OHIO EDWARD SAWYER ASSOCIATE VICE PRESIDENT ZANESVILLE, OHIO EXECUTIVE COM M ITTEE J. M. WELLS CHAIRMAN M. W. THOMPSON J. H. KELLER DAVID G. BOYCE E. S. MORSE F. C. HENDERSON JOHN GEORGE 1 1 June 19, 1967 Dr. Robert A Kehoe, M.D. University of Cincinnati Kettering Laboratory Eden & Bethesda Aves, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219 Dear Dr. Kehoe: The Research Committee and Lead Industries Association are nearing the completion of our inves tigation at Rutgers University and, feel we have compiled a great deal of information on the formulation of lead bearing glazes as regards lead solubility. Since October, 1966 all members of the U.S.P.A. have been sending cups glazed with production glazes to Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory to be checked for lead release by the dithyzone method. Our aim is to accumulate some history on present production glazes so that we will be able to talk more intelligently on acceptable limits. A year ago I wrote you stating that A.S.T.M. had agreed to start the wheels in motion, to move the dithyzone test from a tentative standard to a full standard. I failed to follow this close enough and this spring found that nothing had been done. However, with a little prod ding they have now started to make this move and I hope by this fall to have the method classified as a full standard. We feel that we are about ready to consider the possibility of arriving at an industry standard and are in a quandary as how to proceed. Mr. Harry Thiemecke of the Homer Laughlin China Company and I feel tla t the U. S. Public Health Department should be involved since we are just a group of engineers and have limited knowledge and neither back ground nor training in the physiological aspects of lead. N9684.02 Dr,, Robt. A. Kehoe, M.D 2- - June 19, 1967 Due to the fact that you have had considerable contact and experience with these people, we thought possibly you would be able to tell us who to con tact . Also we would appreciate your thought along this line. Maybe we are thinking of the wrong approach as we are neo phytes and are well aware of it. I am enclosing a copy of my research committee report at our annual meeting in Pittsburgh this past December. You will note that I included a part of your last letter to me in the report. This report should pretty well bring you up to date on what has transpired this past year. I hope you will be able to get your annual fishing trip to Montana and have an enjoyable time. b w m/a Enc. Yours very truly, ' ^ __ cs B. W. Merwin, Chairman Research Committee 0008321 /Z-c -ic. REPORT OF TOE RESEARCH COMMITTEE Considerable publicity has been given to lead during the past year,, as evidenced by the following incidents. The New York City health department during November am! December, 1955, had a case of lead poisoning traced to Japanese mugs. M.c,,. Edwin Ludewig, Assistant Commissioner of Environmental Sanitation, was in charge of these hearings, where It was brought out that the entire pigment was removed from the interior of said mugs when filled with 4% acetic acid and allowed to sot overnight. As a result, the Now York City health department placed an embargo on the mugs in question. Mr. Don Fowler of the Lead Industries Association was in contact with Mr. Ludcv/ig at this time and acted as cur representative as well as the Load Industries Association, Ho was informed that no decisions would be made until wo could advise them. This past spring and summer a geochemist from California Institute of Technology, Mr. Claire Patterson, stirred up quite a controversy aimed at lead in air due to the tetra-ethyl lead additive, used in most of the present day gasoline for use in automobiles, which escapes to the atmosphere via automobile exhausts. ijx11on ?j xvo hearings were held in Washington, D. C. by Sen. Muskie'a committee. Dr. ICehoa of the Kettering Institute at Cincinnati, Ohio was one of the expert witnesses for industry and K 000832 N9684.03 2- - was credited with doing an excellent job in spite of harassment. Those healings obtained national coverage via TV. Load from glazes was not mentioned at tho hearings, however, it is only a matter of time until some eager politician may pick up tills subject and try to make something of it. The following paragraph from a communication from Dr. Kehoe after the hearings, 1 believe, quite capably covers the ramifications of these hearings: "lu addition, I wo.