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"Compounding Materials Used in the Rubber Industry /f3^ Parc II--Dry Inorganic Substances; Gums, Oils, Resinous Materials and Waxes; Liquids and Gases Industrial Safety Series No. RU-3 Published by chc National Sa/ccy Council 20 North Wackcr Drive, Giicago i. This pamphlet Is the second <>i a series ui two on "Com|x>unding Materials I'sed in the Rublter Indus* try." The first pamphlet. .Vo. RIM, i* o intinett to the classification of or* gnnic accelerators, anti-oxidant* and irv organic compoumls. This pam phlet is confined to the following three grou| of compounding mate rials : ' ry moreantr `uni'. mU. ri'iinm' uusicriaU ami nu\r\ hiifuiiW ami 1. An attempt has lieen made to list herein niphalx-tically, in the three aivive grmt)is. practically all of the usual cnni|iminding ingredients used in the manufacture of rubber which are not covered in Pamphlet Vo. 1U-I. It should lx* realized, how ever, that new compounding ingredi ents are constantly being developed and in some cases new and unusual .ises are lx*ing made of the present .ngredients. A brief description of each cumpounding ingredient is giv en. together with its u<e in the rub ier industry, its relative health haz ards anil recommendations for its site handling from a health view- Many of the solvents used in .'impounding rubber are flammable, irtam in ihe dry suixaanccs used resent a dust explosion hazard, and the use of various oils involves the n.mger of s|)onianisius ignition. How ever. ;he fire hazards of the substanevs listed are not discussed in tie- as those hazards are fully cov ered in other publications. This pamphlet is a compilation of ex perience in accident prevention. It should not be assumed, however, that it includes every acceptable procedure in the field covered. It must not he confused with federal, state or insurance requirements, or with American Standard safety codes. Dry Inorganic Compounds 3. Most of the compounds in this group are of a soft mineral txiwdcr type, of a panicle size less than two hundred mesh, many of less than three hundred mesh, or finer. Few of them contain hard or abrasive par ticles such as silica or corundum. Only a few arc toxic. On the whole they arc comparatively free from health hazard*. However, they are all more or less dusty when handled carelessly, and the ordinary dust haz ard is always present, flood storage bins, conveyors, hixided mills, anti efficient exhaust systems will readily eliminate the dust hazards and in must cases prevent harm from the toxic or silica-lxvoring ct>m|viuntis. (See also National Safety Council Health Practices Pamphlet Vo. 4. "Oust." and Sate Practices Pam phlets Vo. 32. "IvxhauM Systems." and Vo. r>4, ``Respiratory I'rotective Equipment.") 4. There are several cnm]x>umls. however, that, should receive sjx-cial consideration, such as lead or silicabearing compound*. These a.v so designated in the following list of materials. Aluminum flake 3. A fine cream-colorc-d powder, consisting primarily of aluminum sili cate. used as a filler in rubber, u is non-gritty and non-toxic but rather du*ty in handling. Ammonium Carbonate :r A white crystallite ..r lumpy powder having a pungent odor of am monia. It readily decomposes un>. give.- off an irritating ovu.r during mixing. It is u-ed in sponge rabljer* It is slightly toxic, hut there s linm- hcaith hazard as it is in the rubber industry. Antimony Sulphides 7. There are two typer, die guld en and the red antimony alph;ilcs. u*vri for coloring rubber articles. .Some grades contain a considerable percentage of free sulphur and c;h cium suiphatc. They are slightly toxic, irritating to the skin and th. muctiiL* membranes. Careful handling is required. (Sec also Industrial Data Sheet D-Chcm. 22, "Antimony .ir..i Its Compounds.'') Asbestine S. A fibrous variety of magnesiiiit. silicate useii in rubber as a filter, especially in ]tickings anil gaskets. It L* white | mu-dvr. non-gritty am. non-toxic. It should be bo.-ne in m>nd, however, that many of these silicates, when not ,iure. tnay contain traces of silica, and dust should kept down. M itpvriiilit. IV.{x, Xnlionnl Safety Cniiiu il. In, .III rii/hlj i,-.\,n`ru. I`rii.l,-tt in li. S. .i ASTA7.1/. SAFETY SEXIFAi NO. RU-3 V fibrous magne-ivur many type?- o:' rj.'w.<rr rsotk. c;2-:y '-he packing zr.J gssie. . art: where the ruri-cr max - ;m: considerable he?.: !: rmrr 'jtainrtl in many length:' :* liber, .-it; inch Ion" to si mo*.: a ;*\w .-..: :> usually grsyih white a .--nnce. Suitable rxiM.U's. sy. . - respiratorj- prv.ecv.e cquir- art- usually neetied : pnreert >.-.a:aiion of dust by thu "orkcr. Tum Dust A trade name - inriun iin So Inhate A heavy white pc-\ruir ih! -o*n forcing rubber am. :Lso as a I: i* insoluble ir. mjs*. cii; 's min-altsoriahi'- artel ixrrThere is no hazard i ~ handlin', r-.tm that of (last. r Commercial name >* rtxttral of ijaritrm su!;*hate. <:on White A -ado name for l.:ht?]XJTC. unite V.crvinitc is a fine CoRoital iluaimn! ironi nature ficposhs. ,,ns>;s a line grrvish-wiuc : fr. similar in many charBCUr- d'ho" ciavs. `k*n: rite. hew* has -he | icculiar i.oeriy ut" :y hydrolysing when .'reusa! n >n:r.r with witter a.rvl swcITng rm a ielly-like structure. Snail -.ait* cause a imrera logs Jhrfcu of water solution.-*. (in tc: of these proomier us u*ctl . thickening agent ar.-: *ts}mzer water disjXTsions ot "g'rixT. .Sc* s' <; ;;.s activity arc ii>.rprive cries when limugh.. into cun- h water, care -hour. be laser '*! vnt inhalation >- .-aTsiriita ie htst. -r.c rixc ' : A trade urme.'o'- rr'tsi'.ste' - siil -nale. lead A untyish-l r.ur -- cr ts*.- .-. -till' areeienito- '-- tat-- .milng. A mixture tir.rve err ---- umis. anti very v: * >er / intis.' Cadmium Yellow 17. A fine light-yellow powder of cadmium sulphide, used for coloring rubber. It is slightly toxic. It can cause irritation of mucous mem branes and also gastritis. Careful handling Ls required; hands mast lie kept clean and (last at a minimum in the workplace. Calcined Magnesia IS. (See magnesium oxide.) Calcium Chloride 10. White to brownish deliques cent crystals or lumps which arc eas ily soluble in water. This material is not added to the rubber, but is dissolved in water and acd as a hath for vulcanizing ruhlier articles. It is irritating to the skin hut non-toxic. Carbon Black 2C. An exceedingly fine dusty black powder. It is used in quan tities for tires and many lines of rubber goods as a reinforcing ingredi ent. The dust is difficult to rojx: with but is non-toxic. Carbonate of Ammonia 21. (Sec ammonium carbonate.) Carbonate of Magnesia 22. (See magnesium carlxinate.) Caustic Soda 2.*. Same as sodium hydroxide. 