Document 6wdwvEgJbrzjpavVD0zL39qZm

i i, \ mw .' ^ LIA.22369 -* ri mf i LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION NEW YORK 17. H.Y. Hareh 3, 1959 SU&JJCTi T3 WTERIMS TOO BOT - LEAD To Members of the lead Industries Association! Please find attached e reprint of an article entitled "The Materials Tou B\y - lead" vhich appeared in the January, 1559, Issue of the "New Tork Purchasing Review." The reprint will be used primarily for distribution to high school and college students through listings in educational indexes of free literature. It will also be made available to others requesting general information about lead. Extra copies, vp to ?5, are available to member* free of charge and above this quantity, at our cost cf 36.50 per hundred. The article, including photographs, was stpplled to the magatlne by L.XJL. Sincerely yours, '\ Of rt-r \ Secretary V" * <cym. Ml LIA22370 ate The Materials You Buy---Z?e<z^ i* Rcpcioctd ffMB t i NEW YORK PURCHASING REVIEW i January *W i j I | 9 Piitribad By LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC, 292 Madita* Art*** Nr* Yori 17. N.Y. ! rr<7~' tp/mm' i. j mi* HJHpijaui.p N 1944.01 1 uU22371 1- *** ----- ` *------ -- * '-~ lM~ The Materials 'K 0 You Buy THIRD OF A SERIF* r\`i k.^ :ijv`*' 3 Jtead A lead mioc is Mhc. By ROBERT L. ZIEGFELD and DAVID M. BORCINA in execution, and such an impor Sorrcfcry and .Kstistanl tu Serrcfiiry, flcipfditWy, Lead IwSuttriet Auociat*<m tant and marvelous metallurgical development of the twentieth con- tun' that it has loft a deep impres sion upon tiro lead and practically all otln-r metal mining industries. Tlsc United States is, and has Ohvi<Ktsly, it is not economically Hotation is applicable principal been for a great many years, one of feasible to ship ore containing only ly to the sulphide type of ore, for live principal lead producing coun 10 ]XTcvnt, let us say, of hud con tunately the commonest variety, or tries of tin* world, currently ac tent or ore containing impurities to an oxide ore which !us rvorivod counting for ultout 15 per cent of that will penalize !lk* miner, o it a preliminary sulphiding. Briefly, the world's output of approximate lxcomes necvssarv U* concvr ate tlk* flotation process geik-rally con ly 2.300,000 tons, CommenSal tlo ore. Cotkvntrating mills arc stitutes taking finely cruslkd ore quantities of lead are mined in therefore h*cated in mining areas diluted with, sav, four times as of t!u* -i9 states with t!.* western wliere one or umre mining proper much w ater, and agitating tlk* mass states predominant. l|owt\er, Mis* ties can haul tlk ir ore for u>mvn- \ inlenth w ith air in a lank to w hkh sonri is tlk* largest producing slate (rating and or removal of impuri . fraction of one percent of pine oil, with ldalk\ Utah, Colorado, Mon* ties. with or witlhut small jmounts of 5 tana, Arizona, Washington, Okla otlkT suitahle clk^nicals, lias Itccn homa and otl rs adding to tin* stip- adiled. As a result of tlk* agitation a plv each year, approximate^ in t!c froth containing most of tlk* metal- order nanxd. By far tlx* major jxr* he constituents of tlk* ore is formed tion of tin* lead mined is hy under ground iik `('k k U w ith tlk* ore gen erally containing galena, a had sulphide, and usually associated with otlk*r metals. hotahly zinc and silver. Of cumiderahlv l<-ss cun- (I *nx*reial importaik-o are k otlkf h ad minerals, cvrrmitc. a lead car- lnjte, and juglesito, a lead sul phate. A Itfrf-ttMNi (i'll slym iii( IrAl ridl orr lx*ad Ore Concentrated Before Shipment to Mills on top of tin* tank wink* tlk* 'Vuc- Few mines product* ores rich k*ss gangne matter remains unaf- cikHtg1 <*r jvirt* enough to !