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Cast Lead Models Help Teach Our \avy knowledge which otherwise would take a lifetime of sea duty to acquire. To Indentify Enemy Ships These cast lead ship models are a development of a widespread hohbv which American amateurs have fol BS'2 ECAUSE battles move with light ning speed, tremendous advan fidelity of reproduction shown on these models is remarkable, even to lowed for manv vears. that of build ing scale models-.-The hobbyists have, tage lies with the fighter who firstsuch detail as portholes and w indows in their effort to produce accurate recognizes the units of the enemy's in the hull and on the bridge of a de miniatures, needed fittings and parts forces and is thus able to strike the stroyer small enougli to slip into a which they found difficult or impossi first blow. For this reason the Amer pocket. In many cases the turrets mav ble to fabricate. These parts such as ican forces are carefully trained to be turned so that the ship may be seen turrets, torpedo launchers, cranes, identify enemy equipment from all as it might appear when engaged in davits, anchors, and even railings possible angles of perspective. To battle. made of cast lead alloy have been accomplish such training, models have been found to be of great value. A model may be viewed from all sides and from all possible angles in rapidly changing perspective and with its accompanying shadow so that a fighter may learn to recognize it from any point of view. Of great importance is the quick recognition of ships. For training, the L nited States .Navy is now using Students are thus able to familiar ize themselves with the three dimen sional shape of ships instead of hav ing to depend upon printed matter which has been used for many years. In addition, with the aid of a few simple props it is possible to photo graph the models to produce realistic pictures of enemv ships under all conditions of light and weather. Thus can be made a graphic record of available for application to their hand made hulls. Now certain manu facturers who previously made such fittings have turned their entire fac tories to the manufacture of scale models for the armed forces. In addition to ships and planes, tanks, trucks and other rolling equip ment are being made of lead. The lead alloy is sensitive to the mold and is sufficiently rigid to stand consider accurate scale models of the ships of able rough handling which mav he the enemy navies. These models are made in part or entirely of lead allow WAR BONDS necessary in placing it for the stu dents' observation. Similar uses of die cast to remarkable accuracy. Sev That You Buy cast lead models for peace-time teach eral scales are used, some of the larger models having w ood hulls w ith cast lead superstructures. The smaller Will Help to SI\K E\EMY SHIPS ing or photographic uses, which will keep this war-developed industry busy when the war has ended, are an models are entirely of lea d. The interesting possibility. A \cule model ut a Japanese warship. the h uso. used tor training students in ship recognition. This niutlel about 14 in. long is a ttuud hull with superstructure and pilings ut cast lead allot. l IA25788 Ill Welded Lead Plumbing Installation allowed by the WPB for plumbing installations the fact remains that tin In Oklahoma City Housing Project is a scarce metal. There is every rea son to believe that tin supplies for N outstanding example of re classes 5 hours each week. The effec A sourcefulness and willingness tiveness of the instruction is indicated to contribute to the war effort is thbey the fact that on January 15. 1944, solder will be short for some time after the war is ended while produc tion facilities are being restored. The specification of lead welding on plumbing trade's adoption of lead two months after the class was estab plumbing pipes, whether outright or welding as a means of joining lead lished, a plumbing installation made as an alternate, should be considered plumbing pipes. An educational cam with lead welded joints was accepted by every architect and engineer as a paign to teach plumbers the craft of by the plumbing inspector as satis conservation measure and as a means lead welding has been quietly con factory. of facilitating the procurement of the ducted for some time and is now- While the use of lead-tin solder is materials necessary for construction. bearing fruit in a satisfactory man ner. The accompanying photographs show an excellent example of lead work executed entirely bv means of lead welding without the use of anv wiping solder whatever. This instal lation in a privately financed low rent housing project in Oklahoma City. Oklahoma, complies with the local plumbing code and the use of lead welding in place of wiped solder joints is a voluntary contribution to the war effort bv means of the total elimination of tin from the pipe joints. The background for this job in cludes instruction facilities which are Complete roughing in for one living unit. All joints in leadu ork are welded. typical of many cities throughout the l nited States. Two classes in lead welding were established in the Okla Leaded Greases Prove Effective homa Citv Trades School on Novem ber 11. 