11 is a white moisture-absorbent suitstance, usually in the form of sticks, flakes or lumps, and easily soluble in water. It is used as a bath or wash for rubber articles to cleanse, remove bloom, and grease. It is very caustic, disintegrates organic tissue, and shoultl lx handled with great care to keep it from contact with the skin and eyes. (See also National Safety Council Safe Practices Pam phlet No. 25. "Acids and Caastics," and Industrial Data Sheet D-Chcm. 2. "Handling Caouic Soda.") Chalk 24. (Sec whiting.) China Clays 25. (See days.) Chrome Green 2f>. A green mineral powder used fur coloring rubber. The most satis factory green for rubixr work is the nxitle C'r-Os. which is inert and non toxic There arc, however, so-called "chrome greens," which are not pure chromium oxide but are mixtures of blue and yellow pigments made up of compounds other than chromium. Such pigments might have toxic prop erties, cspcdally if they contain lead salts. Such greens arc usually un satisfactory for heat vulcanization of rublx-r, since they lose their color under high len|XTaturcs. Neverthe less, the purity of chrome green should be determined lx*forc giving it a dean "fill of health." Gironte Yellow 27. A dccp-yclluw powder used for coloring rublier. This Ls a chro mate of lead, although there arc also chromai cs of zinc and barium. The lead salt is the one usually used for rubber anil is quite toxic because of the leatl it contains. It should be handled with the same precautions as other lead cnnqxmnds. (See lead com|x>unds.) Clays 2.H. There are innumerable clays, varying in colors and ranging from white to black. Those used foe rul>l>er conqwunding arc usually the while variety, ranging from white t cream or buff. Most of the clay* are line smooth |xnvders, varying greatly in both chemical anil physical properties. They are of natural origin anti chemically a hvtlmas aluminum silicntr. They are used as fillers and for reinforcing. The days are usual ly non-grit tv and non-toxic. A suit able exhaast system or respirator is usually required to protect the res piratory oqgins. Crimson Antimony 29. Another name for red anti mony sulphide. Diatomaccous Iiarth (Celitc) 50. A soft earthy rock composed of the siliceous skeletons of small aquatic plants called diatoms. It grinds to a fine jxiwder, extremely light anti fluffy, used for filler in ruWjrr conqmunds. It is non-toxic. Inn care should lx taken to keep down excessive dust. A suitable ex haust system or respirator may lx* needed. Emery 51. A fine abrasive |viwtler used with rublter for making erasers anti COMPOL'XD/XG MATERIAL IX THE RUBBER IXnUSTRV--PART 11 'tyu-ry wheel.-. basically. ii is an jr;ljjiiinum nxiiic. It is non-toxic but ,haq> anil dangenms to inhale. In itr use the same precautions as for silica arc required. (Also called corundum.; Fossil Flour 52. (See diatomaccous earth.) French Gulk 53. (See talc.) Fuller's liarth 34. A clay relatively high in mag nesia. It is used as a filler in rubber -mills and is non-griuy and non-toxic. iJjee also days.) Golden Antimony 55. (bee antimony sulphides.) Graphite 3o. A grayish-black soft greasy jxnvdcr. Used for lubricating rubber moulds and as a tilling material for >uch cnni|>oumis ns gaskets, pack ings. etc. It is an impure form of native carbon and is also produced artificially. It is non-toxic, but res piratory protection is usually neces sity in its use. Ground Glass 57. A tine powilered glass used inr com)* limbing rubltcr to make erasers and other rubber abrasive utensils. 5lie same precautions should lie observed as lor silica. It is nontoxic but should not be handled with iinre hands because it may cause minute skin lacerations that may be come infected. Gypsum 5{i. A grayish-white powder used for cont|x>unding rubber. It consists of a pulverized natural hydrous cal cium sulphate. It is non-grittv and non-toxic. but respiratory protection is necessary in its use. Hard Rubber Dust 50. A tine ground hard rubber, grayish to black in color, very light end fluffy, and sticks to whatever it touches. Ordinarily it consists most ly oi vulcanized hartl rubber, which is rubber and sulphur, but it may also contain other mineral or organic .-(instances used in compounding rub ber. Dust should be kept down, but the material is not toxic. Finely ground rubber dust is explosive when mixed with air. Heavy Magnesia 40. Heavy calcined magnesia, or magnesium oxide. (See magnesium oxide.) Hypo 41. I.ead hypo-sulphite. (See lead compounds.) Iron Oxide 42. The red oxide of iron. (See red oxide.) Infusorial Karth 43. (See diatomaccous earth.) Kaolin 44. A white china day. clays.) (Six: Kiiadguhr 45. (See diatomaccous earth.) Light Magnesia Oxide 46. The light calcined magnesium oxide. (See magnesium oxide.) Xotc: Magnesium carbonate is often spoken of incorrectly as light magnesia. Lamp Black 47. A black carbon pigment ob tained by burning oils and oily resi dues. Carbon black is often mis called "lamp-black." Its character istics arc similar to carbon black (see carbon black). It Is not used to any great extent. It is not toxic Lead Compounds 4S. before the advent of organic accelerators, the lead coni|tnunils were the most widely used accelerators of vuiotnizatiun. Some arc still used in large quantities. The usual lead compounds used in rubber compound ing arc: blue lead lead thiosulphate, hyposulphite or hypo, lead oleatc, lead oxide or litharge, sublimed white lead and basic white lead, blue icad, lead thiosulphate, and hypo are no longer used to any great extent. There are active compounds of lead which react readily with sulphur at vulcanizing temperatures |o sjiced up vulcanization. They arc more or less active compounds and arc readily as similated if taken into the system, cither through breathing or through fond contaminated by contact with dirty hands or clothing. 49. Ixad i>/calc is still used to a considerable extent both as an ac celerator and for extruded anc moulded goods. It gives a good fin ish and eliminates bloom in certain types of stocks. It Is an active poi son and should be treated with care. It is a soft, waxy substance, and so there is no danger oi dust, the real danger being from sticking to hands and dothing. It can be handled with safety ii cleanliness is carefully observexL 50. Lead oxide. or litharge Is prob ably the most extensively used icad compound anil the one most to be feared, h is an orange-io-browncnlnretl jwiwder. The dust is verv line, but being heavy, settles quickly. Those handling this material should wear suitable respiratory protective equipment if there is the slightest danger of inhaling any dust or get ting dust in the mouth or saliva, it is dangerous to handle tobacco, gurr.. fruit or any iuod until after the hands and face have been thoroughly trashed. Mixing mills should be hnexied anti every precaution taken to keep down dust. Lead oxide l toxic, but there is no need to enlarge here on Icad poisoning. litharge can lie safely handled if reasonable cuv is exerdsed in its use. The worker should be instructed as to its serious toxic properties, and pains should ix taken to show him how to handle i: safely. 51. Sublimed, v/ii/c lead is largeiv icad sulphate with about 15 per cent oi acrivc lead oxide present. It is the free lead oxide which is the active accelerating ingredient and also the real toxic substance. While much less toxic than the litharge, it shuuir. be handled with the same care as the latter substance. 52. Basie vrbite lead is a white powder consisting of a basic car bonate of lead. It is not used now to any great extent for rubber con> ]v>unfing; hut it is a very active and toxic substance and if used should be haniiTed with as much care as litharge. 53. All ]*srsons using lead Cusz|iOuncLs to any extent should inform themselves "0 the symptoms of ieaa poisoning, its treatment, and avoid ance oi trouble from poisoning, t See also Xatiunal Safety Council licai;.*. Practices Pamphlet Xo. 3, `Lead."