Document 6wBQYM1JGMaQqaQ9OZyDBm0Jd

MEMOHAKTUH CGNCESRIHO THE FLAHT OF THE AMKBICAJi CEUCIBLS PHOTUCTE COMPASS XX)IK, OHIO This plant was visited on Hay 12* 19*3* for the purpose of consulting with the management and inspecting the plant.* to determine the present hygienic conditions, vith special reference to the lead exposure of employees in the foundry and in adjoining workrooms, end to make recommendation for safeguarding the health of the employees. For this purpose information was obtained in conference with Mr. 0. T dri 4 *- Vs , General Manager, and Mr. C. T. Williams, Assistant General Manager, concerning the nature of the work, the employment policies. the number of employees, the sickness and health records, the hours of work and recent changes thereof, the recent changes and improve ments in equipment, recent changes in tho products, and the medical and hygienic supervision of the plant. A cursory survey of the plant was made to observe the actual conditions cf work and the facilities for production. Sanitary and hygienic facilities, likewise, were examined. Mr. J . Coleman, Foundry Superintendent was consulted for information of various types, in the course of the plant inspection. In addition consultation was arranged with Mr. Dan X. Cook, attorney for the Company, In which the salient facts concerning a case of allegedly fatal lead intoxication in a young man, (Benjamin rohonyos), formerly employed in the furnace room of the plant, were discussed. Various items of recorded information about this case were submitted to the writer, including a copy of the necropsy report of :"r*. John B. Donaldson, (who also acts as medical consultant to the plant.-, and a copy of the report of B. F. Hanzal, ?h. B., Biochemist In the Institute of 'Pathology of Western deserve University, Cleveland Ohio, on an analysis of a portion of the brain of the deceased Pohcnyos for its lead content. Unfortunately clinical records de scribing the onset, course, and nature of the deceased man's illness were not available,and therefore the diagnosis could not be arrived -1 with oven approximate certainty. The opinion vas expressed that there was no adequate foundation for a diagnosis cf load poisoning in fcne meager hearsay information about his illness, in the necropsy findings, or on the analytical data on the brain. Concerning the latter, it vas pointed out that the lead concentration cf 0.1 mg. Fb per ItO grams of fresh brain, as reported by the analysts is insuffi cient to justify the diagnosis of lead encephalopathy; that, in fact, if it could be established that this result had been obtained through the use of highly sensitive and accurate methods of analysis, It would tend to the contrary conclusion, since it Is but little beyond the rang of concentrations of lead that are found in he brain of normal persons without occupational lead exposure, and also is not within the range of values found in the brains of fatally poisoned persons * the available facts concerning this case are referred to early in this memorandum because the possible existence of lead exposure -mffieienfc to cause fatal pluabism is an highly important matter in relation to th environmental conditions in this plant. Uo stone should be left unturned to establish the true facts in this case * not so much because of medico-legal considerations, as because of tho need on tho part of the management to hnov just how serious is their re sponsibility for further safeguarding the health and lives of the employees of this plant. Accordingly other tissues of this man should K& 0021703 3 be obtained from Dr. Donaldson, if possible,and otherwise by exhuma tion of th body if that can be done, for analysis in this Laboratory. It is probable that only by such analyses can the significance of this m3n*s occupational lead exposure be determined. Other neaim of measuring the lead exposure of his associates, and thereby arriving at an indirect appraisal of that of the deceased man, will be referred to elsewhere in this memorandum. General pertinent facts obtained in conference with the manage ment of the riant are briefly set forth as follows t - {1} The employees number about 225 at present of which some ;}/) to 'o are wesson. The latter are new to th industry and are mostly omul eyed in inspection and shop work - not in the foundry - , in which the lead hazards are believed to be small. (Observations referred to later indicate that there is c c s bg question on this score. ? Th usual number of -employees io about IfO, the unusual census*' at this time being r\io to the pressure for production brought on by the war. A considera ble number of young men formerly in th employ of the plant are now in military service. `Therefore there are quite a number of new employees Including the wesson* There is also a considerable number of men with disabilities that disqualify them for military service. Th labor turnover is considerable, but there appears to be little dissatisfac tion among the employees, moat of Whom are of local origin. There la com apprehension at present because of