-, under attack, both directly and covertly, as being a pawn ox industry, and the potential effect of this on certain poHofor; and piaw; of tho Kettering Laboratory, as well as association e" scientists generally, with industry and industrial managers, was connidovabn1 inhrovo these matters have boon settled for a time, b-u; r bcitove they arc merely quiescent, and will recur. This problem in v t ? view, is a serious one for the future. Wot that it will affect bn ` rather that the controversy created here by a man now tiro California Institute cf Technology, and abetted by quito a numbe: cf inconsequential people, plus a number who should know better, is quite capable ex .poisoning the scientific atmosphere that is so essential in our time for dealing with the many problems of occupstio; and environmental health. " I might mention in passing, that at the American Public Health Association meeting held in San Francisco, California this pc: November, two professors from the Columbia University Public Health and Administrative Medicine reported on a 16 country * K0 0008323 x' s' ~ iof _ . rh.rriy of j C: human blood and urine and on. - guon.- ; fo.Uo;.r.r:: `dVac.'iO ;;iu iloc do not support the contention th-';L increased nurain cc gasoline end wider use of lead in industry are causing additional ecu; mures vo lead in cur environment. "do significant change in lead levels of the blood and urine in the last due e decades have boon r:down,, u baa; bed. grosontod included lead we-eu: rersonic ireu: 1 .... a.!..':-;..: nub. cos living la tho hills of dev/ ei-w cv/uy ircte v:.: had blood lovela i.aaiajr thaa .. 4 i,.e.d,. Li .w -ii , "hi>' id ybw- idd r e piif-i;n>vi.-ud' t ... ;v gg f he. ded.an biun.hu. ,g -.-duu .. : on ter ct: :. ..:.er -- va e cerur. Vve.:.e van a cietacJ, beei:.' ictcva; tew: :a . mere ere.:. ' i - -W. i. . i - - a. !, . - - (? ` 4 d a t. ^ j 1 aV-'v' 'Je . . ,, j* C-. _ . . t. id ,a,,t:. a:, tee euearuee iced solubility cUcae .e a sc..- at eee re, rre. hdred i.; ,, Joan deceit: of but'.;age babv: cere - hr, eve teete between our standard rued net aed id a ;; r_ . sbeuea: 1 method os tee sureo places, Tv;o eiesce t. r i cave 0,0; r, g-.. a* witi: cur ddddi Lost gave 3.,and 0,33 t.aa:.,. ado r lot.seed per id Indies ioetde.a One glaee that near; 1 did re ,r . rd. . cur teed sue.. ' o" * :--4^..o da.,j--vd.d i..ci*v^a --.v .a. c'.:. ........... a .a o /. c a;a l :k - ladder .red is net vge " realistic as thee ucid tee c.trt .e acidf used it ;wh dine, at: the boding point for 30 minetcuu elo would bo haw' u: :y.`u ' 'hr.1 feed that oonioios f>acetic acid ivhb ;h is boiled fc" hi1 re-mies during preparation* n 0008324 : 1 1* Ijfc Eld wow.; ;dh: .:;;-ni.Iy surprised tab.; yu, ; , red Lead = ::: cUsctrieo Association and year Mas euro. * , fi'vn '/.UV.C.V; V:. .` cuyprw commitment would fcc sufficient to eu c vv .worw.cn; a:.; additional your. Ccn;:cnuontlyf thin invethd cat?, on, Luc. 1 dlnn:co for Dinnorware, will terminate on September d. 1 : :i Q :. In only hoc consented to prepare a raomrri Lent dv . . ,dho 01""w,. wchon prune, no now coneephn el 1c ..w o' ord defoe condition;.; cf aleeon for dianorw. ............... - co. end epneddb. re on Iced nobodditv, ; . r od:;r. ' v hoowoh Crwobw w: r no: : 0, to- tote poor hup ant to iv.hr;; alt ooonbrn up i: ! ckoo; end rovd" r-'r ovpt`.rn 0-. bond. relea-o- from chance cvniodv r rrnnrnoxeo aprood that itoouw he wise to have noma hi store 0: h r,d release iron; production cdnoon no that our rcciticr; will he ; tn; ofronp an noc.oi.bio whenever the subject conn iv; in nowown r n rdrele:;:,, Or no;enuenfty, we pod p- raw. osf ec rn ember cf the .cwpiatiov;. have the T drvnrp- Tantivy. LnLcratcrc 0:0c. toot per roc nth on production v;aro representing each typo of ij'.e.w, j.;'i prc.it::. i ft, i.Lli.i t'.i'oi- to lb' CwliiC-l i'UAL id" ytwV -SO tilth, the voiaiUt. nr duui uciuuud v/iil bo obtained. I am happy to J<h 0008325 t.-, o-.t all nwahrxH have agreed to cooperate an-! thui: the monthly tests were .started in October. Wo requested an adjustment iu the; charge per teat iron) Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory and they agreed to do the so tests for $15.00 each provided they could sot up and run these tests once each month. Consequently, we have asked c?b mo ruber companies to have the glased cups in then: hands by d. UU o': one": month. Committee 0-21 of ACTU uas ccusc-w d to tape the any stow to move cur dithioono procedure be e s a tonPntive ' eb re an adopted standard. We fee), this U me see to U. . eip-.-s: da : o deoe.vaooss of the data wee o::1 toe dr w ca:.:o ef .ii. VvU.s' V'! dC'.lvi C duo foldoving progress report v.oo; dm receives. train : . ;yi>.. . iwoey <n. ouuucrs unrvarsrt^ f lo.rj err. 11-.- oU: ihvcir.'