>c fixted at tlk' Ikittoin of tlk* tank. shipjxxl directly to a sin* lt r with TIk * froth flows from (la* tank atd out inleniH-di.ite priKvsvmg More ts easilv dried. often tl*e miner will struggle with pT.ktkx* has reaelktl a e unp.ir.itn el\ low grade of lead Miih a stage of jvifeitiini that cs- ore (hi tin* other hand, .m ofe e.iu At the milt tl"- h .id ore i\ i rudn-d tr.i <rdiu.*nh * fli< i<*nt work is lxung !*< pin u-m-n.dh rich in lead 1 h it estremelv fur, sometimes to p.uU ihau-. not uuls in estfasting a single contain so ttuKh zine and copper do less than t nun in diameter, mih't.d front an ore. hot also in th.i' ]M < I.d tn.nUtent |\ requited alid treated 1>\ oti<- o( ||m' tn-xiem sep.iratmg tin- *e\r.d minerals in U lote slupiik nt i an lx- m ule to a prmesM s of oiiuer.d eoiux iitr..ti.*n. N.|( dhd (.s.tuples ores, for exam- > s im It* r where jxn.ilti<\ mm U- in 11k - r< m o Lihle flotation pii x i's pie. .h > ore coiisotiug of ,oi intimate tuited !l\ the pr-\*-|u- Mllh inav In- lived. a nut hod -imph mixture ol had. cop|XT alid Z.inc impurities i in migh ti desi rtle hut com piK'.ited nniM r.ds F<>r \ears the (reatuk'nt i WJH T^T -j ;1 '-y w r M n u p u ii n. nun t iw j a c m m u / LIA22372 ... . ...... - of many complex ow baffled me tallurgists. but with selective flota tion u a tool, many mineral dep<its oner considered practically wurthlcss have developed into im portant lead mines. Furthermore, many straight lead ore* formerly 1 clawed too low grade for econom ical treatment suddenly became profitable possibilities, adding greatly to the world's available lead reserves. Flotation has, to a considerable extent, supplanted earlier methods of concentration using gravitational methods of milling, that Is. pulsa ting jigs, vibrating tables, and many other machines, but the older me chanical methods are used alone or with flotation in treating many ores for which they are particularly suited. Smelting Lead concentrates when they leave the mill contain 40 percent and upwards of lead. The richer the lead content the better, for it re duces transportation and smelting costs. Smelting b a continuous op eration generally conducted in blast furnaces. Before the concentrates can he charged into the furnace, the)' must lie roasted to remove most of the sulphur contained in the concentrates and to agglomer ate tl*c very fine flotation product which is not a physically devirable W-ist furnace material Tlie roasted concentrate, or sinter, now in the form of lumps, is charged into the top of the lieatrd blast furnace with limestone and other suitable fluxes and coke for fuel. A blast of air h admitted to the lower part of the furnace to aid combustion and to complete the formation of metallic oxides which are reduced to metal by the coke and carbon monoxide present. Tlie nun-metallic waste forms a slag with the fluxing materials. The blast furnace is then tapped so that tle lead flows off into krtties or molds. In this form thr lead b a semi-finished product known as hav* Willion, containing silver and impurities. Specifically, liase bullion contains small amounts of gold, silver, topper, zinc. antiiiHmy, arsenic, bismuth and ntlier impuri ties which must lie removed in whole or in part ty refining to produce a commercial lead. Refining The most widely used refining process b tin* Paries process. By this treatment tiic lead b first melt ed and alluwed to cool b low the freezing point of copper, which crystallizes and b removed