the ha sards of th work. (2) About 110 persona (most of the ) are employed in the machine shop where the lead hazards are relatively slight Another 110 are employed In the foundry and melting room and in adjacent rooms opening into the foundry, in which work similar to that in the foundry 0021704 is carried out. The lead hasards of these workers vary somewhat , hut are generally similar. It is believed that the melting room is the most hazardous area. There have been from 20 to to cases of lead poisoning or of illness believed to have been lead poisoning, during the past three years. These have all occurred in the spring of the year* Prior to that time the frequency of occurrence of plmabism is estimated to have been approximately half of this rate, such cases also developing in the raring tine. The case of Benjamin Fohonyos, previously referred to, is tho only one in which there has been the suspicion or allegation of fatal poisoning. All of the cases of poisoning have occurred among workers in the foundry and melting roam. That is, there have been no cases among the employees in tho machine shop. Ho cases have occurred '.incng the women * Improvements have boon icade in the plant from time to time, these consisting largely of additions to the general ventilation. Home time ago (the exact date was not noted), a special type of venti lator leaking us of tho strong convection currents, was installed in tho roof of the melting room* This has a capacity under certain speci fied conditions of 57fC00 C.F.M., and is capable of providing 172 air changes per hour in tho saelting room. A suggestion of Mr. TeWitt Huffman, of tho Division of Safety and Hygiene of the Ohio Industrial Corssission, with respect to additional ventilation of the melting room, is being complied vith, and two fans each having a capacity of 20,300 C oF .M. have been obtained for installation in the aide vail of the melting room just above the molting pots. (Mr. Huffman recently in spected the plant and made certain recommendations which are a matter tfi: 0021705 of record) An additional improvement is almost completed * in that wash-roots and locker*roam, and lunch-room facilities are being provided for the foundry workmen* 5* `There are no oreemployment examinations at present. Howover* a periodic check-up of fcundrymea is made by rr. Donaldson, consisting of a physical examination (details unknown $ and on hematologic examination. These laminations are reposted at 90 clay intervals unless Tt * Donaldson advises that the workmen he returned for reexamination after a shorter interval, lien who have complaints of illness are sent to Tr. Donaldson at once. (Inquiry was not made concerning the proce dure in the case of men who my fail to return to work because of come type of Illness. 'Whether these cases are investigated or whether they are -left to the discretion of the worker, his family or his private phy sician, Is net clear. It Is believed that soae mechanism should bo set u p for establishing the facts in ouch cases, for the guidance of the management.J I. There la no instruction or supervision of the workmen at present, with respect to matters of safety and personal hygiene. Tho employees eat within the foundry and other rooms at will and at irregular times. They also drink milk at odd times, and keep the bottles near them at their work. lio doubt tho milk and other food becomes contaminated with lead-containing duets to seme degree, both by the nettling of dusts upon the milk bottles and the lunch kits, and by the dirty hands end clothing of the men. Dust deposits in tho nose and throat of the workman are also dislodged and swallowed at such times. There are no regulations with respect to changes of clothing and bathing, or as to washing before eating, or as to the use of masks. and there is no program f instruction and supervision whereby the ^ 0021706 habits of the employees can be properly guided* On this account there Os a great deal of nonecess&ry lead exposure among the employees, and this In the none Important at this time because It can be prevented almost entirely by means that are relatively Inexpensive and possible of achievement in this difficult period. it is entirely possible that tho establishment of effective precautions fa this regard nay rj&l:e the difference between serious danger and reasonable safety among the greater proportion of the employees of this plant. Further Information was obtained in the tour of the plant. The hazards arising frea exposure to lead compounds are the most impor tant and will rocoivo detailed, attention. nevertheless, thore aro other types of exposure to b considered, among which tho exposure to lllca. cannot be wholly ignored by the management. filicooie must always be thought of in foundry work, and it Is suggested that this -rcblcm will eventually require some consideration in this plant. At ^resent , her ever, this matter is relatively uniaaportant, and no further mention will be made of It. Lead exposure in the foundry and adjacent rooms Lead- containing materials in the atmosphere of the