*- f-nti.cn ;ee ore jointly sponsoring winVi Load InnustnLcs nrsccrud'a. 1 -- bou.: cf the results cd this research servo i;j cesses wow vect you have .long knovn. For example, especially v;hon the research v.'cs initiated cud at various times since, v/c have run the standard test cu Cono 5-5 clear giasoo. Those data chon lead release v..suos of dene than 0.5 FPU fee these yUwe. an ' fa a r.veu.V e of canoe lose than 0. i PPU or less than I part in tee million.. dues t.ho cone 3-5 clear places, which constitute the Urge part of ail c''eeno?e:U' dinnerwnre glasos used, show very low leer] reUnsu. as ip" boon found in n number of other laboratories during the east throe decades. K 000832G ' `ousidorabla c-Io'l: has hewn given to investigation of the effect of color oxide end ntain additions on the lead release of glazes, since earlier work has shown that certain additions can give an adverse reaction to the load solubility of a glaze. Direct additions of the coloring oxides have shown the detrimental effects of GuO especially for the lower temperature glazes. Also CuO should not bo used in a stain. As you know the low temperature copper green :: was abandoned years ago. -id were practical significance is the normal practice involving tee use of prepared compositions or stains, which include the 'r dev hr; oxides but arc designed to be compatible with specific Peso glazes and their mature worn A number of typical commercial shuns, representing those most commonly used compositions along Pth the apprcpviehe clear ;,p.:.:e glazes, were tasted. lieue-cf hop) affected the load release cf the base glaze adversely showing t-nwo have boon v.-cll-designed. it was also requested by yvrr that the effects ofcpscifying oxide mill additions be studied,. Various amounts cf zircon, Sr. Cm cad TiCw, added to various fritted lead glazes, have not affected the lead release adversely and ir. come cases'cf glazes showing higher trad release may wove bon. ..r'ol* Another objective was to determine the effects of processing parameters on the solubility of specific glazes. While the technology highly developed in this respect, the purpose as stated is to 'abate such variables to'lead release using the standard test. In Kb 0008327 <y v.vrk in this a roc*, v?o h-^.vo boon very r.mcb conou'nwd with v.'uobi in individual value:! irorn specimen to specimen involving ascuraedly the sarno bisque, glano, and processing variables. Wo have just completed a factorial design experiment cf lead release in relation to production parameters. Theso specimen: me ready for test and it is hoped tills statistical approach will bo rvuo conclusive,, tamo/ pharos cl interest have included: concentration profile tor .ossi various type places; volatility cf iced under various conditions; effects cf interfacial action, and reaction cf such cd.drss .t.'.cus tdepletion tests ,, 1 . uv. err wart involves the cosier: cd pianos r > rsuniwioo too : .eoafnaoo cf the lead content, This includes a number cf u .. 's:on--/. coanew r u-o.., s rhea worn a-o..>.. or e., ^.-g u c er v:mcw ^. pc.a cr bamoriinc ru respect to lead release. d..ud;.p stamp this includes: berates, silicate:.., norosilicntos, arummosilrcatas,bcrcaluminosiiicaLeu; cf lead, to widen various alkali, alkaline earth, end oxide additions am Leins made to coin a more complete understanding cf the relation cf lord release to ceth composition and structure. We nope to cample to all the experimental we:, a. ; p bmp milk hmumd. is under preparation and should be completed burn,.; the summer of 19G7. pi 0G0F.3 ; 8 Q - Ag mentioned previously, we could run more Dlthizone tests without slowing up our experimental work. So if any plant would like to submit sets of cup specimens, which might show trends because of variations in composition or production parameters, wo could.test such specimens and give the plant the lead release data. This service could be given on the basis that all the significant information (composition, firing data, etc.) could and would be included In our report. The name of the plant submitting specimens would not be included in the report. We would very much like to have this cooperation since these would be specimens prepared and fired under commercial conditions. Respectfully submitted B. W. Merwin, Chairman r,* Further Investigations of the Extraction of Lead. From Glazed Ceramic Surfaces This report describes the results obtained when a number of glazed ceramic surfaces were treated repeatedly with hot Heinz's vinegar to determine the extent of the extraction of lead by the vinegar. Materials and Procedures; Test #1,, A single cup of each of six colors of Ceramaston' manufactured by The Laurel Pottery Co. of California was filled partially with 150 ml. of Heinz's vinegar at 100C and allowed to remain for 30 minutes as in the tests described in our reports dated July 12 , 1961 and January 1962. Test #2. Cups of the