try skimming. It tlien passes to a rever beratory or softening furnace wliere the temperature ix raised and the molten lead stirred. A Mart of air oxidi/rs any antimony or arsenic present, With of which impurities harden lead \henct* the term "soft ening" furnace), and these oxides are skimmed off. A continuous softening process for tlir elimination of antimony and arsenic from lead bullion has been perfected which represents more than just a conversion from batch to continuous procedure. In thb process, oxidation rates, many times in excess of those obtainable by usual hatch softening methods, are realized hv the continuous mainte nance of tlio antimony content at the furnace metal within a deter mined optimum range of 0.01-0.05 percent antimony. The accelerated oxidation rate olrtatrubW in con tinuous operations permits a marked reduction not only in the operational exists of batch methods, but also in space and equipment requirements. After softening, the lead goes to tL* desilveri/ing kettles where *m. quantities of zinc are added. O tad and silver are more soluble in zinc than to lead, and, consc- qucntly, any of these metals present in the lead immediately leave it in favor of tlie zinc. As zinc b lighter than Wad, the zinc rises to tltr surface and, when tlie tempera ture is lowered, solidifies and b skimmed. Tim Waves only a little /.inc remaining as an impurity which b oxkli/ed and skimmed in a rcvrrlicratory furnace. A more recent development removes the zinc as a vapor ly creating a vac uum over the surface of the molten Wad. Tlie zinc vapor is condensed as metal on the cool dome of the vacuum vessel and re-used. Re fined Wad bccomrs one of the purest of the commercial metals (lirough (lib treatment and if cast into pigs. Puunnf Irod bulUon into a Uflk far fir* rrfi/unZ- Tlie Pattinvm process, now rare ly used, de|>end* upon tlie fart that wlnn Wad is ctioWd slowly, part of it will solidify and can be skimmed off while the sdvrr will STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FIG LEAD a s Tjx. a*tCNAfK> srs-ss CM(MICAS IIOVMttMlNTt >atao 4. pm Sla, pm *mi Ut m. *m, pm c m* Ci m*, mi, pm wa Ciw' w m, pm *m S>'U, rmppn mm pm mm An< 0*4 0* . Mt. pm mm fine pm mm Wm. ni. pm mmt lMf >kf 4Mmm*\, ok, pm mm Um* oso aoeis _ eoots -- MIS 00} 0 001 Ml ttN ue 0 DCS 0 070 0007 0000 00 _ 0 Ml 0 001 0001 ff *0 tlW LmT* eon 0 001 -- 0000 004* -- 0001 0 001 0001 t**0 Oiwlw xM tmf 0190 Ml -- toon -- -- 0009 001 001 ffU tiruNATorr NOtt* ua ti % l*M *ll> W rwf nad * Af* k e'llj. CW4*I W4 s* Ih * m*C M H* *fW# M Mh iw >< mm. Ha Ptwy yim t* All'S* UMW Wa w Sr WW I* * mtmmi \mmi. --iaa H H**A***im4 4 * "xrr' L1&22373 JL rcm.lin in tta molten load loft beliinil. Tlx' Ib-tts process, employed in several plants including one in the United Slate*, is an electrolytic method advantageously used with bullion high in bismuth. Tlx* bis muth is removed aixl rccuvcTod, which is not tlc case with tlie Parke-s process. Tlie Munis proerss of softening and de/inctng by l!so use of molten caitstk* salts is uses! in some plants in England. Europe and Japan. Tlie pmeess is <l<*sign<d to remove im purities from molten desilverized lead by pumping it tlifough a mix ture of molten salts contained in a tank above tbe lead kettle. The metallic impurities react with tlie cliemkals and arc collected in the form of their oxides or ovysalts. Tlx* Harris protvsi while sound in thr >ry has not been universally adopted since in practice it cannot alwavx compete ecnix>mk*ally with tlx* Parked or Betts process. Sniix* ores, such as liaise of MHitlxMvtem