1943, under the sponsorship of Plumbers' Local Union No. 369. Thirty-two students attended night Close up leadwork showing welded joints in detail. Id Improving Wire Rope Lubrication HOUSANDS of operations in very slightness of the motion adds to TAmerican industry depend in the problem because, while it has a some part on the use of wire rope otrendency to work the lubricant out it hoisting cable. Practically all metals is not sufficient to carry a replacing are hoisted from the mines by means amount in. Thus it is of extreme im of steel cables which for safety's sake portance that wire rope be lubricated are regularly inspected and carefully with a material which is not easih maintained. squeezed out from between contact An important feature of wire rope surfaces. maintenance is lubrication. A hoist For these reasons a grease loaded ing cable is subject to friction, not with powdered lead has shown excel only from the sheaves over which it lent results as a lubricant for steel passes but from the rubbing of the cables. The finely divided lead is car strands on one another whenever the ried between the wire strands with the cable bends. Even the changes in ten grease when the lubricant is applied. sion which occur with variations in When pressure occurs as the result of load cause the strands to rub together bending or tension in the cable the as the rope stretches. This internal lead is not squeezed out but is com movement is not great but it is none pressed into a thin film between the the less sufficient to cause severe wear steel surfaces. This film, having its if lubrication is not provided. The own lubricating properties, will stand --3-- L1A25789 many more recurrances of pressure than will lubricants composed of grease alone. Two experimental 2800 ft. lengths of % in. diameter hemp center hoist ropes laid up in the regular lubricant to which 15 per cent, by weight, of lead had been added, showed after two and one half years of active ser vice, excellent retention of lubricant in hemp center, remarkable freedom from deformation of wire strands, a protective film of lead on the strands and great increase in life of cable. Since these experimental ropes were made over 500.000 ft. of wire rope so lubricated in sizes from % in. to 21 U in. diameter has been put into service in many widespread locations. In several western metal mines hoist cables lubricated with leaded grease have been in use for some time ,, and are giving excellent service. The film of lead provided by the lead bear ing grease not only improves the lubrication but also protects the steel from the humid conditions found in many mines. The importance of lasting lubrica tion ,,r stee< cables is not confined to_ mining operations. Any steel cabled' subjected to continuous bending and variations of tension will be bene fited by the film of lubricating lead imparted to it by the application of lead bearing grease. Lead Glazing Strip Replaces Troublesome Putty in Window Sash N' the designing and building of I structures there is one problem which recurs in many different forms, that of making a permanent weather proof joint between two dissimilar materials. In some cases usage and experience have developed practices which involve the use of a third ma terial as a joining medium and in these cases the permanence of the joint is dependent upon the life of the joining material. A perfect example of this situation is the setting of glass in window sash. For many years putty has been used for this purpose with only reasonably satisfactory results except where white lead putty was used. There is now, however, a permanent, weather proof. and flexible joining material which can be easily manipulated to allow the replacement of glass. This material, a lead glazing strip, has been proved successful by many years of service in locations where weather conditions were quite severe. It was made as long ago as 1913 but was sold and used in only a limited area. The performance of this lead glaz ing strip has been so outstanding that Sazareth Academy, Rochester, N. Y., where lead glazing strips installed in 1915 so pleased the owners that they insisted on their use in a recently constructed addition. XOWE PHOTOS fie vtil '' . II '*1 ti fl Till (ill < , , - A.; ! ;. ' -i'4 ' ?si 13 Ground floor window in \azareth Academy glazed with lead glazing strips and detail of sash. owners of buildings in which it was installed more than 25 years ago have insisted on its use on new structures. The photographs on this page are of the buildings of the Nazareth Academy, Rochester, New York. The original building was built in 1915 and the lead glazing strips installed throughout at that time are still in excellent condition. There are a num ber of other examples of long trouble free service of this puttvless glazing, some of which will he shown in fu ture issues. The lead glazing strip is installed by setting it in place in a specially milled groove in the sash, placing the glass and bending the lead down over the glass with a simple hardwood tool no glazing points are needed. In addition to solving the troublesome problem of a weathertight joint be- 1 tween sash and glass the lead glazings strip eliminates the tedious cleaning of glass after painting because the paint needs to be applied only to the lead. --4-- LIAZ5790 A Rechargeable Pocket Flashlight Battery r-- h e long desired rechargeable that capillary attraction holds the Tflashlight battery Has at last been liquid in its proper place and the produced. And it is nothing morespace above the plates is provided sensational than the well known lead- with an ingenious system of baffles so acid storage battery that is a part of that, even if the liquid gets shaken to so many of the electrical systems the top. it can not leak out though which serve us in nearly every mo the batterv is inverted. ment of our modern lives. The prin The lead-acid flashlight batterv is cipal reason that this dependable easily charged by means of a simple servant which starts our cars, oper inexpensive charging unit which at ates our telephones, propels our sub taches to any A-C electric outlet. marines and does innumerable chores Since a single lead-acid cell produces for us every day has not been adapted only 2 v. a special 2-v. lamp is re to flashlight use is that no case had quired in place of the 3-v. lamp com been developed which would retain monly used with the two cell dry the acid solution in contact w'ith the flashlight battery. lead plates and prevent leakage if the This battery will be especially val battery were in other than an upright uable to watchmen, meter readers and position. similar workers who find a flashlight Now. however, the Ideal Commuta to be a necessary part of their equip tor Dresser Company of Sycamore. ment. It can be placed on charge at Illinois has produced a lead-acid bat the end of the working day and will tery which is perfectly safe from be fully charged ready for service at leakage and which will operate in the beginning of the next day just as any position. In this battery the the lead-acid starting battery in an plates and separators are so arranged automobile is recharged in the period DAYTON SWDFR Rechargeable lead and flashlight bat teries and charger. of operation between necessarv starts. At the present time production of the lead-acid flashlight batterv is lim ited to essential work by scareitv of the materials used for the leak proof case. It is hoped that this obstacle may be removed and since the sup ply of lead is adequate that this bat tery will soon be available for pur chase generally. SERIOUS problem facing man A ufacturers of many products to day is lack of metal containers. Most dry materials which in the past were packaged in air tight tins can be Lead Foil Lining In Fibre Container Solves Liquid Packaging Problem handled in cardboard boxes or even fered in a lead foil lined cylindrical in paper sacks but liquids such as fiber container with metal ends. These paints require strong tight containers "cans'' are almost exactly the same which are not only leak proof but shape and size as metal cans of the must be able to stand considerable same capacity. They are made of rough handling. spirally wrapped fiberboard to which A solution of this problem is of is cemented, with a bituminous ad- Lead foil lined fibre containers suitable for many liquid materials. 