Document 70JN5024E3dxdNoQYezX8vqb6

IJ IlIw U U lJ B IIM L .J . DEPARTMENT OF COM HERBERT HOOVER, Sb c r s BUREAU OF MINES SCOTT TURNER, Diascxo . MINERAL RES OF THE UNITED ST 1924 FRANK J. KATZ Chief Engineer, Division of Mineral'Resou PART I--METALS mm UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING O WASHINGTON m7 ' LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND tv V By C. E. Sie b e n t h a l and A. St o l l GENERAL CONDITIONS Lead and zinc pigments and salts are made both chemical processes. Sublimed lead, or basic lea e various lead oxides are lead pigments produced ,pxidizing furnaces; basic carbonate white lead and ide by chemical processes. Sublimed lead, or bas made directly from ore, but the lead oxides as w d lead salts are made from pig lead. inc oxide and leaded zinc oxide are made by the A ^ectly from ore by sublimation in an oxidizing fu 'c oxide is made in this country by the French p etallic zinc is sublimated in an oxidizing furnace. c salts are made by chemical processes, the zinc ba ;m zinc ore, metallic zinc, galvanizers' ashes, or scr e is made by mixing equivalent portions of s phate and barium sulphide, which brings abou bation of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate ei ihbination or as a very intimate mixture. . he sales of nearly all lead and zinc pigments and s .^producers, showed gains in. 1924 as compared w * pblimed lead, or basic lead sulphate, made the g "cent. Demand for white lead, or basic carb ^ rted good and sales increased 15 per cent. Sa wed a continued increase, making a gain of 11 per $23. The sales of zinc oxides also kept pace ands and advanced 6 per cent. e French process zinc oxide plants of the Int aing Co., at Akron, Ohio, and East Chicago, Ind Deration in January, 1924, and October, 1924, resp pling their capacity. Some crude zinc oxide was year at the Bully Hill plant of the California Zino if.! The lithopone plant of the Chemical & P pna, Md., doubled its capacity. Increased capac be lithopone plants of the Krebs Pigment & ort, Del., and the St. Louis Lithopone Co., pew lithopone plant of the Mineral Point Zino Co fed a substantial output. Former producers o 142 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1024-----PART I haye either permanently or temporarily discontinued the manu facture of this product are: American Smelting & Refining Co., Omaha, Nebr.; American Steel & Wire Co., Donora, Pa.; America" Zinc & Chemical Co., Langeloth, Pa.; Bartlesville Zinc Co., Bartl ville, Okla.; Bertha Mineral Co., Austinvillo, Va.; Trenton Zinc Chemical Co., Trenton, N. J.; and Utah Zinc Co., Murray, Utah PRODUCTION In this chapter the pigments and salts sold are taken to represen the production, no account being taken of the stocks on hand at th beginning and end of the year. The amounts used by producers a their own plants are included under sales. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS ILead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Slate short tons 1;. -Year a White lead Dry In oil Sublimed lead or b&slolead sulphate Red lead White Blue [JM0......................................................... 1921......................................................... 1922......................................................... [1923......................................................... Up24......................................................... 33,678 26,738 41,598 37,786 42,622 112,017 143,646 163, 303 126,087 144,872 32,412 11,668 13,766 11,049 14,672 028 463 972 600 1,088 34,431 21,806 30, 609 38,037 36,813 gj*f'Igures for rod lead Includo orange mineral prior to 1021. Lead pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 19 and 1924 |2inc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the Unit EL 1924, in short tons I" 1923 1924 Short tons Value (at plant, exclusive of container) Short tons Valuo , (at piQnt, oxcluslvif of container) " Total Average Total Avera- Sublimed load, or basic load sulphate: White......................................................... Blue............................................................. Red lend............................................................. OrftDgo mineral.............................................. Litharge............................................................. White lead: Dry.............................................................. Id oil......................................................... . Lend acetato.................................................. Load ersenato................................................ . U, 049 800 38,037 646 75,107 $1,969,008 134,360 7,011,608 181,006 14,069,970 37,780 126,087 016 6,378 6,616,114 27,010, no 160,133 2,229,431 $164 108 200 280 187 176 216 260 416 fO 14, 672 1,068 36,813 331 74, 724 $2,301,038 178,890 7,707, 2C.4 69, 825 14, 697, 434 7,000,619 36, 0U3, 084 C) () Year Zino oxide Leaded zino oxide Lilhopone Zi ri B 99,444 74,329 128,466 126,987 131,470 30,460 16,103 19,6J3 23,604 26,729 80,373 65,016 83,300 68,190 109,469 fefFlguros reprosont production. SOURCE fetal content of lead and zinc pigments and salts sold by domesti r 192$--1924t by sources, in short tons 1023 19 Statistics for lend arsennto and lend acetalo collected biennially by the Bureau ol tho Census, loro years. Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 19 . and 1924 Zinc oxide *............................. Loaded zinc oxido ............ Lltbopone............................. Zlnochloride, 60 BaumC. Zlno sulphate........................ 1923 1924 Short tons Value (at plant, exclusive of container) Short tODS Total Average Value (nt plaut, exclusl of container); Total Aver* 126, 9S7 $18, 760, 972 23, 604 2,616, 086 08, 160 11,008, 443 42,431 1,968, 167 6, 376 201,440 $148 120 118 40 40 131, 470 $19, 784, 257 20, 729 3, 356, 005 100. 400 12,631,397 61,06-1 2,051,782 4,074 228, 700 K' Source Lend Zino Lead Pig ments Salts* Pig ments Salts Pig ments* Salts * famestln ora foreign ore................... Mai.................... igCOfidary material*. 13,612 236,641 250,163 li (*) 115,490 1,673 480 25,780 6 10,322 . 10,719 162,072 12,298 16,338 645 250,930 266,813 (*> to*) () Jftoludes a^ recovered in zinc oxide and leaded zino oxide. iT n source of tho lead contained in lead salts la unknown to the authors, as st collected biennially by the Bureau of the Census and for odd years only. Lead wge, from granulated lead, and from white-lead residues. Lead arsenate is made cunt t6' A1J having been derived from pig lead, their con tent bas already been Zino ashes, skimmlngs, drosses, and old met&L IMPORTS AND EXPORTS Zino oxide containing 6 por oont or more of lead is olossed os loaded zlno oxide. |tThe following statistics of imports and exports of l " aents and salts have been compiled from the pu jfcords of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Comm *orsey, of the Bureau of Mines. 144 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1924--PART I LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND SA Basic carbonate white lead, red lead, litharge, and orange mineral imported fof, ' consumption in the United States, 1920-1924 Year Basic carbonate white lead Red lead Litharge Orango Pounds Valuo Pounds Value Pounds Value Founds Vnlue 1920.................................... 1921.................................... 1922.................................... 1923.................................... 1924.............................. 150,077 124, 176 222,405 338,802 141,168 $19,440 12,'698 21,385 31,386 13,478 23.070 12,230 1,405 3,000 1,874 $1,780 089 94 220 166 21,002 100 1,770 22,626 1,838 $2,047 7 162 1,314 193 62,094 77, 037 111,419 116,203 99,341 S, 3M 7,830: 0,720 0,031' 8,0if. Zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulphide [white), zinc chloride, and zinc sulphate imported for consumption in the United States, 1920-1924 " 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. Year Zinc oxide Lithopone Dry Short tons Value In oil Short tons Value Short tons 1,431 1,280 2,712 1,036 1,703 $280,800 146,071 361,599 169,415 229,020 M $3, 696 J, 714 $203,240 67 17, 549 5, 247 432,019 42 8,595 10,203 885,071 80 21,934 10,440 770,383 no 26, 874 0,830 613,034 White leada exported from the United States, 192 [ Figures In paronthoses not duplicated In totals Destination 1023 Short tons Valu [Africa................................ I Asia.................................... p Australia and Oceania Australia____.____ New Zealand..___ Philippine Islands [ Canada......... .................... l ' Cuba....... ........................... [. Europe............. ................ ' Bellgum.................... Great Britain......... .. Netherlands............. Mexico____________ ... . Panama________________ ;; South America............. Braxll.......................... Colombia................. Uruguay................... Venezuela........... Othor countries........... <l) 63 277 (ID (k) (264) 216 128 2,680 (1,(92792) (490) 99 288 1,309 (12) (6) (144) (9) 124 6,172 $ 8, 6 00,3 (2,4 (64,8 30,1 26, 362,5 (166,1 (128,8 (67, 24,2 60,3 229,0 (1,9 (2; (24,7 <2; 29,4 836,2 White lead and sublimed lead not classified separately after 1922; the figu quantity of sublimed lead. Leas than 1 ton. Zinc oxide and lithopone exported from the United St Zinc sulphide* Zinc chlorldo Zlno sulphate Pounds* Value Short tons Value Short tons 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 45, 482 93, 537 27, 160 11,844 9,678 $15,027 8, 330 8,463 6, 403 6.727 665 2, 199 1,374 651 319 $76,405 213,905 87, 500 44,164 28,911 60 $3,038 17 820 17 1.064 20 3,466 13 1,266 Zinc sulphide is statod In pounds rathor than tons because of Its high vnlue nnd smaller quantities. . White lead and red lead exported from the United States, 1920-1924 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. Year Whltolcad Short tons Valuo 14,901 6,181 4,698 6, 172 6,066 $3,105,101 603, 130 710, 765 836, 261 863, 444 Red lead * 1,532 548 1,683 > 1, 840 * 040 --------------, $366,676 116,600 204, 138 372,828 210, 69f * White load nnd sublimed load not classified separately after 1022; the figures for 1023 and 1024 may Include an unknown quantity of sublimed lead. " * Exports of red lead and ltlhargo not classified separately after 1022; the figures for 1923 and 1924 may: include an unknown quantity of litharge. Year ' Zlno oxide Short tons Valu 1920.................................... ........................................................... .......... 1921........................................................................ .............. .................... 1022 : 1923............................................................................................................ 1924............................................................................................................ 11,164 2,611 3,977 6,024 3,927 161 426 693 743 606 Not classified separately prior to 1922, ` ` Zinc oxide exported from the United States, 192 (Figures In parentheses not duplicated In totals Destination Asia................................ ....... Australia and Oceania... Philippine Islands. Canada........... ...... Cuba......... ........................... Europe....... ......................... France....................... Great Britain........... Italy.............................. Mexico................................ Panama_________ _______ South A raorlca............... Drazll__ ___........ > Othor countries................ 1923 Short tons Valu 68 115 (40) 8, 260 42 1,188 (01) (1,074 (23) 104 26 149 (14) 73 6,024 $10,9 19,2 (8,0 477,7 9,9 163.4 (14.8 (134, 2 (4,8 : 18,4 6,1 31,6 (2,0 17,1 743, 6 146 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1024---- PART I PRICES AND VALUE .The total value and the average price per ton received from sales of lead and zinc pigments and salts in 1924 are given on preceding pages of this chapter. Figure 3 shows the relation of tho average weekly price of lead in New York in 1924 to the weekly quotations on the lead pigments-- sublimed lead, white lead, litharge, red lead, and orange mineral--1 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY 1924 JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. a(.< 1 It 5 en I A 7-h i"" t I L o ; ii l! IT nt r al i| 1 A i sac ct i s te t/ t o Z 12 D O L KM Ul & |2 io Li / i1 * 7 it! ar; 4 7 /' *" r" "1 t. 7 te- 2 3 1T` jbl fTit i s - t i V - ? I 7 j 1 yi IE)a : a -7r u: / 1 *~ 1 2. i ! 7 i evvr'or t s A Fig u r e 3.--Relation of weekly prices of lead pigments and salts to the average weekly quoted Drice of lead at Now York, 1924 ` and the lead salts--lead arsenate and lead acetate. The quotations,* taken from issues of the Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter, represent the following grades and forms: Sublimed lead, or bnsio lead sulphate (white), "in casks." White lead, basic lead carbonate. "American, dry, in casks." Litharge, "commercial, powdered, in casks." Red lead, "dry. in casks." Orange mineral. "American, in casks." Lead acetate, "brown, broken, in barrels." Lead arsenate, "paste, in barrels." LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND SAL Figure 4 shows the relation of the average quote western slab zinc in St. Louis to the weekly quota ments--zinc oxide and lithopone--and on the sa Jan. Feb. Mar. 1924 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept 10 -tv k> L i 0 5Cine T e V6 s te T z n t L 0 jis \ - - ITnTc cT.n T1C>r T de - 2 Fig u r e 4.--Relation of weekly prices of zino pigments and salts to the aver prime western tino at 8t, Louis, 1024 and zinc sulphate.' The quotations, taken from Paint, and Drug Reporter, represent the following g Zino oxide, "commercially lead-free, in barrels." Lithopone, "in barrels." Zino chloride, "solution, in drums." Zinc sulphato, "industrial, in barrels." PRODUCERS The following companies reported sales of lead , and zinc salts of their own production in 1924: White lead: . Anaconda Lead Products Co. (electrolytic process) East C Carter White Lead Co.. WeBt P . E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co______________ Philad Kagle-Picher Lead Co--. East S Do------------------------------------------------------------- Cincin Euston Lead Co Scrant W. P. Fuller & Coi South John T. Lewis & Bros. Co-------------------------------- Philad Matheson Lead Co____________ _____________ Long I National Lead Co. of California Melros National Lead Co- Chicag Do...........................................................-............. St. Lo Do............................................................... .......... Brook Do................ --..............................:............ Port R Do_____ ________ -- --................................... Cincin National Lead & Oil Co. of Pennsylvania_____ New K Sherwin-Williams Co......................................... ...... Chicag 148 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1024--PART I White lead--Continued. United Lead Co................... ................................... Perth Amboy, N. J. Wetherlli & Dro Philadelphia, Pa. Sublimed lead, or basic lead sulphate: Eagle-Picher Lead Co_____ _____ ______________ Joplin, Mo. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Works of National Lead Co______ ________ _________ -- Collinsville, 111. Red lead, orange mineral, and litharge; ' Eagle-Picher Lead Co East St. Louis, III. Do Joplin, Mo. Do________________________________________ Newark, N. J. Do_______________________________________ Cincinnati, Ohio. Evans Lead Co Charleston, W. Vu. W. P. Fuller & Co___________ _____ ____________South San Francisco, Calif Grasselli Chemical Co______ _______________ ,... Grassclli, Ind. John T. Lewis <fe Bros. Co____________________ Philadelphia, Pa. Mathcson Lead Co._________ _____ __________ Long Island City, N. Y. National Lead Co. of California Melrose, Calif. National Lead Co________________ _____ _______Chicago, 111. DoSt. Louis, Mo. Do Brooklyn, N. Y. . National Lead & Oil Co. of Pennsylvania____New Kensington, Pa. Pennsylvania Smelting Co....................................- Carnegie, Pa. Sherwin-Williams CoChicago, 111. Wetherill & Bro Philadelphia, Pa. Zino oxide and leaded zinc oxide: American Zino Co. of Illinois..______ _________ Hillsboro, III. American Zino Oxide CoColumbus, Ohio. Bertha Mineral Co...................................................Austinville, Va. Eagle-Picher Lead Co Hillsboro, III. Empire Zinc Co1Canon City, Colo. .Grasselli Chemical Co Grasselli, Ind. International Lead Refining Co. (French process) East Chicago, Ind. Do. (French process)Akron, Ohio. Mineral Point Zinc Co___________________ ____ Mineral Point, Wis. New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania)______ Palmcrton, Pa. Do. (French process)Freemansburg, Pa. Ozark Smelting & Mining Co_____________ Coffeyville, Ivans. River Smelting & Refining Co_______ ________ Florence, Colo. U. S. Zinc Co_______________________ __________ Pueblo, Colo. Western Zinc Oxide CoLeadville, Colo. Lithopone: Chemical & Pigment Co. (Inc.)St. Helena, Md. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co Newark, N. J. Do Philadelphia, Pa. Grasselli Chemical Co Grasselli, N. J. Krebs Pigment & Chemical Co Newport, Del. Midland Chemical Co. (Eagle-Picher Lead Co.) Argo, 111. Mineral Point Zinc Co______ _____ ____________Depuc, III. New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania)_____ _ Palmcrton, Pa. St. Louis Lithopone Co Collinsville, 111. Sherwin-Williams Co_________________________ Chicago, 111. United Color & Pigment Co....... .......................... Newark, N. J. Zinc salts: American Zinc & Chemical Co Langeloth, Pa. Arkansas Preservative Co...................... ............... North Little Rock, Ark. By-Products Steel Corporation............................. Weirton, W. Va. Charles Cooper & Co_____ ________ _____ _____ Newark, N. J. General Chemical Co___________________ _____ Chicago, III. Grasselli Chemical CoGrasselli, Ind. Doj______ Cleveland, Ohio. Great Western Electro-Chemical Co__________ Pittsburg, Calif." Charles Lennig & Co. (Inc.).Philadelphia, Pa. Merrlmao Chemical Co____' Everett, Mass. Monsanto Chemical Works.................. ................. East St. Louis, 111. New Jersey Zino Co. (of Pennsylvania)..............Palmerton, Pa, LEAD1 By C. E. Sie b e n t h a l a n d A. St o . SUMMARY Statistics of refined lead, 1923 and 1924, in s PRODUCTION Domesticdesilverized lead.:....................................... Domoatio soft lead................ ........................................... Domestic desilverized soft load.................................. . Foreign desilverized lead................. Total refined primary lead * Antimonlal lead.................................... Secondary load*................... CONSUMPTION * Apparont consumption of primary lead, refinery stooks disregarded................. sssisiss For method ol calculating consumption see p. 164. The output of refined lead in the United States in 1924 was 566,407 tons, valued at $90 625,0 selling price of pig lead, a gain, as compared with in quantity and of 19 per cent in value. PRODUCTION Quantity and value.