Mhvniri, contain loo littK* silver for profitable desilveriz ing. Tliercforc tlie finislxd pigs, while free fnni otK-r itti|xiritx*v arc ixitcd for llx-ir comparatively high \ilv*r and copper content and are given tne d<-signatxm **ClK*mical" lead K-cause of wide use in tlx* elxmkal indiislrH-x in tlx- form of \lx*ct anil pipe. This is 1 mj I one of tin* cmimxTcijI grades of p*g lead available to tlx* consumer. Tlxsc grades are cb-vnlx-d in the aeeoninanvitig table of tlx* Ameri can Sncictv f*r Testing Materials specification for tlx* various grade* of pig lead. Scrap an Important Source of 1 esd An iinixrtanl source of lead each yciir is scrap or v-omdary Irail as it is more formally known In PP>7. in tlie Unitc-d States, approximately 500,000 tuns of loud were producc-d from secondary sources accounting for more tlian 40'"* of ail tlx* lead consumed by Arm rx jn industry in that year. Tlx* chk'f wM.rce of lead wrjp is from automohilc* storage* lutterk** which contain somcwlx-rc lxtwi'en 20 and 2.5 11). of lead a pkxe. Tlx* lx.Ik of tlits lead is recovered jfi*r an average scrvke life of aKmt 26 months. Additional sourcs-s for lead wrap include such items as lead she.tlled cable. pipe and slx*ct. soldi r. railroad lx*:irings. t\pc ux-tals and h ud drosses. ScTondarv lead is r<*clairned lx fife refining tix-iKids in r finerx-v uwtdlv devoti-d exclusively to tlx* handling of secondary lead and lead atlovs. A comparatively small |vrcvtit.ige is also n*firx*d at pri mary refifK*re. M.xh of tlx* secondary leas! product'd is sold as lead alloy, particu larly lead from rectaiirv*d lutteries .Hid cable slxatliing vslikh contain small jx-fevutage* of antimony and otlx-r nxt.ih. Tlx* bulk of tlie sec ondary lead recovered ccxitaining antimony is re-sold to Kitten man ufacturers. Secondary lead eonfairing tin is must often re-uwxl in tlx* manufacture of vddrr, lx-armg metals and otlxT least tin alloy*. fly applving proper refining t<xhiiiipies. soft lead can K* produced from sc-omdary sources to meet |X unary lead Sjiecificatiorr. P.gv of lead and antinvmial trad usually weigh nlx.ut 100 lh. each. 5 while ingots of lead or its alloy* may have almost any desired weight and shajx* from tlx* small 3t.i cakes to lx* melted in port al le gasoline furnaces to 100-IK evlindixal billets to fit cvtnisRia pr*swv A rcxvnt innovation to facilitate tlx* materials handling problem is tlx* dcvclopnx'nt of sli.ijx-s weighing approximately 2.000 lb that luxe lx*en dc*sigm*d lor handling bv fork lift truck. Ivrad and Ixad Alloy Products tn semi fjfirica ted and fabricated h*rin. a variety of lead and load al ios poductv are available. Exam ple arc*: I. K'Ih h ImJ--nxl. *iir, KUmi, tfjjrs, brrxlv. wcdc* bad. special ilapo 1 -- ihr<C. fml. strip, blanks fX ili^Mtnc vtaiupmc and tpuvrinc. Mini' of various tKxpct 1. Cast -- sand nr dk*-cat (oxity or pressure) 4. (Ixiiuu] Compounds -- otidet, arlKKiafr-s. wlplutn, drtmutn, jnH- cumjmun<it, nitrate**, ace tate, etc. V Otlx-t -- Strtallk* powder, wool, sio( la-ad and its alloys can Ik - falricated !) almost all commercial processes. It can, for instance, U evtnided, drawn, rolled, cast, vtamp^-sl. sjxin, and can be applied as a OMling to otlx-f metals citlsct bv but-dipping, electroplating or spraying, 'fliick laser* of lead can lx* Kindi-d to steel or other rrsrtaU fir grratir strenglli. Joint* may be nude* lr\ soft soldering or welding. T*V ' ` L1A2237A ^>fl (. Eh Tin* propcrtk-* 'J Itjd and moit of itt alios s an quite different from llnnc of utlicf metals, Imt tliis very difference iruLrt lead ptnilj* arl>* suitable