./ IXDUSTRIAL SAFETY SEJUES NO. RU-3 Lime 54. A fine dry white powder used extensively in rubber compounding as a senmdary accelerator anti drying ingredient. This compound is the so-called hydrated calcium oxide or staked lime. It is slightly caustic anti irritating to mucous membranes, and suitable protection against its caustic action is required. (See In dustrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 19, Lime," tor details.) Litharge 55. Lead oxide. jxiumls.) (See lead com- Lithopone 36. A line white powder consist ing of barium sulphate and zinc suiphidc oi high coloring power. It is a widely used pigment for pro ducing white rubber goods, being rather inert, there is no hazard con nected with its use other than the general dust hazard. The zinc pres ent in the material might be dis solved if considerable quantities of dust were taken into the system, but zinc in such small quantities would not be considered as a toxic mate rial. Magnesium Carbonate 37. Also called magnesia carbo nate and light carbonate. This is a fiuiTy white powder; next to carbon black it is one of the lightest jxnvders used.-and it therefore causes consid erable dust. Ii is very soluble ii taken internally, but it has no poi sonous effects. U is an ingredient often used for baby and toilet pow ders and also used in many medical preparations as an anti-acid and mild laxative. There is no health hazard connected with its use other than that of dust. Magnesium Oxide 5S. Also called magnesia oxide and calcined magnesia. It is obtained by heating the magnesium carbonate. Two grades are used extensively in the rubber industry, one called heavy calcined magnesia and the other light calcined magnesia. The heavy prod uct is more dense anti slightly darker in color than the light calcined ma terial. both are used as auxiliary accelerators and to neutralize acid reactions. The percentage used is relatively small in most cases. The dust is slightly irritating to mucous membranes but non-toxic Suitable respiratory 'protection is required in its use Magnesia Usca 59. Same as magnesium oxide Mica 60. A form of aluminum silicate which, when finely ground, is a soft glistening powder. The tlat particles slide over each other, giving the slip pery properties noted in graphite The color runs from a cream white tu gray. It is used for dusting raw rubber to keep the slabs from stick ing together, also for dusting finished goods to give a smooth, glistening finish. Mica is also used in packings and mechanical goods as a filler where goods arc to resist heat and add. The material is non-toxic, and there is no hazard other than the dust hazard. Cheap grades, however, may contain traces of silica. Suitahlo respira tory protect inn is necessary. Mica in needle-like form is likely to be more irritating to the skin and nasal passages than mica in plate form. Oxide of Magnesia 61. (See magnesium oxide) Oxide of Iron 62. (See red oxide) Paris White 63. (See whiting.) Plaster of Paris 64. (See gypsum.) Plumbago 65. (See graphite.) Pumice 66. A grayish powder consisting of ground lava. It is a complex sili cate of aluminum, potassium and sodium. It is used as a soft abrasive for produting a smooth polished sur face on rubber goods such as me chanicals and mils. Also it is used as a filler in add and heat-resisting rub ber goods. It is non-toxic, but care should be exercised in keeping down dust. Prussian Blue 67. There are a number of socalled prussian blues with varying shades and solubilities, all belonging to the iron blues. They are termferri-cyanide compositions and arc non-toxic. The blues used fur rubi)cr are the insoluble type and pre pared to withstand the temperatures of vulcanization. They are used in comparatively small quantities, and there is no health hazard connected with thdr handling, aside from that of dust. Red Oxide 6f$. A fine red pigment, very dense and heavy, and consisting of the red oxide of iron; also called iron red. It is one of the most wide ly used red pigments for coloring rub ber. It is non-toxic, and no serious health clanger is involved in its han dling. However, it is advisable to keep dust down, as the oxide dies readily. Red Ochre 69. A dull brownish-red powder used for coloring rubber goods. It consists of a ground natural impure form of iron oxide, more gritty as a rule than the regular red oxide. It is non-toxic, but it may contain silica, and so care should be exercised in keeping down dust. Rotten Stone 70. (See iripoli.) Sand 71. (See silicon dioxide.) Selenium 72. Metallic selenium in the form of a fine heavy grayish-black powder is used to a limited extent in several branches of the rubber industry, no tably in the insulated wire industry and where a very low percentage of sulphur must be used. Information concerning its toxic properties is rather meagre. U is Claimed to be non-toxic, anti we have no records to indicate that there arc any health hazards in connection with its use in the rubber industry. It is ad visable to protea workers against in halation or swallowing of the dust. Silica 73. (See silicon dioxide.) Silicon Dioxide 74. Also called silica and quartz, sand, etc A hard abrasive powder, varying in particle size from a very fine powder to large sharp particics known as sand. The color may vary from almost pure white to yellow or COMPQUXDtXG MATERIAL !X THE RVr.P.ER INDUSTRY- -PART 11 3 brovm or grayish. This L< the ma terial which has been so widely dis missed in cases of silicosis. It oc curs as an impurity in many dusts and |X)wdcrs and is usually present in common road dust. In rubber compounding, its use is confined to such s|icdal rubber articles as erasers and abrasive wheels. A very tine grade is also used as a filler for cer tain rubl>cr goods. Wherever it is used, the workers weighing and mix ing should Ik* protected by exhaust systems, or they should wear suitable respiratory protective equipment. There is an abundance of data avail able on silicosis which should be studied by anyone using or contem plating use of silicon dioxide. (See also National Safety Council Health Practices Pamphlet No. 20, "Sili cosis.") Slate Flour 73. A fine bluish-gray powder consisting of ground slate. In compo sition it is a sedimentary rock. It is used as a cheap filler and for cer tain heat-resisting anil acid-resisting rublicr goods. It is non-toxic, but it may contain silica: therefore precau tions should be taken to prevent in halation of the dust. Soapstone 7(. (See talc) Sulphur 77. A pure natural de|xtsit ground to an exceedingly fine powder. It is light yellow in color and is the prin cipal vulcanizing ingredient used in rubber manufacture. With few ex ceptions. all rublicr goods arc cured or vulcanized with sulphur or with sulphur cunqiounds. Suiphur dust is irritating to the eyes, respiratory or gans and skin, fiioves and shirts with sleeves may lie necessary to pro tect the hands anil arms, (toggles and respirators should be used if literc is much sulphur dust. Ade quate ventilation and exhaust equip ment should lie provided to keep the dust at a minimum. There are sev eral varieties of sulphur, such as flow ers of sulphur and precipitated sul phur, but chemically they arc the same as the natural product. Talc 7S. \ fine white-to-grav powder that ieels extremely soft and peculiar ly greasy or soapy. It is used through out the rubber industry as a lubri cant or ilusting powder. It is a hydrous magnesium silicate, very in ert. It is non-toxic, and there Ls no health danger in its handling other than that of dust. Tellurium 79. Tellurium Ls used to a limited extent as a vulcanizing agent and especially where very low-sulphur stocks are desired. It is a grayishblack amorphous powder. Definite records as to its toxicity are lacking, but some workers appear to be very sensitive to the odor given off when they come into intimate rontact with rubber stocks containing this chem ical. Aside from the disagreeable odor, there appear to be no records of cases where it has presented a serious health hazard when used in rubber. It is advisable to protect workers from direct contact with