4 Lead foil lined can Hged as a paint container. hesive. a thin sheet of lead foil. The top and bottom are of enameled black plate crimped over the lead lined fiber in a strong and leak proof joint. The fiber cylinder provides strength to withstand any normal amount of rough handling and it is made im pervious to liquid by the lining of lead foil. This type of can. being the same size as metal cans previously used, does not require any change in labels. It is much lighter in weight than some other types of containers that have been tried and is not subject to break age. Lead foil lined fiber containers are suitable for most of the materials for which tin plate cans are commonly- used except, of course, foods and substances which must be kept under vacuum or pressure. They can be filled and packaged on the same equipment as is used for metal cans. LIA25791 Paint Tinting and Color Mixing HE tinting of paint and the mix the desired shade and then modify the Ting and selection of colors is one result with very small additions of of the most interesting details in theother suitable colors. A person with execution of a painting project but a normal eve for color can quicklv one that is approached by many archi learn to select the foundation tint for tects as well as painters with a certain anv desired paint color as well as the feeling of dread. This is unfortunate required modifying colors. because color mixing is not difficult It is not necessary to learn the and it can be a very pleasant experi characteristics of every tinting color ence for anyone familiar with the on the market. The best practice is necessary materials. to become familiar with a small work Most paint is relatively light in tint able group and expand the knowl and so is made of a white base col edge as opportunities permit. A good ored to the desired shade by adding way to learn w hat the different tinting the proper amount of tinting colors. colors will do is to mix them experi Pure white lead paint is the ideal base mentally with small quantities of for tinted paints both exterior and in white lead paint on a plate or "pal terior. It responds quickly to the in ette" of glass. As each tinting color fluence of tinting colors to produce is tried the resulting color in various almost any conceivable shade except strengths should be applied to a the very deep clear tones known as board with notations of the tinting trim colors which are used ior spe color, to be used as a reference record. cial purposes and usuallv for finish After the straight colors have become coat only. In addition, pure white familiar, modified shades should be lead paint will provide most of the tried and later color matching is a tinting colors with a maximum degree very interesting project. of resistance to fading. Probably the most serviceable col Color mixing requires a knowledge ors are the "earth colors". French of tinting colors and their character ochre, raw and burnt sienna, and raw istics. Theoretically any tint can be and burnt umber. With these pig produced by combining the proper ments can be produced a w ide variety proportions of the three primary col of ivory, buff. tan. brown and warm ors red. vellow and blue. In practice grev tones. The umbers are also used however, unexpected difficulties ap to darken or grev tints which are too pear when this method is tried for sharp or bright. Lampblack is also the reason that the tinting pigments available are not pure colors. For instance the best yellow might contain a little red. A very good blue might also contain some red and if these two were mixed they would probably pro duce a bronze green or even a muddy brow n instead of a bright clear green. A trained eye could perhaps detect the overtones in the tinting colors but other obtainable yellows and blues might have different but equallv troublesome overtones. Fortunately the lack of pure or true colors does not constitute any handicap in mixing tints for paint ap plication. Practically every shade used for decorating is a combination of two or more colors. It is compara tively easy to select the tinting color which will produce approximately WORTH NOTING LEAD IN CAST IRON--U. S. Patent No. 2.340.854 covers a method of producing malleable cast iron by the use of up to I per cent lead in the mixture. It is claimed that such cast iron can replace more expen sive steel in many instance and can be used where ordinary cast iron would be too brit tle. Assigned to Crane Co. VIBRATION ISOLATION --Time Saver Standards, Architectural Record, December. 1943, detail lead-asbestos anti-vibration pads for use in building column footings in railroad stations or other structures subject to vibration. Similar pads were described in past issues of Lead. FERROUS SULFATE EQUIPMENT -- Chemical Industries, January, 1944, page 70, has an article "Manufacture of Ferrous Sulfate" describing among other things, the use of lead lined reaction vessels, settling tanks and crystallizers in this process to resist corrosion- The use of ferrous sulfate 3s a coagulant in water purification is said to have expanded greatly. --6-- used for this purpose as well as for producing cool grey tones. The earth color? are the most nearlv permanent of all tinting colors. The chrome vellows l lemon, medium and orange i. will produce cream, ivorv. vellow. peach and