for many applicatkins wlien1 otlirr metals Houkl ink \tc jkractkaL <>n tla* utlm Imih I, it is often possilde t< gain hr useful property of lead in uvi h lierv k*ad may im>( at first sretn suitable, if tU*sr differences an* clearly rec ognized. Fur instance, slight tie* tit?) clung*** or change* in manu* factoring tec4mir|ur may make at possildc to use lead with greater uli>fa(tKn in place <4 a metal with quite diff<*rrut characteristic*. In general, lead and it* Alloys have high resistance to corrosion, high specific gravity, are compare lively soft, hast* a liw melting point, are easily fabricated Tl*ry hair km* rUtncd oKMloctisity a im) tensik* strength and a rclatis-c* V Ingh coeffk-int of tlirrmal es* panskm. Ilmemer. tlw* pr.p*Tli*s can Ik * varied urtliin quit** a Hide range try judK-kms the <4 ally ing rliwuts FuC H.staiKV. *tr<*ngth j ik ) lurilrM*ss 4 ofdmars k4ad can Ik * multiplied mam tmm it melt* ing point greatls rrdvtl In al ius mg lead Romo Ample Tien4 lias U*n cun? kief aide dis cussion alMit 1*. S lead ri4'T*n in nst-nt sear* T t!* iniinilulol figilfes re|*f4s-ftiiig k4ad n*s-r\** can la* nuswit*-resected set* easily Fir invtaiMv. tn I'ifT. iH-armgs U*. f*e iIm* *ttlrtumrttf ui lu\*sti. gatfMi t4 Naftmal Hrsuines 4 lltr Senate (lommitlir Pul 4k iaml\ Hite (Mihlislitd III tlii-sf lo-.irtfigs. fl'jtrivlitjtiMs 4 tire l*. S. Ihift-an <4 \Iiik *s and tie l'. S f*4ogK'a] Sumy istiirutol f*se.?ral4** lead sMitaiiM*! 11 n-s-r\t in the grmr*d JiHit C'Kts ni 1411. u al"Mt la tin** tirr asrrage I'flV 1 *# 11 rate 4 |mdiKtimi 11h - la'llliti. g.teti this set t4 fa<tv HiMihl li as I* tla- * .ni loshKi that vHiHtine this \ ..i tliefv H.-dd |m |o llH<i' leail l< ft Mi tlie l lilt, { St.itis to la ImlH il I -a tiilt.t.h (.If 'Mil is,as-Mlu *1h !a\ 11lu ui i .h i lod'eVc tins*' I *> fc- s< i\ fig tiles .is (ill |a ( i ut loi. i Mi.oiii'M h as a snml..f >4iM s rda' h m 11-1 resi.ll at hast .ii*atf Seals stipplv in im Hi s al*-l I lie 4 1 1 1SUII* S|tl|,|tl- | Ss h * ! j k V.o ' if aftir sear. This fact can Ik 4 sub stantiated by aiMitlnr Ouscniment report nuilr in tl*o intervening years In tlr Prctkleiits Materials l*tlKy Commission. This report pnMnlied in June, 1452. (Minuted rcsorsv* at adamt 7,(XIMKX) tons in 1470, or altout 10 tin**% 1470 pro* (IuetH*ti 71ms estimated ri*scTvrs Him* vtmesshat lnglier in 1470 than in l`)U iW-spite tin- fact that n<4arly tons of lead had hs*n mifM-il font; United State* mini's in ll** uitiTSiming years. Iloth Can4* ernmi'tit nprti admitted that iIm* reset*e figures gis**i ore minima. Tim clearly indicati** the danger (4 using reserve figures as <4 any partksilor dale as a guide to the life *4 tlir rrsTvi*s tw'causr fhi*y Cannot i4 firo-ssit* tahr into ac* ciMRit iIk * new reserves opened up each sear Also, a mining o*mpanv Hill bl* L out Its rese|S-s fof ofitv a f(*H* sears altead (4 its ntiul nulling upr^Mis Ik 't j iw 4 i4 til isviMifnir factors iti\i*1 \i'll Tlie gimeral pcacIKT is t<> find tlitoogh iL Si h>|HtM~n( H i ifIt (fa Mtgh reHTSCS ea h Star to replate tlw an>Hint e\tra<t<*d lApoum4 luis sbmn that re set* e> Hill |a- ath-|uate to take cafe <4 lU- Wodtls needs h*r lead he nuns st-jfs to niim and .ms titIi[Sfas shortage that has ilt-Selt*ped has Im-i tlte icMilt 4 ecu* v k h iik - m-dadpistment and artifn*al t'Hitf.J, (airtelith. lead is fllelltltn] aixi llxtr is iHitlutig t> UMlicile tliat It Hill n:*t remain tti I'.S. largest Consumer As Hell as U'lng t*nc of lb prin* tijsal lead jrinliK ing tsiuntries <4 tin* world, (lie Umted States, as can easils Ik * imagim**!. is (Ik * largiM (sHi\mm*r *4 tin* most ver satile metal. Industrial consumption ol lead in tU* United States lus awfaged over J.Klt.tXIO tons a sear since 1`>M ssitli altout a third <4 this con* sumptMm attnUitahle to its use in lead-acid storage lutterk**. Tlic s c c o ik I largest (stmunur in recent years lus Uvn the |mKliKlion of tetraethyl fluid, a use tlut has grown from nothing in 1925 to mure than 175,000 tons in 1957. The cal4c industry, in third ploi.'e, easily (Mildutancrs tin* many otlw-r uses as rndicati'd m tin* table 4 United State* cunsuniptkm. As old as lead is. tin* table graph* kails poelrav s tU- foil that tU* tmlk (4 (Ik * lead (smstiirKd today is in uv*s deselojied in tU4 huntirth emtury. Uses of Irjd Sitnv <4 tla- imjjort-lit descl<p* inenls uni uvs <4 r*<*4ut si arv, not ttKlK jted in tlir tsutMimjHn.n tj!4e, liKlmh- l< a<! v ut>s for greases, lead h i steel f<>r U-tti-r ma* lutM'ability, l4ad*d frit' fer |*ttUt-l.oni/ii.g alu* niiiiiitn. lead molds and lead om* |miik 1 stabib/4-rs for plastn* and 4 oHifm* Ms us#4 as a shieMmg mr- teii.d in af-oiih. <>H*fg> installations ami slotting <>ntaiiMTs fi< radio* atnc ruaterul VaUi S V h *.4| (vkal !aw ) aims* nuLr in ttHa As l, l4">h> ala a, sal, as slral< Uim . tkr oi MilU-sluittr of I. LlA22375 .A- (hie of tllcTatvxt *41m1 II h lit lVlliiig new uses for lead iv m tin- field of strri'ophomc sound. Two lead zirconate-titanalc dements omi< prise tlw* lie art <f a new urns of piekujvcarlridgex capable tf transformingtlie vibrations in Ox* groove of a stereophonic record into tlie wonder of stereophonic sound Nonsacrificial lead anodes for corrosion control in wjfrrs is nrtotlKT new development of .scientists and engi neers ami new ami greater dovdopmehts can Ik * cxjuv'ed from fli.iM* wlm "Ia*k AlK*a<l With lead." Tetraethyl Tetraethyl lead. tlie smond larg est O'lutmyr of lead, is a lioavy colorless liquid containing approvimafely f>0 j *t <vnt lead. ll is die active Ci*tn|>MWiit in tin* anti-knock Comi-wnind ami added to gasoline in tnimitc quantities, 0 5 to 4 cc. j k t i*all* ;n. pros idt*s a sultst.mtial ,mprovetm-nt in tie anti knock value or <*ctuno rating of tlie gasoline Tlie basic ingredients of tetracfhv l lra*l are pig lead, salt. hydroCm. ah-'*!i*l ami n finery gas4*s. Tlie pist lead is indled and mixed with vnlmm mnler a b!unk< t of ladmgen to f*>rm a lead-vtdiorn allov. It is iIm ii solidified and gTound ami rca<-l d with ethvl chloride to form tctr.icthvl had This is .strain dis tilled ami otherwise purified and then 1 demit'd with cthvlcnc dichloride. cthvhne dibroimdc and dyes to form tlie anti kmnk cnrnjround. T)>c Storage Battery 'flic lead-acid storage battery, a most efficient and economical source of I'liftrical energy. was dcwlojvcd b\ (*4ston Plante in 1S-V4. after a series **f cxjVMmciils that pros*d hattery chvtrodes or plates made from two diflermt forms of lead were si.jerior to electrodes made with o I)mt inetah. Today's batteries are constructix* essentially |Ih * same as that devel oped by Pljute ami consist of grids vast from a h-ad allov containing small amounts <f ,tntunorrv and 'or silver or ot!n r metallic (s*ostitm nts. A paste made of oxides and find" doubt] metallic Je.nl iv tl.cn ap plied to tlie interstices of die end ami with difl. n nt inistures, tin* negative anil p'silive plates are fenratl. IIh - ivll N then assembled, using \.ir\ing nunilers of plate's, and sulphuric j c h I addl'd Tlie plates ar then ai tj\ atetl hv pawing an eltvlnc.il current through (Item to convert the positive plate lltO [e.ul peroxide and the negative plate into finely divided sponge lend. In use, tlie luttrry plates oa disdi.irgc react with tin* sulphuric acid electrolyte converting tliem to lead sulphate. Charging tlie Iwttcry is just tlie reverM*. TIu.