the material as much as possible. Titanium Dioxide 50. Titanium dioxide, either as the oxide or in combination with bari um or calcium sulphate, is used as a white coloring pigment for com pounding rubber. It is one of the whitest and most stable of the. few white pigments suitable fur rultltcr. These titanium whites are exceeding ly tine white powders, and the usual precautions for pigment dusts should be observed. There appear to be no records of their having caused any toxic hazards as used for rubber com pounding. Tripoli 51. ALs> called rotten stone. It is a porous, siliceous rock resulting from the natural decomposition of sandstone. It Ls used as an inert filter and as a mild polishing enm;>ound for ruhltcr. It is non-toxic but care should be exerrised to pre vent excessive dust, and csix-cially in halation of dust, since it may contain a small amount of silica as an im purity. Tripolite 52. (Sec diatomaccous earth.) Ultramarine Blue 53. A powder used for coloring ruhltcr goods. Its romitosition is vari able but consists essentially of a dou- hie silicate of sodium and aluminum, and sodium sulphide. It is a darkblue powflcr, fast to heat anti suipfcur. It is non-toxic, but dust should be kept to a minimum. Umber 34. An iron oxide with varying amounts of clay and silicon com pounds. There are two common va rieties. The raw umber is the nat ural deposit ground and made smooth, whereas the burnt umber is calcined at low heal. The former is a yellow* ish-buiT to brown color, and the latter a reddish-brown color. They are low cost colors, used extensively in ruhltcr floorings and mechanical goods. There Ls no health hazard in their handling other than that of the dust. Venetian Red S3. (Sec red oxide.) Vermilion 56. A fine brilliant scarlct-toorange-colored powder consisting of mercuric sulphide. It Ls used in a limited way for coloring certain types of rubber but is too costly for gen eral use. It is a very inert com pound, and no health hazard Ls in volved in its use except that of dust. Whiring 57. A soft white or gray powder consisting of more than 9S per cent calcium carbonate. It is one of the most widely used tilling compounds for robber manufacture. The poorer grades tray contain some traces of silica. It is non-toxic, and there is no health hazard connected with its use unless it contains free silica, which can he determined by labora tory analysis. White Lead 8S. (Sec lead compounds.) Yellow Ochre S9. A mineral deposit whacn, when ground, produces a cheap pig ment used in coloring ruisltcr gooils. Used principally for flooring and mechanical goods. It consists of hy drated ferric oxide mixed with clay anti other siliceous materials in vary ing amounts. There is no health hazard in its ue except that of dust. Zinc Oxide 90. Next to sulphur, this ; ably the most widely used rubber l.XDUSTKUI. SAFterr S/CK/JCS NO. RU-3 ingredient. It is used both as an ac tivator of acceleration in vulcanizing tJie ruhlxw ami as a white reinforcing ingredient. It is a fine white anwr* phous powder. Taken internally, it is slightly toxic, but with proper pre cautions fur keeping down the dust then* is no serious health hazard in its handling. However, many grades .if zinc oxide contain lead salts which increase their toxicity. Zinc Sulphide 91. A fine white powder with yel lowish tinge used for coloring rubber. It has great coloring |tower but is not as good a reinforcing ingredient as zinc oxide. There is no especial haz ard involved in its use. (See also zinc oxide.) Gums, Oils, Resinous Materials and Waxes l>2. The suljstanccs in this group are largely used as softeners and plasticizers. 93. This group contains materials which are cither liquids or semisolids, and therefore there is no dust hazard. Also, all members of this group are practically non-volatile at temperatures encountered in rubber processing. None of the substances mentioned is known to be toxic with ihc possible .exception of some of the tars or pitches. They are not haz ardous as used in the rubber industry because of the relatively small amounts used and because they arc neither in fine particles nor sufndentiy hot to give off fumes. 9-t. The oils are usually added directly to the rubber on the mills and worked in. The soiid resins and waxes are either melted or ground to coarse flakes before they arc added w> the rubl>cr: with reasonable care ami riraniiness there is no health hazard in their use. 95. Oils and resins known as or ganic accelerators are not included with this group but are discussed in X. S. C. pamphlet N'o. RU-1. Asphalt 96. Also called bitumen and min eral pitch. It is a natural deposit of bituminous mixture, either soiid or M-mi-solifi. readily softened by heat, and is used as a softener and cheap tiller, especially for extruding and covering'stocks. The color of the natural materials is hrmvn nr brown ish-black. .Many treated nr blown asphaltic comjviunds are also used in rubber com(tounding. and the lat ter may be obtained in almost any degree of hardness. They are usually black and have a hright fracture when broken. Asphalt handlers may be troubled with irritation of the skin because of the mineral oil in the asphalt. Therefore handling of as phalt with the hare hands should he avoided where possible. Balsam 97. (See Canada balsam.) Beeswax 9K. A yellowish-to-white-colored wax obtained from the honey comb of bees. It is tough anil has a fairly high melting point. It is used to rentier rubher impervious, as well as a softener in extruding, and ns a mild preservative against the action of Hsht. Bitumen 99. (See asphalt.) Brown Substitute 100. (See factice, brown.) Black Substitute 101. (See factice, black.) Burgundy Pitch 102. An 0(wque yellowish to reddish-brown resin obtained from Norway spruce. Softens under heat and is used in conjunction with other oils, to give tack to rahher, cs|icdalIv unvuicanizcd frictions, tapes, etc. It is also used in tacky cements. Filch is a skin irritant to many per sons, especially when a high standard of personal hygiene is not maintained. Canada Balsam 103. A resinous exudation from spruce, used to give tack in niltiter frictions and cements. (See also bur gundy pitch.) Carnauba Wax 104. Used quite extensively in rubber com|imimling to produce a dense, impervious product for rubber coatings, flooring, etc It is a very hard, ycllowish-to-buff-colored wax of high melting point: it usually is melted before it is added to the rub ber liatcn. Camtiuha wax i ols taincil as an exudation from leaves of the Brazilian wax palm. Its u.-e does not present any special hazard.-. Castor Oil 105. A thick vellowish oil ob tained from the castor bean. Used as . a softener in rubber and in the production of certain rubber substi tutes or factice. Certain 106. A purified mineral earth wax having a melting ]jint of approxi mately 74 degrees Centigrade. It comes in white cakes. Used in rub ber to render it more impervious to water and air, as a softener, and for extruded articles and-coverings, elec trical insulations and for acid-resist ing rubbers. No hazard is involved in its use. Coal-Tar Pitch 107. A bmwn-to-black umoq ihuubody consisting of the residue re maining after the coal-tar has Iteen distilled. It varies from a soft sticky to a hard brittle mass according to the degree to which distillation has been carried out. Coal-tar piten is used as a softener and tack producer, and for extruded goods. I: may con tain residues of coal-tar products which are toxic, but the high temper atures of distillation should remove most of these, and the small ar.munt.used for most rubber work preclude any serious health hazard in its use. provided a high standard of personal hygiene is maintained. Colophony 10S. Common pine resin which is obtained as a residue after the dis tillation of turpentine oil from crude turpentine. Varies in color from light-amber to dark reddish-brown, it is used in ruhlxir compounds for producing lack and in rubber cements. It usually comes in lumps and is readily pulverized or melt* down when added to the rubber butch on the mill. There is no known hazard in its use. Corn Oil 109. A pale yellow oil obtained from the germ of corn, k is used in rubber as a softener, in rcciair. ug old rttblw, ar.d in the manufi.c.