orange tints. A wide range of greens from yel low green to blue green are obtained with chrome green t light, medium and dark! and chromium oxide green. Prussian blue, cobalt blue and ultramarine blue are the commonly used blue colors. Reds are used mostly to modifv otlier colors although occasional strikingly effective examples of pre dominating red shades are seen. Eng lish Vermillion, rose red. Venetian red and indian red provide a useful range of the red colors. Tinting colors vary considerably in strength. Lampblack and prussian blue are both very strong colors. The chrome yellows and chrome greens are also verv strong in their chem ically pure state. French ochre has probably the lowest tinting power. It is wise to use onlv the best tinting colors since any difference in cost will be largely offset by the greater tinting strength of the better color. Cheaper colors will probably be less permanent and in some cases will be muddy instead of clear bright tints. The above suggestions cover the be ginnings of paint tinting, that is. be coming familiar with tinting colors and their effects when mixed with white lead paint. The importance of experimentation and observation can not he overemphasized. Onlv bv this means can the ability to choose the right tinting color he developed. It is intended to carry this discussion further in a future issue to cover the procedure of tinting working batches of paint. For experiments with color the qual ities of durability and permanence possessed by pure white lead paint are not essential but its responsive ness to tinting colors makes it a most desireable medium for even this transient use. The easy workability of pure white lead paint is helpful no matter bow small the quantity used. LIA25792 r The Buird-Dwight house built in 1803. The trim .Yew Eng land neatness empha sized by its pure white lead paint com pensates lor the lad. oj garden entourage. No. 24 Historic Houses Of Portsmouth t H. \ 1610. only ten Years after tlie I landing of the Pilgrims on Ply mouth rock, a group of settlers headed by one John Mason sailed into The Governor Langdon House built in 1784 is still owned and occupied by de fendants of that pa triot who pledged all 0/ his money and a warehouse lull of rum to provide arms tor Starks Continentals. It is today painted with pure white lead paint. the beautiful inlet now known as Portsmouth Harbor and established the first community in what is now New Hampshire. For two hundred years Portsmouth increased in size and importance and lor a while showed promise of rival ing New S ork commercially. The coming of Meant and iron hulled ships changed the trend of develop ment hut while Portsmouth is not a great commercial center it is a city The } uco h IT en dell house built hi .lerumiah Hill in 1789 hu\ an unusitul decorumdetail oi a whale nil lamp in the entrance pediment repealed or the dormers. Thest carvings are clear and sharp under their pro tection of pure white lead paint. of great importance to the nation. It has been a naval base since early in this nation's history and many famous ships and men in the past as well as R the present have called Portsmouth their home port. There is preserved in Portsmouth an unusually complete community of the fine old 18th century houses which marked the prosperous towns of earlv America. Their architectural beauty is treasured by their owners with the same veneration as is extended to the exquisite furniture, the Copley por traits. and fine silver and china many of them shelter. As the silver is pol ished regularly so is the white lead paint protection renewed whenever the ravages of weather begins to make it look a little shabby. Portsmouth people are no less proud of their architectural heritage than of the his tory of their citv. DAYTON SNYDEB CTHOIVSNTISRYNOT.HA34T OAFREV SPERREISEESRVREEDPRFEOSRENTTHAETIVFLETCORF ETIWIEITMHANPYUKAEMWERHIICTAENLELAANDDVMXADRKOSIL*INPAVIXATRIOMLSANSYECOTFIOTNHSEMOFHT4HVEF ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS LI A25793 Lead Coating Used o d Foundry Chaplets HE use of lead alloy as a corro the rusting of iron and steel objects Tsion resisting coating material on and sheet metal, are now being used iron and steel objects is constantlyon foundry chaplets which were expanding into wider fields of useful formerly coated with tin. This change ness. One of the latest applications from tin to lead alloy will save ap of this material is to foundry chap preciable quantities of tin for essen lets. tial war and food industrv uses with Chaplets are small metallic sup out reducing the effectiveness of the ports used to hold in place the previ ously prepared cores which are placed in the sand molds used for protection afforded to the castings