foundry exist in two forms, - (1J fumes given off from mixtures of molten petals at high temperatures, and (2) dusts arising from molding sands, from the cleaning and grinding of castings, frets tho condensation of fumes j> from the oxidizing surfaces of cooling metals, and fresa a variety of other sources. Both fumes and dusts contaminate the air breathed by tho workers, and to the extent that these fumes and dust are borne into other parts of the plant by air currents, or on vehicles or tho Kf 0021707 clothing# shoes# and bodies of workmen# they are spread throughout the plant area* feme idea of the extent of the dustiness ms obtained by noting the accumulation of dust an. rafters# window ledges# shelves and other undisturbed surfaces in different parts of the plant. Seme of the dust is carbon# and much more of it is disintegrated sand. Most of it contains appreciable quantities of lead, and therefore it mot be accepted that load exposure lias existed wherever such duct lias -enc-- trated; also# that potential exposure continues to exist whenever a breeze or other air current passes over the deposited dust# picking up acme of it as it goes and carrying it along to be breathed by persons within its pathway. deference has already been made to the contamination of the food and milk of workmen by reason of the deposit of dusts noon, and in tlicia^as well as through their contact with unclean hands and clothing. Such lead# of course# is swallowed. Seme portion of this is absorbed and is# therefore# a source of danger. A greater danger arises from the inhalation of dust and wherever lead-bearing duct io distributed into the air breathed by workmen# there is the possibility of dangerous lead absorption. A still greater danger exists when the finely divided fumes of loud are given off by molten metal, for the* reason that the fumes when breathed are more easily and -i Cl*. y absorbed than the larger particles that go to make up dust 7hG absorption of inorganic lead compounds through the skin -`oos not occur to an appreciable or hygienically significant degree Hi intact skin absorbs practically none# while th abraded skin. is a wholly unimportant source of occupational lead exposure. On this account cleanliness is important only in preventing the swallowing and th inhalation of finely divided lead compounds. K 0021708 A. The fumes in this plant are not adequately controlled. Those arising fro the furnaces are removed to a considerable extent by the ventilator in the top of the molting roc* However, at times they are drawn into the foundry proper, and even at best they are not forcibly picked up at their point of origin and carried outside the build H:g. The skimming of the crucibles causes the release of a great deal of fuse which is not effectively removed* Ultimately some provision should be made to take care of this, by skimming under some type of ventilated hood, or by skimming the crucibles or pots vithin an area, that is adequately ventilated by the furnace ventlla- on*Jor some . awi like structure that aenarates rr?r? nimace area from the remainder of the melting room. The tilting furnace, tikeviso, should bo ventilated when metal Is being -soured into pots. Those fumes will hardly be removed adequately by general ventilation. The fuses given off by pot3 in transit to the molds trail out trio moving pot and are breathed in fairly high concentration by the .foilowing attendant. These fumes are also given off upward and all about. They are not picked up by the roof-ventilators - in number, each with a capacity of 6530 C.F.M. in the center elevated bay - with adequate speed or efficiency, but &r merely svept slowly into the general stream of air removed by the ventilators. Direct and forcible ventilation of the pots so as to propel the fumes to the roof ventila tors is needed. The fuses are also given off profusely when the metal is poured into the molds, and also when the remainder of the batch is poured out into an open ingot mold. When the castings are being poured the fumes go upward fairly well, but they are entrapped to some degree by the structure of the comparatively low ceiling of tho bay KX 0021703 which the casting is done* Certainly the ventilation st this point should he improved eventually. 3. The dissemination of dust in the plant is not controlled rufficiently. First, it is not removed at its point of .origin as ' -'.T 1 l ':<* -*<* 1-C -Pi -; .. -- -c - - ,***w *,-t iT**** F**<'*'r\'y f* \ *'* ?'! T"V `'.I'ST) CT V>. <- /->*>' * .*. *.v h.* .wib.: ?**.<*, v. .. w .. v.