-.n: of factice or rubber substitute. COMPOUNDING MATERIALS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY- PART II _*->tionscetl Oil :u. A |wic yellow lo * rcdiUsh-* v.r. oil obtained from scctls of the ..-nun plant, ll is used in rubber a a -iit oner, fur reclaiming old ruh'.-r. and in conjunction with resins to ;..->/iuce tack. Gumar 111. A synthetic resin consist ins jxjiymers of coumarone, indenc ar.o homologous coui|X>unds. It can ixr obtained in several stales, varying .mm a liquid to hard, high-melting rv>ins. The color varies from light* imii to brown. It is used quite ex* terisively in various rubber com pounds such as those for soles, floor ing. friction tapes and cements. Camar is also used in acid-resisting and alkali-resisting stocks, ll is nontoxic- Degras i i l. Also known as sod oil and grease. It is a dark-brown grru.-e obtained from the washings of .-beeps wool. It is used as a softener ansi for aiding in the processing of raw rublier. such as in calendering atwl extruding. It is non-toxic Ficticc, Black 11.*. A black gummy cake re sembling rubber but easily disinte grated by crushing. It is made by vulcanizing vegetable oils with sul phur and adding mineral rubber. K-ack lattice is added directly to the rubber on the mill and is used as a soft filler. It has the property of aft-orbing other fillers and thus bulk ing up the rubber. It is also used for producing a smooth finish on calendered and extruded gootls. There is no health hazard in the use of factice. i'i.aite. Brown 114. Also raili-d brown sulislitute. 1: i> a vulcanized oil usually made - .urn i>r similar oil by healing : r.; *.u.:cr.;.zazL'-.-. r_- iroce-svt. to inv proper stage, ll ' - - dark-brown cake, easily crutnhletL ..- u.hleb ,.::cc;iy to the rubber on :v.i... It is used as a soit filling --cierial in moulded goods, druggists' sundries, proofing and tubing. Factice White U a. A white granular powder pre pared by vulcanizing vegetable oils with sulphur chloride. Ra|xrsced in soya Ivan oils arc often used for making white factice. The factice is added directly to the rubber hatch on the mill. It is used in druggists' sundries, tubing, extruded articles, rolls, pads and moulded arti cles. It gives a smooth, velvety finish and facilitates calendering, tubing and other processing opera tions. There is no hazard aside from that of dust. Gilsonirc 11 ft. A-very pure natural bitumen found in the United States only. It is a black mass breaking with conchoidal fracture and showing bright lustre. It is used in floorings, me chanical goods, coatings, varnishes, insulation, gaskets and cements. Glucose 117. A thick, viscous, syrupy li quid made from corn. It Is used in a few rublvr compounds and cements, and for latex coin)Mjunding. Glue and Gelatin l IS. A nitrogenous colloidal sub stance of the protein class which is derived from animal connective tissues and hones ohtained from slaughter house and tannery waste. It comes in sheets, chips or ground granules, usually of a light-amber color, and always contains some water. It is added directly to the rubber on the mill or disftersed in water. Glue is used in rubber as a reinforcing ingredient of low gravity. It gives strength, stiffness and good processing qualities. It Is used in tubing, rollers, coatings and latex compounding. Guayulc 119. A resinous rubber native to Mexico and southern United Slates, having about twenty-five per cent of resin. It is used largely for soft niblxtrs such as friction stocks. Be ing of a -oft resinous nature, it dm-s VO. . ** -a -.`I ' ' **',i* * a- smoked sheets. and .-mall amount.are oiien added to the harder rub bers to speed up the breaking clown time. Gumkarnya . 120. Gumkaraya is a bassora type of gum similar to gum tragacanth. It is used for thickening latex solutions and is non-toxic. Gum Tragacantii 121. Dull white translucent flakes or yellowish jxiwdcr. it is a vegeta ble gum used for cements and a.- a thickener for latex solutioas. It La non-toxic Guta Pcrcha * * 122. `The coagulated milk juice of various tropical trees. It comes in yellowish or grayish hard leathery sticks. It is used with rubber to impact certain leathery properties and m golf ball manufacture and cements. C#nc large use has been in th.' coating and impregnation of fabric for driving belts, clutch linings and wire coverings. It is non-toxic Hardwood Pitch 123. A brown bituminous mate rial consisting of the residue from the cfistillation of hard wood. It is used as an accelerator activator, and for giving tackiness to ruhber stocks. Ir is added directly to the rubber on the mill. Only comiwratively small percentages arc used, anti no health hazard is involved except that of pos sible skin irritations. riydroicnc 124. A black bituminous mass resembling asphalt, obtained from the residue remaining after the de structive distillation of petroleum. Used as a filler and softener in much the same manner as asphalt. (See asphalt.) . linseed Oil 125. Ah ambcr-colorcd drying oil obtained from the seeds of the tlax plant. It is used in rollers and cements in prcjxtring rubber substi tutes in the form of factice by vul canizing the oil with sulphur chlor ide It is non-toxic Mineral Oils 126. Numerous grades of mineral oil, ranging from the light jiaraiYin oils lo |xMro.;iMims. are u-i-d for I >t ,*aWO.St cCimMton *i* these are the iieht paraffin oils. The oil- are added directly or. the rubber mill and are rapidly absorbed by me rubber. There is no health hazard, except possibly that of skin irritation. Min'tol Rubber 127. A term applied to r.r.iurul asphaltic deposits such as gUsonite 5 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SERIES NO. RU-3 and al*o to blown asphalt*. Mown asphalts may bo obtained in van-ins degrees 01 hardness and are sold ac- curding to their respective melting points. They are often called "M. R.H by rubber compounders. Mineral rubber is used in many lines of rubber manufacture both as a cheap bulking tiller and to aid in processing raw rubber. It is used in frictions, spread guotls. cements and man\- types of mechanical rubber goods. Mineral rubber comes as a solid mas? in sheet metal drums or it may be obtained in a granular form. It is added directly to the rubber on the mill. There is no health hazard '.?.