--1The total refined lead pro States from 1720 to 1924 from domestic ores an and base bullion and its\value are shown m the f Refined lead -produced in the United States^ 1 Short tons Year Desilver ized lead 6 De silver ized soft lead Soft lead * Total produc tion FroJi domestic ores and base bullion From foreign ores 1720-1912 1913.......... 1914.-.... 1915.......... 1910......... 1917......... 1918......... 1919......... 1920......... 1021......... 1022......... 1923.......... 1924.......... 7,176,497 301,100 340,307 344, 693 336,375 365,908 382, 314 250; 638 273,136 238,329 2*9,107 306,241 423,429 326,991 29, 433 43,600 44,001 68,244 66,268 47.418 67,938 66,008 62,747 74,306 61,332 63.419 2,029,180 131,867 168,219 161,461 107.616 188,603 210,463 147,744 . 189,864 167,613 209,260 190,749 203.616 11,063,113 1,002,300 6,045,933 10,432,608 462,460 642,122 660,066 671,134 610,769 640.196 482,220 629,067 448,689 632,662 618,322 690,493 8,545,383 411,878 612,794 607,020 662,228 548,460 639,906 424,433 476.840 398,222 468,746 643.841 506,407 17, Ul, 346 14,,496,162 1,88 13,223 7,639 6,681 6,086 16,872 16,334 7,660 8,414 7,120 13,898 24,288 46,385 2,6 The Iced content of antimonlal lead Is excluded; see p. 161. Dosllverlzed soft lead Is excluded. ` ` > Chapters^ooUsd giving more than ordinary det#ll were W toricul table of production) and 1918 (the lead Industry In retotlon to the W 150 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1024--PART I Details for years prior to 1913 are shown in tho annual chapters. The value for years prior to 1917 is based upon tho average price in New York; beginning with 1917 tho value is based on tho total sales of each producing company. The argentiferous lead ores of the Western States are desilverized to recover the silver and to refine the lead. The nonargontiferous or soft lead ores of the Central and Eastern States do not carry enough silver on the average to pay for desilverizing or to make that opera tion necessary. For cortain purposes, however, a considerable quantity of lead ore from southeast Missouri has been desilverized each year. ' Production by States.--In addition to the domestic lead ores smelted in this country, small quantities of domestic lead ore havo been exported to smelters in Canada. Ores from Washington yielded 1,388 tons of lead at Canadian smelters in 1918 and 3 tons in 1919, but no lead ore from the United States was treated in Canada in 1920-1924. Primary lead smelted or refined in the United Stales, 1920-192/f, by sources, in short tons Source of ore 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 Domestic ore: Alaskn.............. Arizona........... California........ Colorado.......... Idaho................ Illinois .......... Kansas *.......... Kentucky ... Missouri ___ Montana......... Nevada............ New Mexico.. Oklahoma Oregon............. South Dakota Tonncssce Texas................ Utah................. Virginia 4........ Washington.Wisconsin ... Undistributed Zinc residues. 691 ,6, 987 2 200 17,762 117,101 948 8,421 114 171, 900 13, 231 8, 050 1, 123 08,494 6 2,705 1 64,000 2, 400 3,841 201 4,360 773 3,3)3 614 12,104 09, 707 271 10, 930 41 151,028 11,665 3,553 384 46,902 2 1 61,872 325 1,070 101 713 494, 347 395. 287 Foreign ore: Alrico___ Australia Canaria..................................................................................... Contral America.................................................................. Europe..................................................................................... Mexico..................................................................................... South Aroorlca..................................................................... Other foreign......................................................................... Foreign base bullion: Canada.................................................................................... Mexico..................................................................................... South Amorica..................................................................... 1,171 450 1,186 22 19 2,720 2,747 00 2, 877 6 17 1,012 2, 235 73 1,010 1,609 42,421 41,648 64 ................... 52, 808 60, 367 Orand total.. 647, 155 445, 654 324 7,218 3, 018 11,108 01,487 750 10,000 73 202, 245 14,551 4,264 1,230 67,430 37 2 761 6 63,130 478 1,323 75 1,284 481,689 3, (104 14 610 7,200 2, 458 43 2,000 47,118 03.010 645,005 400 8,828 5,108 23,885 127,797 1,286 20, 207 GO 109, 323 18,345 S, 044 1,038 69,602 47 1,020 40 10-1, 078 2, 008 001 601 302 654, 030 00 3, 632 18 130 18,807 1,401 72 60, If13 74,481 028,517 682 9, 372 2,305 25,49t 123, 709 1,089 12, 805 201 101.501 21, 226 8,070 2, 203 50,017 2 985 27 110,318 1, 583 2, 057 1,073 15 1,320 682,000 6 4, 633 30 323 33,32ft 7, GC3 607 77,701 124,080. 700, 080 The lead produced by those States Is nonarsontlferous or soft lend. A small quantity q( t,hft load pro duced from Colorado and New Moxlco oros is also nonargontiforous. LEAD Soft lead.--The lead ores of the Mississippi from silver, and the lead produced from them Tho output of the lead pigment basic lead sulp is derived from those ores. The lead ores from the southeastern Misso little more silver (slightly over an ounce to th in all) than those from other regions of the M likewise small quantities of other metals, so th though soft, is resistant to acids and is much acid chambers. It is known to the trade as " Soft lead -produced in the United Stales from domestic ore Yoar Soft pig lead Undcsll- Desllvorlzed vorizod Total Soft load ro covere Id pig ments 1920........................................................ 1021.......................................................... 1022......................................................... 1923......................................................... 1924......................................................... 189,854 167,513 200,260 100,740 203,015 06,008 62,747 74,306 01,332 63,440 260, 622 210,200 283,666 252,081 207,004 15,21 9,98 13,89 13,01 16,33 Includes domestic refined lead, domestio lead in antlmonlal lead, an The zinc ores from Western States that are may contain some lead which goes into the p it is not strictly accurate to speak of the lead c entirely soft lead. In addition to the domestic lead so recover is also recovered in pigments. Prior to 1919 not distinguished from that of domestic origin. of foreign lead recovered in zinc pigments w 1920, 808 tons; in 1921, 169 tons; and in 1924, lead was used in pigments in 1922 or 1923. Antimonial lead.--The production of by-pro from argentiferous lead ores derived from all s all lead refineries operating in this country, is 1871-1914 in Mineral Resources, 1914, and for Rosourcos, 1920. By-product antimonial lead produced in the United Year Total load refined from base bullion (short tons) Per centage of by product From anti menial load domestic ore (short tons) From foreign ore (short tons) AntlznoDlal Short tons Value 1920.............. 1921.............. 1022.............. 1923.............. 1924.............. 273,136 238,329 240,107 300,241 423,420 Average. 4.0 9, 604 2,931 12,536 $1,063,25 4. 2 7,881 2,183 10.004 870,05 a. 2 7,008 1,007 8,076 844,99 3.0 11,036 . 2,655 14,100 1,050,87 4.9 13,593 7, 194 20,787 3,370,71 4.2 152 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1924--PART I Lead figments.--Leaded zinc oxide, zinc-lead oxide, sublimed J white lead, and sublimed blue lead are made directly from ore;, white lead, red lead, orange mineral, and lithargo are manufactured,; from pig lead. These pigments are discussed and their output given , elsewhere in this volume in the chapter on lead and zinc pigments. and salts. The lead recovered from domestic and foreign ore in the form of pigments during recent years is given in tile following tablo, which also gives the primary and secondary lead used in making those pigments that are made from pig lead: Quantity and source of lead in pigments,a 1920-1924, in short tons . Year Domestic ore Foreign ore Primary Secondary metal * metal1 1020.......................................................................................................... 1921................................................................................. .................... 1923.......................................................................................................... 1024.......................................................................................................... 16,212 9, 989 13,892 13,612 16,338 808 215,431 169 200,699 241,000 230,641 645 260,930 111 Inoludes lead reoovered In zinc oxide aod leaded tlno oxide. * Primary metal Is that made from ore; secondary metal Is that derived from old metal and from drosses and sUmmings. Secondary lead.--Secondary lead is obtained mainly from skimmings, drosses, old metal, and alloys, such as babbitt, solder, and type metal. The recovery of lead "by refining these materials con stitutes an integral part of the load industry. Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 1920-1924, in short lonst 1920................... 1921................... 1922................... 1923................... 1924................... Year Pig lead Lead in alloys Total re covered lead VaJuo 66,360 40,370 75,480 96,430 90,400 68, 300 67.410 84,080 98,060 114,100 124,060 103, 780 150.600 194,490 204.600 $10,914,000 0,340,000 17, 552,000 27.220.000 32.720.000 Mine production.