-- Ip ^ *~v <- v,v large castings with a grinding apparatus without any ventilation* :.Io was seated on a low box or stool and the casting was on the floor. The debris collected on the floor near by* A better way of handling tills would be to have the casting on a bench, the top which was made In 1 bo form of an exhausted grill. ibnt alternative arrangement would ho u bench fitted with a hood at the hack with exhaust ' entilatlon* Another* example oX* this nay ho seen in the room in which metal is cleaned In a cabinet . This cabinet is not fust Certain unneces sary openings permit dust to be thrown Into the air of the room, with the result that there la serious exposure at the bad: and to tko right of this cabinet, where nono should occur* feconcl, the dust produced in certain operations Is not con"lined to the area of the operation* 'The areas adjacent to the fo-mbr:/ are not separated from the foundry to a sufficient degree * Consequently the people within these rooms or spaces are exposed to dusts fwa the foundry in addition to those that may be created by their own work. It is an Important principle of preventive practice to Isolate groups of worker:'; so far as possible from unnecessary exposure. Fight partitions, deers and windows, and th elimination of unnecessary traffic from fusty areas into areas that can be kept clean,go far to carry out this principle. Third, dusts aro created at points at which they would seem to be unnecessary. For example th sand-reworking apparatus creates a K 0021710 tremendous amount of dust in starting up, by blowing th dust on the floor -In clouds from beneath It. This could bo prevented by a change In the design of this portable equipment, by moistening the area of the floor in which it operates, or by carrying the sand to scaie other lite, for reconditioning- foouurrtthh t uust ;lc permitted to remain where * 4- p. V- " - h ,-** ' y r V'. - mechanically or by air currents. lifters, ledges, shelves and ether flat areas are heavily covered* All unnecessary places for the deposit of dust should be removed, andall that remains should be cleaned by acaum at regular read frequent intervals so as to prevent unnecessary - ontamination of the air of the plant. Detailed care in house-keeping should be given, and all plant procedures should bo examined and re vised with the idea of eliminating all operaticno that create and ' :;ia`;OEiinato oust tmnocescuEtrily* Ch P indicated previously, the instruction and regulation of `"lie workmen are not such as to prevent the unnecessary load exposure occoelated with careless and inept personal conduct. Tao habits of the ;-on `r'- -o v. Vf ` ect to oorcona! cleanliness, place and time of eating. use of respirators, sad the like are not conducive to safety and they oust bo corrected. V* The medics! supervision is not open to serious criticism in any general professionai sense, so far as the writer is aware. ' However, th necessity of determining the actual severity of the lead exposure of the workmen, as well as certain medico-legal considerations, suggert that it is lacking in certain respects, especially with reference Kf 0021711 to rreemcloyment examln^tlona and quantitative determination of the extent or punctate basophilia in the blood of workmen. There is also a requirement recently imposed by the Ohio Industrial Gassaisaion that quantitative load analyses be carried out on the urine of persons reported to the Commission for compensation for lead poisoning. 'There are e&sons for the boliof that lead nnaly say oo In appraising the liasarda of employment in this plant, and of these more will be said later, ruffles? it here to say, that assistance in this respect can be given by this Laboratory if it :1s believed by the rvunagenont to be desirable fith respect to qreemnloyment examinations, if should bo -ainied at certain types of chronic Illnesses an& disabilities lily workmen for employment under condit ions of signifi to lead compound s. More importantly, 1: he diagnosis of in ~f r*r,**q\r i-*<* -- * ' -- 4**--**',^ r\iten depend upon inforaation obtained < 1 health of the esaployer before exposure . Here the pre' medical history ae veil as the blood' plottire before exposure to lead, are of great importance for a number of reasons. Apparently there are more cases of complainta of illness among the workers than have been noted previously. This, In our opinion, is an important medical problem. A number of factors have probably combined to bring it about. The lead exposure is greater during the winter months because of the poorer general ventilation that is almost inevi table in cold weather- This is generally true in braoc foundries in our experience. Although this factor lias existed for years,and there fore in not a new problem, it is mors significant during the present "'oried because the general level of lead exposure in the plant has been increased by the operation of several factors. There Is little doubt KE" 0021712 that the Increased production associated with' the war# has increased the quantity of lead that passes through the plant* Thera is same likelihood that the lead concentration in brass castings has seen sub* ,!oet to progressive increase during recent years* (Plant data on thin -oint have been requested. ; The hours of work have also been increased # arid the total number of fays of employment per week -or month* :tid per year have gone up. The result is that the total annual lead expo sure of many of the employees has increased, with a consequent increase In the rate and gross quantity of their lead absorption * Under these circumstances # granting