** * k . UCS. .Uwt C M % crushing, and the liberation of hydro gen sulphide which should be re moved by adequate ventilation. Montan Wax 12S. A mineral wax extracted from lignites. In the crude state it is dark brown. When refined, it Is a white semi-soft wax. The crude wax is used for soling, dooring. special slock*, insulating compounds and ex truded stocks. This wax imparls excellent processing qualities without the softening effect resulting from the use of softer waxes such as paraffin. No hazard in its use. Naphchaicne 129. White crystalline flaky com[round, used to a limited extent in certain rubber gootls as an odorant and processing aid. The material has a camphor odor characteristic of moth balls. It may contain, as im purities, coal-tar products which arc slightly toxic. However, such small quantities arc used in rubber com pounding that the health hazard is slight. Oil Substitutes 130. (See factice.) Ozokerite 131. A mineral fossil wax occur ring native, ami ycllowish-brown-toblack or green in color. Used as a rublxr filler and softener. especially in such goods a* electrical insulations, frictions, extruded and mechanical stocks. Usually added directly to the rublw on the mill, either as broken lumi or in molten state. (See also cerosin which is prepared from ozok erite.) There is no health hazard. Palm Oil 132. An orange-yellow fatty oil or grease of butler consistency. It Is obtained from the fruit of a tropical palm. It consists chiefly of palmitic add and the glycerides of palmitic, oleic and stearic adds. It is used in rubber to aid processing, espcda'ly for producing a smooth finish on calendered and extruded gowk. Also used to reduce the tack in very sticky compounds. There is no health hazard in its use. Paratnn Oils Paratiin Wax 134. A white, translucent, waxy, tasteless and odorless solid obtained from petroleum. It consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons chiefly of the methane scries. It varies in color from the light-vcllow crude to a hard white refiner! wax. Wax 1* used in rubber as a softener, as an aid to processing, as an anti-scorch mate rial, anti as an anti-oxident anti light resistor. It is also used for rendering rubber less permeable to water solu tions. Petrolatum 135. Also called vaseline anti mineral fat. A light-ycllow-to-ambcr colored, oily, semi-solid material con sisting chiefly of hvdrocarlrons of the methane anti olefine scries. It is ol>tained by distillation of the still resi dues obtained in steam distillation of paraffin base petroleum. It Is used in rubber as a softener, in reclaiming old rubber, as an antiscorch material for active accelerators, and to aid in smooth calendering and extruding operations. There L* no health hazard. Pine Tar 136. A very visdd, blackishbrown liquid with a characteristic odor and taste. It is obtained from the destructive distillation of pine wowi. It is used in rubber gowls as a softener, tack producer, dispersing agent, and accelerator for synthetic rublror. It finds a large use in tread stocks, frictions, tape, reclaiming of rubber and cements. It contains phenolic bodies, but as used in rub ber it should not be hazardous. It is usually added directly to the rub ber batch on the mill. Pine Tar Oil 137. A redcUsh-brown oily subs?n.cc *)ta^nctl 'rom the destructive distillation of pine wood, ft is a lighter distillate than pine tar. It has a strong tarry odor and taste. The material Is somewhat toxic and should be handled carefully. It is used tor the same purposes as pine tar in rubber, but- the lighter oil is preferable for certain compounds. Rapcsccd Oil 133. A (Urit-brown-to-oaJe-vt'll.iw .. I.ltlu.i u.*.!i ........ !. .1 ... .. making factice or .-o-caiied rubber substitute. (See factice.) Rosin 139. (Sec colophony.) Rosin Oil 140. An amltcr-colored oily liq uid, with a pleasant odor but a strong, peculiar taste. It is obtained by fractional distillation of rosin. It is used for producing tack in runbsr adhesives, tapes, mechanicals, and in redaiming rublier. There is no health hazard. Shellac 141. A resinous exudation from the twigs of a species of East Indian tree: it is caused to exude by the bite of an insect. It is obtained as orange-to-Iight-bun brittle flakes, or as a ground powder. It Is used to a limited extent in rubber as a stiffener and in hard rubber to give firmness and finish. It is non-toxic. Sod Oil 142. (See degras.) Stearic Acid 143. A colorless, odorless waxlike material handled in blocks or flakes. It Is obtained i rorr, highgrade licet tallows by sag unification nr distillation and pressure and also by hydrogenation of oleic acid. It Is used in most types of rubber good* as a stabilizer of vulcanization, as.an activator of certain accelerator*, and as a dispersing agent and softener. It is used up to several per o.-n; on the rubber and added directly to the COMPOUXDIXU MATERIALS IX THE RUBBER IXDUSTR. Y-- PA AT 11 9 uiiixT. in which it readily dLqvrscs. ii is non-taxic. Liquids and Gases 144. In this group are included the usual liquid solvents and gases u.M'd in rubber manufacture with the .\cepiion of the liquid accelerators, which arc listed under organic ac* cclcrators in X.S.C. pamphlet Xo. K l'-1, and softening oils, which are iisied above. 145. This group contains some oi the most hazardous chcmicaLs used in the industry anti should be given enrolul study by the safety engineer to see that they are properly handled. Liquids Acetic Acid 14ti. Acetic add is not used gen erally throughout the rubber indus try. only in special parts oi it. It i-. however, used in large quantities ior certain purposes. It is used for coagulating rubber latex, in certain latex preparations, and in sponge rubber production, in coagulating and latex work, the temperatures are low or normal, comparatively small proportions on the batch arc used, and handling is simple. When used tor sponge rubber, the temperatures are higher, anti disagreeable fumes are given off which should be con ducted away by proper ventilation and exhaust equipment. 14". Acetic acid is a clear, color less liquid at ordinary u*nt|x:raiures. It comes in a number of different strengths, varying from the pure con centrated add, known as giadal ace tic add. down to dilutions as low as 25 per cent. It has a strong, pungent odor characteristic of vinegar and is very corrosive, espodaily in the high er concentrations. It is very irritating t>> hands and nasal passages. In sinail quantities it is not toxic, but care should l>e taken to keep it away trnin the bare skin, and any fumes snouid lx* conducted away from the workers. Alcohol 14.x. Alcohol is usually used in the denatured state. Its use is not extensive in the rubber industry, be ing confined to certain types of (Vinous, as a means of introdudng certain resinous comi*mnds into rub ber. anil as a cleaning solution for raw anil finished rubber where it is necessary to avoid solvent action un the rubber. The characteristics of alcohol are well known: it Ls not necessary to dwell here upon its re lative toxicity. Various types of denatured alcohol arc available, and alt are toxic if taken internally: but as used for rubber work there should be no hazard if not actually taken internally. All grades of alcohol arc flammable. Ammonia 149. Ammonia is a colorless gas, but as usually used it Ls dissolved in water ami known as ammonia water or ammonium hydroxide. It Ls sold on its ammonia content designated by degrees Baume. The usual grade used is 2<> Baume, or a saturated solution. It Ls a dear, water-like liquid with a strong, irritating odor, (n the concentrated form it is strongly caus tic and should be kept away from the skin. Rubber gloves and non-ventflated goggles should be used in handling it. It gives off powerful, pungent fumes when exposed to the air, causing bronchial disorders if in haled in considerable quantities. The fumes are toxic but usually do not leave any serious lasting effects. Where used, a good ventilating or exhaust system should be installed. In the more dilute forms of ammonia liquid, the water retains the gas in solution, and only slight fumes are given otT. Under certain conditions ammonia mixed with air Ls explosive 150. Dilute ammonia Ls used very generally to preserve raw latex, in manufacturing latex compounds, and throughout the liquid latex industry. The concentrations here seldom ran higher than a few per cent, and there is practically no hazard other than where the ammonia solutions arc pre pared. Ammonia is also used in the spread-goods industry as a neutral izer for acid released during the vul canization operation where sulphur chloride cures are used. The hazard here is also small since most of the crll curing chandlers are of neces sity equipped with adequate venting systems. (See also X.S.C. pamphlet Xo. 25, "Adds and Caustics.") Benzol 151. Benzol, or !