--The preceding tables give the quantity of lead recovered by smelting and refining operations either as metallic lead, or in the alloy antimonial lead, or as lead in pigments. The origin of the lead is much more accurately shown by the reports of mines, because smelters necessarily treat mixtures of ores, sometimes long after they have been received, so that the actual output of metallic lead may not correspond at all closely to the product of the mines for the same year. The following table gives the mine output of lead from 1920 to 1924, inclusive. The statistics of mine production, which for years prior to 1921 had been expressed as lead content of ore mined, were reduced to recoverable lead in the chapter on lead for 1923 by deduct ing an assumed loss in smelting and refining, thus making the figures comparable to the statistics of mine production of zinc, which have always been stated as recoverable zinc. In these calculations the loss LEAD in smelting and refining has been taken as (at plants with bag houses) the soft nonarg he Mississippi Valley, and about 5 per cent i the argentiferous lead ores of the Wester Assumed factors are close to the truth is sh crepancy between the mine and smelter outp `the table of comparison on page 136 of the cha Resources, 1923, and in the following sectio Mine production of recoverable lead, 19ZO-19Z4, State Alaska................... Arizona................. Arkansas............. . California............ i Colorado............. ' Georgia................. Idaho..................... `Illinois.................. r.r Kansas................. Kentucky........... Massachusetts.. .Missouri.............. Montana............. Nevada................ New Mexico___ Oklahoma........... Oregon................. 'Pennsylvania... 'South Dakota.. Tennessee........... .Texas!.................... Utah..................... Virginia............... Washington___ .'Wisconsin........... 876 1,936 8 2, 407 23, 316 2 118, 666 101,, 708 462 120 14 161, 812 ,14, 846 10 100 1, 436 64, 3 9 99 18 180 10 3 41 1,8 *60,"8 2,749 2,694 *44 41 -------------- ------- ---------- ---- ------------------~-- . It Is said that slew tona of load ore were mined at the old Chlpm .treated at a small smelterowned by the mine operators. , ' *513 pounds. :. , The following table lists the principal lea the order of magnitude of their output in production during the period beginning in th '1 production took its stride, and continuing d i?the production of domestic lead ores was a peak. It shows the fluctuation in the outpu : and demonstrates the security of the south 1 in first place and of the Coeur d'Alene regio The figures by districts for years prior to duced in the following table to recoverable explained above.1 47802--27- -18 154 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1924--PART I LEAD Mine production of recoverable lead in the principal lead-producing districts of (Ali United States, 1916-1924, in short tons y* District 1W411910 1917 1918 1019 1620 1921 1922 1923 SUPPLY OF LEAD > .The futuro of the lead industry depends on the tter on supply and demand, and the supply in t Southeastern Missouri re gion .............................................. 197,609 Coeur d'Alene rogion, Idaho. 109,211 Joplin region (Kansas, Mis- sourl, and Okloboma) 44, 315 Bingham, Utah.......................... 40,848 Tlntic, Utah................................ 18,GOO Park City region, Utah.......... 15, 780 LeadviJJe, CoJo............................ 10, 755 fian Juan Mountains, Colo 9.480 Aspen, Colo............................... 8, 700 Opnlr, Utah................................. 0, 109 Butte, Mont............................... Upper Mississippi VnJJoy ro 4,308 gion (Iowa, northern Illi nois, and Wisconsin)......... 200, 464 170,704 67,814 34,924 10, 002 10,016 8,922 11,178 7,170 4, 661 4,917 177,704 132,342 74,009 37, 803 14,600 11,662 11,187 10, 262 6,833 4,340 10, 804 154,016 79,041 09,801 2161,,002400 10,123 6,038 82,,000535 3,984 0,048 5, 703 168,033 112,200 84, 317 24, 032 19, 589 12,223 4,270 13, 622 2,235 38,,032686 3,384 178,735 '170,768 94, 643 91,210 01,681 12,288 18,1.58 8,846 1, 702 6, 323 1.108 480 0,614 87, 771 19, 348 23,040 JO, |20 2,742 6, 332 1.778 2, 021 JO,070 1,600 1,269 107,458 114,426 fifl,787 25,363 38,900 26,220 2,804 13,167 1,480 3, 443 J2, 746 048 629,351 643, 989 460,903 380,831 440,607 391,034 438, 980 403,733 Percentage of United States total mine production_____ 88 87 88 00 90 94 92 90 187, Bill 118,331 *1 3., 78JJ ,57<| 33,3433 4,7839 13.414H8,i3l 1.414 f 13.043^ 1,<J38* 84%oey ni -w and old fields as well as on higher recovery th etallurgical methods; these of course have always g factors in the industry, although imaginary fa eir part in speculative movements. Relief from ay therefore be afforded by discovery of new ore ent in separation and concentration, by which gra ^workable are added to the country's or worl Methods in reduction, which accomplish the same ing the cost of reduction or by effecting a separatio process of reduction; and lessening of demand ei Cessation or by substitution of other metals. `The price of lead has fluctuated greatly in th owing to the opportunity for speculation offered spot lead-at times. These fluctuations have u COMPARISON OF MINE AND SMELTEIl TOTALS The Geological Survey published annually from 1907 to 1920 the! statistics of lead output by mines, but because of lack of knowledge! of the average smelting loss for the whole country, the total was, m| general, given as load content of ore mined, not as recoverable lead.; Beginning with 1921, the lead output of the mines has been expressed as recoverable lead by estimating as closely as possible the losses in i smelting and refining. For the sake of the following comparison the , mine totals for 1906 to 1920 have likewise been calculated as recov-' erable lead. In addition to the domestic lead recovered at smelters i as refined desilverized load from argentiferous ores, as soft lead from ; Mississippi Valiev ores, and as lead in antimonial lead and in pig- ' ments, considerable lead has been recovered at Canadian smelters from lead ores exported from the United States. This is included in the recovered lead given in tho tablo below, which balances the pri mary load recovered in all forms against tho ostimatod recoverable. lead in the ore mined for 18 years, the whole period for which such data are available. , producing and the consuming branches of the nave aroused fears for the adequacy of the futur the country. Of course, a temporary shortage o indicates that the lead reserves of the country partial failure of the wheat or corn crop indicates of ,the soil is waning. When production runs'be however, and a greater supply is necessary, it take to find and open new deposits and to reopen old m constancy of price only the experienced, farseeing 'companies will undertake such work. The smaller vpll remember that though lead averaged 8 cent afld has averaged 6.8 cents for 1916 to 1924, inclusi for 1921 was 4.5 cents, the same as the pre-war a T915. Many promising prospects and mines mus down and tne operating companies wiped out in receipts for their product and high postwar costs there is yot hope tnat some of them will be reopene Vlf tho price of lead could remain steadily at the no one need doubt that our production would s of a scarcity of spot lead. If lead had no more Domestic -primary lead balance sheet, 1907-1924, in short tons ] price with the average of metals, and metal prod Would have sold in 1924 for about 6.9 cents.1 I Year J907.. 1008.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1015.. 1910.. Recover- (mine pro duction) Recovered (stneltcr production) Mino excess (+) or smelter excess (-) 30-1, 715 330, 237 385, 113 382,092 420, 685 442, 120 483, 113 504, 769 542, 008 001,392 365, GOG 326, G57 307, 393 391,643 407. 767 410,228 435, 474 537, 090 530, 355 682, 180 -791 +3. 680 + 17, 720 -8,851 + 18,818 +31,898 +47,639 -32. 927 +5, 743 + 19, 212 Year Kecoverftblo lend (mino pro duction) Recovered lend (smelter production) Mine excess (+) or smelter excess (-) 1017................... JOJfl................... 1919................... 1020................... 1021................... J922................... 1923................... 1924................... 628, 502, 429, 490, 414. 477, 647, 690, m578,, 090205 443, 054 500, 003 414, 880 488,448 507, 247 503,486 8, 611,4144 +40, 639 -J. 304 -14,306 -3,279 -395 -10,815 -- 20, 030 +2,682 + 104,074 & with the average of all commodities it would have of 6.6 cents in 1924;-if with agricultural produc with nonagricultural products, at 7.2 cents; and living, at 7.6 cents. It would seem, therefore, t With other commodities (except, of course, coppe Apound, the average for 1924, is not unfair. ,. The present situation with regard to the lea tins: Tho United States and Mexico produced than ever before. Canada has quadrupled her war and is still expanding her capacity. Austra t<w1 o yea. r. s ibe__e__n__w___e_ifil _u__p_ttrtoorw_afimrdnhDerrnl/aimrg'ie.inwna. r.