that the exposure is within Uygienically sig nificant level?., a higher frequency or occurrence ox' load : reissuing. h; Ccurtain other factors could be mentioned but the point need labored * "t is quite apparent that under present circumstances Load poisoning in iko lead traces In buerccun iulrhry * # i*s. on the increase . This is on of nan;/ 'Xante so influenced 1;:/ the war- The occurrence of oases of poisoning is accompanied by apprehension especially among the newer employees, among tiica also the incidence of actual poisening is likely to be dioprooorticn&toly high* The remedy for this situation lies in tho combined efforts of the plant laansgcment and the attendant physician* Th' I'onaer must co everything in their power to reduce the lead exposure# and to bring it within limits of safety* Tho latter must put forth a greater effort than la normally culled for# to protect the more susceptible persons by locating them in the least hazardous jobs# to recognise the earliest ionic effects of lead absorption# to differentiate them from other chronic or latercurrent illnesses# and to transfer those persona who develop pro dromal or incipient symptoms of pluablsaa into work that will give thorn He 0021713 ' c~s:s crrposurs. In addition it is hijgily important that mistakes in iagncsis shall not be made, especially on the side of failure to ocogni^c w.cac yoi scaling* since these will lead to bad feeling and dis mast on the part of the employees. Cnee they are convinced, that the hysie.ton can neither be deceived nor influenced either by themselves r the nsncgcmsxat* his position in relation to themselves ;ind their rivato physicians * - who may not always take the trouble to infera hcmsolvos or to deal fairly with cither their mtieate or. their olleagues will be established. y- , . > t v* .t vi 11 be advantageous to eliminate hazardous load V> -V' tills my be costly, but in our opinion the ost of penalt ting hazardous conditions to exist will become prohibitive! roensive in -basriccn hiduntry. ihe control of lead ext>osuro in this nl in other* iiiluairiee is essentially an engineering problem, which, "non equipment and expert advice are readily available, is not unsur* 'Kl / v*.*^ v w *-- he believe that the operating design of brass foundries is oslined to be altered by localising molting and pouring operations in no -art -of the plant when adequate ventilating equipment can be con* sntrat-ed, by Installing conveyer systems for steles, and by isolating ho ether* less hazardous occupations In areas .in which lead exposure 111 be reduced to the vanishing point. Such stone nr probably not eacibl at present, and therefore present recommendations must concern hornsIves with less fundamental and somewhat less effective improvements t is hoped that the principles on which these recommendations are cased ill bo recognised, and that present emergency procedures will bo allowed eventually by adequate preventive steps. Ki 0021714 HecommentMlvlons A. Medical roeoosandatiens 1. All poisons applying for employment in the foundry* or in any other area in which lead exposure may occur should have an examina- p-n to determine the status of their health fhe conainatioa record ' " - ; -1'- P' ri ^ V\ ' - f~ '**. ' $ **"> r,V'? ^ 7 7', ^ < *_ f <-**'4*i* ^ **'*"*/' r^l * employment * data of a complete physical examination, and certain laboratory results including those obtained by a routine examination r the mine to detemine its reaction* the presence or absence of `.b-ooln and sugar, and the nature of the sedisont Microscopic : * as *o'l a rhoae obtained by examination of the blood., the numbers P/ orythroeyto3 and leucocytes* the types of leucocytes* the concentration os' hemoglobin* and the numbers of stippled erythrocytes should he >-'c-- ' co'm.inc-fi* Per hygienic control as well as for medico-Xoral ;anrx>sos the extent of stippling in tho blood must ho ascertained'* by acme satisfactory quantitative aeons. 2. Periodic examinations should be carried out at such intervals a a may be indicated - 'These should consist cf a coaolete checking of all previously recordod quantit&tivo results such as weight> temper fare, rule, blood prossure* urinalysis and hematologic fata * and in addition the subjective eaaplainto of the employees should to investigated care fully, avoiding loading questions and suggestion so far as possible, ferseno with symptom or signs suggestive of incipient lead intoxication should ho studied carefully and if circumstances warrant the procedure, samples of blood and/or urine should bo obtained for analysis for lead. (Methoda for collecting and forwarding ouch samples will bo given in a later '-art of this acaorandum.) KC 0.021715 \ 15 3 All illnesses among employees exposed to lead should be studied with csro by the plant physician# -unless the Illness is ob viously unrelated to the occupation* Every effort .should be made promptly la arrive at a diagnosis that will stand up under critical legal inquiry* "uch additional consultation or laboratory investigation as may bo '. oo'-p IVU - -*- y .