two colors which released the greatest amounts of lead to the vinegar were then treated repeatedly with 150 ml portions cf Heinz's vinegar at 100C and 60 Centigrade. For purposes of comparison, three cups of each of glazes Az and Ba, from another source, which had been tested previously in this manner with hot 5tf0 acetic acid, were also so treated repeatedly with Heinz's vinegar at 6o Centigrade. Cups used in all tests were given a wash with luke warm Calgon solution (one tablespoon per gallon of water) between each treatment with the vinegar. In carrying out these tests the analyst first used Heinz's vinegar at 100C followed by a number of treatments with the vinegar heated to 60 Centigrade. In order to establish whether there was a significant difference between the extraction of lead at 100C and 60C, a cup of Ceramastone of a third color was treated three times with Heinz's vinegar at 60C, following an initial treatment with K? 0008330 N9684.04 2 Heinz's vinegar at 100 Centigrade. The amount of lead removed from the glaze during each treatment was determined by analyzing a suitable portion of the vinegar by the standard dithizone procedure, as used in the Laboratory. Results; In Table #1 are recorded the concentrations of lead leached from each cup by a single period of contact with 150 ml. of Heinz's vinegar at 100 Centigrade. In Table #2 are recorded the results obtained when two glazed cups of Ceramastone, which had yielded the most lead in the initial testing program, were treated repeatedly with 150 ml. portions of hot vinegar. A third cup of a tangerine colored glaze of the Ceramastone Ware was tested first with vinegar heated to 100C, and then to vinegar at 6oC, in order to compare the quantities of lead leached out by the vinegar at the two temperatures. Included in the table are the results yielded by glazes Az and Ba when vinegar heated to 60C was introduced repeatedly into the cups for periods of JO minutes. Discussion; The analyst used vinegar heated to 100C initially, but changed to the use of vinegar heated to 60C in subsequent tests. As is shown by the data in Table #2, the quantities of lead extracted by vinegar at the two temperatures did not differ significantly. The repeated filling of the cups with hot vinegar resulted in the loss of lead at a nearly constant rate only slightly lower than that observed initially and recorded in Table #1. The testing was not continued further because of the obvious trend, which indicated HE 000833. > 3- - that these glazes, themselves were involved in a destructive or disintegrating process. Glazes Az and Ba, differing from the Ceramastone glazes, yielded much less lead than they had in the tests carried out initially and described in our report of July 12, 1961. The reason for this is not clear. The specific cups representing these glazes in these tests had not been subjected to any prior tests and were employed in triplicate. The results obtained from the three representatives of each glaze and shape were averaged in each instance. Their variability may be due, in part, at least, to the fact that the cups used were from different batches of ware prepared at different times. It is of interest to note that there is no evidence in these data of a trend tovfard a decrease in the rate (or extent) of the extraction of lead from these glazes. Whether or not such a diminution will occur gradually or abruptly, in time, is a question of some importance, as is that of what happens to the glaze itself. This would appear to be worthy of investigation if some method of observation, based upon the physical structure of the glazes, is available or can be devised. Prom The Kettering Laboratory in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Industrial Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Report by; J. Cholak, Ch.E. L. Ertle, D.Sc. R. Burkey, B.Sc. E. Parkinson, B.Sc. I( 0008332 Table #1 The Extraction of Lead From Ceramastone (Laurel Pottery Co.) Glazes by Hot (100C) Heinz's Vinegar Glaze LN #9l8>52 - Granite LN #0183-3^ " Yellow LN #0183-38 - Tangerine LN #0183-38 - Blue LN #0183-40 - Cocoa LN #0183-42 - Pink Heinz's Vinegar - Blank PPM 23.3 34.8 27.8 22.6 39.3 42.2 0.012 Ki- 0008333 Table #2 Lead Leached Out of Various Glazes In Successive Tests of Cups With Heinz's Vinegar Heated to Two Temperatures Description LN #0185-40 - Cocoa Laurel Ceramastone Test # 1 2 3 4 5 6 PPM 100BC 60C 39.3 24.2 26.1 24.4 23.6 25.8 LN #0183-42 - Pink Ceramastone Laurel 1 42.2 2 30.4 3 31.4 4 32.7 5 32.9 6 32.9 LN #0183-56 ~ Tangerine Ceramastone Laurel 1 2 3 4 27.8 22.0 27.0 29.8 Az - Red Harlequin Shape 1 2 3 4 0.42 0.49 0.71 0.91 Ba - Green Harlequin Shape 1 2 3 4 KE 0003334 0.53 0.18 0.26 0.41