from oxide inclusions. making metal castings. Since chap lets bridge the space between the mold and the core, they will of course be immersed in molten metal when the mold is run and will melt and be come part of the finished casting. Therefore it is necessary that chap lets he clean and free from rust or scale which might cause the occur rence of imperfections or defects in the finished casting. Lead allov coatings which have proved to be effective in preventing The chaplets shown in the photo graph were made bv the Angell Nail & Chaplet Co. of Cleveland. Ohio. Lead alloy coated chaplets have proved to be entirely satisfactory and there is no reason why lead should not have been used years ago for this application. This is merely another case where the pressure of war has brought about a readjustment of man ufacturing processes and the intro duction of new methods w hich have every prospect of being permanent. PAINTING LEAD COATED SHEETS The felltwint articles and reprints contain intonation, drawings and specilcations on the use of tead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, upon request to the Lead Industries Association, 420 Lexington Avenue. New York 17. N. Y. PROPERTY PROTECTION WITH WHITE LEAD PAINT - 28 page booklet <> tbe prnteciive value, durability ami Lenity of pure white lead paint with quantity e-timatitip table*, fiTitmla- ami riming ami tinting instruction* for exterior ami inteiior use. MME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND HIE ANSWERS lly Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Kureiti Product* Laboratory Wi*e. (lieiniil, Madison, Krprintr.l fi<>m the N.itionul Heal EUie Journal. Sept.. 1939. S I'A MFORD'S DO!'RLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis <>f bard lead hashing, white Ira.) paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cedar Certigrade ahingle detail- and installation method*. Reprinted from tbe American Builder. July. 1939. S LOP DEMON Bl ST Leaflet giving conei-e. -imple in-truclioaa in the ue <>f tbe mat preventing qualities of Red Lead Paint in protecting farm marhinery. SLMMARY OF NOTES ON LEAD ROOFING A brief description of the use* of lead for roofing and fla-bing purpose* and the proper practicee of ita application. Reprioted from "Sheet Metal Worker*4. LASTING LEADW ORK IN MODERN Pl.l MBING By T. N. Thompson, Technical Editor. Plumbing and Heating Journal. Reprinted from Plumbing and Healing Journal. Feb.. 1939. LEAD EQl IPMENT USED IN INDLSTRY By F. F. Wormier, Secretary of l^ead In dustrie* Assoeialson A -ummary of the ue* of lead in the production and handling i f corrosive chemical*. Reprinted from "Metal Prngre" to be included in tbe neat edition of "American Society of MetaU Handbook." W HITE LEAD PAINT FOR DEFENSE HOI SING Reprint from Bulletin <f the Producer*' Council in cluding pecification* and graphic mixing instruction* for exterior and interior White Lead Paint. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calking Lead, CS9 1-41 Lead Pipe, CS95-11 Lead Trap* and Bend*, CS96-41 Official publication* by the Government Printing Of fice of the above Commercial Standard- a* promul gated by the U. 5 Department of Commerce through the National Bureau of Standard*, effective June 23. 1941. LEAD PLUMBING FOR DEFENSE HOUSING Reprint from Bulletin of the Producer*' Council in cluding information on the Emergency Plumbing Standard* and tbe Defence Houaing Critical Liat. NEW LEAD COATING PROCESS ELIMINATES I SE OF ZINC ALLOYS By W. Yonkman, Engioeer, Western Eleetrie Co. A description of a successful hot dip lead eoating proce* with complete iaitruction* for changing over from hot dip galvanizing uaing the tame equipment. Reprinted from Products Engineering. May, 1943. In our last issue an article on tbe painting of lead coated steel sheets called attention to the fact that lead is receptive to paint and holds it well without the use of special surface preparation or treatment. Tills should not be taken to mean that the precaution of cleaning cus tomary before am painting operation should lie omitted. Some manufacturers of lead coated sheets are now finishing their product with an oil wipe which leaves a film of grease on the surface. Any such grease must be removed by washing with mineral spirits or other solvent so that the paint may be brushed di rectly onto the natural surface of the lead. The lead surface has excellent paint retaining qualities and does not require weathering or treatement with chemical washes before being painted. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF UILAKGE. TO THOSE INTERESTED. AND Wnj, COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS 155 LIA25794 MINTID IN 0. S. A. IT YUBLISHZIS MINTING COM FA NY NSW YOIX CITY