* lead sulphate is converted to lead peroxide ar>d vjkmgc lead and tlie sulphuric acid is regenerated, increasing llc con centration of tle cUftrohle. TTiii cycle is continuously taking place when the Iwttery is connected to a generator such av is found in every automobile and on railruad cart. Tlie voltage of each cell remain! constant, approximately 2 volts and tin* addition of plates to a cell only im reavs its capacity or life expec tancy Tlie ordin irv 3 cdl-6 volt automobile Kittery i-iNitains rough ly ti(l to TO sear cent lead or alxmt JO pMimlv Hie lead contained it split rough!) half and half lietwcco m -tabic h-.ul and lead oxide. la ad invert'd cable is a induct f extrusion. Ml,cn learl is placed m the ihamln r *f a hydraulic press and allowed a) solidify nndir prr*sore. Within flu* chandler is a hol- 7 u p TP-1 *5? mr* UA*t3?t jjfbbin I low mandrel (lirough which the cable tun* passes. \Vlu*n |Mntiin' is applied ||k * Wad is extruded through a die controlling tltc out* tide eireuinferrncc carrying tlie ca* hie core td<Hig ujth it. A jwi-ssurr 4if someMlnrr around 55.000 |h. per sq. in. is required. Lead At i Compound laud is unique among tltr com mon metals in that morr llun a lliird uf tltc tontugr consumed **aeh year b thrmigh tlc use of its com pounds. lo*ad as a paint pigment h used to beautify and protect America's home* and industrial structures from tin* ravages of Keallxf and oirrosive media found in tltc atmos- plicrr. An oxide of lead, litliarge, a major coni|xment of storage latter* ri, tf|u> finds xx kl*prcad use in Midi dixvrsifird iiKlustries as tlx (vfaniK industry, color making, in ruhlwr, in plastics, and in insecti cide*. IXiiUiu of otlier Wad tvmpNimli, Isoflt organic and inorganic, are iimx I in a variety of industries and hiindrtds of otliers vuth known physical constants are awaiting the (knvlopovut of products to which tlieir unique properties can he used to adxantage. In thb latter connection, the Wad industry recently emlurled on a major research program. With Isasic and applied research, in an attempt to iiKTeasc the knowledge of Wad and its compounds and to imprm'e llscir physical characteristics. Tlie research will lie conducted by the Wad industry working alone or In conjunction with other industries ulso may base specific problems that can best he answered tlirough research. Additional information about the pmpTtic* and uses of Wad is avail* aide from the Lead Industries Asso ciation, 60 East 42nd Street, New York 17, N. Y. The technical rtaff of the Association wiH welcome any such requests. */ coNMamoN or u a m t mi own* Siam mi I2S7 19S*|J IteMi xo.ifc *PM^f Sm* wm4 *>M4 CM* IMI| CM M CatMf Milili laba M p+m*. 9*4 SS*a U4 1 k4m U'e liw i >i 1o t mM mUm ~w *4 500 TOO* 27.100 l}4J00 *5.000 11*00 II >000 4*00 KM 20.200 25.200 101M4 tno 1700 24700 42300 27.000 24300 100700 *5700 12700 10300 4 930 24700 77300 70700 1S5300 172.400 1>00 20700 41300 21300 21300 74300 *5300 0300 2300 5.000 24300 14300 5*300 170.000 154 700 1300 24300 10**1 *4*400 *10300 7077*0 WW*# ImS aw ww w is ny --Ian Ok 4b* 17*00 29.200 1)900 1*200 15700 72300 17300 *.900 12300 *4300 12.000 7300 TOTAl OKMKAIS: liioiP j\ IW * * * * YOTA* H mliwM 12*400 127 000 2.100 122.100 MU 115300 177300 2300 10030* 1944 0*300 121300 7300 140300 h--ii4 I9S*4 r. - ii^n Wr*-4-! 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