* --' "W `f* *5 W '5 * T~ 4" W w t> '*'7 V fo ;'l * O VH Vrff V.1 Mfetlbk V*** 40 ki -"V*''> ** '** V.-* *4*'mV '>. mm `*.-1 " vt f - /% V.'-'W - ,,jr.A iVji -v p '.Jo at. ... /j 1 . *, >4 Vi # W- K, + .*, v^ ~oan3 of excluding lead exposure as a factor are still in existence. If much time elapses between the onset of illness and the collection of `-reels information required for diagnosis, it may later be impossible Vo establish the facts. Only when it has been established that the occu- ut-lcn is or is not responsible for an illness , has the professional -.hity of the plant physician been completed, so far as the industrial aspects of the case are concerned * Treatment of the case may or may not be 'srur-ted by him according to the circumstances however* ao far ac tossiblo ha should see that proper treatment is given in cases of occu pational illness, whether by himself or by a colleague* There should be same mechanism for the prompt investigation of Illnesses tlyat prevent employees from reporting for work, lost cases of lead poisoning bo neglected at the onset * Zuoh investigation should bo sufficient to establish the nature of the Illness, '.nils can usually be lone in the first instance by a non-medical representative of the plant* but early medical InfCroatian, obtained either by the plant doctor or* through a private physician* should bo had i 3* The plant physician should visit i^e plant at regular Inter- -als, so as to maintain familiarity with the additions in the plant, and vith tho work in which employees engage lie should know the specific hazards of tho various occupations at first hand, and should keep abreast Kf 0021716 of all changes in the conditions and operations in the plant. With this 'nfermation in addition to imovledge of the condition of the sen# the ' hysioisa should he in position to recommend transfers of men to work hr;clving less exposure from thae to time* as circumstances say indicate 'tore vi 11 ho said on this point later. It is 'relieved that some observations should ho made at on urly date for too purporo of determining the extent of the lead csrpo- care in the plant Such observations vill establish the degree of the -resent hazard and thus provide totter basis for judgment as to the frequency and character of the examinations of workmen. It vill also vivo a lace lino for appraising the success of measures taken 3ub3e 'or reducing the load exposure. Tho ra are several means by jhioh s can bo done. Air analyses cyan be made by tills Laboratory or zt oomo later date by an industrial hygienist representImp the Ohio Industrial Commission. In our opinion it vould bo much more uoeruJ, to unco observations upon the men. Che analysis of samples of blood, -urine and fecos obtained from carefully chosen men vill five conclusive evi dence of the extent of the exposure* and vill establish the degree of tho present danger more effectively than can bo done by any. ether means, flie samples can be obtained by Dr. Donaldson in conjunction vlth rer;ular ir special exmainatiesns * or they can he obtained by other means. With out going into detail ns to the procedures that might bo used* It vculd seem desirable for Dr. Donaldson to consult with us so that ve may jointly decide what is the best means of accomplishing the purpose under present conditions. Doth tho methods find the cost associated therewith- can be arranged to suit tho circumstances To this end it is suggested that if it Is feasible* Dr. Iomldson might come to Cincinnati for a fy 0021717 17 day, (or more IT lie wishes}, in which we shall he glad to place any information and facilities at his disposal. D. "oconsaendatior.s for the reduction of load closure. (Fundamental improvements in operating procedures and equipment have been suggested " t~> if'* i ? *** "j ~rf 'w * -- x-; VO-O -4- . 1- The cleanliness of the plant can to greatly increased by .he a;;;oenaiic improvement of the housekeeping * All ramecosoary -Just c*` obris ohoiaid bo eel up and kept cleaned up. `Hie use of brushes h " . rooms for this 3 olid ves etc. is contraindicated. The rafters, window-* d be cleaned, off regularly by means of a C*X*V- on ewe r* * {}>, ns that cause unnecessary dissemination of (*ht <s i- should dene with and satisfactory procedures should ho substituted for them* Materials, equipment, eastings in process and all od:er offset:: should be handled and located in an orderly manner so as to facilitate cleaning. h dloaners should bo carefully instructed in their work and supervised in respect to both their work and their car to avoid unneces sary exposure - Workmen also should be instructed against sweeping, brushing, and the use of air pressure lines so as to avoid creating unnecessary dust. P. All the operations of the plant should be looked at criti cally with the idea of eliminating sources of dust and fume. h. here is is believed that respirators should be worn, these should be worn. The respirators should be cleaned and. maintained hi perfect condition by a responsible person. The men should also be supervised to see that they us respirators when they