-t.i1mne -chief reserves upon which Australia and Canada _____________________________ n-------------------------- --------------- ----------------- 1 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, Department of Labo 156 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1924---- PART X been recently said to be equal to about 20 years' draft at the present! rate. Moreover, a now field is under development in Queensland,! and a concentrating method is being sought for the oxtensivo Read-! Rosebery complex ores of Tasmania. The Burma output has! nearly trebled since the war and the reserves are equal to nearly 2(11 years' output at the present rate, disregarding current additions tof reserves by mine operations. Tho output from other sources off lead in Africa, Asia, and South America remains about stationary^ but Europe is approximately 220,000 tons short of her pre-war projl duction, chiefly Decause of the lessened output of Spam, Germany! and Poland. Apparently, tho Old World misses the efficient orej gathering machine of the German metal companies. The world's! production in 1924 was the largest in history by over 125,000 metric tons, according to the American Bureau of Metal Statistics. ' '9 Residence and business building has been extremely active ini this country ever since the World War, and has required supplies ofl plumbing and other lead material. Such construction was needed! not only to accommodate the great expansion of business immediately! after the war but also to catch up with current needs and with arrears! in residence building. Dow's Agency recently noted that apartment! building is threatened with overproduction in certain directions, and! continuing the erection of business buildings is, of course, contingent upon continued business prpsperity. The automobile industry c o m Humes much lead, but the saturation point in that industry must bdj reached eventually, and then the salvaged lead will practically equal the consumption of new lead. There is, moreover, a pro nounced trend toward the use of less lead.. A substitute foil lead in underground cable coverings will probably be found.! Moreover, encouraging experiments are under way on reduction inj the size of individual cable wires as well as in the amount of insulating material,' which will permit many more wires in the same space! and reduce the consumption of lead for cable covering. Recently a radio tube has been put on the market which uses alternating cur-! rent, where that is available, instead of the more usual storage battery! or tne occasional step-down transformer on external direct-current! supply. Transformers and rectifiers which eliminate "B" batteries! (some of which are lead storage-batteries) have been in use for somp time. There is now a tendency to make the prdinary tube set mor(j portable by replacing lead storage-batteries with dry batteries whiclf use no lead. \ According to the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, storage] batteries (ml kinds, of course) consumed the largest amount, about 170,000 short tons, of lead in 1924; white lead took 150,000 tonsil and cable covering, 138,000 tons. France, Soviet Russia, and! Argentina have legislation, not yet in effect, restricting the use of! white lead, hence legal measures or economic necessity might force! substitution of other white pigments for part of the lead used ini white lead. The examples of lead conservation cited show that! the rapidly increasing consumption of lead in the immediate past] may not continue indefinitely. Lastly, attention is again called to! the 100,000 tons of lead in ore, matte, and bullion in bonded warejg house, December 31, 1924, LEAD METALLURGY ADVANCE IN METALLUR Recent advances in the separation and co 'ores have been made possible mainly by re especially differential flotation, but also by var , roasting and leaching or volatilization. These 'to be important to the lead industry because t 'ment will increase the supply of lead by allow lead from ore, and especially by making avail of complex sulphides or mixed sulphide and o unworkable, some because of the penalty exac ;which may thus become an asset.' The present movoment for more effective co started at the Sullivan mine in British Colu solidated Mining & Smelting Co. after much e .by differential notation in overcoming the ob tion and saving of the lead and zinc in the or be the largest sulphide ore body in North success in treating the ores the company capacity of the lead smelter and the elect constructed a custom plant which pays miner complex ores. A plant accomplisning the by the International Smelting Co. at Tooele has been started by the United States Sme 'Utah; and still others have been built by i panies. Operation. of such plants increase because greater quantities of the lower-gra market. No attempt will be made to discuss the adva ; of the proposed roasting, leaching, or volatili seems advisable to review a few processes wh Commercially. The Coolbaugh process, now operated by >& Refining Co. in connection with its lead sm 'by a closely controlled roast renders a high blende leachable as zinc sulphate; the residue , ment in the lead smelter. Tt has not yet be market outlet for the zinc sulphate will be as pone, lead-free zinc oxide, or electrolytic zinc. At Harold, Utah, the Tintic Standard Min Dern process for an oxidized silver-lead ore. with salt and coal dust and leached with br finally lead are precipitated separately. T melted into refined lead bars in a suitable f 1 initial output in 1924. The Combined Metals Reduction Co., a su 'Lead Co., is using the Snyder-Christensen p The finely ground unroasted lead concentrate acid brine, silver is precipitated by lead, and ' Tiip following papers will be found useful In reviewing this met `Hydrometflllurgy of lead": Trans. Am. Inst. Min. and Met. Eng., Q. L.. "Present tendencies In treatment of oomples ores"; Trans. Am ftess)>vbl7IioMio2Ppp0JS^i' B'` ta aydfootollur7 ofle 158 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1924---- PART 1 eoohng the liquor and is reduced to bars by molting with a mixture of lim-c and coal dust. As the oro is worked at Bauor tho zinc is ' mainly floated in concentration, but any zinc remaining in solution is precipitated by H2S and filtered off for electrolytic reduction or shipment to zinc smelters. ,' TTAt the Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Concentrating Co.,-4 j Tainton and others have developed a process for the treatment of the zinc-lead oro from tho Star mine. Tho oro is roasted and leached, the zme recovered by Tainton's "high-acid" process, and the leady residues leached with brine and precipitated electrolytically. Ihe contracting of the Star mine's zinc concentrates to Belgian' smelters, as recently announced, may delay the construction of a commercial plant employing these Tainton processes. It is to bo noted that those mothods of brine leaching aro applicable not only to the complex ores, both sulphide and oxidized, from the mines and to tailings and middlings from thoir concentrating plants, but also to tailings from electrolytic zinc plants, to leady flue dusts, and to leady sludges from sulphuric acid chambers, and tho like. In this adaptability lies much of thoir promise. LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERIES ,, ... California: UNITEt) s t a t e s ' Colorado^-Se`by P'ant| American Smelting & Refining Co. Refinery also. Durango--Durango plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. Idahoeadv, e--Arkansfta Vally plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. Kellogg--Bunker Hill & Sullivan smelter. Refinery also. Illinois: Chicago--Goldsmith Bros.' Smelting & Refining Co.4 ' Chicago--Great Western Smelting & Refining Co.4 Chicago--Illinois Smelting & Refining Co.4 Chicago--U. S. Reduction Co.4 Collinsville--St. Louis Smelting & Refining Works of National Lead Co Refinery also. ' j^.Fe^enU--American Smelting & Refining Co. (Formerly Federal Lead Co.) East Chicago--International Lead Refining Co.5 Refinery only. Grasselli--U. S. S. Lead Refinery (Inc.).5 Refinery only. Betts electro lytic process. Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Eaglc-Picher Lead Co. Missouri: Granby--American Zinc, Lead Smelting Co. Herculaneum--St. Joseph Lead Co. Joplin--Eaglc-Piciicr Lead Co. Montana: Nebraska^ele'ia--^ast liele"a Plant> American Smelting <fe Refining Co. Omaha--Omaha plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. Refinery only Betts electrolytic process. 3 New Jersey: Irvington Irvington Smelting & Refining Co.4 Newark--Balbach Smelting & Refining Co. Oklahoma- Amby~Perth A'nboy Pla,lt> American Smelting & Refining Co. St. Louis--Ontario smelter, Eagle-Picher Lead Co. Smelters o( secondary materlols but treating some lead ores. SuMldlary of Anaconda Copper Mining Co. i Subsidiary of the United States Smelting, Refining 4 Mining Co, LEAD PennCsayrlvnaegniiea--: Pennsylvan.ia ,,Smelting ^Co. tR> ecfine TeXa]a Paso--Kansas City Consolidated Smelting Utah: Harold--Tintic Standard Mining Co International--International Smelting Co.* Midvale--United States Smelting, Refining & Murray--Murray plant, American Smelting & CANADA Trail--Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. also. Betts electrolytic process. '.Ontario: Caletta--Estate of Jas. Robertson. MEXICO Aguascalientes: . ,,,_. Aguascalientes--American Smelting or Refinin Chihuahua: . Chihuahua--American Smelting & Refining C Coaimila: Saltillo--Mazapil Copper Co. (Ltd.), Torrcdn--American Metal Co. (Ltd.). (Cia. DUraAsKarco (Velardefia)--American Smelting & Asarco.) ' GuerCrearmo:po Morado--Reforma .M.i.n.ing &,, Muling NUe Monterrey--American Metal Co. (Ltd.). (C Refinery also. , Monterrey--American Smelting & Refining C San Luis Potosi: _ , Matehuala--American Smelting & Refining C * San Luis Potosi--American Sir siting & Refini TRADE CONDITIO WORLD'S SMELTER PRO In tho following table, prepared by W. I. of Minos, the figures in italic type aro taken of the countries named; those m ordinary yearbook of the American Bureau of Meta sources regarded as reliable. However, t substituted when they are available, as i official sot of statistics of world production sot like that of the American Bureau of Me There is always a possibility of dupli world's production, for some countries s bullion to other countries for refining. Fu antimonial lead aro often included in the f production, so that to put the United State statistics it would be necessary to include in tic output of secondary lead and antimo the United States represent refined lead tha try, whatever the source of the ore. 