>enzine, as it is chemically defined, is a clear, water- white liquid of characteristic odor, derived from the destructive distil lation of coal. It is very volatile at room temperatures and should never be allowed to stand in open contain ers. The vapors are very tlammable and very toxic .Benzol is used largely for making cements and adhesives for assembling rubber parts during proc ess of manufacture. It was formerly used in large quantities as a wash for raw rubber, being applied by hand swabs. It was here that many of the mast severe poisoning cases were cxpicrcncctL The vajtors spread rapid ly and should be removed by exhaust systems to decrease both the lire hazard and the health hazard. The workers should not he allowed to breathe any considerable quantity of benzol vapors, nor should they be permitted to get the solvent on their clothing, hands, or other parts of their hodicx. The solvent can be ahsorbed through the skin as well as through inhalation, producing lasting serious complications. (See X.S.C. pamphlet Xo. H.P. 14, "Benzol.") Benzene * 152. Same as benzol. Must not he confused with benzine, which is a jictrolcum product and not a coal-tar product. Benzine 153. A distillation product from petroleum, being a clear solvent simi lar in properties to ordinary cleaners ' naphtha but very light and volatile. ALso called jictmlcum ether. It is used as a cleaning solvent for swab bing raw rubber and is much safer to use than benzene, from the toxicity standpoint. However, it is very tlammable. It should be used in safety dispensers to eliminate the tire hazard. Breathing benzine vapor* will cause dizziness. Carbon Bisulphide 154. A dear, colorles.-, very flam mable liquid. When pure it is al most odorless, but the commercial grade usually u-cd has a strong, dis agreeable _ odor. H i- exceedingly volatile at mom tcm(jeratures, having a flash point at minus 25 degrees Centigrade. It may ignite from a qtarfe or flame many feet away. It is very poisonous to breathe. (For further detail- as to its toxicity, see X.i.C. Industrial Data' Sheet DChcm. 1, "Carlton Bisulphide.") INDUSTRIAL SAFI-TV SERIFS NO. RU-3 Carbon bisulphide is used or removing sulphur bloom on rub' |kt goods. in rubber adhesives, and x* a diluent for sulphur chloride in cold vulcanization and vapor cure. Departments using this solvent should be adequately equipped with fire extinguishers and exhaust sys tems. Keep solvent off the hands. ISO. Within recent years the use of carbon bisulphide has been very limited as, in the majority of cases, less dangerous materials have been substituted. There are. however, a few places where it finds a use in rubixrr manufacture, and the safety engineer should study each situation and set* that the material Is handled in a safe manner. Carbon Dioxide 157. Carbon dioxide is an inert ga> used in the rubber industry for inflating air bags and tube* and for vulcanizing purposes. It is non-toxic, but is highly suffocating since it is devoid of active oxygen and does not supjxm life. Us danger lies in the fact that it is a heavy* gas and likely to collect in "dead pockets" where ventilation is pour. Considerable quantities may be liberated through leaks, or discharge from bap or vul* canizcrs at the conclusion oi vulcan ization operations. Adequate ventil ation will remove any danger. Carbon Tetrachloride 15S. A light, colorless liquid with a peculiar characteristic odor. It has a low boiling point and is very volatiic at room icm|>craiure. giving ofT heavy vapors. The vapors arc not flammable but are toxic They are heavy and sink to low pans of the room, often collecting in corners and l>oorly ventilated places, making a real hazard to workers unless re moved by pro|jcr ventilation or ex haust equipment. This solvent finds an extensive use in rubber manufac turing on account of its freetiom from lire hazard and its excellent solvent properties for rubber. It has re placed many other solvents. (Sec X.S.C. Industrial Data Sheet DChcm. 25. "Carbon Tetrachloride") Chloroform 159. A clear, colorless, highly volatile liquid with a peculiar charac teristic odor. It is toxic, but it will not ignite readily. It is an excellent solvent for rubber anti is used for cements and cleansing solvent. How ever, it has been almost entirely re placed by carbon tetrachloride which has properties very similar to chloro form where used in robber manufac turing. It shoultUbc handled with the same care as carbon tetrachloride. Coal-Tar Naphtha 160. Kcfincd coal-tar naphtha is a clear, water-white liquid having a heavy, gassy odor. It is flammable and should be kept in approved dis pensers. There is also a crude mate rial which is straw colored, hut this grade is not used to the same extent; as the refined grade. Coal-tar naph tha consists of a mixture of Itenzene, toluene, xylene and other higher homolop. It is toxic, but less vola tile than benzol, it is used to a con siderable extent for rubber cements, rubber doughs, and as a cleaning solvent. The same precautions should be taken as for benzol. Ethylene Dichioridc 161. A colorless liquid having a strong chloroform-like odor. U is an excellent solvent for rubixrr and is used for rubber cements and doughs on account of its low fire hazard. It is toxic and in many respects acts like carbon tetrachloride. Tt should be handled in a similar manner to carbon tetrachloride. Its vapors are very heavy. Gasoline 162. The name given to a scries of solvent distillates derived from petroleum and having a range in gravity from 50 degrees to 90 degrees Raumc. The range from 56 degrees to 70 degrees is the usuai range of robber solvents. They are clear, water-white, oily liquids of charac teristic not unpleasant otlor. The gasolines arc the most universally used solvents in robber manufacture, partly because of their low cost. They are all toxic and flammable and should be handled with care. Vapors shouid be removed. Gasoline dis solves the natural oils and fats of the skin, causing dry and chapped skin. This can be prevented to a great extent by first roaring the hands with a neutral glycerine soap preparation, which repels the gaso line. 165. Gasoline is used as a clean ing and swabbing solution in the manufacture of many rubber articles, in all types of rubber cements, in preparing coating and spreading doughs,"fand as a diluent for other solvents. * Glycerine 164. Also called glycerol, it is a clear, colorless or pale-yellow, heavy, syrupy and odorless liquid having a sweet taste. It is non-flammable and non-toxic and presents no hazard from the health standpoint. It is used in rubber manufacturing as a preservative coating or dressing on finished ruhlxrr goods, to prevent rublx.