are required p. The cleanliness of the men must also be increased by proper facilities within the plant and by a program of education and supervision. HE 0021718 18 o. A locker-room sufficient to house tvo lockers' for each foundry man should be provided together with hathing facilities. (The facilities being provided are excellent in some respects, hut they can' 'e rearranged to advantage without excessive coot or Inconvenience* ) ne end or side of this should b for clean clothing, This side should do co arranged that men do not enter It except when they are aioaxu clothings (dawn to the skin}, and hanging them in the Icclcorj then, moving to the opposite side, they remove their work clothing fwyi the dhow lockers, and after dressing in-them, they enter the foundry * -'-t t-k.e end of the shift > the work-clothing is removed # returned to the 'o^kers on tho dirty* aide of tho locker-room; the icon Path , r^tam to tho clean side* put on their clothing and leave tho plant. ITo vork;-?.n "/ho ''ontamlnat os Ills clothing with load ccn,`iomdc rliowlc! work 'r "do clothing ho vearo homo ami no such workman should wear his ocr> tan1.nr-;ted clothing oxcart In. work hours do do either of these Is i-a mm tho risk of wholly mznecesscry contamination of his homo , h.ic food and tho air lie breathes when off the job. 7 fork clothing must be provided on some mutually agreeable basis > and arrangement must h made for having ouch clothing laundered '>om time to time. 8 Facilities must bo provided to enable the men to wash up .and ;'0 free their clothing of excessive quantities of dust before eating lunch. (The separate lunch-roesa newly provided is a good idea. It must be seen that it, rather than the foundry and adjacent rooms, is used for that purpose, and also that it is kept clean and free of dust ) \irty shoes and clothing, and above all dirty hands will continue to K 00217J9 19 cause contassination of the food eaten there * unless some proper technique is developed to prevent this result* Food and milk saist not he !-:opt \nd eaten In the foundry. This oust be forbidden and prevented by cu'*-orvision. It is better not to drink silk than to drink it under ' * .-v ... r-N*-\ -v- .*> v'V'iiO *? p- 4* *** -v<1* <*V/^a O * 1. In ail of the orecocinp matters. It is rr-r.-arent :1uit inv.true** ion and supervision will bo required to accomplish anything useful. lecordingly, responsibility must be vested in ooaaecaie who will have the *-ncvlcbgc, tact and above all,the time# to look after these matters. 'r'orvision of men and critical examination of machinery and operations .v'.vh a .low to safety * care and insnoction of safety oquirment, one similar fork devoted purely to hygiene and safety engineering, is a tne* consisting end responsible job. Such work is needed in this nlant 7ili respect to instruction, regulations advicing uoi*;J3en as to cGcrrasIo end required practices, together with the reasons therefor, should co . osted. ' ';fety mootings con also be hold from tine to time as the opportunity and need for thea arises. These should not bo empty npop talks,:J out ratlior useful discussions of necessary and important matters, in which the son are encouraged to make suggestions and to raise questIona I. certain additional roccsusaendatIona 1. There is one means of reducing the exposure of certain. indi viduals, the hazards of whose work are recognised as being unusually severe. This consists in the rotation of workmen from jobs involving 'overe exposure, to work in which the exposure is c u e*Her or perhaps oven negligible. In this plant the workers in the machine shop need have no significant lead exposure, and in tho main they do not. This -povides a sizeable reservoir for the absorption of men who may be able to continue without illness, if they could bo rotated into the shop from irao to t*BSO* Moreover many of the jobs * Wr J* M H e: 0021720 20 themselves* cause lead exposure* and If certain of the preceding recosEsendatlons could he carried out effectively* the lead exposure In much of th foundry would he ao low as to provide opportunity for surcease from severe load exposure. ihc furnace non# the 'skinners and -oarers are probably exposed nor severely than the others. Tnese men* . croues, could ho rotated periodically. -erne ocoraidoraticn of the --^nsibilitieo here ought to bo given by the mnagoraent * and some further discussion of the principles and the time factors involved in such a rocedur could be bnd with Dr* Donaldson in such a xmy ac to provide n "hholllcent baoia for a program of thia type * h V.efereneo has been made to Instructions oo worizmon. von- pitlce cot of instructions is attached hereto as an appendix. It trill j o necessary to adapt these to the local situation. _ It smy he necessary `"o v'-ioto or? modify certain rules to fit "recent facilities * one to ache further changes and improvements as time goes on * Pate? Hay 19* 19:0 higneds J^VUdfc h( t uXr^nTocr7~cT `TfrocITbr * PI10 lettering laboratory of Applied Pliysloloijy * College of Medicine* P"nl\eroity Inclnnatl * Cincinnati Ohio 0021721