'Subsidiary of American Smoltfng & Refining Co. Subsidiary of Anaconda Copper Mining Co. 160 MINERAL r e s o u r c e s , 1D24--PART I lin . V, World's production of lead, 1913-1924 [In metrlo ton., by countries where .melted, but not necesserlly reflned . _offlclalj ' FIguros In Itnllo type i Country Australia Austria. Belgium. Canada. Ohoften.......................... Ctecboalovakia........... France... ' Oermany: Great Britain..;. Oreece................ "" India (Burma) Italy............... * Japan.......................... Mexico......... .............. Norway ' Poland: Rhodesia. ....... Rumania.. .............. Russia.............* South America. Spain................. Bweden.......... .......... Tunisia.........." Turkey..........'''' United 8tates (reb'ned)"" Yugoslavia Known production. * Data not available. 8M`tpifandntllS; ,0r 'eCOnd slx mnths, see Poland. 4 See Germany. Oot. floT^s/p?. StfST ie,m () 6,9 433 /625 14111,.864132 688 H,m s; 104 665, SIS 11, 487 1.313.000 o; of Mines. M IMPORTS AND EXPORTS i%rrr<l8 ! g"~ commerce by J. A. Dorsey, of the Bureau ' rw. IWi ,, Ore....................... Base bullionin......... Pigs, bars, and old ' 1920 1921 1922 1923 32.923,299 09,517,026 2,644, 576 13,679, 405 10,470,144 24,692,350 7,076, 544 693, 440 i 76,031,259 80,300,856 5, 234, 475 Lead imported for consumption in the United Stales, 1920-192J, 1924 103,474,370 05,007,010 10,090,663 Year Lead in ore Daso bullion Pigs, bars, and old otherSheets, pi i>o, and shot Not 1022.... Pounds Value Pounds 1020 1021...:: 1023......... 13,700,400 0,842,807 23.640,881 -23; 420; 04b $908,619 327,046 1, 60,816,820 661810,'080 ff- f|J- 1024......... *88,117.976)3,145,701W 70a| 402 Valuo Pounds $3, 340,600 68,001,069 1,668,410 61,900,004 1,815,142 ` 8,503,110 626, 201 `42,925,266 1,542,167 `27,362,302 Value $3,887,821 I, 072,710 ` 335, 024 `2,510,406! M, 850, 862 Pounds 81,396 3,087 6,018 19,626 11,660 wise Vuluoi sped- nod $5,483 $21, 328 140 11,204 697 12,286 4,405 90,027 4,384 138,037 Total valuo $8,163,861 3,970,616 2,976,662 4,421,603 6,081,841 * Include Uta vSi!?, TMtte.^ginning Sept. 22, 1022. Sept. 22,1922. `mpoft3 f antlmonial lead, antlmonial .crap lead, babbitt metal, .older, etc., beginning LEAD Type metal imported for consumption in the U Year Type m Pounds 1920 ............................................................................................. 1921............. 1............................................................................... 1922.............................................................................................. 29,887,363 38,971,361 44, 805, 120 8 Figures not available. , General imports of lead into the United States, 192 Year . Lead in ore Le 1920.......................................................................................... 1921........................................................................................... 1922........................................................................................... 1923........................................................................................... 1024........................................................................................... 29, 488,816 14,234,039 24,474,481 66,882,850 95,320,168 1 1 1 General imports of lead into the United States, in ore, 1924, by sources, in pou Yoar Canada Moxico South America 1920.............................. 1921............................ 1922 .. ..................... 1923.............................. 1924 ............................ 8,199,234 8,127,158 8,603,236 11,399,671 11,022,091 131,816,278 106,406, 238 141, 216, 136 242,362, 788 243,161,069 7,086,361 2,381,366 3, 803, 478 6,300, 161 16,820,867 The high price of lead shortly before a mado it profitable to export domestic lea 1914. the exports soon reached large qua rapidly after the. war. Refined lead, made from domestic ores, exported from Year Short tonB Value Y 1916............................................... 1916............................................... 1917............................................... 1918............................................... 1019............................................... 88,306 100,500 63,688 41,831 10,610 $7,928, 618 13,494,066 9,560, 598 6,889,381 1,471,256 1921.............. 1022............. 1923.............. 1Q24._ . The lead of foreign origin which has manufactured in this country and then in the following tables. . 162 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1924--PART I Foreign lead exported from the United States, 1920-1924 Year Exported from warehouse Pigs, bars, and old Pounds Value All othor manu factures Exported In manufactures with honefit of drawback (pounds) 1920........................................................................................... 1921.................................................................................................. 1922......................................................................................... 1923......................................................................................... .. 1924..................................................................... . 34,725,601 60,000, 259 04, 709,306 97,471,320 153,616,803 $2,670, 535 2, 284,107 3, 177,300 5,195, 250 9, 685,619 $35,146 613 140 12,360,794 18,738,927 11,354,070 25,052, 107 30,549,110 Since July 1, 1915, the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce has classed all foreign lead smelted or refined In this country and exported as ''domestic exports of pigs, bars, etc., produced from forolgn ore." The above figures Include also tho exports of foreign load Imported In the form of pics and bars. 1 Not separately classified after 1922. Domestic and foreign pig lead exported from the United Stales, 1923-24, by destinations [Figures in parentheses are not duplicated In the totals] Destination Domestic Foreign Short tons Value Short tons Value 1823 Japan.............................................................................................. Philippine Islands................................................... Europe.................................................................................. Denmark.................................................................................... France........................................................................................... Mexico.................................................................................. Bouth America............................................ . Panama.......................................................... . (H2) , (8) $12, 950 (10,976) 0,104) 23, 594 15,313 80,852 (336) () (185)' (112) 96 (384) (257) (34) (3ft, 064) 07) (25, 171) (12, 322) 17,821 90,000 (41,002) (32,323) (3,829) 58 10; 034 (2) 02 45, 547 (224) (10,335) (0,611) (21,248) (4,348) 48 (843) (1,942) (> $144 (144) 128 (24,034) (1,078,061) 1924 Asia.................................... ... Japan............................................................................. Philippine Islands...................................................* Canada........................... .. Cuba................................ . Europo............................ .. .. Franco...................................................... Germany r- ..................... Mexico.............................................. Boutb America................... ................. , Argentina..................................................................................... Braill.......................................................... . Panama.............................. . ... Other oountrles......................../........... r. 1,099 200,487 33 (30) 3,870 0,116) (2,000) (688) (695) (250) (3) 39 54 6,332 5,050 (5.037) 23, 470 17, 308 483, 671 (130, 350) (274, 002) m0, 893) 10, 600 153, 217 (87, 584) (43,030) (671) 10, 879 711, 147 48,730 5,196, 266 2,353 c')'(1) 120 (10, 809) (10, 009) (38, 003) (2, 340) 35 (li 327) (140) 15 70, 768 18 8,870i 361 (1,210,009) (104,005) 9,085,019 Less than 1 too. LEAD 164 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1924--PART 1 CONSUMPTION Apparent consumption of refined primary lead in the United States, refinery stocks disregarded, 19SO-1924, in short tons 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 Supply: Stock Id bonded warehouse Jan. 1 Imports of pigs, bare, and old . ' Production............................................ " Withdrawn: Exports of foreign lead-- From warehouse..................................... In manufactures, with benoflt ofdrawbockj Exports of domestic lead............................................... Btcwk in bonded warehouse Deo. 31llllll'.ll ll'. Apparent consumption. 234 35, 719 629,657 505,610 1,322 31,301 448,589 481,212 347 3, 651 632,062 630,600 21,099 618, 322 630,421 17,363 0,176 2,730 1,322 27,690 638,020 25,000 . 