*r from sticking together while in the raw stale and in liquid latex preparations. When used as a dress ing. it is either swahlted, sprayed or painted on. Kerosene 165. A dear, water-white to straw-colored, oily liquid. It i> ob tained as a distillate from |jetroleum and refined to remove low flash con stituents. It is comparatively safe to use, although the skin of sonic workers is sensitive to kerosene oil. It is used to a limited extent in rub ber manufacture, but very extensive ly as a wash for rubber machinery, robber rolls, etc. In rubber manu facturing it is used for softening and blowing spouge guods. Kerosene presents a fire hazard, but it is not as hazardous as gasoline. Naphtha 166. A name given iu both txM.rolcum and coal-tar solvents. The type of naphtha should lie s|xxified: otherwise it is very misleading. (For petroleum naphtha, ce benzine, petroleum ether, and gasoline. For coal-tar naphtha see coal-tar naph tha.) Petroleum Ether 167. (her benzine.) Solvent Naphtha 16S. (See coal-tar naphuu.) Sulphur Chloride 169. The subchloricic of -uiphur. It is an amlier-to-veliowish-rcM. <iiiv. turning liquid with von- ;x*rw: rating odor, used in vulcanizing n.,.y the so-called cold process and \-j;.*>r process. Its use as such i twinned COAU'OCXDIXG .UATEKl.UJ! IX Till-: Rl'lUlER IX DCSTRY PART 11 u irgHy in sheet, spread and ilipjx-d -'xkIs. U is also used in the manu facture of rubber substitutes and oil fact ici*. When used tor sheet and spread goods, the sulphur chloride may be applied in liquid form by disiributnr roll, or the good* may be buna in chambers where the sulphur ( hioridr is \';i|>urizeti by heal. `ITie sulphur chloride is extremely active chemically and is usually diluted with some solvent such as carbon bisul phide nr benzol. In vulcanizing dipiwl gooils. the latter are usually immersed for a very short time in a diluted solution oi the sulphur chlor ide. 170. Sulphur chloride is readily decomposed in a damp atmosphere and should be kept well buttled when not in use. It is extremely corrosive, due to lilteration of hydrochloric acid in presence ui moisture. It is extremely irritating - to the eyes, lungs, and mucous membranes. Workers should be protected from its fumes by adequate ventilation and uamed to keep it away from their hamls. Sulphuric Acid 171. .\ strongly corrosive, dense, oily liquid, colorless to dark brown, depending U|xin its purity. Used lor removing cotton iilier in. reclaiming old rublier. In a diluted form it is used as a coagulant for latex mix ture.-. It is also used in attaching rublier to metals and in producing snipboruiied rublier resin-products. It causes very severe burns and will char almost any organic matter. Workers using sulphuric acid should lie protected from having the mate rial tly into their eves or onto their skin oi own their clothing. The acid will rapidly eat its way through clothing to the flesh. (See X.S.C. pamphlet No. 25. "Acids and Caus tic.-." for details.) toluol or Toluene i 72. A colorless flammable liquid obtained by fractional distillation of coal-tar oil. It resembles benzine in mlor any many of its prnpertics. al though it is less volatile at room (cnqicniturcs. It is an excellent rublx-r solvent, used for rublier cements, boughs and as a cleansing solution. It is toxic and should In* treated in the -amc manner as benzol. Poisoning effects can be very serious. Workers should be protect e<l from its vajxirs and should keep it from their hamls. Its vapors arc heavy and cling to the tioor and in (xxirlv ventilated cor ners. (Sec benzol tor handling.) Turpentine 175. Also caller! ^spirits at tur|x*ntine. A clear, flammable, color less liquid with a characteristic rosinlike otior. obtained by distillation from turpentine rosin. Turpentine is a powerful solvent for ruhber and was formerly used in making ruhber cements. but its use in rubber work has become vrry limited, and it is no longer an important factor in rub ber manufacturing. It is toxic and irritating to the skin, eves and respiratory orpins. (See X.S.C. In dustrial Oat a Sheet D-Chcm. 12, "Turpentine" for details.) Xylene or Xylol 174. Xylene is a dear, colorless, flammable liquid with a characteristic penetrating odor. U is one of the constituents of roui-tnr naphtha and is obtained from the latter source by distillation. It i? a good solvent for nihhiT ami is used in rublier cements, doughs for the spreading trade, and as a swabbing solution in the man ufacture of ruhber goods. It is toxic, but not to so great an extent as lien-* zol and toluene, probably because it is less volatile. It is a tire hazard and the same precautions should be taken both for fire and toxicity as those noted lor lx*nzol Gases. 175. Comparatively few gases are used in rubber manufacture, and in nearly even* case they arc used for vulcanization in some form, liases arc handled in closed chamlxtrs. Con sequently, leakage or inadequate ex haust systems arc the usual causes of trouble or discomfort to the workers. Ammonia (lax 17ft. A colorless gas with a powerful, penetrating and irritating odor. It affects the eyes anti respira tory organs. It is used for neutraliz ing any acid after sulphur chloride vapor cures. It is produced by heat ing concern rated liquid ammonia water in the curing chamber and finally is cxhaustMl by suction or forced air. (For full details sec Xgj.C. pamphlets Xo. 25, "Acids and Caustics," and Xo. 95. "Sate Han dling of Compressed Gases.") Chlorine Gas 177. A heavy, greenish-yellow gas. hig^iy-fFritating and toxic It is used only in specialized industries: for instance, in producing chlorinated ruhlxrr. It must lie rigidly continetl in suitable chambers and kept away from workers. It is extremely corro sive. therefore hazardous, especially in the presence of moisture. (For further data on chlorine see N.S.C. pamphlet Xo. 71, "Safe Handling of Chlorine.") Hydrogen Chloride 17X. Also known as hydrochloric acid gast is colorless and exceedingly pungent. It is highly irritating and toxic. H has a strong affinity for water and should be kept in dosed systems. It is used only in special-, ized industries where rubber is con verted into certain resinous products. It requires spieciai handling. Hydrogen -Sulphide 179. A colorless, flammable gas. with a very offensive odor and n sweetish taste. -It is used only lo a limited extent for specialized work in vulcanization of sheet or spread goods in conjunction with other re active gases. If is highiy toxic ami flammable and must be handled with great care. The gixxLs are exposed in dosed chambers and the gas blown in and later exixrilcd. (For detaiis on its health hazards see A\S.C In dustrial Data Sheet Xo. lh. "Hydro gen Suipbulc.") Sulphur Chloride * ISO. (See sulphur chloride uncle, liquids.) Where the .gas is used it is merely the liquid sulphur chloride vajxirizMl by heat in the hoi curing chambers for va|xr curing of sheet and spread gixxls. Usually ihc goodarc festooned in large rooms or chambers, and a quantity of liquid sulphur chloride is eva|x>rated on a hot plate, circulation being accom plished by fan if necessary. Con centrations are usually small, and therefore serious hazard is avoided with adequate ventilation. Sulphur Dioxide 1X1. A poisonous. Colorless gxwith a suffocating odor. It is user. INDUSTRIAL .SM//err SERIES NO. RU-3 only, in s|jccial industries (or producfng special types of vulcanized prod ucts. The vulcanization must he carried out in closed chandlers, and workers should be adequately pro tected from the gas. S ACKNOWUiDGiirST This pamphlet is bairn e pajrr presented before the Ruoi-'r SrrjUp of the National Safety Cou,,- - t j L. ]. D. l/ea/y, consultin* cueznis:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Setioud. Safety Council is indebted Ifealy and the Executive O of the Rubber lection, unde direction tin pamphlet was pu us-