9,360 1,024 347 36,340 444,872 32, 356 6,677 5,823 43,856 402,705 48,738 12,620 1,999 2,017 05,878 573,643 2,617 12,247 690,493 706,367 76,768 16,276 6,332 6,045 102,410 602,947 PRICES AND VAIiUE Tho accompanying graph (fig. 5) shows the trend in the quoted 1 pnee of lead for prompt delivery in the New York market in 1923-24. :i The price rose from 8.3 cents a pound at the beginning of the year to 1 9.87 cents the last of February, aftd then declined to 7 cents in June. 4 A decided upward trend through the remainder of the year culminated 1 in a quotation of 10.2 cents at the end of December. The average 3 quoted price for the year was 8.3 cents, compared with 7.4 cents m | 1923. A graph of the lead prices quoted in London is shown for comparison; in it fluctuations in exchange have been taken into account. The following are prices quoted on lead throughout 1924 by the American Smelting & Refining Co., in cents a pound: Jan. Feb. Apr. 2... ... 7. 75 Apr. 10... ... 7. 90 18... -. 8. 00 i... ... 8. 16 May 7... -. 8. 25 14___ -. 8. 40 16.... .. 8. 50 21___ -. 8. 70 July 27____ -. 8. 90 28____ .. 9. 00 Aug. 3____ -. 8. 76 9... .. 8. 50 11... ... 8. 25 24... ... 8. 00 6... ... 7. 76 7... .. 7. 60 15... .. 7. 25 22... .. 7. 00 23____ .. 7. 26 29... -. 7. 60 11... .. 7. 75 15____ .. 8. 00 Oct. Dec. 20... --- 8. 25 23... ... 8. 40 25... . - - 8. 60 27... ... 8. 66 8____ -- 8. 76 10... -- 8. 90 11___ - - 9. 00 2 16____ -- 9. 25 t 18___ - - 9. 35 23____ 9. 50 'i 26____ .. 9. 60 -) The average selling price, based on total sales, was 8 cents a pound in 1924, compared with 7 cents in 1923. The value of the refined Ilead produced in the United States from domestic ores, based on the average selling price a pound, was $90,625,000 in 1924, compared with $76,138,000 in 1923. GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, AND LE * (MINE REPORT) * By V. C. He ik e s PRODUCTION ... The mines of Arizona produced in 1924 dead valued at $*09~,~61--0,73--7. 9- . Compared with lof the output decreased $4,690,821, or 4 ielia, Miami Cooppppeerr,, COaal.uumiuceitf w& Arizon don. United Verdei, United Eastern, Arizon Hand ' '------------ Phelp kriz.,----------- ---------- i not included in the total *..---------- Although the quantity or copper increa Iless. This decrease in value formed the gre fin the State total, though there were also Fsilyer, and no zinc was reported. The a find tailings decreased from $6.13 in 1923 t lvalue in gold and silver decreased from 71 Mine production of gold, rilver, copper, and Num ber of Ore and pro filing* aold Silver Cop 9 ducers 1934.................................. Increase or decrease Fine Short tonj ounce* Pou 275 19,82a 505 *4,878,466 6,649,276 077,7 --60 +2,806,327 -- 1,242,050 -094,406 +68,8 includes placer production. ORE hi. Copper ore led in quantity the ores mined and siliceous gold ores and lead ore followed metals in the ores and tailings were as $2,171,505; dry gold and silver ore, $177,700 copper ore, $94,575,416; lead ore, $2,308,9 $65,182. In addition the placers produced "$3,167. Thus the State total was $99,610,3 238 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1924--PART I Zinc dust sold by producers in the United States, 1919-1924 ^ Year 1919............ 1920--... 1021........... 1922............ 1923.'......... 1924............ Prepared "blue powder" Short tons Value Total Average per pound 4,083 9.006 2.006 3,394 3,676 3,894 *801,366 2,009,117 333,390 631, 225 043,760 620,078 *0.098 .III .083 .078 .088 .080 Zinc dust "atomized" Short tons Value Total Average per pound 2,716 2,463 999 3,869 4,376 4,063 $660,294 665, 773 152,161 673.220 702,923 021.221 *0.104 .113 .076 .074 .080 .070 Primary] zinc re* covered! as tlaofl dust ;n (shortj] toas)j| ' fl ---------- fp3 3,430 6,426; 1,880 2,118: 2,460; vw The average price of zinc dust, "blue powder," as calculated from sales during the year, was 8 cents a pound; "atomized" zinc dust brought 7.6 cents a pound. "Blue powder" brought a higher] average price than "atomized" dust, because much of it was soldf m the far West, where higher prices prevailed. The weekly fluctual fconin the quoted price of zinc dust is shown in Figure 7 (p. 253) il The following operators reported the production of zmc dust ' X(/41 Bartlesville Zinc Co., Bartlesville, Okla. John Finn Metal Works, San Francisco, Calif. Grasselli Chemical Co., Clarksburg, W. Va. The Merrill Co., San Francisco, Calif. New Jersey Zinc Co Palmerton, Pa. United States Zinc Co., Sand Springs, Okla. -1 ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Zmc forms the base, either in whole, or in part, of three whiter! pigments--zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, and lithopone. Two zinc1! salts, the chloride and the sulphate, are likewise made in part fromi! ore and m part from secondary zinc. Details of tho production of-I zinc pigments and salts and of markot conditions are given in the.! chapter on lead and zinc pigments and salts. :ia The zinc content of the pigments and salts made in the United I otatesirom ore, both domestic and foreign, for the period 1919-1924 1 is given in the table below. Statistics of the secondary zinc re- , covered in the form of pigments and salts are given under the next heading. . . ii '. .Primary z-inc content of zinc -pigments and salts made in the United Stales 1919-1994 in short tons r.- 1 -------------------- ------ ------ - Year *` Salts Pigments Year Salts Pigments 1919........................... 1920............................... 1921......................... ................. ................. 3, 393 6, 284 3,749 96,817 110,696 63, 480 1922............. 1923............. .................................. 1924....................... ......... 1,801 1,673 1,076 93,112 116,970 108,282 ZINC ZINO SECONDARY ZIN - Secondary zinc recovered in the United Stales, xradary zinc, redistilled............ ............ ................................. fondary tine, remelted..'....................----...................----- Covered ilno in alloys, excluding old brass remelted., oovered slno in remelted brass (estimated)--............. Secondary tino recovered as metal................................ BOndary rino recovered In zino dust..................................... Bondary lino reoovered In pigments.................................... tondary zinc recovered In zino salts........--........ Total secondary slno................................... ................... p; I"' p. 236 for definition of secondary zlno. BY-PRODUCT SUliPHXTR ndphide ores preparatory ^ Raftfe,or to zinc salts. Sulphur gases from utilized by M&tthiessen & Hegeler, at La S mere are numerous acid plants using these Eay be at zinc smelters and zinc oxide pl Setic separating plants, at the mines, o me roasted concentrates being shipped t Smc plants. pThe following table gives tAe outpu Icid made at or in association with- zinc P19, 1921, and 1923, as collected by the m l924, as collected by the .Bureau of M ptput of zinc smelters: ' IBu-vroduct sulphuric acid produced at zinc-blend r. States, 1919, .1921,1983, a (Number of establishments___ KAold reported as 50-60* 6.: Produced...................... . fgit-l^B(Coolnds.u.m..e..d..a.t..w..o..r.k..s.......... ifots Value of acid sold; > Jr Total............................... as B.>' Average.. Acid reported 66* end stronger: |. S'1'Produced. ' ' - ' --------- Win, Consumed at works.i.....L..bw... 8old............................................. By}'!.' Value of acid sold:' 1 gf,,. Total............................... . gv ' Avorage......... 1............................. SuTotal acid sola, equivalents 60* B; : - f-h Value................................................ gfConsumed at works (60* B.)........... . .Short tons.. _____..do.;--. ..............do___ ...short tons.. .do___ .do___ *T'T.' ..short tons., .short tons. ( 397 . 3879 (4,698 Tm 1 ' 79 t6 -73 *1,407 .V 60 16,166 ,15 SxpresMd a. fl0 B. ' - -KxpnMMl My 462 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1924--PART I TANTALUM Tantalum and its close associate,.columbium, arc still among thf experimental metals those possessing attractive properties but not shown to have wide uses that some other and cheaper metal afe alloy will not nil as well or better. Inasmuch, however, as constant experimentation is developing numberless new uses for the element and their alloys and compounds, other uses than those now known-lf uses they will be particularly adapted to fill--will probably be found for these metals. To obtain these metals in a pure state, or a state of purity coni-1 parable to that of the iron, aluminum, or copper of ordinary com-1 merce, is difficult and tedious, though not impracticable. Like! vanadium, however, they can be converted into ferroalloys withf comparative ease. Several patents have been taken out for theirl use in steel, but the steels have been made only in experimental lotsfa So far as is known the steels made have all contained both tantalum! and columbium, and the effect of either metal alone is therefore not known. ` 0 Th only known output of ores of these metals .made in the United! States for several years has been that shipped by Dr. A. T. Roosi'l Rapid City, S. Dak., who states that the production of columbite in* 1924 was 1,197 pounds, " valued at about $598. The columbite has 1 come from pegmatite dikes near Keystone and Hill City, in the 1 southern part of the Black Hills, and all the ore is thought to have 1 been used for experimental purposes, most of it in ferro-tantalum- I columbium, without separation of the two metals. Columbite, mined in the United States, shipped in 1918--192% Year Pounds 1918................................. joio............... 10211920............................... ................................... ............... 4. 500 300 4,000 3, 400 Value I Yoar 00$2.250 1J, 450 , 150 1 1022.......................................... Pounds Value i 000 1,350 1,107 8240 MO 508 No imports of tantalum ores were recorded in 1922. The records of the Bureau of foreign and Domestic Commerce show that 5 000 * pounds of `tantalum steel-hardening ores," valued at $3,031 were! is imported for consumption in 1923, but none were imported in 1924 *11 American ores are not sufficiently free from columbium to make them U SU!pfJ Vfr th? 1un!jf!lCture of tantalimi under present processes.!'! The Funsteel Products Co., of North Chicago, HI market.* a I charger for storage batteries in which tantalum is used as an elec- H> tronic valve. The use of tantalum in stellite has been patented.1" 1 Columbium lias been found more difficult to isolate than tantalum ^ and is not known to have been put to practical use. 'd TITANIUM faj aS uFea!,?f Mines lcnows tile only titanium mineral produced in the United States during 1924 was ilmenite mined from1 i* 11 me.:u!trK:!;J- ^ie. the express permission of Dortor `Ro o b -a a chromium-group RARE METALS the beach sands about 4 miles south of Pablo B man & Pritchard (Inc.), a subsidiary of the T (Inc.), which in turn is controlled by the Un During the year 4,769 short tons of ilmenite, p bout 52 per cent TiO-, were shipped from plant of the Titanium Pigment Co. at St. Lo also shipped from the same deposit 281 short t Titanium minerals produced in the United S Tear RutUe conce Short tons Pe 277 ..............m .... 270 ---------------------------------------------------------------- Bureau of Mines not st liberty to publish values. The Titanium Pigment Co. formerly had Falls N. Y,, but during 1924 erected a new with a considerably increased capacity. On the shore of Monterey Bay, near Apto southeast of Santa Cruz, Calif., tie Triump to work titanium-bearing sands of the beach 100 or 200 feet long and as much as 50 feet detrital bluffs carry layers of black sand from board to as much as 6 or 6 inches, separated through a thickness of several feet. The san is said to carry 5 per cent of black sand, thou [ ^TbTsand is said to be mostly magnetite, w 16 per cent of TiO, in the form of ilmenite. T part is said to carry 40 per cent of Ti02. T to use the magnetite and martite for making without melting, and to save the ilmenite f treatment. The sand was used by another c facture of pigment. , During the year the Bureau of Standards specifications for outside white titanium zinc the following ingredients for pigment: . Specification* for white titanium zinc pain Ingredients Titanium pigment.............. Zinc oxide............................. Extending pigments............ Matter soluble in water----Lead.............................................. Sulphide sulphur............. 464 MINERAL, RESOURCES, 1924--PART I In no case shall the sum of the titanium pigment and zinc oxide be less than 90 per cent. The titanium pigment shall contain `2a pe cent titanium oxide, the remainder to bo blanc lixe (precipitated barium sulphate). ' f,; Many patents covering the use of titanium in alloys have been granted during recent years, but many seem to cover efforts to forestall discoveries by some one else rather than discoveries that? have been tested. Fcrrotitnnium for use in steel, like the titanium- white pigment, is made from ilmenite. . For paint.only very high grade ilmenite is desired; otherwise the consumption of chemicals is increased, more iron has to be re-1 moved, and obtaining a white pigment is more difficult. Tho various titaniferous iron deposits of the country, such as those of the Adirondacks," Iron Mountain, Wyo.,18 and western North Carolina,19 are magnetites containing only intergrowths of ilmenite plates, so that they are very much leaner in Ti02 than the Florida beach sands. The richest and best supplies of ilmenite yet found are the beach sorted materials that have been derived from weathered gneisses extensively intruded by pegmatites. Such was the origin of the ilmenite sands of Florida, Brazil, Travancore (southwest India),29 and Ceylon.21 . A new use for ilmenite-bearing iron ores is covered by a patent ` in which E. C. Eckel22 describes the manufacture of a quick-harden- > ing chemically resistant cement by smelting in a blast furnace titanif- erous iron ore with enough lime and aluminous material to form a : titanium-calcium-aluminum-iron slag, which consists essentially of calcium titanatc (Ti02.CaO) with subordinate quantities of ferrites, aluminates, and calcium silicate, and contains 2 to 10 per cent of iron oxide. The remainder of the iron is reduced to metal and drawn out below as in ordinary smelting. The slag, finely ground, forms "titan cement." It is claimed that if the lime is kept below 50 per cent, preferably about 30 to 40 per cent, the cement hardens rapidly after a normal set, attaining high strength in 24 to 48 hours; that at all periods it is stronger than Portland or alumina cements; and that its resistance to chemical attack is higher than that of either Portland or alumina cement. The specific gravity is given as 3.35 to 3.55. Rutile, the natural titanium oxide, is used mostly for arc-light electrodes and for potassium-titanium oxalate to be used in dyeing and in the manufacture of leather, but the demand is small. There can not be said to be a market price for titanium minerals, as the buyers are so few. Ilmenite may, perhaps, be said to be worth $10 to $25 per short ton for material carrying about 52 per cent TiOj, if a buyer can be found. Concentrated rutile sells at 10 to 17 Kemp, ,1. F\, "The titnnlferous ores of Mio AdirominckM " : U. 8. Oeol. Survey 10th knn. Rept.. 1807. pp. 877-422. * BJi. H. IJ-, TitaoJferous Jron Ore ot Iron Mountain, Wyo. : U. S. Geo). Survey Bui). 816, 1007, up. 206-212. `Nltze, ii. B. C.t Iron Ores of North Carolina ; a Preliminary Report: North Carolina Geo), Survey Bull. 1, 1893, 239 pp. M M&sllllm&QjL. E., and Chacko, C. I.. Report Travancore Geological Survey. 1907-1910. Tipper. G. H., The monazlte sands of Travancore: Rees, Geoi. Surv. India, vol. 44. 1914. pp. .180-196. n Imperial Institute, London, Recent work on monazlte and other lliorhitn mini-nils In Ceylon: Vol. 14, 1016, pp. 321-300. "Eckel, tC. C., Cement and Iron. United States Patent 1511323, OcL 14, 1024, r a r e me t a l s 25 cents per pound, depending on quality, quantity, f pg, and . above all, on the needs of the buyer and 11 Imports of "titanium-potassium oxalate and all jnixtures containing titanium " in 1924 amounted to valued at $3,639. In 1923 they were 39,763 pounds, In 1922, after September 22, when the new tariff b the imports were 82,544 pounds, valued at $20,696. separately recorded prior to the new tariff. -The tariff act of 1922 provides duties (par. 91) t potassium oxalate, and all compounds and mixt titanium, 30 per centum ad valorem." Paragraph 30 duty on many ores, concentrates, and alloys, among 25 per cent ad valorem on ferrotitanium and titaniu ' TUNGSTEN The year 1924 saw a considerable increase in the q sten ore produced in the United States over other since the Great War, but the tonnage was still smal that of the 10 years preceding the close of the war, a only 374 short tons, which sold for $200,000. Besi duced during the year, 191 tons of ore that had b years was sold for $87,000. The table that follows shows the production o since 1900, which practically inarkid the beginning ing in this country, and the average price per un prices are surprisingly low in view of the great fl market quotations. Thus in 1907 $15 per unit wa ore, in 1917 more than $100 per unit, and in 191 quantity of ore was sold at $75 per unit. On the 1900 and 1901, some ores sold for less than $2 per un Concentrated tungsten ores (reduced to an equivalent of produced in the United States, sold in 1900-1924, with the unit . Short tons Value Average price per unit Year Shor tons 1900.................... ..........1901..................... 1902 1903..................... 1904..................... 1905..................... 1906..................... 1907..................... 1908..................... 1909.................. 1910..................... 1911..................... 1013..................... 46 179 128042 740 803 928 1,040 671 11,019 , 821 1,139 1,330 2.68.511,040 . $4.00 1913............................ 27,720 1014............................ 34,040 3. 08 1916............................ 43,639 Z 49 1916............................ 184,000 4.12 1917............................ 268,676 6.67 1918............................ 348,867 6.26 1919........................... 890, 048 9.04 1920............................ 239,965 6.71 1921............................ 614, 370 6.32 1922............................ 832,992 7.68 1923............................ 407,986 502,168 66.97 1924............................ . 27 1,6 9 2,3 6,9 6,1 6,0 3 2 62 For the yours 1901 to 1905 the tungsten oontent .of the concentrates Is estim The output of 1923 was made by one oompany only, which sold to Us ow bly above the market. . ' Inoludes 191 tons produoed In 1919, sold In 1924 for $87,000. In 1924 the Wolf Tongue Mining Co., the only tungsten in Colorado, worked the Cold Spring m land, but conditions were not encouraging. All c